DICTIONARY 

OF 

NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 

BOTTOMLEY BROWELL 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


EDITED    BY 


LESLIE     STEPHEN 


VOL.  VI. 
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL 


MACMILLAN      AND      CO. 

LONDON  :  SMITH,  ELDER,  &  CO. 
1886 


DA 
18 


I 


LIST    OF    WRITERS 


IN  THE   SIXTH  VOLUME. 


O.  A 

A.  J.  A.  .  . 
T.  A.  A.  .  . 

J.  A 

E.  C.  A.  A. 
W.E.A.A. 
G.  F.  R.  B. 

B.  B.  .  .  . 
G.  T.  B.  .  . 
W.  G.  B.  . 
0.  B-T.   .  . 
G.  C.  B.  .  . 
O.  Gr.  B. .  . 

H.  B 

J.  B 

R.  H.  B. .  . 
R.  C.  B.  .  . 
A.H.B.  . 
G.  W.  B.  . 

M.  B 

H.  M.  C.  . 
A.  M.  C.  , 
T.  C 

C.  H.  C.  .  . 
W.  P.  C.   . 

H.  C 

M.  C.  . 


OSMUND  AIRY. 

SIR  A.  J.  ARBUTHNOT,  K.C.S.I. 

T.  A.  ARCHER. 

JOHN  ASHTON. 

E.  C.  A.  AXON. 

W.  E.  A.  AXON. 

G-.  F.  RUSSELL  BARKER. 

THE  REV.  RONALD  BAYNE. 

a.  T.  BETTANY. 

THE  REV.  PROFESSOR  BLAIKIE,  D.D. 

THE  LATE  OCTAVIAN  BLEWITT. 

G.  C.  BOASE. 

THE  VERY  REV.  Gr.  Gf.  BRADLEY..  D.D., 

DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER. 
HENRY  BRADLEY. 
JAMES  BRITTEN. 
R.  H.  BRODIE. 
R.  C.  BROWNE. 
A.  H.  BULLEN. 
G-.  W.  BURNETT. 
PROFESSOR  MONTAGU  BURROWS. 
H.  MANNERS  CHICHESTER. 
Miss  A.  M.  CLERKE. 
THOMPSON  COOPER,  F.S.A. 
C.  H.  COOTE. 
W.  P.  COURTNEY. 
HENRY  CRAIK,  LL.D. 
THE  REV.  PROFESSOR  CREIGHTON. 


R.  W.  D.  .  THE  REV.  CANON  DIXON. 
A.  D AUSTIN  DOBSON. 

F.  E FRANCIS  ESPINASSE. 

L.  F Louis  FAGAN. 

C.  H.  F.  .  .  C.  H.  FIRTH. 

J.  Gr JAMES  GAIRDNER. 

R.  Gf RICHARD  GARNETT,  LL.D. 

J.  W.-G-. .  .  J.  WESTBY-GIBSON,  LL.D. 
J.  T.  Gr.  .  .  J.  T.  GILBERT,  F.S.A. 
A.  G-N.   .  .  ALFRED  GOODWIN. 

G.  G GORDON  GOODWIN. 

A.  G THE  REV.  ALEXANDER  GORDON. 

E.  G EDMUND  GOSSE. 

A.  H.  G. .  .  A.  H.  GRANT. 

N.  G NEWCOMEN  GROVES. 

J.  A.  H.  .  .  J.  A.  HAMILTON. 
R.  H.    ...  ROBERT  HARBISON. 
T.  F.  H.  .  .  T.  F.  HENDERSON. 
W.  H-H.  .  .  WALTER  HEPWORTH. 

J.  H Miss  JENNETT  HUMPHREYS. 

R.  H-T.  .  .  .  ROBERT  HUNT,  F.R.S. 
W.  H.   ...  THE  REV.  WILLIAM  HUNT. 

B.  D.  J.  .  .  B.  D.  JACKSON. 

A.  J THE  REV.  AUGUSTUS  JESSOPP,  D.D. 

C.  K CHARLES  KENT. 

J.  K JOSEPH  KNIGHT. 

J.  K.  L.  .  .  J.  K.  LAUGHTON. 
S.  L.  L.    .  .  S.  L.  LEE. 


VI 


List  of  Writers. 


W.  D.  M.  .  THE  REV.  W.  D.  MACRAY,  F.S.A. 
F.  W.  M.  .  F.  W.  MAITLAND. 
W.  M.   ...  WESTLAND  MARSTON. 
C.  T.  M. .  .  C.  TRICE  MARTIN. 

J.  M JAMES  MEW. 

A.  M ARTHUR  MILLER. 

C.  M COSMO  MONKHOUSE. 

N.  M NORMAN  MOORE,  M.D. 

H.  F.  M.   .  H.  FORSTER  MORLEY,  D.Sc. 

T.  0 THE  KEV.  THOMAS  OLDEN. 

J.  H.  0.  .  .  THE  KBV.  CANON  OVKRTON. 

J.  F.  P.    .  .  J.  F.  PAYNE,  M.D. 

K.  L.  P.  .  .  E.  L.  POOLE. 

S.  L.-P.  .  .  STANLEY  LANE-POOLE. 

E.  K ERNEST  EADFORD. 

J.  M.  E.  .  .  J.  M.  EIGG. 

C.  J.  E.  .  .  THE  KEV.  C.  J.  EOBINSON. 

J.  H.  K.  .  .  J.  H.  ROUND. 

J.  M.  S.  .  .  J.  M.  SCOTT. 

E.  S.  S.   . .  E.  S.  SHUCKBURGH. 


B.  C.  S.  .  .  B.  C.  SKOTTOWE. 
E.  S EDWARD  SMITH. 

G.  B.  S.  .  .  G-.  BARNETT  SMITH. 
W.  B.  S.  .  .  W.  BARCLAY  SQUIRE. 

L.  S LESLIE  STEPHEN. 

H.  M.  S. .  .  H.  M.  STEPHENS. 

W.K.W.S.  THE  KEV.  W.  K.  W.  STEPHENS. 

C.  W.  S. .  .  C.  W.  SUTTON. 

R.  E.  T.  .  .  R.  E.  THOMPSON,  M.D. 

J.  H.  T.  .  .  J.  H.  THORPE. 

T.  F.  T.   .  .  PROFESSOR  T.  F.  TOUT. 

E.  V THE  REV.  CANON  VENABLES. 

C.  W THE  LATE  CORNELIUS  WALFORD. 

A.  W.  W.  .  PROFESSOR  A.  W.  WARD,  LL.D. 
M.  G.  W.  .  THE  REV.  M.  G.  WATKINS. 

F.  W-T.  .  .  FRANCIS  WATT. 

T.  W-R.  .  .  THOMAS  WHITTAKER. 
H.  T.  W.  .  H.  TRUEMAN  WOOD. 
W.  W.  .  .  WARWICK  WROTH. 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


Bottomley 


Bouch 


BOTTOMLEY,  JOSEPH  (/.  1820), 
musician,  was  born  at  Halifax  in  Yorkshire 
in  1786.  His  parentage  is  not  recorded,  but 
his  musical  education  was  begun  at  a  very 
early  age;  when  only  seven  years  old  he 
played  a  violin  concerto  in  public.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  he  was  sent  to  Manchester, 
where  he  studied  under  Grimshaw,  organist 
of  St.  John's  Church,  and  Watts,  the  leader 
of  the  concerts.  Under  Watts's  direction  he 
at  the  same  time  carried  on  his  violin  studies 
with  Yaniewicz,  then  resident  in  Man- 
chester. In  1801  Bottomley  was  articled 
to  Lawton,  the  organist  of  St.  Peter's,  Leeds, 
and  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  removed 
to  London  to  study  the  pianoforte  under 
Wcelfl.  In  1807  Bottomley  returned  to  his 
native  county,  and  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment of  organist  to  the  parish  church  of 
Bradford,  but  he  made  Halifax  his  home, 
where  he  had  a  large  teaching  connection. 
In  1820  he  was  appointed  organist  of  Shef- 
field parish  church,  which  post  he  held  for 
some  considerable  time.  The  date  of  his 
death  is  uncertain.  Bottomley  published 
several  original  works,  including  '  Six  Exer- 
cises for  Pianoforte,'  twelve  sonatinas  for 
the  same  instrument,  two  divertissements 
with  flute  accompaniment,  twelve  valses, 
eight  rondos,  ten  airs  varies,  a  duo  for  two 
pianos,  and  a  small  dictionary  of  music  (8vo), 
published  in  London  in  1816. 

[Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.  pt.  i.  138  a.]  E.  H. 

BOUGH,  SIR  THOMAS  (1822-1880), 
civil  engineer,  the  third  son  of  William  Bouch, 
a  captain  in  the  mercantile  marine,  was  born 
in  the  village  of  Thursley,  Cumberland,  on 
22  Feb.  1822.  A  lecture  by  his  first  teacher, 
Mr.  Joseph  Hannah,  of  Thursby,  '  On  the 
Kaising  of  Water  in  Ancient  and  Modern 

VOL.   VI. 


Times,'  made  so  great  an  impression  on  his 
mind  that  he  at  once  commenced  reading 
books  on  mechanics.  His  first  entrance  into 
business  was  in  a  mechanical  engineering 
establishment  at  Liverpool.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  engaged  himself  to  Mr.  Larmer, 
civil  engineer,  who  was  then  constructing  the 
Lancaster  and  Carlisle  railway.  Here  he 
remained  four  years.  In  November  1844  he 
proceeded  to  Leeds,  where  he  was  employed 
for  a  short  time  under  Mr.  George  Leather, 
M.  Inst.  C.E.  Subsequently  he  was  for  four 
years  one  of  the  resident  engineers  on  the 
Stockton  and  Darlington  railway.  In  Janu- 
ary 1849  he  left  Darlington  and  assumed 
the  position  of  manager  and  engineer  of  the 
Edinburgh  and  Northern  railway.  This  en- 
gagement first  brought  to  his  notice  the  in- 
convenient breaks  in  railway  communication 
caused  by  the  wide  estuaries  of  the  Forth 
and  the  Tay,  the  efforts  to  remedy  which 
afterwards  occupied  so  much  of  his  attention. 
His  proposal  was  to  cross  the  estuaries  by 
convenient  steam  ferries,  and  he  prepared 
and  carried  into  effect  plans  for  a  l  floating 
railway ' — a  system  for  shipping  goods  trains 
which  has  ever  since  been  in  operation. 
Soon  after  completing  this  work  Bouch  left 
the  service  of  the  Northern  railway  and 
engaged  in  general  engineering  business. 
He  designed  and  carried  out  nearly  three 
hundred  miles  of  railways  in  the  north  of 
England  and  Scotland,  the  chief  of  these 
being  the  South  Durham  and  Lancashire 
Union,  fifty  miles  long,  and  the  Peebles,  ten 
miles  long,  the  latter  being  considered  the 
pattern  of  a  cheaply  constructed  line.  On 
the  introduction  of  the  tramway  system  he 
was  extensively  engaged  in  laying  out  lines, 
including  some  of  the  London  tramways, 
the  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Dundee  tram- 
ways, and  many  others.  In  the  course  of  his 

B 


Bouch 


Boucher 


professional  work  Bouch  constructed  a  num- 
ber of  remarkable  bridges,  chiefly  in  connec- 
tion with  railways.  At  Newcastle-on-Tyne  he 
designed  the  Redheugh  viaduct,  a  compound 
or  stiffened-suspension  bridge  of  four  spans, 
two  of  260  feet  and  two  of  240  feet  each. 
His  principal  railway  bridges,  independent 
of  the  Tay  bridge,  were  the  Deepdale  and 
Beelah  viaduct  on  the  South  Durham  and 
Lancashire  railway,  the  Bilston  Burn  bridge 
on  the  Edinburgh,  Loanhead,  and  Roslin 
line,  and  a  bridge  over  the  Esk  near  Mont- 
rose.  In  all  these  bridges  the  lattice  girder 
was  used,  because  of  its  simplicity  and  its 
slight  resistance  to  the  wind  encountered  at 
such  high  elevations. 

In  1863  the  first  proposals  for  a  Tay  bridge 
were  made  public,  but  the  act  of  parliament 
was  not  obtained  until  1870.  The  Tay  bridge, 
which  crossed  the  estuary  from  Newport  in 
Fife  to  the  town  of  Dundee,  was  within  a 
few  yards  of  two  miles  long.  It  consisted  of 
eighty-five  spans — seventy-two  in  the  shal- 
low water,  and  thirteen  over  the  fairway 
channel,  two  of  these  being  227  feet,  and 
eleven  245  feet  wide.  The  system  of  wrought- 
iron  lattice  girders  was  adopted  throughout. 
After  many  delays  the  line  was  completed 
from  shore  to  shore  on  22  Sept.  1877.  The 
inspection  of  the  work  by  Major-general  Coote 
Synge  Hutchinson,  R.E.,  on  behalf  of  the 
board  of  trade,  occupied  three  days,  and  on 
31  May  1878  the  bridge  was  opened  with 
much  ceremony.  The  engineer  was  then 

e'esented  with  the  freedom  of  the  town  of 
undee,  and  on  26  June  1879  he  was  knighted. 
The  traffic  was  continued  uninterruptedly  till 
the  evening  of  Sunday,  28  Dec.  1879,  when 
during  a  violent  hurricane  the  central  portion 
of  the  bridge  fell  into  the  river  Tay,  carrying 
with  it  an  entire  train  and  its  load  of  about 
seventy  passengers,  all  of  whom  lost  their 
lives.  Under  the  shock  and  distress  of  mind 
caused  by  this  catastrophe  Bouch's  health 
rapidly  gave  way,  and  he  died  at  MofFat  on 
30  Oct.  1880.  The  rebuilding  of  the  Forth 
bridge  was  begun  in  1882.  Bouch  became 
an  associate  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers on  3  Dec.  1850,  and  was  advanced 
to  the  class  of  member  on  11  May  1858. 
He  married,  July  1853,  Miss  Margaret  Ada 
Nelson,  who  survived  him  with  one  son  and 
two  daughters.  His  brother,  Mr.  William 
Bouch,  was  long  connected  with  the  locomo- 
tive department  of  the  Stockton  and  Darling- 
ton and  North  Eastern  lines. 

[Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  Ixiii.  301-8  (1881) ;  Illustrated 
London  News,  with  portrait,  Ixxvii.  468  (1880); 
Times,  29,  30,  and  31  Dec.  1879  ;  Eeport  of  the 
Court  of  Inquiry  and  Report  of  Mr.  Rothery 


upon  the  Fall  of  a  portion  of  the  Tay  Bridge,  in 
Parliamentary  Papers  (1880),  C  2616  and  C 
2616-i.]  GK  C.  B. 

BOUCHER,  JOHN  (1777-1818),  divine, 
was  born  in  1777.  He  was  entered  at  St. 
John's,  Oxford ;  proceeded  B.A.  on  23  May 
1799  {Cat.  Gmd.  Oxon.  p.  71) ;  was  elected 
fellow  of  Magdalen  at  the  same  time  (Preface 
to  his  Sermons,  p.  1)  ;  was  admitted  to  holy 
orders  in  1801  (id.  p.  5),  and  proceeded  M.A. 
on  29  April  1802.  At  this  time  he  became 
rector  of  Shaftesbury,  and  in  1804  vicar  of 
Kirk  Newton,  near  Wooler,  Northumberland. 
He  married  and  had  several  children.  He 
preached  not  only  in  his  own  parish,  but  in 
the  neighbouring  district.  One  of  his  sermons 
was  delivered  at  Berwick-on-Tweed  in  1810, 
and  another  at  Belford  in  1816.  He  died  on 
12  Nov.  1818,  at  Kirk  Newton.  There  is  a 
tablet  to  his  memory  on  the  north  wall  of 
the  church  where  he  was  buried  (WILSON, 
Churches  of  Lindisfarne,  p.  73).  After  his 
death  a  12mo  volume  of  his  '  Sermons '  was 
printed,  dedicated  to  Shute  Barrington,  bishop 
of  Durham.  The  volume  reached  a  second 
edition  in  1821. 

[Preface  to  Sermons  by  the  late  Rev.  John 
Boucher,  M.A.  pp.  i,  v,  vi,  vii ;  private  informa- 
tion.] J.  H. 

BOUCHER,  JOHN  (1819-1878),  divine, 
born  in  1819,  was  the  son  of  a  tenant-farmer 
in  Moneyrea,  North  Ireland.  Intended  for 
the  Unitarian  ministry  (in  accordance  with  the 
theological  views  of  his  parents),  he  was  care- 
fully educated,  and  in  1837  was  sent  to  the 
Belfast  Academy,  then  under  Drs.  Mont- 
gomery and  J.  Scott  Porter.  Leaving  the 
academy  in  1842,  Boucher  became  minister  at 
Southport ;  next  at  Glasgow ;  and  finally,  in 
1848,  at  the  New  Gravel  Pit  Chapel,  Hack- 
ney, where  for  five  years  his  fervour  and  elo- 
quence drew  full  congregations  from  all  parts 
of  the  metropolis.  In  1850  Boucher  pub- 
lished a  sermon  on  '  The  Present  Religious 
Crisis,'  and  the  '  Inquirer '  speaks  of  another 
of  the  same  year  on  'Papal  Aggression/ 
About  this  time  Boucher  adopted  rationalistic 
views  ;  but  he  soon  afterwards  changed  his 
opinions  again,  resigned  his  pulpit  in  1853, 
and  entered  himself  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge, 
to  read  for  Anglican  orders.  He  proceeded 
B.A.  in  1857  (LTJARD,  Grad.  Cant.  p.  46), 
and  it  was  hoped  that  he  would  have  a  bril- 
liant career  in  the  establishment;  but  his 
health  failed ;  he  left  Cambridge,  and  leading 
the  life  of  a  thorough  invalid  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, at  Chesterton,  for  many  years,  he  died 
12  March  1878,  aged  59.  He  was  one  of  the 
trustees  of  Dr.  Williams's  library,  till  his  con- 


Boucher 


Boucher 


version  caused  him  to  resign  ;  and  he  was  a 
member  of  the  presbyterian  board,  visiting 
Carmarthen  College.  He  married  Louise,  a 
daughter  of  Ebenezer  Johnston,  of  Stamford 
Hill,  London,  who  survived  him  a  year.  He 
left  no  issue. 

[The  Inquirer,  23  March  1878,  p.  190  ;  Luard's 
Grad.  Cant.  p.  46 ;  private  information.]  J.  H. 

BOUCHER,  JONATHAN  (1738-1804), 
divine  and  philologer,  the  son  of  a  Cumber- 
land '  statesman,'  was  born  at  Blencogo,  a 
small  hamlet  in  the  parish  of  Bromfield,  be- 
tween Wigton  and  Allonby,  on  12  March 
1738,  and  was  educated  at  Wigton  grammar 
school.  When  about  sixteen  years  old  he 
went  to  America  to  act  as  private  tutor  in 
a  Virginian  family,  and  remained  engaged 
in  tuition  for  some  years,  the  stepson  of 
George  Washington  being  numbered  among 
his  pupils.  Having  resolved  upon  taking 
orders  he  returned  to  England,  and  was 
ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  London  in  1762. 
For  many  years  he  had  charge,  in  turn,  of 
several  ecclesiastical  parishes  in  America. 
He  was  rector  of  Hanover,  in  King  George's 
County,  in  1762 ;  then  of  St.  Mary's,  in  Caro- 
lina; and  lastly,  in  1770,  of  St.  Anne's,  in 
Annapolis.  Whilst  resident  in  the  new 
country  he  lived  in  intimate  friendship  with 
Washington.  They  often  dined  together,  and 
spent  many  hours  in  talk ;  but  the  time  soon 
came  when  they  '  stood  apart.'  Boucher's 
loyalty  was  uncompromising,  and  when  the 
American  war  broke  out  he  denounced  from 
the  pulpit  the  doctrines  which  were  popular 
in  the  colonies.  '  His  last  sermon,  preached 
with  pistols  on  his  pulpit-cushion,  concluded 
with  the  following*  words  :  "  As  long  as  I 
live,  yea,  while  I  have  my  being,  will  I  pro- 
claim God  save  the  king." '  Washington 
shared  in  the  denunciations  of  Boucher  ;  but 
when  the  loyal  divine  published  the  discourses 
which  he  had  preached  in  North  America  be- 
tween 1763  and  1775  he  dedicated  the  col- 
lection to  the  great  American  general,  as  '  a 
tender  of  renewed  amity.'  Some  time  in  the 
autumn  of  1775  he  returned  to  England,  and 
soon  after  his  struggles  in  opposition  to  the 
advancement  of  the  cause  of  the  colonies 
were  rewarded  by  a  government  pension.  In 
January  1785  he  was  instituted  to  the  vicar- 
age of  Epsom,  on  the  presentation  of  the 
Rev.  John  Parkhurst,  the  editor  of  the  Greek 
and  Hebrew  lexicons.  This  living  he  re- 
tained until  his  death,  which  happened  on 
27  April  1804.  Boucher  was  considered  one 
of  the  best  preachers  of  his  time,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  distinguished  clerical  club, 
still  in  existence  (1886),  under  the  fantastic 
title  of  '  Nobody's  Club.'  He  was  thrice 


married.  His  first  wife,  whom  he  married 
in  June  1772,  was  of  the  same  family  as 
Joseph  Addison  ;  the  second,  Mary  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Charles  Foreman,  was  married 
on  15  Jan.  1787,  and  died  on  14  Sept.  1788 ; 
by  his  third  wife,  widow  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
James,  rector  of  Arthuret,  and  married  to 
Boucher  at  Carlisle  in  October  1789,  he  left 
eight  children  [see  BOTJCHIEE,  BARTON].  Some 
portions  of  Boucher's  autobiography  were 
printed  in  'Notes  and  Queries,'  5th  ser.  i. 
103-4,  v.  501-3,  vi.  21,  81,  141,  161. 

Boucher  was  a  man  of  widespread  tastes 
and  of  intense  affection  for  his  native  county 
of  Cumberland.  His  anonymous  tract,  con- 
taining proposals  for  its  material  advance- 
ment, including  the  establishment  of  a  county 
bank,  was  signed  'A  Cumberland  Man, 
Whitehaven,  Dec.  1792,'  and  was  reprinted 
in  Sir  F.  M.  Eden's  '  State  of  the  Poor/  iii. 
App.  387-401.  To  William  Hutchinson's 
1  Cumberland'  he  contributed  the  accounts 
of  the  parishes  of  Bromfield,  Caldbeck,  and 
Sebergham,  and  the  lives  included  in  the 
section  entitled  'Biographia  Cumbrensis.' 
The  edition  of  Relph's  poetical  works  which 
appeared  in  1797  was  dedicated  to  Boucher, 
and  among  the  '  Original  Poems '  of  San- 
derson (1800)  is  an  epistle  to  Boucher  on 
his  return  from  America.  He  published 
several  single  sermons  and  addresses  to  his 
parishioners,  and  issued  in  1797,  under  the 
title  of  l  A  View  of  the  Causes  and  Conse- 
quences of  the  American  Revolution,'  thirteen 
of  his  discourses,  1763-1775.  His '  Glossary 
of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words,'  intended 
as  a  supplement  to  Johnson's  Dictionary,  to 
which  he  devoted  fourteen  years,  was  left 
uncompleted.  Proposals  for  publication  under 
the  direction  of  Sir  F.  M.  Eden  were  issued 
shortly  before  his  death,  and  the  part  in- 
cluding letter  A  was  published  in  1807,  but 
did  not  obtain  sufficient  encouragement  to 
justify  the  continuance  of  the  work.  A 
second  attempt  at  publication  was  made  in 
1832,  when  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter  and 
Joseph  Stevenson  brought  out  the  Intro- 
duction to  the  whole  work  and  the  Glossary 
as  far  as  Blade.  The  attempt  was  again  un- 
successful ;  and  it  is  understood  that  most  of 
the  materials  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
proprietors  of  Dr.  Webster's  English  Dic- 
tionary. A  certain  J.  Odell,  M.  A.,  an  Epsom 
schoolmaster,  published  in  1806  an '  Essay  on 
the  Elements  of  the  English  Language/ 
which  was  intended  as  an  introduction  to 
Boucher's  work. 

[Gent.  Mag.  (1804),  pt.  ii.  591,  by  Sir  F.  M. 
Eden  (1831),  450  ;  Nichols's  Illust,  of  Lit.  v. 
630-41 ;  Sir  J.  A.  Park's  W.  Stevens  (1859  ed.), 
131-9,  169;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  ix. 

B2 


Bouchery 


Bough 


75-6,  282-4,  5th  ser.  ix.  50,  68,  89,  311,  371  ; 
Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey,  ii.  620,  625  ;  Allen's 
American  Biog.  Diet.  (3rd  ed.),  105-6;  Hawks's 
Eccles.  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  ii.  269.] 

W.  P.  C. 

BOUCHERY,  WEYMAN  (1683-1712), 
Latin  poet,  son  of  Arnold  Bouchery,  one  of 
the  ministers  of  the  Walloon  congregation  at 
Canterbury,  was  born  in  that  city  in  1683, 
and  educated  in  the  King's  School  there  and 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1702, 
M.A.  1706).  It  is  said  that  at  the  time  he 
graduated  M.A.  he  had  migrated  to  Em- 
manuel College,  but  the  circumstance  is  not 
recorded  in  the  '  Cantabrigienses  Graduati.' 
He  became  rector  of  Little  Blakenham  in 
Suffolk  in  1709,  and  died  at  Ipswich  on 
24  March  1712.  A  mural  tablet  to  his  me- 
mory was  erected  in  the  church  of  St.  George, 
Canterbury,  by  his  son,  Gilbert  Bouchery, 
vicar  of  Swaffham,  Norfolk.  He  published 
an  elegant  Latin  poem — '  Hymnus  Sacer : 
sive  Paraphrasis  in  Deborae  et  Baraci  Canti- 
cum,  Alcaico  carmine  expressa,  e  libri  Judi- 
cum  cap.  v.,'  Cambridge,  typis  academicis, 
1706,  4to. 

[Addit.  MS.  5864,  f.  96,  19084,  ff.  113,  1146; 
Cantabrigienses  Graduati  (1787),  46;  Hasted's 
Kent,  iv.  469  n.]  T.  C. 

BOUCHIER,  BARTON  (1794-1865),  re- 
ligious writer,  born  in  1794,  was  a  younger 
son  of  the  vicar  of  Epsom,  Surrey,  the  Rev. 
Jonathan  Boucher  [q.  v.]  Barton  changed 
his  name  from  Boucher  to  Bouchier  after 
1822.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  In  1816  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Thornbury, 
of  Avening,  Gloucestershire  (Gent.  Mag. 
1866,  pp.  431-2).  He  proceeded  B.A.  in 
1822,  and  M.A.  in  1827.  Bouchier  at  first 
read  for  the  bar.  But  he  afterwards  took 
holy  orders  and  became  curate  at  Monmouth. 
A  sermon  preached  by  him  at  Usk  in  1822  for 
the  Christian  Knowledge  Society  was  pub- 
lished by  request.  Bouchier  held  curacies 
later  at  Old,  Northamptonshire  (Gent.  Mag. 
supra),  and  (before  1834)  at  Cheam,  Surrey, 
from  which  place  he  issued  an  edition  of 
Bishop  Andrewes's  '  Prayers.'  In  1836  he 
published  '  Prophecy  and  Fulfilment,'  a  little 
book  of  corresponding  texts ;  and  in  1845 
'Thomas  Bradley,'  a  story  of  a  poor  pa- 
rishioner, and  the  first  of  a  series  of  similar 
pamphlets  describing  clerical  experiences, 
collected  and  published  in  various  editions  as 
'My  Parish,'  and 'The  Country  Pastor,'  from 
1855  to  1860. 

In  1852  Bouchier  commenced  the  publica- 
tion of  his  '  Manna  in  the  House,'  being  ex- 


positions of  the  gospels  and  the  Acts,  lasting, 
with  intervals,  down  to  1858 ;  in  1854  he 
wrote  his  'The  Ark  in  the  House,'  being 
family  prayers  for  a  month ;  and  in  1855  he 
wrote  his  '  Manna  in  the  Heart,'  being  com- 
ments on  the  Psalms.  In  1853  he  wrote  a 
'Letter'  to  the  prime  minister  (Lord  Aber- 
deen) against  opening  the  Crystal  Palace  on 
Sundays,  following  up  this  appeal  in  1854  by 
'The Poor  Man's  Palace,'  &c.,  a  pamphlet  ad- 
dressed to  the  Crystal  Palace  directors.  In 
1856  he  published  '  Solace  in  Sickness,'  a  col- 
lection of  hymns,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
made  rector  of  Fonthill  Bishop,  Wiltshire. 
He  published  his  '  Farewell  Sermon '  to  his 
Cheam  flock,  having  preached  it  on  28  Sept. 
In  1864  he  published  '  The  History  of  Isaac.' 
He  died  at  the  rectory  20  Dec.  1865,  aged  71. 
The  editorship  of  '  The  Vision,'  a  humorous 
illustrated  poem  on  Jonathan  Boucher's  phi- 
lological studies,  written  by  Sir  F.  M.  Eden, 
bart.,  and  published  in  1820,  has  been  wrongly 
attributed  to  Bouchier. 

[G-ent.  Mag.  4th  ser.  1866,  i.  431-2;  Brit. 
Mus.  Cat.]  J.  H. 

BOUCHIER  or  BOURCHIER, 
GEORGE  (d.  1643),  royalist,  was  a  wealthy 
merchant  of  Bristol,  fie  entered  into  a  plot 
with  Robert  Yeomans,  who  had  been  one  of 
the  sheriffs  of  Bristol,  and  several  others,  to 
deliver  that  city,  on  7  March  1642-3,  to  Prince 
Rupert,  for  the  service  of  King  Charles  I ;  but 
the  scheme  being  discovered  and  frustrated, 
he  was,  with  Yeomans,  after  eleven  weeks'  im- 
prisonment, brought  to  trial  before  a  council 
of  war.  They  were  both  found  guilty  and 
hanged  in  Wine  Street,  Bristol,  on  30  May 
1643.  In  his  speech  to  the  populace  at  the 
place  of  execution  Bouchier  exhorted  all 
those  who  had  set  their  hands  to  the  plough 
(meaning  the  defence  of  the  royal  cause)  not 
to  be  terrified  by  his  and  his  fellow-prisoner's 
sufferings  into  withdrawing  their  exertions  in 
the  king's  service.  There  is  a  small  portrait 
of  Bouchier  in  the  preface  to  Winstanley's 
'  Loyall  Martyrology,'  1665. 

[Clarendon's  Hist,  of  the  Rebellion  (1843), 
389;  Lloyd's  Memoires  (1677),  565;  Winstan- 
ley's Loyall  Martyrology,  5;  Granger's  Biog. 
Hist,  of  England  (1824),  iii.  110;  Barrett's 
Hist,  of  Bristol,  227,  228.]  T.  C. 

BOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1822-1878),  land- 
scape painter,  third  child  of  a  shoemaker, 
originally  from  Somersetshire,  was  born  at 
Carlisle  on  8  Jan.  1822,  and  when  a  boy 
assisted  at  his  father's  craft.  Later  he  was 
for  a  short  time  engaged  in  the  office  of  the 
town  clerk  of  Carlisle ;  but,  while  still  young, 
abandoned  the  prospects  of  a  law  career,  and 


Boughen 


Boughen 


wandered  about  the  country,  making  sketches 
in  water  colour,  and  associating  with  gipsies. 
In  the  course  of  his  wanderings  he  visited 
London  several  times  ;  first  in  1838,  when 
he  made  some  copies  in  the  National  Gallery. 
He  was  never  at  any  school  of  art.  In  1845 
he  obtained  employment  as  a  scene-painter 
at  Manchester,  and  was  thence  taken  by  the 
manager,  Glover,  to  Glasgow,  where  he  mar- 
ried Isabella  Taylor,  a  singer  at  the  theatre. 

His  abilities  were  recognised  by  Sir  D. 
Macnee,  P.R.S.A.,  who  persuaded  him  to 
give  up  his  work  at  the  theatre  for  land- 
scape painting.  He  began  in  1849  a  more 
earnest  study  of  nature,  working  at  Hamil- 
ton, in  the  neighbouring  Cadzow  Forest, 
and  at  Port  Glasgow,  where  he  painted  his 
1  Shipbuilding  at  Dumbarton.'  Among  his 
principal  works  may  be  mentioned :  l  Canty 
Bay,'  'The  Rocket  Cart,'  'St.  Monan's,' 
1  London  from  Shooter's  Hill,'  '  Kirkwall,' 
'  Borrowdale  '  (engraved  in  '  Art  Journal,' 
1871),  '  March  of  the  Avenging  Army,'  *  Ban- 
nockburn  and  the  Carse  of  Stirling,'  '  Guild- 
ford  Bridge.'  He  supplied  landscape  illustra- 
tions for  books  published  by  Messrs.  Blackie 
&  Co.  and  by  other  publishers ;  produced  a 
few  etchings  of  no  great  merit ;  painted  seve- 
ral panoramas ;  and  never  entirely  gave  up 
the  practice  of  scene-painting. 

In  1856  he  became  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  and  on  10  Feb. 
1875  a  full  member.  For  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  his  abode  was  fixed  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  died  19  Nov.  1878. 

Although  Bough  at  times  painted  in  oil, 
the  majority  of  his  works,  and  among  them 
his  best,  are  in  water  colour.  His  style  was 
much  influenced  by  his  practice  as  a  scene- 
painter,  and  is  characterised  by  great  breadth, 
freedom,  and  boldness  of  execution,  with 
power  over  atmospheric  effects,  but  with  at 
times  some  deficiency  in  the  quality  of  colour. 
A  thorough  Bohemian,  he  concealed  under  a 
rough  exterior,  and  an  abrupt  and  sometimes 
sarcastic  manner,  a  warm  heart  and  a  mind 
cultivated  by  loving  knowledge  of  some 
branches  of  older  English  literature.  He  was 
a  great  amateur  of  music,  a  fair  violinist,  and 
the  possessor  of  a  fine  bass  voice.  A  collection 
of  his  works  was  exhibited  at  the  Glasgow 
Institute  in  1880,  and  another  at  Edinburgh 
in  1884. 

[Edinburgh  Courant,  November  1878;  Scots- 
man, November  1878;  Mr.  R.  L.  Stevenson  in 
Academy,  30  Nov.  1878  ;  Academy,  5  July  1884  ; 
Art  Journal,  January  1879.]  W.  H-H. 

BOUGHEN,  EDWARD,  D.D.  (1587- 
1660  ?),  royalist  divine,  was  a  native  of  Buck- 
inghamshire, and  received  his  education  at 


"Westminster  School,  whence  he  was  elected 
to  a  scholarship  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford 
(B.A.  1609,  M.A.  1612).  He  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  Dr.  Howson,  bishop  of  Oxford ; 
he  afterwards  held  a  cure  at  Bray  in  Berk- 
shire; and  on  13  April  1633  was  collated 
to  the  rectory  of  Woodchurch  in  Kent.  The 
presbyterian  inhabitants  of  Woodchurch  pe- 
titioned against  him  in  1640  for  having  acted 
as  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  he  was  ejected 
from  both  his  livings.  Thereupon  he  retired 
to  Oxford,  where  he  was  created  D.D.  on 
1  July  1646,  shortly  before  the  surrender  of 
the  garrison  to  the  parliamentary  forces; 
he  afterwards  resided  at  Chartham  in  Kent. 
Wood  says :  '  This  Dr.  Boughen,  as  I  have 
been  informed,  lived  to  see  his  majesty  re- 
stored, and  what  before  he  had  lost,  he  did 
obtain ;'  and  Baker  also  states  that '  Boughen 
died  soon  after  the  Restoration,  aged  74,  plus 
minus.'  It  is  not  improbable  that  he  is 
identical  with  the  Edward  Boughen,  pre- 
bendary of  Marden  in  the  church  of  Chiches- 
ter,  whose  death  occurred  between  29  May 
and  11  Aug.  1660  (WALKER,  Sufferings  of 
the  Clergy,  ed.  1714,  ii.  13). 

Boughen  was  a  learned  man  and  a  staunch 
defender  of  the  church  of  England.  He 
published :  1.  Several  sermons,  including 
'  Unanimity  in  Judgment  and  Affection,  ne- 
cessary to  Unity  of  Doctrine  and  Uniformity 
in  Discipline.  A  Sermon  preached  at  Can- 
terbury at  the  Visitation  of  the  Lord  Arch- 
bishop's Peculiars.  In  St.  Margaret's  Church, 
April  14, 1635,'  Lond.  1635, 8vo ;  reprinted  in 
1714,  l  with  a  preface  by  Tho.  Brett,  LL.D., 
rector  of  Betteshanger  in  Kent.  Giving  some 
account  of  the  author,  also  vindicating  him 
and  the  preachers,  who  flourished  under  King 
James  I  and  King  Charles  I,  from  the  reflec- 
tions cast  upon  them  in  a  late  preface  before 
a  sermon  of  Abp.  Whit  gift's.'  2.  '  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Church  Catholick :  where  it  was 
before  the  Reformation,  and  whether  Rome 
were  or  bee  the  Church  Catholick.  In  answer 
to  two  letters'  signed  T.  B.,  Lond.  1653,  4to. 
A  reply  by  R.  T.,  printed,  it  is  said,  at  Paris, 
appeared  in  1654.  '  By  which  R.  T.  is  meant, 
as  I  have  been  informed  by  some  Rom.  Catho- 
lics, Thomas  Read,  LL.D.,  sometimes  fellow 
of  New  Coll.  in  Oxon.'  (WooD,  Athena  Oxon. 
ed.  Bliss,  iii.  390).  3.  '  Observations  upon 
the  Ordinance  of  the  Lords  and  Commons  at 
Westminster.  After  Advice  had  with  their 
Assembly  of  Divines,  for  the  Ordination  of 
Ministers  pro  Tempore,  according  to  their 
Directory  for  Ordination,  and  Rules  for  Ex- 
amination therein  expressed,'  Oxford,  1645. 
4.  '  Principles  of  Religion  ;  or,  a  short  Expo- 
sition of  the  Catechism  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land,' Oxford,  1646;  London,  1663,  1668, 


Boughton 


Boultbee 


1671.  The  later  editions  bear  this  title :  'A 
short  Exposition  of  the  Catechism  of  the 
Church  of  England,  with  the  Church  Cate- 
chism it  self,  and  Order  of  Confirmation,  in 
English  and  Latin  for  the  use  of  Scholars,' 
Lond.  1671,  12mo.  Some  of  the  prayers  an- 
nexed are  very  singular.  That  for  the  king 
implores  '  that  our  sovereign  King  Charles 
may  be  strengthened  with  the  faith  of  Abra- 
ham, endued  with  the  mildness  of  Moses, 
armed  with  the  magnanimity  of  Joshua, 
exalted  with  the  humility  of  David,  beauti- 
fied with  the  wisdom  of  Solomon ; '  for  the 
queen :  l  That  our  most  gracious  queen  Catha- 
rine may  be  holy  and  devout  as  Hesther,  loving 
to  the  king  as  Rachel,  fruitful  as  Leah,  wise 
as  Rebecca,  faithful  and  obedient  as  Sarah,' 
&c.  5.  'Mr.  Geree's  Case  of  Conscience 
sifted ;  wherein  is  enquired  whether  the  king 
(considering  his  oath  at  coronation  to  protect 
the  clergy  and  their  priviledges)  can  with  a 
safe  Conscience  consent  to  the  Abrogation  of 
Episcopacy,'  Lond.  1648,  1650,  4to.  Geree 
published  a  reply  under  the  title  of  Smoppayia, 
the  Sifter's  Sieve  broken.'  6.  Poems  in  the 
university  collections  on  King  James's  visit 
to  Christ  Church  in  1605,  and  on  the  mar- 
riage of  the  Princess  Elizabeth  in  1613. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.   388-90, 
Fasti,   i.   333,  347,  ii.  100;  Addit.  MS.  5863, 
f.  215  b  ;  Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  Ill ;  Kennett's  Re- 
gister   and     Chronicle,    597,    842,    843,    861 
Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.  (Phillimore),  73.] 

T.  C. 

BOUGHTON,  JOAN  (d.  1494),  martyr, 
was  an  old  widow  of  eighty  years  or  more, 
who  held  certain  of  Wycliffe's  opinions.  She 
was  said  to  be  the  mother  of  a  lady  named 
Young,  who  was  suspected  of  the  like 
doctrines.  She  was  burnt  at  Smithfield 
28  April  1494. 

[Fabyan,  p.  685,  ed.  Ellis ;  Foxe's  Acts  and 
Monuments,  iii.  704,  iv.  7,  ed.  1846.]  W.  H. 

BOULT,  SWINTON  (1809-1876),  secre- 
tary and  director  of  the  Liverpool,  London, 
and  Globe  Insurance  Company,  commenced 
life  in  Liverpool  as  local  agent  for  insurance 
offices.  In  1836  he  founded  the  Liverpoo 
Fire  Office,  which,  after  struggling  with  many 
difficulties,  became,  through  Boult's  energy, 
the  largest  fire  insurance  office  in  the  world 
After  the  great  fires  in  Liverpool  of  1842-i 
Boult  offered  to  the  merchants  of  Liverpool 
opportunities  of  insuring  their  merchandise 
against  fire  in  the  various  parts  of  the  worlc 
where  it  was  lying  awaiting  transshipment 
Agencies,  which  proved  very  successful,  were 
gradually  opened  in  various  parts  of  America 
and  Canada,  in  the  Baltic,  in  the  Mediter- 


•anean,  and  afterwards  in  the  East  generally, 
ind  in  Australia.  About  1848  the  company, 
3n  account  of  the  number  of  its  London  clients, 
>ecame  known  as  the  Liverpool  and  London ; 
fterwards,  on  absorbing  the  business  of  the 
jlobe  Insurance  Company,  under  the  autho- 
rity of  parliament  the  present  title  of  Liver- 
3Ool,  London,  and  Globe  was  assumed.  The 
company  now  transacts  a  large  business  in  all 
:he  leading  mercantile  countries  of  the  world, 
its  premiums  from  fire  insurance  alone  con- 
siderably exceeding  one  million  per  annum. 

Boult  was  the  principal  means  of  intro- 
ducing *  tariff  rating '  as  applied  to  cotton  mills, 
whereby  real  improvements  in  construction 
are  taken  into  account  in  determining  the  pre- 
miums ;  he  originated  the  Liverpool  Salvage 
Committee,  did  much  to  secure  the  passing  of 
the  Liverpool  Fire  Prevention  Act,  and  de- 
vised a  uniform  policy  for  the  tariff  fire  offices. 
He  made  the  circuit  of  the  globe  in  order  to 
render  himself  familiar  with  the  real  nature 
of  the  fire  risks  which  his  company,  in  com- 
mon with  other  fire  offices,  was  called  upon 
to  accept ;  became  managing  director  of  his 
company,  and  gave  evidence  before  various 
parliamentary  committees  on  points  affecting 
the  practice  of  fire  insurance,  especially  before 
that  on  fire  protection  which  sat  in  1867.  He 
died  in  1876,  aged  67. 

[Walford's  Insurance  Cyclopaedia.]      C.  W. 

BOULTBEE,  THOMAS  POWNALL, 
LL.D.  (1818-1884),  divine,  the  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Boultbee,  for  forty-seven  years  vicar 
of  Bidford,  Warwickshire,  was  born  on  7  Aug. 
1818.  He  was  sent  to  Uppingham  school  in 
1833,  which  he  left  with  an  exhibition  to  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  He  took  the  de- 
gree of  B.  A.  in  1841,  as  fifth  wrangler.  In 
March  1842  he  was  elected  fellow  of  his  col- 
lege, and  proceeded  M.A.  in  1844.  He  took 
orders  immediately ;  and  after  holding  one  or 
two  curacies,  and  taking  pupils,  he  became 
curate  to  the  Rev.  Francis  Close,  of  Chelten- 
ham, afterwards  dean  of  Carlisle.  From  1852 
to  1863  he  was  theological  tutor  and  chaplain 
of  Cheltenham  College.  In  1863  he  assumed 
the  principalship  of  the  newly  instituted  Lon- 
don College  of  Divinity,  at  first  located  in  a 
private  house  at  Kilburn,  where  the  principal 
entered  upon  his  task  with  a  single  student. 
Two  years  afterwards  it  was  moved  to  St. 
John's  Hall,  Highbury,  and  the  number  of 
pupils  rose  to  fifty  or  sixty.  In  1884  the 
number  of  students  in  residence  was  sixty- 
eight.  Boultbee  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1872,  and  in  October  1883  received  from  the 
Bishop  of  London,  Dr.  Jackson,  the  preben- 
dal  stall  of  Eadland  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
Dr.  Boultbee  died  at  Bournemouth  on  30  Jan. 


Boulter 


Boulter 


1884,  and  was  buried  at  Chesham,  Bucking- 
hamshire,'of  which,  his  youngest  son  was  vicar. 
Besides  a  few  sermons  and  occasional 
papers,  Dr.  Boultbee  published:  1.  '  The 
Alleged  Moral  Difficulties  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, a  Lecture  delivered  in  connection 
with  the^Christian  Evidence  Society,'  28  June 
1872  ;  8vo,  London,  1872.  2.  <  The  Annual 
Address  of  the  Victoria  Institute,  or  Philoso- 
phical Society  of  Great  Britain,'  8vo,  London, 
1873.  3.  '  A  Commentary  on  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  forming  an  Introduction  to  the 
Theology  of  the  Church  of  England,'  8vo, 
London,  1871,  and  other  editions.  4.  '  A 
History  of  the  Church  of  England  Pre-Re- 
formation  Period,'  8vo,  London,  1879. 

[Graduati  Cantabrigienses,  1873;  Crockford's 
Clerical  Directory;  Times,  1  Feb.  1884;  Eev. 
C.  H.  Waller,  St.  John's  Hall,  Highbury,  in  the 
Eock,  8  Feb.  1884;  Eecord,  1,  8,  and  15  Feb. 
1884,  where  appear  a  funeral  sermon  by  Bishop 
Eyle,  and  communications  from  Gr.  C.,  A.  P.,  and 
the  Eev.  Thomas  Lewthwaite,  Newsome  Vicarage, 
Huddersfield.]  A.  H.  G. 

BOULTER,  HUGH  (1672-1742),  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  born  in  London  4  Jan. 
1671-2,  was  descended  from  a  'reputable  and 
.estated  family.'  His  father  was  John  Boulter 
of  St.  Katharine  Cree.  He  entered  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  11  Sept.  1685,  matriculated 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1686-7.  He  was 
an  associate  of  Addison,  and  was  subse- 
quently made  fellow  of  Magdalen  College 
(B.A.  1690,  M.A.  1693,  D.D.  1708).  In 
1700  he  received  the  appointment  of  chaplain 
to  Sir  Charles  Hedges,  secretary  of  state, 
and  afterwards  acted  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Archbishop  Tenison.  Through  the  patronage 
of  Charles  Spencer,  earl  of  Sunderland,  Boul- 
ter was  appointed  to  St.  Olave's,  Southwark 
(1708),  and  archdeacon  of  Surrey  (1715-16). 
With  Ambrose  Philips,  Zachary  Pierce, 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  others,  Boulter 
contributed  to  a  periodical  established  in 
1718,  and  entitled  <  The  Free  Thinker.'  In 
1719  Boulter  attended  George  I  as  chaplain 
to  Hanover,  and  was  employed  to  instruct 
Prince  Frederick  in  the  English  language. 
The  king  in  the  same  year  appointed  him 
bishop  of  Bristol  and  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  Five  years  subsequently  George 
nominated  Boulter  to  the  primacy  of  the 
protestant  church  in  Ireland,  then  vacant, 
which  he  for  a  time  hesitated  to  accept.  The 
king's  letter  for  his  translation  from  the  see  of 
Bristol  to  that  of  Armagh  was  dated  31  Aug. 
1724.  In  November  of  that  year  he  arrived 
in  Ireland,  and  Ambrose  Philips  accompanied 
him  as  his  secretary.  As  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  and  lord  justice  in  Ireland 


Boulter  devoted  himself  with  much  assiduity 
to  governmental  business,  as  well  as  to  the 
affairs  of  the  protestant  church.  He  approved 
of  the  withdrawal  of  Wood's  patent  for  cop- 
per coinage.  On  other  points  he  differed  both 
with  William  King,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
and  with  Swift.  One  of  Swift's  last  public 
acts  was  his  condemnation  of  the  measure 
promoted  by  Boulter  for  diminishing  the  value 
of  gold  coin  and  increasing  the  quantity  of 
silver  currency,  which  it  was  apprehended 
would,  by  causing  an  advance  in  the  rent  of 
land,  increase  the  absentee  drain  from  Ire- 
land. Swift,  in  some  satirical  verses,  ridi- 
culed Boulter's  abilities.  Through  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  and  his  connections  in  England 
Boulter  acquired  a  predominating  influence 
in  administration  and  in  the  parliament  at 
Dublin,  where  he  considered  himself  to  be 
the  head  of  the  *  English  interest.'  Boulter's 
state  policy,  to  secure  what  he  styled l  a  good 
footing '  for  the  '  English  interest '  in  Ireland, 
was  to  confer  important  posts  in  church  and 
state  there  on  his  own  countrymen,  to  repress 
efforts  of  the  protestants  in  Ireland  towards 
constitutional  independence,  and  to  leave  the 
Roman  catholics  subjected  to  penal  legisla- 
tion. By  a  statute  enacted  through  Boulter's 
influence  the  Roman  catholics  were  excluded 
from  the  legal  profession,  and  disqualified 
from  holding  offices  connected  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  law.  Under  another  act  passed 
through  Boulter's  exertions  they  were  de- 
prived of  the  right  of  voting  at  elections  for 
members  of  parliament  or  magistrates — the 
sole  constitutional  right  which  they  had  been 
allowed  to  exercise.  Boulter  forwarded  with 
great  energy  the  scheme  for  protestant  charter 
schools,  with  a  view  to  strengthen  the  '  Eng- 
lish interest,'  by  bringing  over  the  Irish  to 
the  church  of  England.  He  gave  many  liberal 
contributions  to  protestant  churches,  and  for 
the  relief  of  the  poor  in  periods  of  distress  in 
Ireland.  As  a  memorial  of  his  charity,  in 
1741  a  full-length  portrait  of  him  by  Francis 
Bindon  was  placed  in  the  hall  of  the  poor 
house,  Dublin.  Boulter  repeatedly  held  of- 
fice as  lord  justice  in  Ireland  during  the  ab- 
sence of  the  viceroy,  Carteret,  and  his  suc- 
cessors, the  Dukes  of  Dorset  and  Devonshire. 
The  death  of  Boulter  occurred  at  London  on 
27  Sept.  1742.  He  was  interred  in  the  north 
transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  where  a 
marble  monument  and  bust  were  placed  over 
his  remains.  *  Sermons,'  and  l  A  Charge  at 
his  Primary  Visitation  in  Ireland  in  1725,' 
are  his  only  published  productions,  with  the 
exception  of  a  portion  of  his  correspondence. 
A  selection  of  his  letters  was  printed  in  two 
volumes  at  Oxford  in  1769,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Ambrose  Philips,  who  had  acted 


Boulton 


8 


Boulton 


as  his,  secretary  in  Ireland.  This  series  con- 
sists of  letters  from  November  1724  to  De- 
cember 1738,  to  state  officials  and  eminent 
churchmen  in  England.  They  were  repub- 
lished  at  Dublin  in  1770  by  George  Faulkner, 
who,  in  his  introduction  to  them,  observed 
that  Boulter,  with  all  his  virtues,  '  was  too 
partially  favourable  to  the  people  of  England 
and  too  much  prejudiced  against  the  natives 
of  Ireland.'  In  1745  Dr.  Samuel  Madden 
published  at  London  '  Boulter's  Monument, 
a  panegyrical  poem.'  This  production,  dedi- 
cated to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  was  re- 
vised by  Samuel  Johnson,  and  quoted  by  him 
in  his  dictionary.  A  full-length  portrait 
of  Boulter  is  preserved  in  Magdalen  College, 
and  a  bust  of  him  is  in  the  library  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford. 

[Letters  of  Hugh  Boulter,  D.D.,  1769-70; 
Biographia  Britannica,  1780;  O'Conor's  Hist,  of 
Irish  Catholics,  1813  ;  Stuart's  Hist.  Memoirs  of 
Armagh,  1819 ;  Works  of  Swift,  ed.  Sir  W.  Scott, 
1824  ;  Works  of  Samuel  Johnson,  1825 ;  Mant's 
Hist,  of  Church  of  Ireland,  1840  ;  Boswell's  Life 
of  Johnson,  ed.  Napier,  1884  ;  C.  J.  Robinson's 
Registers  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  i.  315.] 

J.  T.  GK 

BOULTON,  MATTHEW  (1728-1809), 
engineer,  was  born  in  Birmingham  3  Sept. 
1728,  where  his  father,  Matthew  Boulton  the 
elder,  had  long  been  carrying  on  the  trade,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Smiles,  of  a  silver  stamper  and 
piercer.  The  Boultons  were  a  Northamp- 
tonshire family,  but  John,  the  grandfather 
of  the  younger  Matthew,  settled  in  Lich- 
field,  and  Matthew  the  elder  was  sent  to 
Birmingham  to  enter  into  business,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  reduced  fortunes  of  the 
family.  The  younger  Boulton  entered  his 
father's  business  early,  and  soon  set  himself 
to  extend  it.  This  he  had  succeeded  in  doing 
to  a  considerable  extent,  when  in  1759  his 
father  died.  In  the  following  year  he  mar- 
ried Anne  Robinson  of  Lichfield,  with 
whom  he  received  a  considerable  dower. 
Being  thus  able  to  command  additional 
capital,  he  determined  to  enlarge  his  opera- 
tions still  further,  and  with  this  view  he 
founded  the  famous  Soho  works.  About  the 
same  time  he  also  entered  into  partnership  i 
with  Mr.  Fothergill.  The  works  were  opened 
in  1762,  and  soon  obtained  a  reputation  for  ! 
work  of  a  higher  character  than  it  was  then 
usual  to  associate  with  the  name  of  Birming- 
ham. Boulton  laid  himself  out  to  improve 
not  only  the  workmanship,  but  the  artistic 
merit  of  his  wares,  and  for  this  purpose  em- 
ployed agents  to  procure  for  him  the  finest  t 
examples  of  art-work  not  only  in  metal,  but 
in  pottery  and  other  materials,  which  he  : 


employed  as  models  for  his   own  produc- 
tions. 

The  growth  of  the  factory,  and  the  con- 
sequent increased  need  for  motive  power 
more  abundant  than  the  water-power  with 
which  Soho  was  but  scantily  furnished,  led 
Boulton  to  direct  his  thoughts  to  the  steam 
engine,  then  only  used  for  pumping.  He 
himself  made  experiments,  and  constructed 
a  model  of  an  improved  engine,  but  nothing 
came  of  it.  Watt  was  then  in  partnership 
with  Roebuck,  endeavouring  unsuccessfully 
to  perfect  his  engine.  Roebuck  was  a  friend 
of  Boulton,  and  told  him  of  Watt  and  his 
experiments.  Two  visits  paid  by  Watt  to 
Soho  in  1767  and  1768  made  him  anxious 
to  secure  the  help  of  Boulton  and  to  avail 
himself  of  the  resources  in  Soho  in  perfect- 
ing the  engine,  while  Boulton  was  on  his 
side  desirous  of  getting  Watt's  aid  in  the 
construction  of  an  engine  for  the  works. 
For  some  time  negotiations  as  to  a  partner- 
ship between  the  two  went  on,  but  they 
came  to  nothing  until  Roebuck's  failure  in 
1772.  As  a  set-off  against  a  claim  of  1,2007., 
Boulton  then  accepted  Roebuck's  share  in 
the  engine  patent,  and  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Watt.  In  consequence  of  Boul- 
ton's  advice  the  act  of  parliament  was  pro- 
cured by  which  the  patent  rights  were 
extended  for  a  period  of  twenty-four  years 
(with  the  six  expired  years  of  the  original 
patent,  thirty  years  in  all).  The  history 
of  the  difficulties  which  were  vanquished 
by  the  mechanical  skill  of  one  partner  and 
by  the  energy  of  the  other  will  more  fitly  be 
related  in  the  account  of  Watt  [see  WATT, 
JAMES],  but  it  may  be  said  here  that  if  the 
completion  of  the  steam  engine  was  due 
to  Watt,  its  introduction  at  that  time 
was  due  to  Boulton.  He  devoted  to  the 
enterprise  not  only  all  the  capital  he  pos- 
sessed, but  all  he  could  raise  from  any 
source  whatever,  and  indeed  he  brought 
himself  to  the  verge  of  bankruptcy  before 
the  work  was  completed  and  the  engine  a 
commercial  success.  He  kept  up  the  droop- 
ing spirits  of  his  partner,  and  would  never 
allow  him  to  despond,  when  he  was  almost 
inclined  to  despair  of  his  own  invention. 
Of  course  at  last  he  had  his  reward,  but  it 
was  not  until  after  six  or  seven  years'  labour 
and  anxiety,  and  when  he  had  passed  his 
sixtieth  year.  Dr.  Smiles  gives  1787  as  the 
year  when  Watt  began  to  realise  a  profit 
from  the  engine,  but  the  greater  outlay  for 
which  Boulton  had  been  responsible  made 
it  some  time  later  before  he  got  clear  from 
his  liabilities  and  began  to  make  a  profit. 

The  reform  of  the  copper  coinage  was  an- 
other   important    movement    with    which 


Boulton 


Bouquet 


Boulton  was  connected  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life.  In  1788  he  set  up  several  coining 
presses  at  Soho  to  be  worked  by  steam  (he 
patented  his  press  in  1790),  and  after  making 
large  quantities  of  coins  for  the  East  India 
Company,  for  foreign  governments,  and  for 
some  of  the  colonies,  he  in  1797  undertook 
the  production  of  a  new  copper  coinage  for 
Great  Britain.  He  also  supplied  machinery 
to  the  new  mint  on  Tower  Hill,  commenced 
in  1805,  and  until  quite  lately  part  at  least 
of  our  money  was  coined  by  the  old  machinery 
constructed  by  Boulton  and  Watt.  It  was 
not  until  the  reorganisation  of  the  mint  ma- 
chinery in  1882  that  Boulton's  press  was 
finally  abandoned. 

In  the  scientific  society  of  his  time  Boul- 
ton held  a  prominent  place.  Among  his 
intimates  were  Franklin,  Priestley,  Darwin, 
Wedgwood,  and  Edgeworth ;  he  was  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  and  a  member  of  the 
Lunar  Society,  a  provincial  scientific  society 
of  note.  His  house  at  Soho  was  the  meeting- 
place  for  all  scientific  men,  both  English  and 
foreign.  He  died  there  18  Aug.  1809. 

[Smiles's  Lives  of  Boulton  and  "Watt  (founded 
on  original  papers),  London,  1865  ;  Muirhead's 
Life  of  Watt,  London,  1858  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1809, 
780,  883,  979.]  H.  T.  W. 

BOULTON,  RICHARD  (ft.  1697-1724), 
physician,  educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  for  some  time  settled  at  Chester,  was 
the  author  of  a  number  of  works  on  the  medical 
and  kindred  sciences,  including :  1.  '  Reason 
of  Muscular  Motion,' 1697.  2.  '  Treatise  con- 
cerning the  Heat  of  the  Blood,'  1698.  3.  '  An 
Examination  of  Mr.  John  Colbatche's  Books,' 

1699.  4.  <  Letter  to  Dr.  Goodal  occasioned  by 
his  Letter  to  Dr.  Leigh,'  1699.    5.  '  System  of 
Rational  and   Practical   Chirurgery,'  1699 ; 
2nd  edition,  1713.     6.  'The  Works  of  the 
Hon.  Robert  Boyle  epitomised,'  3  vols.  1699- 

1700.  7.  '  Physico-Chirurgical  Treatises  of 
the  Gout,  the  King's  Evil,  and  the  Lues  Ve- 
nerea,'  1714.     8.  'Essay  on  External  Reme- 
dies,' 1715.     9.  '  Essay  on  the  Plague,'  1721. 
10.  '  Vindication  of  the  Compleat  History  of 
Magic,'  1722.    11.  'Thoughts  concerning  the 
Unusual  Qualities  of  the  Air,'  1724.  Though 
apparently  learned  in  the  science  of  his  pro- 
fession, he  was  seemingly  not  successful  in 
his  practice,  for  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
he  states  that   he   undertook   to   write   an 
abridgment  of  Mr.  Boyle's  works  on  account 
of  '  misfortunes  still  attending  him  ; '  and  in 
another  letter  he  mentions  that  successive 
misfortunes  had  made  him  the  object  of  his 
compassion,  and  begs  him  to  effect  something 
towards  putting  him  in  a  way  to  live.     In 
the  preface  to  the  '  Vindication  of  the  His- 


tory of  Magic '  he  states  that  he  had  been  for 
some  time  out  of  England. 

[Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue ; 
Sloane  MS.  4038.] 

BOUND,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1613).     [See 

BOWNDE.] 

BOUQUET,  HENRY  (1719-1765),  gene- 
ral, born  at  Rolle,  in  the  canton  of  Berne, 
Switzerland,  was  in  1736  received  as  a  cadet 
in  the  regiment  of  Constant  in  the  service  of 
the  States-General  of  Holland,and  in  1738  was 
made  ensign  in  the  same  regiment.  Thence  he 
passed  into  the  service  of  the  king  of  Sardinia, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  against 
France  and  Spain.  The  accounts  he  sent  to 
Holland  of  these  campaigns  having  attracted 

|  the  attention  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  he  was 

j  engaged  by  him  in  the  service  of  the  republic. 
As  captain-commandant,  with  the  rank  of 

I  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regiment  of  Swiss 
guards  newly  formed  in  the  Hague  in  1748, 

j  he  was  sent  to  the  Low  Countries  to  receive 
from  the  French  the  places  they  were  about 
to  evacuate.  A  few  months  afterwards  he 
accompanied  Lord  Middleton  in  his  travels 
in  France  and  Italy.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  between  the  French  and  English  settlers 
in  America  in  1754  he  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  Royal  American  regi- 
ment which  was  then  raised  in  three  bat- 
talions, and  by  his  integrity  and  capacity 
gained  great  credit,  especially  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Virginia.  In  1763  he  was  sent 
by  General  Amherst  from  Canada  with  mili- 
tary stores  and  provisions  for  the  relief  of 
Fort  Pitt,  and  on  5  Aug.  was  attacked  by  a 
powerful  body  of  the  Indians  near  the  defile 
of  Turtle  Creek,  but  so  completely  defeated 
them  that  they  gave  up  their  designs  against 
Fort  Pitt  and  retreated  to  their  remote  set- 
tlements. In  the  following  year  he  was  sent 
from  Canada  against  the  Ohio  Indians,  and 
succeeded  in  reducing  a  body  of  Shawanese, 
Delaware,  and  other  tribes  to  make  terms  of 
peace.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  with 
the  Indians  he  was  made  brigadier-general 
and  commandant  of  all  troops  in  the  south- 
ern colonies  of  British  America.  He  died  in 
the  autumn  of  1765  at  Pensacola,  from  an 
epidemic  then  prevalent  among  the  troops. 

[The  account  of  General  Bouquet's  Expedition 
against  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764  was  published 
at  Philadelphia  in  1765  and  reprinted  in  London 
in  the  following  year.  The  work  has  been  as- 
cribed to  Thomas  Hutchins,  geographer  of  the 
United  States,  who  supplied  the  map,  but  pro- 
perly belongs  to  Dr.  William  Smith,  provost  of 
the  College  of  Philadelphia.  An  edition  in 
French  by  C.  G-.  F.  Dumas,  with  an  histori- 
cal sketch  of  General  Bouquet,  was  issued  at 


Bouquett 


IO 


Bourchier 


Amsterdam  in  1769.  An  English  translation  of 
this  life  is  added  to  an  edition  of  the  work  pub- 
lished at  Cincinnati  in  1868,  and  forming  vol.  i. 
of  the  Ohio  Historical  Series.  The  letters  and 
documents  formerly  belonging  to  Bouquet,  and 
relating  to  military  events  in  America,  1757- 
1765,  occupy  thirty  volumes  of  manuscripts  in 
the  British  Museum,  Add.  MSS.  21631-21660. 
In  Add.  MS.  21660  there  is  a  copy  of  the  inven- 
tory of  his  property  and  of  his  will.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BOUQUETT,  PHILIP,  D.D.  (1669- 
1748),  Hebrew  professor,  was  educated  at 
"Westminster  School,  whence  he  was  elected 
in  1689  to  a  scholarship  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  became  B.A.  1692,  M.A. 
1696,B.D.  1706,D.D.  1711.  Whenavacancy 
occurred  in  the  professorship  of  Hebrew  in 
1704,  which  it  was  thought  desirable  to  con- 
fer on  Sike,  Bouquett  was  temporarily  ap- 
pointed to  it  in  the  absence  of  Sike,  the 
famous  oriental  scholar,  for  whom  the  post 
was  reserved.  Sike  was  definitely  elected  in 
August  1705,  but  on  the  professorship  falling 
vacant  again  seven  years  later,  Bouquett  was 
elected  to  fill  it  permanently.  He  died  senior 
fellow  of  Trinity  on  12  Feb.  1747-8,  aged  79. 
Cole  describes  him  as  'born  in  France,  an  old 
miserly  refugee,  who  died  rich  in  college,  and 
left  his  money  among  the  French  refugees. 
He  was  a  meagre,  thin  man,  bent  partly 
double,  and  for  his  oddities  and  way  of  living 
was  much  ridiculed.'  He  refused  to  sign  the 
petition  against  Dr.  Bentley.  Bouquett  con- 
tributed a  copy  of  elegiacs  to  the  university 
collection  of  poems  on  the  death  of  George  I 
and  accession  of  George  II  in  1727. 

[Welch's  Al.  West.  214 ;  Gent.  Mag.  xviii.  92 ; 
Cole's  MSS.  xxxiii.  274,  xlv.  244,  334 ;  Monk's 
Life  of  Bentley,  i.  186,  329-30.]  J.  M. 

BOURCHIER,    GEORGE.     [See  Bou- 

CHIER.] 

BOURCHIER,  HENRY,  EARL  OP  ESSEX 
(d.  1483),  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Bour- 
chier, earl  of  Ewe  or  Eu,  and  of  Anne, 
daughter  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  and  widow  of  Edmund,  earl  of 
Stafford.  He  was  therefore  great-grandson  of 
Robert  Bourchier  [q.  v.],  chancellor  to  Ed- 
ward III,  brother  of  Thomas  [q.v.],  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  and  of  Anne,  wife  of  John, 
duke  of  N  orfolk,  and  half-brother  of  Humfrey, 
duke  of  Buckingham.  Early  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI  he  served  in  the  French  war,  going 
to  Calais  in  1430  with  the  king  and  the  Duke 
of  York.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  earl  of 
Ewe,  and  was  once  summoned  to  parliament 
by  that  title.  In  1435  he  succeeded  to  the 
barony  of  Bourchier.  He  served  in  France 
under  the  Duke  of  York,  was  appointed  lieu- 


tenant-general in  1440,  and  in  1443  \vas  cap- 
tain of  Crotoy  in  Picardy.   He  was  summoned 
to  parliament  as  Viscount  Bourchier  in  1446. 
He  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Richard,  earl 
of  Cambridge,  and  aunt  of  Edward  IV.     In 
1451  he  served  on  the  commission  of  oyer  and 
terminer  for  Kent  and  Sussex.     The  battle  of 
St.  Albans  made  the  Duke  of  York  and  his 
party  the  masters  of  the  king,  and  on  29  May 
1455  Henry  appointed  Bourchier,  the  duke's 
brother-in-law,   treasurer    of  the  kingdom. 
Bourchier  held  office  until  5  Oct.  1456,  and 
was  then  succeeded  by  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury 
— a  change  that  l  perhaps  indicates  that  the 
mediating  policy  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
was  exchanged  for  a  more  determined  one' 
(STUBBS,  Const.  Hist.  iii.  176)  ;  for  up  to  this 
time  the  Bourcliiers,  in  spite  of  their  close 
connection  with  the  house  of  York,  held  a  kind 
of  middle  place  between  the  two  parties,  and, 
though  the  queen's  party  came  into  power  in 
February,  continued  to  hold  office  in  what 
may  be  called  the  Lancastrian  government. 
His  and  his  brother's  sudden  discharge  from 
office  was  put  down  to  the  queen's  influence 
(Paston  Letters,  i.  408).     In  1460  Bourchier 
was  with  the  Earls  of  March  and  Warwick 
at  the  battle  of  Northampton,  and  was  there- 
fore by  that  time  a  declared  partisan  of  the 
duke.     On  the  accession  of  his  nephew,  Ed- 
ward IV,  he  was  created  earl  of  Essex  (30  June 
1461)  ;  lie  was  made  treasurer  for  the  second 
time,  and  held  office  for  a  year.     He  received 
from  the  king  the  castle  of  Werk  and  the 
honour  of  Tindall,  in  Northumberland,  to- 
gether with  many  other  estates  in  different 
counties.     In  1471  the  earl  was  again  made 
treasurer,  and  retained  his  office  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.    When,  on  28  May  1473,  John 
de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford,  landed  at  St.  Osyth's, 
Essex  and  others  rode  against  him  and  com- 
pelled him  to  re-embark  (Paston  Letters,  iii. 
92).     In  this  year  also  he  was  for  about  a 
month  keeper  of  the  great  seal  during  the 
vacancy  of  the  chancellorship.     Essex  died 
4  April  1483,  and  was  buried  at  Bylegh.    He 
had  a  large  family.    His  eldest  son,  William, 
who  married  Anne  Woodville,  died  during  his 
lifetime,  and  he  was  therefore  succeeded  by 
his  grandson,  Henry  [q.  v.]     His  second  son, 
Sir  Henry  Bourchier,  married  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Lord  Scales ;   the  third  son, 
Humfrey,  Lord  Cromwell,  died  in  the  battle 
of  Barnet ;  the  fourth  son,  Sir  John,  married 
the  niece   and   heiress   of  Lord  Ferrers  of 
Groby.     He  had  four  other  children. 

[Polydore  Vergil's  Hist.  Angl.  1299,  ed.  1603; 
Paston  Letters,  ed.  Gairdner ;  Will.  Worcester ; 
Dugdale's  Baronage,  ii.  129  ;  Stubbs's  Constitu- 
tional History,  iii.  176  ;  Foss's  Judges  of  Eng- 
land, iv.  423.]  W.  H. 


Bourchier 


Bourchier 


BOURCHIER,  HENRY,  second  EAEL 
OF  ESSEX  (d.  1539),  was  the  son  of  William 
Bourchier  and  the  grandson  of  Henry  Bour- 
chier, first  earl  [q.  v.]  His  mother  was  Anne 
Woodville,  sister  of  the  queen  of  Edward  IV. 
He  succeeded  his  grandfather  in  1483.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  privy  council  of  Henry  VII. 
In  1492  he  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Bou- 


logne.    At  the  knighthood  of  Henry,  duke  ;  endangered 


folk  to  overawe  the  malcontents.  On  a  di- 
vision being  made  of  the  council  in  1526  for 
purposes  of  business,  his  name  was  placed 
with  those  who  were  to  treat  of  matters  of 
law.  He  joined  in  the  letter  sent  by  a  num- 
ber of  English  nobles  to  Clement  VII  in 
1530,  warning  him  that  imless  he  hastened 
the  king's 


of  York  (Henry  VIII),  the  earl  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  the  ceremonies,  and  was  one 
of  the  challengers  at  the  jousts  held  in  honour 
of  the  event.  In  1497  he  commanded  a  de- 
tachment against  the  rebels  at  Blackheath. 
He  accompanied  the  king  and  queen  when 
they  crossed  to  Calais  in  1500,  to  hold  an  in- 
terview with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  The 
next  year  he  was  one  of  those  appointed  to 
meet  Catherine  of  Arragon.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  Henry  VIII  he  was  made  captain  of 
the  new  bodyguard.  During  the  early  years 
of  the  king's  reign  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  revels  in  which  Henry  delighted. 
Constant  references  may  be  found  in  the 
State  Papers  to  the  earl's  share  in  these  en- 
tertainments. For  example,  in  1510  he  and 
others,  the  king  among  the  number,  dressed 
themselves  as  Robin  Hood's  men  in  a  revel 
given  for  the  queen's  delectation.  He  was  also 
constantly  employed  in  state  ceremonies,  such 
as  meeting  papal  envoys,  as  in  1514,  when 
the  pope  sent  Henry  a  cap  and  sword;  in 
1515,  when  he  met  the  prothonotary  who 
brought  over  the  cardinal's  hat  for  Wolsey ; 
and  in  1524,  when  Dr.  Hanyball  came  over 
with  the  golden  rose  for  the  king.  These 
and  such  like  engagements  necessarily  put 
him  to  great  expense.  He  received  some 
grants  from  Henry,  and  appears  both  as  a 
pensioner  and  a  debtor  of  the  crown.  On 
one  occasion  his  tailor  seems  to  have  had 
some  difficulty  in  getting  his  bill  settled. 
He  served  at  the  sieges  of  Terouenne  and 
Tournay  as '  lieutenant-general  of  the  spears ' 
(HERBEKT)  in  1513,  and  the  next  year  was 
made  chief  captain  of  the  king's  forces.  When 
the  king's  sister  Margaret,  widow  of  James 
IV  and  wife  of  the  Earl  of  Angus,  sought 
refuge  in  England,  the  Earl  of  Essex,  in 
company  with  the  king,  Suffolk,  and  Sir  G. 
Carew,  held  the  lists  in  the  jousts  given  in 
her  honour.  In  1520  he  attended  the  king 
at  the  celebrated  meeting  held  at  Guisnes. 
He  sat  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  and  received  the  manor  of  Bed- 
minster  as  his  share  of  the  duke's  estates. 
In  1525,  when  engaged  in  raising  money  for 
the  crown  from  the  men  of  Essex,  he  wrote 
to  Wolsey,  pointing  out  the  danger  of  an  in- 
surrection, and  by  the  king's  command  took 
a  company  to  the  borders  of  Essex  and  Suf- 


divorce,  his  supremacy  would  be 
1.    While  riding  a  young  horse,  in 


1539,  he  was  thrown  and  broke  his  neck. 
As  he  had  no  male  issue  by  his  wife  Mary, 
his  earldom  (of  Essex)  and  viscounty  (Bour- 
chier) became  extinct  at  his  death.  His 
barony  descended  to  his  daughter  Anne,  who 
married  William  Parr,  afterwards  Earl  of 
Essex. 

[Hall's  Chron.  (Hen.  VIII),  f.  6,  8,  26,  63,  ed. 
1548;  Stow's  Annals;  Polydore  Vergil's  Historia 
Anglica,  1437,  1521,  ed.  1603  ;  Letters,  Eic.  Ill 
and  Hen.  VII,  Eolls  Series ;  Herbert's  Life  and 
Keign  of  Henry  VIII,  34 ;  Cal.  of  State  Papers, 
Hen.  VIII,  ed. Brewer, passim;  Dugdale's Baron- 
age, ii.  130.]  W.  H. 

BOURCHIER  or  BOUSSIER,   JOHN 

DE  (d.  1330  ?),  judge,  is  first  mentioned  as 
deputed  by  Robert  de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford, 
to  represent  him  in  the  parliament  summoned 
in  1306  for  the  purpose  of  granting  an  aid  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  receiving 
knighthood.  In  1312  he  was  permitted  to 
postpone  the  assumption  of  the  same  rank 
for  three  years  in  consideration  of  paying  a 
fine  of  lOOs.  In  1314-y>  he  appears  as  one 
of  the  justices  of  assize  for  the  counties  of 
Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex,  and  his  name  ap- 
pears in  various  commissions  for  the  years 
1317,  1319,  and  1320.  In  1321  (15  May)  he 
was  summoned  to  parliament  at  Westminster, 
apparently  for  the  first  time,  as  a  justice,  and 
on  the '31st  of  the  same  month  was  appointed 
a  justice  of  the  common  bench.  Next  year 
he  was  engaged  in  trying  certain  persons 
charged  with  making  forcible  entry  upon  the 
manors  of  Hugh  le  Despenser,  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, Brecknock,  and  elsewhere,  and  in  in- 
vestigating a  charge  of  malversation  against 
certain  commissioners  of  forfeited  estates  in 
Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex,  and  trying  cases 
of  extortion  by  sheriffs,  commissioners  of 
array,  and  other  officers  in  Essex,  Hertford, 
and  Middlesex.  In  the  same  year  he  sat  on 
a  special  commission  for  the  trial  of  persons 
accused  of  complicity  in  the  fabrication  of 
miracles  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  gallows 
on  which  Henry  de  Montfort  and  Henry  de 
Wylyngton  had  been  hanged  at  Bristol.  In 
February  1325-6  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  a  commission  to  try  a  charge  of  poaching 
brought  by  the  Bishop  of  London  and  the 
dean  and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's  against  a 


Bourchier 


12 


Bourchier 


number  of  persons  alleged  to  have  taken  a 
large  fish,  '  qui  dicitur  cete,'  from  the  manor 
of  Walton,  in  violation  of  a  charter  of 
Henry  III,  by  which  the  chapter  claimed  the 
exclusive  right  to  all  large  fish  found  on 
their  estates,  the  tongue  only  being  reserved 
to  the  king.  In  the  same  year  he  was  en- 
gaged in  trying  cases  of  extortion  by  legal 
officials  in  Suffolk,  Nottinghamshire,  and 
Derbyshire,  and  persons  indicted  before  the 
conservators  of  the  peace  in  Lincolnshire. 
In  December  of  this  year  he  was  summoned 
to  parliament  for  the  last  time.  He  was  re- 
appointed  justice  of  the  common  bench 
shortly  after  the  accession  of  Edward  III, 
the  patent  being  dated  24  March  1326-7. 
The  last  fine  was  levied  before  him  on  Ascen- 
sion day  1329.  He  died  shortly  afterwards, 
as  we  know  from  the  fact  that  in  the  follow- 
ing year  his  heir,  Robert,  was  put  in  posses- 
sion of  his  estates  by  the  king.  By  his  mar- 
riage with  Helen,  daughter  and  heir  of 
Walter  of  Colchester,  he  acquired  the  manor 
of  Stanstead,  in  Halstead,  Essex,  adjoining 
an  estate  which  he  had  purchased  in  1312. 
He  was  buried  in  Stanstead  Church. 

[Parl.  Writs,  i.  164,  166,  ii.  Div.  ii.  pt.  i.  139- 
140,  236,  351,  419,  pt,  ii.  110-11,  119,  134-5, 
139,  148-9,  151,  153-4,  188,  193,  230-2,  237, 
241,  283,  288;  Rot,  Parl.  i.  449  b  •  Dugdale's 
Orig.  45 ;  Rot.  Orig.  Abbrev.  ii.  44  ;  Gal.  Rot. 
Pat.  89  m.  6,  99  m.  10 ;  Rymer's  Fcedera  (ed. 
Clarke),  ii.  619  ;  Morant's  Essex,  ii.  253  ;  Foss's 
Lives  of  the  Judges.]  J.  M.  R. 

BOURCHIER,  JOHN,  second  BARON 
BERNERS  (1467 -1533),  statesman  and  author, 
was  the  son  of  Humphrey  Bourchier,  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  Frederick  Tilney, 
and  widow  of  Sir  Thomas  Howard.  His 
father  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Barnet 
(14  April  1471)  fighting  in  behalf  of  Ed- 
ward IV,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey  (WEEVER'S  Funerall  Monuments, 
1632,  p.  482).  His  grandfather,  John,  the 
youngest  son  of  William  Bourchier,  earl  of 
Ewe,  was  created  Baron  Berners  in  1455,  and 
died  in  1474.  Henry  Bourchier  [q.  v.],  the 
Earl  of  Ewe's  eldest  son  and  the  second  Lord 
Berners's  granduncle,  became  Earl  of  Essex  in 
1461.  Another  granduncle,  Thomas  Bour- 
chier [q.  v.],  was  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
from  1454  to  1486. 

In  1474  John  Bourchier  succeeded  his 
grandfather  as  Baron  Berners.  He  is  believed 
to  have  studied  for  some  years  at  Oxford,  and 
Wood  conjectures  that  he  was  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege. But  little  is  known  of  his  career  till 
after  the  accession  of  Henry  VII.  In  1492 
he  entered  into  a  contract '  to  serue  the  king  in 
his  warres  beyond  see  on  hole  yeere  with  two 


speres '  (RYMER,  Fc&dera,  xii.  479).  In  1497 
he  helped  to  repress  the  Cornish  rebellion  in 
behalf  of  Perkin  Warbeck.  It  is  fairly  cer- 
tain that  he  and  Henry  VIII  were  acquainted 
as  youths,  and  the  latter  showed  Berners 
much  favour  in  the  opening  years  of  his  reign. 
In  1513  he  travelled  in  the  king's  retinue  to 
Calais,  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
Terouenne.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  was  mar- 
shal of  the  Earl  of  Surrey's  army  in  Scotland. 
When  the  Princess  Mary  married  Louis  XII 
(9  Oct.  1514),  Berners  was  sent  with  her  to 
France  as  her  chamberlain.  But  he  did  not 
remain  abroad.  On  18  May  1514  he  had 
been  granted  the  reversion  to  the  office  of 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  on  28  May 
1516  he  appears  to  have  succeeded  to  the  post. 
In  1518  Berners  was  sent  with  John  Kite, 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  on  a  special  mission  to 
Spain  to  form  an  alliance  between  Henry  VIII 
and  Charles  of  Spain.  The  letters  of  the 
envoys  represent  Berners  as  suffering  from 
severe  gout.  He  sent  the  king  accounts  of 
the  bull-baiting  and  other  sports  that  took 
place  at  the  Spanish  court.  The  negotiations 
dragged  on  from  April  to  December,  and  the 
irregularity  with  which  money  was  sent  to 
the  envoys  from  home  caused  them  much 
embarrassment  (cf.Berners  to  Wolsey,  26  July 
1518,  in  BRE WEE'S  Letters  fyc.  of  Henry 
VIII}.  Early  in  1519  Berners  was  again 
in  England,  and  he,  with  his  wife,  attended 
Henry  VIII  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of 
Gold  in  the  next  year.  The  privy  council 
thanked  him  (2  July  1520)  for  the  account  of 
the  ceremonial  which  he  forwarded  to  them. 
Throughout  this  period  Berners,  when  in 
England,  regularly  attended  parliament,  and 
was  in  all  the  commissions  of  the  peace 
issued  for  Hertfordshire  and  Surrey.  But 
his  pecuniary  resources  were  failing  him. 
He  had  entered  upon  several  harassing  law- 
suits touching  property  in  Staffordshire, 
Wiltshire,  and  elsewhere.  As  early  as  1511 
he  had  borrowed  350/.  of  the  king,  and  the 
loan  was  frequently  repeated.  In  Decem- 
ber 1520  he  left  England  to  become  deputy 
of  Calais,  during  pleasure,  with  100Z.  yearly 
as  salary  and  104/.  as  '  spyall  money.'  His 
letters  to  Wolsey  and  other  officers  of  state 
prove  him  to  have  been  busily  engaged  in  suc- 
ceeding years  in  strengthening  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Calais  and  in  watching  the  armies  of 
France  and  the  Low  Countries  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. In  1522  he  received  Charles  V. 
In  1528  he  obtained  grants  of  manors  in 
Surrey,  Wiltshire,  Hampshire,  and  Oxford- 
shire. In  1529  and  1531  he  sent  Henry  VIII 
gifts  of  hawks  (Privy  Purse  Expenses,  pp.  54, 
231).  But  his  pecuniary  troubles  were  in- 
creasing, and  his  debts  to  the  crown  remained 


Bourchier 


Bourchier 


unpaid.  Early  in  1532-3,  while  Berners  was 
very  ill,  Henry  VIII  directed  his  agents  in 
Calais  to  watch  over  the  deputy's  personal 
effects  in  the  interests  of  his  creditors.  On 
16  March  1532-3  Berners  died,  and  he  was 
buried  in  the  parish  church  of  Calais  by  his 
special  direction.  All  his  goods  were  placed 
under  arrest  and  an  inventory  taken,  which 
is  still  at  the  Record  Office,  and  proves 
Berners  to  have  lived  in  no  little  state. 
Eighty  books  and  four  pictures  are  men- 
tioned among  his  household  furniture.  By 
his  will  (3  March  1532-3)  he  left  his  chief 
property  in  Calais  to  Francis  Hastings,  his 
executor,  who  became  earl  of  Huntingdon  in 
1544  (Chronicle  of  Calais,  Camd.  Soc.  p.  164). 
Berners  married  Catherine,  daughter  of  John 
Howard,  duke  of  Norfolk,  by  whom  he  had  a 
daughter,  Joan  or  Jane,  the  wife  of  Edmund 
Knyvet  of  Ashwellthorp  in  Norfolk,  who  suc- 
ceeded to  her  father's  estates  in  England. 
Small  legacies  were  also  left  to  his  illegiti- 
mate sons,  Humphrey,  James,  and  George. 

The  barony  of  Berners  was  long  in  abey- 
ance. Lord  Berners's  daughter  and  heiress 
died  in  1561,  and  her  grandson,  Sir  Thomas 
Knyvett,  petitioned  the  crown  to  grant  him 
the  barony,  but  died  in  1616  before  his  claim 
could  be  ratified.  In  1720  Elizabeth,  a  great- 
granddaughter  of  Sir  Thomas,  was  confirmed 
in  the  barony  and  bore  the  title  of  Baroness 
Berners,  but  she  died  without  issue  in  1743, 
and  the  barony  fell  again  into  abeyance.  A 
cousin  of  this  lady  in  the  third  degree  married 
in  1720  Henry  Wilson  of  Didlington,  Norfolk, 
and  their  grandson,  Robert  Wilson,  claimed 
and  secured  the  barony  in  1832.  The  barony 
is  now  held  by  a  niece  of  Henry  William 
Wilson  (1797-1871),  the  third  bearer  of  the 
restored  title. 

While  at  Calais  Berners  devoted  all  his 
leisure  to  literary  pursuits.  History,  whether 
real  or  fictitious,  always  interested  him,  and 
in  1523  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his  fa- 
mous translation  of  (1)  Froissart's  Chronicles. 
The  second  volume  followed  in  1525.  Richard 
Pynson  was  the  printer.  This  work  was  un- 
dertaken at  the  suggestion  of  Henry  VHI 
and  was  dedicated  to  him.  Its  style  is  re- 
markably vivid  and  clear,  and  although  a  few 
French  words  are  introduced,  Berners  has 
adhered  so  closely  to  the  English  idiom  as 
to  give  the  book  the  character  of  an  original 
English  work.  It  inaugurated  the  taste  for 
historical  reading  and  composition  by  which 
the  later  literature  of  the  century  is  charac- 
terised. Fabian,  Hall,  and  Holinshed  were 
all  indebted  to  it.  E.  V.  Utterson  issued  a 
reprint  of  Berners's  translation  in  1812,  and 
although  Col.  Johnes's  translation  of  Froissart 
(1803-5)  has  now  very  generally  superseded 


that  of  Berners,  the  later  version  is  wanting 
in  the  literary  flavour  which  still  gives 
Berners's  book  an  important  place  in  Eng- 
lish literature.  But  chivalric  romance  had 
even  a  greater  attraction  for  Berners  than 
chivalric  history,  and  four  lengthy  transla- 
tions from  the  French  or  Spanish  were  com- 
pleted by  him.  The  first  was  doubtless 
(2)  '  Huon  of  Burdeux,'  translated  from  the 
great  prose  French  Charlemagne  romance, 
about  1530,  but  not  apparently  published 
till  after  Lord  Berners's  death.  It  is  pro- 
bable that  Wynkyn  de  Worde  printed  it  in 
1534  under  the  direction  of  Lord  George 
Hastings,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  who  had  urged 
Berners  to  undertake  it.  Lord  Crawford 
has  a  unique  copy  of  this  book.  A  second 
edition,  apparently  issued  by  Robert  Copland 
in  1570,  is  wholly  lost.  Two  copies  of  a  third 
revised  edition,  dated  1601,  are  extant,  of 
which  one  is  in  the  British  Museum  and  the 
other  in  the  Bodleian.  The  first  edition  was 
reprinted  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
1883-5.  (3)  <  The  Castell  of  Love '  (by  D.  de 
San  Pedro)  was  translated  from  the  Spanish 
1  at  the  instaunce  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Carew, 
late  wyfe  to  Syr  Nicholas  Carewe,  knight.' 
The  first  edition  was  printed  by  Robert  Wyer 
about  1540,  and  a  second  came  from  the  press 
of  John  Kynge  about  the  same  time.  (4)  *  The 
golden  boke  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  emperour 
and  eloquent  oratour,'  was  a  translation  of  a 
French  version  of  Guevara's  '  El  redox  de 
Principes.'  It  was  completed  only  six  days 
before  Berners's  death,  and  was  under- 
taken at  the  desire  of  his  nephew,  Sir  Francis 
Bryan  [q.  v.]  It  was  first  published  in  1534, 
and  republished  in  1539,  1542,  1553,  1557, 
and  1559.  A  very  definite  interest  attaches 
to  this  book.  It  has  been  proved  that  English 
< Euphuism'  is  an  adaptation  of  the  style  of 
the  Spanish  Guevara.  Lyly's  '  Euphues  '  was 
mainly  founded  on  Sir  Thomas  North's  *  Dial 
of  Princes  '  (1558  and  1567),  and  the  '  Dial 
of  Princes'  is  a  translation  of  an  enlarged 
edition  of  Guevara's  '  El  Redox/  which  was 
first  translated  into  English  by  Berners.  The 
marked  popularity  of  Berners's  original  trans- 
lation clearly  points  to  him  as  the  founder  of 
'Guevarism'  or  so-called  Euphuism  in  England 
(LANDMANN'S  Euphuismus,  Giessen,  1881). 

Berners  also  translated  from  the  French 
(5)  'The  History  of  the  moost  noble  and 
valyaunt  knight,  Artheur  of  Lytell  Brytaine.' 
The  book  was  reprinted  by  Utterson  in  1812. 
Wood,  following  Bale,  attributes  to  Berners 
a  Latin  comedy,  (6)  '  Ite  ad  Vineam,'  which 
he  says  was  often  acted  after  vespers  at 
Calais,  and  a  tract  on  (7)  '  The  Duties  of  the 
Inhabitants  of  Calais.'  Nothing  is  known 
now  of  the  former  work ;  but  the  latter  may 


Bourchier 


Bourchier 


not  improbably  be  identified  with  the  elabo- 
rate '  Ordinances  for  watch  and  ward  of 
Calais'  in  Cotton  MS.  (Faust.  E.  vii.  89- 
102  b}.  These  ordinances  were  apparently 
drawn  np  before  1532,  and  have  been  printed 
at  length  in  the  '  Chronicle  of  Calais '  pub- 
lished by  the  Camden  Society,  pp.  140-62. 
Warton  states,  on  the  authority  of  Oldys, 
that  Henry,  lord  Berners,  translated  some  of 
Petrarch's  sonnets,  but  the  statement  is  pro- 
bably wholly  erroneous  (Hist.  EngL  Poet. 
iii.  58). 

Holbein  painted  a  portrait  of  Berners  in 
his   robes   as    chancellor   of  the  exchequer 
(WALPOLE,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  Wor- 
num,  i.  82).     The  picture  is  now  at  Key- 
thorpe  Hall,  Leicestershire,  in   the  posses- 
sion of  the  Hon.  H.  Tyrwhitt  Wilson.     It 
was  engraved  for  the  Early  English  Text  , 
Society's  reprint   of    '  Huon  of   Burdeux '  | 
(1884). 

[Dugdale's  Baronage,  ii.  132-3 ;  Marshall's 
Genealogist's  Guide  ;  Burke's  Peerage ;  Foster's 
Peerage ;  Bale's  Cent.  Script,  ix.  1  ;  Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  72  ;  Brewer's  Letters 
and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII,  1509-1534  ;  Utter- 
son's  Memoir  of  Berners  in  his  reprint  of  the 
Froissart  (1812);  Walpole's  Eoyal  and  Noble 
Authors,  i.  239-45  ;  Fuller's  Worthies  ;  Intro- 
duction to  the  Early  English  Text  Society's 
reprint  of  Huon  of  Burdeux,  ed.  S.  L.  Lee.] 

S.  L.  L. 

BOURCHIER,  SIB  JOHN  (d.  1660), 
regicide,  grandson  and  heir  of  Sir  Ralph 
Bourchier,  of  Benningborough,  Yorkshire, 
appears  in  1620  in  the  list  of  adventurers 
for  Virginia  as  subscribing  371.  10s.  In  the 
following  year,  having  complained  of  the  lord- 
keeper  for  giving  judgment  against  him  in  a 
lawsuit,  he  was  censured  and  obliged  to 
make  a  humble  submission  (Lords'  Journals, 
iii.  179-92).  He  suffered  more  severely  in 
a  contest  with  Strafford  concerning  the  en- 
closure of  certain  lands  in  the  forest  of  Galtre, 
near  York.  Sir  John  attempted  to  assert  his 
claims  by  pulling  down  the  fences,  for  which 
he  was  fined  and  imprisoned.  Directly  the 
Long  parliament  met  he  petitioned,  and  his 
treatment  was  one  of  the  minor  charges 
against  Strafford  (RusHWORTH,  Strajford's 
Trial,  p.  146 ;  see  also  Straff.  Corr.  i.  86-88, 
ii.  59).  His  name  also  appears  among  those 
who  signed  the  different  Yorkshire  petitions 
in  favour  of  the  parliament,  and  a  letter  from 
him  describing  the  presentation  of  the  peti- 
tion of  3  June  1642  on  Hey  worth  Moor,  and 
a  quarrel  between  himself  and  Lord  Savile 
on  that  occasion,  was  printed  by  order  of 
the  House  of  Commons  (Commons'  Journals, 
6  June  1642).  He  entered  the  Long  parlia- 


ment amongst  the  '  recruiters '  as  member 
for  Ripon  (1645).  In  December  1648  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  king's  judges,  and  signed 
the  death-warrant.  In  February  1651,  and 
again  in  November  1652,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state,  and  finally 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  grant  of  6,000/.  out 
of  the  estate  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  but  it 
is  not  evident  what  satisfaction  he  actually 
obtained  (Commons1  Journals,  31  July  1651). 
At  the  Restoration  he  was,  with  the  other 
regicides,  summoned  to  give  himself  up,  and 
the  speaker  acquainted  the  House  of  Com- 
mons with  his  surrender  on  18  June  1660 
(Journals).  While  the  two  houses  were 
quarrelling  over  the  exceptions  to  be  made 
to  the  act  of  indemnity,  Bourchier  died,  as- 
serting to  the  last  the  justice  of  the  king's 
condemnation.  1 1  tell  you  it  was  a  just  act ; 
God  and  all  good  men  will  own  it'  (LuDLOw's 
Memoirs,  ed.  1751,  p.  358).  Sir  John's  son, 
Barrington  Bourchier,  having  aided  in  the 
Restoration,  obtained  a  grant  of  his  father's 
estate  (Cal.  of  State  Papers,  Dom.,  1661, 
p.  557). 

[Noble's  Regicides  and  House  of  Cromwell, 
ii.  36  ;  the  Fairfax  Correspondence  (Civil  Wars), 
i.  338,  contains  a  letter  from  Sir  John  Bourchier 
to  Lord  Fairfax  on  the  want  of  ministers  in 
Yorkshire.]  C.  H.  F. 

BOURCHIER  or  BOUSSIER,  RO- 
BERT (d.  1349),  chancellor,  the  eldest  son 
of  John  Bourchier  [q.  v.],  a  judge  of  common 
pleas,  began  life  in  the  profession  of  arms. 
He  was  returned  as  a  member  for  the  county 
of  Essex  in  1330,  1332,  1338,  and  1339.  In 
1334  he  was  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench 
in  Ireland.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Cadsant  in  1337.  He  sat  in  the  parliament 
of  1340  (Rolls  of  Parliament,  ii.  113).  When 
on  his  return  to  England  the  king  displaced 
his  ministers,  he  committed  the  great  seal, 
which  had  long  been  held  by  Archbishop 
Stratford  and  his  brother,  the  Bishop  of  Chi- 
chester,  alternately,  to  Bourchier,  who  thus 
became,  on  14  Dec.  1340,  the  first  lay  chan- 
cellor. His  salary  was  fixed  at  500 L,  besides 
the  usual  fees.  In  the  struggle  between  the 
king  and  the  archbishop,  Bourchier  withheld 
the  writ  of  summons  to  the  ex-chancellor,  in- 
terrupted his  address  to  the  bishops  in  the 
Painted  Chamber,  and  on  27  April  1341  urged 
him  to  submit  to  the  king.  When  the  parlia- 
ment of  1341  extorted  from  the  king  his  assent 
to  their  petitions  that  the  account  of  the  royal 
officers  should  be  audited,  and  that  the  chan- 
cellor and  other  great  officers  should  be 
nominated  in  parliament,  and  should  swear 
to  obey  the  laws,  Bourchier  declared  that  he 
had  not  assented  to  these  articles,  and  would 


Bourchier 


Bourchier 


not  be  bound  by  them,  as  they  were  contrary 
to  his  oath  and  to  the  laws  of  the  realm. 
He  nevertheless  exemplified  the  statute,  and 
delivered  it  to  parliament.  He  resigned  his 
office  on  29  Oct.  He  was  summoned  to  par- 
liament as  a  peer  in  16  Edward  III.  In 
1346  he  accompanied  the  king  on  his  expedi- 
tion to  France.  He  was  in  command  of  a 
large  body  of  troops,  and  fought  at  Crecy  in 
the  first  division  of  the  army.  He  married 
Margaret,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Thomas 
Preyers.  He  founded  a  college  at  Halstead 
for  eight  priests ;  but  it  probably  never  con- 
tained so  many,  as  its  revenues  were  very 
small.  The  king  granted  him  the  right  of 
free  warren,  and  license  to  crenellate  his 
house.  He  died  of  the  plague  in  1349,  and 
was  buried  at  Halstead. 

[Eolls  of  Parliament,  ii.  113,  127, 131 ;  Keturn 
of  Members,  i.  89-126;  Murimuth,  111,  Eng. 
Hist.  Soc.;  Froissart,  i.  151,  163  (Johnes);  Foss's 
Judges  of  England,  iii.  399-402  ;  Campbell's 
Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  i.  234-41;  Stubbs's 
Constitutional  History,  ii.  387,  391 ;  Dugdale's 
Baronage,  ii.  126;  Dugdale's  Monasticon,  vi. 
1453.]  W.  H. 

BpURCHIER,  THOMAS  (1404P-1486), 
cardinal,  was  the  third  son  of  William 
Bourchier,  earl  of  Ewe,  by  the  Lady  Anne 
Plantagenet,  second  daughter  of  Thomas  of 
Woodstock,  duke  of  Gloucester,  youngest 
son  of  Edward  III.  His  father  had  won  the 
title  he  bore  by  his  achievements  under 
Henry  V  in  France,  and  transmitted  it  to 
his  eldest  son,  Henry  [q.  v.j,  who  afterwards 
was  created  earl  of  Essex.  A  second  son,  by 
right  of  his  wife,  was  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment as  Lord  Fitzwarren.  The  third,  Thomas, 
the  subject  of  this  article,  was  born  about 
1404  or  1405,  and  was  but  a  child  at  the  death 
of  his  father.  A  fourth,  John  Bourchier,  was 
ennobled  as  Lord  Berners  [see  BOTJKCHIER, 
JOHN].  A  daughter  Eleanor  married  John 
Mowbray,  third  duke  of  Norfolk  of  that  sur- 
name, and  the  fourth  duke,  his  son,  conse- 
quently speaks  of  the  cardinal  as  his  uncle 
(Paston  Letters,  ii.  382). 

Thomas  Bourchier  was  sent  at  an  early 
age  to  Oxford,  and  took  up  his  abode  at 
Nevill's  Inn,  one  of  five  halls  or  inns  which 
occupied  the  site  of  what  is  now  Corpus 
Christi  College.  In  1424  he  obtained  the 
prebend  of  Colwick,  in  Lichfield  Cathedral, 
and  before  1427  he  was  made  dean  of  St. 
Martin's-le-Grand,  London.  He  also  received 
the  prebend  of  West  Thurrock,  in  the  free 
chapel  of  Hastings.  In  1433,  though  not  yet 
of  full  canonical  age,  he  was  recommended 
for  the  see  of  Worcester,  then  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Thomas  Polton.  But  Polton  had 


died  at  Basle  while  attending  the  general 
council,  and  the  pope  had  already  nominated 
as  his  successor  Thomas  Brouns,  dean  of  Salis- 
bury. On  the  other  hand  the  commons  in 
parliament  addressed  the  king  in  favour  of 
Bourchier,  putting  forward,  according  to  the 
royal  letters,  the  'nighness  of  blood  that  our 
well-beloved  master  Thomas  attaineth  unto 
us  and  the  cunning  and  virtues  that  rest  in 
his  person.'  Accordingly  Brouns  was  trans- 
lated to  Rochester,  and  the  pope  cancelled  his 
previous  nomination  to  Worcester  by  an  ante- 
dated bull  in  favour  of  Bourchier,  whose  no- 
mination therefore  bears  date  9  March  1434. 
The  temporalities  of  the  see  were  restored  to 
him  on  15  April  1435. 

Meanwhile,  in  1434,  Bourchier  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford,  a  po- 
sition which  he  held  for  three  years,  and  which 
implies  at  least  that  he  took  some  interest 
in  scholarship,  though  we  have  no  evidence 
that  he  himself  was  a  distinguished  scholar. 
Wood  says  that  he  took  part  in  a  convocation 
of  the  university  as  early  as  1428.  But  we 
may  reasonably  surmise  that  his  subsequent 
promotions  were  as  much  owing  to  high  birth 
as  to  great  abilities.  He  had  not  remained 
long  in  the  see  of  Worcester  when,  in  1435, 
the  bishopric  of  Ely  fell  vacant.  The  chapter, 
at  the  instigation  of  John  Tiptoft,  the  prior, 
agreed  to  postulate  Bourchier,  who  sent  mes- 
sengers to  Rome  to  procure  bulls  for  his 
translation.  The  bulls  came,  but  as  the 
government  refused  to  ratify  his  election, 
Bourchier  feared  to  receive  them.  The  king's 
ministers  wished  to  reward  Cardinal  Louis 
de  Luxembourg,  archbishop  of  Rouen  (chan- 
cellor of  France  under  the  English  king)  with 
the  revenues  of  the  bishopric  of  Ely.  So  by 
an  arrangement  with  the  pope,  notwithstand- 
ing the  opposition  of  Archbishop  Chichele, 
the  bishopric  was  not  filled  up,  but  the  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen  was  appointed  administrator 
of  the  see.  But  when  he  died  in  1443,  there 
was  no  further  difficulty  in  the  way  of  Bour- 
chier's  promotion.  He  was  nominated  by  the 
king,  elected  by  the  chapter,  and  having  re- 
ceived a  bull  for  his  translation,  dated  20  Dec. 
1443,  he  was  confirmed  and  had  the  tempo- 
ralities restored  to  him  on  27  Feb.  1444. 

There  is  little  known  of  his  life  at  this 
time  beyond  the  story  of  his  promotions,  and 
what  we  hear  of  his  conduct  as  bishop  is 
from  a  very  adverse  critic,  the  historian  of 
the  monastery  of  Ely,  who  says  that  he  was 
severe  and  exacting  towards  the  tenants,  and 
that  he  would  never  celebrate  mass  in  his 
own  cathedral  except  on  the  day  of  his  in- 
stallation, which  he  put  off  till  two  years 
after  his  appointment.  It  appears  that  in  1 438 
there  was  an  intention  of  sending  Bourchier, 


Bourchier 


16 


Bourchier 


then  bishop  of  Worcester,  with  others  to  the 
council  of  Basle ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
he  actually  went  (NICOLAS,  Privy  Council 
Proceedings,  v.  92,  99).  That  he  was  often 
called  to  the  king's  councils  at  Westminster 
there  is  ample  evidence  to  show. 

In  March  1454  Kemp,  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  died.  A  deputation  of  the  lords 
rode  to  Windsor  to  convey  the  intelligence  to 
the  king,  and  to  signify  to  him,  if  possible,  that 
a  new  chancellor,  a  new  primate,  and  a  new 
council  required  to  be  appointed.  But  Henry's 
intellectual  prostration  was  complete,  and  he 
gave  no  sign  that  he  understood  the  simplest 
inquiry.  The  lords  accordingly  appointed  the 
Duke  of  York  protector,  and  on  30  March  the 
council,  in  compliance  with  a  petition  from 
the  commons,  recommended  the  Bishop  of 
Ely's  promotion  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  '  for 
his  great  merits,  virtues,  and  great  blood  that 
he  is  of '  (Rolls  of  Parl.  v.  450).  Bourchier 
was  translated  on  22  April  following ;  and  we 
may  presume  that  he  owed  his  promotion  to 
the  Duke  of  York's  influence.  On  6  Sept.  in 
the  same  year  William  Paston  writes  from 
London  to  his  brother  :  t  My  lord  of  Canter- 
bury hath  received  his  cross,  and  I  was  with 
him  in  the  king's  chamber  when  he  made  his 
homage '  (Paston  Letters,  i.  303) .  Apparently 
he  paid  a  conventional  reverence  to  the  poor 
unconscious  king ;  he  was  enthroned  in  Fe- 
bruary following. 

On  7  March  1455  Bourchier  was  appointed 
lord  chancellor,  and  received  the  seals  at 
Greenwich  from  the  king  himself,  who  had 
recovered  from  his  illness  at  the  new  year. 
His  appointment,  in  fact,  was  one  consequence 
of  the  king's  recovery,  as  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury (the  chancellor,  and  brother-in-law  of  the 
Duke  of  York)  could  not  have  been  acceptable 
to  the  queen.  Bourchier  apparently  had  to 
some  extent  the  good-will  of  both  parties, 
and  was  expected  to  preserve  the  balance  be- 
tween them  in  peculiarly  trying  times.  Little 
more  than  two  months  after  his  appointment, 
when  the  Duke  of  York  and  his  friends  took 
up  arms  and  marched  southwards,  they  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  Bourchier  as  chancellor 
declaring  that  their  intentions  were  peace- 
able and  that  they  came  to  do  the  king  service 
and  to  vindicate  their  loyalty.  Bourchier 
sent  a  special  messenger  to  the  king  at  Kil- 
burn,  but  the  man  was  not  allowed  to  come 
into  the  royal  presence,  and  neither  the  letter 
to  the  archbishop  nor  an  address  sent  by  the 
lords  actually  reached  the  king  (Rolls  of  Parl. 
v.  280-1).  The  result  was  the  first  battle  of 
St.  Albans,  which  was  the  commencement  of 
the  wars  of  the  Roses. 

A  parliament  was  summoned  for  9  July  fol- 
lowing, which  Bourchier  opened  by  a  speech 


as  chancellor.  His  brother  Henry,  viscount 
Bourchier,  was  at  the  same  time  appointed 
lord  treasurer.  The  parliament  was  soon  pro- 
rogued to  November.  Before  it  met  again 
the  king  had  fallen  a  second  time  into  the 
same  melancholy  state  of  imbecility,  and  for 
a  second  time  it  was  necessary  to  make  York 
protector.  The  archbishop  resigned  the  great 
seal  in  October  1456,  when  the  queen  had  ob- 
tained a  clear  advantage  over  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  got  the  king,  who  had  been  long 
separated  from  her,  down  to  Coventry,  where 
a  great  council  was  held.  These  changes 
raised  misgivings,  even  in  some  who  were 
not  of  Yorkist  leanings.  The  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, who  was  a  son  of  the  same  mother  as 
the  two  Bourchiers,  was  ill-pleased  at  seeing 
his  brothers  discharged  from  high  offices  of 
state,  and  it  was^said  that  he  had  interposed  to 
protect  the  Duke  of  York  himself  from  unfair 
treatment  at  the  council  (Paston  Letters,  i. 
408).  But  the  archbishop  was  a  peacemaker ; 
and  the  temporary  reconciliation  of  parties  in 
the  spring  of  1458  appears  to  have  been  greatly 
owing  to  him.  He  and  Waynflete  drew  up 
the  terms  of  the  agreement  between  the  lords 
on  both  sides,  which  was  sealed  on  24  March, 
the  day  before  the  general  procession  at  St. 
Paul's. 

Shortly  before  this,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  year  1457,  the  archbishop  had  been  called 
upon  to  deprive  Pecock,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
as  a  heretic.  The  case  was  a  remarkable  one, 
for  Pecock  was  anything  but  a  Lollard.  He 
was  first  turned  out  of  the  king's  council,  the 
archbishop  as  the  chief  person  there  ordering 
his  expulsion,  and  then  required  to  appear  be- 
fore the  archbishop  at  Lambeth.  His  writings 
were  examined  by  three  other  bishops  and 
condemned  as  unsound.  Then  the  archbishop, 
as  his  judge,  briefly  pointed  out  to  him  that 
high  authorities  were  against  him  in  several 
points,  and  told  him  to  choose  between  re- 
cantation and  burning.  The  poor  man's  spirit 
was  quite  broken,  and  he  preferred  recanta- 
tion. Nevertheless  he  was  imprisoned  by  the 
archbishop  for  some  time  at  Canterbury  and 
Maidstone,  and  afterwards  committed  by  him 
to  the  custody  of  the  abbot  of  Thorney. 

In  April  1459  Bourchier  brought  before 
the  council  a  request  from  Pius  II  that  the 
king  would  send  an  ambassador  to  a  council 
at  Mantua,  where  measures  were  to  be  con- 
certed for  the  union  of  Christendom  against 
the  Turks  (NICOLAS,  Privy  Council  Proceed- 
ings, vi.  298).  Coppini,  the  pope's  nuncio, 
after  remaining  nearly  a  year  and  a  half  in 
England,  gave  up  his  mission  as  hopeless  and 
recrossed  the  Channel.  But  at  Calais  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  who  was  governor  there,  won 
him  over  to  the  cause  of  the  Duke  of  York. 


Bourchier 


Bourchier 


He  recrossed  the  Channel  with  the  Earls  of 
Warwick,  March,  and  Salisbury,  giving  their 
enterprise  the  sanction  of  the  church.  Bour- 
chier met  them  at  Sandwich  with  his  cross 
borne  before  them.  A  statement  of  the  Yorkist 
grievances  had  been  forwarded  to  him  by  the 
earls  before  their  coming,  and  apparently  he 
had  done  his  best  to  publish  it.  Accompanied 
by  a  great  multitude,  the  earls,  the  legate,  and 
the  archbishop  passed  on  to  London,  which 
opened  its  gates  to  them  on  2  July  1460.  Next 
day  there  was  a  convocation  of  the  clergy  at 
St.  Paul's,  at  which  the  earls  presented  them- 
selves before  the  archbishop,  declared  their 
grievances,  and  swore  upon  the  cross  of  St. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury  that  they  had  no  de- 
signs against  the  king.  The  political  situation 
was  discussed  by  the  bishops  and  clergy,  and  it 
was  resolved  that  the  archbishop  and  five  of 
his  suffragans  should  go  with  the  earls  to  the 
king  at  Northampton  and  use  their  efforts  for 
a  peaceful  settlement.  Eight  days  later  was 
fought  the  battle  of  Northampton,  at  which 
Henry  was  taken  prisoner.  The  archbishop, 
as  agreed  upon  in  convocation,  accompanied 
the  earls  upon  their  march  from  London,  and 
sent  a  bishop  to  the  king  to  explain  their 
attitude ;  but  the  bishop  (of  whose  name  we 
are  not  informed)  acted  in  a  totally  different 
spirit  and  encouraged  the  king's  party  to  fight. 
When  the  Duke  of  York  came  over  from 
Ireland  later  in  the  year  and  challenged  the 
crown  in  parliament,  the  archbishop  came  up 
to  him  and  asked  if  he  would  not  first  come 
and  pay  his  respects  to  the  king.  *  I  do  not 
remember,'  he  replied,  l  that  there  is  any  one 
in  this  kingdom  who  ought  not  rather  to 
come  and  pay  his  respects  to  me.'  Bourchier 
immediately  withdrew  to  report  this  answer 
to  Henry.  When,  after  the  second  battle  of 
St.  Albans,  the  queen  was  threatening  Lon- 
don, the  archbishop  had  betaken  himself  to 
Canterbury,  awaiting  better  news  with  the 
young  Bishop  of  Exeter,  George  Nevill,  whom 
the  Yorkists  had  appointed  lord  chancellor. 
Bourchier,  though  he  had  shown  in  the 
house  of  peers  that  he  did  not  favour  York's 
repudiation  of  allegiance,  could  not  possibly 
sympathise  with  the  disturbance  of  a  parlia- 
mentary settlement  and  the  renewal  of  strife 
and  tumult.  From  this  time,  at  all  events, 
he  was  a  decided  Yorkist ;  and  when  the  Duke 
of  York's  eldest  son  came  up  to  London  and 
called  a  council  at  his  residence  of  Baynard's 
Castle  on  3  March,  he  was  among  the  lords 
who  attended  and  agreed  that  Edward  was 
now  rightful  king.  On  28  June  he  set  the 
crown  upon  Edward's  head.  Four  years  later, 
on  Sunday  after  Ascension  day  (26  May) 
1465,  he  also  crowned  his  queen,  Elizabeth 
Woodville. 


VOL.  vr. 


For  some  years  nothing  more  is  known  of 
the  archbishop's  life  except  that  Edward  IV 
petitioned  Pope  Paul  II  to  make  him  a  car- 
dinal in  1465,  and  it  appears  that  he  was 
actually  named  by  that  pope  accordingly  on 
Friday,  18  Sept.  1467.  But  some  years  elapsed 
before  the  red  hat  was  sent  and  his  title  of 
cardinal  was  acknowledged  in  England.  In 
1469  the  pope  wrote  to  the  king  promising 
that  it  should  be  sent  very  shortly  ;  but  the 
unsettled  state  of  the  country,  and  the  new 
revolution  which  for  half  a  year  restored 
Henry  VI  as  king  in  1470,  no  doubt  delayed 
its  transmission  still  further,  and  it  was  only 
sent  by  the  succeeding  pope,  Sixtus  IV,  in 
1473.  It  arrived  at  Lambeth  on  31  May. 

By  this  time  the  archbishop  had  given 
further  proofs  of  his  devotion  to  Edward. 
He  and  his  brother,  whom  the  king  had 
created  earl  of  Essex  after  his  coronation, 
not  only  raised  troops  for  his  restoration  in 
1471,  but  were  mediators  with  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  before  his  arrival  in  England,  and 
succeeded  in  winning  him  over  again  to  his 
brother's  cause.  After  the  king  was  again 
peacefully  settled  on  his  throne  he  went  on 
pilgrimage  to  Canterbury  at  Michaelmas,  ap- 

rrently  to  attend  the  jubilee  of  St.  Thomas 
Becket,  which,  but  for  the  state  of-  the 
country,  would  have  been  held  in  the  pre- 
ceding" year.  Edward  had  visited  Canter- 
bury before,  soon  after  the  coronation  of  his 
queen,  and  bestowed  on  the  cathedral  a 
window  representing  Becket's  martyrdom, 
of  which,  notwithstanding  its  destruction  in 
the  days  of  Henry  VIII,  some  fragments  are 
still  visible. 

Bourchier  was  hospitable  after  the  fashion 
of  his  time.  In  1468  he  entertained  at  Can- 
terbury  an  eastern  patriarch,  who  is  believed 
to  have  been  Peter  II  of  Antioch.  In 
1455 — the  year  after  he  became  archbishop 
— he  had  purchased  of  Lord  Saye  and  Sele 
the  manor  of  Knowle,  in  Sevenoaks,  which 
he  converted  into  a  castellated  mansion  and 
bequeathed  to  the  see  of  Canterbury.  It  re- 
mained as  a  residence  for  future  archbishops 
till  Cranmer  gave  it  up  to  Henry  VIII. 
Here  Bourchier  entertained  much  company, 
among  whom  men  of  letters  like  Botoner  and 
patrons  of  learning  like  Tiptoft,  earl  of  Wor- 
cester, were  not  unfrequent ;  also  musicians 
like  Hambois,  Taverner,  and  others.  That 
he  was  a  promoter  of  the  introduction  of 
printing  into  England,  even  before  the  date 
of  Caxton's  first  work,  rests  only  on  the  evi- 
dence of  a  literary  forgery  published  in  the 
seventeenth  century. 

In  1475  Bourchier  was  one  of  the  four 
arbitrators  to  whom  the  differences  between 
England  and  France  were  referred  by  the 

0 


Bourchier 


18 


Bourchier 


peace  of  Amiens  (RYMEK,  xii.  16).  In  1480, 
feeling  the  effects  of  age,  he  appointed  as  his 
suffragan  William  Westkarre,  titular  bishop 
of  Sidon.  In  1483,  after  the  death  of  Ed- 
ward IV,  he  was  again  called  on  to  take 
part  in  public  affairs  in  a  way  that  must  have 
been  much  to  his  own  discomfort.  He  went 
at  the  head  of  a  deputation  from  the  council 
to  the  queen-dowager  in  sanctuary  at  West- 
minster, and  persuaded  her  to  deliver  up  her 
second  son  Richard,  duke  of  York,  to  the 
keeping  of  his  uncle,  the  protector,  to  keep 
company  with  his  brother,  Edward  V,  then 
holding  state  as  sovereign  in  the  Tower.  The 
cardinal  pledged  his  own  honour  so  strongly 
for  the  young  duke's  security  that  the  queen 
at  last  consented.  Within  three  weeks  of  the 
time  that  he  thus  pledged  himself  for  the 
good  faith  of  the  protector  he  was  called  on 
to  officiate  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  III ! 

That  he  should  have  thus  lent  himself  as 
an  instrument  to  the  usurper  must  appear  all 
the  more  melancholy  when  we  consider  that 
in  1471  he  had  taken  the  lead  among  the 
peers  of  England  (as  being  the  first  subject 
in  the  realm)  in  swearing  allegiance  to 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  as  heir  to  the 
throne  (Parl.  Rolls,  vi.  234).  But  perhaps 
we  may  overestimate  the  weakness  involved 
in  such  conduct,  not  considering  the  speci- 
ous plea  on  which  young  Edward's  title  was 
set  aside,  and  the  winning  acts  and  plausible 
manners  which  for  the  moment  had  made 
Richard  highly  popular.  The  murder  of  the 
princes  had  not  yet  taken  place,  and  the 
attendance  of  noblemen  at  Richard's  corona- 
tion was  as  full  as  it  ever  had  been  on  any 
similar  occasion.  After  the  murder  a  very 
different  state  of  feeling  arose  in  the  nation, 
and  the  cardinal,  who  had  pledged  his  word 
for  the  safety  of  the  princes,  could  not  but 
have  shared  that  feeling  strongly.  How  far 
he  entered  into  the  conspiracies  against 
Richard  III  we  do  not  know,  but  doubtless 
he  was  one  of  those  who  rejoiced  most  sin- 
cerely in  the  triumph  of  Henry  VII  at 
Bosworth.  Within  little  more  than  two 
months  of  that  victory  he  crowned  the  new 
king  at  Westminster. 

One  further  act  of  great  solemnity  it  was 
left  for  him  to  accomplish,  and  it  formed  the 
fitting  close  to  the  career  of  a  great  peace- 
maker. On  18  Jan.  1486  he  married  Henry 
VII  to  Elizabeth  of  York,  thus  joining  the 
red  rose  and  the  white  and  taking  away  all 
occasion  for  a  renewal  of  civil  war.  He  died  at 
Knowle  on  6  April  following,  and  was  buried 
in  his  own  cathedral. 

[W.  Wyrcester;  Contin.  Hist.deEpp.  Wygorn., 
and  Hist.  Eliensis  in  Wharton's  Anglia  Sacra ; 
Nicolas's  Privy  Council  Proceedings,  vol.  vi.;  An 


English  Chronicle,  ed.  Davies  (Camclen  Society)  ; 
Registrum  Johannis  Whethamstede  (Eolls  ed.)  ; 
Hearne's  Fragment,  Fleetwood,  and  Warkworth 
(three  authorities  which  may  be  conveniently 
consulted  together  in  one  volume,  though  very  ill 
edited,  entitled  '  Chronicles  of  the  White  Rose ') ; 
Paston  Letters  ;  Polydore  Vergil ;  Hall ;  Pii 
Secundi  Commentarii  a  Gobellino  compositi, 
161  (ed.  1584);  Rolls  of  Parliament;  More's 
Hist,  of  Richard  III;  Loci  e  Libro  Veritatum 
(Grascoigne),  ed.  Rogers;  Babington's  Introduc- 
tion to  Pecock's  Represser ;  Brown's  Venetian 
Calendar,  i.  90,  91.  A  valuable  modern  life  of 
Bourchier  will  be  found  in  Hook's  Lives  of  the 
Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  vol.  v.]  J.  G-. 

BOURCHIER,  THOMAS  (d.  1586?), 
was  a  friar  of  the  Observant  order  of  the  Fran- 
ciscans. He  was  probably  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  but  there  is  no  record  of 
his  having  graduated  in  that  university. 
When  Queen  Mary  attempted  to  re-esta- 
blish the  friars  in  England,  Bourchier  be- 
came a  member  of  the  new  convent  at  Green- 
wich ;  but  at  that  queen's  death  he  left  the 
country.  After  spending  some  years  in  Paris, 
where  the  theological  faculty  of  the  Sor- 
bonne  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  doctor, 
he  travelled  to  Rome.  He  at  first  joined  the 
convent  of  the  Reformed  Franciscans  at  the 
church  of  S.  Maria  di  Ara  Caeli,  and  subse- 
quently became  penitentiary  in  the  church  of 
S.  Giovanni  in  Laterano,  where  John  Pits, 
his  biographer,  speaks  of  having  sometimes 
seen  him. 

He  wrote  several  books,  but  the  only  one 
that  survives  is  the  i  Historia  Ecclesiastica 
de  Martyrio  Fratrum  Ordinis  Divi  Francisci 
dictorum  de  Observantia,  qui  partim  in  Anglia 
sub  Henrico  octavo  Rege,  partim  in  Belgio 
sub  Principe  Auriaco,  partim  et  in  Hybernia 
tempore  Elizabethse  regnantis  Reginse,  idque 
ab  anno  1536  usque  ad  hunc  nostrum  prsesen- 
tem  annum  1582,  passi  sunt.'  The  preface  is 
dated  from  Paris,  '  ex  conventu  nostro,'  1  Jan. 
1582.  The  book  was  very  popular  among 
catholics,  and  other  editions  were  brought 
out  at  Ingolstadt  in  1583  and  1584,  Paris  in 
1586,  and  at  Cologne  in  1628.  Another  of 
his  works  was  a  treatise  entitled  '  Oratio  doc- 
tissima  et  efficacissima  ad  Franciscum  Gon- 
zagam  totius  ordinis  ministrum  generalem 
pro  pace  et  disciplina  regulari  Magni  Conven- 
tus  Parisiensis  instituenda,'  Paris,  1582.  This 
was  published  under  the  name  of  Thomas 
Lancton,  or  Lacton,  which  appears  to  have 
been  an  alias  of  Bourchier. 

Wadding,  the  historian  of  the  Franciscans, 
calls  him,  in  his  supplementary  volume, 
1  Thomas  Bourchier  Gallice,  Lacton  vero  An- 
glice,  et  Latinis  Lanius,  vel  Lanio,  Italis 
autem  Beccaro  '  (an  alternative  form  of 


ajo),  and  elsewhere  expresses  himself  con- 
vinced of  the  identity  of  Lancton  and  Bour- 
3hier.     It  is  but  fair  to  say  that  Francis  a  S. 
)lara  and  Parkinson,  the  author  of  '  Collec- 
inea  Anglo-Minoritica,'  consider  them  two 
listinct  persons,  who  both  took  their  degree 
"  D.D.  at  Paris  about  1580.     These  writers 
however,  of  no  better  authority   than 
/'adding.     Another  treatise   by  Bourchier, 
(De  judicio  religiosorum,  in  quo  demonstratur 
juod  a  saecularibus  judicari  non  debeant,'  is 
lentioned  by  Wadding  as  in  his  possession, 
ut  only  in  manuscript ;  this  was  written  at 
'aris  in  1582.     In  1584  he  edited  and  anno- 
the  'Censura  Orient  alis  Ecclesiae  de 
;ipuis  Hsereticorum  dogmatibus,'  which 
fas  published  by  Stanislaus  Scoluvi.     Bour- 
•chier  died,  according  to  Pits,  at  Rome  about 
1586. 

[Pits,  De  AngliaeScriptoribus,  789;  "Wadding's 
Scriptores  Ordinis  Minorum,  pp.  219,  221 ;  Suppl. 
ad  Scriptores  trium  Ordinum,  671  ;  Wood's 
Athene  Oxon.  i.  525  ;  Joannes  a  S.  Antonio ; 
Bibliotheca  Univ.  Franciscana,  iii.  116;  Fran- 
jiscus  a  S.  Clara,  Hist.  Min.  Provin.  Angl.  Frat. 
Min.  48-55.]  C.  T.  M. 

BOURDIEU,    ISAAC    DU.      [See    Du 

BOTJRDIETJ.] 

BOURDIEU,    JEAN    DTI.       [See    Du 

BOFRDIETJ.] 

BOURDILLON,      JAMES      DEWAR 

(1811-1883),  Madras  civil  servant,  was  the 
second  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Bourdillon, 
vicar  of  Fenstanton  and  Hilton,  Huntingdon- 
shire. He  was  educated  partly  by  his  father, 
and  partly  at  a  school  at  Ramsgate ;  having 
been  nominated  to  an  Indian  writership,  he 
proceeded  to  Haileybury  College  in  1828, 
and  in  the  following  year  to  Madras.  After 
serving  in  various  subordinate  appointments 
in  the  provinces,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  board  of  revenue,  and  eventually  in 
1854  secretary  to  government  in  the  depart- 
ments of  revenue  and  public  works.  Bour- 
dillon  had  previously  been  employed  upon  an 
important  commission  appointed  under  in- 
structions of  the  late  court  of  directors  to 
report  upon  the  system  of  public  works  in  the 
Madras  presidency,  his  colleagues  being  Major 
{now  Major-general)  F.  C.  Cotton,  C.S.I.,  of 
the  Madras  engineers,  and  Major  (now  Lieu- 
tenant-general) Sir  George  Balfour,  K.C.B., 
of  the  Madras  artillery.  The  report  of  the 
commission,  which  was  written  by  Bourdillon, 
enforces  in  clear  and  vigorous  language  the 
enormous  importance  of  works  of  irrigation, 
and  of  improved  communications  for  the  pre- 
vention of  famines  and  the  development  of 
the  country.  The  writer's  accurate  know- 
ledge of  details  and  breadth  of  view  render 


the  report  one  of  the  most  valuable  state 
papers  ever  issued  by  an  Indian  government. 
Bourdillon  was  also  the  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  ryotwar  system  of  land  revenue,  which 
exposed  a  considerable  amount  of  prevalent 
misapprehension  as  to  the  principles  and 
practical  working  of  that  system.  Working 
in  concert  with  his  friend  and  colleague,  Sir 
Thomas  Py croft,  he  was  instrumental  in  ef- 
fecting reforms  in  the  transaction  of  public 
business,  both  in  the  provinces  and  at  the 
presidency.  He  especially  helped  to  improve 
the  method  of  reporting  the  proceedings  of 
the  local  government  to  the  government  of 
India  and  to  the  secretary  of  state,  which  for 
some  years  put  Madras  at  the  head  of  all  the 
Indian  governments  in  respect  of  the  thorough- 
ness with  which  its  business  was  conducted 
and  placed  before  the  higher  authorities. 

Bourdillon's  health  failed  in  1861,  and  he 
was  compelled  to  leave  India,  and  to  retire 
from  the  public  service  at  a  time  when  the 
reputation  which  he  had  achieved  would  in 
all  probability  have  secured  his  advancement 
to  one  of  the  highest  posts  in  the  Indian 
service.  To  the  last  he  devoted  much  time 
and  attention  to  Indian  questions,  occasion- 
ally contributing  to  the  '  Calcutta  Review,' 
and  interesting  himself  among  other  matters 
in  the  questions  of  provincial  finance  and  of 
the  Indian  currency.  He  revised  for  the 
late  Colonel  J.  T.  Smith,  R.E.,  all  his  later 
pamphlets  on  a  gold  currency  for  India.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Tunbridge  Wells  on  21  May 
1883. 

[Madras  Civil  List;  Eeport  of  the  Madras 
Public  Works  Commissioners,  Madras  Church 
of  Scotland  Mission  Press,  1856 ;  family  papers 
and  personal  knowledge.]  A.  J.  A. 

BOURGEOIS,  SIR  PETER  FRANCIS 

(1756-1811),  painter,  is  said  to  have  been 
descended  from  a  family  of  some  importance 
in  Switzerland.  His  father  was  a  watch- 
maker, residing  in  London  at  the  time  of  his 
birth.  He  was  intended  for  the  army,  and 
Lord  Heathfield  offered  to  procure  him  a 
commission,  but  he  preferred  to  be  an  artist, 
and  was  encouraged  in  his  choice  of  profes- 
sion by  Reynolds  and  Gainsborough.  De 
Loutherbourg  was  his  master,  and  he  early 
acquired  a  reputation  as  a  landscape-painter. 
In  1776  he  set  out  on  a  tour  through  France, 
Holland,  and  Italy.  Between  1779  and  1810, 
the  year  before  his  death,  he  exhibited  103 
pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  five  at 
the  British  Institution.  In  1787  he  was 
elected  an  associate,  and  in  1793  a  full  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Academy.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  appointed  landscape-painter 
to  George  III. 

c2 


Bourke 


20 


Bourke 


Bourgeois  owed  his  knighthood  to  Stanis- 
laus, king  of  Poland,  who  in  1791  appointed 
him  his  painter  and  conferred  on  him  the 
honour  of  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Merit, 
and  his  title  was  confirmed  by  George  III. 
Although  he  appears  to  have  been  successful 
as  a  painter,  he  owed  much  of  his  good  for- 
tune to  Joseph  Desenfans,  a  picture-dealer, 
who  was  employed  by  Stanislaus  to  collect 
works  of  art,  which  ultimately  remained  on 
his  hands.  Bourgeois,  who  lived  with  Desen- 
fans, assisted  him  in  his  purchases,  and  at  his 
death  inherited  what,  with  some  pictures 
added  by  himself,  is  no\v  known  as  the  Dul- 
wich  Gallery.  He  died  from  a  fall  from  his 
horse  on  8  Jan.  1811,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  Dulwich  College.  He  bequeathed 
371  pictures  to  Dulwich  College,  with  10,0001. 


campaign  was  put  on  half-pay.  In  1808  he- 
was  posted  to  the  staff  of  the  army  in  Por- 
tugal as  assistant  quartermaster-general,  and 
on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  Spanish  was 
sent  by  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  to  the  head- 
quarters of  Don  Gregorio  Cuesta,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  Spanish  army.  From 
30  May  to  28  June  1809  he  fulfilled  his  diffi- 
cult mission  to  Wellesley's  entire  satisfaction, 
and  then  for  some  unexplained  reason  resigned 
his  post  on  the  staff  and  returned  to  England. 
He  was  again  sent,  on  account  of  his  know- 
ledge of  Spanish,  on  a  detached  mission  to 
Galicia  in  1812.  He  was  gazetted  an  assistant 
quartermaster-general,  and  stationed  at  Co- 
runna,  whence  he  sent  up  provisions  and 
ammunition  to  the  front,  and  acted  in  general 
as  military  resident  in  Galicia.  At  the  con- 


to  provide  for  the  maintenance  of  the  collec-  j  elusion  of  the  war  he  was  promoted  colonel 

--''-*  Jl  '  and  made  a  C.B.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  1821,  and  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  eastern  district  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  from  1825  to  1828,  when  he  returned 
to  England.  In  1829  he  edited,  with  Lord 
Fitzwilliam,  the  '  Correspondence '  of  Ed- 
mund Burke,  whom  he  had  often  visited  at 
Beaconsfield  in  his  own  younger  days.  In 
1831  he  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
South  Wales  in  succession  to  General  Dar- 
ling. 

When  Bourke  arrived  he  found  the  colony 
divided  into  two  parties.  The  emancipists,  or 
freed  convicts,had  been  encouraged  byGeneral 
Macquarie  to  believe  that  the  colony  existed 
for  them  alone ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  Bris- 
bane and  Darling  had  been  entirely  governed 
by  the  wealthy  emigrants  and  poor  adven- 
turers, and  given  all  power  to  the  party  of  the 
exclusivists  or  pure  merinos.  General  Darling 
had  behaved  injudiciously,  and  had  got  into 
much  trouble.   Bourke  at  once  took  up  a  posi- 
tion of  absolute  impartiality  to  both  parties. 
He  freed  the  press  at  once  from  all  restrictions ; 
and  though  himself  foully  abused,  he  would 
not  use  his  position  to  interfere.     Still  more 
important  was  his  encouragement  of  emigra- 
tion.    Under  his  influence  a  regular  scheme 
of  emigration  was  established,  evidence  was. 
taken  in  Australia  and  issued   in  England 
by  the  first  Emigration  Society,  which  was. 
established  in  London  in  1833,  and  means 
were  provided  for  bringing  over  emigrants 
by  selling  the  land  in  the  colony  at  a  mini- 
mum price.     He  succeeded  in  carrying  what 
is  known  as  Sir  Eichard   Bourke's  Church 
Act.  Bourke's  impartiality  made  him  popular, 
and  he  became  still  more  so  by  his  travels, 
throughout  the  inhabited  part  of  his  vice-    . 
kingdom.     He  was  made  a  K.C.B.  in  1835. 
He  resigned  his  governorship  on  6  Dec.  1837, 
after  six  years  of  office,  on  being  reprimanded 


tion,  and  2,000/.  to  repair  and  beautify  the 
west  wing  and  gallery  of  the  college.  The 
members  of  the  college,  however,  determined 
to  erect  a  new  gallery,  and  they  and  Mrs. 
Desenfans  contributed  6,000/.  apiece  for  this 
purpose,  and  employed  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir) 
John  Soane  as  the  architect  of  the  present 
buildings,  which  were  commenced  in  the  year 
of  the  death  of  Bourgeois,  and  include  a  mau- 
soleum for  his  remains  and  those  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Desenfans. 

Although  Bourgeois  generally  painted  land- 
scapes, he  attempted  history  and  portrait. 
Amongst  his  pictures  were '  Hunting  a  Tiger,' 
Mr.  Kemble  as  '  Coriolanus,'  and  '  A  Detach- 
ment of  Horse,  costume  of  Charles  I.'  Twenty- 
two  of  his  own  works  were  included  in  his 
bequest  to  Dulwich  College,  where,  besides 
landscapes,  may  now  be  seen  '  A  Friar  kneel- 
ing before  a  Cross,'  'Tobit  and  the  Angel,' 
and  a  portrait  of  himself.  Though  an  artist 
of  taste  and  versatility,  his  works  fail  to  sus- 
tain the  reputation  which  they  earned  for 
him  when  alive. 

[Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1878  ;  Bryan's 
Diet.  (Graves) ;  Annals  of  the  Fine  Arts,  1818  ; 
Warner's  Cat.  Dulwich  Coll.  MSS.]  C.  M. 

BOURKE,  SIB  RICHARD  (1777-1855), 

colonial  governor,  was  the  only  son  of  John 
Bourke  of  Dromsally,  a  relation  of  Edmund 
Burke,  and  was  born  in  Dublin  on  4  May 
1777.  He  was  originally  educated  for  the 
bar,  and  was  more  than  twenty-one  when 
he  was  gazetted  an  ensign  in  the  1st  or 
Grenadier  guards  on  22  Nov.  1798.  He 
served  in  the  expedition  to  the  Helder,  when 
he  was  shot  through  the  jaws  at  the  battle 
of  Bergen,  and  was  proiroted  lieutenant  and 
captain  on  25  Nov.  1799.  As  quartermaster- 
general  he  served  with  Auchmuty's  force  at 
Monte  Video,  and  on  the  conclusion  of  the 


Bourke 


21 


Bourke 


by  the  secretary  of  state  on  account  of  his 
dismissal  of  a  Mr.  Riddell  from  the  executive 
council.  The  sorrow  at  his  departure  was 
genuine,  and  money  was  at  once  raised  to 
erect  a  statue  to  him.  '  He  was  the  most 
popular  governor  who  ever  presided  over  the 
colonial  affairs'  (BKAIM,  History  of  New 
South  Wales,  i.  275). 

On   returning   home   to   Ireland   Bourke 
spent  nearly  twenty  years   at   his  country 
seat,  Thornfield,  near  Limerick.     He  was  \ 
promoted  lieutenant-general,  and  appointed 
colonel  of  the  64th  regiment  in  1837,  served 


of  it  ('  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  :  A  Visit 
to  the  Court  of  the  Czar,  by  Richard  South- 
well Bourke,  Esq.,'  2  vols.,  Henry  Colburn, 
1846),  which  gave  evidence  of  acute  observa- 
tion, and  met  with  considerable  success.  In 
1847  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  relief  of 
the  sufferers  from  the  Irish  famine.  At  the 
general  election  in  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  to  parliament  as  one  of  the  members 
for  the  county  of  Kildare.  In  the  following 
year  he  married  Miss  Blanche  Wyndham, 
daughter  of  the  first  Lord  Leconfield.  In 
1849  his  grand  uncle  died,  and  his  father  suc- 


the  office  of  high  sheriff  of  the  county  of    ceeding  to  the  earldom,  he  assumed  the  cour- 

1  tesy  title  of  Lord  Naas.  In  1852  he  was 
appointed  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  Lord 
Derby's  administration,  and  held  the  same 
office  during  the  subsequent  conservative  ad- 
ministrations which  came  into  power  in  1858 
and  1866,  retaining  it  on  the  last  occasion 
until  his  appointment  as  viceroy  and  gover- 
nor-general of  India  shortly  before  the  fall  of 
Mr.  Disraeli's  government.  He  succeeded  to 
the  Irish  earldom  on  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1867. 

During  all  these  years  Lord  Mayo  had  a 
seat  in  the  House  of  Commons,  serving  as 
member  for  Kildare  county  from  1847  to 
1852,  for  the  Irish  borough  of  Coleraine  from 
1852  to  1857,  and  for  the  English  borough  of 
Cockermouth  during  the  remainder  of  his 
parliamentary  life.  His  politics  were  those 
of  a  moderate  conservative.  His  policy  was 


Limerick  in  1839,  and  was  promoted  general 
in  1851.  He  died  suddenly,  at  the  age  of 
.•seventy-eight,  at  Thornfield,  on  13  Aug.  1855. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1855,  p.  428;  Eoyal  Military 
•Calendar.  For  his  Australian  government  con- 
sult Braim's  History  of  New  South  Wales, 
from  its  Settlement  to  the  Close  of  1844,  2  vols. 
1846  ;  Lang's  Historical  and  Statistical  Account 
of  the  Colony  of  New  South  Wales,  from  the 
Foundation  of  the  Colony  to  the  Present  Day, 
1834,  1837,  1852,  1875;  Flanagan's  History  of 
New  South  Wales,  2  vols.  1862.]  H.  M.  S. 

BOURKE,  RICHARD  SOUTHWELL, 

sixth  EAEL  or  MAYO  (1822-1872),  viceroy 
and  governor-general  of  India,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Robert  Bourke,  fifth  earl  of  Mayo,  who 
succeeded  his  uncle,  the  fourth  earl,  in  1849. 
he  earls  of  Mayo,  like  the  earls  and  mar- 
quises of  Clanricarde,  are  said  to  have  de- 
scended from  William  Fitzadelm  de  Borgo, 
who  succeeded  Strongbow  in  the  government 
of  Ireland  in  1066.  Richard,  the  eldest  of  j 
ten  brothers  and  sisters,  was  born  in  Dublin 
on  21  Feb.  1822,  and  spent  his  earlier  years 
at  Hayes,  a  country  house  belonging  to  the 
family  in  the  county  of  Meath.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  home,  and  in  1841  entered  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where,  without  going  into 
residence,  he  took  an  ordinary  degree.  His 
father  was  a  strong  evangelical.  His  mother, 
Anne  Jocelyn,  a  granddaughter  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Roden,  was  a  woman  of  considerable 
culture,  of  deep  religious  feelings,  and  of 
strong  common  sense.  Brought  up  amidst 
the  sports  of  country  life  he  became  a  clever 
shot,  an  accomplished  rider,  and  a  good 
swimmer.  While  an  undergraduate  he  spent 
much  of  his  time  at  Palmerstown  and  in 
London  with  his  granduncle,  the  fourth  Earl 
of  Mayo,  whom  Praed  described  as 

A  courtier  of  the  nobler  sort, 
A  Christian  of  the  purer  school, 

Tory  when  whigs  are  great  at  court, 
And  protestant  when  papists  rule. 

^  In  1845  he  made  a  tour  in  Russia,  and  after 
Iiis  return  to  England  published  an  account 


eminently  conciliatory,  combined  with  un- 
flinching firmness  in  repressing  sedition  and 
crime.  While  opposed  to  any  measure  for 
disestablishing  the  protestant  church  in 
Ireland,  he  was  in  favour  of  granting  public 
money  to  other  institutions,  whether  catholic 
or  protestant,  without  respect  of  creed, '  esta- 
blished for  the  education,  relief,  or  succour  of 
his  fellow-countrymen.'  His  view  was  that 
no  school,  hospital,  or  asylum  should  languish 
because  of  the  religious  teaching  it  afforded,  or 
because  of  the  religion  of  those  who  supported 
it.  His  opinions  on  these  questions  and  on 
the  land  question  were  very  fully  stated  in  a 
speech  made  by  him  in  the  House  of  Commons 
on  10  March  1868,  in  which  he  propounded  a 
policy  which  has  been  often  described  as  the 
'  levelling-up  policy,'  involving  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Roman  catholic  university,  and  such 
changes  in  ecclesiastical  matters  as  would 
meet  the  just  claims  of  the  Roman  catholic 
portion  of  the  community.  He  was  in  favour 
of  securing  for  tenants  compensation  for  im- 
provements effected  by  themselves,  of  pro- 
viding for  increased  powers  of  improvement 
by  limited  owners,  and  of  written  contracts  in 
supersession  of  the  system  of  parole  tenancies. 
Lord  Mavo's  views  on  all  these  matters  met 


Bourke 


22 


Bourke 


with  full  support  from  his  political  chief,  Mr. 
Disraeli,  who,  when  announcing  to  the  Buck- 
inghamshire electors  the  appointment  of  his 
friend  to  the  office  of  viceroy  and  governor- 
general  of  India,  declared  that  '  a  state  of 
affairs  so  dangerous  was  never  encountered 
with  greater  firmness,  but  at  the  same  time 
with  greater  magnanimity.'  '  Upon  that  no- 
bleman, for  his  sagacity,  for  his  judgment, 
fine  temper,  and  knowledge  of  men,  her  ma- 
jesty has  been  pleased  to  confer  the  office  of 
viceroy  of  India,  and  as  viceroy  of  India  I 
believe  he  will  earn  a  reputation  that  his 
country  will  honour.'  The  resignation  of  the 
ministry  had  actually  taken  place  before  the 
governor-generalship  became  vacant ;  but  the 
appointment  was  not  interfered  with  by  Mr. 
Gladstone's  government,  and  Lord  Mayo  was 
sworn  in  as  governor-general  at  Calcutta  on 
12  Jan.  1869. 

Under  Sir  John  Lawrence  the  attention  of 
the  government  of  India  and  of  the  subordi- 
nate governments  had  been  mainly  devoted 
to  internal  administrative  improvements,  and 
to  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the 
country.  With  the  exception  of  the  Orissa 
famine  no  serious  crisis  had  taxed  the  ener- 
gies or  the  resources  of  the  state,  and  Lord 
Mayo  received  the  government  in  a  condition 
of  admirable  efficiency,  with  no  arrears  of 
current  work  (SiR  JOHN  STKACHEY'S  Minute 
on  the  Administration  of  the  Earl  of  Mayo, 
30  April  1872).  But  clear  as  the  official  file 
was,  and  tranquil  as  was  the  condition  of  the 
empire,  several  questions  of  first-rate  impor- 
tance speedily  engaged  the  consideration  of 
the  new  viceroy.  Of  these  the  most  important 
were  the  relations  of  the  government  of  India 
with  the  foreign  states  on  its  borders,  and 
especially  with  Afghanistan,  and  the  con- 
dition of  the  finances,  which,  notwithstanding 
the  vigilant  supervision  of  the  late  viceroy, 
was  not  altogether  satisfactory. 

The  condition  of  Afghanistan  from  the 
time  of  the  death  of  the  amir,  Dost  Muham- 
mad Khan,  in  1863,  up  to  a  few  months 
before  Lord  Mayo's  accession  to  office,  had 
been  one  of  constant  intestine  war,  three  of 
the  sons  of  the  late  amir  disputing  the  suc- 
cession in  a  series  of  sanguinary  struggles 
which  had  lasted  for  five  years.  Sir  John 
Lawrence  had  from  the  first  declined  to  aid 
any  one  of  the  combatants  in  this  internecine 
strife,  adhering  to  the  policy  of  recognising 
the  de  facto  ruler,  and  at  one  time  two  de 
facto  rulers,  when  one  of  the  brothers  had 
made  himself  master  of  Cabul  and  Candahar, 
and  the  other  held  Herat.  At  length,  in  the 
autumn  of  1868.  Shir  Ali  Khan  having  suc- 
ceeded in  establishing  his  supremacy,  was 
officially  recognised  by  the  governor-general 


as  sovereign  of  the  whole  of  Afghanistan,, 
and  was  presented  with  a  gift  of  20,000/.r 
accompanied  by  a  promise  of  100,000/.  more. 
It  was  also  arranged  that  the  amir  should 
visit  India,  and  should  be  received  by  the 
viceroy  with  the  honours  due  to  the  ruler  of 
Afghanistan.     This  position  of  affairs  had 
been  brought  to  the  notice  of  Lord  Mayo 
before  his  departure  from  England.     While 
fully  realising  the  difficulties  by  which  the 
whole  question  was  encompassed,  he  appears- 
to  have  entertained  some  doubts  as  to  the- 
policy  which  so  long  had  tolerated  anarchy 
in  Afghanistan,  but  cordially  approving  of 
the  final  decision  to  aid  the  re-establishment 
of  settled  government  in  that  country,  he  lost 
no  time  on  his  arrival  in  giving  effect  to  the 
promises  of  his  predecessor.    A  meeting  with 
the  amir  took  place  at  Amballa  in  March 
1869.      The  amir  had  come  to  India  bent 
upon  obtaining   a  fixed  annual   subsidy,  a 
treaty  laying  upon  the  British  government 
an  obligation  to  support  the  Afghan  govern- 
ment in  any  emergency,  and  the  recognition 
by  the  government  of  India  of  his  younger 
son,  Abdulla  Jan,  as  his  successor,  to  the- 
exclusion  of  his  eldest  son,  Yakub  Khan. 
None  of  these  requests  were  complied  with. 
But    the   amir  received   from   Lord  Mayo 
emphatic   assurances  of  the   desire   of  the 
government  of  India  for  the  speedy  consoli- 
dation of  his  power,  and  of  its  determination 
to  respect  the  independence  of  Afghanistan. 
He   was   encouraged   to   communicate  fre- 
quently and  fully  with  the  government  of 
India  and  its  officers.      Public  opinion  dif- 
fered as  to  the  success  of  the  meeting.     The 
intimation  that   the   government   of  India 
would  treat  with  displeasure  any  attempt  of 
the  amir's  rivals  to  rekindle  civil  war  was 
by  some  regarded  as  going  too  far,  and  by 
others  as  not  going  far  enough ;  but  the  pre- 
valent view  was  that  good  had  been  done, 
and  that  Shir  Ali   had   returned  to  Cabul 
well  satisfied  with  the  result  of  his  visit. 

On  the  general  question  of  the  attitude  of 
the  British  government  towards  the  adjoining 
foreign  states,  Lord  Mayo  held  that  while 
British  interests  and  influence  in  Asia  were 
best  secured  by  a  policy  of  non-interference 
in  the  affairs  of  such  states,  we  could  not 
safely  maintain  <a  Thibetian  policy'  in  the 
East,  but  must  endeavour  to  exercise  over 
our  neighbours  '  that  moral  influence  which 
is  inseparable  from  the  true  interests  of  the 
strongest  power  in  Asia.'  Regarding  Russia,, 
he  considered  that  she  was  not  '  sufficiently 
aware  of  our  power ;  that  we  are  established,, 
compact,  and  strong,  whilst  she  is  exactly  the 
reverse,  and  that  it  is  the  very  feeling  of  our 
enormous  power  that  justifies  us  in  assuming- 


Bourke 


Bourke 


that  passive  policy  which,  though  it  may  be 
carried  occasionally  too  far,  is  perhaps  right 
in  principle.'  But*  while  entertaining  these 
views,  he  by  no  means  agreed  with  the  ex- 
treme supporters  of  the  '  masterly  inactivity ' 
policy.  Writing  on  this  subject  little  more 
than  a  month  before  his  death,  he  said :  ' 1 
have  frequently  laid  down  what  I  believe 
to  be  the  cardinal  points  of  Anglo-Indian 
policy.  They  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words.  We  should  establish  with  our  fron- 
tier states  of  Khelat,  Afghanistan,  Yarkand, 
Nipal,  and  Burma,  intimate  relations  of 
friendship ;  we  should  make  them  feel  that 
though  we  are  all-powerful,  we  desire  to  sup- 
port their  nationality;  that  when  necessity 
arises,  we  might  assist  them  with  money, 
arms,  and  even  perhaps,  in  certain  eventuali- 
ties, with  men.  We  could  thus  create  in 
them  outworks  of  our  empire,  and,  assuring 
them  that  the  days  of  annexation  are  past, 
make  them  know  that  they  have  everything 
to  gain  and  nothing  to  lose  by  endeavouring 
to  deserve  our  favour  and  support.  Further, 
we  should  strenuously  oppose  any  attempt 
to  neutralise  those  territories  in  the  European 
sense,  or  to  sanction  or  invite  the  interference 
of  any  European  power  in  their  affairs/ 

Another  point  upon  which  Lord  Mayo  felt 
very  strongly  was  the  necessity  of  checking 
the  tendency  to  aggression  on  the  part  of  the 
Persian  government.  He  considered  that 
'the  establishment  by  Persia  of  a  frontier 
conterminous  with  that  of  the  British  empire 
in  India  would  be  an  event  most  deeply  to  be 
deplored,' and,with  a  view  to  the  more  effectual 
prevention  of  any  such  designs,  he  urged  in 
a  'despatch  to  the  secretary  of  state,  which 
was  drafted  just  before  his  death,  that  the 
British  mission  at  Teheran  should  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  control  of  the  secretary  of  state 
for  India.  It  may  here  be  mentioned  that  the 
appointment,  with  the  consent  of  the  govern- 
ments of  Persia  and  Afghanistan,  of  a  com- 
mission to  delimitate  the  boundary  between 
Persia  and  the  Afghan  province  of  Seistan, 
which  prevented  war  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, was  one  of  the  latest  of  Lord  Mayo's 
acts. 

Another  question  which  engaged  much  of 
the  viceroy's  attention  was  that  of  punitory 
expeditions  against  the  savage  tribes  inhabit- 
ing various  tracts  on  the  frontier.  To  such 
expeditions  Lord  Mayo  was  extremely  averse, 
except  under  circumstances  of  absolute  ne- 
cessity. The  Lushai  expedition,  which  took 
place  in  the  last  year  of  his  government,  was 
rendered  necessary  by  the  repeated  inroads 
of  the  tribe  of  that  name  upon  the  Cachar 
tea  plantations. 

With   the    feudatory  states    within    the 


borders  of  India  Lord  Mayo's  relations  were 
of  the  happiest  kind.  Scrupulously  abstain- 
ing from  needless  interference,  but  never 
tolerating  oppression  or  misgovernment,  he 
laboured  to  convince  the  princes  of  India 
that  it  was  the  sincere  desire  of  the  British 
government  to  enable  them  to  govern  their 
states  in  such  a  manner  as  to  secure  the 
prosperity  of  their  people  and  to  maintain 
their  own  just  rights.  With  this  view  he 
encouraged  the  establishment  of  colleges  for 
the  education  of  the  sons  of  the  chiefs  and 
nobles  in  the  native  states.  The  Mayo  Col- 
lege at  Ajmir  and  the  Rajkumar  College  in 
Kathiawar  were  the  result  of  his  efforts. 
Another  measure  which  he  contemplated 
was  the  amalgamation,  many  years  before 
advocated  by  Sir  John  Malcolm,  of  the 
Central  India  and  Rajputana  agencies  under 
a  high  officer  of  the  crown,  with  the  status 
of  a  lieutenant-governor. 

When  Lord  Mayo  took  charge  of  the  go- 
vernment of  India,  the  condition  of  the 
finances  was  not  satisfactory.  Lord  Mayo 
dealt  vigorously  with  the  situation.  By  re- 
ductions of  expenditure  on  public  works  and 
other  branches  of  the  civil  administration, 
by  increasing  the  salt  duties  in  Madras  and 
Bombay,  and  by  raising  the  income-tax  in  the 
middle  of  the  financial  year,  he  converted 
the  anticipated  deficit  into  a  small  surplus, 
and  by  other  measures  he  so  improved  the 
position,  that  the  three  following  years  pre- 
sented an  aggregate  surplus  of  nearly  six 
millions.  Among  the  measures  last  referred 
to  were  the  reduction  of  the  military  expen- 
diture by  nearly  half  a  million  without  any 
diminution  in  the  numerical  strength  of  the 
army,  and  the  transfer  to  the  local  govern- 
ments of  financial  responsibility  for  certain 
civil  departments,  with  a  slightly  reduced 
allotment  from  imperial  funds,  and  with 
power  to  transfer  certain  items  of  charge  to 
local  taxation.  For  many  years  over-cen- 
tralisation had  been  one  of  the  difficulties 
of  Indian  administration.  The  relations  of 
the  supreme  government  and  some  of  the 
local  governments  were  altogether  inhar- 
monious, and  there  was  no  stimulus  to  avoid 
waste  or  to  develope  the  public  revenues  in 
order  to  increase  the  local  means  of  improve- 
ment. This  policy,  commonly  described  as 
the  '  decentralisation  policy,'  has  been  tho- 
roughly successful,  and  has  since  been  ex- 
tended by  Lord  Mayo's  successors. 

Another  financial  reform  suggested  by 
Lawrence,  and  carried  into  effect  by  Mayo, 
was  that  of  constructing  extensions  of  the 
railway  system  by  means  of  funds  borrowed 
by  the  government,  in  supersession  of  the 
plan  of  entrusting  such  works  to  private 


Bourke 


Bourn 


companies  with  interest  guaranteed  by  the 
state.     A  further  economy  under  this  head, 
for  which  Mayo's  government  was  solely  re- 
sponsible, was  effected  by  adopting  a  narrow 
gauge  of  three  feet  three  inches  for  the  new 
state  railways.     To  public  works  generally 
Mayo  devoted  a  considerable  portion  of  his  \ 
time.     He   took  charge   personally  of  the 
public  works  department  of  the  government  j 
in  addition  to  the  foreign  department.     He  ! 
effected  large  savings  in  the  construction  of  | 
barracks,  arid  endeavoured  to  economise  the  | 
expenditure  on  irrigation  by  enforcing  pro- 
vincial and  local  responsibility.     The  ques- 
of  providing  adequate  defences  for  the  | 


tion 


principal  Indian  ports  engaged  his  early  and 
anxious  attention.     He  took  great  interest 
in  agricultural  reform,  constituting  a  new  ; 
department  of  the  secretariat  for  agriculture,  , 
revenue,  and  commerce.     He  passed  a  land- 
improvement  act,  and  an  act  to  facilitate  by  ' 
means  of  government  loans  works  of  public  j 
utility  in  towns.    The  decision  that  the  per- 
manent settlement  of  the  land  revenue  upon  j 
the  system  established  by  Lord  Cornwallis  in  | 
Bengal  should  not  be  extended  to  other  pro- 
vinces was  mainly  due  to  him.     While  not  I 
opposed  to  a  permanent  settlement  of  the  | 
land  revenue,  he  considered  that  it  should  be  j 
upon  the  basis,  not  of  a  fixed  money  payment, 
but  of  an  assessment  fixed  with  reference  to 
the  produce  of  the  land.     Although  under 
the  stress  of  financial  difficulties  he  tempo- 
rarily raised  the  income-tax  in  his  first  year 
of  office,  the  result  of  his  inquiries  was  that 
he  discarded  it  as  a  tax  unsuited  to  India. 
The  equalisation  of  the  salt  duties  through- 
out India,  and  the  abolition  of  the  inland 
preventive  line,  were  measures  which  he  had 
much  at  heart.     He  advocated  the  develop- 
ment of  primary  education,  and  suggested 
special  measures  for  promoting  the  education 
of  the  Muhammadan  population.      During 
the  three  years  of  his  viceroyalty  he  saw 
more  of  the  territory  under  his  rule  than 
had  been  seen  by  any  of  his  predecessors. 
The  distances  which  he  travelled  over  in  his 
official  capacity  during  this  period  exceeded 
20,000  miles. 

In  the  midst  of  these  useful  and  devoted 
labours  Lord  Mayo  was  suddenly  struck 
down  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin  on  "che  occa- 
sion of  a  visit  of  official  inspection  to  the 
penal  settlement  of  Port  Blair  on  8  Feb. 
1872.  The  intelligence  of  his  death  was  re- 
ceived with  the  deepest  sorrow  by  all  classes 
throughout  India  and  in  England.  The  queen 
bore  testimony  in  language  of  touching  sym- 
pathy to  the  extent  of  the  calamity  which  had 
'  so  suddenly  deprived  all  classes  of  her  sub- 
jects in  India  of  the  able,  vigilant,  and  impar- 


tial rule  of  one  who  so  faithfully  represented 
her  as  viceroy  of  her  Eastern  empire.'  The 
secretary  of  state,  in  an  official  despatch  ad- 
dressed to  the  government  of  India,  described 
the  late  governor-general  as  a  statesman  whose 
exertions  '  to  promote  the  interests  of  her  ma- 
jesty's Indian  subjects,'  and  to  '  conduct  with 
justice  and  consideration  the  relations  of  the 
queen's  government  with  the  native  princes 
and  states,'  had  been  'marked  with  great 
success,'  and  had  not  been  surpassed  by  the 
most  zealous  labours  of  any  of  his  most  dis- 
tinguished predecessors  at  the  head  of  the 
government  of  India.'  Lord  Mayo  had  nearly 
completed  his  fiftieth  year  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  left  a  widow,  four  sons,  and  two 
daughters. 

[Hunter's  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Mayo,  London, 
1875;  a  Minute  by  Sir  John  Strachey  on  the 
administration  of  the  Earl  of  Mayo  as  Viceroy 
and  Governor-general  of  India,  dated  30  April 
1872  ;  Records  of  the  India  Office;  The  Finances 
and  Public  Works  of  India,  1869-81,  by  Sir  J. 
Strachey,  Gr.C.S.I.,  and  Lieutenant-general  R. 
Strachey,  F.R.S.,  London,  1882;  private  papers ; 
personal  recollections.]  A.  J.  A. 

BOURMAN,    EGBERT.      [See  BOKE- 

MAN.] 

BOURN,  NICHOLAS. 

BOURN,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1648- 
1719),  dissenting  minister,  was  born  in  1648 
at  Derby,  where  his  father  and  grandfather, 
\  who  were  clothiers,  had  shown  some  public 
I  spirit  in  providing  the  town  with  a  water  sup- 
I  ply.  His  mother's  brother  was  Robert  Seddon, 
who,  having  received  presbyterian  ordination 
on  14  June  1654,  became  minister  at  Gorton, 
Lancashire,  and  then  at  Langley,  Derbyshire, 
where  he  was  silenced  in  1662.  Seddon  sent 
Bourn  to  Emmanuel  College,  which  he  left  in 
1672.  His  tutor  was  Samuel  Richardson,  who 
taught  him  that  there  is  no  distinction  between 
gTace  and  moral  righteousness,  and  that  salva- 
tion is  dependent  upon  the  moral  state.  It 
does  not  appear  that  he  accepted  this  view  ; 
his  theology  was  always  Calvinistic,  and  he 
lamented  the  deflections  from  that  system. in 
his  time,  though  he  was  no  heresy-hunter. 
Leaving  Cambridge  without  a  degree,  being 
unwilling  to  subscribe,  Bourn  taught  in  a 
school  at  Derby.  He  then  became  chaplain 
to  Lady  Hatton.  Going  to  live  with  an  aunt 
Bourn  in  London,  he  was  ordained  there.  In 
1679  Dr.  Samuel  Annesley's  influence  gained 
him  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  presbyterian 
congregation  at  Calne,  Wiltshire,  which  he 
held  for  sixteen  years,  declining  overtures 
from  Bath,  Durham,  and  Lincoln.  Seddon, 
who,  after  1688,  preached  at  Bolton,  Lanca- 


Bourn 


Bourn 


.shire,  on  his  death-bed  in  1695  recommended 
Bourn  as  his  successor  there.  Bourn  removed 
thither  in  1695,  and  though  at  first  not  well 
received  by  the  whole  congregation,  he  de- 
clined the  inducement  of  a  larger  salary  offered 
by  the  Calne  people  to  tempt  him  back,  and 
gradually  won  the  love  of  all  his  Bolton  flock. 
For  him  the  new  meeting-house  (licensed 
30  Sept.  1696)  was  built  on  the  ground  given 
by  his  uncle.  He  originated,  and  after  a  time 
•entirely  supported,  a  charity  school  for  twenty 
poor  children.  His  stipend  was  very  meagre, 
though  when  pleading  for  the  wants  of  others 
he  was  known  as  '  the  best  beggar  in  Bolton.' 
By  will  he  left  20 1.  as  an  additional  endow- 
ment to  the  Monday  lecture.  His  constitu- 
tion broke  some  time  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  on  4  March  1719.  On  his  deathbed, 
in  answer  to  his  friend  Jeremiah  Aldred 
(d.  1729),  minister  of  Manton,  he  emphati- 
cally expressed  his  satisfaction  with  the  non- 
•conformist  position  he  had  adopted.  His  fune- 
ral sermon  was  preached  (from  2  Kings  ii.  3) 
by  his  son  Samuel  [see  below],  who  had  al- 
ready been  appointed  to  preach  a  funeral  ser- 
mon for  a  member  of  his  father's  flock,  and 
discharged  the  double  duty.  Brown  married 
the  daughter  of  George  Scortwreth,  ejected 
from  St.  Peter's,  Lincoln,  and  had  seven 
•children.  His  eldest  son  Joseph  died  on 
17  June  1701  in  his  twenty-first  year ;  his 
youngest  sons,  Daniel  and  Abraham,  had 
died  in  infancy  in  April  1701 ;  his  widow 
survived  him  several  years.  Bourn  printed 
nothing,  but  his  son  Samuel  published: 
4  Several  Sermons  preached  by  the  late  Rev. 
Mr.  Samuel  Bourn  of  Bolton,  Lane.,'  1722, 
8vo  (two  sets  of  sermons  from  1  John  iii.  2, 3, 
on  '  The  transforming  vision  of  Christ  in  the 
future  state,'  &c.),  adding  the  funeral  sermon, 
and  a  brief  memoir  by  William  Tong  (b.  1662, 
d.  21  March  1727),  and  dedicating  the  volume 
to  a  relative,  Madam  Hacker  of  Dufneld. 
He  speaks  of  his  father  as  a  great  preacher, 
a  good  pastor,  a  good  scholar,  and  an  honest, 
upright  man.  A  portrait  prefixed  to  the 
volume  shows  a  strong  countenance ;  Bourn 
wears  gown  and  bands,  and  his  flowing  hair 
is  confined  by  a  skull-cap. 

[Palmer's  Nonconf.  Memorial  (1802),  i.  411  ; 
Toulmin's  Mem.  of  Rev.  Samuel  Bourn,  1808 
(an  oddly  arranged  storehouse  of  dissenting 
biography);  March's  Hist.  Presbyt.  and  Gen. 
Bapt.  Churches  in  West  of  Engl.  (1835),  pp.  56, 
<60;  Baker's  Nonconformity  in  Bolton,  1854.] 

A.  G. 

BOURN,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1689- 
1754),  dissenting  minister,  second  son  of 
Samuel  Bourn  the  elder  [q.  vj,  was  born  in 
1689  at  Calne,  Wiltshire.  He  was  taught 


classics  at  Bolton,  and  trained  for  the  ministry 
in  the  Manchester  academy  of  John  Chorlton 
and  James  Coningham,  M.A.  His  first  settle- 
ment was  at  Crook,  near  Kendal,  in  1711, 
where  he  gave  himself  to  study.    He  carried 
with  him  his  father's  theology,  but  seems  to 
have  attained  at  Manchester  the  latest  de- 
velopment of  the  nonsubscribing  idea,  for  at 
his  ordination  he  declined  subscription,  not 
from  particular  scruples,  but  on  general  prin- 
i  ciples ;  hence  many  of  the  neighbouring  mi- 
!  nisters  refused  to  concur  in  ordaining  him. 
I  Toulmin  says  'the  received  standard  of  or- 
thodoxy '  which  was  proffered  to  him  was  the 
assembly's  catechism.     In  1719,  when  the 
Salters'  Hall  conference  had  made  the  Trini- 
:  tarian  controversy  a  burning  question  among 
!  dissenters,  Bourn,  hitherto '  a  professed  Atha- 
nasian,'  addressed  himself  to  the  perusal  of 
Clarke   and   Waterland,  and   accepted  the 
Clarkean  scheme.     While  at  Crook,  Bourn 
dedicated  a  child  (probably  of  baptist  pa- 
rentage) without  baptism,    according  to  a 
form  given  by  Toulmin.    In  1720  Bourn  suc- 
1  ceeded  Henry  Winder  (d.  9  Aug.  1752)  at 
!  Tunley,  near  Wigan.      He  declined  in  1725 
|  a  call  to  the  neighbouring  congregation  of 
Park  Lane,  but  accepted  a  call  (dated  29  Dec. 
1727)  to  the  '  new  chapel  at  Chorley.'     On 
i  7  May  1731  Bourn  was  chosen  one  of  the 
Monday  lecturers  at  Bolton,  a  post  which  he 
held  along  with  his  Chorley  pastorate.     On 
19  April  1732  Bourn  preached  the  opening 
sermon  at  the  New  Meeting,  which  replaced 
the  Lower  Meeting,  Birmingham,  and  on  21 
and  23  April  he  was  called  to  be  colleague  with 
Thomas  Pickard  in  the  joint  charge  of  this 
!  congregation  and  a  larger  one  at  Coseley, 
where  he  was  to  reside.   He  began  this  minis- 
try on  25  June.     He  was  harassed  by  John 
j  Ward,  J.P.,  of  Sedgley  Park  (M.P.  for  New- 
castle-under-Lyne,    afterwards  sixth   Baron 
|  Ward,  and  first  Viscount  Dudley  and  Ward), 
j  who   sought   to   compel   him   to    take   and 
maintain  a  parish  apprentice.     Bourn  twice 
appealed  to  the  quarter  sessions,  and  pleaded 
his  own  cause  successfully.     Subsequently, 
on  15  Dec.  1738,  Ward  and  another  justice 
tried  to  remove   him   from  Sedgley  parish 
to  his  last  legal  settlement,  on  the  pretext 
that  he  was   likely  to  become  chargeable. 
Toulmin  prints  his  very  spirited  reply.    After 
Pickard's  death,  his  colleague  was  Samuel 
Blyth,  M.D.    Bourn  had  a  warm  temper,  and 
was  not  averse  to  controversy ;  was  in  his  ele- 
ment in  repelling  a  field-preacher,  or  attack- 
ing quakers  in  their  own  meeting-house,  and 
with  difficulty  was  held  back  by  his  friend 
Orton  from  replying  on  the  spot  to  the  doc- 
trinal confession  of  a   young  independent 
minister,  who  was  being  ordained  at  the  New 


Bourn 


Bourn 


Meeting,  lent  for  the  occasion.  He  engaged  in 
correspondence  on  the '  Logos '  (1740-2)  with 
Doddridge  (printed  in  Theol.  Repos.  vol.  i.)  ; 
on  subscription  (1743)  with  the  Kidder- 
minster dissenters ;  on  dissent  (1746)  with 
Groome,  vicar  of  Sedgley.  In  his  catecheti- 
cal instructions,  founded  on  the  assembly's 
catechism,  he  used  that  manual  rather  as  a  | 
point  of  departure  than  as  a  model  of  doc- 
trine. Although  he  had  a  great  name  for 
heterodoxy,  his  preaching  was  seldom  po- 
lemical, but  full  of  unction,  as  were  his 
prayers.  In  1751  Bourn  declined  a  call  to 
succeed  John  Buck  (d.  8  July  1750)  in  his 
father's  congregation  at  Boltoii.  He  died  at 
Coseley  of  paralysis  on  22  March  1754.  His 
person  was  small,  slight,  and  active ;  his 
glance  keen  ;  in  dress  he  was  somewhat  neg- 
ligent. He  married  while  at  Crook  (about 
1712)  Hannah  Harrison  (d.  1768),  of  a  good 
family  near  Kendal.  She  bore  him  nine 
children  :  1.  Joseph,  born  1713;  educated  at 
Glasgow;  minister  first  at  Congleton,  then 
at  Hindley  (1746)  ;  married  (1748)  Miss 
Farnworth  (d.  1785) ;  died  17  Feb.  1765  ;  his 
eldest  daughter  Margaret  married  Samuel 
Jones  (d.  17  March  1819),  the  Manchester 
banker,  uncle  of  the  first  Lord  Overstone. 
2.  Samuel  [see  below].  3.  Abraham,  surgeon  at 
Market  Harborough,  Leicester,  and  Liverpool; 
author  of  pamphlets  ('  Free  and  Candid  Con- 
siderations,' &c.,  1755,  and  { A  Review  of  the 
Argument,' &c.,  1756)  in  reply  to  Peter  Whit- 
field,  a  learned  Liverpool  printer  and  sugar- 
refiner,  who  left  the  dissenters  and  vigorously 
attacked  their  orthodoxy.  4.  Benjamin,  a 
London  bookseller,  author  of  'A  Sure  Guide  to 
Hell '  (anon.),  1750,  and  supplement ;  he  pub- 
lished some  of  his  father's  pieces.  5.  Daniel, 
who  built  at  Leominster  what  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  cotton  mill  erected  in  England, 
an  enterprise  wrecked  by  a  fire.  6.  Miles,  a 
mercer  at  Dudley.  7.  John :  died  under  age. 
Two  others  died  young.  Bourn's  publica- 
tions were :  1. '  The  Young  Christian's  Prayer 
Book,'  &c.;  1733 ;  2nd  ed.  Dublin,  with  preface 
by  John  Leland,  D.D. :  3rd  ed.  enlarged,  1742 ; 
4th  and  best  edition,  1748.  2.  'An.  Intro- 
duction to  the  History  of  the  Inquisition,'  &c. 
(anon.),  1735.  3.  '  Popery  a  Craft,  and  Popish 
Priests  the  chief  Craftsmen/  1735,  8vo  (a 
Fifth  of  November  sermon  on  Acts  xix.  25,  re- 
printed in  '  A  Cordial  for  Low  Spirits,'  edited 
by  Thomas  Gordon,  2nd  ed.  1763,  edited 
by  Rev.  Richard  Baron.  4.  'An  Address 
to  Protestant  Dissenters  ;  or  an  Inquiry  into 
the  grounds  of  their  attachment  to  the  As- 
sembly's Catechism  . .  .  being  a  calm  examina- 
tion of  the  sixth  answer  ...  by  a  Prot.  Dis- 
senter' (anon.),  1736.  5.  'A  Dialogue  betw. 
a  Baptist  and  a  Churchman  ;  occasioned  by 


the  Baptists  opening  a  new  Meeting-House^ 
for  reviving  old  Calvinistical  doctrines  and 
spreading  Antinomian  and  other  errors,  at 
Birmingham,'  &c.     Part  I.  by  '  a  consistent 
Protestant '  (anon.),  1737 ;  Part  II.  by '  a  con- 
sistent  Christian'  (anon.),    1739.     6.  '  The 
Christian  Family  Prayer  Book,'  &c.,  with  a, 
recommendation  by  Isaac  Watts,  D.D.,  1738 
(frequently  reprinted  with  additions.   A  pre- 
fixed 'Address  to  Heads  of  Families  on  Family 
Religion'  was  reprinted  by  Rev.  John  Kentish,, 
1803).     7.  '  Address  to  the  Congregation  of 
Prot.  Dissenters  ...  at  the  Castle  Gate  in 
Nottingham,'&c.,  by  a  Prot.  Dissenter  (anon.),, 
1738  (in  vindication  of  No.  4,  which  had  been 
attacked  by  Rev.  James  Sloss,  of  Notting- 
ham).   8.  '  Lectures  to  Children  and  Young 
People  .  .  .  consisting  of  Three  Catechisms- 
.  .  .  with  a  preface,'  &c.,  1738  (prefixed  is  a, 
recommendation    by   Revs.   John   Motters- 
head,  Josiah  Rogerson,  Henry  Grove,  Thomas- 
Amory,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  Samuel  Chandler,  D.D., 
and  George  Benson,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  whom  Bourn 
describes  as  his  intimate  friend ;  appended  is- 
the  revision  of  the  assembly's  catechism,  by 
James  Strong,  minister  at  Ilminster ;  2nd  ed. 
1739 ;  3rd  ed.  1748  (with  title, '  Religious  Edu- 
cation,' &c.)  ;  the  third  catechism  of  the  set 
was  re-edited  by  Job  Orton  as  '  A  Summary 
of  Doctrinal  and  Practical  Religion.'   9.  '  The. 
True  Christian  Way  of  Striving  for  the  Faith 
of  the  Gospel,'  1738,  8vo  (sermon,  on  Phil.  i. 
27, 28,  at  the  Dudley  double  lecture,  23  May). 
10.  *  Remarks  on  a  pretended  Answer '  to  th& 
last  piece  (anon.),  1739.    11.  'The  Christian 
Catechism,'  &c.  (anon.),  1744  (intended  as  a 
preservative  against  Deism).    12.  '  Address  * 
in  services  at  ordination  of  Job  Orton  on 
18  Sept.  1745  at  Shrewsbury  (a  charge,  from 
1  Thess.  ii.  10).     13.  '  The  Protestant  Cate- 
chism,' &c.  (anon.),  1746.     14.  'The  Protes- 
tant Dissenters'  Catechism  ...  by  a  lover  of 
truth  and  liberty '  (anon.),  1747.     15.  '  An 
Answer  to   the  Remarks   of  an   unknown 
Clergyman '  on  the  foregoing  (anon.),  1748- 
(annexed  is  a  letter  from  a  London  dissenter 
on  kneeling  at  the  Lord's  Supper).     16.  'A 
new  Call  to  the  Unconverted'  (anon.)  1754, 
8vo    (four    sermons    on   Ezek.    xxxiii.   2). 
17.  (posthumous)  '  Twenty  Sermons  on  the 
most  serious  and  practical  subjects  of  the 
Christian  Religion,'  1755,  8vo;  2nd  ed.  1757. 
Toulmin  prints  selections  from  his  cateche- 
tical lectures  on  scripture  history,  and  de- 
scribes the  manuscript  of  a  projected  work 
on '  The  Scriptures  of  the  O.  T.  digested  under 
proper  heads  .  .  .  according  to  the  method  of 
Dr.  Gastrell,  bishop  of  Chester,'  &c. 

[Blyth's  Fun.  Serm.  for  Eev.  S.  Bourn,  1754; 
Toulmin's  Mem.  of  Eev.  Samuel  Bourn,  1808; 
Turner's  Lives  of  Eminent  Unitarians,  vol.  iu 


Bourn 


Bourn 


1843  ;  Twamley's  Hist,  of  Dudley  Castle  (1867), 
p.  53;  Pickard's  Brief  Hist,  of  Congleton  Uni- 
tarian Chapel,  1883;  Baker's  Memorials  of  a 
Dissenting  Chapel  (Cross  Street,  Manchester), 
1884.1  A.  G. 

BOURN,  SAMUEL  (1714-1796),  dis- 
senting minister,  second  son  of  Samuel 
Bourn  the  younger  [q.  v.],  was  born  in  1714  at 
Crook  near  Kendal,  and  educated  at  Stand 
grammar  school  and  Glasgow  University, 
where  he  studied  under  Hutcheson  and  Sim- 
son.  In  1742  he  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Eivington,  Lancashire,  where  he  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  Hugh,  fifteenth  Lord  Wil- 
loughby  of  Parham,  who  lived  at  Shaw  Place, 
near  Rivington,  and  was  the  representative 
of  the  last  of  the  presbyterian  noble  families. 
Bourn  was  not  ordained  till  some  years  after 
his  settlement.  He  then  made  a  lengthy 
declaration  (printed  by  Toulmin)  dealing 
with  the  duties  of  the  ministry  and  allowing 
no  doctrine  or  duty  except  those  taught  in 
the  New  Testament.  Bourn  lived  partly  at 
Leicester  Mills,  a  wooded  vale  near  Riving- 
ton, and  partly  at  Boltoii.  He  does  not  seem 
to  have  taken  very  kindly  to  Rivington  at 
the  outset,  for  his  father  writes  to  his  son 
Abraham  at  Chowbent  on  13  Feb.  1742-43, 
'  I  am  afraid  your  brother  Samuel  is  too  im- 
patient under  his  lot,  and  would  have  ad- 
vancement before  God  sees  he  is  fit  for  it,  or 
it  for  him.'  In  1752  the  publication  of  his 
first  sermon  led  to  overtures  from  the  presby- 
terian congregation  at  Norwich,  and  in  1754, 
apparently  after  the  death  of  the  senior  mini- 
ster, Peter  Finch  (1661-1754),  Bourn  became 
the  colleague  of  John  Taylor.  The  Norwich 
presbyterians  had  laid  the  first  stone  of  a 
new  meeting-house  on  25  Feb.  1754.  When 
Bourn  came  to  them  they  were  worshipping 
in  Little  St.  Mary's,  an  ancient  edifice,  then 
and  still  held  by  trustees  for  the  Walloon  or 
French  protestants.  On  12  May  1756  was 
opened  the  new  building,  the  Octagon  Chapel, 
described  in  the  following  year  by  John 
Wesley  (Journals,  iii.  315).  Not  long  after 
Bourn  lost  1,000/.,  which  he  had  risked  in 
his  brother  Daniel's  cotton  mill,  and  in  1758 
he  travelled  about  to  obtain  subscriptions 
for  two  volumes  of  sermons.  He  placed  the 
manuscript  in  the  hands  of  Samuel  Chand- 
ler, D.D.,  of  the  Old  Jewry.  In  one  of  these 
sermons  Bourn  had  espoused  the  doctrine  of 
the  annihilation  of  the  wicked,  but  being  in 
London  in  1759,  he  heard  Chandler  charac- 
terise in  a  sermon  the  annihilation  doctrine 
as  '  utterly  inconsistent  with  the  Christian 
scheme.'  Deeming  this  a  personal  attack, 
he  vainly  sought  to  draw  Chandler  into  a 
controversy  by  a  published  letter.  His  ser- 


mons, when  published,  produced  a  contro- 
versy with  John  Mason  (1706-1763).    The 
point  in  discussion  was  the  resurrection  of  the 
flesh.    Mason's  (affirmative)  part  in  the  con- 
troversy  will  be   found   in  his    'Christian 
Morals,' 2  vols.  1761.   Bourn's  opposite  view 
is  defended  in  an  appendix  to  his  sermons 
'  on  the  Parables.     Bourn's  reputation  as  a 
i  preacher  was  due  to  the  force,  and  sometimes 
.  the  solemn  pathos,  of  his  written  style,  and 
to  the  strength  of  his  argumentative  matter, 
!  Among  those  brought  up  under  his  ministry 
was  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  founder  of 
the  Linnean  Society.    Like  his  father,  Bourn 
rested  in  the  Christology  of  Dr.  Clarke.   He 
was  no  optimist  ;  he  devoted  a  powerful  dis- 
course to  the  theme  that  no  great  improve- 
ment in  the  moral  state  of  mankind  is  prac- 
ticable by  any  means  whatsoever  (vol.  i.  1760, 
|  No.  14).  W' hen,  in  1757,  Dr.  Taylor  left  Nor- 
wich to  fill  the  divinity  chair  in  Warring- 
ton  Academy,  Bourn  obtained  as  colleagues 
first   John   Hoyle,  and   afterwards   Robert 
Alderson,  subsequently  a  lawyer,  and  father 
of  Sir  E.  H.  Alderson  [q.  v.],  who,  when 
Bourn  became  incapable  of  work,   had  to 
discharge  the  whole  duty,  and  was  accord- 
;  ingly  ordained  on    13  Sept.   1775.      Bourn 
|  was  a  favourite  with  the  local  clergy  of  the 
|  establishment.     Samuel  Parr  took   him   to 
Cambridge,  and  speaks  of  him  as  ( a  mas- 
!  terly   writer,  a  profound   thinker,  and  the 
I  intimate  friend   of  Dr.  Parr   at   Norwich ' 
I  (Bibl.  Parr.  p.  704).  W7hen  his  health  failed, 
!  and  he  was   retiring  to  Thorpe  on   a  pro- 
I  perty  of  60/.  a  year,  it  is  said  by  Toulmin 
I  (and  repeated   by   Field)   that   Dr.    Mann, 
bishop  of  Cork,  who  was  visiting  Norwich, 
offered  him  a  sinecure  preferment  of  300/.  a 
year  if  he  chose  to  conform.     He  declined, 
|  to  the  admiration  of  Parr,  who  did  his  best 
privately  to  assist  his '  noncon.  friend.'   Bourn 
died  in  Norwich  on  24  Sept.  1796,  and  was 
buried  (27  Sept.)  in  the  graveyard  of  the 
1  Octagon  Chapel.     Late  in  life  he  married, 
I  but  left  no  family.     He  published :  1.  '  The 
Rise,  Progress,  Corruption,  and  Declension 
of  the  Christian  Religion,'  &c.  (anon.),  1752, 
!  4to  (sermon  from  Mark  iv.  30,  before  the  Lan- 
cashire provincial  assembly  at  Manchester, 
12  May  1752).    2.  'A  Letter  to  the  Rev. 
Samuel    Chandler,    D.D.,    concerning    the 
|  Christian  Doctrine  of  Future  Punishment,' 
1759,  8vo  (afterwards  added  to  the  second 
|  edition  of  his  sermons,  and  reprinted  by  Ri- 
;  chard  Baron  [q.  v.]  in «  The  Pillars  of  Priest- 
craft and  Orthodoxy  shaken,'  1768,  vol.  iii.) 
3.  '  A  Series  of  Discourses  on  the  Principles 
!  and  Evidences  of  Natural  Religion  and  the 
|  Christian  Revelation,'  &c.  1760,  2  vols.  8vo 
j  (the   2nd   vol.   has   a   different  title-page). 


Bourn 


Bourne 


4.  'Discourses  on  the  Parables  of  our  Saviour,' 
1764,  2  vols.  8vo.  5.  '  Fifty  Sermons  on 
various  Subjects,  Critical,  Philosophical,  and 
Moral,'  Norwich,  1777,  "2  vols.  8vo.  Toulmin 
mentions  a  manuscript  '  History  of  the  He- 
brews,' which  Bourn  had  partly  prepared  for 
the  press. 

[Toulmin's  Mem.  of  Rev.  Samuel  Bourn,  1808  ; 
Field's  Mem.  of  Parr,  1828,  i.  139-141 ;  Taylor's 
Hist,  of  Octagon  Chapel,  Norwich,  1848  ;  tomb- 
stone at  Norwich.]  A.  Gr. 

BOURN,  THOMAS  (1771-1832),  com- 
piler, was  born  in  Hackney  on  19  April  1771, 
and  in  conjunction  with  his  father-in-law, 
Mr.  William  Butler,  the  author  of  various 
works  for  the  instruction  of  the  young,  he 
became  a  teacher  of  writing  and  geography 
in  ladies'  schools.  His  death  occurred  at  his 
house  in  Mare  Street,  Hackney,  on  20  Aug. 
1832.  He  published  '  A  Concise  Gazetteer  of 
the  most  Remarkable  Places  in  the  World ; 
with  references  to  the  principal  historical 
events  and  most  celebrated  persons  connected 
with  them.'  London,  1807,  8vo,  3rd  edit. 
1822. 

[Gent.  Mag.  cii.  297 :  Biog.  Diet,  of  Living 
Authors  ( 1 8 1 6),  34 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  E.  Evans's 
Cat.  of  Engraved  Portraits,  13005.]  T.  C. 

BOURN,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1562-1582). 
[See  BOURNE.] 

BOURNE,  GILBERT  (d.  1569),  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  the  son  of  Philip  Bourne 
of  Worcestershire,  entered  the  university 
of  Oxford  in  1524,  and  was  a  fellow  of  All 
Souls'  College  in  1531,  l  and  in  the  year 
after  he  proceeded  in  arts,  being  then  es- 
teemed a  good  orator  and  disputant '  (WOOD'S 
Athence  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  805).  In  1541  he 
was  made  one  of  the  prebendaries  of  the 
king's  new  foundation  at  Worcester;  in  1545 
lie  received  a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, and  took  another  prebend  in  its  place 
in  1548 ;  in  1547  he  was  proctor  for  the  clergy 
of  the  diocese  of  London;  and  in  1549  he 
"became  rector  of  High  Ongar  in  Essex,  and 
archdeacon  of  Bedford.  He  is  described, 
probably  in  error,  by  Foxe  and  Wood  as 
archdeacon  of  Essex  and  Middlesex,  and  by 
Godwin  as  archdeacon  of  London.  He  be- 
came chaplain  to  Bishop  Bonner  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII,  and  preached  against  heretics 
(WooD  and  FOXE).  His  preferments  prove 
that  he  must  have  complied  with  the  reli- 
gious changes  of  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
In  spite,  however,  of  this  compliance,  he  did 
not  desert  his  patron,  for  he  stood  by  Bonner 
•during  the  hearing  of  his  appeal  in  1549. 
On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  acted  as  one  of 
the  delegates  for  Bonner's  restitution,  and  on 


13  Aug.  of  the  same  year  (1553)  preached  a 
sermon  at  Paul's  Cross  justifying  the  conduct 
of  the  bishop,  and  enlarging  on  his  sufferings 
in  the  Marshalsea.  His  hearers,  enraged  at 
the  tone  of  his  discourse,  raised  a  hubbub, 
and  a  dagger  was  thrown  at  the  preacher. 
The  weapon  missed  its  aim,  and  Bradford 
and  Rogers,  who  were  popular  with  the  Lon- 
doners, led  him  out  of  the  tumult,  and  put 
him  in  safety  within  the  door  of  the  gram- 
mar school.  Three  days  after  this  Bradford 
was  arrested.  On  being  brought  to  trial  the 
next  year,  Bradford  was  accused  of  having 
excited  the  people  to  make  this  disturbance. 
He  pleaded  the  help  he  had  given  to  Bourne, 
but  that  was  not  allowed  to  profit  him 
(FoxE,  Acts,  fyc. ;  HETLIN,  Hist.  Reform. ; 
BURNET,  Hist.  Reform.}  As  Bourne's  uncle, 
Sir  John  Bourne,  was  principal  secretary  of 
state,  his  advancement  in  the  church  was  cer- 
tain. Accordingly  he  was  elected  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells  on  28  March  1554  in  the 
place  of  Barlow,  who  was  deprived  of  his 
office.  He  was  consecrated  on  1  April  along 
with  five  others,  and  received  the  temporali- 
ties of  his  see  on  20  April.  He  received 
from  the  queen  the  office  of  warden  of  the 
Welsh  marches.  As  bishop  he  was  zealous 
in  restoring  the  old  order  of  the  church.  Im- 
mediately after  his  consecration  he  commis- 
sioned Cottrel,  his  vicar-general,  to  deprive 
and  punish  'all  in  holy  orders  keeping  in 
adulterous  embraces  women  upon  show  of 
feigned  and  pretensed  matrimony ; '  and  '  mar- 
ried laics  who  in  pretence  and  under  colour 
of  priestly  orders  had  rashly  and  unlawfully 
mingled  themselves  in  ecclesiastical  rights, 
and  had  obtained  de  facto  parish  churches,  to 
deprive  and  remove  from  the  said  churches  and 
dignities,  and  those  so  convicted  to  separate 
and  divorce  from  their  women  or  their  wives, 
or  rather  concubines,  and  to  enjoin  salutary 
and  worthy  penances,  as  well  to  the  same 
clerks  as  to  the  women  for  such  crimes ' 
(STRYPE,  Eccl.  Mem.  in.  i.)  Accordingly 
no  less  than  eighty-two  cases  of  deprivation, 
and  an  unusually  large  number  of  resigna- 
tions, appear  in  the  Register  of  this  bishop. 
Bourne  was  much  employed  in  the  proceed- 
ings taken  against  heretics.  In  April  1554 
j  he  took  part  in  the  disputation  held  with 
:  Cramner,  Latimer,  and  Ridley  at  Oxford, 
!  and  at  different  dates  acted  on  commissions 
for  the  -trial  of  Bishop  Hooper,  Dr.  Taylor, 
Tomkins,  and  Philpot.  In  these  proceedings, 
however,  he  always  did  what  he  could  for  the 
prisoners,  checking  Bonner's  violence,  and 
earnestly  exhorting  them  to  save  themselves 
by  recantation.  Proofs  of  this  unwilling- 
ness to  allow  men  to  suffer  may  be  found  in 
Foxe,  who  records  the  repeated  endeavours 


Bourne 


Bourne 


he  made  to  induce  Mantel  (1554)  to  save 
himself,  the  appeal  he  made  to  Tomkins 
(1555),  and  the  interruption  he  made  when 
Bonner  was  about  to  pass  sentence  on  Phil- 
pot  somewhat  eagerly  (1555).  In  his  own 
diocese  it  does  not  appear  that  any  one  was 
put  to  death  for  religious  opinions.  The  im- 
prisonment of  two  clerks  is  noticed  in  his 
Register  under  11  April  1554,  and  in  1556 
a  certain  Richard  Lush  was  condemned  and 
sentenced  to  be  committed  to  the  sheriffs.  A  j 
certificate  of  this  condemnation  was  sent  by  j 
the  bishop  to  the  king  and  queen,  but  as  not  ! 
even  Foxe  has  been  able  to  find  any  record 
of  Lush's  martyrdom  (Acts  and  Mon.  viii. 
378),  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  he  was 
not  put  to  death.  Zealous  then  as  he  was 
for  his  own  religion,  Bourne  saved  Somerset 
from  any  share  in  the  Marian  persecution. 
He  did  all  that  lay  in  his  power  to  regain 
some  of  the  possessions  of  which  his  church 
had  been  robbed  in  the  late  reign,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  such  as  had  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  the  crown.  Banwell  was  re- 
gained for  the  bishopric,  and  Long  Sutton 
and  Dulverton  for  the  chapter  of  Wells.  He 
sent  his  proxy  to  the  first  parliament  of  Eliza- 
beth in  1558.  The  next  year  he  and  other 
disaffected  bishops  were  summoned  to  appear 
before  the  queen,  possibly  in  convocation,  and 
were  bidden  to  drive  all  Romish  worship  out 
of  their  dioceses.  He  was  one  of  the  bishops 
appointed  by  the  queen  for  the  consecration 
of  Matthew  Parker ;  but  the  commission 
failed,  probably  through  the  unwillingness  of 
those  nominated  to  carry  it  out.  Bourne  re- 
fused to  take  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and 
allegiance,  and  with  six  other  bishops  was 
committed  to  the  Tower.  The  recusant 
bishops  were  treated  with  indulgence,  and 
allowed  to  eat  together  at  two  tables.  When 
the  plague  visited  London  in  1562,  they  were 
removed  from  the  Tower  for  fear  of  infection. 
Bourne  was  committed  to  the  keeping  of  Bul- 
lingham,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  dwelt  with 
him  as  a  kind  of  involuntary  guest.  He  was 
an  inmate  of  his  household  in  1565,  and  in 
that  year  seems  to  have  stayed  for  a  while  in 
London.  He  was  also  kept  by  Dean  Carey 
of  Exeter.  He  died  at  Silverton  in  Devon- 
shire on  10  Sept.  1569,  and  was  buried  there 
on  the  south  side  of  the  altar.  Such  pro- 
perty as  he  had  he  left  to  his  brother,  Richard 
Bourne  of  Wiveliscombe.  '  He  was,'  Fuller 
says,  '  a  zealous  papist,  yet  of  a  good  nature, 
well  deserving  of  his  cathedral.' 

[Strype's  Annals,  i.  i.  82,  211,  220,  248,  n.  ii. 
51  ;  Ecclesiastical  Memorials,  in.  i.  180,  286, 
827,  352  ;  Memorials  of  Abp.  Cranmer,  459  ;  Life 
of  Abp.  Parker,  i.  106,  172,  282  (8vo  ecL);  Foxe's 
Acts  and  Monuments,  v,  vi,  vii,  viii  passim  (ed. 


1846);  Heylin's  Hist,  of  Reformation,  286  (ed.. 
1674) ;  Fuller's  Church  History,  ii.  449,  iv.  180, 
367  (ed.  Brewer) ;  Burnet's  Hist,  of  Keforma- 
tion ;  Nichols's  Narratives  of  the  Keformation, 
142,  287,  Camden  Society;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon. 
(ed.  Bliss),  ii.  805  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti ;  Godwin, 
De  Prsesulibus  (1742),  p.  388  ;  Cassan's  Lives  of 
the  Bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells,  i.  462  •  Bourne's- 
Register,  MS.  Wells.]  W.  H. 

BOURSE,  HENRY  (1696-1733),  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  in 
1696.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Bourne,  a 
tailor,  and  was  intended  for  the  calling  of  a 
glazier.  His  talents,  however,  attracted  the- 
attention  of  some  friends,  through  whose  of- 
fices he  was  released  from  his  apprenticeship 
and  sent  to  resume  his  education  at  the  New- 
castle grammar  school.  He  was  admitted  a 
sizar  of  Christ  College,  Cambridge,  in  1717, 
under  the  tuition  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Ather- 
ton,  a  fellow-townsman.  He  graduated  B.  A. 
in  1720  and  M.A.  in  1724,  and  received  the- 
appointment  of  curate  of  All  Hallows  Church, 
Newcastle,  where  he  remained  until  his  death 
on  16  Feb.  1733. 

In  1725  he  published  '  Antiquitates  Vul- 
gares,  or  the  Antiquities  of  the  Common 
People,  giving  an  account  of  their  opinions 
and  ceremonies.'  This  was  republished,  with 
additions  by  Brand,  in  1777  in  his  l  Popular' 
Antiquities/ and  forms  the  groundwork  of  the 
later  labours  of  Sir  Henry  Ellis  and  W.  C. 
Hazlitt.  In  1727  he  issued  '  The  Harmony 
and  Agreement  of  the  Collects,  Epistles,  and 
Gospels,  as  they  stand  in  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  for  the  Sundays  throughout  the 
Year.'  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  his  native 
town,  which  was  left  in  an  unfinished  state- 
at  his  death,  but  was  afterwards  published 
by  his  widow  and  children  in  a  folio  volume 
in  1736,  under  the  title  of  « The  History  of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  or  the  Ancient  and 
Present  State  of  that  Town.' 

[Adamson's  Scholse  Novocastrensis  Alumni,, 
p.  13  ;  Brand's  Hist,  of  Newcastle,  1789,  preface ; 
Allibone's  Dictionary.]  C.  W.  S. 

BOURNE,  HUGH  (1772-1852),  founder 
of  the  primitive  methodists,  son  of  Joseph 
Bourne,  farmer  and  wheelwright,  by  his  wife 
Ellen,  daughter  of  Mr.  Steele,  was  born  at 
Fordhays  Farm,  in  the  parish  of  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  3  April  1772,  and,  after  some  educa- 
tion at  Werrington  and  Bucknall,  worked' 
with  his  father  in  his  business.  The  family 
removed  to  Bemersley,  in  the  parish  of  Nor- 
ton-in-the-Moors,  in  1788,  and  Bourne  then' 
took  employment  under  his  uncle,  William 
Sharratt,  a  millwright  and  engineer  at  Milton. 
He  had  so  far  been  carefully  brought  up  by 
a  pious  mother,  and  in  June  1799  joined  the- 


Bourne 


Bourne 


Wesleyan  methodists,  soon  after  became  a 
local  preacher,  and  in  1802  built,  chiefly  at 
his  own  expense,  a  chapel  at  Harrisehead. 
In  imitation  of  the  camp  meetings  for  preach- 
ing and  fellowship,  which  had  been  the  means 
of  reviving  religion  in  America,  Bourne,  in 
company  with  his  brother  James,  "William 
Clowes  [q.  v.],  and  others,  held  a  camp 
meeting  on  the  mountain  at  Mowcop,  near 
Harrisehead,  on  Sunday,  31  May  1807.  The 
meeting  commenced  at  six  in  the  morning, 
and  prayer,  praise,  and  preaching  were  con- 
tinued until  eight  at  night.  This  success- 
ful revival  was  the  first  of  many  held  in 
that  part  of  the  country.  The  Wesleyan 
methodist  conference  at  the  meeting  at  Li- 
verpool on  27  July  1807  passed  a  resolution 
protesting  against  such  gatherings.  The  camp 
meetings  were,  however,  continued,  and  on 
27  June  1808  Bourne  was,  in  what  seems  to 
have  been  an  illegal  manner,  expelled  from 
the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Society  by  the 
Burslem  circuit's  quarterly  meeting ;  but  he 
still  continued  to  raise  societies  here  and 
there,  recommending  them  to  join  the  Wes- 
leyan circuits,  and  as  yet  entertained  no  idea 
of  organising  a  separate  community.  But  the 
Wesleyan  authorities  remained  hostile,  and  a 
disruption  was  the  consequence.  On  14  March 
1810  the  first  class  of  the  new  community  was 
formed  at  Standley,  nearBemersley .  Quarterly 
tickets  were  introduced  in  the  following  year, 
and  the  first  general  meeting  of  the  society  was 
held  at  Tunstall  on  26  July  1811.  The  name 
Primitive  Methodist,  implying  a  desire  to 
restore  methodism  to  its  primitive  simplicity, 
was  finally  adopted  on  13  Feb.  1812,  but  the 
opponents  of  the  movement  often  called  the 
people  by  the  name  of  ranters.  The  first 
annual  conference  was  held  at  Hull  in  May 
1820,  and  a  deed  poll  of  the  primitive  ruetho- 
dists  was  enrolled  in  the  court  of  chancery 
on  10  Feb.  1830.  Bourne  and  his  brother 
purchased  land  and  built  the  first  chapel  of 
the  new  connexion  at  Tunstall  in  1811. 
After  the  foundation  and  settlement  of  the 
society  Bourne  made  many  journeys  to  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  for  the  purpose  of  enrolling 
recruits  in  the  new  sect.  During  1844-6  he 
travelled  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
where  he  obtained  large  congregations.  He 
lived  to  see  primitive  methodism  with  1,400 
Sunday  schools,  5,300  chapels,  and  110,000 
enrolled  members,  and  died  from  a  mortifi- 
cation of  his  foot  at  Bemersley,  Staffordshire, 
onll  Oct.  1852, aged  80  years  and  six  months, 
and  was  buried  at  Englesea  Brook,  Cheshire. 
He  was,  in  common  with  many  preachers  and 
members  of  the  primitive  methodist  church, 
a  rigid  abstainer.  For  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  he  worked  as  a  carpenter  and  builder,  so 


as  not  to  become  chargeable  to  the  denomi- 
nation, and  it  was  not  until  he  had  reached 
his  seventieth  year  that  he  was  placed  on  the 
superannuation  fund.  He  was  the  author 
of:  1.  '  Observations  on  Camp  Meetings, 
with  an  Account  of  a  Camp  Meeting  held  at 
Mow,  near  Harrisehead,'  1807.  2.  '  The 
Great  Scripture  Catechism,  compiled  for  Nor- 
ton and  Harrisehead  Sunday  Schools,'  1807. 
3.  'Remarks  on  the  Ministry  of  Women/ 
1808.  4.  '  A  General  Collection  of  Hymns 
and  Spiritual  Songs  for  Camp  Meetings  and 
Revivals,'  1809.  5.  <  History  of  t^ie  Primi- 
tive Methodist,'  1823.  6.  'A  Trcitise  on 
Baptism,'  1823.  7.  '  Large  Hymn  Book  for 
the  use  of  the  Primitive  Methodists,'  1825. 
8.  'The  Primitive  Methodist  Magazine,' 
1824,  which  he  edited  for  about  twenty 
years. 

[Walford's  Memoirs  of  H.  Bourne,  1855,  with 
portrait ;  Petty's  Primitive  Methodist  Connexion, 
1864,  with  portrait ;  AntlifFs  Funeral  Sermon  on 
H.  Bourne,  1852;  Simpson's  Recollections  of 
H.  Bourne,  1859.]  G.  C.  B. 

BOURNE,  IMMANUEL  (1590-1672), 
divine,  born  on  27  Dec.  1590,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Bourne,  who  was 
vicar  of  East  Haddon,  Northamptonshire, 
from  1595  till  his  death  in  1649  (BRIDGES'S 
Northamptonshire,  i.  506).  He  was  educated 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  proceeded 
B.A.  29  Jan.  1611-12  and  M.A.  12  June 
1616.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  appointed 
preacher  at  St.  Christopher's  Church,  Lon- 
don, by  the  rector,  Dr.  William  Piers,  a 
canon  of  Christ  Church.  Bourne  found  a 
patron  in  Sir  Samuel  Tryon,  an  inhabitant 
of  the  parish  of  St.  Christopher,  and  he  dates 
one  of  his  sermons — 'The  True  Way  of  a 
Christian ' — '  from  my  study  at  Sir  Samuel 
Tryon's  in  the  parish  of  St.  Christopher's, 
April  1622.'  In  1622  he  received  the  living 
of  Ashhover,  Derbyshire,  where  he  exhibited 
strong  sympathy  with  the  puritans.  In 
1642,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  his 
open  partisanship  with  the  presbyterians 
compelled  him  to  leave  Ashhover  for  Lon- 
don. There  he  was  appointed  preacher  at 
St.  Sepulchre's  Church,  and  about  1656  he 
became  rector  of  Waltham-on-the-Wolds, 
Leicestershire,  where  he  engaged  in  contro- 
versy with  the  quakers  and  anabaptists.  He 
conformed  at  the  Restoration,  and  on  12  March 
1669-70  was  nominated  to  the  rectory  of 
Aylestone,  Leicestershire,  where  he  died  on 
27  Dec.  1679.  He  was  buried  in  the  chancel 
of  the  church. 

Bourne's  works  were  :  1.  '  The  Rainbow, 
Sermon  at  St.  Paul's  Cross.  10  June  1617, 
on  Gen.  ix.  13,'  London,  1617 ;  dedicated  to 


Bourne 


Bourne 


Robert,  first  Baron  Spencer  of  Wormleighton. 
2.  '  The  Godly  Man's  Guide,  on  James  iv.  13,' 
London,  1620.  3.  '  The  True  Way  of  a 
Christian  to  the  New  Jerusalem  .  .  .  on  2  Cor. 
v.  17,'  London,  1622.  4.  <  Anatomy  of  Con- 
science,' Assize  Sermon  at  Derby,  on  Rev. 
xx.  11,  London,  1623.  5.  « A  Light  from 
•Christ  leading  unto  Christ,  by  the  Star  of 
His  Word  ;  or,  a  Divine  Directory  for  Self- 
examination  and  Preparation  for  the  Lord's 
Supper,'  London,  1645,  8vo.  An  edition, 
with  a  slightly  altered  title-page,  appeared 
in  1646.  6.  l  Defence  of  Scriptures,'  to  which 
was  added  a  '  Vindication  of  the  Honour 
due  to  the  Magistrates,  Ministers,  and 
others,'  London,  1656.  This  work  describes 
a  disputation  between  clergymen  and  James 
Nayler,  the  quaker.  Bourne's  argument 
against  the  quaker  was  answered  by  George 
Fox  in  'The  Great  Mystery  of  the  Great 
Whore  unfolded,'  1659.  7.  '  Defence  and  Jus- 
tification of  Ministers'  Maintenance  by  Tithes, 
and  of  Infant  Baptism,  Humane  Learning, 
and  the  Sword  of  the  Magistrate,  in  a  reply 
to  a  paper  by  some  Anabaptists  sent  to  Im. 
Bourne,'  to  which  was  added  '  Animadver- 
sions upon  Anth.  Perisons  [Parsons]  great 
case  of  tithes,'  London,  1659.  8.  <  A  Gold 
Chain  of  Directions  with  20  Gold  Links  of 
Love  to  preserve  Love  firm  between  Hus- 
band and  Wife,'  London,  1669.  Only  the 
works  marked  1,  3,  and  4  in  this  list  are  in 
the  British  Museum  Library. 

[Wood's  Athense   Oxon.   (Bliss),   iii.   977-9  ; 
Fasti,  i.  342,  366 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.] 

S.  L.  L. 

•  BOURNE,  NEHEMIAH  (fi.  1649- 
1662),  admiral,  in  his  earlier  days  appa- 
rently a  merchant  and  shipowner,  served  in 
the  parliamentary  army  during  the  civil 
war,  and  on  the  remodelling  of  the  fleet  after 
Batten's  secession,  having  then  the  rank  of 
major,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Speaker,  a  ship  of  the  second  rate.  As  cap- 
tain of  the  Speaker  he  was  for  two  years 
commander-in-chief  on  the  coast  of  Scotland, 
and  in  September  1651  carried  the  Scottish 
records,  regalia,  and  insignia  taken  in  Stir- 
ling Castle  to  London,  for  which  services  he 
afterwards  received  a  gold  medal  of  the  value 
of  60/.  In  1652  he  was  captain  of  the  An- 
drew, and  in  May  was  senior  officer  in  the 
Downs,  wearing  a  flag  by  special  authority 
from  Blake,  when,  on  the  18th,  the  Dutch 
fleet  under  Tromp  anchored  off  Dover.  It 
was  thus  Bourne  who  sent,  both  to  the  coun- 
cil of  state  and  to  Blake,  the  intimation  of 
Tromp's  presence  on  the  coast,  and  who 
commanded  that  division  of  the  fleet  which 
had  so  important  a  share  in  the  action  of 

Bourne,  Nehemiah.  ii.  939*.  This  article 
needs  revision.     See   Sir  Charles  Firth   in 

The  Marinpr**  A/Tirrnr.  xii. 


19  May  [see  BLAKE,  ROBEKT].  Without 
knowledge  of  the  battle,  the  council  had 
already  on  the  19th  appointed  Bourne  rear- 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  a  rank  which  he  held 
during  the  whole  of  that  year,  and  com- 
manded in  the  third  post  in  the  battle  near 
the  Kentish  Knock  on  28  Sept.  But  after 
the  rude  check  sustained  by  Blake  off 
Dungeness  on  30  Nov.,  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  have  some  well-skilled  and  trust- 
worthy man  as  commissioner  on  shore  to 
superintend  and  push  forward  the  equipment 
and  manning  of  the  fleets.  To  this  office 
Bourne  was  appointed,  and  he  continued  to 
hold  and  exercise  it  not  only  during  the  rest 
of  the  Dutch  war,  but  to  the  end  of  the  pro- 
tectorate. In  this  work  he  was  indefatigable, 
and  in  a  memorial  to  the  admiralty,  18  Sept. 
1653,  claimed,  by  his  special  knowledge,  to 
have  saved  hundreds  of  pounds  in  buying 
masts  and  deals ;  from  which  we  may  perhaps 
assume  that  he  had  formerly  been  engaged  in 
the  Baltic  trade.  Nor  was  he  backward  in 
representing  his  merits  to  the  admiralty ;  and 
although  he  wrote  on  13  Oct.  1653,  that  his 
modesty  did  not  suit  the  present  age,  it  did 
not  prevent  him  from  quaintly  urging  his 
claims  both  to  pecuniary  reward  and  to 
honourable  distinction.  This  last,  he  says, 
13  April  1653,  '  would  give  some  counte- 
nance and  quicken  the  work.  I  ask  for  the 
sake  of  the  service,  for  I  am  past  such  toys 
as  to  be  tickled  with  a  feather.' 

After  the  Restoration,  being  unwilling  to 
accept  the  new  order  of  things,  he  emigrated 
to  America ;  the  last  that  is  known  of  him  is 
the  pass  permitting  him  '  to  transport  him- 
self and  family  into  any  of  the  plantations  ' 
(May  1662).  On  3  April  1689  the  secretary 
of  the  admiralty  wrote  to  a  Major  Bourne  in 
Abchurch  Lane,  desiring  him  to  attend  the 
board,  who  wished  '  to  discourse  him  about 
some  business  relating  to  their  majesties' 
service ; '  and  011  28  June  1690  a  Nehemiah 
Bourne  was  appointed  captain  of  the  Mon- 
mouth  (Admiralty  Minutes^).  If  this  was  the 
old  puritan,  he  must  have  been  of  a  very  ad- 
vanced age :  it  may  more  probably  have  been 
a  son.  In  either  case  he  apparently  refused 
to  take  up  the  appointment,  for  on  9  July 
another  captain  was  appointed  in  his  stead. 

[Calendars  of  State  Papers,  Dom.  1651-62.] 

J.  K.  L. 

BOURNE,  REUBEN  (Jl.  1692),  dra- 
matist, belonged  to  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
left  behind  him  a  solitary  and  feeble  comedy 
which  has  never  been  acted.  The  title  of 
this  is  '  The  Contented  Cuckold,  or  Woman's 
Advocate,'  4to,  1692.  Its  scene  is  Edmonton, 
and  the  principal  character,  Sir  Peter  Lovejoy, 


Bourne 


32 


Bourne 


poe 
169 


contends  that  a  cuckold  is  one  of  the  scarcest 
of  created  beings. 

[Genest's  History  of  the  Stage  ;  Balcer,  Reed, 
and  Jones's  Biographia  Dramatica.]  J.  K. 

BOURNE,  ROBERT,  M.D.  (1761-1829), 
professor  of  medicine,  was  born  at  Shrawley, 
Worcestershire,  and  educated  at  Bromsgrove, 
whence  he  was  elected  scholar  of  Worcester 
College,  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  of  that 
society.  He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1781,  M.A. 
in  1784,  M.B.  in  1786,  and  in  1787  took  the 
degree  of  M.D.  and  was  elected  physician  to 
the  Radcliffe  Infirmary  at  Oxford.  In  1790 
he  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians.  In  1794  he  was  appointed 
reader  of  chemistry  at  Oxford,  in  1803  pro- 
fessor of  physic,  and  in  1824  of  clinical  me- 
dicine. He  died  at  Oxford  on  23  Dec.  1829. 
A  monument  was  erected  to  him  in  the  chapel 
of  his  college.  His  published  works  are  : 
1.  '  An  Introductory  Lecture  to  a  Course  of 
Chemistry,'  1797.  2.  '  Cases  of  Pulmonary 
Consumption  treated  with  Uva  ursi,'  1805. 

[Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  ii.  401.] 

BOURNE,  VINCENT  (1695-1747),  Latin 
et,  son  of  Andrew  Bourne,  was  born  in 
695,  and  admitted  on  the  foundation  of 
Westminster  School  in  1  7  1  0.  He  was  elected 
to  a  scholarship  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, on  27  May  1714,  proceeded  B.A.  in 
1717,  became  a  fellow  of  his  college  in  1720, 
and  commenced  M.A.  in  1721.  On  Addi- 
son's  recovery  in  1717  from  an  attack  of  ill- 
ness, Bourne  addressed  to  him  a  copy  of 
congratulatory  Latin  verses.  In  1721  he 
edited  a  collection  of  l  Carmina  Comitialia,' 
which  contains,  among  the  '  Miscellanea  '  at 
the  end,  some  verses  of  his  own.  On  leaving 
Cambridge  he  became  a  master  at  Westmin- 
ster School,  and  continued  to  hold  this  ap- 
pointment until  his  death.  In  1734  he  pub- 
lished his  '  Poemata,  Latine  partim  reddita, 
partim  scripta,'  with  a  dedication  to  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  and  in  November  of  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  housekeeper  and 
deputy  sergeant-at-arms  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  A  second  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared  in  1735,  and  a  third  edition,  with 
an  appendix  of  112  pages,  in  1743.  Cowper, 
who  was  a  pupil  of  Bourne's  at  Westminster, 
and  who  translated  several  of  his  pieces  into 
English  verse,  says  (in  a  letter  to  the  Rev. 
John  Newton  dated  10  May  1781)  :  1  1  love 
the  memory  of  Vinny  Bourne.  I  think  him 
a  better  Latin  poet  than  Tibullus,  Proper- 
tius,  Ausonius,  or  any  of  the  writers  in  his 
way  except  Ovid,  and  not  at  all  inferior  to 
him.'  Landor  remarks  on  this  judgment  of 
Cowper's:  'Mirum  ut  perperam,  ne  dicam 


stolidejudicaverit  poeta  psene  inter  summos 
j  nominandus '  (Poemata  et  Inscriptiones,  ed. 
|  1847,  p.  300).  Charles  Lamb  was  a  warm 
admirer  of  Bourne.  In  his  '  Complaint  of 
the  Decay  of  Beggars '  he  inserted  a  trans- 
lation of  the '  Epitaphium  in  Canem,'  together 
with  the  Latin  original ;  and  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  Wordsworth,  written  in  1815,  there 
is  a  charming  criticism  of  Bourne's  poems, 
which  he  had  then  been  reading  for  the  first 
time :  '  What  a  sweet,  unpretending,  pretty- 
manner'd,  matterful  creature  !  Sacking  from 
every  flower,  making  a  flower  of  everything  f 
His  diction  all  Latin,  and  his  thoughts  all 
English  ! '  A  special  favourite  with  Lamb 
was  '  Cantatrices,'  a  copy  of  verses  on  the 
ballad-singers  of  the  Seven  Dials.  Among 
Lamb's  miscellaneous  poems  are  nine  trans- 
lations from  the  Latin  of  Vincent  Bourne. 
The  charm  of  Bourne's  poems  lies  not  so 
much  in  the  elegance  of  his  Latinity  (though 
that  is  considerable)  as  in  his  genial  optimism 
and  homely  touches  of  quiet  pathos.  He 
had  quick  sympathy  for  his  fellow-men,  and 
loving  tenderness  towards  all  domestic  ani- 
mals. His  epitaphs,  particularly  the  '  Epi- 
taphium in  septem  annorum  puellulam,'  are 
models  of  simplicity  and  grace.  Bourne's 
little  volume  of  Latin  verses  will  keep  his- 
memory  fragrant  and  his  fame  secure  when 
many  whose  claims  were  more  pretentious 
are  forgotten.  He  was  a  man  of  peaceful 
temperament,  content  to  pass  his  life  in  in- 
dolent repose.  As  a  teacher  he  wanted 
energy,  and  he  was  a  very  lax  disciplinarian. 
Cowper,  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Rose  (dated 
30  Nov.  1788),  says  that  he  was  so  inatten- 
tive to  his  pupils,  and  so  indifferent  whether 
they  brought  him  good  or  bad  exercises,  that 
'  he  seemed  determined,  as  he  was  the  best, 
so  to  be  the  last,  Latin  poet  of  the  West- 
minster line.'  In  another  letter  Cowper 
writes :  '  I  lost  more  than  I  got  by  him ;  for 
he  made  me  as  idle  as  himself.'  He  was 
particularly  noted  for  the  slovenliness  of  his 
attire.  Cowper  relates  that  he  remembered 
seeing  the  Duke  of  Richmond  l  set  fire  to  his- 
greasy  locks,  and  box  his  ears  to  put  it  out 
again.'  It  is  said  that  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle offered  him  valuable  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment, and  that  he  declined  the  offer  from 
conscientious  motives.  In  a  letter  to  his 
wife,  written  shortly  before  his  death,  he 
says :  *  I  own  and  declare  that  the  import- 
ance of  so  great  charge  [i.e.  entering  into 
holy  orders],  joined  with  a  mistrust  of  my 
own  sufficiency,  made  me  fearful  of  under- 
taking it :  if  I  have  not  in  that  capacity 
assisted  in  the  salvation  of  souls,  I  have  not 
been  the  means  of  losing  any ;  if  I  have  not 
brought  reputation  to  the  function  by  any 


Bourne 


33 


Bourne 


merit  of  mine,  I  have  the  comfort  of  this 
reflection — I  have  given  no  scandal  to  it  by 
my  meanness  and  unworthiness.'  Bourne 
died  on  2  Dec.  1747,  and  was  buried  at 
Fulham.  He  had  written  his  own  epitaph  : 
'Pietatis  sincere  summeeque  humilitatis, 
nee  Dei  usquam  immemor  nee  sui,  in  silen- 
tium  quod  amavit  descendit  V.  B.'  From 
his  will  we  learn  that  he  had  a  son  who  was 
a  lieutenant  in  the  marines.  A  careful  edi- 
tion of  Bourne's  poems,  with  a  memoir  by 
the  Rev.  John  Mitford,  was  published  in  1840. 

[Southey's  Life  and  Works  of  Cowper,iii.  226, 
iv.  97-8,  vi.  201 ;  Welch's  Alumni  Westmonas- 
terienses,  ed.  1852,  pp.  252,  264;  Nichols's 
Literary  Anecdotes,  viii.  428  n. ;  Nichols's  Lite- 
rary Illustrations,  vii.  656-7;  Aikin's  Life  of 
Addison,  ii.  214;  Bourne's  Poemata,  ed.  Mit- 
ford, 1840.]  A.  H.  B. 

BOURNE  or  BOURN,  WILLIAM  (d. 

1583),  mathematician,  was  the  son  of  William 
Bourne  of  Gravesend,  who  died  1560.  The 
earliest  mention  of  the  mathematician  is  in 
the  first  charter  of  incorporation  of  Gravesend, 
granted  22  July  1562,  where  he  appears  on  the 
list  of  jurats  of  the  town.  His  name  is  also 
repeated  in  the  same*  capacity  in  the  second 
charter,  granted  5  June  1568.  It  is  worthy  of 
remark  that  the  only  records  of  the  measures 
taken  for  the  regulation  of  the  traders  of  the 
town  under  the  authority  of  the  second  charter 
are  in  the  handwriting  of  Bourne.  In  one  of 
the  presentments  of  a  jury,  touching  the  office 
of  clerk  of  the  market,  drawn  up  by  him  in 
a  tabular  form,  15  March  1571,  he  records  his 
own  name  as  Mr.  Bourne,  portreve,  one  of 
fourteen  of  the  '  Innholders  and  Tiplers  that 
were  amerced  for  selling  Beer  and  Ale  in 
Pots  of  Stone  and  Cans  not  being  quarts  full 
measure '  (CRTJDEN,  p.  208).  The  fine  in- 
flicted upon  Bourne  was  '  vid.'  This  serves 
to  show  that,  according  to  the  practice  of  the 
period,  he  engaged  in  business  as  an  inn- 
keeper. In  '  A  note  of  all  the  inhabitants, 
reseant  [i.e.  resident]  and  dwelling  in  the 
parishes  of  Gravesend  and  Milton  the  20th 
Sept.  1572-3,'  his  name  appears  once  more  as 
one  of  the  jurats,  and  as  having  paid  for  his 
freedom  of  the  Mercers'  Company  (CKUBEN, 
197).  In  the  dedication  of  his  'Treasure 
for  Travellers '  to  Sir  William  Winter,  he 
writes :  '  I  have  most  largely  tasted  of  your 
benevolence  towards  me  being  as  a  poors 
gunner  serving  under  your  worthiness.'  In 
book  iii.  cap.  9  of  the  same  work  he  describes 
himself  as  being  '  neither  Naupeger  or  Ship- 
carpenter,  neither  usuall  Seaman.'  From 
these  passages  it  is  clear  that  'he  was  not  a 
seaman  by  profession ;  as  the  offices  of  his 
patron  were  of  a  general  nature,  not  to  be  dis- 

VOL.   VI. 


charged  at  sea,  it  may  be  that  Bourne  served 
under  him  on  shore,  perhaps  as  one  of  the 
gunners  of  Gravesend  bulwark,  which  he  has 
delineated  and  referred  to  in  more  than  one 
of  his  works.  These,  from  internal  evidence, 
appear  to  have  been  written  at  Gravesend, 
his  native  town.  He  wrote  :  1.  '  An  Alma- 
nacke  and  prognostication  for  iii  yeres,  with 
serten  Rules  of  navigation,'  1567  (AEBEK,  i. 
336).  2.  '  An  Almanacke  and  prognostica- 
tion for  iii  years  .  .  .  now  newly  added  vnto 
my  late  rules  of  navigation  that  was  printed 
iiii  years  past.  Practised  at  Gravesend,  for 
the  meridian  of  London  by  William  Bourne, 
student  of  the  mathematical  sciences,'  T. 
Purfoot,  imp.  1571  (AMES,  996).  3.  'An 
Almanacke  for  ten  yeares  beginning  at  the 
yeare  1581,  with  certaine  necessarie  Rules,' 
R.  Watkins  with  J.  Roberts,  imp.  1580 
(AMES,  1025).  4.  '  A  Regiment  of  the  Sea  : 
conteyning  .  .  .  Rules,  Mathematical  experi- 
ences, and  perfect  Knowledge  of  Navigation 
for  all  Coastes  and  Countreys :  most  needfull 
and  necessarie  for  all  Seafaring  Men  and 
Travellers,  as  Pilots,  Mariners,  Merchants, 
&c.,'  T.  Dawson  and  T.  Gardyner  for  lohn 
Wight,  imp.  [1573].  It  is  dedicated  to  the 
Earl  of  Lincoln,  lord  high  admiral,  whose^ 
arms  are  given  in  his  flag  flying  at  the  maintop 
of  a  large  ship-of-war  on  the  title-page.  This 
work,  by  which  Bourne  is  best  known,  passed 
through  several  editions,  viz.,  1580,  pos- 
thumous 1584,  1587,  1592  (corrected  by  T. 
Hood),  1596,  and  1643.  5.  '  A  booke  called 
the  Treasure  for  Travellers,  divided  into  five 
Bookes  or  partes,  conteynyng  very  necessary 
matters,  for  all  sortes  of  Travailers,  eyther  by 
Sea  or  Lande,'  Thomas  Woodcocke,  imp. 
1578.  It  is  dedicated  to  l  Syr  William  Win- 
ter, knight,  Maister  of  the  Queenes  Maiesties 
Ordinaunce  by  Sea,  Survaior  of  her  highnesse 
marine  causes,'  whose  arms  and  crest  are 
given  on  verso  of  the  title-page.  6.  Another 
edition,  under  the  title  of  '  A  Mate  for  Mari- 
ners,' 1641  (CRUDEN,  p.  209).  7.  '  The  Arte 
of  Shooting  in  great  Ordnance,  conteyning 
very  necessary  matters  for  all  sortes  of  Ser- 
vitoures,  eyther  by  Sea  or  by  Lande,'  Thos. 
Woodcocke,  imp.  1587.  It  is  dedicated  to '  Lord 
Ambrose  Dudley,  Earle  of  Warwick  .  .  . 
Generall  of  the  Queen's  Maiesties  Ordnance 
within  her  highnesse  Realme  and  Dominions.' 
Other  editions,  1596  (CKTJDEN)  and  1643. 
That  1587  is  not  the  date  of  its  composition 
is  certain,  as  the  license  for  printing  was 
granted  to  H.  Bynnemann  22  July  1578 
(AMES,  992 ;  ARBEK,  2, 150) ;  moreover  it  is 
referred  to  in  Bourne's  next  work :  8.  '  In- 
ventions or  Devises ;  Very  necessary  for  all 
Generalles  and  Captaines,  or  Leaders  of  men, 
as  wel  by  Sea  as  by  Land,'  Thos.  Woodcocke, 


Bourne 


34 


Bourne 


imp.  1578.  This  is  dedicated  to  '  Lorde 
Charles  Howard  of  Effingham.'  Some  of 
these  devises  are  of  peculiar  interest,  as  they 
anticipated  by  more  than  eighty  years  the 
'  Century  of  Inventions '  by  the  Marquis  of 
Worcester.  No.  21  is  supposed  to  be  the 
earliest  mention  in  our  language  of  a  ship's 
log  and  line,  the  deviser  of  which  was  Hum- 
prey  Cole,  of  the  Mint  in  the  Tower.  No.  75 
is  a  night  signal  or  telegraph,  afterwards  used 
by  Captain  John  Smith,  and  for  which  he  ob- 
tained such  renown.  No.  110  seems  to  be  a 
curious  anticipation  of  the  telescope,  appa- 
rently borrowed  from  the  Pantometria  by 
Digges  (1571),  while  some  have  been  brought 
forward  as  new  discoveries  at  Gravesend 
within  the  present  century. 

Of  Bourne's  manuscripts  three  are  ex- 
tant :  1.  '  The  Property  or  Qualytyes  of 
Glaces  [glasses],  Acordyng  vnto  ye  severall 
mackyng  pollychynge  &  gryndyng  of  them ' 
(Brit.  Mus.  'Lansd.,'  121  (13),  printed  by 
Halliwell-Phillipps).  2.  '  A  dyscourse  as 
tochying  ye  Q.  maejisties  Shypes.'  Brit  Mus. 
'  Lansd.,'29  (20).  All  doubt  as  to  the  author- 
ship is  obviated  by  a  reference  to  his  f  Inven- 
tions and  devises '  to  be  found  in  it.  3.  A 
m manuscript  in  three  parts  (1)  'Of  Certayne 
principall  matters  belonging  vnto  great  Ord- 
nance ; '  (2) '  Certayne  conclusions  of  the  skale 
of  the  backside  of  the  Astrolabe ; '  (3)  '  A  litle 
briefe  note  howe  for  to  measure  plattformes 
and  bodyes  and  so  foorth'  (Brit.  Mus. 
'  Sloane,'  3651).  Dedicated  to  Lord  Burleigh. 
The  substance  of  this  manuscript  is  to  be 
found  in  '  Shooting  in  Great  Ordnance  '  and 
'  Treasure  for  Travellers ; '  it,  however,  con- 
tains two  unpublished  drafts  in  Bourne's 
hand  :  a  small  one  of  the  Thames  and  Med- 
way,  and  another  on  a  larger  scale  of  the 
Thames  near  Gravesend,  with  '  plattformes  ' 
for  the  defence  of  the  river.  A  short  study 
of  his  writings  serves  to  show  that  Bourne 
was  a  self-taught  genius,  who,  although  he 
had  mastered  mathematics  as  then  under- 
stood in  all  its  branches,  did  not  always  suc- 
ceed in  setting  forth  his  acquired  knowledge 
in  fairly  good  English.  His  sentiments,  as 
expressed  in  his  several  addresses  to  <ye 
gentell  reader,'  are  as  pious  as  they  are  pa- 
triotic, the  little  incident  of  the  fine  not- 
withstanding, which  arose  doubtless  from  the 
negligence  of  his  servants  or  from  preoccu- 
pation. He  died  22  March  1582-3,  leaving 
a  widow  and  four  sons. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.,  1748;  Ames's  Typogr. 
Antiq.,  1785;  Hutton,  Math,  and  Philos.  Diet., 
1815,  i.  244;  Halliwell-Phillipps's  Kara  Mathe- 
matica,  1839, p.  32  ;  Cruden's  Hist,  of  Gravesend, 
1843,  pp.  207-12  ;  Arber's  Register  of  Company 
of  Stationers,  1875,  4to.]  C.  H.  C. 


BOURNE,      WILLIAM      STURGES- 

(1769-1845),  politician,  the  only  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  Sturges,  D.D.,  chancellor  of  the 
diocese  of  Winchester,  by  Judith,  daughter 
of  Richard  Bourne,  of  Acton  Hall.  Worcester, 
was  born  on  7  Nov.  1769.  After  having 
been  at  a  private  school  near  Winchester, 
where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Canning, 
he  entered  the  college  where  he  remained  as 
a  commoner  until  1786.  In  the  Michaelmas 
term  of  that  year  he  matriculated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  and  as  Canning  was  at 
the  same  house,  their  friendship  was  re- 
newed and  never  interrupted.  His  degrees 
were  B.A.  26  June  1790,  M.A.  28  June 
1793,  and  D.C.L.  15  June  1831.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  on  23  Nov. 
1793,  and  entered  into  public  life  as  member 
for  Hastings  on  3  July  1798.  During  his 
parliamentary  career  he  represented  many 
constituencies  in  turn :  Christchurch  from 
1802  to  1812  and  from  1818  to  1826,  Bandon 
1815-18,  Ashburton  1826-30,  and  Milburne 
Port  1830-1.  On  the  death  in  1803  of  his 
uncle,  Francis  Bourne,  who  had  assumed  the 
name  of  Page,  the  bulk  of  his  wealth  came 
to  Sturges,  coupled  with  the  condition  that 
he  should  assume  the  name  of  Bourne.  He 
refused  the  post  of  under-secretary  of  the 
home  department  in  1801,  but  acted  as  joint- 
secretary  of  the  treasury  from  1804  to  1806, 
and  as  a  lord  of  the  treasury  from  1807  to 
1809,  when  he  resigned  with  Canning.  In 
1814  he  was  created  an  unpaid  commissioner 
for  Indian  affairs,  was  raised  to  the  privy 
council,  and  from  1818  to  1822  served  as  a 
salaried  commissioner.  Sturges-Bourne  had 
more  than  once  refused  higher  office  in  the 
state ;  but  on  the  formation,  in  April  1827,. 
of  Canning's  administration  he  consented  to 
hold  the  seals  of  the  home  department.  He 
only  retained  this  place  until  July  in  the  same 
year.  When  he  resigned  the  home  depart- 
ment in  favour  of  Lord  Lansdowne,  he  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  commissioner  of  woods 
and  forests,  and  retained  his  seat  in  the  ca- 
binet. In  January  1828  he  resigned  all  his 
offices  with  the  exception  of  the  post  of  lord 
warden  of  the  New  Forest,  and  in  February 
1831  he  retired  from  parliament.  His  name 
is  commemorated  by  an  act  for  the  regulation 
of  vestries  passed  in  1818  (58  Geo.  Ill,  c.  69), 
which  is  still  in  force,  and  is  usually  called 
after  him  Sturges-Bourne's  Act.  He  died  at 
Testwood  House,  near  Southampton,  on  1  Feb. 
1845,  and  was  buried  at  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral. He  married,  on  2  Feb.  1808,  Anne, 
third  daughter  of  Oldfield  Bowles  of  North 
Aston,  Oxford.  His  manner  was  not  impres- 
sive, and  his  speech  was  ineffective ;  but  he 
had  much  knowledge  of  public  affairs,  and  his 


Boutel 


35 


Boutell 


opinions  were  highly  valued  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

[Gent.  Mag.  (1808),  169,  (1845)  pt.  i.  433-4, 
661 ;  Stapleton's  Canning,  iii.  343,  426  ;  Return 
of  Members  of  Parliament.]  W.  P.  C. 

BOTJTEL,  MKS.  (fi.  1663-1696),  actress, 
joined,  soon  after  its  formation,  the  company  at 
the  Theatre  Royal,  subsequently  Drury  Lane, 
and  was  accordingly  one  of  the  first  women 
to  appear  on  the  stage.  Her  earliest  recorded 
appearance  took  place  presumably  in  1663  or 
1664,  as  Estifania  in  '  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have 
a  Wife.'  She  remained  on  the  stage  until 
1696,  '  creating,'  among  other  characters, 
Melantha  in  '  Marriage  a  la  Mode,'  Mrs. 
Pinchwife  in  Wycherley's  '  Country  Wife,' 
Fidelia  in  'The  Plain  Dealer,'  Statira  in 
Lee's  'Rival  Queens,'  Cleopatra  in  Dry- 
den's  '  All  for  Love,'  and  Mrs.  Termagant  in 
Shadwell's  'Squire  of  Alsatia.'  Gibber 
somewhat  curiously  omits  from  his ( Apology ' 
all  mention  of  her  name.  In  the  '  History 
of  the  Stage '  which  bears  the  name  of  Bet- 
terton,  Mrs.  Boutel  is  described  as  a  '  very 
considerable  actress,'  low  of  stature,  with 
very  agreeable  features,  a  good  complexion, 
a  childish  look,  and  a  voice  which,  though 
weak,  was  very  mellow.  l  She  generally 
acted/  says  the  same  authority,  '  the  young 
innocent  lady  whom  all  the  heroes  are  mad 
in  love  with,'  and  was  a  great  favourite  with 
the  town.  A  well-known  story  concerning 
her  is  that,  having  in  the  character  of  Sta- 
tira obtained  from  the  property-man  a  veil 
to  which  Mrs.  Barry,  the  representative 
of  Roxana,  thought  herself  entitled,  much 
heat  of  passion  was  engendered  between  the 
two  actresses,  and  Mrs.  Barry  dealt  so  for- 
cible a  blow  with  a  dagger  as  to  pierce 
through  Mrs.  Boutel's  stays,  and  inflict  a 
wound  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length. 
Davies,  in  his  '  Dramatic  Miscellanies,'  vol. 
ii.  p.  404,  speaks  of  Mrs.  Boutel  as  *  celebra- 
ted for  the  gentler  parts  in  tragedy  such  as 
Aspatia  in  the  ''  Maid's  Tragedy." '  After  the 
union  of  the  companies,  1682,  her  recorded 
appearances  are  few.  The  last  took  place  in 
1696,  as  Thomyris  in  '  Cyrus  the  Great.' 
She  appears  to  have  lived  in  comfort  for 
some  years  subsequently. 

[G-enest's  History  of  the  Stage  ;  Downe's  Ros- 
cius  Anglicanus ;  Davies's  Dramatic  Miscellanies ; 
Betterton's  History  of  the  English  Stage  (ed. 
Curll),  1741.]  J.  K. 

BOUTELL,  CHARLES  (1812-1877), 
archaeologist,  born  at  St.  Mary  Pulham,  Nor- 
folk, on  1  Aug.  1812,  was  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  Boutell,  afterwards  rector  of 
Litcham  and  East  Lexham.  He  was  B.A. 


of  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  1834 ;  incorporated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  M.A.,  1836  ; 
took  priest's  orders,  1839 ;  and  was  after- 
wards curate  of  Hemsby,  Norfolk;  Sand- 
ridge,  Hertfordshire  ;  Hampton,  Middlesex ; 
and  Litcham,  Norfolk ;  rector  of  Downham 
Market  and  vicar  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen, 
Wiggenshall,  Norfolk ;  and  rector  of  Nor- 
wood, Surrey.  His  works  on  archaeology 
and  mediaeval  heraldry  are  numerous.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  St.  Albans  Architectural 
Society,  and  one  of  the  founders,  in  1855, 
of  the  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological 
Society,  of  which  he  was  honorary  secretary 
for  a  few  months  in  1857,  but  was  dismissed 
under  very  painful  circumstances  (London 
and  Middlesex  Arch.  Soc.  Trans,  i.  209, 
316).  His  life  was  one  of  continuous  trouble, 
and  at  length,  after  two  years  of  declining 
health,  he  died  of  a  ruptured  heart  on 
11  Aug.  1877. 

His  antiquarian  works  are :  1.  Descriptive 
and  Historical  Notices  to  'Illustrations  of 
the  Early  Domestic  Architecture  of  Eng- 
land,' drawn  and  arranged  by  John  Britton, 
F.S.A.,  &c.,  London,  1846.  This  book  is  a 
small  octavo,  with  a  folding  plate  nine  times 
its  size.  2.  '  Monumental  Brasses  and  Slabs 
.  .  .  of  the  Middle  Ages,  with  numerous  il- 
lustrations,' London,  1847,  8vo,  pp.  236. 
Consisting  of  papers  read  to  the  St.  Albans 
Architectural  Society,  with  illustrations. 
3.  'Monumental  Brasses  of  England,'  de- 
scriptive notices  illustrative  of  a  series  of 
wood  engravings  by  R.  B.  Utting,  London, 
1849, 8vo.  4.  '  Christian  Monuments  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales  from  the  Era  of  the  Norman 
Conquest,'  with  numerous  illustrations,  Lon- 
don, 1849.  5.  '  A  Manual  of  British  Archaeo- 
logy,' illustrated  by  Orlando  Jewitt,  London, 
1858,  4to,  pp.  384.  6.  'A  Manual  of  He- 
raldry, Historical  and  Popular,'  with  700 
illustrations,  London,  1863,  8vo.  A  second 
edition  was  called  for  in  two  months,  and 
published  as :  7.  '  Heraldry,  Historical  and 
Popular,'  with  850  illustrations,  London, 

1863.  8.  The  third  edition,  revised  and  en- 
larged, same  title,  975  illustrations,  London, 

1864.  9.  'The  Enamelled  Heraldic  Shield 
of  Wm.  de  Valence,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  1296, 
from  .  .  .  Westminster  Abbey,  drawn  by 
Luke  Berrington,  with  descriptive  notice  by 
Charles  Boutell,  M.A.,'  London,  1864,  large 
folio.     10.  'English  Heraldry,'  illustrated, 
London,  1867,  8vo.     This  is  a  cheaper  ar- 
rangement of  his  larger  work,  for  the  use  of 
architects,  sculptors,  painters,  and  engravers ; 
a  fourth   edition   of  it   appeared  in   1879. 
11.  'Arms  and  Armour  in  Antiquity  and 
the  Middle  Ages.     Also  a  descriptive  notice 
of  Modern  Weapons.    Translated  from  the 

D2 


Boutflower 


Bouverie 


French  of  M.  P.  Lacombe,'  illustrated,  Lon- 
don, 1874, 8vo — preface,  notes,  and  a  chapter 
on  English  Arms  and  Armour  by  Boutell. 
12.  '  Arts  and  the  Artistic  Manufactures  of 
Denmark/  illustrated,  London,  1874,  large 
4to.  13.  l  Gold-working '  in  '  British  Manu- 
facturing Industries,'  edited  by  G.  P.  Bevan, 
F.G.S.,  London,  1876,  8vo.  Besides  these 
antiquarian  works  he  published  '  The  Hero 
and  his  Example,'  a  sermon  on  the  Duke 
of  Wellington's  death,  preached  at  Litcham 
when  curate  under  his  father,  London,  1852, 
8vo;  'An  Address  to  District  Visitors/ 
&c.,  London,  1854,  8vo  ;  '  A  Bible  Diction- 
ary .  .  .  Holy  Scriptures  and  Apocrypha/ 
London,  1871,  thick  8vo ;  since  republished 
as '  Haydn's  Bible  Dictionary,'  London,  1879. 
A  work  written  by  his  daughter,  Mary  E.  0. 
Boutell,  *  Picture  Natural  History,  including 
Zoology,  Fossils,  and  Botany/  with  upwards 
of  600  illustrations,  London  [1869],  4to,  has 
a  preface  and  introduction  by  him.  In  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine/  1866,  he  wrote  a 
series  of  articles  on  '  Our  Early  National 
Portraits/  and  many  papers  of  his  on  church 
monuments,  heraldry,  &c.,  will  be  found  in 
the  journals  of  the  Archaeological  Institute 
and  Association. 

[Boutell's  "Works;  Lond.  and  Mid.  Archseol. 
Soc.  Trans,  vol.  i. :  Athenaeum,  11  Aug.  1877.1 

J.  W.-G. 

BOUTFLOWER,    HENRY    CREWE 

(1796-1863),  Hulsean  essayist,  was  the  son 
of  John  Boutflower,  surgeon,  of  Salford,  and 
was  born  25  Oct.  1796.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Manchester  grammar  school,  and  in  1815 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  In 
1816  he  gained  the  Hulsean  theological  prize. 
The  degrees  of  B.  A.  and  M.  A.  were  conferred 
on  him  in  1819  and  1822,  and  he  was  ordained 
in  1821,  when  he  became  curate  at  Elmdon 
near  Birmingham,  having  previously  acted  as 
assistant-master  at  the  Manchester  grammar 
school.  In  1823  he  was  elected  to  the  head- 
mastership  of  the  Bury  school,  Lancashire, 
and  in  1832  was  presented  to  the  perpetual 
curacy  of  St.  John's  Church  in  that  town. 
He  was  highly  respected  there  as  an  able 
and  conscientious  clergyman  and  a  good 
preacher.  The  rectory  of  Elmdon,  where  he 
first  exercised  his  ministry,  was  offered  to  and 
accepted  by  him  in  1857,  and  he  held  it  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  4  June  1863,  while 
on  a  visit  at  West  Felton  vicarage,  Salop. 
He  was  buried  at  Elmdon.  He  collected  ma- 
terials for  a  history  of  Bury,  which  he  left  in 
manuscript.  His  Hulsean  prize  essay,  which 
was  published  in  1817  at  Cambridge,  was  en- 
titled '  The  Doctrine  of  the  Atonement  agree- 
able to  Reason.'  He  also  published  a  sermon 


on  the  death  of  William  IV,  1837,  and  other 
sermons. 

[Manchester  School  Eegister,  published  by  the 
Chetham  Society,  iii.  13-15].  W.  C.  S. 

BOUVERIE,  SIR  HENRY  FREDE- 
RICK (1783-1852),  general,  was  the  third 
son  of  the  Hon.  Edward  Bouverie,  of  Delapr6 
Abbey,  near  Northampton,  M.P.  for  Salisbury 
from  1761  to  1775,  and  for  Northampton  from 
1790  to  1807,  who  was  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Jacob  Bouverie,  first  Viscount  Folkestone, 
and  brother  of  the  first  Earl  of  Radnor.  Henry 
Frederick  was  born  on  11  July  1783.  He 
was  gazetted  an  ensign  in  the  2nd  or  Cold- 
stream  guards  on  23  Oct.  1799,  and  served 
with  the  brigade  of  guards  under  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby  in  Egypt.  In  1807  he  acted  as 
aide-de-camp  to  the  Earl  of  Rosslyn  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  in  1809  accompanied  Sir  Arthur 
Wellesley  to  Portugal  in  the  same  capacity, 
and  was  present  at  the  Douro  and  at  Talavera. 
He  acted  for  a  short  time  as  military  secretary, 
but  on  being  promoted  captain  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  June  1810  he  gave  up  his  post  on 
Lord  Wellington's  personal  staff,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  staff  of  the  army  as  assistant 
adjutant-general  to  the  fourth  division.  He 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Salamanca, 
Vittoria,  the  Nive,  and  Orthes,  and  at  the 
storming  of  San  Sebastian,  and  was  parti- 
cularly mentioned  in  both  Sir  Rowland  Hill's 
and  the  Marquis  of  Wellington's  despatches 
for  his  services  at  the  battle  of  the  Nive. 
On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  was  made  an 
extra  aide-de-camp  to  the  king  and  a  colonel 
in  the  army  in  June  1814,  and  a  K.C.B.  in 
January  1815.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  1825,  and  was  appointed  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  island  of  Malta 
on  1  Oct.  1836.  His  governorship,  which  he 
retained  till  June  1843,  was  uneventful,  and 
at  its  close  he  was  made  a  G.C.M.G.  He  had 
been  promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1838, 
appointed  colonel  of  the  97th  regiment  in 
1843,  and  made  a  G.C.B.  on  6  April  1852. 
Just  as  he  was  preparing  to  leave  his  country 
seat,  Woolbeding  House,  near  Midhurst  in 
Sussex,  to  attend  the  funeral  of  his  old  com- 
mander-in-chief, the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
apparently  in  his  usual  health,  he  suddenly 
fell  ill  from  excitement  and  sorrow,  and  died 
on  14  Nov.  1852. 

[Royal  Military  Calendar ;  Times,  Obituary 
Notice,  17  Nov.  1852.]  H.  M.  S. 

BOUVERIE,  WILLIAM  PLEYDELL- 

(1779-1869),  third  EARL  RADNOR,  a  distin- 
guished whig  politician,  was  born  in  London 
on  11  May  1779,  descended  from  a  Huguenot 
family  which  settled  in  Canterbury  in  the  six- 


1 


Bouverie 


37 


Bovey 


teenth  century.     He  was  partly  educated  in 
France.   When  quite  a  boy  he  was  presented 
to  Louis  XVI  and  Queen  Marie  Antoinette, 
and  he   subsequently   witnessed   the   early 
scenes  of  the  French  revolution.  He  returned 
to  England  a  staunch  advocate  of  popular 
rights,  and   entered  parliament  in  1801  as 
representative   for    the    family  borough   of 
Downton,  and  boldly  ventured  into  the  front 
ranks  of  opposition.     In  1802  he  was  re- 
turned for  Salisbury,  and  sat  for  that  borough 
as  Viscount  Folkestone  until  he  succeeded  to 
the  title  of  Radnor  in  the  year  1828.   During 
this  long  period  he  uniformly  advocated  ad- 
vanced liberal  principles.    He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  impeachment  of  Lord  Melville, 
the  proposed   inquiry   into   Wellesley's   al- 
leged abuse  of  power  in  India,  and  Wardle's 
charges  against  the  Duke  of  York ;   he  was 
an  active  assailant  of  corporal  punishment  in 
the  army,  excessive  use  of  ex-ojficio  informa- 
tion against  the  press,  attempts  to  exclude 
strangers  from  the  House  of  Commons,  en- 
deavours to  coerce  the  people  in  times  of 
distress,  and   any  process  which   aimed  at 
limiting  public   freedom.     He  opposed  the 
treaty  of  Amiens,  and  the  proposal  to  pay  Mr. 
Pitt's  debts.     He  warmly  resisted  the  im- 
position of  the  corn  laws  in  1815,  and  in 
1819  the  arbitrary  coercive  measures  of  Lord 
Castlereagh.    Upon  his  removal  to  the  upper 
house,  Radnor  continued  his  active  support 
of  all  measures  bearing  on  social  ameliora- 
tion.   He  made  two  vigorous  but  unsuccessful 
endeavours  to  promote  university  reform,  the 
first  in  1835,  by  the  introduction  of  a  bill  for 
abolishing  subscription   to   the  Thirty-nine 
Articles ;  secondly,  two  years  later,  with  a 
measure  for  revising  the  statutes  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  universities.    One  of  his  later  par- 
liamentary efforts  (1845)  was  to  enter  a  lords' 
protest   against  an   Allotment   Bill,  which 
he  maintained  would  strike  at  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  agricultural  labourer  and  have  a 
tendency  to  lower  wages.     Radnor  offered 
the  borough  of  Downton  to  Robert  Southey 
in  1826,  and  subsequently  to  Mr.  Shaw-Le- 
fevre,  stipulating  on  each  occasion  that  the 
member  should  vote  for  its  disfranchisement. 
He  never  held  office. 

Radnor  gradually  withdrew  from  the  scene 
of  his  political  career,  and  devoted  himself 
to  agricultural  pursuits  and  to  the  duties 
of  a  country  gentleman.  He  was  long  as- 
sociated, both  in  political  views  and  on  terms 
of  private  friendship,  with  William  Cobbett. 
It  has  been  said  that  he  was  the  only  man 
with  whom  Cobbett  never  quarrelled.  He 
did  not  pretend  to  be  an  orator,  but  he  was 
always  attentively  listened  to.  Some  of  his 
speeches  may  still  be  read  in  'Hansard' with 


considerable  interest,  notably  that  of  March 

1835  in  support  of  his  proposal  to  abolish 

subscription.    He  died  9  April  1869,  at  the 

j  age  of  ninety,  leaving  behind  him  a  name 

I  distinguished  by  unwearied  generosity  and 

devotion  to  the  welfare  of  his  countrymen. 

Radnor  married  in  1800  Lady  Catherine 
Pelham  Clinton,  who  died  in  1804;  and 
secondly,  in  1814,  Judith,  daughter  of  Sir 
Henry  Mildmay. 

[Eandom  Recollections  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
pp.  290-4 ;  Swindon  Advertiser,  April  12  and  19 ; 
Salisbury  and  "Winchester  Journal,  April  17 ; 
Wilts  County  Mirror,  April  14  ;  Times,  April  12, 
1869;  Cobbett's  Register,  passim;  Journal  of 
Thomas  Raikes,  Esq.,  ii.  169,  iii.  159;  Romilly's 
Memoirs,  ii.  380,  iii.  329;  Southey's  Life  and 
Correspondence,  v.  261  j  William  Cobbett,  a 
Biography  (1878),  ii.  23,  49,  97,  112,  231,  264, 
277.]  E.  S. 

BOUYER,    REYNOLD    GIDEON    (d. 

1826),  archdeacon  of  Northumberland,  was 
educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  (LL.B. 
1769) ;  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Preston 
in  the  church  of  Sarum,  1785  ;  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Howick  and  the  vicarage  of  North 
Allerton,  with  the  chapelries  of  Brompton 
and  Dighton,  all  in  the  diocese  of  Durham ; 
was  collated  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Northum- 
berland, 9  May  1812;  and  died,  20  Jan. 
1826.  He  published  two  occasional  dis- 
courses, but  is  remembered  for  the  parochial 
libraries  which  he  established  at  his  own 
expense  in  every  parish  in  Northumberland. 
They  contained  upwards  of  30,000  volumes, 
which  cost  him  about  1,400/.,  although  he 
was  supplied  with  them  by  the  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge  at 
40  per  cent,  under  prime  cost.  These  useful 
libraries  were  placed  under  the  care  of  the 
parochial  ministers,  and  the  books  were  lent 
gratuitously  to  the  parishioners. 

[Funeral  Sermon  by  W.  K  Darnell,  B.D., 
Durham,  1826;  Richardson's  Local  Historian's 
Table  Book  (Hist.  Div.),  iii.  323;  Graduati 
Cantab.  (1856),  43;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy), 
ii.  678,  iii.  308.]  T.  C. 

BOVEY   or  BOEVEY,  CATHARINA 

(1669-1726),  charitable  lady,  was  born  in 
London  in  1669,  her  father  being  John  Riches, 
a  very  wealthy  merchant  there  (WiLFOKD, 
Memorials  of  Eminent  Persons,  p.  746,  Epi- 
taph), originally  of  Amsterdam,  and  her 
mother  being  a  daughter  of  Sir  Bernard  de 
Gomme,  also  of  Holland,  surveyor  of  ordnance 
to  Charles  II,  and  delineator  of  the  maps  of 
Naseby,  &c.  (Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser. 
ix.  221-2).  Catharina  was  a  great  beauty.  In 
<  The  New  Atlantis '  of  1736  (iii.  208  et  seq.), 
where  she  is  called  Portia,  she  is  described  as 


Bovey 


Bovill 


'  one  of  those  lofty,  black,  and  lasting  beauties 
that  strike  with  reverence  and  yet  delight/ 
and  in  1684  she  was  married  to  William  Bovey 
or  Boevey,  of  Flaxley  Hall,  Gloucestershire. 
He  was  given  to  l  excesses,  both  in  debauch 
and  ill-humour,'  bringing  much  suffering  to 
his  wife ;  she  never  complained,  however,  but 
supported  it  all '  like  a  martyr,  cheerful  under 
her  very  sufferings '  (ift.).  In  1691,  when 
Mrs.  Bovey  was  only  twenty-two,  Mr.  Bovey 
died,  leaving  her  mistress  of  his  estate  of 
Flaxley  (Magna  Britannia,  1720,  ii.  834) ; 
and  as  she  was  also  the  sole  heiress  to  her 
wealthy  father  (BALLAKD,  British  Ladies,  p. 
439),  she  was  at  once  the  centre  of  a  crowd  of 
wooers.  Mrs.  Bovey  would  listen  to  none. 
About  1686  she  had  formed  a  strong  friend- 
ship with  a  Mrs.  Mary  Pope ;  and  seeing  ample 
scope  for  a  life  of  active  benefactions,  she  asso- 
ciated Mrs.  Pope  with  her  in  her  good  works. 
She  distributed  to  the  poor,  relieved  prisoners, 
and  taught  the  children  of  her  neighbours. 
Her  gifts,  which  included  the  purchase  of  an  es- 
tate to  augment  the  income  of  Flaxley  Church 
(FosBROKE,  Gloucestershire,  ii.  177  e't  seq.),  a 
legacy  to  Bermuda,  and  bequests  to  two  schools 
at  Westminster,  are  duly  enumerated  in  her 
epitaph  at  Flaxley.  Particulars  of  her  habits, 
and  of  how  she  dispensed  her  charities,  ap- 
pear in  H.  G.  Nicholls's  '  Forest  of  Dean,'  pp. 
185  et  seq. 

In  1702  Dr.  Hickes,  in  the  preface  (p.  xlvii) 
to  '  Linguarum  Septentrionalium  Thesaurus/ 
calls  Mrs.  Bovey  'Angliee  nostree  Hypatia 
Christiana.'  In  1714,  Steele  prefixed  an 
'  Epistle  Dedicatory '  to  her  to  the  second 
volume  of  the  '  Ladies'  Library.'  i  Do  not 
believe  that  I  have  many  such  as  Portia  to 
speak  of,'  said  the  writer  of  '  The  New  At- 
lantis'  (p.  212);  and  the  repute  of  her  happy 
ways  and  generous  deeds  had  not  died  out  in 
1807,  when  Fosbroke  ( Gloucestershire,^.  179) 
wrote  of  her  as  '  a  very  learned,  most  exem- 
plary, and  excellent  woman.'  She  died  at 
Flaxley  Hall  on  Saturday,  18  Jan.  1726,  and 
was  buried '  in  a  most  private  manner,'  accor- 
ding to  her  own  directions  (Gent.  Mag.  Ixii. 
pt.  ii.  703). 

A  monument  was  erected  to  Mrs.  Bovey 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  by  her  friend  Mrs 
Pope,  shortly  after  her  death ;  and  it  was 
there  certainly  as  late  as  1750.  Ballard 
who  calls  it  'a  beautiful  honorary  marble 
monument,'  writes  to  a  friend  asking  him  to 
copy  the  inscription  for  him,  telling  him  i1 
is  on  the  north  side  (  NICHOLS,  Lit.  Illustr.  iv. 
223).  It  is  copied  in  Ballard's  '  Ladies  '  anc 
in  Wilford's  'Memorials;'  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  Mrs.  Bovey  or  the  monument,  how- 
ever, either  in  Walcott's  '  Memorials  of  West- 
minster,' 1851,  or  in  Stanley's  '  Westminster 


Abbey/  fifth  edition,  1882.  Mrs.  Bovey  was 
)y  some  thought  to  be  the  widow  who  was 
nexorable  to  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  in  '  The 
Spectator'  (Gent.  Mag.  Ixii.  pt.  ii.  703). 

[Wilford's  Memorials  of  Eminent  Persons, 
pp.  745,  746  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  ix. 
221-2;  Nicholls's  Forest  of  Dean,  pp.  185  et 
seq. ;  The  New  Atlantis,  ed.  1736,  iii.  208  etseq. ; 
Fosbroke's  Gloucestershire,  1807,  ii.  177  et  seq.; 
Ballard's  British  Ladies,  437  et  seq. ;  Steele's 
Ladies'  Library,  Preface,  1714  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1792, 
Ixii.  pt.  ii.  703.1  J.  H. 

BOVILL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1814-1873), 
judge,  was  a  younger  son  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Bo- 
vill of  Durnford  Lodge,  Wimbledon,  and  was 
born  at  Allhallows,  Barking,  on  26  May  1814. 
He  was  not  a  member  of  any  university,  but 
began  his  legal  career  by  accepting  articles 
with  a  firm  of  solicitors  in  the  city  of  London. 
'At  an  early  age/  says  a  fellow-pupil,  <  he  was 
remarkable  for  the  zeal  with  which  he  pursued 
his  legal  studies.'  For  a  short  time  he  prac- 
tised as  a  special  pleader  below  the  bar.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1841.  He  joined  the 
home  circuit,  and  at  a  peculiarly  favourable 
time.  Platt  had  already  gone,  and  Serjeants 
Shee  and  Channell,  and  Bramwell  and  Lush, 
the  then  leaders,  were  all  raised  to  the  bench 
within  a  few  years.  Bovill  owed  something 
to  his  early  connection  with  solicitors.  He 
was  also  connected  with  a  firm  of  manufac- 
turers in  the  east  end  of  London,  and  so  be- 
came familiar  with  the  details  of  engineering. 
Hence  he  in  time  acquired  a  considerable, 
though  far  from  an  exclusive,  patent  practice, 
and  was  largely  engaged  in  commercial  cases. 
Still  it  was  somewhat  remarkable  that,  almost 
alone  among  large  city  firms,  Messrs.  Hoi- 
lams,  one  of  the  largest,  never  were  clients 
of  his.  He  became  a  Q.C.  in  1855,  and, 
being  very  popular  in  his  circuit  towns,  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Guildford  in  1857.  In  poli- 
tics he  was  a  conservative,  but  did  not  take 
any  leading  part  in  the  House  of  Commons 
for  some  years.  He  was,  however,  zealous  in 
legal  reforms,  and  two  useful  acts,  the  Pe- 
tition of  Right  Act,  23  &  24  Viet.,  and  the 
Partnership  Law  Amendment  Act,  28  & 
29  Viet.,  bear  his  name.  In  1865,  too,  he 
urged  the  concentration  of  all  the  law  courts 
into  one  building,  and  in  1866  pressed  for  more 
convenient  and  suitable  provision  for  the  li- 
brary of  the  Patent  Office.  On  6  July  1866, 
when  Sir  Fitzroy  Kelly  was  made  lord  chief 
baron,  Bovill  was  appointed  solicitor-general 
in  Lord  Derby's  last  administration ;  but  he 
held  office  only  for  five  months,  and  in  No- 
vember of  the  same  year  succeeded  Sir  Wil- 
liam Erie  as  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas. 


Bovillus 


39 


Bowater 


A  few  months  previously  he  had  been  elected 
treasurer  of  the  Middle  Temple,  but  on  being 
raised  to  the  bench  he  resigned  that  office.  In 
1870  he  was  made  honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford, 
and  he  was  also  F.R.S.  He  became  most 
familiar  to  the  public  during  the  first  Tich- 
borne  trial,  which  took  place  before  him.  At 
its  conclusion  he  ordered  the  plaintiff  to  be 
indicted  for  perjury,  admitting  him  to  bail  in 
5,000£  for  himself  and  two  sureties  of  2,500£ 
each.  In  January  1873  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  judicature  commission ;  but 
going  the  midland  circuit  in  March  he  did  not 
long  act  upon  it.  For  some  weeks  before  his 
death  he  was  in  ill-health,  but  was  thought  to 
be  recovering  when,  on  1  Nov.,  he  died  at  noon 
at  his  residence,  Coombe  House,  Kingston, 
Surrey,  for  which  county  he  was  many  years 
a  magistrate.  He  was  of  the  best  type  of  the 
non-university  judge ;  very  few  were  more 
learned,  though  some  might  be  more  eloquent ; 
but  in  advocacy  no  one  at  the  common  law 
bar  surpassed  him.  At  nisi  prius  he  displayed 
great  force  and  energy,  a  great  grasp  of  facts, 
and  a  very  acute  perception  of  the  true  point 
of  a  case.  In  argument  before  a  court  in  bane 
he  was  logical,  skilful,  and  authoritative.  His 
memory  and  industry  were  alike  great,  and 
he  was  scrupulous  in  attending  to  all  cases 
that  he  undertook,  often  returning  briefs  in 
preference  to  neglecting  them.  If  not  one 
of  the  great  judges  whose  tradition  is  handed 
down  for  generations,  he  was  unsurpassed  in 
his  practical  mastery  of  commercial  law.  His 
successor,  the  attorney-general,  Sir  John  Cole- 
ridge, said  of  him  :  '  Not  a  single  day  passes 
that  I  do  not  long  for  some  portion  of  his  great 
and  vigorous  capacity,  and  for  his  remarkable 
command  of  the  whole  field  of  our  great  pro- 
fession.' His  defect  as  a  judge  was  a  too  great 
confidence  that  he  had  apprehended  the  point 
and  the  merits  of  a  case  at  nisi  prius  before 
hearing  the  evidence  out,  but  with  time  he 
got  rid  of  it.  Always  patient,  courteous,  and 
genial,  and  very  kind  to  junior  counsel,  he 
was  much  lamented  by  the  profession.  He 
married  in  1844  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of 
Mr.  John  Henry  Bolton,  of  Lee  Park,  Black- 
heath,  by  whom  he  had  a  large  family.  One 
of  his  sons  he  appointed  in  1868  clerk  of  as- 
size of  the  western  circuit. 

[Times,  1  Nov.  1873  ;  Law  Journal,  viii.  657, 
ix.  365  ;  Law  Magazine,  2nd  ser.  xxii.  362,  3rd 
ser.  ii.  79,  368,  iii.  28 ;  Annual  Register,  1873 ; 
Hansard,  10  Feb.  1865,  9  April  1866;  Quarterly 
Eeview,  v.  139,  404,  409.]  J.  A.  H. 

BOVILLUS.    [See  BULLOCK,  HENRY.] 

BOWACK,  JOHN  (Jl.  1737),  topogra- 
pher, was  for  many  years  a  writing-master 
at  Westminster  School.  In  1705-6,  when 


living  in  Church  Lane,  Chelsea,  he  began  to 
publish,  in  folio  numbers,  '  The  Antiquities 
of  Middlesex,  being  a  collection  of  the  several 
church  monuments  in  that  county ;  also  an 
historical  account  of  each  church  and  parish, 
with  the  seats,  villages,  and  names  of  the 
most  eminent  inhabitants.'  Of  this  work  two 
parts  appeared,  comprising  the  parishes  of 
Chelsea,  Kensington,  Fulham,  Hammersmith, 
Chiswick,  and  Acton.  A  third  part  was  pro- 
mised, which  would  have  extended  through 
Baling,  New  Brentford,  Isleworth,  and  Han- 
well  ;  but  from  want  of  encouragement  Bo- 
wack  proceeded  no  further.  A  beautiful 
specimen  of  his  skill  in  ornamental  hand- 
writing is  to  be  seen  in  Harleian  MS.  1809, 
a  thin  vellum  book,  containing  two  neat 
drawings  in  Indian  ink,  and  various  kinds  of 
English  text  and  print  hands,  which  was 
sent  to  Lord  Oxford  in  December  1712,  with 
a  letter,  wherein  the  author  expresses  the 
hope  that  his  little  work  may  find  a  place  in 
his  lordship's  library.  Bowack  was  appointed 
in  July  1732  clerk  to  the  commissioners  of 
the  turnpike  roads,  and  in  1737  assistant- 
secretary  to  the  Westminster  Bridge  com- 
missioners, with  a  salary  of  100£.  a  year. 
The  date  of  his  death  appears  to  be  un- 
known. 

[Gough's  Brit.  Topography,  i.  537-8 ;  Faulk- 
ner's Chelsea,  i.  161 ;  Gent.  Mag.  ii.  877,  vii. 
515.]  GK  G-. 

BOWATER,  SIR  EDWARD  (1787- 
1861),  lieutenant-general  and  colonel  49th 
foot,  was  descended  from  a  respectable  Co- 
ventry family,  members  of  which  were  esta- 
blished in  London  and  at  Woolwich  during 
the  last  century.  From  one  of  the  latter,  a 
landowner  of  considerable  wealth,  the  govern- 
ment purchased  most  of  the  freehold  sites 
since  occupied  by  the  artillery  and  other 
barracks,  the  military  repository  grounds,  &c., 
at  Woolwich.  Sir  Edward  was  the  only  son 
of  Admiral  Edward  Bowater,  of  Hampton 
Court,  by  his  wife  Louisa,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Lane  and  widow  of  G.  E.  Hawkins,  sergeant- 
surgeon  to  King  George  III.  He  was  born 
in  St.  James's  Palace  on  13  July  1787,  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  entered  the  army  in 
1804  as  ensign  in  the  3rd  foot  guards,  with 
which  he  served  in  the  Peninsula  from  De- 
cember 1808  to  November  1809,  in  the  Penin- 
sula and  south  of  France  from  December  1811 
to  the  end  of  the  war,  and  in  the  Waterloo 
campaign.  He  was  present  at  the  passage  of 
the  Douro,  the  capture  of  Oporto,  the  battles 
of  Talavera,  Salamanca,  and  Vittoria,  the 
sieges  of  Burgos  and  San  Sebastian,  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Bidassoa,  and  the  battles  of 
Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo,  and  was  wounded 


Bowden 


Bowden 


at  Talavera  and  at  Waterloo.  In  1837  he 
left  the  Scots  Fusilier  guards,  after  thirty- 
three  years'  service  therein,  on  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  major-general.  In  1839  he  mar- 
ried Mary,  daughter  of  the  late  M.  Barne, 
sometime  M.P.  for  the  since  disfranchised 
borough  of  Dunwich.  Soon  after  the  arrival 
of  the  prince  consort,  Bowater  was  ap- 
pointed his  equerry,  and  in  1846  he  became 
groom  in  waiting  in  ordinary  to  the  queen. 
In  1861,  it  being  desired  that  the  late  Duke 
of  Albany,  then  a  child  eight  years  old,  should 
winter  in  a  warmer  climate,  it  was  arranged 
that  he  should  proceed  with  Sir  Edward  and 
Lady  Bowater  and  their  daughter  to  the  south 
of  France.  While  there  Bowater,  whose 
health  had  been  failing,  died  at  Cannes,  in 
his  seventy-fourth  year,  on  14  Dec.  1861,  the 
day  of  the  prince  consort's  death. 

[Miscel.  Gen.  et  Heral.,  new  series,  ii.  177-9 
(pedigree) ;  Hart's  Army  Lists ;  Ann.  Eeg.  1 862 ; 
Gent.  Mag.  1862,  i.  109;  Martin's  Life  of  Prince 
Consort,  v.  405,  417.]  H.  M.  C. 

BOWDEN,  JOHN  (d.  1750),  presbyterian 
minister,  is  identified,  in  Walter  Wilson's 
manuscript  list  of  dissenting  academies,  with 
the  Bowden  who  studied  under  Henry  Grove 
at  Taunton  ;  but  this  is  apparently  an  error. 
Bowden  was  settled  at  Frome,  Somersetshire, 
before  1700,  as  assistant  to  Humphrey  Phil- 
lips, M.A.  (silenced  at  Sherborne,  Dorsetshire, 
1662,  died  27  March  1707).  He  became  sole 
minister  on  Phillips's  death,  and  the  present 
meeting-house  in  Rook  Lane  was  built  for 
him  in  1707.  According  to  Dr.  Evans's  list 
he  had  a  thousand  hearers  in  1717.  Among 
them  was  Elizabeth  Howe,  the  dissenting 
poetess  and  friend  of  Bishop  Ken,  whose 
funeral  sermon  Bowden  preached  in  1737. 
During  the  last  nine  years  of  his  long  mi- 
nistry Bowden  was  assisted  successively  by 
Alexander  Houston  (1741),  Samuel  Blyth 
(1742,  removed  to  Birmingham  1746;  see 
BOUKN,  SAMUEL,  1689-1754),  Samuel  Perrott, 
and  Josiah  Corrie  (1750),  who  became  his  suc- 
cessor. There  is  a  tablet  to  Bowden's  memory 
outside  the  front  of  his  meeting-house,  which 
says  that  he  died  in  1750,  and  that  he  was '  a 
learned  man,  an  eloquent  preacher,  and  a 
considerable  poet.'  Four  lines  which  follow, 
beginning — 

Though  storms  about  the  good  man  rise, 
Yet  injured  virtue  mounts  the  skies, 

are  thought  by  Walter  Wilson  to  indicate 
that  he  was  not  comfortable  in  his  later 
years.  Perhaps,  since  Bowden  is  classed  with 
the  liberal  dissenters  of  the  day,  the  allusion 
may  be  explained  by  T.  S.  James's  reference 
to  a  trinitarian  secession  from  his  ministry. 


A  writer  in  *  Notes  and  Queries '  (3rd  ser. 
iv.  431)  speaks  of  having  in  his  possession 
a  letter  from  Anne  Yerbury,  of  Bradford,  to 
Bowden's  widow,  dated  January  1749,  and 
forwarding  '  An  Essay  towards  ye  character 
of  my  greatly  esteemed  Friend,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Bowden,'  which  contains  some  rather  fulsome 
verses  in  reference  to  his  poetical  powers. 
This  is  reconcilable  with  the  date  on  the 
memorial  tablet,  if  we  assume  the  letter- 
writer  to  have  retained  the  old  style.  Samuel 
Bowden,  M.D.,  known  as l  the  poet  of  Frome,' 
was  probably  his  brother.  John  Bowden 
does  not  seem  to  have  published  any  separate 
volume  of  poetry.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
1  Hymn  to  the  Redeemer  of  the  World '  (34 
stanzas),  and  a  '  Dialogue  between  a  Good 
Spirit  and  the  Angels'  (11  pages),  contained 
in  '  Divine  Hymns  and  Poems  on  several 
Occasions,  &c.,  by  Philomela  and  several  other 
ingenious  persons,'  1704,  8vo.  (The  volume 
is  dedicated  to  Sir  Richard  Blackmore,  and 
the  preface,  which  is  unsigned,  is  probably 
by  Bowden.  '  Philomela '  is  Elizabeth  Rowe ; 
she  had  already  published  under  this  nom  de 
plume  in  1696.)  He  is  the  author  also  of  a 
few  sermons:  1.  'Sermon  (1  Tim.  iv.  16)  at 
Taunton  before  an  Assembly  of  Ministers/ 
1714,  8vo.  2.  '  Sermon  (Eccl.  x.  16,  17)  at 
Frome,  on  20  Jan.  1714-5,'  1715, 8vo  (thanks- 
giving sermon  for  accession  of  George  I). 
3.  '  Exhortation,'  1717,  8vo,  3rd  ed.  1719, 
8vo  (i.e.  charge  at  the  ordination  of  Thomas 
Morgan  at  Frome,  6  Sept.  1716,  published 
with  the  ordination  sermon,  'The  Conduct 
of  Ministers,  &c.,'  by  Nicholas  Billingsley, 
minister  at  Ashwick  from  1710  to  1740. 
Morgan,  who  was  independent  minister  at 
Bruton,  Somersetshire,  and  afterwards  at 
Marlborough  (1715-26),  became  M.D.,  and 
was  the  author  of  l  The  Moral  Philosopher/ 
1738.  The  fact  that  Morgan,  an  independent 
at  Marlborough,  went  to  Frome  for  presby- 
terian ordination,  is  curious,  and  has  been 
treated  as  an  early  indication  of  the  theo- 
logical divergences  of  the  two  bodies,  but 
Morgan's  ' Confession  of  Faith '  on  the  occa- 
sion shows  no  doctrinal  laxity ;  it  is  strongly 
trinitarian  and Calvinistic).  4.  'The  Vanity 
of  all  Human  Dependance,  Sermon  (Ps. 
cxlvi.  3,  4)  at  Frome,  18  June,  on  the  death 
of  George  I,'  &c.,  1727,  8vo  (dedicated  to 
Benjamin  Avery,  LL.D.,  to  whom  Bowden 
was  under l  particular  obligations ').  Bowden 
was  perhaps  the  grandfather  of  Joseph  Bow- 
den, '  born  at  or  near  Bristol/  entered  Daventry 
academy  under  Ashworth  in  1769,  minister 
at  Call  Lane,  Leeds,  for  over  forty  years,  from 
about  1778,  and  author  of  (1)  l  Sermons  de- 
livered to  the  Protestant  Dissenters  at  Leeds/ 
1804,  8vo ;  (2)  '  Prayers  and  Discourses  for 


Bowden 


Bowdich 


the  use  of  Families,  in   two  parts/  1816, 
8vo. 

[Wilson's  MSS.  in  Dr.  Williams's  Library; 
Christian's  Magazine,  1763,  p.  531  sq. ;  James's 
Presb.  Chapels  and  Charities,  1867,  pp.  676, 
693,  695;  Mon.  Rep.  1822,  p.  196;  Wicksteed's 
Memory  of  the  Just,  2nd  ed.  1849,  p.  115;  Notes 
and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  iv.  431,  504 ;  information 
from  Eev.  J.  E.  Kelly,  Frome.]  A.  G. 

BOWDEN,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1798- 
1844),  ecclesiastical  writer,  was  born  in 
London  on  21  Feb.  1798.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  John  Bowden,  of  Fulham  and  Gros- 
venor  Place.  In  1812  he  went  to  Harrow, 
and  in  1817  was  entered  as  a  commoner  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  simultaneously  with 
the  dearest  of  his  friends,  John  Henry  New- 
man. In  1820  Bowden  obtained  mathe- 
matical honours,  and  on  24  Nov.  took  his 
degree  of  B.A.  In  collaboration  with  New- 
man, in  the  following  year,  he  wrote  a  fiery 
poem  in  two  cantos  on  '  St.  Bartholomew's 
Eve.'  On  4  June  1823  Bowden  took  his  degree 
of  M.  A.  Three  years  later,  in  the  autumn  of 
1826,  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of 
stamps.  That  office  he  held  for  fourteen 
years,  resigning  it  only  on  account  of  ill- 
health  in  1840.  Nearly  two  years  after  its 
acceptance  he  was  married,  on  6  June  1828, 
to  Elizabeth,  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Edward  Swinburne.  From  1833  he  zealously 
took  part  in  the  tractarian  movement.  To 
Hugh  Rose's  l  British  Magazine '  he  contri- 
buted six  of  the  178  hymns  afterwards,  in 

1836,  collected  into  a  volume  as  the  '  Lyra 
Apostolica.'     His  contributions  are  signed  a. 
Cardinal  Newman  said  Bowden  '  was  one  of 
the    earliest   assistants   and   supports   of   a 
friend  '  (meaning  himself)  '  who  at  that  time 
commenced  the  "Tracts  for  the  Times."' 
For  the  '  British  Critic '  Bowden   supplied 
four  important  contributions.     These  were : 
July  1836,  '  Rise  of  the  Papal  Power; '  April 

1837,  '  On  Gothic  Architecture  ; '   January 
1839,  '  On  British  Association ; '  July  1841, 
*  On  the  Church  in  the  Mediterranean.'    The 
last  two  were   published  under  Newman's 
editorship.     In  the  spring  of  1839  Bowden 
was  first  attacked  by  the  malady  which  five 
years  afterwards  proved  fatal.     In  the  au- 
tumn  of   1839  he   went   abroad   with  his 
family.     The  winter  of  that  year  he  passed  in 
Malta.     In  the  spring  of  1840  he  published 
his '  Life  of  Gregory  the  Seventh.'   This  work 
had  been  first  suggested  to  him,  at  the  in- 
stance of  Hurrell  Froude,  by  Newman.    For 
some  years  it  had  been  gradually  growing 
under  his  hands.     Cardinal  Newman  com- 
mends the  *  power  and  liveliness  of  Bowden's 
narrative.'     He  proposed  to  write,  but  never  I 


produced,  a  '  Life  of  St.  Boniface,'  which  in 
1843  was  announced  as  in  preparation. 
Bowden's  only  publication  in  1843  was  '  A 
few  Remarks  on  Pews.'  How  completely 
at  one  Newman  and  Bowden  were  through- 
out the  whole  of  the  Oxford  movement  is 
clearly  shown  in  almost  every  page  of  New- 
man's '  Apologia.'  During  the  summer  of 
1843  Bowden's  complaint  returned  with  in- 
creased severity,  and  he  died  at  his  father's 
house  in  Grosvenor  Place,  on  15  Sept.  1844. 
Cardinal  Newman  attests  emphatically  that 
he  passed  away  '  in  undoubting  communion 
with  the  church  of  Andrewes  and  Laud,' 
adding,  with  reference  to  his  interment  at 
Fulham,  *  he  still  lives  here,  the  light  and 
comfort  of  many  hearts,  who  ask  no  happier, 
holier  end  than  his.'  A  posthumous. work 
from  Bowden's  hand  was  published  in  1845, 
1  Thoughts  on  the  Work  of  the  Six  Days  of 
Creation.'  The  key  to  his  argument  was 
the  motto  on  the  title-page,  '  Novum  Testa- 
mentum  in  Veteri  velabatur,  Vetus  Testa- 
mentum  in  Novo  revelatur.' 

[Preface  by  J.  H.  N.  (Cardinal  Newman)  to 
Bowden's  Thoughts  on  the  Work  of  the  Six 
Days  of  Creation,  1845,  pp.  v-viii ;  Newman's 
Apologia,  passim ;  Mozley's  Eeminiscences,  1882, 
ii.  4.]  C.  K. 

BOWDEN,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1733-1761), 
a  physician  at  Frome,  Somersetshire,  was 
author  of  two  volumes  of  poems  published 
1733-5.  Neither  the  date  of  his  birth  nor 
that  of  his  death  has  been  ascertained,  though 
it  appears  from  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,' 
to  which  he  was  an  occasional  contributor, 
that  he  was  living  in  1761,  while  a  passing 
mention  of  him  in  1778  is  in  the  past  tense. 
The  writer  adds  that  he  was  a  friend  of 
Mrs.  Rowe  [see  ROWE,  ELIZABETH,  poetess], 
and  belonged  to  the  same  communion.  Bow- 
den was  therefore  a  nonconformist,  and  not 
improbably  a  relative  of  the  Rev.  John  Bow- 
den [see  BOWDEN,  JOHN]  who  preached  Mrs. 
Rowe's  funeral  sermon. 

[Gent.  Mag.  xxxi.  424,  xlviii.  485;  Life  of 
Mrs.  Howe  prefixed  to  her  works,  1739.] 

J.  M.  S. 

BOWDICH,      THOMAS      EDWARD 

(1791-1824),  African  traveller,  was  born  at 
Bristol  20  June  1791.  His  father,  Thomas 
Bowdich,  was  a  hat  manufacturer  and  mer- 
chant there,  and  his  mother  was  one  of  the 
Vaughans  of  Payne's  Castle,  Wales.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Bristol  grammar  school, 
and  when  nine  years  old  removed  to  a  well- 
known  school  at  Corsham,  Wiltshire,  where, 
being  fond  of  classics,  he  soon  became  head 
boy,  but  what  he  knew  of  mathematics  he 


Bowdich 


Bowdich 


was  '  flogged  through.'  In  his  youth  he  was 
noted  for  his  clever  jeux-d'esprit  in  maga- 
zines, and  his  skill  as  a  rider.  Originally 
intended  for  the  bar,  it  was  much  against  his 
wishes  that  his  father  put  him  to  his  own 
trade,  and  for  one  year,  1813,  he  was  partner  in 
the  firm  of  Bowdich,  Son,  &  Luce.  The  same 
year  he  married  a  lady  (Sarah ,  daughter  of  Mr. 
JohnEglingtonWallis,  of  Colchester)  nearly 
of  his  own  age,  and  entered  himself  at  Oxford, 
but  never  matriculated.  His  uncle,  Mr.  Hope 
Smith,  governor-in-chief  of  the  settlements 
belonging  to  the  African  Company,  obtained 
for  him  a  writership  in  the  service,  and  he 
proceeded  to  Cape  Coast  Castle  in  1814  ;  his 
wife,  whose  name  is  thenceforward  so  closely 
linked  with  his,  following  him,  but  on  her 
arrival  she  found  he  had  returned  to  England 
for  a  time.  In  1815  the  African  Company 
planned  a  mission  to  Ashantee,  and  appointed 
Bowdich  the  conductor.  On  reaching  Cape 
Coast  Castle  the  second  time,  the  council,  con- 
sidering him  too  young,  appointed  Mr.  James 
(governor  of  Fort  Accra)  principal.  Events 
at  Coomassie,  however,  soon  compelled  Bow- 
dich to  supersede  his  chief  (a  bold  step  after- 
wards sanctioned  by  the  authorities),  and  by 
diplomatic  skill  and  intrepidity,  when  the 
fate  of  himself  and  comrades  hung  on  a 
thread,  he  succeeded  in  a  most  difficult  nego- 
tiation, and  formed  a  treaty  with  the  king 
of  Ashantee,  which  promised  peace  to  the 
British  settlements  on  the  Gold  Coast.  He 
was  therefore  the  first  whose  labours  accom- 
plished the  object  of  penetrating  to  the  in- 
terior of  Africa.  In  1818  he  returned  home 
with  impaired  health,  and  in  1819  published 
the  interesting  and  valuable  details  of  his 
expedition,  *  A  Mission  from  Cape  Coast 
Castle  to  Ashantee,'  &c.,  London,  4to.  This 
work,  the  most  important  after  Bruce's,  ex- 
cited great  interest,  as  an  almost  incredible 
story  (recalling  *  The  Arabian  Nights  ')  of  a 
land  and  people  of  warlike  and  barbaric 
splendour  hitherto  unknown.  Bowdich  pre- 
sented to  the  British  Museum  his  African  col- 
lection of  works  of  art  and  manufacture,  and 
specimens  of  reptiles  and  insects.  The  inde- 
pendent spirit  of  the  young  traveller  soon 
came  into  collision  with  the  African  Com- 
pany. His  writings  and  letters  continually 
speak  of  unmerited  disappointment ;  the  net 
reward  for  his  great  mission  amounted  to 
only  200/.,  and  it  cost  him  a  moiety  of  this 
to  return  home ;  while  another  gentleman, 
Mr.  Dupuis,  was  appointed  consul  at  Coo- 
massie with  600Z.  a  year.  In  the  same  year 
he  published  ( The  African  Committee,  by 
T.  E.  Bowdich,  conductor  of  the  Mission  to 
Ashantee,'  in  which  he  attacked  the  African 
Company,  and  made  such  an  exposure  of 


the  management  of  their  possessions  that 
the  government  was  compelled  to  take  them 
into  its  own  hands.  Feeling  deficient  in 
several  of  the  requisites  of  a  scientific  tra- 
veller, he  proceeded  to  Paris  to  perfect  him- 
self in  mathematics,  physical  science,  and 
natural  history,  and  such  was  his  progress 
that  he  soon  after  gained  the  Cambridge  prize 
of  1,000/.  for  a  discovery  which  was  depen- 
dent on  mathematics.  Humboldt,  Cuvier, 
Denon,  Biot,  and  other  savants,  gave  the 
famous  traveller  a  generous  reception  in 
Paris,  and  a  public  eloge  was  pronounced 
upon  him  at  the  Institute.  Not  only  was 
*  the  brilliant  society  of  the  Hotel  Cuvier  ' 
open  to  him  and  his  accomplished  wife,  but 
for  three  years  the  extensive  library  and 
splendid  collections  of  that  great  scholar  were 
to  them  as  their  own.  The  French  govern- 
ment made  him  an  advantageous  offer  of  an 
appointment,  which  an  honourable  feeling 
towards  his  own  country  compelled  him  to 
decline.  Early  in  1820  he  wrote  '  A  Reply  to 
the  Quarterly  Review,'  Paris,  8vo,  in  which 
he  successfully  answered  the  article  on  his 
Ashantee  mission.  His  next  work,  published 
anonymously,  was  a  translation  of  a  French 
book,  *  Taxidermy,  &c.,'  with  plates,  London, 
1820, 12mo,  followed  by  a  translation  of '  Tra- 
vels in  the  Interior  of  Africa  to  the  Sources 
of  the  Senegal  and  Gambia,  by  G.  Mollien,' 
with  full  page  illustrations,  London,  1820, 4to, 
and  an  appendix  (separately  issued)  '  British 
and  Foreign  Expeditions  to  Teembo,  with 
remarks  on  Civilization,'  &c.,  London,  1820. 
In  1821  appeared  an  (  Essay  on  the  Geo- 
graphy of  North- Western  Africa,'  accom- 
panied by  a  large  lithographed  map,  compiled 
from  his  own  discoveries,  and  an  '  Essay  on 
the  Superstitions,  Customs,  and  Arts  common 
to  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  Abyssinians,  and 
Ashantees,'  with  plates,  Paris,  4to.  His 
next  publications  were  three  works,  in  8vo, 
illustrated  by  numerous  lithographed  figures 
done  by  his  wife,  'Mammalia,'  &c.,  Paris, 
1821 ;  '  Ornithology,'  &c.,  Paris,  1821 ; '  Con- 
chology,  &c.,  including  the  Fossil  Genera,' 
Paris,  1822.  About  this  time  he  issued  in 
lithograph '  The  Contradictions  in  Park's  Last 
Journal  explained.'  He  was  also  the  author 
of '  A  Mathematical  Investigation  with  Ori- 
ginal Formulae  for  ascertaining  the  Longitude 
of  the  Sea  by  Eclipses  of  the  Moon.'  The 
funds  realised  by  their  joint  labours  enabled 
Bowdich  and  his  wife  to  start  upon  a  second 
African  expedition,  and  in  August  1822  they 
sailed  from  Havre  to  Lisbon.  Here,  from 
various  manuscripts,  he  collected  a  complete 
history  of  all  the  Portuguese  discoveries  in 
South  Africa,  afterwards  published  as  '  An 
Account  of  the  Discoveries  of  the  Portuguese 


Bowdler 


43 


Bowdler 


in  Angola  and  Mozambique/  London,  1824, 
8vo.  Proceeding  to  Madeira,  where  they 
were  detained  for  some  months,  he  wrote  a 

Geological  description  of  the  island  of  Porto 
anto,  the  trigonometrical  measurement  of  j 
the  peaks,  a  flora,  &c.,  which  was  pub-  j 
lished  in  1825,  after  his  death.  They  next  j 
reached  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands  and  the  | 
mouth  of  the  Gambia,  and,  while  waiting  at  I 
Bathurst  for  a  means  of  transit  to  Sierra 
Leone,  he  began  a  trigonometrical  survey  of 
the  river.  Unfortunately,  while  taking  astro- 
nomical observations  at  night,  he  caught  cold, 
which  was  followed  by  fever,  to  which,  after 
several  partial  recoveries,  he  succumbed  at 
the  early  age  of  thirty-three,  on  10  Jan.  1824. 
The  last  chapter  of  his  life's  story  was  pub- 
lished by  Mrs.  Bowdich,  in  a  work  entitled  '  A 
Description  of  the  Island  of  Madeira,  by  the 
late  Thomas  Edward  Bowdich  ...  A  Narra- 
tive of  his  last  Voyage  to  Africa  .  .  .  Re- 
marks on  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  and  a 
Description  of  the  English  Settlements  in  the 
River  Gambia,' with  plates  coloured  and  plain, 
London,  1825,  4to.  Under  dates  from  1819 
to  1825  there  are  also  five  scientific  papers 
by  Bowdich  in  l  Tilloch's  Philosophical  Ma- 
gazine/ { Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal/ 
and  the  { Zoological  Journal.' 

In  figure  Bowdich  was  slightly  but  well 
formed,  and  he  possessed  great  activity  ot 
body  and  mind.  He  was  an  excellent  lin- 
guist, a  most  pleasing  and  graphic  writer, 
and  his  conversational  powers  made  him  a 
very  agreeable  companion.  His  enthusiastic 
devotion  to  science  cost  him  his  life.  He 
left  a  widow  and  three  children,  one  of  them 
named  after  the  two  companions  of  his 
Ashantee  mission.  Mrs.  Tedlie  Hutchison 
Hale  (wife  of  Dr.  Douglas  Hale)  repub- 
lished  her  father's  early  work,  with  an  intro- 
ductory preface,  'The  Mission  from  Cape 
Coast  Castle  to  Ashantee,  &c./  London,  1873, 
8vo,  inscribing  the  volume  to  her  father's 
old  friend,  Mr.  David  R.  Morier. 

Mrs.  Bowdich  afterwards  married  Mr.  R. 
Lee,  and  under  the  name  of  *  Mrs.  R.  Lee ' 
became  a  popular  writer  and  illustrator  of 
scientific  works  for  the  young  up  to  her 
death  in  1865. 

[Bowdich's  Works;  Mrs.  Bowdich's  Works; 
Mrs.  Hale's  Mission,  1873  ;  Dupuis's  Ashantee, 
1824;  Bristol  Directory,  1812-15  ;  Lit.  Gazette, 
1824 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1824,  pt.  i.  279-80 ;  Koyal 
Society's  Cat.  of  Scientific  Papers;  Quarterly 
Eev.  xxii.l  J.  W.-G. 

BOWDLER,    HENRIETTA    MARIA 

(1754-1830),  commonly  called  Mrs.  Harriet 
Bowdler,  author,  daughter  of  Thomas  and 
Elizabeth  Stuart  Bowdler,  and  sister  of  John 


Bowdler  the  elder  [q.v.]  and  Thomas  Bowdler 
the  elder  [q.  v.],  was  the  author  of  a  series  of 
religious  *  Poems  and  Essays/  2  vols.  (Bath, 
1786),  which  passed  through  a  large  number 
of  editions.  Her  '  Sermons  on  the  Doctrines 
and  Duties  of  Christianity '  (n.  d.)  appeared 
anonymously,  and  passed  through  nearly 
fifty  editions.  Beilby  Porteus,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don', believed  them  to  be  from  the  pen  of  a 
clergyman,  and  is  said  to  have  offered  their 
author,  through  the  publishers,  a  living  in 
his  diocese.  In  1810  Miss  Bowdler  edited 
( Fragments  in  Prose  and  Verse  by  the  late 
Miss  Elizabeth  Smith/  which  was  very  popu- 
lar in  religious  circles.  A  novel  by  Miss 
Bowdler  entitled  '  Pen  Tamar,  or  the  His- 
tory of  an  Old  Maid/  was  issued  shortly 
after  her  death.  Miss  Bowdler  died  at  Bath 
on  25  Feb.  1830. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1830,  pt.  i.  567,  pt.  ii.  649;  Brit. 
Mus.  Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWDLER,  JANE  (1743-1784),  author, 
born  14  Feb.  1743  at  Ashley,  near  Bath,  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Elizabeth 
Stuart  Bowdler,  and  thus  sister  of  John  the 
elder  [q.v.],  and  of  Thomas  the  elder,  the  editor 
of  Shakespeare  [q.  v.]  Throughout  her  life  she 
suffered  from  ill-health.  In  1759  she  had  a 
severe  attack  of  small-pox,  and  from  1771 
till  her  death  was  a  confirmed  invalid.  She 
died  in  the  spring  of  1784.  In  her  later 
years  she  wrote  many  poems  and  essays,  and 
a  selection  was  published  at  Bath  for  the 
benefit  of  the  local  hospital  in  1786  under 
the  title  of  '  Poems  and  Essays  by  a  Lady, 
lately  deceased.'  This  volume  became  extra- 
ordinarily popular.  The  verse  is  very  poor,  and 
the  prose  treats,  without  any  striking  origi- 
nality, such  subjects  as  sensibility, politeness, 
candour,  and  the  pleasures  of  religion.  Never- 
theless, sixteen  editions  (with  the  author's 
name  on  the  title-page)  were  published  at 
Bath  in  rapid  succession  between  1787  and 
1830.  Other  editions  appeared  at  Dublin,  in 
London,  and  in  New  York,  where  the  first 
American  edition  (from  the  tenth  Bath  edi- 
tion) appeared  in  1811.  A  few  of  Miss  Bowd- 
ler's  pieces,  not  previously  printed,  appear  in 
Thomas  Bowdler's '  Memoir  of  John  Bowdler/ 
1824. 

[T.  Bowdler's  Memoir  of  John  Bowdler  the 
elder,  1824,  93-104.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWDLER,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1746- 
1823),  author,  born  at  Bath  on  18  March 
1746,  was  descended  from  a  Shropshire  family 
originally  settled  at  Hope  Bowdler.  His 
great-grandfather,  John  Bowdler  (1627- 
1661),  held  high  office  in  the  Irish  civil 
service  during  the  Commonwealth,  and  was 


Bowdler 


44 


Bowdler 


intimate  with  Archbishop  Ussher.  This 
John  Bowdler's  son,  Thomas,  was  a  fellow- 
officer  at  the  admiralty  with  Samuel  Pepys, 
became  a  conscientious  Jacobite,  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Hickes,  and  died  in 
Queen  Square  in  July  1738,  at  the  age  ol 
77.  His  elder  son,  Thomas,  married  in 
1742  Elizabeth  Stuart,  second  daughter  and 
coheiress  of  Sir  John  Cotton,  a  direct  de- 
scendant from  the  famous  Sir  Robert  Cotton, 
and  died  in  May  1785.  John  Bowdler  the 
elder  was  the  eldest  son  of  this  marriage. 
His  mother,  the  authoress  of  '  Practical  Ob- 
servations on  the  Revelations  of  St.  John ' 
(Bath,  1800),  written  in  the  year  1775,  was 
noted  for  her  piety  and  general  culture,  and 
gave  all  her  children  a  strict  religious  train- 
ing. After  attending  several  private  schools, 
Bowdler  was  placed,  in  November  1765,  in 
the  office  of  Mr.  Barsham,  a  special  pleader, 
and  practised  as  a  chamber  conveyancer  be- 
tween 1770  and  1780.  In  January  1778  he 
married  Harrietta,  eldest  daughter  of  John 
Hanbury,  vice-consul  of  the  English  factory 
at  Hamburg.  In  November  1779  he  attended 
Robert  Gordon,  the  last  of  the  nonjuring 
bishops,  through  a  fatal  illness.  His  father's 
death  in  1785  put  Bowdler  in  possession  of  a 
small  fortune ;  he  then  finally  retired  from 
his  profession.  In  1795  he  wrote  a  long  letter 
to  Lord  Auckland  about  the  high  prices  of 
the  time,  in  which  he  fiercely  attacked  the 
clergy  and  the  legislators  for  neglecting  mo- 
rality and  religion.  In  1796  he  addressed 
letters  on  similar  subjects  to  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  and  Bishops  Porteus  and 
Horsley.  He  published  in  1797  a  strongly 
worded  pamphlet  entitled '  Reform  or  Ruin,' 
in  which  he  sought  again  to  expose  the  im- 
morality and  irreligion  of  the  nation.  The 
pamphlet  had  a  very  wide  sale,  and  reached  an 
eighth  edition  within  a  year  of  its  first  publi- 
cation. He  disapproved  of  Sir  Richard  Hill's 
'Apology  for  Brotherly  Love,'  a  partial  justi- 
fication of  the  prevailing  dissent,  and  issued 
pamphlets  in  support  of  the  opposite  views  ex- 
pounded in  Daubeney's '  Guide  to  the  Church.' 
In  1815  he  formed  a  committee  to  memo- 
rialise the  government  to  erect  additional 
churches  in  the  populous  parts  of  England 
out  of  the  public  funds.  In  1816  he  petitioned 
Lord  Sidmouth  to  abolish  lotteries.  He  died 
at  Eltham  on  29  June  1823.  Bowdler  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Church  Building 
Society.  He  had  ten  children,  six  of  whom 
survived  infancy.  His  sons  John  and  Thomas 
are  separately  noticed.  His  daughter  Eliza- 
beth died  on  4  Dec.  1810. 

[Memoir  of  Life  of  John  Bowdler,  Esq.,  written 
for  private  circulation  by  his  son  Thomas  in  1824 
and  published  for  sale  in  1825.]  S.  L.  L. 


BOWDLER,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1783- 
1815),  author,  younger  son  of  John  Bowdler 
the  elder  [q.  v.],  was  born  in  London  on  2  Feb. 
1783.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester,  and 
in  1798  was  placed  in  a  London  solicitor's 
office.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  in  1807,  made  some  progress  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  attracted  the  notice  of  Lord- 
chancellor  Eldon.  But  in  1810  signs  of 
consumption  appeared,  and  he  spent  the  two 
following  years  in  the  south  of  Europe.  In 
May  1812  he  returned  to  England  and  lived 
with  an  aunt  near  Portsmouth.  But  his 
health  was  not  restored,  and  he  died  1  Feb. 
1815.  According  to  the  testimonies  of  his 
father  and  brother  Charles,  John  was  in  every 
way  an  exemplary  character.  He  engaged 
in  literary  pursuits  during  his  illness,  and  his 
father  published  in  1816  his '  Select  Pieces  in 
Prose  and  Verse '  (2  vols.)  The  book  con- 
tained a  full  memoir  and  the  journal  kept 
by  Bowdler  during  his  foreign  tour  of  1810- 
1812.  Wide  reading  in  current  English 
philosophy  is  exhibited  in  a  long  sympathetic 
exposition  of  Dugald  Stewart's  philosophi- 
cal theories,  but  the  other  essays  and  the 
poems  are  religious  rhapsodies  of  no  literary 
merit.  The  book  was  reprinted  in  1817, 
1818,  1819,  and  1820.  Selections  from  the 
religious  portions  of  it  appeared  in  1821  and 
1823,  and  in  1857  the  author's  brother  Charles 
reissued  a  part  of  it  under  the  title  of '  The 
Religion  of  the  Heart,  as  exemplified  in  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  John  Bowdler.'  This 
edition  includes  a  new  biographical  preface 
and  much  hitherto  unpublished  correspon- 
dence. 

[The  editions  of  Bowdler's  works  of  1816  and 
1857.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWDLER,  THOMAS  (1754-1825), 
editor  of  the  '  Family  Shakespeare,'  the 
younger  son  of  Thomas  and  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Bowdler,  was  born  at  Ashley,  near  Bath,  on 
11  July  1754.  His  father,  a  gentleman  of 
independent  means,  belonged  to  an  ancient 
family  originally  settled  at  Hope  Bowdler, 
Shropshire.  His  mother,  the  second  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  John  Cotton  of  Conington,  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, fifth  baronet  in  direct  descent 
from  the  well-known  Sir  Robert  Cotton, 
was  a  highly  accomplished  woman  and  author 
of  '  Practical  Observations  on  the  Book  of 
Revelation,'  Bath,  1800  (Life  ofJ.  Bowdler, 
pp.  109-23).  Thomas  suffered  much  through 
life  from  a  serious  accident  sustained  when 
he  was  nine  years  old.  About  1765  he  went 
to  Mr.  Graves's  school  at  Claverton,  near 
Bath,  where  his  intimate  friend  in  after  life, 
William  Anne  Villettes,  a  military  officer 
of  repute,  was  a  fellow-pupil.  In  1770  he 


Bowdler 


45 


Bowdler 


proceeded  to  St.  Andrews  University  to  study 
medicine.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  graduated  M.D.  in  1776  and 
published  a  thesis, '  Tentamen  . . .  de  Febrium 
Intermittentium  Natura  et  Indole.'  He  spent 
the  next  four  years  in  travel,  and  visited 
Germany,  Hungary,  Italy,  and  Sicily.  In 
1781  he  caught  a  fever  from  a  young  friend 
whom  he  attended,  on  a  journey  to  Lisbon, 
through  a  fatal  illness.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  broken  health,  and  with  a  strong 
aversion  to  his  profession.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
and  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
(9  April).  Soon  afterwards  he  permanently 
settled  in  London,  and  obtained  an  intro- 
duction to  Mrs.  Montagu's  coterie,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  Bishops  Hinch- 
cliffe  and  Porteus,  Mrs.  Carter,  Mrs.  Cha- 
pone,  and  Mrs.  Hannah  More.  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
in  1784.  He  devoted  himself  to  charitable 
work,  and  acted  for  many  years  as  chair- 
man of  St.  George's  vestry,  Hanover  Square, 
as  a  committee-man  of  the  Magdalen  Hos- 
pital, and  as  a  commissioner  (with  Sir  Gil- 
bert Elliott  and  Sir  Charles  Bunbury)  to  in- 
quire into  the  state  of  the  penitentiaries 
(1781).  After  the  death  of  John  Howard, 
the  prison  reformer,  in  1790,  he  inspected  the 
prisons  throughout  the  country,  with  a  view 
to  continuing  Howard's  work.  In  1787 
Bowdler  visited  the  Low  Countries  when  the 
struggle  between  the  patriotic  party  and  the 
stadtholder  (the  Prince  of  Orange),  supported 
by  a  Prussian  army,  was  at  its  height,  and  he 
wrote  a  detailed  account  of  the  revolution  in 
1  Letters  written  in  Holland  in  the  months 
of  September  and  October,  1787 '  (London, 
1788)  ;  an  appendix  collects  a  large  number 
of  proclamations  and  other  official  documents. 
During  1788  Bowdler  travelled  in  France. 
From  1800  to  1810  he  resided  at  St.  Boniface, 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  after  1810  until  his  death 
at  Rhyddings,  near  Swansea.  In  1814  he 
visited  Geneva  to  settle  the  affairs  of  his  old 
friend,  Lieutenant-general  Villettes,  who  had 
died  in  Jamaica  in  1807,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  published  a '  Life  of  Villettes '  (Bath, 
1815),  with  an  appendix  of '  Letters  during 
a  Journey  from  Calais  to  Geneva  and  St. 
Bernard  in  1814,'  and  a  short  biography  (in- 
cluding seven  letters)  of  '  The  late  Madame 
Elizabeth.'  With  later  copies  of  the  book 
was  bound  up  a  postscript,  entitled  '  Obser- 
vations on  Emigration  to  France,  with  an 
account  of  Health,  Economy,  and  the  Edu- 
cation of  Children,'  also  published  separately 
in  1815.  Bowdler  here  warned  Englishmen 
against  France,  and  English  invalids  espe- 
cially against  French  watering-places,  and 


recommended  Malta,  which  he  had  visited 
with  a  nephew  in  1810,  as  a  sanitary  resort. 

In  1818  Bowdler  published  his  edition  of 
1  Shakespeare,'  the  work  by  which  he  is  best 
known.  Its  title  ran  :  <  The  Family  Shake- 
speare in  ten  volumes  ;  in  which  nothing  is 
added  to  the  original  text ;  but  those  words 
and  expressions  are  omitted  which  cannot 
with  propriety  be  read  aloud  in  a  family.' 
In  the  preface  he  writes  of  Shakespeare's 
language  :  '  Many  words  and  expressions 
occur  which  are  of  so  indecent  a  nature  as 
to  render  it  highly  desirable  that  they  should 
be  erased.'  He  also  complains  of  the  un- 
necessary and  frivolous  allusions  to  Scrip- 
ture, which  *  call  imperiously  for  their  erase- 
ment.'  Bowdler's  prudery  makes  sad  havoc 
with  Shakespeare's  text,  and,  although  his 
'  Shakespeare '  had  a  very  large  sale,  it  was 
deservedly  attacked  in  the  '  British  Critic ' 
for  April  1822.  To  this  review  Bowdler 
published  a  long  reply,  in  which  he  stated 
his  principle  to  be :  '  If  any  word  or  expres- 
sion is  of  such  a  nature  that  the  first  impres- 
sion it  excites  is  an  impression  of  obscenity, 
that  word  ought  not  to  be  spoken  nor  written 
or  printed ;  and,  if  printed,  it  ought  to  be 
erased.'  He  illustrates  his  method  from  his 
revisions  of  'Henry  IV,' '  Hamlet/  and '  Mac- 
beth.' Bowdler's  '  Shakespeare '  has  been  very 
frequently  reissued.  Four  editions  were  pub- 
lished before  1824,  and  others  have  appeared 
in  1831,  1853,  and  1861. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life  Bowdler 
was  engaged  in  purifying  Gibbon's  '  History.' 
The  work  was  completed  just  before  his  death 
in  1825,  and  published  in  six  volumes  by  his 
nephew  Thomas  [q.  v.]  in  1826.  The  full  title 
runs:  'Gibbon's  History  of  the  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  for  the  use  of 
Families  and  Young  Persons,  reprinted  from 
the  original  text  with  the  careful  omissions  of 
all  passages  of  an  irreligious  or  immoral  ten- 
dency.' In  the  preface  Bowdler  is  self-con- 
fident enough  to  assert  a  belief  that  Gibbon 
himself  would  have  approved  his  plan,  and 
that  his  version  would  be  adopted  by  all 
future  publishers  of  the  book.  Bowdler's 
nephew  adds  in  a  note  that  '  it  was  the  pe- 
culiar happiness  of  the  writer'  to  have  so 
purified  Shakespeare  and  Gibbon  that  they 
could  no  longer  '  raise  a  blush  on  the  cheek 
of  modest  innocence  nor  plant  a  pang  in  the 
heart  of  the  devout  Christian.' 

Bowdler  died  at  Rhyddings  on  24  Feb.  1825, 
and  was  buried  at  Oystermouth,  near  Swan- 
sea. Besides  the  works  already  mentioned, 
he  published  l  A  short  Introduction  to  a  se- 
lection of  Chapters  from  the  Old  Testament, 
intended  for  the  use  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land Sunday  School  Society  in  Swansea/ 


Bowdler 


46 


Bowen 


Swansea,  1822  ;  it  was  reprinted  in  1823  as 
'  Select  Chapters  from  the  Old  Testament 
. . .  with  Short  Introductions.'  Bowdler  was 
an  active  promoter  of  the  Proclamation  So- 
ciety, formed  in  1787  to  enforce  a  royal  pro- 
clamation against  impiety  and  vice — a  society 
which  was  afterwards  replaced  by  the  Society 
for  the  Suppression  of  Vice. 

The  verb  to  l  bowdlerise '  is  of  course  a 
derivative  from  Bowdler's  name.   It  was  ap-  j 
parently  first  used  in  print  by  General  Per- 
ronet  Thompson  in  1836  in  his  '  Letters  of  a  ! 
Representative  to  his  Constituents  during 
the  session  of  1836 '  (London),  reprinted  in  ' 
Thompson's  'Exercises,'  1842,  iv.  124.  Thomp- 
son writes  that  there  are  certain  classical  | 
names  in  the  writings  of  the  apostles  which  j 
modern  ultra-christians '  would  probably  have  ' 
£owdler-ized '  (information  kindly  supplied 
by  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray  of  Oxford). 

[Some  account  of  Thomas  Bowdler,  F.R.S.  and  | 
F.S.A.,  is  appended  to  the  Life  of  John  Bowdler  I 
by  his  son  Thomas  Bowdler,  1825,  pp.  298-331.  | 
This  notice  was  reprinted  in  the  Annual  Bio-  ! 
graphy  and  Obituary  (1826),  x.  191-218.  See  j 
also  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecdotes,  ix.  37  ;  preface  to  j 
Bowdler's  Shakespeare  (4th  ed.) ;  Munk's  College 
of  Physicians,  ii.  324 ;  Nichols's  Illustrations,  j 
v.  641.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWDLER,  THOMAS,  the  younger 
(1782-1856),  divine,  the  eldest  son  of  John 
Bowdler  the  elder  [q.  y.],born  13  March  1782, 
was  educated  at  a  private  school,  and  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  pro-  I 
ceeded  B. A.  in  1803,  and  M.A.  in  1806.  He  i 
was  appointed  curate  of  Leyton,  Essex,  in  j 
1803,  and  after  holding  the  livings  of  Ash  and 
Ridley,  and  of  Addington,  Kent,  became  in- 
cumbent of  the  church  at  Sydenham  in  1834. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  opposing  the  trac- 
tarian  movement  of  1840.  In  1846  he  became 
secretary  of  the  Church  Building  Society, 
which  his  father  had  been  instrumental  in 
founding.  On  7  Dec.  1849  he  received  a  pre- 
bend in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  died  on 
12  Nov.  1856.  He  married  about  1804  Phoebe, 
the  daughter  of  Joseph  Cotton,  who  died  in 
December  1854.  Of  nine  children,  four  died 
in  infancy,  and  three  in  succession  between 
1833  and  1839.  Bow.dler  was  the  author  of 
a  large  number  of  published  sermons.  Col- 
lected editions  were  issued  in  1820, 1834,  and 
1846  respectively.  He  wrote  a  memoir  of 
his  father  in  1824,  and  edited  with  Launcelot 
Sharpe  the  Greek  version  of  Bishop  An- 
drewes's  '  Devotions.'  He  was  the  editor  of 
the  edition  of  Gibbon  prepared  by  his  uncle, 
Thomas  Bowdler  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[Gent.  Mag.  1857,  pt.  i.  241-2 ;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 


BOWEN,  JAMES  (d.  1774),  painter  and 
topographer,  was  a  native  of  Shrewsbury, 
where  he  died  in  1774  (LEIGHTON,  Guide 
through  Shrewsbury,  p.  182).  He  made  a 
copious  collection  for  a  history  of  Shropshire, 
having  taken  church  notes,  sketches  of  monu- 
ments, transcripts  of  records,  &c.,  when  he 
was  accompanying  Mr.  Mytton  through  the 
county  (GOTTGH'S  Topography,  ii.  176).  One 
of  Bowen's  works  is  a  view  of  the  church  of 
Mary  in  the  Battlefield,  Shrewsbury  (ib. 
p.  184),  and  he  produced  also  some  useful 
maps  (ib.  p.  185).  Gough  bought  all  the 
genealogical  and  topographical  materials 
which  Bowen  had  amassed,  and  they  form 
part  of  the  manuscripts  and  similar  relics 
which  Gough  bequeathed  to  the  Bodleian 
Library. 

[Leigbton's  Guide  through  Shrewsbury,  p.  182 ; 
Gent.  Mag.  vol.  cii.  pt.  ii.  p.  185 ;  Gough's  Topo- 
graphy, ii.  176.]  J.  H. 

BOWEN,  JAMES  (1751-1835),  rear- 
admiral,  was  born  at  Ilfracombe.  He  first 
went  to  sea  in  the  merchant  service,  and  in 
1776  commanded  a  ship  in  the  African  and 
West  India  trade  ;  but  shortly  after  entered 
the  navy  as  a  master,  and  served  in  that  ca- 
pacity on  board  the  Artois  with  Captain  Mac- 
bride  during  1781-2,  being  present  in  the 
battle  on  the  Doggerbank  on  5  Aug.  1781, 
and  on  many  other  occasions.  He  continued 
with  Captain  Macbride  in  different  ships  till 
1789,  when  he  was  appointed  inspecting  a.gent 
of  transports  in  the  Thames.  When  the  revo- 
lutionary war  broke  out,  Bowen  quitted  this 
employment  at  the  request  of  Lord  Howe  to 
go  with  him  as  master  of  his  flagship,  the 
Queen  Charlotte,  and  h,e  had  thus  the  glo- 
rious duty  of  piloting  her  into  the  battle  of 
1  June.  It  is  told  by  ancient  tradition  that 
on  the  admiral  giving  the  order  { Starboard ! ' 
Bowen  ventured  to  say,  '  My  lord,  you'll  be 
foul  of  the  French  ship  if  you  don't  take  care.' 
*  What  is  that  to  you,  sir  ? '  replied  Howe 
sharply ;  '  starboard  ! '  '  Starboard ! '  cried 
Bowen,  muttering  by  no  means  inaudibly, 
'  Damned  if  I  care,  if  you  don't.  I'll  take  you 
near  enough  to  singe  your  black  whiskers.' 
He  did  almost  literally  fulfil  this  promise, 
passing  so  close  under  the  stern  of  the  Mon- 
tagne,  that  the  French  ensign  brushed  the 
main  and  mizen  shrouds  of  the  Queen  Char- 
lotte as  she  poured  her  broadside  into  the 
French  ship's  starboard  quarter.  For  his  con- 
duct on  this  day  Bowen  was  made  a  lieutenant 
on  23  June  1794;  after  the  action  offL'Orient 
on  23  June  1795,  in  which  he  was  first  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Queen  Charlotte,  he  was  made 
commander ;  and  on  2  Sept.  of  the  same  year 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  captain.  During 


Bowen 


47 


Bowen 


the  two  following  years  he  commanded  the 
Thunderer  in  the  West  Indies.  In  1798  he 
commanded  the  Argo  of  44  guns  in  the  Me- 
diterranean, took  part  in  the  reduction  of 
Minorca  by  Commodore  Duckworth,  and  on 
6  Feb.  1799,  after  a  brilliant  chase  of  two 
Spanish  frigates  of  nearly  equal  force,  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  one  of  them,  the  Santa 
Teresa  of  42  guns.  For  the  next  three 
years  Bowen  was  employed  in  convoy  ser- 
vice, in  the  course  of  which  he  was  officially 
thanked  by  the  court  of  directors  of  the  East 
India  Company,  and  presented  with  a  piece 
of  plate  value  400Z.  for  his  {  care  and  atten- 
tion '  in  convoying  one  of  their  fleets  from 
England  to  St.  Helena.  In  1803  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  Dreadnought  of 
98  guns,  but  was  shortly  afterwards  nomi- 
nated a  commissioner  of  the  transport  board. 
In  1805  he  had  the  charge  of  laying  down 
moorings  for  the  fleet  in  Falmouth  harbour ; 
in  1806  he  was  for  some  time  captain  of  the 
fleet  to  Lord  St.  Vincent  off  Brest ;  and  in 
January  1809  superintended  the  re-embarka- 
tion of  the  army  at  Corunna,  for  which  im- 
portant service  he  received  the  thanks  of 
both  houses  of  parliament.  In  1816  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
navy,  and  continued  in  that  office  till  July 
1825,  when  he  was  retired  with  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral.  He  died  on  27  April  1835. 

Bowen  was  not  the  only  one  of  his  family 
who  rendered  the  name  illustrious  in  our 
naval  annals.  His  brother  Richard,  captain 
of  the  Terpsichore  in  1797,  fell  in  the  attack 
on  Santa  Cruz  on  24  July,  'than  whom,' 
wrote  Nelson,  '  a  more  enterprising,  able,  and 
gallant  officer  does  not  grace  his  majesty's 
naval  service  '  {Nelson  Despatches,  ii.  423). 
Another  brother  George,  also  a  captain  in 
the  navy,  died  at  Torquay  in  October  1817. 
His  eldest  son  James  died  captain  of  the 
Phoenix  frigate,  on  the  East  India  station,  in 
1812  ;  and  another  son  John,  also  a  captain, 
after  serving  in  that  rank  through  the  later 
years  of  the  war,  died  in  1828.  His  youngest 
son  St.  Vincent  was  a  clergyman.  He  had 
also  a  daughter  Teresa,  who  died  in  1876, 
bequeathing  to  the  Painted  Hall  at  Green- 
wich a  very  pleasing  portrait  of  her  father. 

[Marshall's  Eoy.  Nav.  Biog.  iii.  (vol.  ii.)  94.] 

J.  K.  L. 

BOWEN,  JOHN  (1756-1832),  painter 
and  genealogist,  was  the  eldest  son  of  James 
Bowen,  painter  and  topographer,  of  Shrews- 
bury [q.v.],  and  was  born  in  that  city  in  1756. 
Bowen  studied  the  local  antiquities  under 
his  father;  traced  out  the  pedigrees  of  Shrop- 
shire families,  and  became  especially  skilful  in 
deciphering  and  copying  ancient  manuscripts. 


In  1795  he  sent  a  drawing  of  the  Droitwich 
town  seal  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' 
(vol.  Ixv.  pt.  i.  p.  13),  signing  himself  <Anti- 
quarius ;'  and  in  1802  (vol.  Ixxii.  pt.  i.  p.  210) 
he  followed  this  up  with  another  communica- 
tion, to  which  he  put  his  initials.  He  drew 
four  views  of  Shrewsbury,  which  were  en- 
graved by  Vandergucht  (GouGH,  Topography, 
ii.  177),  and  in  the  <  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions' (xlix.  196)  is  a  plate  of  some  Roman 
inscriptions  from  his  hand.  He  died  on  19  June 
1832,  aged  76. 

[Gent.  Mag.  vol.  cii.pt.  ii.  p.  185;  Gough's 
Topography,  ii.  177  ;  Leighton's  Guide  through 
Shrewsbury,  p.  182.]  J.  H. 

BOWEN",  JOHN,  LL.D.  (1815-1859), 
bishop  of  Sierra  Leone,  son  of  Thomas 
Bowen,  captain  in  the  85th  regiment,  by  his 
third  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  Evans,  chaplain  to  the  garrison  at  Pla- 
centia,  Newfoundland,  was  born  at  Court, 
near  Fishguard,  Pembrokeshire,  on  21  Nov. 
1815.  At  twelve  years  of  age  he  was  sent  to 
school  at  Merlin's  Vale,  near  Haverfordwest, 
and  in  1830  continued  his  studies  at  the 
same  place  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  David 
Adams.  He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  April 
1835,  and  took  a  farm  at  Dunville,  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  where,  during  the  re- 
bellion of  1837-8,  he  served  in  the  militia. 
On  Sunday,  6  March  1842,  he  heard  a  sermon 
in  the  Lake  Shore  church,  which  made  a 
great  impression  on  his  mind,  and  ultimately 
led  to  a  desire  to  prepare  himself  for  the 
ministerial  office.  A  favourable  opportunity 
having  occurred  for  disposing  of  his  farm 
advantageously,  he  returned  home,  and  in 
January  1843  entered  himself  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in 
1847,  and  became  LL.B.  and  LL.D.  ten  years 
later.  His  first  appointment  was  to  the 
assistant-curacy  of  Knaresborough,  York- 
shire, in  1848.  While  residing  here  he  asked 
the  Church  Missionary  Society  to  allow  him 
to  visit  their  numerous  foreign  stations.  The 
society  suggested  that  he  should  proceed  to 
Jerusalem,  there  to  confer  with  Bishop  Gobat, 
and  then  to  visit  the  missionary  stations  at 
Syra,  Smyrna,  and  Cairo ;  afterwards  to  jour- 
ney to  Mount  Lebanon,  Nablous,  and  other 
places  in  Syria,  and  thence  to  proceed  to  Mosul 
by  Constantinople  and  Trebizond,  returning 
by  Bagdad  and  Damascus  to  Jerusalem.  All 
this  he  accomplished,  going  through  many 
hardships  and  dangers,  and  returning  to 
England  in  December  1851.  In  1853  he  was 
named,  by  the  Marquis  of  Huntly,  rector  of 
Orton-Longueville  with  Botolph  Bridge  in 
Huntingdonshire.  Having  obtained  permis- 
sion from  his  bishop,  he  again  left  England 


Bowen 


Bower 


in  September.  1854,  and  was  absent  in  the 
East  until  July  1856.  He  had  by  this  time 
made  such  good  use  of  his  opportunities 
for  the  study  of  Arabic,  that  he  was  able  to 
preach  with  fluency  in  that  difficult  language. 
On  10  Aug.  1857  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Sierra  Leone  by  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury and  the  Bishops  of  Peterborough 
and  Victoria,  and  sailed  for  his  diocese  on 
26  Nov.  following.  The  bishop  recovered  from 
several  attacks  of  yellow  fever.  Malignant 
fever,  however,  broke  out  in  the  colony,  and 
he  died  of  it  on  2  June  1859,  when  he  had 
occupied  the  see  two  years  and  five  months. 
He  married,  on  24  Nov.  1857,  Catharine 
Butler,  second  daughter  of  Dr.  George  But- 
ler, dean  of  Peterborough.  She  died  at  Free- 
town, after  giving  birth  to  a  stillborn  son,  on 
4  Aug.  1858. 

[Memorials  of  John  Bowen,  LL.D.,  Bishop  of 
Sierra  Leone,  by  his  Sister,  1862;  Gent.  Mag. 
vii.  187-8  (1859).]  G.  C.  B. 

BOWEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1790),  engraver 
of  charts,  was  the  son  of  EMANTJEL  BOWEIT, 
map  engraver  to  George  II  and  Louis  XV, 
who  published  a  'Complete  Atlas  of  Geo- 
graphy,' with  good  maps,  1744-7 ;  an  '  Eng- 
lish Atlas,  with  a  new  set  of  maps,'  1745  (?) ; 
a  *  Complete  Atlas  ...  in  sixty-eight  Maps,' 
1752 ;  'Atlas  Minimus ;  or  a  new  set  of  Pocket 
Maps,'  1758,  24mo ;  and  a  series  of  separate 
maps  of  the  English  counties,  of  Germany, 
Asia  Minor,  and  Persia,  between  1736  and 
1776,  of  which  Gough  speaks  with  little  ap- 
proval. Thomas  Bowen  engraved  the  maps 
and  charts  of  the  West  Indies,  published 
by  the  direction  of  the  government  from  the 
surveys  of  Captain  James  Speer ;  maps  of  the 
country  twenty  miles  round  London  and  of 
the  road  between  London  and  St.  David's, 
about  1750 ;  a  '  New  Projection  of  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Hemispheres  of  the  Earth,'  1776; 
and  an  'Accurate  Map  of  the  Russian  Empire 
in  Europe  and  Asia,'  1778.  He  contributed 
to  Taylor  and  Skinner's  '  Survey  and  Maps  of 
the  Roads  of  North  Britain '  in  1776.  He 
died  at  an  advanced  age  in  Clerkenwell  work- 
house early  in  1790. 

[Gent.  Mag.  Ix.  pt.  i.  p.  374  ;  Eedgrave's  Diet, 
of  English  Artists ;  Gough's  British  Topography, 
vols.  i.  ii. ;  "Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Map 
Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWER,  ALEXANDER  (fl.  1804- 
1830),  biographer,  was  originally  a  teacher 
in  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  acted  as  assis- 
tant-librarian in  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  died  suddenly  about  1830-1.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  between  1804  and  1830, 
the  titles  of  them  being:  1.  'An  Account 


of  the  Life  of  James  Beattie,  LL.D.,'  in  which 
are  occasionally  given  characters  of  the  prin- 
cipal literary  men,  and  a  sketch  of  the  state 
of  literature  in  Scotland  during  the  last  cen- 
tury, 1804,  8vo.  2.  '  The  Life  of  Luther, 
with  an  account  of  the  early  progress  of  the 
Reformation,'  1813,  8vo.  3.  '  The  History  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  chiefly  com- 

n"1  id  from  original  Papers  and  Records  never 
ore  published,'  vols.  i.  ii.,  1817,  vol.  iii. 
1830, 8vo.  This  work  is  strong  in  biographi- 
cal details  of  the  professors  and  others,  but 
in  other  points  the  history  is  now  of  little 
value.  4.  '  The  Edinburgh  Students'  Guide, 
or  an  Account  of  the  Classes  of  the  Univer- 
sity,' 1822. 

[Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.  ;  Cat.  of  the  Advocates' 
Library;  Grant's  Edin.  University,  1884,  i.p.ix.l 

C.  W.  S. 

BOWER,  ARCHIBALD  (1686-1766), 
author  of  the  'History  of  the  Popes,'  was 
born  on  17  Jan.  1685-6  at  or  near  Dundee ; 
according  to  his  own  account,  he  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family  which  had 
been  for  several  hundred  years  possessed  of 
an  estate  in  the  county  of  Angus  in  Scot- 
land. In  1702  he  was  sent  to  the  Scotch 
college  at  Douay;  afterwards  proceeded  to 
Rome,  and  was  there  admitted  into  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus  on  9  Dec.  1706.  His  own 
statement  that  he  was  admitted  into  the 
order  in  November  1705  is  evidently  untrue, 
as  is  shown  by  the  entry  in  the  register  of 
the  Roman  province  of  the  society.  After  a 
novitiate  of  two  years  he  went  in  1712  to 
Fano,  where  he  taught  classics  till  1714, 
when  he  removed  to  Fermo.  In  1717  he  was 
recalled  to  Rome  to  study  divinity  in  the 
Roman  college,  and  in  1721  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  college  of  Arezzo,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1723,  and  became  reader  of  phi- 
losophy and  consultor  to  the  rector  of  the 
college.  He  was  next  sent  to  Florence,  and 
in  the  same  year  removed  to  Macerata,  at 
which  place  he  continued  till  1726.  Before 
the  latter  date  he  was  probably  professed  of 
the  four  vows,  his  own  account  fixing  that 
event  in  March  1722  at  Florence  (Full  Con- 
futation, p.  54),  though,  as  he  certainly  was 
resident  at  Arezzo  in  that  year,  his  profession 
was  most  likely  made  a  year  later.  All  his 
statements  concerning  himself  must  be  re- 
ceived with  extreme  caution. 

The  turning-point  in  Bower's  career  was 
his  removal  from  Macerata  to  Perugia,  and 
his  flight  from  the  latter  city  to  England  in 
1726.  His  enemies  said  that  this  step  was 
taken  in  consequence  of  his  having  been  de- 
tected in  an  amour  with  a  nun,  but  he  him- 
self ascribes  it  to  the  '  hellish  proceedings ' 


Bower 


49 


Bower 


of  the  court  of  the  inquisition  at  Macerata, 
in  which  he  says  that  he  was  counsellor  or 
judge.  He  was  greatly  impressed  with  the 
horrible  cruelties  committed  in  the  torture- 
chamber,  particularly  on  two  gentlemen, 
whose  stories,  as  well  as  his  own  escape,  he 
related  in  detail  in  an  '  Answer  to  a  Scurri- 
lous Pamphlet'  (1757).  Another  account 
had  been  previously  published  by  Richard 
Baron  [q.  v.]  in  1750,  professing  to  contain 
the  substance  of  the  relation  which  Bower 
gave  of  his  escape  to  Dr.  Hill,  chaplain  to 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (Six  Letters 
from  Bower  to  Father  Sheldon,  p.  3  ri).  The 
title  of  Baron's  pamphlet  is :  'A  faithful 
Account  of  Mr.  Archibald  Bower's  Motives 
for  leaving  his  Office  of  Secretary  to  the 
Court  of  Inquisition  ;  including  also  a  rela- 
tion of  the  horrid  treatment  of  an  innocent 
gentleman,  who  was  driven  mad  by  his  suf- 
ferings, in  this  bloody  Court ;  and  of  a  Noble- 
man who  expired  under  his  tortures.  To 
both  which  inhuman  and  shocking  scenes  the 
author  was  an  eye-witness.'  A  third  account 
of  these  occurrences  is  printed  at  the  end 
of  'Bower  and  Tillemont  compared'  (1757). 
The  narrative  published  by  Bower  thirty- 
one  years  after  the  date  of  his  alleged  '  es- 
cape '  conflicts  with  the  versions  previously 
given  by  him  orally,  and  is  of  doubtful 
veracity. 

On  his  arrival  in  England  in  June  or  July 
1726  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  Edward 
Aspinwall,  formerly  a  Jesuit,  who  received 
him  kindly  and  introduced  him  to  Dr.  Clarke. 
After  several  conferences  with  these  gentle- 
men, and  some  with  Berkeley,  dean  of  Lon- 
donderry (afterwards  bishop  of  Cloyne),  he 
withdrew  himself  from  the  communion  of 
the  Roman  catholic  church,  took  leave  of  the 
provincial,  and  quitted  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
He  says  that  he  formed  a  system  of  religion 
for  himself  and  was  for  six  years  a  protestant 
of  no  particular  denomination,  but  at  last  he 
conformed  to  the  church  of  England. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Goodman 
(physician  to  George  I)  Bower  obtained  a 
recommendation  to  Lord  Aylmer,  who  wanted 
a  person  to  assist  him  in  reading  the  classics. 
With  Aylmer  he  continued  for  several  years 
on  terms  of  the  greatest  intimacy,  and  was 
introduced  to  all  his  patron's  connections, 
one  of  whom — George  (afterwards  Lord) 
Lyttelton — remained  his  steady  friend  when 
he  was  deserted  by  almost  every  other  per- 
son. While  he  resided  with  Lord  Aylmer 
he  wrote  the  f  Historia  Literaria,'  a  monthly 
review,  begun  in  1730  and  discontinued  in 
1734.  During  the  following  nine  years  (1735- 
1744)  he  was  employed  by  the  proprietors 
of  the  t  Universal  History,'  to  which  work  he 

VOL.    VI. 


contributed  the  history  of  Rome.  He  also 
undertook  the  education  of  the  son  of  Mr. 
Thompson,  of  Cooley,  Berkshire,  but  ill-health 
did  not  allow  him  to  continue  more  than  a 
twelvemonth  in  that  family,  and  upon  his 
recovery  Lord  Aylmer  secured  his  services 
as  tutor  to  two  of  his  children. 

In  1740  he  invested  his  savings  (1,100/.) 
in  the  Old  South  Sea  annuities,  and  with  this 
sum  he  resolved  to  purchase  an  annuity.  In 
the  disposition  of  this  money  he  engaged  in 
a  negotiation  which  afterwards  proved  fatal 
to  his  reputation.  Bower's  own  account  of 
j  the  transaction  is  that  as  none  of  his  protestant 
friends  cared  to  burden  their  estates  with  a 
life-rent,  he  left  his  money  in  the  funds  till 
August  1741,  when  being  informed  that  an 
act  of  parliament  had  passed  for  rebuilding 
a  church  in  the  city  of  London  upon  life- 
annuities,  at  seven  per  cent.,  he  went  into 
the  city,  intending  to  dispose  of  his  money  in 
that  way,  but  he  found  the  subscription  was 
closed.  This  disappointment  he  mentioned 
to  a  friend,  Mr.  Hill,  whom  he  accidentally 
met  in  Will's  coffee-house,  and  upon  Hill's 
offering  the  same  interest  that  was  given  by 
the  trustees  of  the  above-mentioned  church 
the  sum  of  1,100/.  was  transferred  to  Mr. 
Wright,  Mr.  Hill's  banker.  Mr.  Hill,  Bower 
adds,  was  a  Jesuit,  but  transacted  money  mat- 
ters as  an  attorney.  Some  time  after  Bower 
added  250Z.  to  the  sum  already  in  Hill's 
hands,  and  received  for  the  whole  94/.  10s.  a 
year.  He  afterwards  resolved  to  marry,  and 
it  was  chiefly  upon  that  consideration  that 
he  applied  to  Hill  to  know  upon  what  terms 
he  would  return  the  capital.  Hill  agreed  at 
once  to  repay  it,  only  deducting  what  Bower 
had  received  over  and  above  the  common  in- 
terest of  four  per  cent,  during  the  time  it  had 
been  in  his  hands,  and  this  was  done.  '  Thus/ 
Bower  asserts,  '  did  this  money  transaction 
begin  with  Mr.  Hill,  was  carried  on  by  Mr. 
Hill,  and  with  Mr.  Hill  did  it  end.' 

By  his  opponents  it  is  alleged  with  more  pro- 
bability that  after  a  time  he  wished  to  return 
to  the  church  he  had  renounced,  and  there- 
fore, in  order  to  recommend  himself  to  his 
superiors,  he  desired  effectually  to  prove  his 
sincerity  towards  them.  He  proposed  to  Father 
Shireburne,  then  provincial  in  England,  to 
give  up  to  him,  as  representative  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus,  the  money  he  then  possessed, 
on  condition  of  being  paid  during  his  life  an 
annuity  at  the  rate  of  seven  per  cent.  This 
offer  was  accepted,  and  on  21  Aug.  1741  he 
paid  to  Father  Shireburne  1,100/f.,  and  on 
27  Feb.  1741-2  he  paid  to  the  same  person 
150/.  more  upon  the  same  conditions.  Nor 
did  his  confidence  rest  here,  for  on  6  Aug. 
1743  he  added  another  100/.  to  the  above 


Bower 


Bower 


sums,  now  augmented  to  1,350/.,  when  the 
several  annuities  were  reduced  into  one, 
amounting  to  94/.  10s.,  for  which  a  bond  was 
given.  This  negotiation  had  the  desired 
effect,  and  Bower  was  readmitted  in  a  formal 
manner  into  the  order  of  Jesus  by  Father 
Carteret  at  London  some  time  before  the 
battle  of  Fontenoy  (30  April  1745). 

Bower  soon  again  grew  dissatisfied  with  his 
situation.  It  has  been  suggested  that  he  took 
offence  because  his  superiors  insisted  on  his 
going  abroad,  or  that  he  had  a  prospect  of  ad- 
vancing his  interest  more  surely  as  an  avowed 
protestant  than  as  an  emissary  of  the  pope. 
Whatever  motive  may  have  impelled  him,  it 
seems  certain  that  when  he  began  his  corre- 
spondence with  Father  Sheldon,  the  succes- 
sor of  Father  Shireburne  in  the  office  of 
provincial,  he  had  finally  resolved  to  make  a 
second  breach  of  his  vows.  To  accomplish 
that  object  he  wrote  the  famous  letters  which 
occasioned  a  lively  controversy.  The  cor- 
respondence answered  his  purpose,  and  he 
received  his  money  back  from  the  borrowers 
on  20  June  1747. 

He  received  300/.  for  revising  and  correct- 
ing the  second  edition  of  the  '  Universal 
History,'  but  he  performed  the  task  in  a 
slovenly  and  careless  manner.  On  25  March 
1747  he  issued  the  '  proposals  '  for  printing 
by  subscription  his  l  History  of  the  Popes,' 
describing  himself  as  'Archibald  Bower,  esq., 
heretofore  public  professor  of  rhetoric,  his- 
tory, and  philosophy  in  the  universities  of 
Home,  Fermo,  and  Macerata,  and,  in  the  latter 
place,  counsellor  of  the  inquisition.'  He 
announced  that  he  had  begun  the  work  at 
Rome  some  years  previously,  his  original 
design  being  to  vindicate  the  doctrine  of  the 
pope's  supremacy,  and  that  while  prosecuting 
his  researches  he  became  a  proselyte  to  the 
opinion  which  he  had  proposed  to  confute. 
He  presented  the  first  volume  to  the  king 
13  May  1748,  and  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Say, 
keeper  of  Queen  Caroline's  library  (10  Sept.), 
he  obtained  that  place  through  the  interest 
of  his  friend  Lyttelton  with  the  prime  minis- 
ter, Pelham.  The  next  year  (4  Aug.  1749) 
he  married  a  niece  of  Bishop  Nicolson  and 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land. This  lady  had  a  fortune  of  4,000/.  and 
a  child  by  a  former  husband.  He  had  been 
engaged  in  a  treaty  of  marriage,  which  did 
not  take  effect,  in  1745. 

The  second  volume  of  the  '  History  of  the 
Popes '  appeared  in  1751,  and  in  the  same 
year  Bower  published,  by  way  of  supplement 
to  this  volume,  seventeen  sheets,  which  were 
delivered  to  his  subscribers  gratis.  Towards 
the  end  of  1753  he  produced  a  third  volume, 
which  brought  down  his  history  to  the  death 


of  Pope  Stephen  in  757.  In  April  1754  his. 
constant  friend  Lyttelton  appointed  him 
clerk  of  the  buck-warrants.  It  was  in  this 
year  that  the  first  serious  attack  was  made 
upon  him  on  account  of  his  *  History  of  the 
Popes '  in  a  pamphlet  by  the  Rev.  Alban  But- 
ler, published  anonymously  at  Douay  under 
the  title  of '  Remarks  on  the  two  first  volumes 
of  the  late  Lives  of  the  Popes  ;  in  letters  from 
a  Gentleman  to  a  Friend  in  the  Country.'' 
Meanwhile  the  letters  addressed  by  Bower  to 
the  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  had  fallen  into- 
the  hands  of  Sir  Henry  Bedingfield,  a  Roman 
catholic  baronet,  who  made  no  secret  of  their 
contents.  He  asserted  that  the  letters  clearly 
demonstrated  that  while  their  writer  was 
pretending  to  have  the  liveliest  zeal  for  the 
protestant  faith,  he  was  in  fact  a  member  of 
the  Roman  church,  and  in  confidential  corre- 
spondence with  the  head  of  that  body.  Bower 
maintained  that  these  letters  were  infamous 
forgeries,  designed  to  ruin  his  credit  with  his- 
protestant  friends,  and  brought  forward  by 
the  Jesuits  in  revenge  for  his  exposure  of  the 
frauds  of  the  priesthood.  At  this  juncture 
the  Rev.  John  Douglas  (afterwards  bishop  of 
Salisbury),  who  had  already  detected  the 
frauds  of  Lauder  in  regard  to  Milton,  deter- 
mined to  expose  the  duplicity  of  Bower's 
conduct,  and  published  in  1756  a  pamphlet 

entitled  '  Six  Letters  from  A d  B r 

to  Father  Sheldon,  provincial  of  the  Jesuits 
in  England ;  illustrated  with  several  remark- 
able facts,  tending  to  ascertain  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  said  letters,  and  the  true  character 
of  the  writer.'  In  this  tract  Douglas  proved 
the  genuineness  of  the  letters  ;  showed  that 
want  of  veracity  was  not  the  only  defect  in 
Bower's  character,  but  that  he  was  as  little 
remarkable  for  his  chastity  as  for  his  love  of 
truth ;  and  brought  forward  the  attestation 
of  Mrs.  Hoyles.  Bower  had  converted  this 
lady  to  Roman  Catholicism,  and  her  state- 
ment leaves  no  cause  to  doubt  the  historian's 
zeal  to  support  in  secret  the  church  which, 
for  self-interested  ends,  he  was  publicly  dis- 
owning. Douglas's  pamphlet  elicited  a  reply 
from  Bower,  or  one  of  his  friends,  under  the 
character  of  a '  Country  Neighbour.'  Douglas 
then  published  his  second  tract,  '  Bower  and 
Tillemont  compared'  (1757),  in  which  he  de- 
monstrates that  the  '  History  of  the  Popes,' 
especially  the  first  volume,  is  merely  a  trans- 
lation of  the  work  of  the  French  historian.  In 
1757  Bower  brought  out  three  large  pamph- 
lets, in  which  he  labouredto  refute  the  charges 
made  against  his  moral,  religious,  and  literary 
character.  Douglas  followed  with  '  A  Full 
Confutation  of  all  the  Facts  advanced  in  Mr. 
Bower's  Three  Defences '  (1757),  and '  A  Com- 
plete and  Final  Detection  of  A d  B r '' 


Bower 


Bower 


(1758).  To  the  last  two  pamphlets  were 
attached  certificates  and  other  documents  ob- 
tained from  Italy,  clearly  establishing  Bower's 
guilt  and  imposture.  In  the  course  of  this 
embittered  controversy,  Garrick,  who  had 
formerly  been  his  friend,  threatened  to  write 
a  farce  in  which  Bower  was  to  be  introduced 
on  the  stage  as  a  mock  convert  and  to  be 
shown  in  various  situations,  so  that  the  pro- 
fligacy of  his  character  might  be  exposed 
(DAVIES,  Memoirs  of  Garrick,  ed.  1808,  i. 
306).  From  this  period  Bower's  whole  time 
was  spent  in  making  ineffectual  attacks  upon 
his  enemies,  and  equally  vain  efforts  to  re- 
cover the  reputation  of  himself  and  his  'His- 
tory of  the  Popes.'  Before  the  controversy 
had  ended  he  published  his  fourth  volume, 
and  in  1757  an  abridgment  of  the  first  four 
volumes  of  his  work  was  published  in  French 
at  Amsterdam.  In  1761  he  seems  to  have 
assisted  the  author  of  '  Authentic  Memoirs 
concerning  the  Portuguese  Inquisition,  in  a 
series  of  letters  to  a  friend ; '  and  about  the 
same  time  he  produced  the  fifth  volume  of 
his  '  History  of  the  Popes.'  To  this  volume 
he  annexed  a  summary  view  of  the  contro- 
versy between  himself  and  the  Roman  catho- 
lics. The  remainder  of  his  history  did  not 
appear  till  just  before  the  author's  death, 
when  the  sixth  and  seventh  volumes  were 
published  together,  but  in  so  hasty  and  slo- 
venly a  manner  that  the  whole  period  from 
1600  to  1758  was  comprehended  in  twenty- 
six  pages.  The  '  History  of  the  Popes '  has 
been  reprinted  with  a  continuation  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Hanson  Cox,  in  3  vols.,  Philadelphia, 
1844-5,  8vo. 

Bower  died  on  3  Sept.  1766,  and  was  buried 
in  Marylebone  churchyard.  The  epitaph  on 
his  tomb  describes  him  as  '  a  man  exemplary 
for  every  social  virtue,  justly  esteemed  by  all 
who  knew  him  for  his  strict  honesty  and  in- 
tegrity, a  faithful  friend,  and  a  sincere  Chris- 
tian.' He  bequeathed  all  his  property  to  his 
wife,  who,  some  time  after  his  death,  attested 
that  he  died  in  the  protestant  faith  (London 
Chronicle,  11  Oct.  1766). 

His  portrait  has  been  engraved  by  J. 
M'Ardell  and  T.  Holloway  from  a  painting 
by  G.  Knapton;  and  by  J.  Faber  from  a 
painting  by  Reynolds. 

[The  principal  authorities  are  the  twenty-two 
pamphlets  published  during  the  Bower  contro- 
versy, and  a  series  of  articles,  probably  by  Bishop 
Douglas,  in  the  European  Magazine  for  1794, 
xxv.  3,  133,  209,  261,  xxvi.  32.  These  articles 
were  reprinted  without  acknowledgment  in  the 
General  Biog.  Diet.  (1798),  ii.  528,  and  thence 
transferred  by  Alexander  Chalmers  (but  with 
the  omission  of  the  references)  to  his  edition  of 
that  work.  Consult  also  Birch  MS.  in  Addit. 


MS.  Brit.  Mus.  4234  ;  Gent.  Mag.  Ix.  1187,  Ixi. 
118,  Ixxi.  509;  Nichols's  Illustr.  of  Lit.  ii.  134; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  477,  ii.  42,  394,  554,  565, 
iii.  507,  iv.  95,  vi.  463,  467,  viii.  269 ;  Milner's 
Life  of  Bishop  Challoner,  29-31 ;  Bromley's  Cat. 
of  Engraved  Portraits,  383;  Oliver's  Jesuit  Col- 
lections, 40 ;  Foley's  Kecords,  vii.  882  ;  Cat.  of 
Birch  and  Sloane  MSS.  713,  717  ;  Lysons's  En- 
virons, iii.  263,  264;  Edinburgh  Mag.  (1785), 
i.  284 ;  Memoirs  of  George  Psalmanazar,  2nd 
edit.  277 ;  Evans's  Cat.  of  Engraved  Portraits, 
1212,  1213;  Macdonald's  Memoir  of  Bishop 
Douglas,  28-36 ;  C.  Butler's  Life  of  Alban  Butler 
(1800),  9.]  T.  C. 

BOWER,  or  BOWERS,  GEORGE  (Jl. 
1681),  medallist,  worked  principally  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  II  and  James  II,  and  for  a 
short  time  under  William  III.  In  January 
1664  he  was  appointed '  embosser  in  ordinary * 
(engraver)  to  the  Mint,  an  office  which  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  till  his  death  in  the  early  part 
of  1689-90.  He  executed  numerous  medals 
for  the  royal  family  as  well  as  for  private 
persons,  and  his  work  displays  considerable 
skill,  though  it  is  inferior  in  finish  and  exe- 
cution to  that  of  the  Roettiers,  the  well- 
known  medallists  of  the  same  period.  The 
most  interesting  of  all  his  medals  is,  perhaps, 
the  specimen  struck  to  commemorate  the  ac- 
quittal of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  on  the 
charge  of  high  treason,  showing  on  the  ob- 
verse the  bust  of  the  earl,  and  on  the  reverse 
the  legend  <  Lsetamur,  24  Nov.  1681,'  and  a 
view  of  London  with  the  sun  bursting  from 
behind  a  cloud.  It  was  the  production  of 
this  specimen  which  gave  rise  to  Dryden's 
satire  on  Shaftesbury  entitled  '  The  Medal : r 

Five  days  he  sate  for  every  cast  and  look, 
Four  more  than  God  to  finish  Adam  took ; 
But  who  can  tell  what  essence  angels  are, 
Or  how  long  Heaven  was  making  Lucifer  ? 

Bower  also  executed  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II 
the  Restoration  medal  (1660:  reverse,  Jupi- 
ter destroying  prostrate  giants,  signed  '  G. 
Bower '),  the  marriage  medal  (1662  :  signed 
*  G.  B.'),  and  medals  relating  to  the  popish 
and  Rye  House  plots.  Of  the  medals  made 
by  him  under  James  II,  we  may  mention  a 
piece  commemorating  the  defeat  of  Mon- 
mouth  (signed  '  G.  Bowers  '),  and  specimens 
referring  to  the  trial  of  the  seven  bishops. 
He  further  produced  a  medal  celebrating  the 
landing  of  William  (III)  at  Torbay,  1688, 
and  the  coronation  medal  of  William  and 
Mary,  1689. 

[Grueber's  Guide  to  English  Medals  exhibited 
in  British  Museum,  reff.  in  Index  of  Artists,  s.  v. 
'  Bower.'  and  ib.  p.  xx,  p.  39  ;  Hawkins's  Medallic 
Illustrations,  ed.  Franks  and  Grueber ;  Calendar 
of  State  Papers,  Domestic,  1664,  p.  462 ;  Numis- 

E2 


Bower 


Bower 


matic  Chronicle,  1841,  iii.  p.   177;  Calendar  of 
Treasury  Papers,  1556-7-1696,  pp.  53,  106, 1 10.] 

W.  W. 

BOWER  or  BOWMAKER,  WALTER 
(d.  1449),  abbot  of  Inchcolm,  is  the  reputed 
continuator  of  Fordun's  'Chronica  Gentis 
Scotorum/  as  it  appears  in  the  volume  gene- 
rally known  as  the  '  Scotichronicon.'  The 
latter  book,  however,  in  its  printed  form 
does  not  contain  the  name  of  Walter  Bower, 
nor  does  it  include  any  passage  ascribing 
its  compilation  to  the  abbot  of  Inchcolm, 
who  is  credited  with  having  written  the 
work  on  the  testimony  of  his  contemporary 
but  anonymous  abbreviator  in  the  Carthusian 
monastery  at  Perth — a  theory  which  is  also 
supported  by  the  heading  of  the '  Black  Book 
of  Paisley.'  The  abbot  of  Inchcolm  is  also 
cited  in  1526  by  Boethius  as  one  of  the 
chief  authorities  for  his  '  Histories  Scotorum ' 
(prsef.  iii,  2nd  ed.,  Paris,  1526).  Other  evi- 
dence points  in  the  same  direction,  and  the 
identity  of  the  author  of  the '  Scotichronicon ' 
with  the  abbot  of  Inchcolm  may  be  con- 
sidered as  fairly  certain.  According  to  his 
own  testimony  (xiv.  50),  the  writer  of  the 
4  Scotichronicon  '  was  born  in  the  year  when 
Richard  II  burnt  Dryburgh  and  Edinburgh, 
i.e.  in  1385.  To  this  the  Book  of  Cupar  adds 
that  his  birthplace  was  Haddington,  where 
we  find  that  a  certain  John  Bower  or  Bow- 
maker  was  deputy-custumar  from  1395  to 
1398  (Exchequer  Rolls  of  Scotland,  iii.  364, 
433).  This  officer  Mr.  Tytler  considers  to  have 
been  the  abbot's  father  (Lives  of  Scottish  Wor- 
thies, ii.  199;  with  which  cf.  Exch.  Rolls, 
iv.  pref.  88).  Goodall  makes  Walter  Bower 
become  a  monk  at  eighteen,  after  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  same  authority,  he  completed 
his  philosophical  and  theological  studies  in 
Scotland,  and  was  ordained  priest  before 
taking  up  his  abode  in  Paris  for  the  sake  of 
perfecting  himself  in  the  law.  But  there 
seem  to  be  no  satisfactory  proofs  for  these 
statements,  and  we  are  without  any  posi- 
tive information  as  to  Bower's  life  until 
in  his  thirty-third  year  he  was  consecrated 
abbot  of  Inchcolm  on  17  April  1418  (Scoti- 
chronicon, xv.  30).  It  seems,  however,  very 
clear  that  the  author  of  the  '  Scotichronicon ' 
had  been  a  member  of  the  Augustinian  priory 
of  St.  Andrews  and  well  acquainted  with  at 
least  two  of  its  priors — James  Biset  (1393- 
1416)  and  James  Haldenden  (1418-1443). 
Under  the  former  he  appears  to  have  received 
his  education,  and  he  may  from  his  own 
words  be  inferred  to  have  been  a  licentiate 
or  bachelor  in  canon  law,  though  perhaps  not 
a  master  in  theology  (ib.  vi.  55-7).  There  is, 
however,  nothing  to  show  with  any  certainty 
whether  he  took  his  degree  at  Paris  or  in  the 


new  university  of  St.  Andrews,  of  which  his 
patron  James  Biset  was  so  prominent  a 
founder  (1410). 

Very  shortly  after  Biset's  death  at  least  six 
of  his  pupils  were  appointed  to  high  church 
dignities,  and  amongst  them,  on  17  April 
1418,  Walter  was  consecrated  abbot  of  Inch- 
colm, a  small  island  in  the  Firth  of  Forth. 
Every  summer  he  had  to  leave  his  house  for 
the  mainland  to  avoid  the  attacks  of  the  Eng- 
lish pirates,  though  before  his  death  he  fortified 
Inchcolm.  Besides  attending  to  the  affairs  of 
his  abbey — whose  documents  he  copied  with 
his  own  hands — the  new  abbot  was  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  politics.  When  James  I  returned 
from  captivity,  Bower  was  one  of  the  two  com- 
missioners appointed  to  collect  that  king's 
ransom-money  in  1423  and  1424.  Nine  years 
later  (1433),  on  the  betrothal  of  James's 
daughter  to  the  dauphin,  the  same  two  com- 
missioners were  again  entrusted  with  the 
collecting  of  the  tax  for  her  dowry,  but  were 
soon  bidden  by  the  king  himself  to  desist 
from  exacting  the  imposition  (ib.  xvi.  9).  A 
few  years  previously  (December  1430),  on 
the  submission  of  Alexander  of  the  Isles, 
this  nobleman's  mother,  the  Countess  of  Ross, 
was  confined  in  Inchcolm — probably  under 
the  charge  of  Abbot  Walter — till  her  release 
in  February  1432  (ib.  xvi.  16,  20).  In 
October  of  the  same  year  the  abbot  was 
present  at  the  council  held  at  Perth  for  the 
consideration  of  the  English  propositions 
for  peace.  On  this  occasion,  in  company 
with  his  old  friend  the  abbot  of  Scone,  he 
made  a  strenuous  opposition  to  the  English 
offers,  on  the  ground  that  James  had  sworn 
to  make  no  peace  with  the  English  except 
with  the  consent  of  the  French.  The  pru- 
dence of  the  two  abbots  was  confirmed  by 
the  discovery  that  the  whole  affair  was  an 
artifice  on  the  part  of  the  English.  It  was 
not  till  about  the  year  1440  that  Bower  com- 
menced to  write  the  '  Scotichronicon,'  at  the 
request  of  Sir  David  Stewart  of  Rossyth,  who, 
according  to  Mr.  Skene,  died  in  1444.  This 
work  seems  to  have  occupied  several  years, 
and  was  not  completed  till  1447  (cf.  the  dates 
given  in  Scotichronicon,  lib.  i.  8,  vi.  57,  xvi.  8, 
26).  Shortly  before  his  death,  which  took 
place  in  1449,  according  to  the  statement  of 
the  Carthusian  abbreviator  (SKENE,  John  of 
For  dun,  Iii),  Bower  seems  to  have  condensed 
his  larger  work  and  divided  it  into  forty  books. 

The  '  Scotichronicon '  in  its  original  form 
was  divided  into  sixteen  books,  of  which  the 
first  five  and  chapters  9-23  of  the  sixth  are 
mainly  the  work  of  John  Fordun,  who  also 
collected  certain  materials  for  continuing 
the  history  down  to  the  year  1385.  To  the 
earlier  books  of  Fordun  Bower  made  large 


Bower 


53 


Bowerbank 


additions,  carefully  distinguishing  them  from 
the  work  of  his  predecessor  (whom  he  speaks 
of  as  the  author}  by  prefixing  the  word '  Scrip- 
tor  '  to  his  own  insertions.  The  last  eleven 
Bower  claims  as  practically  his  own :  'Quinque 
librosFordun,undenos  scriptor  arabat;'  though 
even  here  he  has  made  use  of  Fordun's  'Gesta 
Annalia,'  down  to  the  middle  of  David  II's 
reign,  and,  to  a  very  slight  extent,  beyond  this 
date  (Scotichronicon,  prologue,  pp.  ii  and  iii, 
also  i.  7  and  9,  vi.  23).  With  the  reign  of 
Robert  I,  towards  the  end  of  the  fourteenth 
book,  Bower  becomes  a  contemporary  writer, 
and  continues  his  narrative  till  the  death  of 
James  I.  Soon  after  the  completion  of  the 
'  Scotichronicon '  its  immense  length  and  ver- 
bosity induced  its  author  shortly  before  his 
death  to  write  the  abridgment,  generally 
known  as  the  Book  of  Cupar,  which  still 
exists  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh 
(MS.  35,  1,  7)  ;  it  has  not  yet  been  printed, 
though  an  edition  has  long  been  promised  in 
the  '  Historians  of  Scotland.'  A  year  or  so 
later  (c.  1451)  the  '  Scotichronicon'  was  con- 
densed once  more  for  the  newly  founded 
Carthusian  monastery  at  Perth,  probably  by 
the  Patrick  Russell  'spoken  of  below  (MS. 
Adv.  Lib.  35,  6,  7).  Another  abridgment 
of  the  '  Scotichronicon '  (ib.  35,  5,  2)  was 
drawn  up  in  1461  by  a  writer  who  had 
been  in  France  in  attendance  on  the  Princess 
Margaret  (SKENE,  preface,  liv).  This  work, 
which,  according  to  Mr.  Skene,  after  the 
twenty-third  chapter  of  book  vi.  differs  greatly 
from  the  original  •  Scotichronicon,'  was  copied 
several  times,  notably  about  the  year  1489, 
by  a  writer  who  tells  us  that  he  had  himself 
seen  Joan  of  Arc  (SKENE,  preface,  liv ;  MS. 
Marchmonf). 

Besides  these  abbreviations  the  '  Scoti- 
.chronicon'  itself  was  copied  several  times 
during  the  fifteenth  century,  notably  by  one 
Master  Magnus  Makculloch  in  1483-4  for 
the  archbishop  of  Glasgow  (Harl  MS.  712), 
and  in  the  large  volume  in  the  royal  library 
at  the  British  Museum,  known  as  the  Black 
Book  of  Paisley  (13  Ex.)  Another  tran- 
script (Donibristle  MS.)  assigns  the  work  to 
one  Patrick  Russell,  a  Carthusian  of  Perth. 
Each  of  these  last  transcribers  has  some- 
times been  considered  as  the  author  of  the 
larger  work;  but,  after  careful  considera- 
tion, Mr.  Skene  has  rejected  both  their  claims 
in  favour  of  Walter  Bower.  Many  other 
manuscripts  of  the  original  work  (a)  and  the 
abbreviations  (£)  exist :  notably  of  (a)  in 
the  Edinburgh  College  Library  (from  which 
Goodall's  edition  is  published)  ;  in  the  British 
Museum  Royal  Library  (the  Black  Book 
of  Paisley)  ;  and  at  Corpus  Christi,  Cam- 
bridge. 


The  only  complete  printed  edition  of  the 
'Scotichronicon'  as  it  left  the  hands  of  Walter 
Bower  is  that  printed  from  the  Edinburgh 
College  Library  MS.  by  Walter  Goodall  in 
the  middle  of  the  last  century  (Edinburgh, 
1759).  The  edition  of  Fordun  published  by 
Hearne  in  1722  (Oxford,  5  vols.),  though  ap- 
parently containing  a  good  deal  of  Bower's 
work,  notably  the  history  of  St.  Andrews, 
appears  to  be  mainly  Fordun's  production. 
The  exact  relationship,  however,  of  this  ma- 
nuscript to  Fordun  and  Bower  has  yet  to 
be  worked  out.  Some  thirty  years  earlier 
(1691)  Thomas  Gale  had  printed  a  portion 
of  the  same  manuscript  belonging  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  (GALE,  i.  6,  ix.  9)  in  the 
third  volume  of  his  (  Rerum  Anglicarum 
Scriptores.' 

[Scoticbronicon  (ed.  Goodall),  Edinburgh, 
1759  ;  John  of  Fordun,  ed.  Skene,  ap.  Histo- 
rians of  Scotland,  preface  and  introductions) ; 
Tytler's  Lives  of  Scottish  Worthies,  ii.  198-202; 
Exchequer  Eolls  of  Scotland,  ed.  George  Bur- 
nett, iii.  and  iv.]  T.  A.  A. 

BOWERBANK,  JAMES  SCOTT  (1797- 
1877),  geologist,  was  born  in  Bishopsgate, 
London,  in  1797.  We  have  no  reliable  in- 
formation as  to  his  early  education ;  but  he 
certainly  exhibited  in  his  youth  a  strong  at- 
tachment to  natural  history,  and  in  his  boy- 
hood he  was  especially  fond  of  collecting 
plants,  and  of  studying  books  on  botany. 
Bowerbank  was  most  happily  placed  in  this 
world ;  as  the  son  of  a  highly  respectable  city 
merchant  and  a  distiller  he  enjoyed  all  that 
wealth  could  afford  him.  He  succeeded  with 
his  brother,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  to  the 
well-established  distillery  of  Bowerbank  & 
Co.,  in  which  firm  he  remained  an  active 
partner  until  1847.  His  energy  and  industry 
secured  for  him  amongst  the  most  intelligent 
of  his  city  friends  the  character  of  a  careful 
and  attentive  man  of  business.  He,  however, 
found  sufficient  leisure  to  pursue  his  scien- 
tific studies,  and  early  in  life  he  obtained 
much  exact  knowledge,  as  is  proved  by  his 
having  published  papers  on  the  Insecta  and 
their  anatomy  at  an  age  which  is  generally 
considered  as  immature.  Bowerbank  also, 
in  the  years  1822-3-4,  lectured  on  botany, 
and  in  1831  we  find  him  conducting  a  class 
on  human  osteology,  and  studying  the  works 
of  Haller,  Alexander  Monro,  and  other  osteo- 
logists.  When  of  age  he  joined  the  Mathe- 
matical Society  of  Spitalfields,  and  remained 
a  member  until  its  incorporation  with  the 
Astronomical  Society  in  1845.  In  1836, 
Bowerbank,  associating  himself  with  several 
geological  friends,  originated  'The  London 
Clay  Club,'  the  members  of  which  devoted 


Bowerbank 


54 


Bowers 


themselves  to  the  task  of  examining  the  fos- 
sils of  this  tertiary  formation,  and  making 
a  complete  list  of  the  species  found  in  it. 
Bowerbank's  anatomical  studies,  which  were 
pursued  with  considerable  attention,  prepared 
his  mind  by  a  stern  discipline  for  the  study  of 
the  sponges,  to  which  he  subsequently  devoted 
himself  for  many  years.  At  the  same  time 
he  occupied  his  leisure  by  examining  the  moss 
agates,  and  the  minute  structure  of  shells  and 
corals. 

In  1840  he  published  a  volume  on  the 
*  Fossil  Fruits  of  the  London  Clay,'  which  re- 
mains a  standard  work ;  indeed,  the  only  one 
in  which  these  very  interesting  remains  are 
thoroughly  described  and  accurately  figured. 
In  1842  Bowerbank  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  In  1847,  after  the  reading 
of  a  paper  by  Professor  Prestwich  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Geological  Society,  Bowerbank  invited 
the  leading  geologists  to  meet  him  in  the  tea- 
room. He  then  proposed  the  establishment 
of  a  society  for  the  publication  of  undescribed 
British  fossils.  He  was  supported  in  this  by 
Buckland,  De  la  Beche,  Fitton,  and  others, 
and  thus  was  founded  the  Palgeontographical 
Society.  From  1844  to  1864  Bowerbank  was 
in  the  habit  of  receiving  at  his  residence,  once 
a  week,  professed  geologists  and  young  ama- 
teurs who  showed  a  real  fondness  for  this 
science,  which  was  still  struggling  against  the 
prejudices  which  dogmatic  teaching  had  fos- 
tered. Every  young  and  earnest  geologist 
found  in  him  a  sincere  friend  and  always  a 
willing  instructor.  Bowerbank's  classification 
of  the  spongidse,  his  observations  on  their  spi- 
culate  elements,  and  his  papers  on  the  vital 
powers  of  the  sponges,  remain  splendid  ex- 
amples of  unwearying  industry  and  careful 
observation.  On  his  retirement  from  the  ac- 
tive labours  of  life,  his  fervent  desire  was  to 
finish  his  great  work  on  the  sponges,  and  un- 
remittingly he  gave  all  the  energies  of  his 
well-trained  mind  to  this  object,  until  the 
failure  of  brain-power  compelled  intervals  of 
entire  repose.  Happily  he  reached  the  last 
plate  of  his  great  work.  When  half  of  it  was 
drawn  his  powers  began  to  fail  him,  and  he 
became  sadly  depressed.  The  finishing  tasks 
were  postponed  from  day  to  day,  then  resumed 
for  a  few  hours,  to  be  again  deferred,  until 
8  March  1877,  when  death  closed  for  ever  the 
labours  of  a  well-spent  life. 

Bowerbank  was  always  a  most  indefati- 
gable collector,  and  in  1864  his  collection  had 
arrived  at  a  state  which  truly  merited  the 
name  of  magnificent.  It  was  purchased  by 
the  British  Museum,  and  forms  a  well-known 
and  most  important  division  of  the  natural 
history  section  of  this  national  establish- 
ment. The  catalogue  of  scientific  papers  pub- 


j  lished  by  the  Royal  Society  credits  Bower- 
bank  with  forty-five  papers.    These  appeared 
i  in  the  '  Journal  of  the  Microscopic  Society,' 
'  The  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  His- 
|  tory,'  the '  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,' 
I  the  '  Reports  of  the  British  Association,'  and 
|  the  publications  of  the  Zoological  and  Lin- 
!  nean  Societies.     l  The  Pterodactyles  of  the 
I  Chalk,'  published  in  the  '  Proceedings  of  the 
!  Zoological  Society,'  was  one  of  Bowerbank's 
most  important  memoirs.     He  paid  great  at- 
tention to  the  question  of  silicification,  and 
some  admirable  papers  on  this  interesting 
subject  are  scattered  through  the  journals 
named.     His  ( Contributions  to   a   General 
History  of  the  Spongidee,'  which  is  in  the 
1  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society,'  de- 
serves especial  attention.     Bowerbank's  first 
Sublished  paper  was  '  Observations  on  the 
irculation  of  the  Blood  in  Insects,'  which 
appeared  in  1833.     His  last  was  a  l  Report 
on  a  Collection  of  Sponges  found  at  Ceylon 
by  E.  W.  H.  Holdsworth,'  printed  in  1873. 

[Geological  Magazine  ;  Quarterly  Journal  of 
the  Geological  Society;  Koyal  Society  Catalogue 
of  Scientific  Papers ;  Proceedings  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society ;  Palseontological  Journal.] 

R.  H-T. 

BOWERS,  GEORGE  HULL,  D.D.  (1794- 
1872),  dean  of  Manchester,  born  in  Stafford- 
shire in  1794,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Francis 
Bowers.  He  was  sent  to  the  Pembroke 
grammar  school,  and  thence  proceeded  to 
Clare  College,  Cambridge.  After  a  success- 
ful university  career  he  was  appointed  per- 
petual curate  of  Elstow,  Bedfordshire'.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1819,  proceeding  B.D.  in 
1829,  and  D.D.  in  1849.  He  was  select 
preacher  of  his  university  in  1830.  In  1832 
he  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent 
Garden.  On  the  death  of  Dean  Herbert  in 
1847  he  was  nominated  by  Lord  John  Russell 
to  the  deanery  of  Manchester,  an  office  which 
he  held  until  26  Sept.  1871.  He  was  not  a 
frequent  preacher  in  Manchester,  but  his 
pulpit  discourses  were  at  once  simple  and 
scholarly,  and  his  delivery  effective. 

His  chief  writings  are :  1.  l  Sermons 
preached  before  the  University  of  Cambridge.' 
2.  t  A  Letter  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
on  a  Proposed  School  for  Sons  of  Clergymen/ 
London,  1842.  3.  ( A  Scheme  for  the  Founda- 
tion of  Schools  for  the  Sons  of  Clergymen  and 
others,'  London,  1842  ;  this  led  to  the  esta- 
blishment of  Marlborough  School,  of  which, 
conjointly  with  the  Rev.  C.  E.  Plater,  he  was 
founder.  Similarly  Rossall  and  Haileybury 
owed  their  origin  to  Bowers's  suggestion, 
and  the  latter  gained  much  on  its  establish- 
ment from  Bowers's  personal  help  and  expe- 


Bowes 


5.S 


Bowes 


rience.  4.  '  Sermons  preached  in  the  Parish 
€hurch  of  St.  Paul,  Covent  Garden/  London, 
1849.  5.  '  Open  Churches  with  Endowments 
preferable  to  Pew  Rents,  a  Sermon,'  Man- 
chester, 1855.  6.  '  Pew  Rents  injurious  to 
the  Church,  an  Address,'  Oxford,  1865.  He 
was  a  warm  advocate  of  the  '  free  and  open 
•church  movement.'  He  was  for  this  reason 
instrumental  in  the  erection  of  St.  Alban's, 
Cheetwood,  and  various  addresses  which  he 
-delivered  there  have  been  printed.  On  his 
resignation  of  the  office  of  dean  of  Manchester 
•he  retired  to  Leamington,  where  he  died 
Friday,  27  Dec.  1872.  He  was  twice  married. 
He  bequeathed  300/.  for  the  support  of  the 
special  Sunday  evening  services  at  the  Man- 
chester Cathedral,  where  a  window  and  a 
brass  were  placed  by  his  widow  to  his  me- 
mory. A  portrait  by  Charles  Mercier  is 
•at  Rossall  School.  One  of  his  daughters, 
Georgiana  Bowers,  has  distinguished  herself 
by  successful  pictures  of  hunting  and  country 
life  in  '  Punch.'  Some  of  these  have  been 
issued  in  book  form. 

[Manchester  Guardian,  30  Dec.  1872  ;  Parkin- 
.son's  Old  Church  Clock,  ed.  Evans ;  private  in- 
formation.] W.  E.  A.  A. 

BOWES,  ELIZABETH  (1502  P-1568), 
disciple  of  John  Knox,  was  the  daughter 
of  Roger  Aske,  of  Aske,  Yorkshire.  Her 
father  died  when  she  was  a  child,  and  she 
and  her  sister  Anne  were  coheiresses  of 
their  father  and  grandfather.  Their  ward- 
ship was  sold  in  1510  to  Sir  Ralph  Bowes  of 
Dalden,  Streatlam,  and  South  Cowton.  In 
1521  Elizabeth  Aske  was  betrothed  to  Richard 
Bowes,  youngest  son  of  Sir  Ralph,  and  the 
king  granted  to  him  special  livery  of  half 
the  lands  of  William  Aske,  which  he  was  to 
receive  on  his  marriage.  Richard  Bowes,  like 
the  rest  of  his  family,  was  engaged  in  border 
business,  but  seems  to  have  lived  chiefly  at 
Aske,  where  his  wife  bore  him  five  sons  and 
ten  daughters.  Two  of  the  sons,  George 
(b.  1527)  and  Robert  (b.  1535),  are  noticed 
below.  In  1548  Richard  Bowes  was  made 
-captain  of  Norham.  His  wife  and  family 
followed  him  northwards  and  lived  in  Ber- 
wick. Mrs.  Bowes  was  deeply  religious  and 
had  been  much  affected  by  the  theological 
movements  of  the  Reformation  period.  At 
Berwick  she  met  John  Knox,  who  took  up 
his  abode  there  in  1549.  She  fell  at  once 
under  his  influence,  and  Knox  gained  the 
affections  of  her  daughter  Marjory.  Her 
husband's  family  pride  was  hurt  by  Knox's 
proposal  to  marry  his  daughter,  and  he  re- 
fused his  consent.  Knox,  however,  who  was 
about  the  same  age  as  Mrs.  Bowes,  contracted 
himself  to  Marjory,  and  adopted  Mrs.  Bowes 


as  a  relative.  He  wrote  to  Marjory  as 
'  sister,'  and  to  Mrs.  Bowes  as  '  mother.'  In 
July  1553  he  married  Marjory  Bowes  in 
spite  of  the  opposition  of  her  father  and  the 
rest  of  his  family.  At  this  time  Knox's 
fortunes  were  at  a  low  ebb,  as  Mary  had 
just  ascended  the  throne.  His  letters  to  Mrs. 
Bowes  were  intercepted  by  spies,  and  in 
January  1554  he  judged  it  prudent  to  leave 
England.  His  letters  to  Mrs.  Bowes  are  the 
chief  source  of  information  concerning  his 
doings  at  this  time.  In  June  1556  Mrs. 
Bowes  and  her  daughter  joined  Knox  at 
Geneva,  where  two  sons  were  born  to  him. 
It  would  seem  that  the  breach  in  the  Bowes 
family  owing  to  Marjory's  marriage  was 
never  healed,  and  that  Mrs.  Bowes  found 
Knox's  counsels  so  necessary  to  her  spiritual 
comfort  that  she  left  her  husband  and  her 
other  children  and  followed  Marjory's  for- 
tunes. In  1558  her  husband  died,  and  in 
1559  Knox  left  Geneva  for  Scotland.  He 
was  soon  followed  by  his  wife,  and  Mrs.  Bowes 
after  a  short  stay  in  England  made  her  way 
to  her  son-in-law,  who  wrote  for  the  queen's 
permission  for  her  journey  (Sadler  Papers, 
i.  456,  479,  509).  In  1560  Mrs.  Knox  died, 
but  her  mother  still  stayed  near  her  son-in- 
law.  She  left  her  own  family  and  adhered  to 
Knox.  She  died  in  1568,  and  immediately 
after  her  death  Knox  thought  it  desirable  to 
give  some  account  of  this  strange  intimacy. 
In  the  Advertisement  to  his  'Answer  to  a 
Letter  of  a  Jesuit  named  Tyrie '  (1572)  he 
published  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Bowes,  'to  declare 
to  the  world  what  was  the  cause  of  our  great 
familiarity,  which  was  neither  flesh  nor  blood, 
but  a  troubled  conscience  on  her  part  which 
never  suffered  her  to  rest  but  when  she  was 
in  the  company  of  the  faithful.  Her  company 
to  me  was  comfortable,  but  yet  it  was  not 
without  some  cross ;  for  besides  trouble  and 
fasherie  of  body  sustained  for  her,  my  mind 
was  seldom  quiet  for  doing  somewhat  for  the 
comfort  of  her  troubled  conscience.' 

[Sharp's  Memorials  of  the  Eebeliion,  371-2  ; 
Surtees's  Durham,  iv.  114;  Knox's  letters  to 
Mrs.  Bowes  are  largely  quoted  in  M'Crie's  Life 
of  John  Knox,  and  are  published  in  full  in 
Knox's  Works  (Wodrow  Soc.  1854),  iii.  337.] 

M.  C. 

BOWES,  SIR  GEORGE  (1517-1556), 
commander  in  border  warfare,  was  a  pos- 
thumous son  of  Sir  Ralph  Bowes  of  Dalden, 
Streatlam,  and  South  Cowton,  and  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Henry,  lord  Clifford.  Car- 
dinal Wolsey,  then  bishop  of  Durham,  sold 
his  '  ward,  custody,  and  marriage '  for  800/. 
to  Sir  William  Bulmer  in  1524.  Sir  William 
in  turn  sold  it  to  Lord  Eure,  whose  daughter 


Bowes 


Bowes 


Muriel  was  married  to  George  Bowes.  He 
had  livery  as  heir  to  his  father  in  1535.  He 
early  took  part  in  border  warfare.  He  went 
with  the  Earl  of  Hertford  on  his  devastating 
raid  in  1544,  and  was  knighted  at  Leith  on 
11  May.  So  highly  were  his  services  esteemed 
that  the  privy  council  announced  to  the  Earl 
of  Shrewsbury,  lieutenant-general  in  the 
north,  that  it  was  the  king's  intention  to 
confer  on  him  a  barony  ( Talbot  Papers,  in 
Illustrations  of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Mary, 
Maitland  Club,  p.  171).  This  intention,  how- 
ever, was  not  carried  into  effect.  Bowes 
returned  from  Scotland  and  died  in  1556, 
leaving  no  male  heir. 

[Surtees's  Durham,  iv.  112;  Sharp's  Memorials 
of  the  Rebellion  of  1569,  370.]  M.  C. 

BOWES,  SIR  GEORGE  (1527-1580), 
military  commander,  was  the  son  of  Richard 
Bowes  and  Elizabeth  A  ske  [see  BOWES,  ELIZA- 
BETH]. At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  married 
to  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Mallory 
of  Studley  Royal.  He  early  went  to  the  Scot- 
tish war,  and  in  1549  is  mentioned  as  being  in 
command  of  one  hundred  cavalry  at  Douglas. 
In  1558  he  was  made  marshal  of  Berwick. 
Being  at  this  time  a  widower,  he  strengthened 
his  position  by  an  alliance  with  the  powerful 
house  of  Shrewsbury.  He  married  Jane, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Talbot  of  Albrighton. 
His  opinion  was  often  asked  by  the  govern- 
ment about  border  affairs,  and  in  1560  he 
was  knighted  at  Berwick  by  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk.  Soon  afterwards  he  resigned  the 
onerous  post  of  marshal  of  Berwick  and  re- 
tired to  his  house  at  Streatlam.  In  1567  the 
privy  council  gave  him  a  curious  commission 
to  get  quicksets  for  hedges  to  enclose  parts 
of  the  frontier'(C«/.  State  Papers, For.  1566-8, 
p.  412).  In  1568  he  was  employed  to  escort 
Mary  queen  of  Scots  from  Carlisle  to  Bolton 
Castle.  He  displayed  such  courtesy  in  the 
discharge  of  this  duty  that  Mary  in  later 
years  had  a  grateful  remembrance  of  his  kind- 
ness, and  wrote  to  him  as  to  a  friend  (Memo- 
rials of  the  Rebellion,  p.  379).  Next  year  the 
rebellion  of  the  northern  earls  threatened 
Elizabeth's  throne,  and  it  was  chiefly  owing 
to  the  steadfastness  of  Bowes  that  the  re- 
bellion did  not  become  more  serious.  He 
remained  at  Streatlam,  in  the  centre  of  a 
disaffected  neighbourhood,  and  faced  the  un- 
popularity which  his  notorious  loyalty  drew 
upon  his  head.  Already,  on  7  March  1569, 
Lord  Hundson  wrote,  '  The  country  is  in 
great  hatred  of  Sir  George  Bowes  so  as  he 
dare  scant  remain  there'  (Cal.  State  Papers, 
For.  1569-71,  p.  199).  Streatlam  was  not  far 
from  Brancepeth,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Westmorland,  who  was  the  centre  of  the  dis- 


affected party.  Bowes  kept  a  sharp  watch 
on  all  that  was  passing,  and  sent  informa- 
tion to  the  Earl  of  Sussex,  lord  president  of 
the  north,  who  was  stationed  at  York.  Sus- 
sex for  some  time  did  not  believe  that  the 
earls  would  proceed  to  any  open  action.  At 
length  their  proceedings  were  so  threaten- 
ing that  Bowes  thought  it  safer,  on  12  Nov., 
to  leave  Streatlam,  and  shut  himself  up  in 
the  strong  castle  of  Barnard  Castle,  which 
belonged  to  the  crown  and  of  which  he  was. 
steward.  He  was  empowered  to  levy  forces 
for  the  queen,  and  the  well-affected  gen- 
tlemen of  the  neighbourhood  gathered  round 
him.  He  wished  to  use  his  small  force  for 
the  purpose  of  cutting  off  the  rebels  who 
were  gathering  at  Brancepeth ;  but  Sussex 
hesitated  to  give  permission,  and  things  were 
allowed  to  take  their  course.  At  last,  on 
14  Nov.,  the  rebel  earls  entered  Durham, 
and  advanced  southwards  for  the  purpose  of 
releasing  Queen  Mary  from  her  prison  at 
Tutbury.  They  were  not,  however,  agreed 
amongst  themselves.  They  changed  their 
plan  suddenly  and  retreated  northwards. 
The  sole  point  in  which  they  were  agreed 
was  hatred  of  Bowes.  His  house  at  Streat- 
lam was  destroyed,  and  Barnard  Castle  was 
besieged.  It  was  ill  supplied  with  provisions, 
and  the  hasty  levies  which  formed  its  gar- 
rison were  not  adapted  to  endure  hardships. 
Many  of  the  garrison  leapt  from  the  wall 
and  joined  the  enemy.  Bowes  held  out 
bravely  for  eleven  days,  but  dreaded  trea- 
chery within.  He  thought  it  better  to  sur- 
render while  honourable  terms  were  possible. 
He  was  permitted  to  march  out  with  four 
hundred  men.  He  joined  the  Earl  of  Sussex 
and  was  appointed  provost  marshal  of  the 
army. 

By  this  time  the  royal  army  had  marched 
northwards.  The  rebels,  discouraged  by  the- 
indecision  of  their  leaders,  retreated  and 
gradually  dispersed.  The  rebellion  was  at 
an  end,  but  Elizabeth  had  been  thoroughly 
frightened  and  gave  orders  that  severe  punish- 
ment should  be  inflicted  on  the  ringleaders. 
The  executions  were  carried  out  by  Bowes, 
as  provost  marshal,  though  the  lists  of  those 
to  be  executed  were  drawn  out  by  the  Earl 
of  Sussex.  Bowes  had  been  the  principal 
sufferer,  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  shown 
any  personal  vindictiveness.  The  Earl  of 
Sussex  warmly  commended  him  to  the  grati- 
tude of  the  queen,  both  on  account  of  the 
losses  which  he  had  sustained,  and  for  his- 
eminent  services.  But  Bowes  appealed  in 
vain  to  Elizabeth's  generosity.  Not  till  1572 
did  he  receive  some  grants  of  forfeited  lands, 
which  appear  to  have  been  of  small  value. 
In  1571  he  was  elected  M.P.  for  Knares- 


Bowes 


57 


Bowes 


borough,  and  in  1572  for  Morpeth.  In  1576 
he  was  made  high  sheriff  of  the  county 
palatine.  In  1579  .he  relieved  his  brother 
Robert  [see  BOWES,  EGBERT,  1535P-1597], 
who  wished  for  a  short  leave  of  absence  from 
the  post  of  marshal  of  Berwick.  His  resi- 
dence in  Berwick  was  both  costly  and  cum- 
bersome, and  after  staying  there  for  nearly 
a  year  he  begged  to  be  relieved.  Soon  after 
his  return  to  Streatlam  he  died,  in  1580.  The 
general  testimony  to  his  character  is  given  in 
a  contemporary  letter  to  Burghley :  '  He  was 
the  surest  pyllore  the  queen's  majesty  had  in 
these  parts.' 

[The  letters  of  Sir  George  Bowes  dealing  with 
the  rebellion  are  given  in  Sharp's  Memorials  of 
the  Rebellion  of  1569  (1840),  where  is  also  the  I 
fullest  account  of  the  life  of  Sir  George  Bowes  j 
drawn  from  manuscripts  at  Streatlam,  p.  373,  &c. 
See   also   Cal.    State   Papers,   Dom.,  Addenda,  ! 
1566-79.]  M.  C. 

BOWES,  SIE  JEROME  (d.  1616),  am-  | 
bassador,  was  of  a  Durham  family,  '  sprung  • 
from  John  Bowes,  who  married  Anne,  daugh-  ; 
ter  of  Gunville  of  Gorleston  in  Suffolk,  who  [ 
bore  the  same  arms  as  those  of  Gonville  and  ! 
Caius  College,  Cambridge '  (Notes  and  Queries, 
1st  series,  xii.  230).  His  name  occurs  in  the 
list  of  those  gentlemen  who  followed  Clinton, 
earl  of  Lincoln,  to  France,  in  his  expedition 
to  revenge  the  fall  of  Calais  in  the  spring  of 
1 558  (  Calendar  of  Hat  field  MSS.  p.  146).  It 
has  been  inferred  from  a  casual  mention  of 
him  by  Stowe  (p.  669,  ed.  1631)  that  he  was 
a  client  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester  in  1571  ; 
but  he  was  certainly  banished  from  court  six 
years  later  for  '  slanderous  speech '  against  the 
favourite  (Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.,  Addenda, 
8  Aug.  1577).  In  his  retirement  he  had 
leisure  to  translate  from  the  French  an  *  Apo- 
logy for  the  Christians  of  France  ...  of  the 
reformed  religion'  (1579),  'whereby  the  pure- 
ness  of  that  religion  ...  is  plainly  shewed, 
not  only  by  the  holy  scriptures  and  by  rea- 
son, but  also  by  the  pope's  own  canons.' 
He  was  restored  to  favour,  and  in  1583  was 
appointed  ambassador  to  Russia.  His  claim 
to  remembrance  mainly  rests  on  his  conduct 
in  that  capacity.  Eighty  years  later  the 
officers  of  the  customs,  fellow-guests  with 
Pepys,  '  grave,  fine  gentlemen,'  held  dis- 
course with  him  of  Bowes,  who,  '  because 
some  of  the  noblemen  there  would  go  up- 
stairs to  the  emperor  before  him,  would  not 
go  up  till  the  emperor  had  ordered  those 
two  men  to  be  dragged  downstairs,  with 
their  heads  knocking  upon  every  stair  till 
they  were  killed.'  On  demand  being  made 
of  his  sword  before  entering  the  presence, 
he  had  his  boots  pulled  off  and  made  the 


emperor  wait  till  he  could  go  in  his  night- 
gown, nightcap,  and  slippers,  <  since  he  might 
not  go  as  a  soldier.'  The  emperor  having 
ordered  a  man  to  leap  from  a  window  to  cer- 
tain death,  and  having  been  obeyed,  Bowes 
scornfully  observed  that  'his  mistress  did 
set  more  by,  and  make  better  use  of,  the 
necks  of  her  subjects.'  He  then  showed  what 
her  subjects  would  do  for  her  sake  by  fling- 
ing down  his  gauntlet  before  the  emperor, 
and  challenging  all  the  nobility  to  take  it 
up,  in  defence  of  the  emperor  against  his 
queen, '  for  which  at  this  very  day  the  name 
of  Sir  Jerome  Bowes  is  famous  and  honoured 
there '  (Diary,  5  Sept.  1662).  Milton,  in  his 
'  Brief  History  of  Moscovia,'  gives  an  ac- 
count of  this  embassy,  taken  from  Hakluyt. 
He  does  not  mention  the  foregoing  anecdotes, 
nor  those  recorded  in  Dr.  Collins's  '  Present 
State  of  Russia/  1671  (quoted  in  Notes  and 
Queries,  1st  series,  x.  210).  The  czar(Ivan- 
vasilovitch)  is  there  said  to  have  nailed  the 
French  ambassador's  hat  to  his  head.  Bowes 
at  his  next  audience  put  on  his  hat,  and  the 
czar  threatened  him  with  the  like  punish- 
ment. Bowes  replied  that  he  did  not  repre- 
sent the  cowardly  king  of  France,  but  the 
invincible  queen  of  England,  *  who  does  not 
vail  her  bonnet  nor  bare  her  head  to  any 
prince  living.'  The  czar  commended  his 
bravery  and  took  him  into  favour.  Bowes 
also  tamed  a  wild  horse — a  task  assigned 
him  at  the  instance  of  envious  courtiers — so 
effectually  that  the  beast  fell  dead  under 
him. 

Milton's  account  fully  bears  out  the  cha- 
racter assigned  to  Bowes  by  Pepys  and 
Collins.  He  describes  the  pomp  of  the  re- 
ception and  the  failure  of  its  intended  effect 
on  the  ambassador,  who  would  not  submit 
to  the  etiquette  prescribing  the  delivery  of 
his  letters  into  the  hands  of  the  chancellor, 
but  insisted  upon  his  right  to  give  them  to 
the  emperor  himself.  The  czar,  irritated  by 
the  assertion  of  Elizabeth's  equality  with  the 
French  and  Spanish  kings,  lost  all  patience 
when  Bowes,  to  his  question  '  What  of  the 
emperor  ? '  replied  that  her  father  had  the 
emperor  in  his  pay.  He  hinted  that  Bowes 
might  be  thrown  out  of  the  window,  and 
received  for  answer  that  the  queen  would 
know  how  to  revenge  any  injury  done  to  her 
ambassador.  Ivan's  anger  gave  place  to  ad- 
miration, and  he  renewed  his  proposal  of  an 
alliance  with  one  of  the  queen's  kinsfolk. 
But  he  died  soon  after,  and  the  Dutch  anti- 
English  faction  came  into  power.  M.  Ram- 
baud,  in  his  '  History  of  Russia,'  has  blamed 
Bowes  for  clumsiness  and  want  of  tact ;  but 
his  diplomacy  seems  to  have  been  suited  to 
the  barbaric  court,  and  his  misfortunes  are 


Bowes 


Bowes 


more  justly  attributed  to  the  death  of  the 
czar.  He  was  imprisoned,  threatened,  and 
at  last  dismissed  in  a  fashion  strongly  con- 
trasting with  the  splendour  of  his  recep- 
tion. When  ready  to  embark  he  sent  back 
the  new  emperor's  letters  and  '  paltry  present ' 
by  '  some  of  his  valiantest  and  discreetest 
men,'  who  safely  fulfilled  their  dangerous 
mission. 

The  subsequent  life  of  Bowes  has  left  few 
traces.  In  a  report  by  the  lord  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer  he  appears  in  a  discreditable 
light,  as  having  fraudulently  dealt  with  a 
will  under  which  he  claimed  (the  record 
is  undated,  but  assigned  to  1587  in  the  Cal. 
State  Papers,  Domestic).  On  5  Feb.  1592  a 
special  license  is  granted  him  to  make  drink- 
ing-glasses  in  England  and  Ireland  for  twelve 
years,  and  in  1597  '  the  inhabitants  of  St. 
Ann,  Blackfriars,  built  a  fair  warehouse  under 
the  isle '  for  his  use,  and  also  gave  him  133/. 
{Notes  and  Queries,  1st  series,  x.  349).  In 
1607  he  was  living  at  Charing  Cross,  as  ap- 
pears by  an  account  of  a  robbery  and  murder 
committed  at  his  house  there.  '  A  true  re- 
port of  the  horrible  murder  ...  in  the  house 
of  Sir  Jerome  Bowes  on  22  Feb.  1606'  (Lon- 
don, 1607),  tells  the  story  in  great  detail, 
with  many  invectives  against  Brownists,  to 
which  sect  one  of  the  murderers  belonged. 
The  culprits  were  apprehended  on  suspicion 
at  Chester,  and  the  lords  of  the  council  gave 
directions  for  the  restitution  of  their  plunder 
to  Bowes  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  8th  Rep.  381). 

Bowes  was  buried  on  28  March  1616  in 
Hackney  Church.  A  portrait  of  him,  painted 
in  the  year  of  his  embassy,  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Earl  of  Suifolk  at  Charlton,  and 
was  in  the  National  Portrait  Exhibition  of 
1866  (No.  400  in  Cat.) 

[Authorities  as  above.]  R.  C.  B, 

BOWES,  JOHN  (1690-1767),  lord  chan- 
cellor of  Ireland,  born  in  1690,  studied  law  at 
London  with  Philip  Yorke,  subsequently  Lord 
Hardwicke.  Bowes  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
England  in  1718,  and  in  Ireland  in  1725.  He 
was  appointed  third  serjeant-at-law  there  in 
1727,  solicitor-general  in  1730,  and  through 
government  influence  became,in  1731, member 
of  parliament  for  the  borough  of  Taghmon,  in 
the  county  of  Wexford.  He  was  appointed 
attorney-general  for  Ireland  in  1739,  and  be- 
fore a  court  of  high  commission  at  Dublin  in 
that  year  displayed  great  eloquence  and  legal 
acquirements  at  the  trial  of  Lord  Santry  for 
murder.  In  1741  Bowes  was  appointed  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland.  He  pre- 
sided at  the  remarkable  trial  at  bar  between 
James  Annesley  and  Richard,  earl  of  Angle- 
sey, which  continued  from  11  Nov.  1743  to 


the  25th  of  the  same  month  [see  ANNESLEY, 
JAMES].  A  mezzotinto  portrait  of  Bowes  as 
chief  baron  was  executed  by  John  Brooks. 
Through  the  influence  of  Lord  Hardwicke, 
Bowes  was  promoted  to  the  chancellorship 
of  Ireland  in  1757,  and  took  his  seat  as  chair- 
man of  the  House  of  Lords  in  October  in  that 
year.  In  1758  the  title  of  Baron  of  Clonlyon, 
in  the  county  of  Meath,  was  conferred  upon 
him.  Mrs.  Delany,  who  met  Bowes  in  May 
1759,  wrote  that  he  was  at  that  time  '  in  a 
miserable  state  of  health,  with  legs  bigger 
considerably  at  the  ankle  than  at  the  calf.' 
In  the  same  year,  during  the  riot  at  Dublin 
against  the  proposed  union  of  Ireland  with 
England,  Bowes  was  taken  out  of  his  coach 
by  the  populace  at  the  entrance  to  the  par- 
liament house,  and  compelled  to  swear  that 
he  would  oppose  the  measure.  Bowes  was 
averse  to  relaxation  of  penal  laws  against 
Irish  catholics.  He  continued  in  office  as 
chancellor  on  the  accession  of  George  III. 
Bowes  promoted  the  publication  of  an  edition 
of  the '  Statutes  of  Ireland,' which  was  printed 
by  the  government  in  1762  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Francis  Vesey.  According  to 
Vesey,  in  his  dedication  of  this  work  to 
Bowes,  the  latter  had  made  the  high  court  of 
chancery  '  a  terror  to  fraud,  and  a  protection 
and  comfort  to  every  honest  man.'  Bowes 
acted  as  a  lord  justice  in  Ireland  in  1765  and 
1766.  The  House  of  Lords  in  1766  passed  a 
resolution  to  present  an  address  to  the  crown 
for  a  grant  of  one  thousand  pounds  to  Chan- 
cellor Bowes,  in  addition  to  his  customary 
allowance,  in  consideration  of  his  '  particular 
merit  and  faithful  services  '  during  that  ses- 
sion of  parliament.  The  faculties  of  Bowes 
are  stated  to  have  been  unimpaired  when  he 
died  in  office  as  lord  justice  in  July  1767.  He 
was  interred  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  where 
a  marble  monument,  including  a  bas-relief  of 
his  bust,  was  erected  to  him  in  that  cathedral 
by  his  brother,  Rumsey  Bowes  of  Binfield, 
Berkshire. 

[Rolls  of  Chancery,  Ireland,  George  I, 
George  II ;  Journals  of  Lords  and  Commons, 
Ireland,  1731-67;  Dublin  Freeman's  Journal, 
1767;  Annual  Register,  1767;  Statutes  of  Ire- 
land, vol.  i.  1786  ;  Berkeley's  Literary  Relics, 
1789;  Hist,  of  King's  Inns,  Ireland,  1806; 
Hardy  s  Life  of  Lord  Charlemont,  1810 ;  Hist,  of 
City  of  Dublin,  1854-59;  Autobiography  of  Mrs. 
Delany,  1861  ;  Dormant  and  Extinct  Peerages, 
1866 ;  Reports  Hist.  MSS.  Commission,  1881-84.] 

J.  T.  G. 

BOWES,  JOHN  (1804-1874),  preacher, 
was  born  at  Swineside,  Coverdale,  in  Cover- 
ham  parish,  Yorkshire,  on  12  June  1804,  the 
son  of  parents  in  very  humble  circumstances. 
While  still  in  his  teens  he  began  preaching, 


Bowes 


59 


Bowes 


iirst  among  theWesleyans,  then  as  a  primitive 
methodist  minister.  About  1830  he  separated 
himself  from  that  body,  and,  renouncing  all 

ry  appellations,  started  a  mission  at  Dun- 
where  he  was  joined  by  Mr.  (afterwards 
Dr.)  Jabez  Burns.  Bowes  subsequently  left 
Dundee  and  went  from  town  to  town,  preach- 
ing in  the  open  air  or  wherever  he  could 
gather  a  congregation,  but  he  always  declined 
to  take  part  in  a  service  at  which  money  was 
taken,  as  he  could  not  think  of  '  saddling  the 
gospel  with  a  collection.'  He  was  several 
times  prosecuted  for  street  preaching,  and 
often  suffered  privations  in  his  journeyings. 
He  was  an  earnest  and  vigorous  platform 
.speaker,  ever  ready  to  combat  wTith  social- 
ists, freethinkers,  or  Roman  catholics.  With 
like  ardour  he  entered  into  the  advocacy  of 
temperance  and  of  peace,  and  in  1848  was 
•one  of  the  representatives  of  England  at  the 
Brussels  Peace  congress.  During  the  greater 
portion  of  his  life  he  refused  to  accept  a  salary 
for  his  ministrations,  and  he  seems  to  have 
.supported  himself  and  family  chiefly  by  the 
sale  of  his  own  tracts  and  books.  He  died 
.-at  Dundee  on  23  Sept.  1874,  aged  70. 

His  publications  consist  of  some  220  tracts ; 
two  series  of  magazines— the  '  Christian 
Magazine '  and  the  '  Truth  Promoter '  — is- 
sued between  1842  and  1874 ;  pamphlets  on 
4  The  Errors  of  the  Church  of  Home,' '  Mor- 
monism  exposed,' '  Second  Coming  of  Christ,' 
•'  The  Ministry,'  &c.  ;  discussions  with  Lloyd 
Jones,  G.  J.  Holyoake,  Joseph  Barker,  C. 
Southwell,  W.  Woodman,  and  T.  H.  Milner  ; 
.a  volume  on  ' Christian  Union'  (1835,  310 
pages)  ;  a  translation  by  himself  of  the  New 
Testament  (1870)  ;  and  his '  Autobiography ' 
(1872).  His  son,  Robert  Aitken  Bowes,  was 
•editor  of  the  ( Bolton  Guardian,'  and  died  on 
7  Nov.  1879,  aged  42. 

[Autobiography  or  History  of  the  Life  of  John 
Bowes,  1872;  Alliance  News,  10  Oct.  1874; 
G.  J.  Holyoake's  History  of  Co-operation,  i. 
•326;  Old  South-East  Lancashire,  1880,  p.  40.1 

C.  W.  S. 

BOWES,  MARMADUKE  (d.  1585),  ca- 
tholic martyr,  is  described  as  a  substantial 
Yorkshire  yeoman,  of  Angram  Grange,  near 
Appleton,  in  Cleveland.  He  was  much  divided 
on  religious  questions,  but  refused  to  declare 
himself  a  catholic,  although  he  sympathised 
strongly  with  the  catholic  cause.  According 
to  the  recollections  of  Grace,  wife  of  Sir  Ralph 
Babthorpe  of  Babthorpe,  Yorkshire,  Bowes 
was  a  married  man,  and  l  kept  a  schoolmaster 
to  teach  his  children.'  The  tutor,  himself  a 
-catholic,  was  arrested  and  apostatised.  The 
fellow  thereupon  reported  to  the  council  at 
York  that  Bowes,  who,  according  to  catholic 


testimony,  was  *  no  catholic,  but  a  poor  schis- 
matic,' was  in  the  habit  of  entertaining  ca- 
tholic priests.  Bowes  was  summoned  to 
answer  this  complaint,  and  was  ordered  to 
appear  at  the  August  assizes  of  1585.  There 
he  was  indicted,  condemned,  and  hanged, 
'  and,  as  it  was  reported,  in  his  boots  and 
spurs  as  he  came  to  the  town.  He  died  very 
willingly  and  professed  his  faith  [i.e.  was 
openly  converted  to  Catholicism],  with  great 
repentance  that  he  had  lived  in  schism.'  He 
suffered  on  17  Nov.  1585  under  the  recent 
statute  (27  Eliz.)  against  harbouring  priests. 
Hugh  Taylor,  a  seminary  priest,  who  had 
stayed  with  him  some  time  previously,  was 
hanged  about  the  same  time. 

[Morris's  Troubles  of  our  Catholic  Forefathers, 
i.  244,  iii.  passim;  Dodd's  Church  History,  ii.  154 ; 
Challoner's  Missionary  Priests,  i.  85.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWES,  SIE  MARTIN  (1500P-1666), 
lord  mayor  of  London  and  sub-treasurer  of 
the  Mint,  was  son  and  heir  of  Thomas  Bowes 
of  York.  Early  in  life  he  became  a  well- 
known  jeweller  and  goldsmith  in  London, 
and  had  large  transactions  with  the  Mint. 
In  1530  he  acted  as  deputy  for  Robert  Ama- 
das,  deputy  of  Lord  Mountjoy, '  keeper  of  the 
exchange,'  and  in  April  1533  received  a 
|  grant  of  the  office  of  master  and  worker  of  the 
i  king's  moneys,  and  keeper  of  the  change  in 
j  the  Tower  of  London  with  his  friend  Ralph 
Rowlet  'in  survivorship.'  Strype  states  that 
in  January  1550-1  he  surrendered  the  post 
of  sub-treasurer  of  the  Mint,  and  was  found 
to  be  10,000/.  in  debt  to  the  king.  But  the 
government  were  well  enough  satisfied  with 
'  his  honest  and  faithful  managery  of  his 
place  '  to  grant  him  an  annuity  of  200  marks 
in  addition  to  the  pension  of  66Z.  13s.  4<?. 
already  granted  him  by  Henry  VIII.  He 
was  an  alderman  of  the  city,  and  was  elected 
sheriff  of  London  in  1540  and  lord  mayor  in 
1545.  In  June  1546  he  examined  the  re- 
puted heretic  Anne  Askew  [q.  v.]  in  the 
Guildhall,  and  committed  her  to  the  Counter 
(Narratives  of  the  Reformation,  Camd.  Soc. 
pp.  40-1).  He  was  a  liveryman  of  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company,  and  was  a  constant  guest 
at  the  feasts  of  the  other  city  companies,  and 
a  generous  benefactor  to  his  own  company. 
He  bequeathed  to  the  latter  the  houses  in 
Lombard  Street  where  Messrs.  Glyn's  bank- 
ing-house now  stands. 

Bowes  died  on  4  Aug.  1566,  and  was  buried 
in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  Lom- 
bard Street,  beneath  '  a  goodly  marble  close 
tombe  under  the  communion  table.'  By  his 
will  dated  20  Sept.  1562  he  left  lands  to  dis- 
charge the  ward  of  Langbourne  '  of  all  fiftenes 
to  bee  granted  to  the  king  by  parliament/ 


Bowes 


Bowes 


and  founded  almshouses  at  Woolwich,  where 
he  had  a  house  and  lands.  He  established 
a  yearly  sermon  on  St.  Martin's  day  at  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth.  A  broad- 
sheet entitled  '  The  epethaphe  of  syr  Marten 
Bowes  '  was  licensed  for  the  press  soon  after 
his  death,  but  no  copy  is  known  (ARBER'S 
Transcript,  i.) 

Bowes  was  thrice  married  :  (1)  to  Cicely 
Elyot ;  (2)  to  one  Anne  ,  who,  dying  on 
19  Oct.  1553,  was  buried  with  heraldic  cere- 
mony (22  Oct.)  at  St.  Mary  Woolnoth, 
Lombard  Street  (Harl.  MS.  897  f.  13  b ;  Ma- 
chyn's  Diary,  Camd.  Soc.  pp.  46,  335) ;  and 
(3)  to  Elizabeth  Harlow.  By  his  first  wife 
Bowes  had  two  sons,  Thomas  and  Martin.  Jo- 
anna, a  daughter  of  Bowes,  married  George 
Heton  of  Heton,  Lancashire,  and  was  mother 
of  Martin  Heton,  bishop  of  Ely  (STRYPE, 
Annals,  8vo,  iv.  490). 

A  contemporary  portrait  of  Bowes  ('  a° 
1566  set.  suse  66 ')  still  hangs  in  the  commit- 
tee-room of  Goldsmiths'  Hall,  and  a  cup  pre- 
sented by  him  to  the  same  company  is  still 
extant,  and  has  been  engraved  in  H.  Shaw's 
'  Decorative  Arts.' 

[Visitations  of  Essex,  pub.  by  Harl.  Soc. 
xiii.  27  ;  Redpath's  Border  History ;  Surtees's 
Hist,  of  Durham,  i.  236,  iv.  117  ;  Stow's  London, 
ed.  Strype  ;  Herbert's  Livery  Companies,  ii.  143, 
247 ;  Malcolm's  Londinium  Rediv.  ii.  411  ; 
Strype's  Memorials,  n.  i.  424-5,  ii.  216  ;  Brewer's 
Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII ;  notes  sup- 
plied by  Mr,  H.  H.  S.  Crofts.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWES,  MARY  ELEANOR,  COUNTESS 
OP  STRATHMORE  (1749-1800),  was  the  daugh- 
ter and  sole  heiress  of  George  Bowes,  M.P., 
of  Streatlam  and  Gibside  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  the  head  of  a  family  well  known  in 
border  warfare  [see  BOWES,  SIR  WILLIAM]. 
After  some  flirtations  with  the  brother  of 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  she  was  married  on 
24  Feb.  1767  to  John  Lyon,  ninth  earl  of 
Strathmore.  He  was  born  at  Houghton-le- 
Spring  on  16  Aug.  1737,  and  after  his  mar- 
riage obtained  an  act  of  parliament  which 
enabled  him  to  take  his  wife's  surname.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  represen- 
tative peer  of  Scotland.  Three  sons  and 
two  daughters  were  the  fruits  of  this  union. 
Lord  Strathmore  died  on  7  March  1776, 
whilst  on  a  voyage  to  Lisbon.  After  his 
death  the  widow  had  several  suitors,  and 
the  Hon.  George  Grey  was  thought  to  be 
the  favoured  man.  His  'Turkish  Tale'  is 
said  to  have  been  written  for  her  entertain- 
ment. Her  conduct  was  not  very  discreet, 
and  some  paragraphs  reflecting  on  her  cha- 
racter appeared  in  the  '  Morning  Post,'  then 
controlled  by  <  Parson  Bate '  (the  Rev.  Sir 


Henry  Bate  Dudley),  who  went  through  a, 
sham  duel  with  another  suitor,  Andrew  Ro- 
binson Stoney.  This  adventurer  induced  her 
to  marry  him  on  17  Jan.  1777.  Stoney  was 
a  bankrupt  lieutenant  on  half-pay,  who  had 
wasted  the  fortune  acquired  with  a  previous 
wife,  Hannah  Newton  of  Newcastle.  In  the 
following  month  he  assumed  his  wife's  sur- 
name of  Bowes,  and  found  that  when  en- 
gaged to  Mr.  Grey  the  countess  had  executed 
a  deed  securing  her  estates  to  herself.  This 
she  had  made  known  to  Grey,  who  supped 
with  her  the  night  before  her  marriage,  but 
not  to  her  husband,  who  by  cruelty  induced 
her  to  make  a  deed  of  revocation.  John 
Hunter  was  a  witness  to  this  document, 
which  was  executed  at  the  dinner-table.  Two 
children  were  born  of  this  marriage,  one  of 
whom,  William  Johnstone  Bowes,  lieutenant 
in  the  royal  navy,  was  lost  with  Sir  Thomas 
Trowbridge  in  the  Blenheim  in  1807.  Lady 
Strathmore's  influence  secured  her  husband's 
election  as  M.P.  for  Newcastle  in  1780.  He 
was  nominated  in  1777,  and  petitioned  against 
Sir  John  Trevelyan,  but  lost  the  election. 
He  was  also  sheriff  of  Newcastle.  Bowes 
treated  his  wife  with  barbarity  and  was  un- 
faithful to  her.  She  instituted  proceedings 
in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  for  a  divorce,  and 
escaped  from  her  husband,  against  whom 
she  exhibited  articles  of  the  peace  in  the 
court  of  king's  bench  on  7  Feb.  1785.  On 
10  Nov.  1786  she  left  her  house  in  Blooms- 
bury  Square  to  call  on  business  at  a  Mr. 
Foster's  in  Oxford  Street,  when  she  was  ab- 
ducted by  a  gang  of  men  in  the  pay  of  her 
husband.  At  Highgate  Bowes  made  his 
appearance.  Lady  Strathmore  was  hurried 
off  to  Straithland  Castle.  After  much  bru- 
tal ill-treatment  she  was  rescued  by  some 
husbandmen  and  taken  back  to  London  by 
her  deliverers.  Bowes  and  his  colleagues 
were  convicted  of  conspiracy  and  sentenced 
on  26  June  1787  to  a  fine  of  300/.,  imprison- 
ment of  three  years,  and  to  find  securities  for 
good  behaviour  for  fourteen  years.  The  deed 
by  which  she  had  placed  her  estates  under 
the  control  of  Bowes  was  invalidated  on 
the  ground  of  duress  on  19  May  1788.  The 
court  of  delegates  made  a  decree  of  divorce 
on  2  March  1789  against  A.  R.  Bowes.  On 
the  following  day  the  lord  chancellor  pro- 
nounced in  favour  of  the  validity  of  the  deed 
executed  before  marriage  by  Lady  Strath- 
more, who  was  thus  restored  to  the  control 
of  her  own  fortune.  Bowes  became  in  1790 
an  inmate  of  the  king's  bench  prison,  but  in 
the  following  year  behaved  creditably  during 
a  riot  in  the  prison,  and  his  imprisonment  was 
relaxed.  Lady  Strathmore  died  at  Christ- 
church,  Hampshire,  on  28  April  1800,  and 


Bowes 


61 


Bowes 


was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  arrayed 
In  '  a  superb  bridal  dress.'  Her  persecutor 
survived  her  until  16  Jan.  1810.  There  are 
engraved  portraits  of  both  husband  and  wife. 
Lady  Strathmore  wrote :  1.  '  The  Siege  of 
Jerusalem,'  1774.  A  few  copies  only  were 
printed  to  be  given  away.  2.  l  The  Confes- 
sions of  the  Countess  of  Strathmore :  written 
by  herself.  Carefully  copied  from  the  originals 
lodged  in  Doctors'  Commons,'  London,  1793. 
This  appears  to  have  been  extorted  by  her 
liusband. 

[Gent.  Mag.  Ivi.  991,  993,  1079,  Ivii.  88,  lix. 
269,  lx.  665,  Ixx.  488  ;  Surtees's  History  of  Dur- 
ham, iv.  1 09  ;  Baker's  Biographia  Dramatica ; 
Martin's  Catalogue  of  Privately  Printed  Books  ; 
Full  and  Accurate  Keport  of  Trial  between  Ste- 
phens, Trustee  to  E.  Bowes,  and  A.  R.  Bowes, 
1788;  Eeport  of  the  Proceedings  in  the  High 
Court  of  Chancery  in  the  matter  of  Andrew 
Robinson  Bowes,  1804  ;  Foot's  Lives  of  Andrew 
Robinson  Bowes  and  the  Countess  of  Strath- 
more, 1810.]  W.  E.  A.  A. 


Mrs.  Bowes  died  in  1706.  The  eldest  son, 
Martin,  born  in  London,  was  also  a  pensioner 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  admitted  16  April  1686,  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  but  left  without  taking  a  degree. 
He  married  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of 
Edward  Thurland  of  Reigate,  Surrey,  and 
afterwards  settled  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 
Suffolk,  where  he  died  in  1726.  His  second 
daughter,  Ann,  became,  in  1732,  the  wife  of 
Philip  Broke  of  Nacton. 

[Autobiography  and  Correspondence  of  Sir 
',  Simonds  D'Ewes,  ii.  17-18;  Admissions  to  the 
College  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  ed.  J.  E.  B. 
Mayor,  p.  98;  Admission  Book  of  Middle  Temple; 
Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser.  ii.  70,  vii.  517,  3rd 
ser.  v.  247,  330;  St.  Dunstan's  Register;  Hut- 
chins's  Dorsetshire,  3rd  ed.  i.  421  ;  Morant's 
Essex,  i.  250,  442,  ii.  36  ;  Wills  reg.  in  P.  C.  C. 
91  Bath,  HOEedes,  177  Plymouth;  Harl.  MSS. 
374,  if.  315,  316,  1542,  f.  148  ;  Page's  Supple- 
ment to  Suffolk  Traveller,  p.  61 ;  Gent.  Mag.  iii. 
45.]  G.  GK 


BOWES,    PAUL    (d.   1702),    editor  of 
D'Ewes's  '  Journals,'  was  the  second  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Bowes,  knight,  of  Great  Bromley, 
Essex,   the   notorious   witch-persecutor,   by 
Mary,  third  daughter  of  Paul  D'Ewes,  one 
of  the  six  clerks  in  chancery.     He  was  born 
at  Great  Bromley,  and  after  being  educated 
in  the  school  at  Moulton,  Norfolk,  was  ad- 
mitted a  pensioner   of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  21  Dec.  1650.     He  took  no  de- 
gree ;  indeed,  he  does  not  appear  to  have  ma- 
triculated.    Having  fixed  on  the  law  for  his 
future  profession,  he  was  on  12  May  1654 
entered  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and  being 
called  to  the   bar  by  that  society  10  May 
1661,  became  a  bencher  on  24  Oct.   1679. 
In  addition  to  his  professional  acquirements, 
he  possessed  a  taste  for  history  and  anti- 
quities, and  he  edited  the  manuscript  work 
of  his  celebrated  uncle,  Sir  Simonds  D'Ewes, 
entitled  *  The  Journals  of  all  the  Parliaments 
during  the  Reign  of  Queen  t  Elizabeth,  both 
of  the  House  of  Lords  and 'House  of  Com- 
mons,' folio,  London,  1682.     Other  editions 
appeared  in   1693   and   1708.      Bowes  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  30  Nov. 
1699,  and,  dying  in  June  1702,  was  buried 
3  July  at  St.  Dunstan's-in-the-West,  Fleet 
Street.     By  his  wife   Bridget,   daughter  of 
Thomas  Sturges  of  the  Middle  Temple,  he 
left   issue   three   sons   and   two   daughters. 
His  will,  dated  5  Aug.  1699  (with  two  co- 
dicils dated  17  April  and  12  Aug.  1701), 
was  proved  by  his  widow  and  sole  executrix, 
16  July  1702.    Besides  property  in  Lincoln- 
shire, Suffolk,  and  Essex,  he  was  possessed, 
in  1700,  of  the  manor  of  Rushton,  Stokeford, 
and   Binnegar  in  East   Stoke,   Dorsetshire. 


BOWES,  SIR  ROBERT  (1495  P-1554), 
military  commander  and  lawyer,  son  of  Sir 
Ralph  Bowes  and  Marjory  Conyers  of  South 
Cowton,  Yorkshire,  studied  law  in  his  early 
years,  but  his  ancestral  connection  with  the 
borders  marked  him  out  for  employment  in 
border  affairs,  where  he  did  active  service. 
In  1536  he  was  in  the  royal  army  against 
the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  and  carried  to  the 
king  the  petition  of  the  rebels.     In  1541  he 
was  specially  summoned  to  London  to  advise 
the  privy  council  about  Scottish  business.    In 
1542  he  accompanied  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
on  his  plundering  raid  into  Scotland,  and 
was   sent   with   3,000   men   to   harry   Jed- 
burgh.    He  was  attacked  on  his  way  and  was 
made  prisoner,  but  soon  released.     In  1550 
he  was  made  warden  of  the  east  and  middle 
marches,  and  in  this  office  left  a  valuable 
record  of  his  administrative  capacity.   At  the 
request  of  the  warden  general,  Henry,  mar- 
quis of  Dorset,  he  drew  up  '  A  Book  of  the 
State  of  the  Frontiers  and  Marches  betwixt 
England  and  Scotland.'     This  record  is  the 
chief  authority  for  the  state  of  the  border 
country  in  the  sixteenth  century.     It   de- 
scribes the  nature  of  the  land,  its  military 
organisation,  the  condition  of  the  fortresses, 
the  number  of  the  garrisons,  and  besides 
gives  much  information  about  the  character 
of  the  borderers.     As  Bowes  was  a  lawyer 
as  well  as  a  soldier,  he  added  to  his  survey 
of  the  country  a  legal  treatise  on  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  complicated  system  of  inter- 
national  law   by   which    disputes   between 
the  borderers  of  England  and  Scotland  were 
settled.     His  treatise  of  'The  Forme   and 
Order   of    a   Day   of   Truce  '   explains   the 


Bowes 


Bowes 


formalities  to  be  used  in  the  execution  of 
justice  in  the  combined  court  of  the  wardens 
of  England  and  Scotland.  We  are  not  sur- 
prised that  a  man  of  such  powers  of  ad- 
ministration was  needed  for  weighty  matters. 
In  June  1551  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  make  a  convention  with 
Scotland.  In  the  following  September  he 
was  made  a  member  of  the  privy  council, 
and  next  year  he  was  appointed  master  of 
the  rolls.  His  signature  is  affixed  as  one  of 
the  witnesses  of  Edward  VI's  will,  and  he 
was  a  member  of  the  short-lived  council  of 
the  Lady  Jane  Grey.  The  council  soon  found 
its  position  to  be  impossible.  On  19  July 
1553  Bowes  signed  a  letter  to  Lord  Rich 
on  Jane's  behalf.  On  20  July  he  signed  an 
order  to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  bid- 
ding him  disarm  (Queen  Jane  and  Queen 
Mary,  Camd.  Soc.  1851,  p.  109).  On  the 
accession  of  Queen  Mary  Bowes  was  not 
disgraced.  He  held  office  as  master  of  the 
rolls  for  two  months,  and  then  resigned  of 
his  own  accord.  In  1554  he  was  ordered 
by  the  privy  council  to  repair  to  Berwick 
and  assist  Lord  Conyers  in  organising  the 
defences  of  the  border,  and  received  from 
the  queen  a  grant  of  100/.  Soon  after  his 
return  from  this  duty  he  died.  He  married 
Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  James  Metcalfe  of 
Nappa,  near  Richmond,  but  left  no  surviving 
children. 

Bowes's  '  Survey  of  the  Border '  is  printed 
in  Hodgson's '  Northumberland,'  ii.  pt.  v.  171, 
&c.,  where,  besides  the  survey  of  1551,  there 
is  given  in  the  note  an  earlier  one  of  1542 
made  by  Bowes  and  Sir  Ralph  Elleker.  The 
latter  one  is  more  detailed  and  is  more  full 
of  interest.  It  is  also  printed  in  '  Reprints 
of  Rare  Tracts,'  vol.  iv.  Newcastle,  1849,  and 
in  a  private  issue  of  the  Border  Club,  1838. 
The  '  Form  of  Holding  a  Day  of  Truce '  is 
partially  printed  in  the  same  issue  of  the 
Border  Club,  and  extracts  are  given  in 
Raine's  '  North  Durham,'  xxii.  There  are 
three  manuscripts,  one  in  the  Record  Office 
(State  Papers  Edward  VI,  iv.  No.  30),  and 
two  in  the  British  Museum  (Caligula  B.  viii. 
f.  106,  and  Titus  F.  xiii.  f.  160).  The  last 
is  most  perfect. 

[Foss's  Judges  of  England,  v.  354 ;  Sharp's 
Memorials  of  the  Rebellion,  370 ;  Surtees's 
Durham,  iv.  112.]  M.  C. 

BOWES,  ROBERT  (1535  P-1597),  Eng- 
lish ambassador  to  Scotland,  fifth  son  of  Rich- 
ard Bowes  and  Elizabeth  Aske  [see  BOWES, 
ELIZABETH],  married  first  Anne,  daughter  of 
Sir  George  Bowes  of  Dalden,  and  in  1566 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Musgrave 
of  Eden  Hall.  He  served  under  his  father 


in  the  defence  of  the  borders.  In  1569  he 
was  sheriff  of  the  county  palatine  of  Durham, 
and  helped  his  brother,  Sir  George  Bowes 
[q.  v.],  to  hold  Barnard  Castle  against  the 
rebel  earls.  Afterwards  he  was  sent  in  com- 
mand of  a  troop  of  horse  to  protect  the  west 
marches.  In  1571  he  was  elected  M.P.  for 
Carlisle.  In  1575  he  was  appointed  treasurer 
of  Berwick,  and  in  this  capacity  had  many 
dealings  with  the  Scottish  court.  In  1577 
he  was  appointed  ambassador  in  Scotland, 
where  he  had  a  difficult  task  to  perform. 
His  object  was  to  counteract  the  influence  of 
France,  retain  a  hold  on  James  VI,  keep 
together  a  party  that  was  favourable  to 
\  England,  and  promote  disunion  among  the 
Scottish  nobles.  His  letters  to  Burghley, 
i  Walsingham,  and  Leicester  are  of  the  greatest 
\  importance  for  a  knowledge  of  Scottish  affairs 
I  between  1577  and  1583.  In  1578  he  managed 
by  his  tact  to  compose  a  quarrel  between  Mor- 
I  ton  and  the  privy  council  which  threatened 
to  plunge  Scotland  into  civil  war  (BOWES'S 
Correspondence,  6, 11).  In  1581  he  was  busily 
employed  in  endeavouring  to  counteract  the 
growing  influence  of  Esme  Stewart,  lord  of 
Aubigne,  over  James  VI.  He  witnessed  the 
events  which  led  to  the  raid  of  Ruthven  and 
D'Aubigne's  fall.  He  tried  hard  to  gain 
possession  of  the  casket  letters,  which  after 
Morton's  death  were  said  to  have  come  into 
the  hands  of  the  Earl  of  Gowrie,  but  his 
attempts  failed.  He  was  weary  of  his  arduous 
task  in  Scotland,  and  managed  to  procure  his 
recall  in  1583.  But  he  still  held  the  post  of 
treasurer  of  Berwick,  and  was  often  em- 
ployed on  diplomatic  missions  in  Scotland, 
though  the  affairs  were  not  afterwards  of 
so  much  importance.  Like  his  brother,  Sir 
George,  he  worked  for  the  penurious  Elizabeth 
at  his  own  cost,  and  was  rewarded  by  no  sub- 
stantial tokens  of  the  royal  gratitude.  Ha 
wrote  in  1596 :  '  I  shall  either  purchase  my 
liberty,  or  at  least  lycence  to  come  to  my 
house  for  a  tyme  to  put  in  order  my  broken 
estate  before  the  end  of  my  dayes.'  This  satis- 
faction was,  however,  denied  him.  Elizabeth 
held  him  at  his  post,  and  he  died  in  Berwick 
in  1597. 

[The  letters  of  Robert  Bowes  are  published 
by  Stevenson,  '  The  Correspondence  of  Robert 
Bowes,  of  Aske,  Esquire'  (Surtees  Soc.  1842). 
For  his  life  see  Stevenson's  Preface,  and  Sharp's 
Memorials  of  the  Rebellion,  p.  30.]  M.  C. 

BOWES,  THOMAS  (fi.  1586),  translated 
into  English  the  first  and  second  parts  of  the 
'  French  Academy,'  a  moral  and  philosophical 
treatise  written  by  Peter  of  Primaudaye,  a 
French  writer  of  the  latter  half  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  The  translation  of  the  first 


Bowes 


Bowet 


part  was  published  in  1586,  and  seems  to  have 
met  with  immediate  popularity,  for  a  fifth 
edition  was  issued  in  1614.  Along  with  the 
third  edition  in  1594  was  published  the  trans- 
lation of  the  second  part.  To  both  parts 
Bowes  prefixes  a  letter  to  the  reader,  and  in 
the  longer  of  the  two,  prefixed  to  the  second 
part,  J.  Payne  Collier  detects  allusions  to 
Marlowe,  Greene,  and  Nash.  The  allusion 
to  Marlowe  can  scarcely  be  maintained  if  the 
second  part  appeared  for  the  first  time  in  the 
1594  edition  ;  for  Marlowe,  who,  if  indeed  he 
is  meant,  is  alluded  to  as  living,  died  in  1593. 
Bowes  is  denouncing  the  prevalence  of  athe- 
istic and  licentious  literature,  and  after  giving 
as  an  instance  Ligneroles,  a  French  atheist, 
goes  on  to  quote  from  English  imitators,  but 
gives  no  names.  He  ends  by  denouncing 
lying  romances  about  Arthur  and  Huon  of 
Bordeaux.  J.  Payne  Collier,  in  the  '  Poeti- 
cal Decameron,'  discusses  the  whole  passage. 
There  is  an  edition  of  the  third  part  of  the 
'  Academy,'  englished  by  R.  Dolman,  pub- 
lished in  1601.  Strype  mentions  a  certain 
Thomas  Bowes,  M.A.,  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  whom  some  have  identified  with 
the  translator. 

[Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue  ;  Collier's  Poetical  De- 
cameron, ii.  271 ;  Collier's  Extracts  from  Registers 
of  Stationers'  Company,  ii.  198  ;  Strype's  An- 
nales  Reform,  iii.  1,  645,  Oxford,  1824;  Nouvelle 
Biographie  Grenerale,  xxix.  n.  article  '  La  Pri- 
maudaye.']  R.  B. 

BOWES,  SIB  WILLIAM  (1389-1460?), 
military  commander,  was  the  founder  of  the 
political  importance  of  his  family.  He  was 
the  son  of  Sir  Robert  Bowes,  and  of  Maude, 
lady  of  Dalden.  He  married  Jane,  daughter 
of  Ralph,  lord  Greystoke.  His  wife  died  in 
the  first  year  of  her  marriage,  whereon  '  he 
toke  much  thoght  and  passed  into  France ' 
about  the  year  1415.  He  showed  much  gal- 
lantry in  the  French  war,  and  so  commended 
himself  to  John,  duke  of  Bedford,  whom  he 
served  as  chamberlain.  He  fought  at  the  battle 
of  Verneuil,  where  he  was  knighted.  While 
in  France  he  was  impressed  with  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  country,  and  sent  home  plans 
for  rebuilding  his  manor  house  at  Streatlam, 
near  Barnard  Castle.  He  returned  from 
France  after  seventeen  years'  service  and 
superintended  his  buildings  at  Streatlam, 
which  unfortunately  have  been  entirely  de- 
stroyed. After  his  return  he  took  part  in 
the  government  of  the  borders,  as  warden  of 
the  middle  marches  and  governor  of  Berwick. 
He  died  at  a  good  old  age,  and  is  known  in 
the  family  records  as  *  Old  Sir  William.' 

[Surtees's  Durham,  iv.  102  :  Leland's  Itinerary 
(ed.  1744),iv.  9.]  M.  C. 


BOWET,  HENRY,  LL.D.  (d.  1423), 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  subsequently 
archbishop  of  York,  was  apparently  a  mem- 
ber of  a  knightly  family  that,  about  his  time, 
migrated  from  the  north  to  the  eastern  coun- 
ties (BLOMEFIELB,  Hist,  of  Norfolk,  x.  434-5; 
cf.  Harleian  MS.  6164,  92  b).  His  father  was- 
buried  at  Penrith,  his  mother  in  Lincolnshire. 
His  kinsfolk  mostly  lived  in  Westmoreland 
(Testamenta  Eboracensia,  i.  398).  The  date 
and  place  of  his  birth,  the  university  in  which 
he  studied  civil  and  canon  law,  and  of  which 
he  became  a  doctor,  are,  with  the  time  of  his- 
ordination,  equally  unknown.  He  seems  to 
have  practised  law  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts 
(ADAM  or  USE,  p.  63),  and  to  have  become 
clerk  to  the  warlike  Bishop  Spencer  of  Nor- 
wich, whom  he  accompanied  on  his  unlucky 
crusade  to  Flanders.  On  the  bishop's  im- 
peachment in  1383,  after  his  return,  Bowet 
gave  evidence  before  parliament  that  tended 
to  clear  his  patron  of  the  charge  of  receiving 
bribes  from  the  French  (Rot.  Part.  iii.  152  a). 
A  few  years  later  he  appears  at  Rome  as  a 
chaplain  of  Urban  VI  and  auditor  of  causes 
in  the  court  of  the  apostolic  chamber  (RYMEK, 
vii.  569).  In  1385  he  was  the  only  English- 
man at  the  papal  court  who  had  courage  to 
remain  with  Urban  after  the  riots  at  Luceria, 
in  which  an  Englishman  named  Alleyn 
was  slain  (WALSINGHAM,  ii.  124).  Early  in 
February  1388  he  acted  as  Richard  IPs  agent 
in  an  important  negotiation  with  the  poper 
but  had  not  sufficient  powers  from  his  master 
to  complete  the  affair.  He  must  then  have 
returned  to  England,  where  already  in  1386 
he  had  been  appointed  archdeacon  and  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln.  A  namesake  was  at 
this  time  the  archdeacon  of  Richmond  (  Test. 
Ebor.  i.  390).  That  he  was  high  in  the 
confidence  of  Richard  II  is  shown  by  his 
being  excepted  in  1388  by  the  Merciless 
Parliament  from  the  pardon  which  they  is- 
sued at  the  end  of  their  work  of  proscribing 
the  king's  friends  (Eot.  Parl.  iii.  249  b).  It 
is  not  easy  to  understand  Bowet's  subsequent 
movements.  He  seems  to  have  been  pri- 
marily anxious  for  advancement,  and  with 
that  object  to  have  transferred  his  services 
to  the  house  of  Lancaster.  In  1393  he  was, 
with  others,  appointed  to  negotiate  with  the 
king  of  Castile,  still  on  bad  terms  with  Eng- 
land (RYMEK,  vii.  743,  mispaged  739).  On 
19  July  1397  Bowet  was  made  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  superior  court  of  Aquitaine  (ib. 
viii.  7),  and  on  23  July  1398  constable  of 
Bordeaux  (ib.  viii.  43).  In  the  latter  year, 
Henry  of  Bolingbroke,  Bowet's  patron,  was 
banished  from  England,  but  obtained  per- 
mission to  appoint  a  proxy  to  receive  his 
inheritance  in  the  event  of  the  death  of  his 


Bowet 


64 


Bowet 


father,  Lancaster.  Bowet  seems  to  have  as- 
sisted Henry  in  obtaining  this.  When  Lan- 
caster died,  however,  in  January  1399,  Richard 
revoked  his  grant,  and  procured  Bo  wet's 
condemnation  in  the  committee  of  parlia- 
ment at  Shrewsbury.  As  the  counsellor  and 
•abettor  of  Bolingbroke,  Bowet  was  declared 
a  traitor,  and  sentenced  to  execution  ;  this 
sentence,  however,  was  commuted  into  per- 
petual banishment  in  consideration  of  his 
•clergy  (Rot.  Parl.  iii.  385).  His  archdeaconry 
was  taken  away  from  him  and  conferred  on 
another.  After  the  accession  of  Henry  IV, 
Bowet  was  rewarded  for  his  fidelity  to  the 
new  king  by  restoration  to  his  old  preferment 
at  Lincoln,  along  with  the  profits  that  had 
.accrued  during  his  deprivation ;  by  a  pre- 
bend at  London ;  by  lavish  grants  of  land, 
houses,  rents,  and  tolls  in  Aquitaine ;  and  by 
his  appointment  in  May  1400  as  one  of  the 
four  regents  to  whom  the  new  king  entrusted 
the  government  of  his  possessions  in  southern 
France  (RYMER,  viii.  141).  His  presence 
being  required  in  England,  where  he  became, 
says  Dr.  Stubbs,  Henry's  confidential  agent, 
he  was  allowed  to  appoint  a  deputy  to  dis- 
charge his  duties  in  Aquitaine.  In  1400  a 
majority  of  the  chapters  of  Bath  and  Wells 
elected  him  at  the  royal  request  as  their 
bishop,  but  Boniface  IX  provided  another 
minister  of  Henry's,  Richard  Clifford,  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal,  for  the  vacant  see.  A  diffi- 
culty arose,  although  Clifford,  at  the  king's 
command,  declined  to  accept  the  illegal  pre- 
ferment. At  last  matters  were  settled  by  the 
•death  of  the  bishop  of  Worcester.  Clifford 
was  transferred  to  that  see,  and  the  pope 
now  issued  a  provision  appointing  Bowet  to 
Wells  (19  Aug.  1401).  He  was  consecrated 
at  St.  Paul's  on  20  Nov.  (ADAM  or  USE:, 
p.  63  ;  WALSINOHAM,  ii.  247 ;  Annales  Ric.  II 
•et  Hen.  IV,  334 ;  Anglia  Sacra,  i.  571). 

The  appointment  of  a  suffragan  perhaps 
.showed  that  Bowet  was  still  mainly  de- 
voted to  cares  of  state.  On  27  Feb.  1402  he 
became  treasurer,  though  he  did  not  hold 
that  post  very  long.  He  was  constantly  em- 
ployed, however,  by  Henry  in  various  capa- 
cities. In  1403,  on  a  special  embassy,  he 
concluded  a  truce  with  France  (TROKELOWE, 
Annales  Hen.  IV,  p.  372).  In  1403,  1404, 
1406,  and  1407,  he  was  a  trier  of  petitions 
(Rot.  Parl.  iii.)  In  1404  he  was  one  of  the 
king's  council  nominated  in  parliament.  In 
1406  he  swore  to  observe  Henry's  settlement 
of  the  succession.  His  name  appears  con- 
.stantly  in  the  proceed  ings  of  the  privy  council. 
In  1406  he  accompanied  the  court  to  Lynn, 
and  was  thence  despatched  on  an  important- 
mission  to  Denmark,  to  escort  Philippa,  the 
king's  daughter,  to  the  home  of  her  intended 


husband  Eric,  the  heir  of  the  famous  Mar- 
garet, who  had  united  the  three  Scandina- 
vian kingdoms.  His  report  of  the  young 
king's  character  and  the  condition  of  his 
country  is  full  of  interest  (Annales  Hen.  IV. 
p.  420). 

Bowet  had  scarcely  returned  from  his 
Danish  embassy  when  he  was  translated  to 
York  by  papal  provision,  after  the  arch- 
bishopric, vacant  since  the  execution  of  Scrope, 
had  been  unoccupied  for  two  years  and  a 
half.  He  was  enthroned  on  9  Dec.  1407. 
With  increasing  age  and  with  i  nportant 
duties  in  the  north  Bowet  seems  henceforth 
to  have  had  less  to  do  with  the  court.  He 
was  still  often  in  parliament,  where  in  1413, 
1414,  1415,  and  1416  he  was  again  trier  of 
petitions,  but  he  was  employed  on  no  more 
embassies,  and  his  name  appears  less  often 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  council.  It  is  re- 
markable that  the  registers  of  the  arch- 
bishopric, till  then  full  of  documents  of 
public  interest,  assume  a  new  aspect  under 
Bowet,  and  henceforth  contain  little  but  the 
ordinary  proceedings  of  the  diocese  (RAINE, 
Northern  Registers,  p.  xiv,  Rolls  Ser.)  The 
inventory  of  his  property  (printed  in  '  Testa- 
menta  Eboracensia,'  iii.  69)  shows  him  to  have 
been  possessed  of  very  considerable  wealth. 
He  acquired  a  great  reputation  for  a  hospitality 
and  sumptuous  housekeeping  that  consumed 
eighty  tuns  of  claret  yearly.  He  built  the 
great  hall  at  Cawood  and  a  new  kitchen  at 
Ottley,  and  was  a  liberal  benefactor  to  his 
cathedral  (GODWIN",  De  Prcesulibus ;  RAINE, 
Fabric  Rolls  of  York  Minster).  In  1411  he 
had  a  suit  against  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury with  respect  to  the  right  of  visitation 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  which  seems  to 
have  resulted  in  a  compromise  (Rot.  Parl. 
iii.  652  b}. 

In  1410  he  showed  his  zeal  against  Lol- 
lardy  by  acting  as  one  of  Aruiidel's  assistants 
at  the  trial  of  Badby  (FoxE,  iii.  235),  and  in 
1421  he  wrote  a  strong  letter  to  the  king 
against  another  heretic  named  John  Tailor 
or  Bilton  (MS.  Harl.  421).  It  was  not 
until  1414  that  he  saw  the  last  of  a  trouble- 
some suit  with  Sir  W.  Farenden,  which  had 
originated  when  he  was  regent  of  Guienne. 
He  was  one  of  Henry  IV's  executors,  and 
sat  on  a  commission  appointed  to  pay  that 
monarch's  debts.  He  had  himself  lent  Henry 
various  sums  of  money,  sometimes  at  least 
on  good  security.  In  1417  the  Scots  profited 
by  Henry  V's  absence  in  Normandy  to  in- 
vade the  borders.  Bowet,  though  advanced 
in  years  and  so  infirm  that  he  could  only  be 
carried  in  a  litter,  resolved  to  accompany  the 
army  of  defence  with  his  clergy.  His  bravery, 
patriotism,  and  loyalty  largely  encouraged 


Bowie 


Bowlby 


the  English  to  victory.  He  died  on  20  Oct. 
1423,  and  was  buried  at  the  east  end  of  York 
minster,  opposite  the  tomb  of  his  ill-fated 
predecessor. 

[Anglia  Sacra ;  Walsingham  ;  Kymer ;  Eolls 
of  Parliament ;  Proceedings  of  Privy  Council ; 
Annales  Kic.  II  et  Hen.  IV,  ed.  Eiley ;  Adam  of 
Usk,  ed.  Thompson  ;  Memorials  of  Henry  V,  ed. 
Cole ;  G-esta  Henrici  V,  ed.  Williams ;  Hingeston's 
Koyal  and  Historical  Letters  under '  Henry  IV  ; ' 
Torr's  MS.  collections  at  York  are  often  referred 
to  as  a  great  source  of  information ;  there  are 
original  brief  lives  of  Bowet  by  a  Canon  of  Wells 
(Anglia  Sacra,  i.  571),  and  by  the  continuator  of 
Thomas  Stubbs;  short  modern  lives  are  to  be 
found  in  Godwin's  De  Prsesulibus  and  Cassan's 
Bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells;  Le  Neve's  Fasti 
Ecclesise  Anglicanae ;  Drake's  Eboracum.  Bowet's 
will  is  printed  in  Kaine's  Testamenta  Eboracensia 
(Surtees  Soc.),  i.  398-402.]  T.  F.  T. 

BOWIE,  JAMES  (d.  1853),  botanist,  was 
born  in  London,  and  entered  the  service  of  the 
Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  in  1810.  In  1814  he  was 
appointed  botanical  collector  to  the  gardens  in 
conjunction  with  Allan  Cunningham.  They 
went  to  Brazil,  where  they  remained  two 
years,  making  collections  of  plants  and  seeds. 
In  1817  Bowie  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  the 
Cape  ;  here  he  worked  with  much  energy, 
taking  journeys  into  the  interior,  and  send- 
ing home  large  collections  of  living  and  dried 
plants,  as  well  as  of  drawings  ;  the  last  are  in 
the  Kew  herbarium,  the  dried  specimens  for 
the  most  part  in  the  British  Museum.  A  vote 
of  the  House  of  Commons  having  reduced  the 
sum  granted  for  botanical  collectors,  Bowie 
was  recalled  in  1823,  taking  up  his  residence 
at  Kew.  After  four  years  of  inactivity  he  set 
out  again  for  the  Cape,  where  he  was  for 
some  years  gardener  to  Baron  Ludwig  of 
Ludwigsberg.  He  became  a  correspondent 
of  Dr.  Harvey,  who,  in  dedicating  to  him 
the  genus  Bowiea,  says  '  by  many  years  of 
patient  labour  in  the  interior  of  South  Africa 
he  enriched  the  gardens  of  Europe  with  a 
greater  variety  of  succulent  plants  than  had 
ever  been  detected  by  any  traveller.'  He 
left  his  employment  in  or  before  1841,  and 
made  journeys  into  the  interior  to  collect 
plants  for  sale ;  his  habits,  however,  were 
such  as  to  interfere  with  his  prospects,  and 
he  died  in  poverty  in  1853. 

[Gardeners'  Chronicle,  new  ser.  xvi.  568 
(1881).]  J.  B. 

BOWLBY,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1817- 

1860),  '  Times '  correspondent,  son  of  Thomas 
Bowlby,  a  captain  in  the  royal  artillery,  by 
his  wife,  a  daughter  of  General  Balfour,  was 
born  at  Gibraltar,  and  when  very  young  was 

VOL.    VI. 


taken  by  his  parents  to  Sunderland,  where  his 
father  entered  on  the  business  of  a  timber  mer- 
chant. Young  Bowlby's  education  was  en- 
trusted to  Dr.  Cowan,  a  Scotch  schoolmaster 
who  had  settled  in  Sunderland.  After  leaving 
school  he  was  articled  to  his  cousin,  Mr.  Rus- 
sell Bowlby,  solicitor,  Sunderland.  On  com- 
pletion of  his  time  he  went  to  London  and 
spent  some  years  as  a  salaried  clerk  in  the  office 
of  a  large  firm  in  the  Temple.  In  1846  he  com- 
menced practice  in  the  city  as  junior  partner 
in  the  firm  of  Lawrence,  Crowdy,  &  Bowlby, 
solicitors,  25  Old  Fish  Street,  Doctors'  Com- 
mons, and  for  some  years  enjoyed  a  fair  prac- 
tice ;  but  the  profession  of  the  law  was  not 
to  his  taste,  and  he  made  many  literary  ac- 
quaintances. Although  remaining  a  member 
of  the  firm  until  the  year  1854,  he  went  to 
Berlin  as  special  correspondent  of  the  *  Times ' 
in  1848.  Bowlby  married  Miss  Meine,  the 
sister  of  his  father's  second  wife,  and  on  the 
death  of  her  father  Mrs.  Bowlby  became  pos- 
sessed of  a  considerable  fortune.  During  the 
railway  mania  Bowlby  got  into  pecuniary 
difficulties,  which  caused  him  to  leave  Eng- 
land for  a  short  time,  but  he  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  whole  of  his  future  earnings 
to  be  applied  in  liquidation  of  his  debts.  On 
returning  to  England  he  was  for  some  time 
associated  with  Jullien,  the  musical  director 
and  composer.  He  next  repaired  to  Smyrna, 
where  he  was  employed  for  a  while  in  con- 
nection with  the  construction  of  a  railway. 
In  1860  he  was  engaged  to  proceed  to  China 
as  the  special  correspondent  of  the  '  Times.' 
Lord  Elgin  and  Baron  Gros  were  fellow- 
passengers  with  him  in  the  steamship  Mala- 
bar, which  was  lost  at  Point  de  Galle  on 
22  May.  His  narrative  of  this  shipwreck 
is  an  admirable  piece  of  work.  His  various 
letters  from  China  afforded  much  information 
and  pleasure  to  the  readers  of  the  '  Times.' 
After  the  capture  of  Tien-tsin  on  23  Aug. 
1860,  Bowlby  accompanied  Admiral  Hope 
and  four  others  to  Tang-chow  to  arrange 
the  preliminaries  of  peace  ;  here  they  were 
treacherously  captured  and  imprisoned  by 
the  Tartar  general,  San-ko-lin-sin.  Bowlby 
died  from  the  effects  of  the  ill-treatment  he 
received  on  22  Sept.  1860 ;  his  body  was 
afterwards  given  up  by  the  Chinese,  and 
buried  in  the  Russian  cemetery  outside  the 
An-tin  gate  of  Pekin  on  17  Oct.  His  age 
was  about  forty-three ;  he  left  a  widow  and 
five  young  children. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1861,  pp.  225-6;  Times,  26, 27,  30 
Nov.,  10,  11,  15,  17,  19,  25  Dec.  1860;  Illus- 
trated London  News,  with  portrait,  xxxvii.  615  - 
616  (1860);  Annual  Register,  1860,  pp.  265-71; 
Boulger's  History  of  China  (1884),  iii.  499-521.] 

G.  C.  B. 


Bowie 


66 


Bowie 


BOWLE  or  BOWLES,  JOHN  (d.  1637), 
bishop  of  Rochester,  a  native  of  Lancashire, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  (1603),  D.D.  (1613),  and  was 
incorporated  M.A.  of  Oxford  on  9  July  1605, 
and  D.D.  on  11  July  1615.  He  was  house- 
hold chaplain  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  first  earl 
of  Salisbury,  and  attended  him  through  his 
last  illness  in  1612.  After  the  earl's  death 
Bowie  addressed  to  Dr.  Mountague,  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  *  a  plaine  and  true  rela- 
tion of  those  thinges  I  observed  in  my  Lord's 
sickness  since  his  goeing  to  Bath,'  which  is 
printed  in  Peck's  '  Desiderata,'  pp.  205-11. 
Bowie  held  at  one  time  the  living  of  Tile- 
hurst,  Berkshire.  He  became  dean  of  Salis- 
bury in  July  1620,  preached  before  the  king 
and  parliament  on  3  Feb.  1620-1,  and  was 
elected  bishop  of  Rochester  on  14  Dec.  1629. 
He  died  '  at  Mrs.  Austen's  house  on  the  Banck- 
side  the  9th  of  October  1637,  and  his  body 
was  interred  in  St.  Paul's  ch.,  London,  in 
the  moneth  following.'  Archbishop  Laud,  in 
his  account  of  his  archiepiscopate  addressed 
to  Charles  I  for  1637,  complained  that  Bowie 
had  been  ill  for  three  years  before  his  death, 
and  had  neglected  his  diocese.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  'Sermon  preached  at  Flitton  in  the 
countie  of  Bedford  at  the  funerall  of  Henrie 
[Grey],  Earle  of  Kent,'  London,  1614,  and 
of  a  '  Concio  ad  ...  Patres  et  Presbyteros 
totius  Provincise  Cantuar.  in  Synodo  Lon- 
dini  congregates,  habita  .  .  .  1620,  Jan.  31,' 
London,  1621.  Bowie  married  Bridget,  a 
sister  of  Sir  George  Copping,  <  of  the  crown 
office,'  by  whom  he  had  a  son  (Richard )  and 
a  daughter  (Mary). 

[Wood's  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  pp.  308,  364;  Le 
Neve's  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  ii.  517,  673  ;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  Domestic,  1620-37;  Nichols's  Progresses 
of  James  I,  ii.  448  ;  Laud's  Works,  v.  349 ;  Brit. 
Mus.  Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWLE,  JOHN  (1725-1788),  writer  on 
Spanish  literature,  and  called  by  his  friends 
Don  Bowie,  was  descended  from  Dr.  John 
Bowie,  bishop  of  Rochester  [q.  v.l  He  was 
born  on  26  Oct.  1725.  He  was  educated  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  became  M.A.  in 
1750.  He  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1776. 
Having  entered  orders,  he  obtained  the  vicar- 
age of  Idmiston  (spelt  Idemeston  in  his  '  Don 
Quixote,'  Salisbury,  1781,  6  vols.  4to),  in 
Wiltshire,  where  he  died  on  26  Oct.  1788, 
the  day  of  his  birth,  aged  63. 

Bowie  was  an  ingenious  scholar  of  great 
erudition  and  varied  research  in  obscure  and 
ancient  literature.  In  addition  to  his  know- 
ledge of  the  classics,  he  was  well  acquainted 
with  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian,  and  had 
accumulated  a  large  and  valuable  library, 


sold  in  1790.  He  was  a  member  of  Dr.  John- 
son's Essex  Head  Club.  He  preceded  Dr. 
Douglas  in  detecting  Lander's  forgeries,  and 
had,  according  to  Douglas,  the  justest  claim 
to  be  considered  their  original  discoverer. 
He  published  in  1765  miscellaneous  pieces  of 
ancient  English  poetry,  containing  Shake- 
speare's '  King  John,'  and  some  of  the  satires 
of  Marston.  In  1777  he  printed  l  a  letter  to 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Percy  concerning  a  new  and 
classical  edition  of  "Historia  del  valoroso 
Cavallero  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,"  to  be 
illustrated  by  annotations  and  extracts  from 
the  historians,  poets,  and  romances  of  Spain 
and  Italy,  and  other  writers,  ancient  and 
modern,  with  a  glossary  and  indexes  in  which 
are  occasionally  interspersed  some  reflections 
on  the  learning  and  genius  of  the  author, 
with  a  map  of  Spain  adapted  to  the  history, 
and  to  every  translation  of  it,'  4to.  He  gave 
also  an  outline  of  the  life  of  Cervantes  in  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1781,  Ii.  22,  and  cir- 
culated proposals  to  print  the  work  by  sub- 
scription. It  appeared  in  1781,  in  six4to  vols., 
the  first  four  containing  the  text,  the  fifth 
the  notes,  and  the  sixth  the  indexes.  The 
whole  work  is  written  in  Spanish.  Its  re- 
ception was  unfavourable,  except  in  Spain, 
where  it  called  forth  hearty  approval  from 
many  of  the  best  writers  of  the  day,  including 
Don  Antonio  Pellicer,  the  earliest  and  best 
commentator  on '  Don  Quixote.'  Inl784  Bowie 
complained  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' 
of  his  critics,  and  in  1785  he  published  'Re- 
marks on  the  extraordinary  conduct  of  the 
Knight  of  the  Ten  Stars  and  his  Italian 
Squire,  to  the  editor  of  Don  Quixote.  In  a 
letter  to  J.  S.,  D.D./  8vo.  The  pamphlet  was 
directed  against  Joseph  Baretti,  who  retorted 
in  an  anonymous  pamphlet  full  of  bitter  per- 
sonalities, entitled  '  Tolondron,  speeches  to 
John  Bowie  about  his  edition  of  Don  Quixote,' 
8vo,  1786.  Bowie  wrote  frequently  under 
various  signatures  in  the '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine,' contributed  to  Granger's  'History,' 
Steevens's  edition  of  '  Shakespeare,'  1778, 
and  Warton's  '  History  of  Poetry.'  In  '  Ar- 
cheeologia,'  vi.  76,  are  his  remarks  on  the 
ancient  pronunciation  of  the  French  lan- 
guage ;  in  vii.  114,  on  some  musical  instru- 
ments mentioned  in  '  Le  Roman  de  la  Rose ; ' 
in  viii.  67,  on  parish  registers ;  and  in  viii. 
147,  on  playing  cards. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.ii.  553,  iii.  160,  670,  vi. 
182,  viii.  660,  667;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.;  Gent. 
Mag.  liv.  Iv.  Iviii.  1029;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.; 
Nichols's  Lit.  Illust.  vi.  382,  402,  403,  411,  vii. 
592,  viii.  165,  169,  193,  274;  Granger's  Letters, 
1805,  pp.  37-47;  Nicolas's  Life  of  Ritsoii, 
p.  xxii ;  Epistolarium  Bowleanum,  manuscript  in 
the  possession  of  A.  J.  Duffield,  Esq.]  J.  M. 


Bowler 


67 


Bowles 


BOWLER,    THOMAS   WILLIAM  (d. 

1869),  landscape  painter,  was  born  in  the 
Vale  of  Aylesbury.  His  general  talent  was 
noticed  by  Dr.  Lee,  F.R.S.,  who  obtained  for 
him  the  office  of  assistant-astronomer  under 
Sir  T.  Maclear  at  the  Cape.  After  four  years, 
he  resigned  his  post  at  the  observatory,  and 
established  himself  successfully  in  Cape  Town 
as  an  artist  and  teacher  of  drawing.  He 
painted  a  panorama  of  the  district,  and  pub- 
lished, in  1844,  'Four  Views  of  Cape  Town  ; ' 
in  1854,  '  South  African  Sketches,'  a  series  of 
ten  lithographs  of  scenes  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope ;  and  in  1865, '  The  Kafir  Wars,' a  series 
of  twenty  views,  with  descriptive  letterpress 
by  W.  R.  Thomson.  In  1857  he  exhibited  at 
the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists 
a  drawing  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Cape 
Town  ;  and  in  1860,  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
two  views  of  Cape  scenery.  In  1866  he  visited 
Mauritius  and  made  a  number  of  drawings, 
but  a  fever  there  permanently  weakened  his 
health,  and  coming  to  England  he  died  from 
an  attack  of  bronchitis,  24  Oct.  1869. 

His  lithographs  are  somewhat  in  the  style 
of  Harding,  and  show  facility  in  handling  the 
chalk  and  some  power  of  composition. 

[Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Lib. ;  Cat.  Eoyal  Academy ; 
Cat.  Soc.  Brit.  Artists;  Art  Journal,  April  1870  ; 
Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists  (1878).]  W.  H-H. 

BOWLES,  CAROLINE  ANNE.     [See 

SOUTHEY.] 

BOWLES,  EDWARD  (1613-1662), 
presbyterian  minister,  was  born  in  February 
1613  at  Sutton,  Bedfordshire.  His  father, 
Oliver  Bowles,  B.D.,  minister  of  Sutton,  was 
one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the  Westminster 
Assembly,  and  author  of:  1.  '  Zeale  for  God's 
House  quickned :  a  Fast  Sermon  before  the 
Assembly  of  the  Lords,  Commons,  and  Di- 
vines,' 1643, 4to.  2.  <De  Pastore  Evangelico,' 
1649,  4to ;  1655  and  1659,  16mo  (published 
"by  his  son,  and  dedicated  to  the  Earl  of  Man- 
chester). Bowles  was  educated  at  Catherine 
Hall,  Cambridge,  under  Sibbes  and  Brown- 
rigge.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  second  Earl 
of  Manchester,  and  after  the  surrender  of 
York,  15  July  1644,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
four  parliamentary  ministers  in  that  city, 
officiating  alternately  at  the  minster  and 
Allhallows-on-the-Pavement.  On  10  June 
1645  the  House  of  Commons  voted  him  100£. 
as  one  of  the  ministers  in  the  army.  His 
preaching  is  said  to  have  been  extremely 
popular,  even  with  hearers  not  of  his  own 
party.  Among  the  presbyterians  of  the  city 
and  district  he  was  the  recognised  leader; 
nay,  it  is  said  that,  without  being  a  forward 
man,  <  he  ruled  all  York.'  On  29  Dec.  1657 
he  wrote  to  Secretary  Thurloe,  urging  the 


suppression  of  preachers  who  advocated  the 
observance  of  Christmas.  Matthew  Pool,  the 
commentator,  thought  more  of  his  judgment 
than  of  any  other  man's.  He  was  a  man  of 
some  humour.  In  1660  he  was  active  in  the 
restoration  of  the  monarchy,  accompanying 
Fairfax  to  Breda,  and  incurring  some  odium 
with  his  friends  for  over-zeal.  He  did  not* 
however,  flinch  from  his  presbyterianism, 
though  report  said  that  the  deanery  of  York 
was  offered  to  him.  Bradbury  relates  that 
Bowles,  on  leaving  London  after  the  Resto- 
ration, said  to  Albemarle,  *  My  lord,  I  have 
buried  the  good  old  cause,  and  I  am  now 
going  to  bury  myself.'  Excluded  from  the 
minster,  he  continued  to  preach  at  Allhallows, 
and  subsequently  at  St.  Martin's,  besides  con- 
ducting a  Thursday  lecture  at  St.  Peter's. 
The  parishioners  of  Leeds  petitioned  the  king 
in  April  1661  for  his  appointment  to  that 
vicarage,  but  it  was  given  to  John  Lake  (after- 
wards bishop  of  Chichester).  Efforts  were 
made  (Calamy  says  by  Tillotson  and  Stilling- 
fleet)  to  induce  him  to  conform ;  but  when 
asked  in  his  last  illness  what  he  disliked  in 
conformity,  he  replied ( The  whole.'  Calamy 
reckons  him  among  the  silenced  ministers, 
but  he  died  just  before  the  act  came  into 
force,  and  was  buried  on  23  Aug.  1662.  His 
wife,  who  predeceased  him,  was  a  grand- 
daughter of  Matthew  Hutton,  archbishop  of 
York,  and  widow  of  John  Robynson  of  Digh- 
ton.  Bowles's  portrait  (which  has  been  pho- 
tographed) was  in  1869  the  property  of 
Leonard  Hartley  of  Middleton  Tyas,  a  col- 
lateral descendant.  He  published  :  1.  '  The 
Mystery  of  Iniquity  yet  working,'  &c., 
1643,  4to  (he  means  popery).  2.  'Manifest 
Truth,'  1646,  4to  (a  narrative  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Scotch  army,  and  vindica- 
tion of  the  parliament,  in  reply  to  a  tract 
called  '  Truths  Manifest ').  3.  '  Good  Counsell 
for  Evil  Times,'  1648,  4to  (sermon  [Eph.  v. 
15,  16]  at  St.  Paul's,  before  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  London).  4.  '  The  Dutie  and  Danger  of 
Swearing,'  1655  (sermon  at  York).  5.  '  A 
Plain  and  Short  Catechism  '  (anon),  8th  edit. 
1676,  8vo  (reprinted  in  Calamy 's  '  Continua- 
tion '  and  in  James's  '  History ').  The  will, 
dated  9  July  1707,  codicil  21  Aug.  1710,  of  the 
presbyterian  Dame  Sarah  Hewley  (born  1627, 
died  23  Aug.  1710),  widow  of  Sir  John  Hew- 
ley, knt.  (died  1697),  left  a  large  estate  to 
found  several  trusts  for  almshouses,  preachers, 
and  students ;  a  condition  of  admission  to  the 
almshouses  being  the  repeating  of  Mr.  Ed- 
ward Bowles's  catechism.  The  trust  having 
descended  to  anti-trinitarian  hands,  a  suit 
was  begun  on  18  June  1830,  which  ended  in 
the  removal  of  the  trustees  by  a  judgment 
of  the  House  of  Lords  given  on  5  Aug.  1842. 

T?    9 


Bowles 


68 


Bowles 


Much  use  was  made  on  both  sides  of  the 
doctrinal  statements  and  omissions  in  the 
catechism.  This  suit  was  the  immediate 
occasion  of  the  passing  of  the  Dissenters' 
Chapels  Act,  1844. 

[Calamy's  Account,  1713,  p.  779;  Calamy's 
Continuation,  1729,  p.  933;  Palmer's  Nonconf. 
Memorial,  1802,  p.  455;  Mitchell's  Westminster 
Assembly,  1883,  p.  137  ;  Kenrick's  Memorials 
Presb.  Chapel,  York,  1869,  pp.  6  sq. ;  James's 
Hist,  of  Presb.  Chapels  and  Charities,  1867,  pp. 
227  seq.,  733  seq.  ;  Cole's  MS.  Athense  Cantab. ; 
extracts  from  Bowles's  will,  in  the  Prerogative 
Court,  York.]  A.  G. 

BOWLES,  SIR  GEORGE  (1787-1876), 
general,  colonel  1st  West  India  Regiment, 
and  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London,  was 
second  son  of  W.  Bowles  of  Heale  House, 
Wiltshire,  and  was  born  in  1787.  He  entered 
the  army  as  ensign  in  the  Coldstream  guards 
in  1804,  and  served  with  that  corps  in  the 
north  of  Germany  in  1805-6,  at  Copenhagen 
in  1807,  in  the  Peninsula  and  south  of  France 
from  1809  to  1814,  excepting  the  winters  of 
1810  and  1811,  and  in  the  Waterloo  cam- 
paign, being  present  at  the  passage  of  the 
Douro,  the  battles  of  Talavera,  Salamanca, 
and  Vittoria,  the  capture  of  Madrid,  the  sieges 
of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Badajos,  Burgos,  and  San 
Sebastian,  the  passages  of  the  Nive,  Nivelle, 
and  Adour,  the  investment  of  Bayonne,  the 
battles  of  Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo,  and 
the  occupation  of  Paris.  When  a  brevet- 
major  he  served  as  military  secretary  to  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  in  Canada  in  1818-20, 
and  as  deputy  adjutant-general  in  the  West 
Indies  from  1820to  1825.  While  with  his  bat- 
talion of  the  Coldstreams  in  Canada,  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  brevet-colonel,  he  com- 
manded the  troops  in  the  Lower  Province 
during  the  rebellion  of  1838.  He  retired  on 
half-pay  in  1843.  In  1845  Bowles,  who 
while  on  half-pay  had  been  comptroller  of 
the  viceregal  household  in  Dublin,  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  the  queen's  household,  in 
succession  to  the  Hon.  0.  A.  Murray.  A 
good  deal  of  invidious  feeling  had  arisen  in 
connection  with  the  duties  of  the  office,  and 
Bowles's  appointment  is  said  to  have  been 
made  at  the  recommendation  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  major-general  in  1846,  and  on  his  re- 
signation of  his  appointment  in  the  royal 
household,  on  account  of  ill-health,  in  1851, 
was  made  K.C.B.  and  appointed  lieutenant 
of  the  Tower  of  London.  Bowles,  who  was 
unmarried,  died  at  his  residence  in  Berkeley 
Street,  Berkeley  Square,  London,  on  21  May 
1876,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of  his  age. 

[Hoare's  Wiltshire,  iv.  11,  36  (pedigree); 
Mackinnon's  Origin  of  Coldstream  Guards  (Lon- 


don, 1832);  Hart's  Army  Lists  ;  Sketches  H.M. 
Household  (London,  1848) ;  Martin's  Life  of 
the  Prince  Consort,  ii.  382-3;  Ann.  Eeg.  1876; 
lllust.  London  News,  Ixviii.  551,  and  Ixix.  255 
(will).]  H.  M.  C. 

BOWLES,    JOHN    (d.    1637).      [See 

BOWLE.] 

BOWLES,  PHINEAS  (d.  1722),  major- 
general,  is  first  mentioned  in  the  t  Military 
Entry  Books '  in  January  1692,  when  he  was 
appointed  captain-lieutenant  in  the  regiment 
of  Colonel  W.  Selwyn,  since  the  2nd  Queen's, 
then  just  arrived  in  Holland  from  Ireland 
(Home  Off.  Mil.  Entry  Books,  vol.  iii.)  In 
July  1705  he  succeeded  Colonel  Caulfield  in 
command  of  a  regiment  of  foot  in  Ireland, 
with  which  he  went  to  Spain  and  served  at 
the  siege  of  Barcelona.  According  to  memo- 
randa of  General  Erie  (Treas.  Papers,  vols. 
cvi.  cxvi.),  Bowles's  was  one  of  the  regi- 
ments broken  at  the  bloody  battle  of  Almanza. 
It  appears  to  have  been  reorganised  in  Eng- 
land, as  Narcissus  Luttrell  mentions  Bowles's 
arrival  in  England  on  parole,  and  afterwards 
that  he  was  at  Portsmouth  with  his  regi- 
ment, awaiting  embarkation  with  some  troops 
supposed  to  be  destined  for  Newfoundland. 
Instead,  he  again  proceeded  with  his  Regi- 
ment to  Spain,  where  it  was  distinguished 
at  the  battle  of  Saragossa  in  1710,  and  was 
one  of  the  regiments  surrounded  in  the 
mountains  of  Castile,  and  made  prisoners 
after  a  gallant  resistance,  in  December  of 
the  same  year.  After  this  Bowles's  regi- 
ment disappeared  from  the  rolls,  and  its 
colonel  remained  unemployed  until  1715, 
when,  as  a  brigadier-general,  he  was  com- 
missioned to  raise  a  corps  of  dragoons,  of 
six  troops,  in  Berkshire,  Hampshire,  and 
Buckinghamshire,  to  rendezvous  at  Read- 
ing. This  corps  is  now  the  12th  lancers. 
In  1719  Bowles  was  transferred  to  the 
colonelcy  of  the  8th  dragoons.  He  died  in 
1722. 

PHINEAS  BOWLES,  lieutenant-general,  son 
of  the  above,  served  long  as  an  officer  in  the 
3rd  foot  guards,  in  which  he  became  captain 
and  lieutenant-colonel  in  1712  (Home  Off. 
Mil.  Entry  Books,  vol.  viii.)  He  made  the 
campaigns  of  1710-11  under  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  and  was  employed  in  Scotland 
in  1715  during  the  suppression  of  the  Earl 
of  Mar's  rebellion.  In  1719,  being  then  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 12th  dragoons,  he  succeeded 
his  father  as  colonel,  and  commanded  the 
regiment  in  Ireland  until  1740.  He  became 
a  brigadier-general  in  1735,  major-general 
in  1739,  and  a  lieutenant-general  27  May 
1745.  He  was  also  governor  of  Londonderry 
(CHAMBERLAYNE,  Magn.  Brit.  Not.  1745), 


Bowles 


69 


Bowles 


and  colonel  of  the  7th  horse,  now  the  6th 
dragoon  guards  or  carabineers.  He  died  in 
1749.  He  was  member  of  parliament  for 
Bewdley  in  February  1734-5. 

[Luttrell's  Relation  of  State  Affairs,  1857,  vi. 
213,  427 ;  Home  Office  Mil.  Entry  Books,  vols. 
iii.  and  viii.;  Treasury  Papers,  cvi.  57,  cxvi.  32; 
Cannon's  Hist.  Eecords,  6th  Dragoon  Guards, 
8th  Hussars,  12th  Lancers.]  H.  M.  C. 

BOWLES,  WILLIAM  (1705-1780), 
naturalist,  was  born  near  Cork.  He  gave  up 
the  legal  profession,  for  which  he  was  des- 
tined, and  in  1740  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
studied  natural  history,  chemistry,  and  metal- 
lurgy. He  subsequently  travelled  through 
France,  investigating  its  natural  history  and 
mineral  and  other  productions.  In  1752, 
having  become  acquainted  with  Don  Antonio 
de  Ulloa,  afterwards  admiral  of  the  Spanish 
fleet,  Bowles  was  induced  to  enter  the  Spanish 
service,  being  appointed  to  superintend  the 
state  mines  and  to  form  a  collection  of  natural 
history  and  fit  up  a  chemical  laboratory.  He 
first  visited  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Alma- 
den,  which  had  been  seriously  damaged  by 
fire,  and  the  plans  he  suggested  were  success- 
fully adopted  for  their  resuscitation.  He  after- 
wards travelled  through  Spain,  investigating 
its  minerals  and  natural  history,  living  chiefly 
at  Madrid  and  Bilbao.  He  married  a  German 
lady,  Anna  Rustein,  who  was  pensioned  by 
the  king  of  Spain  after  her  husband's  death. 
Bowles  is  described  as  tall  and  fine-looking, 
generous,  honourable,  active,  ingenious,  and 
well  informed.  His  society  was  much  valued 
in  the  best  Spanish  circles.  He  died  at  Madrid 
25  Aug.  1780. 

Bowles's  principal  work  was  '  An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Natural  History  and  Physical 
Geography  of  Spain/  published  in  Spanish  at 
Madrid  1775.  It  is  not  systematically  ar- 
ranged, but  has  very  considerable  value  as 
being  the  first  work  of  its  kind.  The  second 
edition  (1782)  was  edited  by  Don  J.  N.  de 
Azara,  who  rendered  considerable  assistance 
to  the  author  in  preparing  the  first  edition. 
It  was  translated  into  French  by  Vicomte  de 
Flavigny  (Paris,  1776).  An  Italian  edition, 
much  enlarged  by  Azara,  then  Spanish  am- 
bassador at  Rome,  was  published  at  Parma  in 
1784.  Bowles  was  also  the  author  of '  A  Brief 
Account  of  the  Spanish  and  German  Mines ' 
(Phil.  Trans.  Ivi.) ;  of '  A  Letter  on  the  Merino 
Sheep,'  &c.  (  Gent.  Mag.  May  and  June  1764)  •; 
and  of  '  An  Account  of  the  Spanish  Locusts ' 
(Madrid,  1781).  Sir  J.  T.  Dillon's  '  Travels 
through  Spain'  (London,  1781)  is  very 
largely  an  adaptation  of  Bowles. 

[Preface  to  English  translation  of  Bowles's 
Treatise  on  Merino  Sheep,  London,  1811.] 

G.  T.  B. 


BOWLES,  WILLIAM  LISLE  (1762- 
1850),  divine,  poet,  and  antiquary,  was  born 
on  24  Sept.  1762  at  King's  Sutton,  North- 
amptonshire, of  which   his  father  was  the 
vicar.     Both  his  father  and  mother,  as  he 
tells  us  in  his  autobiographical  preface  to 
'Scenes  and   Shadows  of  Days  Departed,' 
were  descended  from  old  and  much-respected 
families.     In  1776  he  was  placed  at  Win- 
chester School,  under  Dr.  Joseph  Warton, 
who,  discerning   his   taste  for  poetry   and 
general  literature,  did  his  best  to  foster  it 
by  encouragement   and   training.      On  the 
death  of  his  old  master,  Bowles  wrote  a  mo- 
nody which   expresses    his   regard  for  his 
character.     On  leaving  Winchester  he  was 
elected  in  1781  a  scholar  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  of  which  Joseph  Warton's  brother, 
Thomas  Warton— professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford and  eventually  poet  laureate — was  the 
senior  fellow.     In  1783  the  young  student, 
by  his  poem  entitled  '  Calpe  Obsessa,  or  the 
!  Siege  of  Gibraltar,'  carried  off  the  chancellor's 
prize  for  Latin  verse.     Here,  however,  any 
signal  distinctions  at  the  university  seem  to 
have  ended.  It  was  not  until  1792  that  he  ob- 
tained his  degree.  Having  entered  holy  orders 
he  first  officiated  as  curate  of  Donhead  St. 
Andrew  in   Wiltshire.      In  1792   he   was 
appointed  to  the  rectory  of  Chicklade  in  Wilt- 
shire, which  he  resigned  in  1797,  on  being  pre- 
sented to  the  rectory  of  Dumbleton  in  Glou- 
cestershire.  In  the  same  year  he  was  married 
to  Magdalene,  daughter  of  Dr.  Wake,  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  whom  he  survived. 
In  1804  he  became  vicar  of  Bremhill,  Wilt- 
shire, where,  greatly  beloved  by  his  parish- 
ioners, he  thenceforth  generally  resided  till 
near  the  close  of  his  life.     In  1804  he  was 
also  made  prebendary  of  Stratford  in  the 
cathedral  church  of  Salisbury,  of  which  in 
1828  he  became  canon   residentiary.     Ten 
years  earlier  he  had  been  appointed  chaplain 
to  the  prince  regent. 

About  1787,  the  year  of  his  leaving  college, 
Bowles  fell  in  love  with  Miss  Romilly,  niece 
of  Sir  Samuel  Romilly;  but  his  suit,  pro- 
bably for  want  of  sufficient  means  on  his 
part,  was  rejected.  After  a  while  he  formed 
a  second  attachment,  but  the  hopes  to  which 
it  gave  rise  were  unhappily  cut  short  by  the 
lady's  death.  Bowles  then  turned  for  con- 
solation to  poetry.  During  a  tour  through 
the  north  of  England,  Scotland,  and  some 
parts  of  the  continent,  he  composed  the 
sonnets  which  first  brought  him  before  the 
public.  The  little  volume  was  published  at 
Bath  in  1789,  under  the  title  of  *  Fourteen 
Sonnets  written  chiefly  on  Picturesque  Spots 
during  a  Journey.'  Their  success  was  ex- 
traordinary, the  first  small  edition  being 


Bowles 


70 


Bowles 


speedily  exhausted,  while  Coleridge,  then  in 
his  seventeenth  year,  expressed  his  delight 
at  the  restoration  of  a  natural  school  of 
poetry,  a  tribute  which  he  confirmed  later 
by  celebrating  the  praise  of  Bowles  in  a  fine 
sonnet.  The  simplicity  and  earnestness  of 
Bowles  had  all  the  charm  of  novelty  and 
contrast.  His  pensive  tenderness,  delicate 
fancy,  refined  taste,  and,  above  all,  his  power 
to  harmonise  the  moods  of  nature  with  those 
of  the  mind,  were  his  chief  merits.  He  was 
a  true  though  not  a  great  poet,  having 
neither  depth  of  thought  nor  vigour  of  ima- 
gination. The  qualities  of  his  early  sonnets 
are  common  to  all  his  poetry,  though  in  his 
longer  works  they  frequently  sink  into  a 
graceful  feebleness.  His  'Verses  to  John 
Howard '  appeared  in  1789,  and  were  re- 
printed in  1790.  In  1805  this  collection 
had  passed  into  an  illustrated  ninth  edition. 
1  Coombe  Ellen  '  and  «  St.  Michael's  Mount ' 
were  published  in  1798  ;  '  The  Battle  of  the 
Nile'  appeared  in  1799;  'The  Sorrows  of 
Switzerland '  in  1801 ;  'The Picture'  in  1803; 
*  The  Spirit  of  Discovery,'  his  longest  poem, 
in  1804 ;  '  Bowden  Hill '  in  1806 ;  <  The  Mis- 
sionary of  the  Andes  '  in  1815  ;  *  The  Grave 
of  the  last  Saxon '  in  1822  ;  <  Ellen  Gray '  in 
1823  ;  '  Days  Departed  '  in  1828  ;  '  St.  John 
in  Patmos  '  in  1833  ;  '  Scenes  and  Shadows 
of  Days  Departed,'  with  an  autobiographical 
introduction ,  in  1 837 ;  and '  The  Village  Verse- 
Book,'  a  series  of  hymns  composed  by  him- 
self for  the  use  of  children,  in  the  same  year. 
In  1806,  not  in  1807  (as  is  erroneously  stated 
by  Gilfillan  and  others),  Bowles  issued  in  ten 
volumes  his  memorable  edition  of  Pope,  with 
a  sketch  of  his  life  and  strictures  on  his 
poetry.  His  comments  on  Pope's  life  are 
undoubtedly  written  in  a  severe,  if  not  a 
hostile  spirit.  It  has  been  justly  urged,  that 
while  he  omitted  no  detail  that  could  harm 
Pope's  memory,  he  either  left  out  or  men- 
tioned coldly  such  facts  as  did  him  honour. 
These  errors  drew  upon  the  biographer  sting- 
ing assaults  from  Byron  both  in  verse  and 
prose.  Bowles's  estimate  of  Pope  as  a  poet 
gave  rise  to  a  long  controversy,  in  which  much 
bitterness  was  displayed.  Bowles's  propo- 
sition that '  images  drawn  from  what  is  beau- 
tiful or  sublime  in  nature  are  more  sublime  and 
beautiful  than  images  drawn  from  art,and  that 
they  are  therefore  per  se  more  poetical,  and 
that  passions  are  more  adapted  to  poetry  than 
manners,'  is  by  no  means  refuted  by  Camp- 
bell's assertion  that  'the exquisite  description 
of  artificial  objects  and  manners  is  no  less 
characteristic  of  genius  than  the  description 
of  physical  appearances.'  Bowles  never  de- 
nied that  many  artificial  objects  are  beautiful. 
Byron's  instances,  in  opposition  to  Bowles,  go 


chiefly  to  show  that  certain  natural  objects  are 
|  less  interesting  than  certain  artificial  ones, 
,  and  that  by  laws  of  association  the  latter  at 
times,  especially  when  unfamiliar,  strike  us 
more  than  the  former,  though  intrinsically 
superior,  when  custom  has  lessened  their 
effect.  The  doctrine  of  Bowles  is  not  shaken 
by  either  of  his  principal  antagonists.  If  it 
exclude  Pope  from  the  small  band  of  the 
very  highest  poets,  his  critic  nevertheless 
declares  that  in  the  second  rank  none  were 
superior  to  him.  Besides  his  poetical  claims, 
those  of  Bowles  as  an  antiquary  are  by 
no  means  inconsiderable.  Of  his  labours 
j  in  this  capacity  his  l  Hermes  Britannicus/ 
!  published  in  1828,  is  perhaps  the  most  im- 
I  portant.  He  wrote  largely  also  upon  ecclesias- 
;  tical  matters.  Upon  crime,  education,  and  the 
condition  of  the  poor  he  addressed  a  letter 
to  Sir  James  Mackintosh.  His  sermons, 
though  scarcely  eloquent,  have  a  rare  union 
of  dignity  with  simplicity  of  style.  He  was 
an  active  but  lenient  magistrate.  In  cha- 
racter he  seems  to  have  been  ardent  and 
impulsive,  but  genial  and  humane.  Moore, 
the  poet,  in  his  journal,  gives  some  interest- 
|  ing  particulars  of  him,  illustrating  his  keen 
susceptibility  to  impressions,  his  high-church 
principles,  his  love  of  simple  language  in 
the  pulpit,  together  with  certain  eccentri- 
cities, such  as  his  constant  refusal  to  be 
measured  by  a  tailor.  His  health  had  failed 
some  time  before  his  death,  which  took 
place  when  he  was  eighty-eight  at  the  Close, 
Salisbury.  Of  his  numerous  productions, 
in  addition  to  his  poems,  the  following,  be- 
sides those  already  named,  may  be  cited  as 
representative  :  1.  '  The  Parochial  History 
of  Bremhill,'  1828.  2.  <  Life  of  Bishop  Ken/ 
1830.  3. '  Annals  and  Antiquities  of  Lacock 
Abbey,'  1835.  4.  'A  few  Words  to  Lord 
Chancellor  Brougham  011  the  Misrepresenta- 
tion concerning  the  Property  and  Character 
of  the  Cathedral  Clergy  of  England,'  Salis- 
bury, 1831.  5.  <  The  Cartoons  of  Raphael.' 
6.  '  Sermons  preached  at  Bowood,'  1834. 

[Bowles's  Poetical  Works,  collected  edition, 
•with  Memoir,  &c.,  by  Eev.  George  Gilfillan, 
Edin.,  1855;  Eng.  Cyclop.  Biog.  vol.  i.,  1856; 
Bowles's  Autobiog.  In  trod,  to  Scenes  and  Shadows 
of  Departed  Days,  1837  ;  Maginn's  Gall,  of  Illust. 
Characters,  ed.-by  G.  "W.  Bates,  1873;  Bowles's 
edition  of  Pope  in  ten  vols.,  1806;  Campbell's 
Specimens  of  British  Poets,  &c.,  with  an  Essay 
on  Poetry,  1819  ;  Bowles's  Invariable  Principles 
of  Poetry,  1819;  Byron's  Letter  to  John  Murray 
and  Observations  upon  Observations,  &c.,  182,1 ; 
Bowles's  Letters  to  Byron  and  Campbell,  1822; 
Quarterly  Kev.,  May  to  July  1820,  June  to  Oc- 
tober 1825 ;  Memoirs,  Journal,  and  Correspon- 
dence of  Thomas  Moore,  edited  by  Lord  John 
Kussell,  1853.]  W.  M. 


Bowley 


Bowman 


BOWLEY,  ROBERT  KANZOW  (1813- 
1870),  amateur  musician,  was  born  13  May 
1813.  His  father  was  a  bootmaker  at  Cha- 
ring Cross,  and  Bowley  was  brought  up  to 
the  same  business.  His  first  taste  for  music 
was  acquired  by  associating  with  the  cho- 
risters of  Westminster  Abbey,  and  at  an 
early  age  he  became  a  member,  and  subse- 
quently conductor,  of  the  Benevolent  Society 
of  Musical  Amateurs.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  the  amateur  musical  festival 
held  at  Exeter  Hall  in  1834,  and  about  the 
same  date  was  appointed  organist  of  an  inde- 
pendent chapel  near  Leicester  Square.  Bowley 
joined  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Society  in  1834, 
and  all  his  life  contributed  much  to  its  suc- 
cess, being  librarian  from  1837  to  1854,  and 
treasurer  from  1854  to  the  year  of  his  death. 
It  was  Bowley  who,  in  1856,  originated  the 
plan  of  the  gigantic  Handel  festivals,  which 
have  been  held  every  three  years  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  since  1857.  His  connection  with  these 
performances  led  to  his  appointment  (in  1858) 
as  general  manager  of  the  building  at  Syden- 
ham,  a  post  he  continued  to  hold  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  25  Aug.  1870. 

[Mr.  W.  H.  Husk  in  Grove's  Diet,  of  Music, 
i.  266  b,  658.]  W.  B.  S. 

BOWLY,  SAMUEL  (1802-1884),  slavery 
abolitionist  and  temperance  advocate,  son 
of  Mr.  Bowly,  miller  at  Bibury,  Gloucester- 
shire, was  born  in  Cirencester  on  23  March 
1802.  During  his  youth  he  had  a  sound  busi- 
ness training  under  his  father.  In  1829  he 
removed  from  Bibury  to  Gloucester,  and  com- 
menced business  as  a  cheese  factor.  He  be- 
came chairman  of  many  local  banking,  gas, 
railway,  and  other  companies,  and  for  the 
last  twenty  years  of  his  life  he  was  looked 
upon  as  a  leader  in  commercial  circles  and 
affairs.  In  the  agitation  against  the  corn 
laws  he  took  a  prominent  part,  and  loyally 
supported  Messrs.  Cobden  and  Bright.  It 
was  one  of  his  endeavours  to  give  the  people 
cheap  and  universal  education,  and  he  was 
not  only  one  of  the  founders  of  the  British 
and  ragged  schools  in  Gloucester,  but  a  con- 
sistent advocate  of  a  national  system.  Like 
his  father,  he  belonged  to  the  Society  of 
Friends  ;  he  was  a  faithful  though  courteous 
and  fair  supporter  of  disestablishment. 

Bowly  took  an  active  part  in  the  anti- 
slavery  agitation,  and  by  his  powerful  ap- 
peals completely  beat  Peter  Borthwick  [q.  v.J, 
the  pro-slavery  lecturer,  off  the  ground.  He 
was  one  of  the  deputation,  14  Nov.  1837, 
which  went  to  Downing  Street  to  have  an 
interview  with  Lord  Melbourne  about  the 
cruelties  exercised  towards  the  slaves  under 
the  seven  years'  apprenticeship  system,  and 


in  the  following  year  took  an  active  part  in 
the  formation  of  the  Central  Negro  Eman- 
cipation Committee,  which  was  ultimately 
instrumental  in  causing  the  abolition  of  the 
objectionable  regulations.  But  his  advocacy 
of  temperance  made  him  best  known.  It  was 
on  30  Dec.  1835  that  he  signed  the  pledge 
of  total  abstinence,  and  formed  a  teetotal 
society  in  his  own  city.  One  of  his  earliest 
missions  was  to  the  members  of  his  own  re- 
ligious society,  undertaken  in  company  with 
Edward  Smith  of  Sheffield,  throughout  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  During  his  later  years 
he  held  frequent  drawing-room  meetings. 
As  president  of  the  National  Temperance 
League,  as  president  of  the  Temperance  Hos- 
pital from  its  foundation,  and  as  a  director  of 
the  United  Kingdom  Temperance  and  General 
Provident  Institution,  he  was  able  to  draw  the 
attention  of  scientific  men  to  the  injurious 
effects  of  alcohol  on  the  human  system.  On 
behalf  of  the  National  Temperance  League 
he  attended  and  addressed  107  meetings 
during  the  last  year  of  his  life,  travelling 
many  hundreds  of  miles. 

The  eightieth  anniversary  of  his  birth  was 
celebrated  in  Gloucester  in  1882,  and  he  died 
in  that  city  on  Sunday,  23  March  1884,  the 
eighty-second  anniversary  of  his  birthday. 
He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  on  27  March, 
when  an  immense  concourse  of  people,  both 
rich  and  poor,  attended  the  funeral. 

He  married,  first,  Miss  Shipley,  daughter 
of  Mr.  John  Shipley  of  Shaftesbury.  His 
second  wife  was  the  widow  of  Jacob  Henry 
CottrellofBath,  especially  known  for  his  con- 
nection with  the  Rechabite  Friendly  Society. 
Bowly  published  :  1.  'A  Speech  delivered 
1  Oct.  1830  at  a  meeting  to  petition  Par- 
liament for  the  Abolition  of  Negro  Slavery,' 
1830.  2. '  Speech  upon  the  present  condition 
of  the  Negro  Apprentices,'  1838.  3. l  A  Letter 
to  J.  Sturge  on  the  Temperance  Society  and 
Church  Rates,  by  L.  Rugg,  with  a  reply  by 
S.  Bowly,'  1841.  4.  <  An  Address  to  Christian 
Professors,'  1850.  5.  '  Total  Abstinence  and 
its  proper  Place,'  1863. 

[Sessions's  Life  of  Samuel  Bowly,  1884,  with 
portrait.]  G.  C.  B. 

BOWMAN,  EDDOWES  (1810-1869), 
dissenting  tutor,  eldest  son  of  John  Eddowes 
Bowman  the  elder  [q.  v.]  and  Elizabeth,  his 
cousin,  was  born  at  Nantwich  on  12  Nov. 
1810.  He  was  educated  chiefly  at  Hazelwood, 
near  Birmingham,  by  Thomas  Wright  Hill, 
father  of  Sir  Rowland  Hill .  The  future  postal 
reformer  was  his  teacher  in  mathematics. 
From  school  he  passed  to  the  Eagle  foundry, 
Birmingham,  where  he  improved  himself  in 
mechanical  engineering.  He  became,  about 


Bowman 


Bowman 


1835,  sub-manager  of  the  Varteg  ironworks, 
near   Pontypool.     On   the    closing    of    the 
Varteg  works  in  1840  Bowman  betook  him- 
self to  study,  graduated  M.A.  at  Glasgow, 
and  attended  lectures  at  Berlin,  acquiring 
several  modern   languages    and    mastering 
various  branches  of  physical  science.   In  1846 
Francis  W.  Newman  resigned  the  classical 
chair  in  the  Manchester  New  College,  having 
been  elected  to  the  chair  of  Latin  in  Univer- 
sity College,  London.     Bowman  was  imme- 
diately appointed  his  successor  at  Manchester 
as  professor  of  classical  literature  and  history, 
and  he  held  that  post  till  the  removal  of  the 
college  to  Gordon  Square,  London,  as  a  purely 
theological  institution,  in  1853.     To  this  re- 
moval he  was  strongly  opposed.     Remaining 
in  Manchester,  though  possessed  of  a  sufficient 
independence,  he  gratified  his  natural  taste 
for  teaching  by  engaging  in  the  education  of 
girls.  For  the  study  of  astronomy  he  had  built 
himself  an  excellent  observatory.    On  optics 
and  acoustics  he  delivered  several  courses  of 
lectures  at  the  Manchester  Royal  Institution 
and  elsewhere.   From  1865,  when  the  Owens 
scholarship  was  founded  in  connection  with 
the  Unitarian  Home  Missionary  Board,  he 
was  one  of  the  examiners.     He  was  a  man 
of  undemonstrative  disposition,  of  wise  kind- 
ness, and  of  cultured  philanthropy.  He  died, 
unmarried,   at  Victoria   Park,   Manchester, 
on  10  July  1869.     Among  his  publications 
are :    1.    '  Arguments    against    the  Divine 
Authority  of  the  Sabbath  .  .  .  considered, 
and  shown   to  be  inconclusive/  1842,  8vo. 
2.  l  Some  Remarks  on  the  proposed  Removal 
of  Manchester  New  College,  and  its  Connec- 
tion with  University  College,  London,'  1848, 
8vo.    3.  l  Replies  to  Articles  relating  to  Man- 
chester New  College  and  University  College,' 
1848,  8vo.     4.  <  On  the  Roman  Governors  of 
Syria  at  the  time  of  the  Birth  of  Christ' 
(anonymous,  but  signed  B.),  1855,  8vo  (an 
able  and  learned  monograph,  reprinted  from 
the  'Christian   Reformer,'   October  1855,  a 
magazine  to  which  he  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor). 

[W.  H.  H.  (Rev.  AVilliam  Henry  Herford)  in 
Inquirer,  10  July  1869 ;  Unitarian  Herald,  16  July 
1869  ;  Roll  of  Students  at  Manchester  New  Col- 
lege, 1868;  Hall's  Hist,  of  Nantwich,  1883, 
p.  505  sq.]  A.  G. 

BOWMAN,  HENRY  (fl.  1677),  was  a 
musician,  of  whose  life  little  is  recorded.  He 
was  probably  a  connection  of  that  Franc. 
Bowman  mentioned  by  Anthony  a  Wood  as 
a  bookseller  of  St.  Mary's  parish,  Oxford, 
with  whom  lodged  Thomas  Wren,  the  bishop 
of  Ely's  son,  an  amateur  musician  of  repute  in 
Oxford  (WooD,  Athena  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  xxv). 


Henry  was  organist  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  published  in  1677  at  Oxford  a  thin 
folio  volume  of  '  Songs  for  one,  two,  and  three 
Voices  to  Thorow  Bass ;  with  some  short 
Simphonies  collected  out  of  some  of  the  Se- 
lect Poems  of  the  incomparable  Mr.  Cowley 
and  others,  and  composed  by  H.  B.,  Philo 
Musicus.'  A  second  edition  was  brought  out 
at  Oxford  in  1679.  The  Oxford  Music  School 
Collection  contains  some  English  songs  and 
a  set  of '  Fifteen  Ayres,'  which  were  *  first  per- 
formed in  the  schooles  5  Feb.  1673-4.'  In 
the  same  collection  are  some  Latin  motets  by 
Bowman,  and  the  Christ  Church  Collection 
contains  a  manuscript  Miserere  by  him. 

[Euing  Musical  Library  Catalogue,  1878, 
p.  148  ;  North's  Memoirs  of  Musick  ;  Catalogues 
of  Royal  College  of  Music  Library,  Christ  Church 
Collection  and  Music  School  Collection  ;  Grove's 
Dictionary  of  Music.]  R.  H. 

BOWMAN,  JOHN  EDDOWES,  the  elder 
(1785-1841),  banker  and  naturalist,  was  born 
30  Oct.  1785  at  Nantwich,  where  his  father, 
Eddowes  Bowman  (1758-1844),  was  a  to- 
bacconist. His  education  was  only  that  of  a 
grammar  school,  but  he  was  a  bookish  boy, 
and  got  from  his  father  a  taste  for  botany,  and 
from  his  friend  Joseph  Hunter  (1783-1861), 
then  a  lad  at  Sheffield,  a  fondness  for  genea- 
logy. He  was  at  first  in  his  father's  shop, 
and  became  manager  of  the  manufacturing 
department,  and  traveller.  He  wished  to 
enter  the  ministry  of  the  Unitarian  body  to 
which  his  family  belonged,  but  his  father 
dissuaded  him.  In  1813  he  joined,  as  junior 
partner,  a  banking  business  on  which  his 
father  entered.  Its  failure  in  1816  left  him 
penniless,  and  he  became  manager  at  Welsh- 
pool  of  a  branch  of  the  bank  of  Beck  &  Co. 
of  Shrewsbury.  In  1824  he  became  manag- 
ing partner  of  a  bank  at  Wrexham,  and  was 
able  to  retire  from  business  in  1830.  From 
1837  he  resided  in  Manchester,  where  he  pur- 
sued many  branches  of  plrysical  science.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Linnean  and  Geological 
Societies,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Manchester  Geological  Society.  His  dis- 
coveries were  chiefly  in  relation  to  mosses, 
fungi,  and  parasitical  plants.  A  minute  fossil, 
which  he  detected  in  Derbyshire,  is  named 
from  him  the '  Endothyra  Bowmanni.'  In  the 
last  years  of  his  life  he  devoted  himself  almost 
entirely  to  geology.  He  died  on  4  Dec.  1841. 
He  married,  6  July  1809,  his  cousin,  Eliza- 
beth (1788-1859),  daughter  of  W.  Eddowes 
of  Shrewsbury.  A  daughter,  married  to 
George  S.  Kenrick,  died  in  November  1838. 
Four  sons  survived  him  :  1.  Eddowes  [q.  v.] 
|  2.  Henry  [see  below].  3.  Sir  William,  born 
j  20  July  1816,  the  distinguished  oculist. 


Bowman 


73 


Bownas 


4.  John  Eddowes,  professor  of  chemistry 
[q.  v.]  J.  E.  Bowman,  senior,  contributed 
various  papers  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
nean  and  other  learned  societies,  and  also  to 
London's  '  Magazine  of  Natural  History.' 

HENKY  BOWMAN  (1814-1883),  second  son 
of  J.  E.  Bowman,  an  architect  in  Manchester, 
was  joint  author  with  James  Hadfield  of 
'  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  Conquest  to  the  Reformation,'  1845, 
4to  ;  and  with  his  partner,  J.  S.  Crowther,  of 
'  The  Churches  of  the  Middle  Ages,'  1857,  fol. 
He  died  at  Brockham  Green,  near  Reigate,  on 
14  May  1883. 

[Tayler's  Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Character  of 
J.  E.  Bowman,  in  Memoirs  of  the  Manch.  Lit. 
and  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  ser.  vol.  vii.  pt.  i.  p.  45 
(read  4  Oct.  1842);  Hall's  Hist.  Nantwich,  1883, 
p.  505  sq. ;  Lyell's  Student's  Elem.  of  G-eology, 
1871,  p.  382;  Cooper's  Men  of  the  Time,  1884, 

E.  155 ;  Catalogues  of  Advocates'  Library,  Edin. ; 
urgeon-G-eneral's   Library,  Washington,  U.S. ; 
information  from  C.  W.  Sutton,  Manchester.] 

A.  G. 

BOWMAN,    JOHN    EDDOWES,    the 

younger  (1819-1854),  chemist,  son  of  John 
Eddowes  Bowman  the  elder  [q.  v.],  and 
brother  of  Sir  William  Bowman,  physiologist 
and  oculist,  was  born  at  Welchpool  on  7  July 
1819.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Professor  Daniell  at 
King's  College,  London,  and  in  1845  succeeded 
W.  A .  Miller  as  demonstrator  of  chemistry  at 
that  college,  becoming  subsequently,  in  1851, 
the  first  professor  of  practical  chemistry  there. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chemical 
Society  of  London.  He  died  on  10  Feb.  1854. 
Besides  contributions  to  scientific  journals,  he 
published  '  A  Lecture  on  Steam  Boiler  Ex- 
plosions,' 1845  ;  '  An  Introduction  to  Practi- 
cal Chemistry '  (London,  1848 ;  subsequent 
editions  in  1854, 1858, 1861, 1866,  and  1871) ; 
and  *A  Practical  Handbook  of  Medical 
Chemistry '  (London,  1850,  1852,  1855,  and 
1862).  The  later  editions  of  these  works 
are  edited  by  C.  L.  Bloxam. 

[Chem.  Soc.  Journ.  ix.  159,  and  private  infor- 
mation.] H.  F.  M. 

BOWMAN,  WALTER  (d.  1782),  anti- 
quary, was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  owned 
an  estate  at  Logie  in  Fifeshire.  He  had  been 
travelling  tutor  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  first 
Marquis  of  Hertford,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  place  of  comptroller  of  the  port  of  Bristol. 
For  many  years  he  resided  at  East  Molesey, 
Surrey,  but  latterly  on  his  property  at  Egham, 
in  the  same  county.  A  zealous  traveller  and 
collector,  he  had  some  celebrity  in  his  day 
as  a  virtuoso  and  man  of  science,  which 
gained  him  admission  in  1735  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  and  in  1742  to  the  Royal 


Society.  To  the  former  he  cont  ributed  several 
papers,  chiefly  on  classical  antiquities,  three 
of  which  were  printed  in  vol.  i.  of  the  '  Ar- 
chaeologia,'  pp.  100, 109, 112.  His  only  pub- 
lished communication  to  the  Royal  Society 
was  an  eccentric  letter  addressed  to  Dr. 
Stephen  Hales,  on  an  earthquake  felt  at  East 
Molesey  14  March  1749-50,  which  appeared 
in  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions,'  xlvi. 
684.  Bowman  had  withdrawn  from  both 
societies  several  years  before  his  death,  in 
February  1782.  In  his  will  (proved  16  March 
of  that  year)  he  left  singularly  minute  and 
whimsical  directions  regarding  the  arrange- 
ment and  preservation  of  his  fine  library  at 
Logie,  where  the  family  still  continues  to 
flourish. 

[Leighton's  History  of  the  County  of  Fife,  ii. 
50 ;  Letters  of  Horace  Walpole,  ed.  Cunningham, 
iv.  122,  199,  iii.  282  ;  Nichols's  Literary  Illus- 
trations, iv.  795;  Egerton  MS.  2381,  f.  41; 
Sloane  MS.  4038,  f.  324;  Addit.  MS.  4301, 
ff.  229-233  ;  Willreg.  in  P.  C.  C.  Ill  G-ostling.] 

G.  G. 

BOWNAS,  SAMUEL  (1676  - 1753), 
quaker  minister  and  writer,  was  born  at 
Shap,  Westmoreland,  on  20  Nov.  1676.  His 
father,  a  shoemaker,  died  within  a  month  of 
Samuel's  birth,  leaving  his  mother  a  house 
to  live  in  and  a  yearly  income  of  about 
4:1.  10s. ;  there  was  another  son  about  seven 
years  old.  Hence  Bownas  got  little  educa- 
tion ;  in  fact,  he  could  just  read  and  write. 
At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  apprenticed  to 
his  uncle,  a  blacksmith,  who  used  him  harshly; 
afterwards  to  Samuel  Parat,  a  quaker,  near 
Sedbergh,  Yorkshire.  Bownas's  father  had 
been  a  persecuted  quaker,  who  held  meetings 
in  his  house;  his  mother  brought  him  up 
with  a  deep  regard  for  his  father's  memory, 
and  took  him  as  a  child  to  visit  quaker  pri- 
soners in  •  Appleby  gaol.  But  the  lad  was 
fonder  of  fun  than  of  meetings,  and  grew  up, 
as  he  says,  '  a  witty  sensible  young  man.' 
The  preaching  of  a  young  quakeress,  named 
Anne  Wilson,  roused  him  from  the  state  of 
'  a  traditional  quaker,'  and  he  very  shortly 
after  opened  his  mouth  in  meeting,  'on  that 
called  Christmas  day,'  about  1696.  He  had 
still  some  three  years  of  his  apprenticeship 
to  serve ;  on  its  expiry  he  got  a  certificate 
from  Brigflats  monthly  meeting  to  visit  Scot- 
land on  a  religious  mission.  His  heart  failed 
him  while  on  the  way,  and  the  work  fell 
to  a  companion,  but  he  made  missionary 
visits  to  many  parts  of  England  and  Wales, 
supporting  himself  by  harvest  work.  At 
Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  he  met  with  his 
future  wife.  He  started  for  Scotland  in 
good  earnest  on  11  Aug.  1701.  Of  this 
journey  he  gives  a  graphic  account,  telling 


Bownas 


74 


Bownde 


how  lie  was  put  into  the  Jedburgh  tolbooth 
as  a  precautionary  measure,  the  officer  re- 
marking, '  I  ken  very  weel  that  you'll  preach, 
by  your  looks.'  In  March  1702  he  sailed  for 
America,  arriving  in  Potuxant  river,  Mary- 
land, at  the  end  of  May.  Preaching  here,  he 
soon  received  a  written  challenge  from  George 
Keith,who  had  left  the  quakers  in  1692.  After 
leading  a  sect  of  his  own,  Keith  had  received 
Anglican  orders  in  May  1700,  and  was  now 
an  ardent  (and  not  unsuccessful)  advocate  of 
episcopacy.  Bownas  wrote  declining  '  to  take 
any  notice  of  one  that  hath  been  so  very 
mutable  in  his  pretences  to  religion ;'  but  he 
distributed  a  tract  (whether  original  or  not 
does  not  appear)  in  answer  to  one  by  Keith. 
Keith  got  him  prosecuted  for  his  preaching, 
and  on  30  Sept.  1702  he  was  put  into  the 
county  gaol  of  Queen's  County,  Long  Island, 
as  he  would  not  give  bail, '  if  as  small  a  sum 
as  three-halfpence  would  do.'  On  28  Dec. 
the  grand  jury  threw  out  the  indictment,  but 
Bownas  was  held  in  prison,  where  he  learned 
to  make  shoes,  and  had  a  visit  from  an  'Indian 
king,  as  he  styled  himself,'  who  discoursed 
with  him  about  the  good  Monettay,  or  God, 
and  the  bad  Monettay,  or  Devil.  A  seventh- 
day  baptist,  John  Rogers,  also  came  to  con- 
fer with  him.  On  3  Sept.  1703  he  was  set 
at  liberty.  After  further  travels  in  America 
he  returned  home,  reaching  Portsmouth  in 
October  1706.  He  was  married  in  the  spring 
of  1 707  ;  his  wife's  name  is  not  given  ;  she 
died  in  September  1719.  He  visited  Ireland 
in  1708,  and  was  put  into  Bristol  gaol  for 
tithes  by  the  Rev.  William  Ray,  of  Lyming- 
ton,  in  1712,  but  was  soon  let  out ;  after  all, 
the  parson  outwitted  Mrs.  Bownas,  and  got 
101.  for  tithe,  a  sore  subject  with  the  poor 
woman  on  her  death-bed. 

In  February  1722  Bownas  married  his 
second  wife,  a  widow  named  Nichols,  of  Brid- 
port,  where  he  henceforth  resided,  though 
he  still  travelled  much.  Visiting  America 
again  in  1726,  he  met  Elizabeth  Hanson,  of 
'  Knoxmarsh,  in  Kecheachy,  in  Dover  town- 
ship,' New  England,  from  whom  he  obtained 
particulars  of  her  captivity  (with  her  children) 
among  the  Indians  in  1724.  The  substance  of 
the  story  was  afterwards  printed.  The  Lon- 
don reprint  of  this  '  Account  of  the  Captivity, 
&c.,'  1760,  8vo  (2nd  edition,  same  year ;  3rd 
edition,  1782  ;  4th  edition,  1787),  purports  to 
be  '  by  Samuel  Bownas,'  but  it  is  a  mere  re- 
issue, with  a  new  title,  of  an  American  pub- 
lication, '  God's  mercy  surmounting  Man's 
Cruelty,  &c.,'  which  Bownas  expressly  says 
that  he  first  saw  in  Dublin.  He  got  home 
again  on  2  Aug.  1728,  travelled  in  the  north 
and  in  Ireland ;  lost  his  second  wife  on 
6  March  1746;  and  continued  to  travel  at 


intervals  till  within  a  few  years  of  his  death, 
which  took  place  at  Bridport  on  2  April 
1753.  He  was  a  tall  man,  with  a  great  voice, 
ready  in  retort,  more  given  to  scriptural 
argument  than  some  of  the  earlier  Friends. 
He  wrote:  1.  Preface  (dated  Lymington, 
2  June  1715)  prefixed  to  Daniel  Taylor's 
'Remains,'  1715,  8vo  (edited  by  Bownas). 
2.  l  Considerations  on  a  Pamphlet  entituled, 
The  Duty  of  Consulting  a  Spiritual  Guide, 
&c.,'  1724,  8vo  (in  reply  to  a  Lincolnshire 
clergyman  named  Bowyer).  3.  '  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Qualifications  necessary  to  a 
Gospel  Minister,  &c.,'1750, 8vo;  2nd  edition, 
1767,  8vo  (with  appendix) ;  3rd  edition,  1853, 
16mo  (with  new  appendix).  4.  'Account  of 
the  Life,  Travels,  ...  of  Samuel  Bownas,' 
1756,  8vo  (this  is  an  autobiography  to  2  Sept. 
1749,  with  preface  by  Joseph  Besse,  and  tes- 
timony of  the  Bridport  monthly  meeting), 
reprinted  1761,  8vo ;  1795, 12mo ;  Stamford, 
1805, 12mo;  1836, 16mo;  Philadelphia,  1839: 
1846,  8vo. 

[Life,  ed.  of  1846;  Smith's  Cat.  of  Friends' 
Books,  1867,  i.  308,  912,  ii.  703  ;  Smith's  Biblio- 
tlieca  Anti-Quak.  1872,  p.  82.]  A.  G-. 

BOWNDE  or  BOUND,  NICHOLAS, 
D.D.  (d.  1613),  divine,  was  son  of  Richard 
Bound,  M.D.,  physician  to  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk.  He  received  his  academical  edu- 
cation at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  of  which 
college  he  was  elected  a  fellow  in  1570  (Ad- 
dit.  MS.  5843,  f.  41  £).  He  graduated  B.A. 
in  1571  and  M.A.  in  1575.  On  19  July  1577 
he  was  incorporated  in  the  latter  degree  at 
Oxford,  and  on  3  Sept.  1585  he  was  insti- 
tuted to  the  rectory  of  Norton  in  Suffolk,  a 
living  in  the  gift  of  his  college.  He  was 
created  D.D.  at  Cambridge  in  1594. 

In  1595  Bownde  published  the  first  edi- 
tion of  his  famous  treatise  on  the  Sabbath. 
In  it  he  maintained  that  the  seventh  part  of 
our  time  ought  to  be  devoted  to  the  service 
of  God  ;  that  Christians  are  bound  to  rest  on 
the  seventh  day  of  the  week  as  much  as  the 
Jews  were  on  the  Mosaical  sabbath.  He 
contended  that  the  '  sabbath '  was  profaned  by 
interludes,  May-games,  morris  dances,  shoot- 
ing, bowling,  and  similar  sports;  and  he 
would  not  allow  any  feasting  on  that  day, 
though  an  exception  was  made  in  favour  of 
'noblemen  and  great  personages'  (Sabbathvm 
veteris  et  novi  Testamenti,  211).  The  obser- 
vance of  the  Lord's  day  immediately  became 
a  question  between  the  high-church  party 
and  the  puritans,  and  it  is  worthy  of  notice 
that  this  was  the  first  disagreement  between 
them  upon  any  point  of  doctrine.  The  Sab- 
batarian question,  as  it  was  henceforth  called, 
soon  became  the  sign  by  which,  above  all 


Bownde 


75 


Bowness 


others,  the  two  parties  were  distinguished. 
The  new  doctrine  made  a  deep  impression 
on  men's  minds.  The  prelates  took  official 
cognisance  of  it,  and  cited  several  ministers 
before  the  ecclesiastical  courts  for  preaching 
it.  But  these  extreme  measures  were  un- 
availing to  prevent  the  rapid  spread  of  the 
strict  Sabbatarian  doctrine. 

In  1611  Bownde  became  minister  of  the 
church  of  St.  Andrew  the  Apostle  at  Norwich, 
and  he  was  buried  there  on  26  Dec.  1613.  He 
married  the  widow  of  John  More,  the ( apostle 
of  Norwich.'  His  daughter  Anne  married  John 
Dod  (CLARKE,  Lives,  ed.  1677,  p.  169) ;  and 
his  widow  married  Richard  Greenham  (ib, 
13,  169). 

Subjoined  is  a  list  of  his  works :  1.  '  Three 
godly  and  fruitfull  Sermons,  declaring  how 
we  may  be  saved  in  the  day  of  Judgement. 
.  .  .  Preached  and  written  by  M.  John  More, 
late  Preacher  in  the  Citie  of  Norwitch. 
And  now  first  published  by  M.  Nicholas 
Bound,  whereto  he  hath  adjoined  of  his 
owne,  A  Sermon  of  Comfort  for  the  Afflicted ; 
and  a  short  treatise  of  a  contented  mind,' 
Cambridge,  1594,  4to.  2.  '  The  Doctrine  of 
the  Sabbath,  plainely  layde  forth,  and  soundly 
proued  by  testimonies  both  of  holy  Scrip- 
ture, and  also  of  olde  and  new  ecclesiastical 
writers.  .  .  .  Together  with  the  sundry  abuses 
of  our  time  in  both  these  kindes,  and  how 
they  ought  to  bee  reformed,'  London,  1595, 
4to.  Dedicated  to  Robert  Devereux,  earl  of 
Essex.  Reprinted,  with  additions,  under 
the  title  of  '  Sabbathvm  veteris  et  novi  Tes- 
tamenti :  or  the  true  doctrine  of  the  Sabbath 
.  .  .  ,'  London,  1606,  4to.  3.  '  Medicines  for 
the  Plagve :  that  is,  Godly  and  fruitfull  Ser- 
mons vpon  part  of  the  twentieth  Psalme  .  .  . 
more  particularly  applied  to  this  late  visi- 
tation of  the  Plague/  London,  1604,  4to. 
4.  '  The  Holy  Exercise  of  Fasting.  Described 
largely  and  plainly  out  of  the  word  of  God. 
...  In  certaine  Homilies  or  Sermons  .  .  . ,' 
Cambridge,  1604,  4to.  Dedicated  to  Dr.  Je- 
gon,  bishop  of  Norwich.  5.  '  The  Vnbeliefe 
of  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle,  laid  open  for  the 
comfort  of  all  that  desire  to  beleeue  .  .  . ,' 
London,  1608, 8vo  ;  reprinted,  London,  1817, 
12mo.  6.  '  A  Treatise  ful  of  Consolation  for 
all  that  are  afflicted  in  minde  or  bodie  or 
otherwise  .  .  .  ,'  Cambridge,  1608,  8vo ;  re- 
printed, London,  1817,  12mo.  The  reprints 
of  this  and  the  preceding  work  were  edited 
by  G.  W.  Marriot.  Bownde  has  a  Latin  ode 
before  Peter  Baro's  *  Prselectiones  in  lonam,' 
1579 ;  and  he  edited  the  Rev.  Henry  More's 
'  Table  from  the  Beginning  of  the  World  to 
this  Day.  Wherein  is  declared  in  what  yeere 
of  the  World  everything  was  done,'  Cam- 
bridge, 1593. 


[Blomefield's  Norfolk  (1806),  iv.  301  ;  Brook's 
Puritans,  ii.  171  ;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantab,  ii. 
356  ;  Cox's  Literature  of  the  Sabbath  Question, 
i.  145-51,  418  ;  Fuller's  Church  Hist.  (1655), 
lib.  ix.  227,  228 ;  Gent.  Mag.  Ixxxvi.  (ii.)  487, 
Ixxxvii.  (i.)  157,  429,  503,  596,  597 ;  Hallam's 
Const.  Hist,  of  England  (1855),  i.  397 n  ;  Hey- 
lyn's  Hist,  of  Abp.  Laud  (1671),  195  ;  Heylyn's 
Hist,  of  the  Presbyterians  (1672),  337,  338; 
Heylyn's  Extraneus  vapulans,  or  the  Observator, 
117 ;  Addit.  MS.  5843,  f.  41,  5863,  f.  94,  19079, 
ff.  293-5,  19165,  f.  136,  27960,  f.  16;  manu- 
script collections  for  Cooper's  Athense  Cantab. ; 
Marsden's  Hist,  of  the  Early  Puritans,  241  ; 
Neal's  Hist,  of  the  Puritans  (1822),  i.  451,  452; 
Page's  Suppl.  to  the  Suifolk  Traveller,  798; 
Eogers's  Catholic  Doctrine  of  the  Ch.  of  Eng- 
land (ed.  Perowne),  introd.  ix.  19,  90,  97,  98, 
187,  233,  271,  315,  319,  322,  326,  327 ;  Taylor's 
Eomantic  Biog.  ii.  88,  89;  Topographer  (1791), 
iv.  164,  165;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (ed.  Bliss), 
ii.  207.]  T.  C. 

BOWNE,  PETER  (1575-1624?),  physi- 
cian, was  a  native  of  Bedfordshire  ;  became 
at  the  age  of  fifteen  a  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  in  April  1590;'  and 
was  afterwards  elected  a  fellow  of  that  so- 
ciety. After  taking  degrees  in  arts  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  medicine,  and  proceeded 
B.M.  and  D.M.  at  Oxford  on  12  July  1614. 
He  was  admitted  a  candidate  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  on  24  Jan.  1616-17,  and  fellow 
on  21  April  1620.  On  3  March  1623-4 
Richard  Spicer  was  admitted  a  fellow  in  his 
place.  According  to  Wood,  Bowne  prac- 
tised medicine  in  London, '  and  was  much  in 
esteem  for  it  in  the  latter  end  of  King  Jam.  I 
and  beginning  of  Ch.  I.'  It  is  probable, 
nevertheless,  that  1624  was  the  date  of  his 
death.  He  was  the  author  of '  Pseudo-Medi- 
corum  Anatomia,'  London,  1624,  4to,  in 
which  his  name  appears  as  Boungeus.  A 
Laurentius  Bounseus,  probably  a  son  of 
Peter  Bowne,  matriculated  at  Leyden  Uni- 
versity on  16  Nov.  1602,  and  is  described  in 
the  register  as  *  Anglus-Londinensis '  (PEA- 
COCK'S Leyden  Students  (Index  Soc.),  p.  12). 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  363-4; 
Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  357-8 ;  Munk's  College 
of  Physicians,  i.  177.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOWNESS,  WILLIAM  (1809-1867), 
painter,  was  born  at  Kendal.  He  was  self- 
taught,  and  after  some  practice  in  his  native 
town  he,  soon  after  his  twentieth  year,  came 
to  London  and  achieved  moderate  success  as 
a  portrait  and  figure  painter.  In  1836  he  ex- 
hibited his '  Keepsake '  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  afterwards  sent  thither  about  one  picture 
annually  until  his  death.  He  also  contributed 
to  the  exhibitions  of  the  British  Institution 
in  Pall  Mall,  and,  in  great  number,  to  those 


Bowring 


76 


Bowring 


of  the  Society  of  British  Artists  in  Suffolk 
Street.  His  works  are  mostly  portraits  and 
figure-subjects  of  domestic  character. 

He  periodically  visited  his  native  town, 
and  is  author  of  a  number  of  poems  in  the 
Westmoreland  dialect,  and  of  some  of  senti- 
mental strain  in  ordinary  English.  He  died 
at  his  house  in  Charlotte  Street,  Fitzroy 
Square,  London,  27  Dec.  1867. 

His  writings  have  been  collected  under  the 
title  'Rustic  Studies  in  the  Westmoreland 
Dialect,  with  other  scraps  from  the  sketch- 
book of  an  artist,'  London  and  Kendal,  1868. 
A  pamphlet,  '  Specimens  of  the  Westmore- 
land Dialect,'  by  Rev.  T.  Clarke,  William 
Bowness,  &c.,  Kendal,  1872,  contains  one 
poem  from  the  above-named  collection. 

[Cat.  Royal  Academy ;  Cat.  Brit.  Institution ; 
Cat.  Soc.  Brit.  Artists ;  Art  Journal,  February 
1868;  Kendal  Mercury,  4  Jan.  1868;  Redgrave's 
Diet,  of  Artists  (1878).]  W.  H-H. 

BOWRING,  SIB  JOHN  (1792-1872), 
linguist,  writer,  and  traveller,  was  born  at 
Exeter  on  17  Oct.  1792.  He  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  Devonshire  family,  which 
gave  its  name  to  the  estate  of  Bowringsleigh, 
in  the  parish  of  West  Allington.  For  many 
generations  the  Bowrings  had  been  engaged 
in  the  woollen  trade  of  Devon,  and  in  1670 
an  ancestor  coined  tokens  for  the  payment  of 
his  workmen  bearing  the  inscription,  with  a 
wool-comb  for  a  device,  'John  Bowring  of 
Chulmleigh,  his  half-penny.'  Sir  John  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Charles  Bowring,  of 
Larkbeare.  He  was  first  placed  under  the 
care  of  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bransby,  of  Moreton- 
hampstead,  and  subsequently  under  that  of 
Dr.  Lant  Carpenter. 

Bowring  entered  a  merchant's  house  at 
Exeter  on  leaving  school,  and  during  the 
next  four  years  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
linguistic  attainments.  According  to  the 
brief  memoir  written  by  his  son,  he  learned 
French  from  a  refugee  priest,  Italian  from 
itinerant  vendors  of  barometers  and  mathema- 
tical instruments,  while  he  acquired  Spanish 
and  Portuguese,  German  and  Dutch,  through 
the  aid  of  some  of  his  mercantile  friends. 
He  afterwards  acquired  a  sufficient  acquaint- 
ance with  Swedish,  Danish,  Russian,  Servian, 
Polish,  and  Bohemian,  to  enable  him  to  trans- 
late works  in  those  languages.  Magyar  and 
Arabic  he  also  studied  with  considerable 
success,  and  in  later  life,  during  his  residence 
in  the  East,  he  made  good  progress  in  Chinese. 
In  1811  Bowring  became  a  clerk  in  the  Lon- 
don house  of  Milford  &  Co.,  by  whom  he 
was  despatched  to  the  Peninsula.  He  subse- 
quently entered  into  business  on  his  own 
account,  and  in  1819-20  travelled  abroad  for 


commercial  purposes,  visiting  Spain,  France, 
Belgium,  Holland,  Russia,  and  Sweden.  In. 
France  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Cuvier, 
Humboldt,  Thierry,  and  other  distinguished 
men.  On  his  return  from  Russia  in  1820  he 
published  his  '  Specimens  of  the  Russian 
Poets.' 

In  1822  he  was  arrested  at  Calais,  being 
the  bearer  of  despatches  to  the  Portuguese 
ministers  announcing  the  intended  invasion 
of  the  Peninsula  by  the  Bourbon  government 
of  France.  He  was  thrown  into  prison  and 
passed  a  fortnight  in  solitary  confinement. 
The  real  object  of  his  imprisonment  was  to 
extort  from  him  admissions  which  would  en- 
able the  Bourbon  government  to  prosecute 
the  French  liberals.  Canning,  then  British 
foreign  minister,  insisted  upon  an  indictment 
or  a  release.  Bowring  was  eventually  released 
without  trial,  but  as  he  had  been  accused  of 
complicity  in  the  attempt  to  rescue  the  young 
sergeants  of  La  Rochelle,  who  were  executed 
for  singing  republican  songs,  he  was  con- 
demned to  perpetual  exile  from  France.  Lord 
Archibald  Hamilton  brought  the  illegality  of 
the  arrest  before  the  House  of  Commons,  but 
Canning  explained  that  the  proceedings,  how- 
ever despotic,  were  warranted  by  the  then 
existing  laws  of  France.  Bowring  published 
a  pamphlet  entitled  <  Details  of  the  Imprison- 
ment and  Liberation  of  an  Englishman  by 
the  Bourbon  Government  of  France,'  1823. 
In  1830,  Bowring  was  the  writer  of  an  address 
from  the  citizens  of  London  congratulating 
the  French  people  on  the  revolution  of  July. 
He  headed  the  deputation  which  bore  the 
address  to  Paris,  was  welcomed  at  the  hotel 
de  ville,  and  was  the  first  Englishman  re- 
ceived by  Louis-Philippe  after  his  recognition 
by  the  British  government. 

Bowring's  intimate  friend  and  adviser, 
Jeremy  Bentham,  founded,  in  1824,  the 
1  Westminster  Review,'  intended  as  a  vehicle 
for  the  views  of  the  philosophical  radicals. 
The  editorship  was  first  offered  to  James 
Mill,  but  declined  by  him  on  the  ground  of 
the  incompatibility  of  the  post  with  his  official 
work.  Bowring  and  Southern  eventually 
became  the  first  editors  of  the  '  Review,'  the 
former  taking  the  political  and  the  latter  the 
literary  department ;  but  subsequently  the 
management  passed  into  Bowring's  hands 
alone.  Bowring  not  only  wrote  many  of 
the  political  articles,  but  also  papers  on  the 
runes  of  Finland,  the  Frisian  and  Dutch 
tongues,  Magyar  poetry,  and  a  variety  of 
other  literary  subjects. 

In  1824  Bowring  issued  his  '  Batavian 
Anthology'  and  'Ancient  Poetry  and  Ro- 
mances of  Spain ; '  in  1827  appeared  his 
'  Specimens  of  the  Polish  Poets,'  and  '  Servian 


Bowring 


77 


Bowring 


Popular  Poetry;'  in  1830  ' Poetry  of  the 
Magyars;'  and  in  1832  'Cheskian  Antho- 
logy.' He  published  Bentham's '  Deontology ' 
(1834)  in  two  volumes,  and  nine  years  sub- 
sequently he  edited  a  collection  of  the  works 
of  Bentham,  accompanied  by  a  biography,  the 
whole  consisting  of  eleven  volumes.  The  uni- 
versity of  Groningen  conferred  upon  him,  in 
1829,  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

In  1828  Bowring  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner for  reforming  the  system  of  keeping 
the  public  accounts,  by  Mr.  Herries,  then 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer ;  but  his  appoint- 
ment was  cancelled  at  the  instance  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  who  objected  to  Bow- 
ring's  radical  opinions.  He  was,  however, 
authorised  to  proceed  to  Holland,  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  the  method  pursued  by 
the  financial  department  of  that  country.  He 
prepared  a  report,  the  first  of  a  long  series  on 
the  public  accounts  of  various  European  states. 
It  was  during  this  visit  to  the  continent  that 
he  translated  ' Peter  Schlemihl'  from  the 
German  at  the  suggestion  of  Adelung. 

During  a  stay  in  Madrid  Bowring  had 
published  in  Spanish  his  '  Contestacion  a  las 
Observaciones  de  Don  Juan  B.  Ogavan  sobre 
la  esclavitud  de  los  Negros,'  being  an  exposition 
of  the  arguments  in  favour  of  African  slavery 
in  Cuba.  At  a  later  period  he  translated 
into  French  the  '  Opinions  of  the  Early 
Christians  on  War,'  by  Thomas  Clarkson. 
His  '  Matins  and  Vespers '  (1823)  went  into 
many  editions,  both  in  England  and  the  United 
States,  and  his  '  Minor  Morals '  (1834-9),  re- 
collections of  travel  for  the  use  of  young 
people,  were  likewise  very  popular.  For  his 
'  Russian  Anthology '  he  received  a  diamond 
ring  from  Alexander  I,  and  for  his  works  on 
Holland,  some  of  which  were  translated  into 
Dutch,  a  gold  medal  from  the  king  of  the 
Netherlands. 

In  1831  Bowring — who  had  sought  official 
employment  in  consequence  of  commercial 
disasters — was  associated  with  Sir  H.  Parnell 
in  the  duty  of  examining  and  reporting  on 
the  public  accounts  of  France,  '  a  task  which 
was  so  satisfactorily  performed  that  he  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  commission  for 
inspecting  the  accounts  of  the  United  King- 
dom.' Bowring  visited  Paris,  the  Hague,  and 
Brussels,  and  examined  the  finance  depart- 
ments of  their  various  governments.  The 
first  report  made  by  the  commission  led  to  a 
complete  change  in  the  English  exchequer, 
and  was  the  foundation  of  all  the  improve- 
ments which  have  since  been  made.  The 
second  report,  dealing  with  the  military  ac- 
counts, was  carried  into  immediate  effect. 
Bowring  and  Mr.  Villiers  (afterwards  Earl  of 
Clarendon)  were  appointed,  in  1831,  commis- 


sioners to  investigate  the  commercial  relations 
between  England  and  France,  and  presented 
two  elaborate  reports  to  parliament. 

On  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  in  1832 
Bowring  appeared  as  a  candidate  for  the  re- 
presentation of  Blackburn,  but,  though  popu- 
lar with  the  mass  of  the  people,  he  lost  the 
election  by  twelve  votes.  He  now  went  over 
to  France,  where  he  made  close  investigation 
into  the  silk  trade ;  and  in  1833  he  visited 
Belgium  on  a  commercial  mission  for  the 
government.  His  exertions  in  the  south  of 
France  in  the  succeeding  year  led  to  a  free- 
trade  agitation  in  the  wine  districts.  In  1835 
he  went  through  the  manufacturing  districts 
of  Switzerland,  and  reporting  to  parliament 
on  the  trade  of  that  country,  he  showed  the 
great  advantages  that  had  been  reaped  from 
the  system  of  free  trade.  He  was  in  Italy 
in  the  autumn  of  1836,  when  he  reported  to 
parliament  on  the  state  of  our  commercial 
relations  with  Tuscany,  Lucca,  the  Lom- 
bardian  and  Pontifical  states.  Bowring  had 
been  returned  to  parliament  for  the  Clyde 
burghs  in  1835,  but  losing  his  seat  at  the 
general  election  of  1837,  he  now  travelled 
in  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Turkey  on  another 
commercial  mission  for  the  government. 
During  this  tour  Bowring  visited  every  part 
of  Egypt  as  far  as  Nubia  in  the  south,  tra- 
versed Syria  from  Aleppo  to  Acre,  and  re- 
turned by  way  of  Constantinople  and  the 
Danube.  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  England 
he  accepted  an  invitation  to  a  public  dinner 
at  Blackburn.  This  was  in  September  1838  ; 
and,  halting  at  Manchester  on  his  way  to 
Blackburn,  Bowring  met  Cobden  and  others 
at  the  York  Hotel,  the  result  of  this  meeting 
being  the  formation  of  the  Anti-Corn  Law 
League.  In  1839  Bowring  was  deputed  to 
proceed  to  Prussia  with  the  object  of  in- 
ducing that  country  to  modify  her  tariff  on 
English  manufactures.  He  was  met  by  the 
objection  that,  '  so  long  as  the  English  corn 
laws  imposed  a  prohibitive  tariff  on  foreign 
grain,  it  was  useless  to  ask  Germany  to  relax 
her  heavy  duties  on  English  goods.'  Bowring 
was  the  chief  author  of  the  important  report 
to  parliament  on  the  import  duties,  which 
led  to  the  proposed  but  unsuccessful  measure 
for  the  relaxation  of  the  English  tariff  by 
the  whigs,  and  to  Sir  Robert  Peel's  great 
revised  tariff  scheme  of  1842. 

Convinced  of  the  necessity  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  corn  laws,  Bowring  again  sought 
a  seat  in  parliament  for  the  purpose  of  ad- 
vocating this  measure.  Defeated  at  Kirk- 
caldy,  he  was  elected  for  Bolton  in  1841. 
He  was  a  frequent  speaker  on  commercial 
and  fiscal  questions,  on  education,  the  factory 
acts,  and  similar  subjects.  He  took  an  active 


Bowring 


Bowring 


part  on  the  committee  of  inquiry  into  the  dis-  ' 
tress  of  the  hand-loom  weavers,  on  that  in  j 
connection  with  Irish  education,  and  on  that 
on  the  state  of  the  arts  as  applied  to  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  and  he  was  an 
eloquent  advocate  for  the  abolition  of  flogging 
in  the  army.  Bowring  received  services  of 
silver  plate  from  the  electors  of  Blackburn, 
Kirkcaldy,  and  Kilmarnock  respectively ; 
from  the  Manxmen  for  his  valuable  aid  in 
obtaining  an  act  of  parliament  for  their  eman- 
cipation from  feudal  tyranny ;  and  from  the 
Maltese  in  recognition  of  the  success  of  his 
advocacy  as  their  unofficial  representative  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Supported  by  the 
prince  consort,  Bowring  obtained,  after  a  dis- 
cussion in  the  House  of  Commons,  the  issue 
of  the  florin,  intended  as  the  first  step  towards 
the  introduction  of  the  decimal  system  into 
the  English  currency.  He  subsequently  pub- 
lished a  volume  on  '  The  Decimal  System  in 
Numbers,  Coins,  and  Accounts,  especially 
with  reference  to  the  Decimalization  of  the 
Currency  and  Accountancy  of  the  United 
Kingdom '(1854). 

After  his  election  for  Bolton,  Bowring  em- 
barked all  his  fortune  in  ironworks  in  Gla- 
morganshire. In  1847  a  period  of  severe 
depression  set  in,  and  as  there  was  no  prospect 
of  the  cloud  lifting,  Bo  wring  became  seriously 
alarmed  at  the  aspect  of  his  affairs.  He 
consequently  applied  for  the  appointment  of 
consul  at  Canton,  and,  obtaining  it  through 
the  friendship  of  Lord  Palmerston,  resigned 
his  seat  in  parliament.  The  general  relations 
between  England  and  China  were  even  then 
in  a  somewhat  critical  condition.  It  was 
understood  that  the  gates  of  Canton,  hitherto 
closed  against  foreigners,  were  now  to  be 
opened,  and  Bowring  hoped  that  the  man- 
darins would  at  least  receive  him  officially 
within  the  walls  of  the  city,  thus  paving  the 
way  for  the  entrance  eventually  of  all  Euro- 
peans. But  the  Chinese  treated  him  with  the 
same  contumely  as  they  had  done  his  prede- 
cessors, and  the  governor-general  wrote  him 
offensive  letters.  Yet  the  Cantonese,  with 
whom  Bowring  mixed  a  great  deal,  received 
him  with  good  feeling,  thus  proving  that  the 
mandarins  were  the  sole  ground  of  opposition. 

From  April  1852  to  February  1853  Bowring 
had  charge  of  the  office  of  plenipotentiary 
in  the  absence  of  Sir  George  Bonham ;  but  on 
the  return  of  the  latter  Bowring  applied  for 
leave  of  absence  for  a  year,  visiting  the  island 
of  Java  on  his  way  home.  In  1854  he  was 
appointed  plenipotentiary  to  China,  and  sub- 
sequently held  the  appointment  of  governor, 
commander-in-chief,  and  vice-admiral  of  Hong 
Kong  and  its  dependencies,  as  well  as  chief 
superintendent  of  trade  in  China.  He  was 


also  accredited  to  the  courts  of  Japan,  Siam, 
Cochin-China,  and  the  Corea.  On  receiving 
these  appointments  he  was  knighted  by  the 
queen.  The  Taiping  insurrection  shortly 
afterwards  broke  out  in  China,  trade  was 
paralysed,  smuggling  was  largely  carried  on 
at  Shanghai,  and  the  imperial  dues  could  not 
be  collected.  Sir  John  Bowring  resolutely 
endeavoured  to  put  an  end  to  the  disorder. 

Bowring  has  stated  (Autobiographical  Re- 
collections) that  one  of  the  most  interesting 
parts  of  his  public  life  was  his  visit  to  Siam 
in  1855.  He  went  upon  a  special  mission, 
being  authorised  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  the  two  kings  of  that  country. 
There  had  already  been  many  unsuccessful 
attempts  on  the  part  of  the  United  States, 
of  the  governor-general  of  British  India,  and 
of  the  English  government,  to  establish  diplo- 
matic and  commercial  relations  with  Siam. 
Sir  John  Bowring  succeeded  in  concluding  a 
treaty,  which  was  carried  out  with  prompti- 
tude and  sagacity.  In  1857  Bowring  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  travels  and  experiences 
in  Siam  under  the  title  of  *  The  Kingdom 
and  People  of  Siam.' 

In  October  1856  the  outrage  on  the  lorcha 
Arrow  by  the  Canton  authorities  involved 
Sir  John  Bowring  in  hostilities  with  the 
Chinese  government.  It  was  admitted  that 
the  vessel  had  no  right  to  carry  the  British 
flag,  the  term  of  registry  having  expired ; 
but  the  English  representative  maintained 
that  the  expiry  of  the  license  did  not  warrant 
the  violence  perpetrated  by  the  Canton  autho- 
rities. He  affirmed  that  the  authorities  did 
not  know  of  its  expiry ;  that  it  was  their 
specific  object  to  violate  the  privileges  of  the 
British  flag ;  that  the  case  of  the  Arrow  was 
only  one  of  a  succession  of  outrages  for  which 
no  redress  had  been  given ;  and  that  the 
expiry  of  the  license  and  the  failure  to  renew 
it  placed  the  ship  under  colonial  jurisdiction. 
Votes  of  censure  on  the  conduct  of  Sir  John 
Bowring,  and  the  British  government  in  sup- 
porting him,  were  moved  in  both  houses  of 
parliament,  and  some  of  the  former  friends 
and  colleagues  of  the  British  plenipotentiary 
took  a  strong  part  against  him.  The  Earl 
of  Derby  moved  the  hostile  resolution  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  but  after  a  long  debate  it 
was  negatived  by  a  majority  of  thirty-six. 
In  the  House  of  Commons  Cobden  proposed 
the  vote  of  censure,  and  contended  that  Sir 
John  Bowring  had  not  only  violated  the  prin- 
ciples of  international  law,  but  had  acted 
contrary  to  his  instructions,  and  even  to  ex- 
press directions  from  his  government.  Lord 
Palmerston  warmly  defended  Sir  John  Bow- 
ring  and  his  action.  Cobden's  motion  was 
carried  against  the  government  by  a  majority 


Bowring 


79 


Bowring 


of  sixteen.  Lord  Palmerston  appealed  to  the 
country,  and  in  the  elections  that  ensued  the 
chief  movers  against  Sir  John  Bowring  lost 
their  seats,  while  the  ministry  came  back 
greatly  strengthened.  Lord  Elgin,  who  suc- 
ceeded Bowring  as  English  plenipotentiary 
in  China,  endorsed  and  carried  out  his  pre- 
decessor's policy. 

During  the  hostilities  with  China  the 
mandarins  put  a  price  on  Sir  John  Bo  wring's 
head.  He  had  a  narrow  escape  of  his  life 
in  January  1857,  when  the  colony  of  Hong 
Kong  was  startled  by  a  diabolical  attempt  to 
poison  the  residents  by  putting  arsenic  into 
their  bread.  The  governor's  family  suffered 
severely,  and  the  constitution  of  Lady  Bow- 
ring  was  so  undermined  that  in  the  ensuing 
year  she  was  obliged  to  leave  for  England, 
where  she  died  soon  after  her  arrival. 

Towards  the  close  of  1858  Sir  John  Bow- 
ring  proceeded  to  Manila,  on  a  visit  to  the 
Philippine  islands,  chiefly  with  a  view  to 
the  extension  of  the  trade  of  the  islands 
with  Great  Britain.  Manila  had  been  the 
only  port  accessible  to  foreigners,  but  the 
more  liberal  policy  of  the  Spaniards  had 
opened  the  harbours  of  Sual,  Hoilo,  and 
Zamboanga,  which  Bowring  visited  in  H.M.S. 
Magicienne.  As  the  representative  of  free 
trade  he  was  everywhere  welcomed,  and  on 
the  completion  of  the  tour  he  published 
his  'Visit  to  the  Philippine  Islands.'  Sir 
John  returned  to  China  in  January  1859,  and 
in  the  following  May  resigned  his  office,  after 
more  than  nine  years  of  unusually  harassing 
and  active  service.  On  leaving  China  he  re- 
ceived from  the  Chinese  people  several  cha- 
racteristic marks  of  their  appreciation  of  his 
government. 

On  the  voyage  home  the  Alma,  in  which 
he  sailed,  struck  upon  a  sunken  rock  in  the 
Red  Sea.  The  passengers  were  compelled  to 
remain  for  three  days  upon  a  coral  reef,  where 
they  suffered  greatly  before  relief  arrived. 
The  remainder  of  Bowring's  life  was  passed 
in  comparative  quiet.  In  1860  he  was  de- 
puted by  the  English  government  to  inquire 
into  the  state  of  our  commercial  relations  with 
the  newly  formed  kingdom  of  Italy.  He  had 
interviews  with  Count  Cavour;  but  at  Rome 
he  was  seized  with  illness,  the  attack  being 
aggravated  by  the  effects  of  the  arsenical  poi- 
soning at  Hong  Kong  three  years  before.  He 
was  not  fully  restored  to  health  until  1862. 
In  addition  to  Bowring's  labours  in  connec- 
tion with  commercial  treaties  with  various 
European  and  Asiatic  powers,  at  home  '  he 
was  an  active  member  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, the  Social  Science  Association,  the 
Devonshire  Association,  and  other  institu- 
tions, often  contributing  papers  to  their  pro- 


ceedings and  taking  a  prominent  part  in  their 
discussions.'  He  was  a  constant  contributor 
o  the  leading  reviews  and  magazines,  and 
delivered  many  public  lectures  on  oriental 
topics  and  the  social  questions  of  the  day. 

Bowring  was  the  writer  of  many  poems 
and  hymns,  one  at  least  of  which,  '  In  the 
cross  of  Christ  I  glory,'  has  acquired  universal 
fame.  Early  in  his  career  he  conceived  an 
extensive  scheme  in  connection  with  the 
poetic  literatures  of  the  continent.  Enjoying 
the  advantage  of  personal  acquaintance  with 
most  of  the  eminent  authors  and  poets  of  his 
time,  he  secured  their  assistance  in  his  pur- 
pose (never  fully  carried  out)  of  writing  the 
history  and  giving  translated  specimens  of 
the  popular  poetry,  not  only  of  the  western, 
but  of  the  oriental  world.  He  was  promised 
the  co-operation  of  Rask  and  Finn  Magnusen 
(Icelandic),  Oehlenschlager  and  Munter 
(Danish),  Franz6n  (Swedish),  in  the  Scandi- 
navian field  ;  of  Karamsin  and  Kriulov 
(Russian),  Niemcewicz  and  Mickiewicz  (Po- 
lish), Wuk  (Servian),  Hanka  and  Celakow- 
sky  (Bohemian),  Talvj  (von  Jakob),  and  many 
coadjutors  in  the  Moravian,  Illyrian,  and 
other  branches  of  the  Slavonic  stem  ;  while 
in  the  Magyar,  Toldy  and  Kertbeny  lent  him 
their  aid ;  Fauriel  in  Romaic,  and  Teng- 
strom  in  Finnish.  In  the  various  kingdoms 
of  southern  Europe  he  gathered  together 
extensive  materials  for  a  work  which  might 
well  have  occupied  a  lifetime.  His  scattered 
translations  from  the  Chinese,  Sanskrit,  Cin- 
galese, and  other  oriental  languages,  and  his 
Spanish,  Servian,  Magyar,  Cheskian,  Russian, 
and  other  poetical  selections,  amply  attest 
that  he  never  relinquished  his  scheme,  though 
the  comprehensive  and  exhaustive  plan  he 
originally  formed  was  found  to  be  impossible 
of  execution. 

In  the  closing  years  of  his  life  Bowring's 
mental  and  physical  faculties  were  strong 
and  apparently  unimpaired.  When  verging 
upon  eighty  years  of  age  he  addressed  an 
assemblage  of  three  thousand  persons  at 
Plymouth  with  all  the  energy  of  youth. 
After  a  very  brief  illness  he  died  at  Exeter 
on  23  Nov.  1872,  almost  within  a  stone's- 
throw  of  the  house  where  he  was  born. 

Bowring  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
a  knight  commander  of  the  Belgian  order 
of  Leopold,  and  a  knight  commander  of  the 
order  of  Christ  of  Portugal  with  the  star;  he 
had  the  grand  cordon  of  the  Spanish  order 
of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  and  of  the  order  of 
Kamehameha  I ;  he  was  a  noble  of  the  first 
class  of  Siam,  with  the  insignia  of  the  White 
Elephant,  a  knight  commander  with  the  star 
of  the  Austrian  order  of  Francis  Joseph,  and 
of  the  Swedish  order  of  the  Northern  Star, 


Bowring 


Bowtell 


and  also  of  the  Italian  order  of  St.  Michael  and 
St.  Lazarus ;  and  he  was  an  honorary  member 
of  many  of  the  learned  societies  of  Europe. 
He  received  no  fewer  than  thirty  diplomas 
and  certificates  from  various  academies  and 
other  learned  bodies  and  societies. 

Bowring  was  twice  married :  first,  in 
1816,  to  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Samuel  Lewin,  of 
Hackney,  who  died  in  1858  ;  secondly,  to  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas  Castle,  of  Bristol. 
His  eldest  son  by  the  former  marriage,  Mr. 
J.  C.  Bowring,  presented  to  the  British 
Museum  a  fine  collection  of  coleoptera,  con- 
sisting of  more  than  84,000  specimens,  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Bowringian  collection. 
His  second  son,  Mr.  Lewin  Bowring,  was 
Lord  Canning's  private  secretary  through 
the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857,  and  held  for 
some  time  the  post  of  chief  commissioner  of 
Mysore  and  Coorg.  A  third  son,  Mr.  E.  A. 
Bowring,  C.B.,  represented  his  native  city  of 
Exeter  in  parliament  from  1868  to  1874,  and 
was  made  companion  of  the  Bath  for  his 
services  in  connection  with  the  Great  Exhi- 
bition of  1851.  He  is  also  known  in  litera- 
ture for  his  translations  of  Goethe,  Schiller, 
and  Heine. 

The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  the 
works  of  Sir  John  Bowring:  1.  i  Some  Ac- 
count of  the  State  of  the  Prisons  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,'  published  in  the  *  Pamphleteer,' 
1813.  2.  '  Observations  on  the  State  of  Re- 
ligion and  Literature  in  Spain,'  published  in 
the  series  '  New  Voyages  and  Travels,'  1820. 
3.  '  Contestacion  a  las  Observaciones  de  Don 
Juan  B.  Ogavan  sobre  la  Esclavitud  de  los 
Negros,'  1821.  4.  '  Observations  on  the  Re- 
strictive and  Prohibitory  Commercial  System 
from  MSS.  of  Jeremy  Bentham,'  1821. 

5.  'Details   of    the   Arrest,   Imprisonment, 
and   Liberation   of  an   Englishman,'    1823. 

6.  'Russian Anthology ,'1820-3.    7.  'Matins 
and  Vespers,' 1823.   8.  'Batavian  Anthology,' 

1824.  9.  '  Ancient  Poetry  and  Romances  of 
Spain,'  1824.     10.  '  Peter  Schlemihl '  (trans- 
lation from  Chamisso),  1824.     11.  'Hymns,' 

1825.  12.  '  Servian  Popular  Poetry,'  1827. 

13.  '  Specimens  of  the  Polish  Poets,'  1827. 

14.  '  Sketch  of  the  Language  and  Literature 
of  Holland,  being  a  Sequel  to  "Batavian 
Anthology," '  1829.     15.  '  Poetry  of  the  Mag- 
yars,' 1830.   16.  '  Cheskian  Anthology,'  1832. 
17.  'Deontology,' 1834.     18.  '  Minor  Morals,' 
1834-9.  19.  'Observations  on  Oriental  Plague 
and  Quarantines,'  1838.     20.  '  The  Influence 
of  Knowledge  on  Domestic  and  Social  Happi- 
ness,' 1842.     21.    '  Jeremy  Bentham's   Life 
and  Works,'  1843.     22.  '  Manuscript  of  the 
Queen's  Court ;  a  Collection  of  old  Bohemian 
Lyrico-epic  Songs,  with  other  ancient  Bohe- 
mian Poems,' 1843.    23.  'A  Speech  delivered 


j  on  the  occasion  of  the  Opening  of  the  Barker 
I  Steam  Press,'  1846.  24.  '  The  Political  and 
Commercial  Importance  of  Peace,'  1846  (?). 
25.  '  The  Decimal  System  in  Numbers,  Coins, 
and  Accounts,'  1854.  26.  'The  Kingdom 
and  People  of  Siam,'  1857.  27.  '  A  Visit  to 
the  Philippine  Isles,'  1859,  28.  '  Ode  to  the 
Deity,'  translated  from  the  Russian,  1861. 
29.  '  On  Remunerative  Prison  Labour  as 
an  Instrument  for  promoting  the  Reforma- 
tion and  diminishing  the  Cost  of  Offenders,' 
1865.  30.  '  Translations  from  Petofi,'  1866. 
31.  'On  Religious  Progress  beyond  the  Chris- 
tian Pale,'  1866.  32.  '  Siam  and  the  Siamese/ 
a  discourse  in  connection  with  the  Sunday 
Evenings  for  the  People,  1867.  33.  'The 
Flowery  Scroll,'  translation  of  a  Chinese 
novel,  1868.  34.  'The  Oak,'  original  tales 
and  sketches  by  Sir  J.  B.,  &c.,  1869.  35.  '  A 
Memorial  Volume  of  Sacred  Poetry,'  to  which 
is  prefixed  a  memoir  of  the  author  by  Lady 
B.,  1873.  36.  'Autobiographical  Recollec- 
tions of  Sir  John  Bowring,'  1877. 

[Bowring,  Cobden,  and  China,  a  Memoir,  by 
L.  Moor,  1857  ;  the  various  Works  of  Bowring  ; 
Annual  Reg.  1857  and  1872;  Times,  25  Nov. 
1872 ;  Autobiographical  Recollections  of  Sir 
John  Bowring,  with  a  brief  Memoir  by  Lewin 
Bowring,  1877  ;  Western  Times,  Exeter,  26  Nov. 
1872;  Men  of  the  Time,  8th  ed.  1872.] 

a.  B.  s. 

BOWTELL,  JOHN  (1753-1813),  topo- 
grapher, born  in  the  parish  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Cambridge,  in  1753,  became  a  bookbinder  and 
stationer  there.  He  compiled  a  history  of 
the  town,  keeping  it  by  him  -unprinted  ;  col- 
lected fossils,  manuscripts,  and  other  curiosi- 
ties ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  London  Col- 
lege Youths.  He  was  also  an  enthusiastic 
bell-ringer,  and  in  1788,  at  Great  St.  Mary's, 
Cambridge,  he  rang  on  the  30-cwt.  tenor  bell 
as  many  as  6,609  harmonious  changes  '  in  the 
method  of  bob  maximus,  generally  termed 
"twelve-in." '  Bowtell  had  no  family,  and 
dying  on  1  Dec.  1813,  aged  60,  he  made  the 
following  important  bequests  for  the  benefit 
of  Cambridge:  7,000/.  to  enlarge  Adden- 
brooke's  Hospital;  1,000/.  to  repair  Holy 
Trinity  ;  500/.  to  repair  St.  Michael's ;  500/. 
to  apprentice  boys  belonging  to  Hobson's 
workhouse  ;  and  his  '  History  of  the  Town ' 
and  other  manuscripts,  his  books,  his  fossils, 
and  curiosities,  to  Downing  College.  He  was 
buried  at  St.  Michael's,  where  the  Adden- 
brooke's  Hospital  governors  erected  a  tablet 
to  his  memory.  The  governors  also  placed 
a  portrait  of  him  in  their  court-room. 

[Cooper's  Annals  of  Cambridge,  iv.  505-6  ; 
Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixxxiv.  pt.  ii.  p.  85 ;  Cambridge 
Chronicle  for  3,  17,  24  Dec.  1813.]  J.  H. 


Bowyer 


81 


Bowyer 


BOWYER,  SIB  GEORGE  (1740  P-1800), 
admiral,  third  son  of  Sir  William  Bowyer, 
bart.,  of  Denham,  Buckinghamshire,  and,  by 
right  of  his  wife,  of  Radley,  Berkshire,  attained 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  navy  on  13  Feb. 
1758,  commander  4  May  1761,  and  captain 
28  Oct.  1762,  from  which  time  he  commanded 
the  Sheerness  frigate  till  the  peace.     On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  dispute  with  the  colonies 
of  North  America  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Burford  of  70  guns,  and  early  in  1778  was 
transferred  to  the  Albion  of  74  guns,  one  of 
the  squadron  which  sailed  for  North  Ame- 
rica with  Vice-admiral  Byron,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  the  West  Indies,  taking  part 
in  the  battle  of  Grenada,  6  July  1779.     He 
remained  in  the  West  Indies  for  two  years 
longer,  and  was  present  in  Sir  George  Rod- 
ney's three  actions  with  the  Count  de  Gui- 
chen  on  17  April,  15  and  19  May,  1780,  in 
which  the  Albion  suffered  severely  in  men, 
spars,  and  hull,  and  had  to  be  sent  to  Ja- 
maica for  repairs.     In  1783  he  commissioned 
the  Irresistible  of  74  guns,  as  guardship  in 
the  Medway,  and  commanded  there  for  the 
next  two  years,  during  which  time  he  wore 
a  commodore's  broad  pennant.    In  1784  he 
was  returned  to  parliament  by  the  borough 
of  Queenborough,  and  in  1785  was  a  member 
of  a  committee   appointed  to   consider  the 
defences  of  Portsmouth  and  Plymouth.     On 
the  occasion   of  the   Spanish  armament   in 
1790,  he  was  appointed   to   the   Boyne   of 
98  guns,  a  ship  newly  launched  at  Wool- 
wich, which,  however,  was  paid  off  towards 
the  end  of  the  year.     On  1  Feb.  1793  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
and  shortly  afterwards  hoisted  his  flag  in  the 
Prince   of  90  guns,  in  the   Channel   fleet, 
under  the   command  of  Lord   Howe.     On 
1  June  1794  he  took  an  important  part  in 
the  engagement  off  Ushant,  in  which  he  sus- 
tained the  loss  of  a  leg.     For  this  he  re- 
ceived a  pension  of  1,000/.  in  addition  to 
the  chain  and  gold  medal,  and  on  16  Aug. 
was  created  a  baronet.     His  wound  incapaci- 
tated him  from  further  active  service,  though 
he  was  in  due  course  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  vice-admiral,  4  July  1794,  and  of  admiral, 
14  Feb.  1799.     By  the  death  of  his  brother 
in  April  1797  he  succeeded  to  the  older 
baronetcy,   in  which   his   newer  title  was 
merged.     He  died  at  Radley,  6  Dec.  1800. 
He  was  twice  married  :  first  to  Lady  Down- 
ing, widow  of  Sir   Jacob   Downing,   bart., 
who  died  without  issue  ;  and  second,  to  Hen- 
rietta, only  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  Peircy 
Brett,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

[Ralfe's  Nav.  Biog.  i.  374 ;  Charnock's  Biog 
Nav.  vi.  511.]  J.  K.  L. 

VOL.  Ti. 


BOWYER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1811-1883), 
seventh  baronet,  jurist,  was  born  on  8  Oct. 
1811,  at  Radley  Park,  near  Abingdon,  Berk- 
shire. He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  George 
Bowyer,  bart.,  of  Denham  Court,  Bucking- 
hamshire, by  his  wife,  Anne  Hammond, 
daughter  of  Captain  Sir  Andrew  Snape  Dou- 
las,  R.N.  Admiral  Sir  George  Bowyer  [q.v.] 
was  his  grandfather.  Sir  William  Bowyer, 
mt.,  teller  of  the  exchequer  in  the  reign  of 
James  I,  originally  purchased  the  family  es- 
;ate  of  Denham  Court.  His  grandson,  William 
Bowyer,  M.P.  for  Buckinghamshire  in  the 
Irst  two  parliaments  of  Charles  II,  on  25  June 
1660  was  created  a  baronet. 

Bowyer  was  for  a  short  time  a  cadet  of  the 
Royal  Military  College  at  Woolwich.  On 
1  June  1836  he  was  admitted  as  a  student  of 
the  Middle  Temple.  In  1838  he  published  <  A 
Dissertation  on  the  Statutes  of  the  Cities  of 
Italy,  and  a  Translation  of  the  Pleading  of 
Prospero  Farinacio  in  Defence  of  Beatrice 
Cenci,  with  Notes.'  On  7  June  1839  he  was- 
called  to  the  bar  of  the  Middle  Temple,  being 
immediately  afterwards  (12  June)  created  an 
honorary  M .  A.  at  Oxford.  He  then  began  prac- 
tising as  an  equity  draughtsman  and  convey- 
ancer. In  1841  he  brought  out,  in  twenty- 
seven  chapters  with  an  appendix,  pp.  xiv, 
712,  'The  English  Constitution:  a  Popular 
Commentary  on  the  Constitutional  Laws  of 
England.'  This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of 
valuable  text-books  from  his  hand  on  consti- 
tutional jurisprudence.  On  20  June  1844  he 
was  made  aD.C.L.  at  Oxford.  In  1848  he  pub- 
lished, in  fifty-two  chapters,  pp.  xx,  334,  his 
'  Commentaries  on  the  Civil  Law,'  inscribed 
to  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  In  the  same 
year  he  brought  out,  in  an  octavo  pamphlet 
inscribed  'to  Henry  Lord  Holland  by  his- 
sincere  friend,'  a  vindication  of  Charles  Albert, 
under  the  title  of  l  Lombardy,  the  Pope,  and 
Austria.'  In  the  July  of  1849  he  stood  un- 
successfully as  a  candidate  for  the  represen- 
tation of  Reading.  He  was  converted  to 
Catholicism  in  1850,  and  issued  in  the  same 
year  a  pamphlet  entitled  '  The  Cardinal 
Archbishop  of  Westminster  and  the  New 
Hierarchy/  8vo,  pp.  42,  which  was  announced 
on  its  title-page  as  issued  '  by  authority,'  and 
rapidly  passed  through  four  editions.  Early 
in  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  reader  in 
law  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  before  its  close 
published  the  first  two  of  his  readings,  *  On  the 
Uses  of  the  Science  of  General  Jurisprudence 
and  the  Classification  of  Laws,'  and  '  On  the^ 
Uses  of  the  Roman  Law  and  its  Relation* 
to  the  Common  Law.'  In  1851  the  whole 
course  was  published  as  '  Readings  delivered 
before  the  Honourable  Society  of  the  Middle 
Temple,'  inscribed  to  Lord  Campbell.  During 


Bowyer 


Bowyer 


that  year  he  issued  from  the  press  two  supple- 
mentary papers  on  the  catholic  hierarchy, 
one  of  them  entitled  '  The  Roman  Docu- 
ments relating  to  the  New  Hierarchy,  with 
an  Argument,'  and  the  other  (8vo,  pp.  44), 
1  Observations  on  the  Arguments  of  Dr. 
Twiss  respecting  the  new  Roman  Catholic 
Hierarchy.'  In  the  July  of  1852  Bowyer 
entered  parliament  for  the  first  time  as  M.P. 
for  Dundalk,  which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  in  the  House  of  Commons  for  six- 
teen years,  down  to  December  1868.  In  1854 
he  published,  in  twenty-eight  chapters,  8vo, 
pp.  xi,  387,  his  '  Commentaries  on  Universal 
Public  Law,'  and  in  1856  two  pamphlets — 
4  Rome  and  Sardinia,'  and  '  The  Differences 
between  the  Holy  See  and  the  Spanish  Go- 
vernment ' — in  vindication  of  the  holy  see, 
reprinted  from  the  '  Dublin  Re  view,'  Septem- 
ber 1855,  and  March  1856.  On  1  July  1860 
Bowyer  succeeded  his  father  as  baronet.  In 
1864  appeared,  in  quarto, '  Friends  of  Ireland 
in  Council,'  the  interlocutors  in  which  were 
Bowyer,  William  Henry  Wilberforce,  and 
John  Pope  Hennessy.  In  1868  Bowyer,  in 
the  form  of  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Stanhope, 
published,  8vo,  pp.  19,  '  The  Private  History  | 
of  the  Creation  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Hier-  j 
archy  in  England.'  In  1873  he  brought  out  j 
a  reprint  from  the  '  Times '  of  '  Four  Letters  i 
on  the  Appellate  Jurisdiction  of  the  House 
of  Lords  and  the  New  Court  of  Appeal.' 
Bowyer  was  defeated  in  his  candidature  at 
Dundalk  in  December  1868,  but  in  December 
1874  was  returned  in  the  home-rule  interest 
for  the  county  of  Wexford,  and  retained  that 
seat  until  March  1880.  He  published,  in 
1874,  8vo,  pp.  72,  his  'Introduction  to  the 
Study  and  Use  of  the  Civil  Law,  and  to  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Modern  Civil  Law,'  a  work 
inscribed  to  Earl  Cairns.  During  the  last  five 
years  of  his  career  in  parliament  he  estranged 
himself  from  the  liberal  party,  and  was  at 
last  expelled,  on  23  June  1876,  from  the  Re- 
form Club.  Bowyer  was  conspicuous  as  a 
representative  catholic.  His  numerous  let- 
ters to  the  '  Times '  mainly  bore  reference  to 
questions  of  religious  or  constitutional  law. 
He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  commit- 
tee convened  to  farther  the  agitation  against 
the  abolition  of  the  legal  duties  of  the  House 
of  Lords.  Bowyer  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed  at  his  chambers  in  the  Temple,  13  King's 
Bench  Walk,  on  the  morning  of  7  June 
1883.  The  funeral  service  was  performed 
in  his  own  church  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
in  Great  Ormond  Street,  Bloomsbury,  which 
had  been  entirely  built  by  him.  Bowyer 
was  a  knight  of  Malta  and  honorary  president 
of  the  Maltese  nobility.  He  was  knight 
commander  of  the  order  of  Pius  IX,  as 


well  as  a  chamberlain  to  that  pontiff,  knight 
grand  cross  of  the  order  of  St.  Gregory  the 
Great,  and  grand  collar  of  the  Constan- 
tinian  order  of  St.  George  of  Naples.  He 
was  a  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  of 
Berkshire. 

[Men  of  the  Time  (10th  ed.),  137;  Annual 
Register,  1883,  152-3;  Times,  8  June  1883; 
Tablet,  9  and  23  June  1883,  901,  994;  Weekly 
Register,  9  June  1883,  724  ;  Law  Times,  16  June 
1883,  137;  Law  Journal,  16  June  1883,  339.1 

C.  K. 


BOWYER,  ROBERT  (1758-1834),  minia- 
ture painter,  seems  to  have  been  at  an  early 
date  known  to  Smart,  the  miniature  painter, 
and  is  supposed  by  Redgrave  to  have  been 
Smart's  pupil.  He  exhibited  miniatures  and 
paintings  at  the  Royal  Academy  occasionally 
between  1783  and  1828;  was  appointed 
painter  in  water-colours  to  the  king,  and 
miniature  painter  to  the  queen;  and  re- 
ceived much  fashionable  patronage.  In  1792 
he  issued  a  prospectus  giving  details  of  a 
plan  for  an  edition  of  Hume's  'History  of 
England,'  with  continuation  to  date,  to  be 
'  superbly  embellished.'  West,  Smirke,  Lou- 
therbourg,  and  other  leading  artists  of  the 
day  furnished  historical  pictures  specially  to 
be  engraved  for  this  work,  which  contains 
besides  a  number  of  engravings  of  portraits, 
medals,  and  antiquities.  It  was  issued  in 
parts,  and  by  1806  five  unwieldy  folios  were 
published,  reaching  to  the  year  1688 ;  the  con- 
tinuation was  never  issued,  as  a  loss  of  30,OOOZ. 
is  asserted  to  have  been  already  incurred. 
Bowyer  also  published  '  An  Impartial  Narra- 
tive of  Events  from  1816  to  1823,'  London, 
1823.  He  died  at  his  house  at  Byfleet, 
Surrey,  4  June  1834. 

[Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Lib.;  Cat,  R.  A.;  Gent. 
Mag.  August  1834,  p.  221 ;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of 
Artists  (1878).]  W.  H-H. 

BOWYER,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1663- 
1737),  printer,  son  of  John  Bowyer,  citizen 
and  grocer  of  London,  by  Mary,  daughter  of 
'William  King,  citizen  and  vintner  of  London, 
was  born  in  1663,  apprenticed  to  Miles 
Flesher,  printer,  in  1679,  and  admitted  to 
the  freedom  of  the  Company  of  Stationers 
1686.  By  his  first  wife,  who  died  early,  he 
had  no  issue.  By  his  second  wife,  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Dawks  (a  printer  who 
had  been  employed  on  Bishop  Walton's  Poly- 
glot Bible)  and  widow  of  Benjamin  Allport, 
bookseller,  he  was  father  of  William  Bowyer 
the  younger,  'the  learned  printer'  [q.  v.], 
and  a  daughter  Dorothy  married  to  Peter 
Wallis,  a  London  jeweller.  In  1699,  a  few 


Bowyer 

months  before  the  birth  of  his  son,  he  began 
business  as  a  printer  at  the  White  Horse  in 
Little  Britain,  and  here  he  produced  his  first 
book,  a  neat  small  4to,  of  96  pp., t  A  Defence  of 
the  Vindication  of  King  Charles  the  Martyr 
justifying  his  Majesty's  title  to  EIK^I/  Bao-i- 
At«77  in  answer  to  ....  Amyntor  [i.e.  John 
Toland],'  Lond.  1699, 4to.  Immediately  after 
he  removed  to  Dogwell  Court,  Whitefriars. 
In  1700  he  was  made  liveryman  of  the  Sta- 
tioners' Company,  and  was  chosen  one  of  the 
twenty  printers  allowed  by  the  Star-cham- 
ber. On  29  Jan.  1712-13  a  fire  destroyed  his 
printing-office  and  dwelling,  and  one  member 
of  the  family  was  burnt  to  death.  Plant  and 
stock  were  consumed  ;  Atkyn's  (  Gloucester- 
shire,' Bishop  Bull's  '  Primitive  Christianity,' 
L'Estrange's  '  Josephus,'  part  of  Thoresby's 
4  Ducatus  Leodiensis,'  and  many  other  works, 
with  some  valuable  manuscripts,  were  lost. 
The  estimated  total  loss  was  5,146£,  but  this 
was  more  than  half  replaced  by  the  produce 
of  a  king's  brief  granted  6  March  1713  for 
a  charitable  collection,  the  contributions  of 
friends  and  a  subscription  of  his  own  frater-  | 
nity  amounting  to  2,539£  In  remembrance  { 
of  this  kindness  he  had  several  tail-pieces  I 
and  devices  engraved,  representing  a  phoenix 
rising  from  the  flames,  with  suitable  mottoes  j 
used  afterwards  in  some  of  his  best  books.  | 
Continuing  his  business  at  the  houses  of  j 
friends,  he  at  length  returned  to  Whitefriars,  | 
October  1713,  where  he  became  the  foremost 
printer  of  his  day,  until  the  fame  of  his  learned 
son  overshadowed  his.  The  latter  was  taken 
into  partnership  in  1722,  and  his  duty  thence- 
forward was  to  correct  the  press,  while  his 
father  up  to  his  death  retained  the  execu- 
tive, the  imprint  of  their  works  continuing 
to  be  '  Printed  by  William  Bowyer.'  The  list,  ' 
with  copious  notes,  of  all  the  works  pub- 
lished by  him  is  given  in  Nichols's  '  Literary 
Anecdotes,'  from  1697  to  1722,  230  pages, 
and  of  the  joint  works,  1722  to  1737,  370 
pages. 

Bowyer  died  27  Dec.  1737,  having  survived 
his  wife  ten  years,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  Low  Leyton,  Essex,  in  the  south- 
west corner  of  which  is  an  inscription  to  the 
memory  of  the  Bowyer  family  generally. 
There  is  a  marble  monument  erected  by  his 
son  to  his  memory  in  the  same  church.  In 
the  stock  room  at  Stationers'  Hall  there  is  a 
brass  tablet,  also  by  his  son,  commemorative 
of  his  loss  by  fire  in  1712-13,  and  of  the 
donations  of  the  Stationers'  Company  and 
friends.  By  the  side  of  it  hangs  a  half-length 
portrait  of  Bowyer,  which  has  been  well  de- 
scribed as  that  of  'a  pleasant  round-faced 
man '  and  '  a  jolly  good-looking  man  in  a 
flowing  wig.'  An  engraving  of  it  by  Basire 


3  Bowyer 

is  the  frontispiece  of  Nichols's  first  volume  of 
'  Literary  Anecdotes.' 

In  1724  Bowyer  was  a  nonjuror ;  we  know 
nothing  more  of  his  religious  views  except  a 
few  traces,  in  his  early  life,  recorded  by  Ord 
in  the  '  History  of  Cleveland,'  where  it  is 
said  that  he  had  a  controversy  with  a  priest 
who  defended  the  conduct  of  his  sister,  a 
professed  nun  of  the  order  of  Poor  Clares, 
at  Dunkirk.  The  letters  commence  October 
1696,  and  end  in  June  1697,  at  the  time 
when  he  was  a  journeyman  printer  at  Daniel 
Sheldon's  in  Bartholomew  Close.  He  seems 
to  have  been  a  very  kind-hearted  man,  and 
ever  ready  to  show  kindness  to  others.  He 
was  the  principal  means  of  establishing  the 
elder  Caslon  as  a  typefounder. 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  1-485,  ii.  1-116,  iii. 
272;  Gent.  Mag.  xlviii.  409,  449,  513,  Iii.  348, 
554,  582,  liv.  893;  Ord's  Cleveland,  p.  340; 
Bigmore  and  Wyman's  Bibliog.  of  Printing,  p. 
75 ;  Hansard's  Typographia,  p.  324  ;  Wright's 
Essex,  i.  496.]  J.  W.-G. 

BOWYER,  WILLIAM,  the  younger 
(1699-1777),  'the  learned  printer,'  only  son  of 
William  Bowyer  the  elder  [q.v.]  and  his  second 
wife,  Dorothy  Dawks,  was  born  at  Dogwell 
Court,  Whitefriars,  London,  on  19  Dec.  1699, 
a  few  months  after  his  father  had  set  up  in 
business  as  a  printer  and  issued  his  first  book. 
Early  in  life  he  was  placed  under  Ambrose 
Bonwicke  the  elder  [q.  v.J,  at  Headley,  near 
Leatherhead.  Bowyer  so  won  his  master's 
affection,  that  when  his  father  suffered  in  the 
great  fire  of  1712,  he  was  gratuitously  taught 
and  boarded  by  Bonwicke  for  a  year,  without 
any  intimation  that  it  was  the  good  divine's 
own  deed.  In  June  1716  his  father  placed  him 
as  a  sizar  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  but  seems 
to  have  dealt  not  very  kindly  in  the  matter  of 
finances.  Here  he  was  under  Dr.  Christopher 
Anstey  and  Dr.  Newcome,  and  in  1719  ob- 
tained Roper's  exhibition,  and  wrote  l  Epi- 
stola  pro  Sodalitio  a  rev.  viro  F.  Roper  mihi 
legato,'  but  did  not  take  a  B.A.  degree.  He 
was  therefore  not  a  candidate  for  a  fellowship 
in  1719,  as  sometimes  stated.  In  1722  he 
was  still  at  college  without  a  degree,  and 
about  this  time  he  began  to  help  his  father  in 
correcting  learned  works  for  the  press,  Dr. 
Wilkins's  great  folio  edition  of  Selden's  works 
being  the  first,  and  for  this  he  drew  up  an 
epitome — '  De  Synedriis  veterum  Ebraeorum,' 
and  memoranda  of '  Privileges  of  the  Baronage' 
and  '  Judicature  in  Parliament.'  His  father 
took  him  into  partnership  towards  the  end  of 
1722,  retaining  the  management  of  the  busi- 
ness, and  delegating  the  learned  work  to  his 
son.  In  1727  he  wrote  and  published '  AView 
of  a  Book  entitled  Reliquiae  Baxterianae  '  [see 

G  2 


Bowyer 


84 


Bowyer 


BAXTER,  WILLIAM,  1650-1723],  which  was 
received  with  high  approbation  from  Dr.  Wot- 
ton,  Samuel  Clarke,  and  other  men  of  letters. 
On  9  Oct.  1728,  shortly  after  his  mother's 
death,  he  married  Anne  Prudom,  his  mother's 
niece,  a  ward  of  his  father,  acquiring  with 
her  freehold  farms  in  Yorkshire  and  Essex. 
On  17  Oct.  1731  his  wife  died  in  her  twenty- 
sixth  year,  leaving  one  child  only,  Thomas,  j 
born  1730,  a  previous  son,  William,  having  j 
died  in  infancy.  In  1729  he  wrote  the  preface  ! 
to  Bonwicke's  life  of  his  son — 'A  Pattern 
for  Young  Students  in  the  University,'  &c., 
London,  1 2mo ;  and  in  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed, through  Onslow,  the  speaker,  to  print 
the  votes  of  the  House  of  Commons,  an  office 
he  held  under  three  speakers,  and  for  nearly 
fifty  years,  in  spite  of  efforts  to  prejudice  him 
as  a  nonjuror.  In  1730  he  edited  Dr.  Wot- 
ton's  posthumous  work,  'A  Discourse  con- 
cerning the  Confusion  of  Languages  at  Babel,' 
London,  8vo.  In  1731  he  wrote  'Remarks 
on  Mr.  Bowman's  Visitation  Sermon  on  the 
Traditions  of  the  Clergy,'  exposing  that  gen- 
tleman's deficiency  in  Latin  and  Greek,  as 
well  as  in  ecclesiastical  history.  The  *  Ser- 
mon '  and  these  '  Remarks '  made  a  great  stir 
at  the  time.  In  1732  Bowyer  was  involved 
in  a  literary  dispute  with  Pope,  which  seems 
to  have  ended  with  the  poet's  expressing  a 
good  opinion  of  his  critic.  The  same  year  he 
published  '  The  Beau  and  Academick,'  a  trans- 
lation of  Haseldine's  '  Bellus  Homo  et  Aca- 
demicus,'  recited  in  the  Sheldonian  theatre. 
In  1733  he  wrote  in  the  magazines  many  let- 
ters and  papers  on  Stephen's '  Thesaurus.'  In 
May  1736,  at  the  recommendation  of  Drake, 
the  antiquary,  Bowyer  was  appointed  printer 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  of  which  he  was 
elected  a  fellow  the  July  following.  He 
made  several  valuable  contributions  to  the 
society,  of  which  are  noteworthy  one  on  '  The 
Inscription  on  Vitellius  at  Bath,'  and  a  'Dis- 
sertation on  the  Gule  or  Yule  of  our  Saxon 
Ancestors.'  The  same  year,  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Birch,  he  formed  the  Society  for  the 
Encouragement  of  Learning,  an  institution 
which  promised  well,  but  had  a  very  brief 
existence.  In  1738  he  became  liveryman  of 
the  Stationers'  Company,  of  which  he  was 
afterwards  called  on  the  court  in  1763,  and 
fined  for  the  office  of  master  in  1771.  In 
1741  he  put  into  useful  form  two  schoolbooks, 
'  Selectee  ex  Profanis  Scriptoribus  Histories,' 
and  '  Selectee  e  Veteri  Testamento  Histories,' 
with  his  own  prefaces.  In  1742  he  edited  a 
translation  of  Trapp's  'Latin  Lectures  on 
Poetry,'  with  additional  notes ;  and  also 
the  seventh  volume  of  Dr.  Swift's  '  Miscella- 
nies,' 8vo ;  and  in  1744  he  wrote  a  pamphlet 
on  the  'Present  State  of  Europe,'  chiefly 


from  Puffendorf,  which  is  now  exceedingly 
scarce. 

In  1747  he  married  his  housekeeper,  a 
widow,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Bill,  who  had  lived 
with  him  fourteen  years.  In  1750  he  wrote 
a  prefatory  critical  dissertation  to  Kuster's 
treatise,  '  De  vero  usu  Verborum  Mediorum,r 
also  a  Latin  preface  to  Leedes's  '  Veteres 
Poetee  citati,'  works,  printed  together,  of 
which  new  editions  with  improvements  were 
issued  in  1773, 12mo,  1806,  8vo,  1822,  12mo. 
The  valuable  and  extensive  notes  on  Colonel 
Bladen's  '  Translation  of  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries '  signed  'Typogr.'  were  by  Bowyer, 
1750.  He  also  wrote  the  long  preface  to- 
Montesquieu's  '  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire/  Lond.  1751,  and 
translated  the  dialogue  between  Sylla  and 
Eucrates.  The  same  year  he  gave  to  the  world 
the  first  translation  of  Rousseau's '  Paradoxi- 
cal Oration  on  the  Arts  and  Sciences,'  which 
gained  the  Dijon  prize  in  1750,  and  wrote 
a  preface  to  the  work.  Excepting  a  few 
brief  periods  of  retirement  to  Knightsbridger 
Bowyer  clung  to  business  very  closely,  and 
his  great  labours  in  producing  an  immense 
number  of  learned  works  at  length  told  upon 
his  constitution.  He  therefore  entered  into 
partnership  in  1754  with  Mr.  James  Emon- 
son,  a  relative,  and  Mr.  Spens,  a  corrector  of 
the  press,  and  afterwards  editor  of  '  Lloyd's^ 
Evening  Post,'  and  took  another  house  in 
Kirby  Street,  Hatton  Garden,  to  enjoy  '  a 
freer  and  sweeter  air '  in  the  garden  grounds-- 
attached. A  separation  of  partnership  took 
place  in  1757,  when  Bowyer  resumed  the* 
active  duties  of  his  profession.  This  year  he- 
took  as  his  apprentice  John  Nichols,  then 
thirteen  years  of  age,  who  was  soon  entrusted 
with  the  management  of  the  office.  In  1761, 
through  the  interest  of  the  Earl  of  Maccles- 
field,  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  Bowyer 
became  printer  for  that  institution,  and  held 
the  same  office  under  five  presidents  up  to  his 
death.  The  same  year  he  published  '  Verses 
on  the  Coronation  of  their  late  Majesties, 
King  George  II  and  Queen  Caroline,'  spoken 
by  scholars  of  Westminster  School,  with 
translations  of  all  the  Latin  copies.  In  this 
humorous  pamphlet  he  had  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  Nichols.  In  1762  he  edited  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  volumes  of  Swift's  Works, 
8vo,  and  in  1763  appeared  his  excellent  edi- 
tion of  the  Greek  Testament  in  2  vols.  12mo, 
pp.  488,  to  which  he  added  '  Conjectural 
Emendations,'  &c.,  paged  separately,  pp.  178. 
These  critical  notes,  selected  from  the  works 
of  Bishop  Barrington,  Markland,  Schultz, 
Michaelis,  Owen,  Woide,  Gasset,  and  Stephen 
Weston,  were  considered  of  very  great  value. 
A  second  edition  of  the  '  Conjectural  Emen- 


Bowyer 


Nations'  appeared  in  1772, 8vo;  3rd  ed.  1782, 
4to ;  4th  ed.,  much  enlarged,  1812,  4to.  In 
1765  Bowyer  had  some  intention  of  purchas- 
ing a  lease  of  exclusive  privilege  of  the  uni- 
versity press,  but  the  scheme  fell  through. 
Early  in  the  next  year  he  took  into  partner- 
ship the  apprentice-manager  of  his  business, 
and  thenceforward  the  ever-increasing  suc- 
cess of  the  business  was  insured.  The  typo- 
graphical anecdotes  of  the  Bowyer  Press  from 
1722,  when  Bowyer  became  a  partner  with 
his  father,  to  1766,  when  he  took  John 
Nichols  into  partnership,  extend  in  Nichols's 
•'  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury' to  703  closely  printed  8vo  pages,  and 
from  the  latter  date  to  his  death  in  1777  the 
joint  productions  of  Bowyer  and  Nichols  oc- 
cupy in  description  and  anecdotes  293  further 
pages  of  the  same  work.  In  1766  Bowyer 
brought  out  with  an  excellent  Latin  preface 
— 'Joannis  Harduini  Jesuitse  ad  censuram 
-Scriptorum  Veterum  Prolegomena.'  In  1767 
he  was  appointed  to  print  the  rules  of  par- 
liament and  the  journal  of  the  House  of 
Lords  through  the  influence  of  the  Earl  of 
Marchmont ;  and  at  this  time,  for  want  of 
room,  the  printing-office  was  removed  from 
Whitefriars  to  Red  Lion  Passage,  where  he 
placed  the  sign  of  Cicero's  head,  and  styled 
himself  'ArchitectusVerborum.'  The  anxiety 
consequent  upon  this  removal  from  the  place 
•of  his  birth  brought  on  a  touch  of  paralysis, 
that  affected  him  throughout  his  after  life. 
In  1771  his  second  wife  died,  aged  70.  She 
had  assisted  in  correcting  the  press  until 
young  Nichols  took  her  place.  In  the  pre- 
face to  the  second  edition  of  '  Conjectural 
Emendations,'  1772,  Bowyer  craves  indul- 
gence from  his  readers  in  consequence  of  suf- 
fering from  palsy  and  affection  of  the  stone 
.and  bilious  colic,  but  still  continued  his 
literary  labours.  In  1773  he  translated  and 
published  '  Select  Discourses  from  Michaelis, 
on  the  Hebrew  Months,  Sabbatical  Years,' 
•&c.  12mo ;  in  1774  he  published  anonymously 
his  well-known  work,  l  The  Origin  of  Print- 
ing, in  Two  Essays,  8vo,'  in  which  he  was 
assisted  by  Dr.  Owen  and  Mr.  Missy.  A  se- 
cond and  enlarged  edition  appeared  in  1776, 
8vo,  with  a  supplement  in  1781,  8vo,  by  Mr. 
Nichols.  In  1776  he  was  laid  up  for  weeks 
with  paralysis  ;  still  he  managed  to  push  for- 
ward his  last  editorial  work,  Dr.  Bentley's 
'  Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris,' 
which  was  not  published  until  1782  (8vo), 
five  years  after  his  death. 

In  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  published 
*  Rolls  of  Parliament '  in  six  folio  volumes, 
and  thirty-one  volumes  of  the  *  Journal  of  the 
House  of  Lords,'  and  he  had  a  multitude  of 
works  in  the  press — for  instance,  the  two 


>  Bowyer 

handsome  folios  of  *  Domesday  Book,'  which 
were  not  completed  until  1783.  He  died  on 
18  Nov.  1777,  aged  77.  Most  of  his  learned 
pamphlets,  essays,  prefaces,  corrections,  and 
notes  have  been  reprinted  as  '  Miscellaneous 
Tracts  by  the  late  William  Bowyer  .  .  .  col- 
lected and  illustrated  with  notes  by  John 
Nichols,  F.S.L.  Edin.,'  London,  1785,  4to, 
pp.  712. 

Bowyer  was  a  man  of  very  small  stature, 
and  in  the  jeux  $  esprit  of  his  day  we  find 
him  called  'the  little  man,'  <a  little  man 
of  great  sufficiency.'  In  character  he  was 
very  amiable,  and  his  cheerful  disposition 
and  learned  conversation  cemented  many 
a  lifelong  friendship.  Every  species  of  dis- 
tress was  relieved  by  him,  and  so  privately 
that  the  knowledge  of  his  kindness  came 
only  from  letters  found  after  his  death.  His 
will,  made  30  July  1777,  often  reprinted,  is 
full  of  an  affectionate  and  grateful  spirit  to 
the  institutions  and  families  of  persons  who 
had  helped  his  father  in  the  trouble  of  the 
great  fire.  To  his  own  profession  this  will 
shows  him  a  great  benefactor,  and  his  be- 
quests are  now  administered  by  the  Sta- 
tioners' Company.  For  religion  he  had  a  great 
regard,  and  his  moral  character  was  unim- 
peachable. In  the  church  of  Low  Leyton, 
Essex,  there  is  a  white  marble  monument  to 
the  memory  of  his  father  and  himself,  with 
a  Latin  inscription  by  him.  A  bust  of  him 
is  placed  in  Stationers'  Hall,  with  his  father's 
portrait,  and  the  brass  plate  underneath  has 
an  inscription  in  English  in  reference  to  the 
fire  of  1712.  His  portrait  by  Basire  is  the 
frontispiece  to  -vol.  ii.  of  Nichols's  l  Literary 
Anecdotes,'  1812,  8vo.  The  1812  edition  of 
his  t  Conjectural  Emendations '  has  a  fine 
quarto-sized  portrait  of  him  as  '  Gulielmus 
Bowyer,  Architectus  Verborum,  set.  Ixxviii.,' 
with  various  emblems  beneath,  including  the 
phoenix,  symbolical  of  the  rise  of  the  new 
firm  from  the  memorable  fire.  There  are  also 
inferior  portraits  in  Hansard's  '  Typographia ' 
and  Wyman's  'Bibliography  of  Printing.' 
Each  representation  reveals  to  us  a  severe 
face  as  of  one  of  the  old  puritans,  in  remark- 
able contrast  to  the  genial  faces  of  his  father 
and  his  successor.  His  son  Thomas  survived 
him.  He  was  intended  to  be  his  father's 
successor  in  business,  but  seems  to  have 
been  a  very  wayward  youth,  though  it  is 
clear  from  his  father's  gossiping  letters  on 
domestic  matters  that  it  was  the  stepmother's 
refusal  to  take  proper  care  of  '  Tom.'  and  her 
extraordinary  affection  for  her  young  nephew, 
Emonson,  that  disgusted  the  lad  and  turned 
the  current  of  his  life.  Ordained  by  Bishop 
Hoadly  for  the  church,  and  for  a  time  curate 
at  Hillsdon,  Middlesex,  he  then  became  a 


Boxall 


86 


Boxall 


military  man,  but  changed  once  more  to  a  j 
quaker  shortly  before  his  father's  death.    He  j 
had  several  estates  from  his  grandfather  Pru-  | 
dom,  and  his  father's  will  dealt  very  kindly 
with  him.     For  some  time  he  resided  at  a  i 
secluded  village  near  Darlington,  calling  him- 
self '  Mr.  Thomas/  and  died  suddenly  in  1783, 
aged  53. 

[Bowyer's  Works  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecdotes,  i. 
ii.  iii.  &c. ;  Nichols's  Illustrations  of  Literature ; 
Nichols's  Miscellaneous  Tracts,  1785;  Wyman's 
Bibliog.  of  Printing;  Hansard's  Typographia.] 

J.  W.-G. 

BOXALL,  JOHN,  D.D.  (d.  1571),  Queen 
Mary's  secretary  of  state,  a  native  of  Bram- 
shoot  in  Hampshire,  was,  after  a  preliminary 
training  in  Winchester  School,  admitted  a 
perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  in 
1542,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts, 
1  being  then  accounted  one  of  the  subtilest 
disputants  in  the  university.'  He  took  orders, 
but.  being  opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  re- 
formers, he  abstained  from  exercising  the  func- 
tions of  his  ministry  during  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward VI.  On  Queen  Mary's  accession  he  was 
appointed  her  majesty's  secretary  of  state,  dean 
of  Ely,  prebendary  of  Winchester,  and  warden 
of  Winchester  College  (1554)  in  the  place  of  | 
Dr.  John  White,  who  had  been  promoted  | 
to  the  see  of  Lincoln.  He  was  one  of  the  | 
divines  who  were  chosen  to  preach  at  St. 
Paul's  Cross  in  support  of  the  catholic  reli- 
gion, and  Pits  relates  that  on  one  occasion, 
while  thus  engaged,  a  bystander  hurled  a 
dagger  at  him  (De  illustr.  Anylice  Scriptori- 
bus,  870).  Other  writers  assert  that  this 
happened  to  Dr.  Pendleton ;  but  Stow  (An- 
nales,  1615,  p.  614)  correctly  tells  us  that 
Gilbert  Bourne  [q.  v.]  occupied  the  pulpit  on  j 
the  occasion  referred  to.  On  23  Sept.  1556  ! 
Boxall  was  sworn  as  a  member  of  the  privy 
council ;  also  as  one  of  the  masters  of  requests 
and  a  councillor  of  that  court  (Lansd.  MS. 
981,  f.  85).  In  July  1557  he  was  made  dean 
of  Peterborough  ;  on  20  Dec.  following  he 
was  installed  dean  of  Norwich,  and  about 
the  same  time  dean  of  Windsor.  He  was 
elected  registrar  of  the  order  of  the  Garter 
on  6  Feb.  1557-8,  and  in  1558  was  created 
D.D.  and  appointed  prebendary  of  York  and 
Salisbury.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  Queen 
Mary  allowed  him  ten  retainers  (STRYPE, 
Memorials,  iii.  480),  and  that  he  was  one  of 
the  overseers  of  Cardinal  Pole's  will  (ib. 
468). 

Boxall  was  removed  from  the  office  of  se- 
cretary of  state  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  on  her 
accession,  to  make  way  for  Cecil,  and  his  be- 
haviour on  the  occasion  places  his  character 
in  a  favourable  light ;  for,  instead  of  op- 


posing obstacles  to  his  successor  in  office,  it 
is  clear  from  a  few  of  his  letters  to  Cecil, 
dated  about  this  period,  that  he  cherished 
no  sentiment  but  that  of  anxiety  to  give  him 
all  the  assistance  in  his  power.  Having  been 
deprived  of  his  ecclesiastical  preferments,  he 
was  on  18  June  1560  committed  to  the  Tower 
by  Archbishop  Parker  and  other  members  of 
the  ecclesiastical  commission  (STRYPE,  An- 
nals, i.  142,  148,  167  ;  MACHYN,  Diary,  238 ; 
Lansd.  MS.  981,  f.  85  b).  Subsequently  he 
was  committed  to  '  free  custody '  in  the  pri- 
mate's palace  at  Lambeth,  with  Thirleby,  late 
bishop  of  Ely,  Tunstall,  late  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, and  other  divines  who  adhered  to  the 
old  doctrines.  He  was  removed  at  different 
periods  to  Bromley  and  Beaksbourne,  re- 
maining still  in  the  archbishop's  charge.  In 
the  library  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge (MSS.  No.  114,  f.  286)  is  a  letter 
from  Boxall  thanking  Parker  for  his  kind- 
ness to  him  when  confined  in  his  house  and 
for  the  leave  he  had  obtained  of  removing  to- 
Bromley.  On  20  July  1569  Boxall,  then  in 
custody  at  Lambeth,  wrote  to  Sir  William 
Cecil  requesting  leave  to  visit  his  mother. 
In  his  letter,  which  is  signed  '  Jo.  Boxoll/ 
he  says  :  '  My  poore  mother  beside  the  comen 
sicknes  of  age,  beinge  of  SOyeares  at  the  lest, 
ys  also  dangerously  diseased,  desyrouse  to- 
see  me  &  I  likewyse  desyrous  to  do  my  dewtye 
vnto  her '  (Lansd.  MS.  12,  f.  12).  Even- 
tually, being  attacked  by  illness,  Boxall  was 
allowed  to  go  to  the  house  of  a  relative  in 
London,  where  he  died  on  3  March  1570-1. 
His  brothers  Edmund  and  Richard  were  ap- 
pointed administrators  of  his  property. 

He  published  a  Latin  sermon  preached  in 
a  convocation  of  the  clergy  in  1555  and 
printed  at  London  in  octavo  in  the  same 
year.  He  also  wrote  an  t  Oration  in  the 
Praise  of  the  Kinge  of  Spaine,'  MS.  Reg. 
12  A.  xlix.  This  discourse,  which  is  in  Latin, 
was  probably  composed  in  May  or  June  1555,, 
on  the  report  of  the  queen  having  been  de- 
livered of  a  prince. 

It  is  recorded  to  his  honour  that  he  was- 
'  a  man  who,  though  he  were  so  great  with 
Queen  Mary,  yet  had  the  good  principle  to 
abstain  from  the  cruel  blood-shedding  of  the 
protestants,  giving  neither  his  hand  nor  his 
consent  thereunto '  (STRYPE,  Life  of  Parker y 
i.  47).  Lord  Burghley  (Execution  of  Justice r 
1583,  sheet  B  ii.)  describes  him  as  '  a  person 
of  great  modestie  and  knowledge,'  and  Arch- 
bishop Parker  says :  '  Inerat  enim  ei  tan- 
quam  a  natura  ingenita  modestia  comitasque 
summa,  qua  quoscunque  notos  ad  se  dili- 
gendum  astrinxit'  (PARKER,  Mattheus,  ap- 
pended to  some  copies  of  De  Antiq.  Brit* 
Eccl} 


Boxall 


Boxer 


[Wood's  Athense  Oxon  (ed.  Bliss),  i.  380; 
Dodd's  Church  Hist.  i.  513  ;  Jewel's  Works,  iv. 
1146  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  (ed.  Hardy),  i.  257,  352, 
354,  ii.  418,  476,  539,  iii.  374;  Strype's  Annals, 
i.  83,  142,  148,  167;  Strype's  Eccl.  Memorials, 
iii.  183,  352,  456,  468,  479;  Strype's  Parker,  i. 
47,  89,140,  141,  142,  146,  iii."  Append.  161; 
Strype's  Life  of  Sir  T.  Smith  (1820),  46,  65; 
Parker  Correspondence,  65,  104,  122,  192,  194, 
203^,215,217,  218;  Willis's  Hist,  of  the  Mitred 
Parliamentary  Abbeys,  i.  333  ;  Burgon's  Life  of 
Sir  T.  Gresham,  i.  214  ;  Kegal.  MS.  12  A.  xlix. ; 
Addit.  MS.  5842,  f.  1806;  Machyn's  Diary,  238, 
380;  Zurich  Letters,  i.  5,  255,  ii.  183;  Nas- 
mith's  Cat.  of  MSS.  in  C.  C.  C.  C.  164.]  T.  C. 

BOXALL,  SIB  WILLIAM  (1800-1879), 
portrait-painter,  the  son  of  an  Oxfordshire 
exciseman,  was  born  on  29  June  1800.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar  school  at 
Abingdon,  and  entered  the  schools  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1819.  In  1827  he  went 
to  Italy,  and  resided  there  for  about  two 
years.  He  first  exhibited  at  the  Koyal  Aca- 
demy in  1823  '  Jupiter  and  Latona'  and 
'  Portrait  of  Master  Maberley,'  and  in  the 
following  year  '  The  Contention  of  Michael 
and  Satan  for  the  Body  of  Moses.'  In  1831 
appeared  '  Lear  and  Cordelia,'  which  was 
engraved  in  Finden's  'Gallery.'  Boxall 
painted  the  portraits  of  many  literary  and 
artistic  celebrities,  among  them  those  of 
Allan  Cunningham  (1836),  Walter  Savage 
Landor  (1851),  David  Cox  (1857),  and  Cop- 
ley Fielding ;  the  last  now  hangs  in  the  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery.  In  1859  he  painted 
for  Trinity  House  a  portrait  of  the  prince 
consort,  wearing  the  robes  of  master  of  the 
corporation.  He  excelled  in  the  portrayal  of 
female  beauty,  and  many  of  his  works  of  that 
class  were  engraved  in  the  publications  of 
the  day.  He  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy altogether  eighty-six  portraits.  In 
1851  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  aca- 
demy, and  in  1863  a  full  academician.  Two 
years  afterwards,  in  1865,  he  succeeded  Sir 
Charles  Eastlake  in  the  directorship  of  the 
National  Gallery,  which  post  he  held  until 
1874.  In  1867  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood. 

During  Boxall's  administration  the  pic- 
ture by  Rembrandt  of  '  Christ  blessing  Little 
Children,'  known  as  the  '  Suermondt  Rem- 
brandt,' was  secured  for  the  National  Gal- 
lery ;  also  '  The  Entombment,'  attributed  to 
Michelangelo  Buonarroti,  the  authenticity 
of  which  was  the  subject  of  some  discussion 
in  the  <  Times '  in  September  1881.  In  1874, 
when  the  Peel  collection  was  offered  to  the 
nation,  Boxall  had  already  resigned  his  post 
in  consequence  of  failing  health,  but  his  suc- 
cessor not  having  been  appointed,  Mr.  Lowe 


(now  Lord  Sherbrooke),  the  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  entrusted  him  with  the  negotia- 
tion, which  he  brought  to  a  successful  issue. 
He  died  on  6  Dec.  1879.  One  of  his  works, 
entitled  '  Geraldine,'  and  representing  a  lady 
at  her  toilette,  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

[Ottley's  Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary 
of  Recent  and  Living  Painters,  &c.,  London, 
1866,  8vo ;  Art  Journal,  1880,  p.  83.]  L.  F. 

BOXER,  EDWARD  (1784-1855),  rear- 
admiral,  entered  the  navy  in  1798,  and  after 
eight  years' junior  service,  for  the  most  part 
with  Captain  (afterwards  Sir)  Charles  Bris- 
bane, and  for  some  short  time  in  the  Ocean, 
bearing  Lord  Collingwood's  flag,  was  con- 
firmed, 8  June  1807,  as  lieutenant  of  the  Tigre 
with  Captain  Benjamin  Hallo  well  (afterwards 
Carew),  whom,  on  promotion  to  flag  rank  in 
October  1811,  he  followed  to  the  Malta,  and 
continued,  with  short  intermissions,  under 
Rear-admiral  Hallowell's  immediate  com- 
mand, until  he  was  confirmed  as  commander 
on  1  March  1815.  In  1822  he  commanded  the 
Sparrowhawk  (18)  on  the  Halifax  station, 
and  was  posted  out  of  her  on  23  June  1823. 
From  1827  to  1830  he  commanded  the  Hussar 
as  flag-captain  to  Sir  Charles  Ogle  at  Hali- 
fax. In  August  1837  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Pique,  which  he  commanded  on  the  North 
American  and  West  Indian  stations;  and 
early  in  1840  was  sent  to  the  Mediterranean, 
where  he  conducted  the  survey  of  the  posi- 
tion afterwards  occupied  by  the  fleet  off  Acre, 
and  took  part  in  the  bombardment  and  re- 
duction of  that  place  in  November.  For  his 
services  at  that  time  he  received  the  Turkish 
gold  medal,  and  was  made  C.B.  18  Dec.  1840. 
In  August  1843  he  was  appointed  harbour- 
master at  Quebec,  and  held  that  office  till  his 
promotion  to  flag-rank,  5  March  1853.  In 
December  1854  he  was  appointed  second  in 
command  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  under- 
took the  special  duties  of  superintendent  at 
Balaklava,  which  the  crowd  of  shipping,  the 
narrow  limits  of  the  harbour,  and  the  utter 
want  of  wharves  or  of  roads  had  reduced  to  a 
state  of  disastrous  confusion.  This,  and  more 
especially  the  six-mile  sea  of  mud  between  the 
harbour  and  the  camp,  gave  rise  to  terrible  suf- 
fering and  loss,  the  blame  for  which  was  all  laid 
on  the  head  of  the  admiral-superintendent  at 
Balaklava,  so  that  even  now  Admiral  Boxer's 
name  is  not  uncommonly  associated  with  the 
memory  of  that  deadly  Crimean  winter.  But 
in  truth  it  ought  to  be  remembered  rather  as 
that  of  the  man  who,  at  the  cost  of  his  life, 
remedied  the  evils  which  had  given  rise  to 
such  loss.  He  died  of  cholera  on  board  the 
Jason,  just  outside  the  harbour,  on  4  June 
1855,  and  Lord  Raglan  in  reporting  his  death 


Boyce 


88 


Boyce 


said :  '  Since  he  undertook  the  appointment 
of  admiral-superintendent  of  the  harbour  of 
Balaklava  he  has  applied  himself  incessantly 
to  the  discharge  of  his  arduous  duties,  ex- 
posing himself  in  all  weathers  ;  and  he  has 
rendered  a  most  essential  service  to  the  army 
by  improving  the  landing-places  and  esta- 
blishing wharves  on  the  west  side  of  the 
port,  whereby  the  disembarkation  of  stores 
and  troops  has  been  greatly  accelerated,  and 
communications  with  the  shore  have  been 
rendered  much  easier.'  He  had  been  a 
widower  for  nearly  thirty  years,  but  left 
a  numerous  family. 

[O'Byrne's  Nav.  Biog.  Diet. ;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1855),  N.S.  xliv.  95.]  J.  K.  L. 

BOYCE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1775),  dramatist, 
was  originally  an  engraver,  and  held  subse- 
quently a  place  in  the  South  Sea  House.  He 
is  the  author  of  '  The  Rover,  or  Happiness 
at  Last,'  a  dramatic  pastoral,  4to,  1752,  which 
was  never  acted,  and  'Poems  on  several 
Occasions,'  Lond.  1757,  8vo,  a  large-paper 
copy  of  which  was  in  the  Garrick  sale.  He 
died  21  March  1775. 

[Baker,  Eeed,  and  Jones's  Biographia  Dra- 
matica  ;  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's  Manual.] 

J.  K. 

BOYCE,  THOMAS  (d.  1793),  dramatist, 
was  rector  of  Worlingham,  Suffolk,  and 
chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Suffolk.  He  is  the 
author  of  one  tragedy,  '  Harold,'  Lond.  4to, 
L786,  which  was  never  acted.  In  the  preface 
to  this  he  states  that  when  he  wrote  it  he 
was  unaware  that  Cumberland's  play  on  the 
same  subject  was  in  rehearsal  at  Drury  Lane. 
It  is  a  dull  work,  but  the  termination,  judged 
by  the  standard  of  the  day,  is  not  ineffective. 
He  died  4  Feb.  1793. 

[Genest's  History  of  the  Stage  ;  Baker,  Keed, 
and  Jones's  Biographia  Dramatica.]  J.  K. 

BOYCE,  WILLIAM  (1710-1779),  Mus. 
Doc.,  was  born  at  Joiners'  Hall,  Upper  Thames 
Street,  in  1710.  His  father  is  variously  stated 
to  have  been  a  'housekeeper,'  a  joiner  and 
cabinet  maker,  a  man  of  considerable  property, 
and  the  beadle  of  the  Joiners'  Company. 
Boyce  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
and  was  a  chorister  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
under  Charles  King.  When  his  voice  broke 
he  was  apprenticed  to  Dr.  Maurice  Greene, 
with  whom  he  always  remained  on  close 
terms  of  friendship.  In  1734  he  competed 
for  the  post  of  organist  at  St.  Michael's,  Corn- 
hill,  the  other  candidates  being  Froud,  Wor- 
gan,  Young,  and  Kelway.  The  appointment 
was  given  to  the  last-named  musician,  and 
Boyce  became  organist  of  Oxford  Chapel  (now 
»St.  Peter's),  Vere  Street,  where  he  succeeded 


Joseph  Centlivre.  At  this  time  he  studied 
theory  under  Dr.  Pepusch,  and  was  much  in 
demand  as  a  teacher  of  the  harpsichord,  par- 
ticularly in  ladies'  schools.  In  1736  Kelway 
left  St.  Michael's,  and  succeeded  Weldon  at 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields ;  whereupon  Boyce 
resigned  his  post  at  Oxford  Chapel,  and  took 
Kelway 's  place  in  the  city,  which  he  continued 
to  occupy  until  5  April  1768.  On  21  June 
of  the  same  year  he  was  sworn  in  as  composer 
to  the  Chapel  Royal,  the  post  of  organist  at 
the  same  time  being  conferred  upon  Jonathan 
Martin,  while  Boyce  undertook  to  fulfil  the 
third  part  of  the  duty  of  organist,  receiving 
in  return  one-third  part  of  the  money  allotted 
to  Martin  as  *  travelling  expenses.'  In  1734 
Boyce's  setting  of  '  Peleus  and  Thetis,'  a 
masque,  written  by  Lord  Lansdowne,  had  been 
performed  by  the  Philharmonic  Society,  and 
in  1736  the  Apollo  Society  produced  an  ora- 
torio by  him, '  David's  Lamentation  over  Saul 
and  Jonathan,'  the  words  of  which  were  by 
John  Lockman.  In  1737  he  was  appointed 
conductor  of  the  Three  Choirs  festivals,  a  post 
he  held  for  many  years.  About  the  same 
time  he  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Musicians,  and  a  little  later  he  com- 
posed music  to  two  odes  for  St.  Cecilia's  day, 
written  respectively  by  Lockman  and  an 
under-master  of  Westminster  School  named 
Vidal.  In  1740  he  composed  the  Pythian 
Ode,  '  Gentle  lyre,  begin  the  strain,'  and  in 
1743  produced  his  best  work,  the  serenata  of 
'  Solomon,'  the  book  of  which  was  compiled 
from  the  Song  of  Solomon  by  Edward  Moore, 
the  author  of  t  Fables  for  the  Female  Sex.' 
Shortly  afterwards  he  published  a  set  of 
'  Twelve  Sonatas  for  Two  Violins,  with  a 
Bass  for  the  Violoncello  or  Harpsichord/ 
which  long  remained  very  popular  as  cham- 
ber music ;  and  in  1745  he  began  the  publi- 
cation of  his  miscellaneous  songs  and  cantatas, 
which,  under  the  name  of  '  Lyra  Britannica/ 
ultimately  extended  to  six  volumes.  The 
year  1749  saw  Boyce  at  the  height  of  his  ac- 
tivity. On  2  Jan.  the  masque  of  '  Lethe ' 
was  revived  at  Drury  Lane,  with  Beard  as 
Mercury,  for  whom  Boyce  wrote  new  songs. 
On  1  July  his  setting  of  Mason's  ode  on  the 
installation  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  as 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Cambridge  was 
performed  in  the  senate  house,  and  on  the 
following  day  an  anthem  by  him,  with  or- 
chestral accompaniments,  was  performed  at 
Great  St.  Mary's  as  an  exercise  for  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.,  which  the  university  had  con- 
ferred on  him.  On  2  Dec.  <  The  Chaplet,'  an 
operetta  by  Moses  Mendez,  with  music  by 
Boyce,  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  the 
principal  parts  in  which  were  filled  by  Beard, 
Mrs.  Clive,  and  Master  Mattocks,  on  which 


Boyce 


89 


Boyce 


occasion  Mattocks  made  his  first  appear- 
ance on  the  stage.  In  the  same  year  the 
parishioners  of  Allhallows  the  Great  and 
Less,  Thames  Street,  where  Boyce  was  born, 
requested  him  to  become  organist  of  the  parish 
<church ;  he  held  this  post  until  18  May  1769, 
when  he  was  dismissed,  probably  because  his 
numerous  occupations  prevented  him  from 
attending  properly  to  the  duties  of  the  post. 
In  1750  Garrick  revived  Dryden's  '  Secular 
Masque '  (30  Oct.),  which  had  been  originally 
produced  with  '  The  Pilgrim '  on  25  March 
1700.  For  this  Boyce  had  already  written 
music,  which  had  been  performed  at  '  Hick- 
ford's  Room,  or  the  Castle  Concert ; '  this 
was  now  heard  at  Drury  Lane,  with  Beard 
as  Momus.  In  the  following  year  (19  Nov. 
1751)  another  small  work  by  Mendez  and 
Boyce  was  brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  ;  this 
was '  The  Shepherd's  Lottery,'  in  which  Beard 
and  Mrs.  Clive  sang  the  principal  parts. 
About  this  time  he  moved  from  his  father's 
house  in  the  city  to  Quality  Court,  Chancery 
Lane,  where  he  lived  with  his  wife  until  his 
removal  to  Kensington  in  1758.  In  1755,  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Greene,  Boyce  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  Duke  of  Grafton  to  be  master 
of  the  king's  band  of  musicians.  He  was  not 
sworn  in  until  June  1757,  but  he  fulfilled  the 
•duties  of  the  post  from  the  death  of  Greene. 
In  this  capacity  he  composed  a  large  number 
of  odes  for  the  king's  birthday  and  new  year's 
day.  A  complete  collection  of  these  from 
the  year  1755  to  1779  is  preserved  in  the 
Music  School  Collection  at  Oxford,  besides  a 
queen's  ode  (performed  6  June  1763),  and  two 
settings  of '  The  king  shall  rejoice,'  the  earliest 
of  which  was  performed  at  the  wedding  of 
George  III  (8  Sept.  1761),  and  the  other  at 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (22  April  1766).  As 
conductor  of  the  festivals  of  the  Sons  of  the 
•Clergy,  another  post  to  which  he  succeeded 
on  Greene's  death,  Boyce  wrote  additional 
accompaniments  to  Purcell's  great  Te  Deum 
and  Jubilate,  besides  composing  specially  for 
these  occasions  two  of  his  finest  anthems.  I 
In  1758  John  Travers,  the  organist  of  the  ! 
Chapel  Royal,  died,  and  on  23  June  Boyce  ; 
was  admitted  to  this  post.  In  the  same  year  j 
he  wrote  music  for  Home's  tragedy  of  *  Agis,' 
which  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane  21  Feb. 
Boyce  also  wrote  at  different  times  music  for  ' 
Shakespeare's  '  Tempest,'  l  Cymbeline,'  and  i 
4  Winter's  Tale,'  and  a  dirge  for  '  Romeo  and 
Juliet.'  His  last  work  for  the  theatre  was  j 
the  music  to  Garrick's  pantomime,  '  Har-  i 
lequin's  Invasion,'  which  was  produced  at  ! 
Drury  Lane  31  Dec.  1759.  Boyce's  most  im-  j 
portant  contribution  to  this  work  was  the  | 
fine  song  *  Hearts  of  Oak,'  a  composition  I 
which  almost  rivals  '  Rule  Britannia '  in  i 


vigour  and  popularity.  This  song  was  origi- 
nally sung  by  Champness  ;  it  was  published 
in  *  Thalia,  a  Collection  of  six  favourite  Songs 
(never  before  Publish'd)  which  have  been 
occasionally  Introduced  in  several  Dramatic 
Performances  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  Drury 
Lane ;  the  words  by  David  Garrick,  Esq.,  and 
the  musick  compos'd  by  Dr.  Boyce,  Dr.  Arne, 
Mr.  Smith,  Mr.  M.  Arne,  Mr.  Battishill,  and 
Mr.  Barthelemon.'  During  the  whole  of  his 
life  Boyce  suffered  much  from  deafness ;  even 
before  his  articles  had  expired  this  infirmity 
had  made  itself  very  apparent,  and  by  the 
year  1758  it  had  increased  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  resolved  to  give  up  teaching  and  to 
retire  to  Kensington,  and  devote  himself  to 
editing  the  collection  of  church  music  which 
bears  his  name.  The  idea  of  publishing  a 
work  of  this  description  occurred  simulta- 
neously to  Dr.  Alcock  and  Dr.  Greene  about 
the  year  1735.  The  latter  issued  a  prospectus 
on  the  subject,  whereupon  Dr.  Alcock  gave 
up  the  plan,  and  presented  Greene  with  his 
collections ;  but  he  did  not  live  to  begin  the 
work  in  earnest,  which  thus  devolved,  by 
Greene's  wishes,  upon  Boyce.  The  '  Cathe- 
dral Music,'  the  first  volume  of  which  was 
published  in  1760,  has  been  often  reprinted, 
and,  although  at  the  time  of  its  publication 
it  brought  but  little  beyond  honour  to  its 
editor,  it  still  remains  a  most  valuable  and 
important  work,  and  a  monument  of  Boyce's 
erudition  and  good  judgment.  Besides  the 
preparation  of  this  great  work,  in  his  latter 
years  Boyce  revised  most  of  his  earlier  com- 
positions, and  published  a  selection  of  the  over- 
tures to  his  new-year  and  birthday  odes,  under 
the  title  of  *  Eight  Symphonys.'  Most  of  his 
anthems  were  not  published  until  after  his 
[  death,  whentwro  volumes  were  brought  out  by 
his  widow  and  by  Dr.  Philip  Hayes,  besides  a 
'  burial  service  and  a  collection  of  voluntaries 
I  for  the  organ  or  harpsichord.  He  died  of 
J  gout  at  Kensington  7  Feb.  1779,  and  was 
!  buried  under  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's  on  the 
i  16th  of  the  same  month.  His  will,  dated 
1  24  June  1775,  proved  by  his  wife  and  daugh- 
;  ter  20  Feb.  1779,  directs  that  he  should  not 
be  buried  until  seven  days  and  seven  nights 
after  his  death.  By  his  wife  Hannah  he  had 
two  children :  (1)  Elizabeth,  who  was  born 
29  April  1749;  and  (2)  William,  born 
25  March  1764.  The  latter,  after  his  father's 
death,  entered  at  an  Oxford  college,  but  was 
sent  down  without  taking  a  degree.  He  at- 
tained some  distinction  as  a  double-bass 
player,  and  died  about  1823.  Two  oil  paint- 
ings of  Boyce  are  known  to  exist.  One,  a  full 
length,  is  in  the  Music  School  Collection  at 
Oxford;  another,  a  small  three-quarter  length 
of  him,  seated,  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  is 


Boyd  9 

now  (1886)  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  John 
Rendall.  There  is  an  engraved  portrait  of 
him,  '  drawn  from  the  life,  and  engraved  by 
F.  K.  Sherwin/  prefixed  to  the  second  edition 
of  the  '  Cathedral  Music '  (1788).  The  same 
portrait  was  prefixed  to  the  '  Collection  of 
Anthems/  published  by  Mrs.  Boyce  in  1790. 
A  vignette  of  him,  by  Dray  ton,  after  R. 
Smirke  (together  with  Blow,  Arne,  Purcell, 
and  Croft),  was  published  in  the  *  Historic 
Gallery/  September  1801. 

Personally,  Boyce  was  a  most  amiable  and 
estimable  man.  Burney,  twenty-four  years 
after  his  death,  wrote  of  him  as  follows  : 
1  There  was  no  professor  whom  I  was  ever 
acquainted  with  that  I  loved,  honoured,  and 
respected  more/  and  he  seems  to  have  been 
a  universal  favourite  with  all  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact.  Musically,  he  occupies 
a  distinct  position  amongst  his  contempora- 
ries. Like  all  the  English  composers  of  his 
day,  it  was  his  ill  fortune  to  be  overshadowed 
by  the  giant  form  of  Handel,  and  yet,  in  spite 
of  this,  he  managed  to  preserve  an  individu- 
ality of  his  own.  He  may  best  be  described 
as  the  Arne.  of  English  church  music ;  for  the 
same  characteristics  of  grace  and  refinement 
are  to  be  found  in  his  music  as  in  that  of  his 
contemporary,  and,  like  Arne,  he  had  a  re- 
serve of  power  which  was  all  the  more  ef- 
fective for  not  being  too  often  brought  into 
play. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Music,  i.  267  ;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat. ;  Burney  in  Rees's  Encyclopaedia,  v. ;  the 
Georgian  Era,  iv.  243  ;  Life  of  Boyce  prefixed 
to  Cathedral  Music,  vol.  i.  (Warren's  edition, 
1849);  Busby's  Concert  Room  Anecdotes,  iii. 
166;  Gent.  Mag.  xlix.  103;  Genest's  History 
of  the  Stage,  iv. ;  Probate  Registers  (42  War- 
burton)  ;  manuscripts  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
T.  W.  Taphouse ;  manuscripts  in  the  Music  School 
Collection,  Oxford ;  Appendix  to  Bemrose's 
Choir  Chant  Book  :  Cheque  Book  of  the  Chapel 
Rojal.]  W.  B.  S. 

BOYD,  ARCHIBALD  (1803-1883),  dean 
of  Exeter,  son  of  Archibald  Boyd,  treasurer 
of  Derry,  was  born  at  Londonderry  in  1803, 
and,  after  being  educated  at  the  diocesan 
college  in  that  city,  proceeded  to  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
1823,  proceeded  M.A.  1834,  and  B.D.  and 
D.D.  long  after,  in  1868.  He  officiated  as 
curate  and  preacher  in  the  cathedral  of  Derry 
1827-42,  and  here  he  first  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  able  and  powerful  preacher,  as  a 
controversialist,  and  as  an  author.  At  that 
time  the  controversy  between  the  presby- 
terians  and  the  episcopalians  of  the  north  of 
Ireland  was  at  its  height.  Boyd  came  to  the 
defence  of  the  church  and  preached  a  series 


Boyd 


of  discourses  in  reply  to  attacks.  These  dis- 
courses attracted  great  attention,  and  were 
afterwards  printed.  In  1842  he  was  appointed 
perpetual  curate  of  Christ  Church,  Chelten- 
ham. With  Francis  Close,  his  fellow-worker 
here,  he  joined  in  a  scheme  for  establishing 
additional  Sunday  schools,  infant  schools,  and 
bible  classes.  For  eight  years  after  1859  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  care  of  Paddington. 
On  11  Nov.  1867  he  accepted  the  deanery  of 
Exeter,  and  resigned,  with  his  vicarage,  an 
honorary  canonry  in  Gloucester  Cathedral, 
which  he  had  held  since  1857.  Like  Dean 
Close,  he  was  a  preaching  and  a  working  dean. 
He  was  a  firm  but  moderate  evangelical,  and 
was  a  voluminous  writer  on  the  ecclesiastical 
questions  of  the  day.  His  name  is  connected 
with  the  well-known  Exeter  reredos  case. 
The  dean  and  chapter  erected  in  the  cathe- 
dral, 1872-3,  a  stone  reredos,  on  which  were 
sculptured  representations  in  bas-relief  of  the 
Ascension,  the  Transfiguration,  and  the  De- 
scent of  the  Holy  Ghost,  with  some  figures  of 
angels.  In  accordance  with  a  petition  pre- 
sented by  William  John  Phillpotts,  chancellor 
of  the  diocese,  the  bishop  (Dr.  Temple)  on 
7  Jan.  1874  declared  the  reredos  to  be  con- 
trary to  law  and  ordered  its  removal.  After 
much  litigation  touching  the  bishop's  juris- 
diction in  the  matter,  the  structure  was  de- 
clared not  illegal  by  the  judicial  commit- 
tee of  the  privy  council  on  25  Feb.  1875 
(Law  Reports,  BTJLWER'S  Admiralty  and 
Ecclesiastical  Reports,  iv.  297-379  (1875); 
COWELL'S  Privy  Council  Appeals,  vi.  435-67 
(1875). 

Whilst  on  the  continent  during  the  autumn 
of  1882  Dean  Boyd  met  with  an  accident  at 
Vienna,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  never 
fully  recovered.  He  died  at  the  deanery, 
Exeter,  on  11  July  1883,  bequeathing  nearly 
40,000/.  to  various  societies  and  institutions 
in  the  diocese  of  Exeter.  He  married  Frances, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Waller  of  Ospringe,  and 
widow  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Day  Denny.  She 
died  on  6  Jan.  1877. 

Boyd  was  the  author   of  the  following 

works :  1.  '  Sermons  on  the  Church,  or  the 

Episcopacy,  Liturgy,  and  Ceremonies  of  the 

Church  of  England,'  1838.     2.  <  Episcopacy, 

Ordination,    Lay-eldership,  and  Liturgies,' 

!  1839.    3.  'Episcopacy  and  Presbytery,'  1841. 

i  4.  '  England,  Rome,  and  Oxford  compared 

!  as  to  certain  Doctrines,' 1846.   5. '  The  History 

of  the    Book   of    Common   Prayer,'   1850. 

I  6.  <  Turkey  and  the  Turks,'  1853.    7.  <  Baptism 

i  and  Baptismal  Regeneration,'  1865.    8. '  Con- 

fession,  Absolution,  and  the  Real  Presence/ 

;  1867.     9.  <  The  Book  of  Common  Prayer/ 

1869.     He  also  printed  many  single  sermons 

,  and  minor  publications. 


Boyd 


[Times,  12  July  1883,  p.  6;  Devon  Weekly 
Times,  13  and  20  July  1883  ;  The  Golden  Decade 
of  a  Famous  Town,  i.e.  Cheltenham,  by  Contem 
Ignotus  (1884),  pp.  70-102.]  G.  C.  B. 

BOYD,  BENJAMIN  (1796-1851),  Aus- 
tralian squatter,  second  son  of  Edward  Boyd 
of  Merton  Hall,  Wigtonshire,  by  his  wife, 
Jane,  eldest  daughter  of  Benjamin  Yule  of 
Wheatfield,  Midlothian,  and  brother  of  Mark 
Boyd  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  Merton  Hall 
about  1796,  and,  after  being  in  business  as  a 
stockbroker  in  the  city  of  London  from  1824 
to  1839,  went  out  to  Sydney  in  1840-41 
for  the  purpose  of  organising  the  various 
branches  of  the  Royal  Banking  Company  of 
Australia.  Acting  on  behalf  of  this  com- 
pany, he  purchased  station  property  in  the 
Monaro  district,  Riverina,  Queensland,  and 
elsewhere.  At  the  first-named  place  he  erected 
large  stores  and  premises  for  boiling  down 
his  sheep  into  tallow.  He  at  the  same  time 
speculated  largely  in  whaling,  and  Twofold 
Bay  became  the  rendezvous  for  his  whaling 
ships.  On  the  south  head  of  the  bay  he  put 
up  a  lighthouse  for  the  purpose  of  directing 
vessels  coming  to  his  wharf.  Another  busi- 
ness which  he  carried  on  extensively  was 
shipping  cattle  to  Tasmania,  New  Zealand, 
and  other  markets.  Boyd  had  also  in  view 
the  making  of  Boyd  Town,  which  he  had 
founded,  a  place  of  commercial  importance, 
by  stealing  a  march  on  the  government,  who 
had  made  Eden  the  official  township.  He 
was  the  first,  or  amongst  the  first,  to  attempt 
to  procure  cheap  labour  in  Australia  by  the 
employment  of  South  Sea  Islanders  as  shep- 
herds, but  the  scheme  proved  abortive.  Mean- 
time the  company  grew  dissatisfied  with 
Boyd's  management,  and  after  a  good  deal 
of  trouble  Boyd  agreed  to  retire  and  to  re- 
sign all  claims  on  the  company  on  condition 
of  receiving  three  of  the  whaling  ships,  his 
yacht,  called  the  Wanderer,  in  which  he  had 
come  from  England,  and  two  sections  of  land 
at  Twofold  Bay.  His  next  enterprise  was  to 
embark  with  a  digging  party  on  board  the 
Wanderer  and  to  sail  for  California  in  1850 
at  the  time  of  the  gold  excitement  there.  He 
was  unsuccessful  in  his  search  for  gold,  and 
was  on  his  way  back  to  Sydney  in  1851 
when  his  yacht  touched  at  one  of  the  islands 
in  the  Solomon  group,  known  as  Gandal- 
canar.  There  he  went  ashore  with  a  black 
boy  to  have  some  shooting,  and  was  never 
seen  again.  The  affairs  of  the  Royal  Banking 
Company  were  ultimately  wound  up,  when 
the  shareholders  had  to  make  good  a  defi- 
ciency of  80,000£.  Boyd  also  had  large  estates 
of  his  own,  amounting  to  381,000  acres,  for 
which,  in  1847,  he  paid  an  annual  license  of 


i  Boyd 

80/.    He  was  in  his  time  the  largest  squatter 
in  the  Australian  colonies.  He  never  married. 
[Heaton's    Australian    Dictionary    of    Dates 
(1879),  pp.  23-24.]  G.  C.  B. 

BOYD,  HENRY  (d.  1832),  translator  of 
Dante,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  was  most 
probably  educated  at  Dublin  University.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Dante's  'Inferno' 
in  English  verse,  the  first  of  its  kind,  with  a 
specimen  of  the  '  Orlando  Furioso  '  of  Ariosto, 
1785.  It  was  printed  by  subscription,  and 
dedicated  to  the  Earl  of  Bristol,  bishop  of 
Derry.  The  dedication  is  dated  from  Kil- 
leigh,  near  Tullamore,  of  which  place  presu- 
mably Boyd  was  incumbent.  In  1796  he  pub- 
lished '  Poems  chiefly  Dramatic  and  Lyric/ 
As  early  as  1791  the  l  ingenious  and  unfor- 
tunate author  '  was  seeking  subscriptions  for 
his  original  poems  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  Illustra- 
tions, vii.  717).  In  1802  he  issued  three 
volumes  of  an  English  verse  translation  of 
the  whole '  Divina  Commedia'  of  Dante,  with 
preliminary  essays,  notes,  and  illustrations, 
which  was  dedicated  to  Viscount  Charleville, 
whose  chaplain  the  author  is  described  to  be 
in  the  title-page.  In  the  dedication  Boyd 
states  that  the  terrors  of  the  Irish  rebellion, 
had  driven  him  from  the  post  of  danger  at 
Lord  Charleville's  side  to  seek  a  safe  asylum 
in  a  '  remote  angle  of  the  province.'  In  1805 
he  was  seeking  a  publisher  for  his  translation, 
of  the  'Araucana '  of  Ercilla,  a  long  poem, 
which  'was  too  great  an  undertaking  for 
Edinburgh  publishers,'  and  for  which  he 
vainly  sought  a  purchaser  in  London  (ibid. 
120,  149).  In  1805  he  published  the  'Pe- 
nance of  Hugo,  a  Vision,'  translated  from  the 
Italian  of  Vincenzo  Monti,  with  two  ad- 
ditional cantos ;  and  the  '  Woodman's  Tale/ 
a  poem  after  the  manner  and  metre  of  Spen- 
ser's '  Faery  Queen.'  The  latter  poem  formed 
really  the  first  of  a  collection  of  poems  and 
odes.  These  poems  were  to  have  been  pub- 
lished at  Edinburgh,  and  Boyd  seems  to  have 
acted  badly  in  making  an  engagement  with 
a  London  house  to  publish  them  after  they 
had  been  announced  there  (ibid.  157).  In. 
the  title-pages  to  both  these  works  the  author 
is  described  as  vicar  of  Drumgath  in  Ireland  ; 
but  in  all  biographical  notices  and  in  the 
obituary  record  of  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine' for  September  1832,  the  date  of  his 
death,  he  is  invariably  described  simply  as 
vicar  of  Rathfriland  and  chaplain  to  the 
Earl  of  Charleville.  Anderson,  writing  to 
Bishop  Percy  in  1806,  says  that  he  had  re- 
ceived some  squibs  written  by  Boyd  against 
Mone,  and  that  the  humour  was  coarse  and 
indelicate  (ibid.  171).  In  1807  he  issued 
the  '  Triumphs  of  Petrarch,'  translated,  into 


Boyd 


English  verse,  and  in  1809  some  notes  of  his 
on  the  Fallen  Angels  in  '  Paradise  Lost ' 
were  published,  with  other  notes  and  essays 
on  Milton,  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
Rev.  Henry  Todd.  He  died  at  Ballintemple, 
near  Newrv,  at  an  advanced  age.  18  Sept. 
1832. 

[Nichols's  Illustrations  of  Literature,  vii.  120, 
149,  157,  171,  717  ;  Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Iv.  pt.  i.,  vol. 
cii.pt.  ii. ;  Boyd's  Dante,  Dedication.]  B.  C.  S. 

BOYD,  HUGH  (1746-1794),  essayist, 
was  the  second  son  of  Alexander  Macauley 
of  county  Antrim,  Ireland,  and  Miss  Boyd 
of  Ballycastle  in  the  same  county.  He  was 
born  at  Ballycastle  in  October  1746,  and 
showed  precocious  talents.  He  was  sent  to 
Dr.  Ball's  celebrated  school  at  Dublin,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  entered  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.  He  became  M.A.  in  1765,  and 
would  have  entered  the  army,  but  his  father's 
somewhat  sudden  death  left  him  unprovided 
for.  He  accordingly  chose  the  law  for  a 
profession,  and  came  to  London.  Here  he 
became  acquainted  with  Goldsmith  and  with 
Garrick.  His  wit  and  talents  and  his  re- 
puted skill  at  chess  soon  brought  him  into 
the  best  society.  In  1767  he  married  Miss 
Frances  Morphy,  and  on  the  death  of  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather  he  took  the  name  of  Boyd. 
After  a  visit  to  Ireland  in  1768,  during  which 
he  wrote  some  political  letters  in  the  Dublin 
journals,  he  resided  at  various  places  in  and 
near  London,  his  time  and  talents  being  de- 
voted to  literature,  politics,  and  legal  studies. 
During  these  years  in  London  Boyd  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  '  Public  Advertiser ' 
and  other  journals,  and  was  in  close  intimacy 
with  the  circle  of  Burke  and  Reynolds.  In 
1774  he  began  to  work  harder  at  the  law, 
and  also  attended  the  commons'  debates, 
which  he  wrote  down  from  memory  with 
extraordinary  accuracy.  Another  visit  to 
Ireland  took  place  in  1776,  on  the  occasion 
of  an  election  for  Antrim,  the  candidate  for 
which  he  supported  by  a  series  of  able  letters 
under  the  signature  of  *  A  Freeholder.'  Boyd 
was  at  length  compelled  by  pecuniary  pres- 
sure to  seek  a  post  of  some  emolument,  and 
in  1781  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Macartney,  when  that  officer 
was  nominated  governor  of  Madras.  Boyd 
now  applied  himself  sedulously  to  the  study 
of  Indian  affairs.  Not  long  after  his  arrival 
at  Madras  he  conducted  a  mission  from  the 
governor  to  the  king  of  Candy  in  Ceylon, 
requiring  that  potentate's  assistance  against 
the  Dutch.  On  his  return  the  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed  was  captured  by  the  French,  and 
he  became  a  prisoner  for  some  months  at 
the  isle  of  Bourbon.  Returning  at  length  to 


i  Boyd 

India  he  lived  for  some  time  at  Calcutta, 
and  eventually  was  appointed  master-attend- 
ant at  Madras.  In  1792  Boyd  conducted  a 
paper  called  the  '  Madras  Courier,'  and  the 
following  year  projected  the  'Indian  Ob- 
server,' being  papers  on  morals  and  litera- 
ture ;  and  started  a  weekly  paper, '  Hircarrah ' 
(i.e.  messenger),  as  a  vehicle  for  the  essays. 
In  1794  he  proposed  to  publish  by  subscrip- 
tion an  account  of  his  embassy  to  Candy,  and 
had  actually  begun  the  work  when  he  was 
carried  off"  by  an  attack  of  fever.  He  died  on 
19  Oct.  1794. 

Boyd  is  represented  as  possessed  of  very 
high  social  and  intellectual  qualities.  His 
claims  to  a  place  in  the  history  of  English 
literature  rest  very  much  on  the  assumption 
— maintained  by  Almon  and  by  George  Chal- 
mers— that  he  is  the  veritable  '  Junius.'  The 
argument  in  his  favour  is  stated  in  the  books 
mentioned  below.  Boyd's  writings  were  col- 
lected and  republished  after  his  death  by  one 
of  his  Indian  friends,  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Miscellaneous  Works  of  Hugh  Boyd,  the 
author  of  the  Letters  of  Junius,  with  an 
Account  of  his  Life  and  Writings,  by  Law- 
rence Dundas  Campbell,'  2  vols.  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1800.  They  comprise  the  'Freeholder 
Letters  ; '  '  Democraticus,'  a  series  of  letters 
printed  in  the  'Public  Advertiser,'  1779; 
'  The  Whig,'  a  series  of  letters  contributed 
to  the  'London  Courant,'  1779-80:  'Abs- 
tracts of  Two  Speeches  of  the  Earl  of  Chat- 
ham ; '  '  Miscellaneous  Poems  ; '  '  Journal  of 
Embassy  to  the  King  of  Candy ; '  and  the 
'  Indian  Observer.' 

[Almon's  Biographical  Anecdotes,  i.  16  ;  Al- 
mon's  Letters  of  Junius,  passim  (2  vols.  12mo, 
1806) ;  Reasons  for  rejecting  the  presumptive 
Evidence  of  Mr.  Almon  that  Mr.  Hugh  Boyd 
was  the  Writer  of  Junius  (8vo,  London,  1807) ; 
An  Appendix  to  the  Supplemental  Apology  for 
the  Believers  in  the  Supposititious  Shakespeare 
Papers,  being  the  documents  for  the  opinion 
that  Hugh  M'Auley  Boyd  wrote  Junius's  Let- 
ters, by  Gi-eorge  Chalmers  (8vo,  London,  1800) ; 
The  Author  of  Junius  ascertained  ...  by  George 
Chalmers  (8vo,  London,  1819);  Campbell's  Mis- 
cellaneous Works  of  Boyd,  with  Life,  &c.  (2  vols. 
London,  1800);  (rent.  Mag.  Ixxxiv.  224;  Euro- 
pean Mag.  xxxvii.  339,  433 ;  Notes  and  Queries, 
2nd  ser.,  i.  43,  ix.  261,  xi.  8;  Taylor's  Records 
of  my  Life,  i.  188,  190.]  E.  S. 

BOYD,  HUGH  STUART  (1781-1848), 
Greek  scholar,  was  born  at  Edgware.  Before 
his  birth  his  father,  Hugh  McAuley,  took  the 
name  of  Boyd,  borne  by  the  family  of  his 
wife,  the  daughter  of  Hugh  Boyd  of  Bally- 
castle, Ireland  [q.  v.],  one  of  the  supposed 
authors  of  the  '  Letters  of  Junius.'  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Murphy.  Boyd 


Boyd 


93 


was  admitted  a  pensioner  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge,  on  24  July  1799,  and  matriculated 
on  17  Dec.  of  the  following  year.  He  left 
the  university  without  taking  a  degree.  He 
had  a  good  memory,  and  once  made  a  curious 
calculation  that  he  could  repeat  3,280  'lines' 
of  Greek  prose  and  4,770  lines  of  Greek  verse. 
In  1833  he  appears  to  have  resided  some  time  j 
at  Bath.  During  the  last  twenty  years  of  j 
his  life  he  was  blind.  He  married  a  lady  of 
Jewish  family,  and  by  her  had  one  daughter, 
Henrietta,  married  to  Mr.  Henry  Hayes. 
He  lived  chiefly  at  Hampstead,  and  died  at 
Kentish  Town  on  10  May  1 848.  While  blind 
he  taught  Greek  to  Elizabeth  Barrett  Brown- 
ing, who  was  much  attached  to  him.  One  of 
her  poems,  the  '  Wine  of  Cyprus,' is  dedicated 
to  Boyd.  She  also  wrote  a  sonnet  on  his 
blindness  and  another  on  his  death.  His 
published  works  are :  1.  '  Luceria,  a  Tragedy,' 
1806.  2.  '  Select  Passages  from  the  Works 
of  St.  Chrysostom,  St.  Gregory  Nazianzen, 
&c.,  translated,'  1810.  3.  *  Select  Poems  of 
Synesius,  translated/  with  original  poems, 
1814.  4. '  Thoughts  on  the  Atoning  Sacrifice,' 
1817.  5.  *  Agamemnon  of  -^Eschylus,'  trans- 
lated, 1823.  6.  'An  Essay  on  the  Greek 
Article,'  included  in  Clarke's  '  Commentary 
on  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians,'  second  edi- 
tion, 1835.  7. '  The  Catholic  Faith,'  a  sermon 
of  St.  Basil,  translated,  1825.  8.  '  Thoughts 
on  an  illustrious  Exile,'  1825.  9.  *  Tributes 
to  the  Dead,'  translation  from  St.  Gregory 
Nazianzen,  1826.  10.  <  A  Malvern  Tale,  and 
other  Poems,'  1827.  11.  <  The  Fathers  not 
Papists,  with  Select  Passages  and  Tributes 
to  the  Dead,'  1834. 

[Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  v.  88,  175,  226, 
vii.  284,  523,  3rd  ser.  iv.  458  ;  Etheridge's  Life 
of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke,  382-4  ;  Weldon's  Eegister, 
August  1861,  p.  56;  Gent.  Mag.  vol.xcvi.pt. 
ii.  p.  623,  new  ser.  xxx.  p.  130;  Brit.  Mus. 
Catal.]  W.  H. 

BOYD,  JAMES,  LL.D.  (1795-1856), 
schoolmaster  and  author,  the  son  of  a  glover, 
was  born  at  Paisley  on  24  Dec.  1795.  After 
receiving  his  early  education  partly  in  Paisley 
and  partly  in  Glasgow,  he  entered  Glasgow 
University,  where  he  gained  some  of  the 
highest  honours  in  the  humanity,  Greek,  and 
philosophical  classes.  After  taking  his  de- 
grees of  B.A.  and  M.A.,  he  devoted  him- 
self for  two  years  to  the  study  of  medicine, 
but  abandoned  this  pursuit ;  entered  the  di- 
vinity hall  of  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and 
was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  pres- 
bytery of  Dumbarton  in  May  1822.  Towards 
the  close  of  that  year  he  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  for  three  years  he  maintained 
himself  by  private  tuition.  In  1825  he  was 


Boyd 

unanimously  chosen  house  governor  in  George 
Heriot's  Hospital,  Edinburgh.  The  university 
of  Glasgow  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws. 

Boyd  became  classical  master  in  the  high 
school  of  Edinburgh  19  Aug.  1829.  The 
largely  attended  classes  which  he  always 
had  decisively  proved  the  public  estimate  of 
his  merits.  For  many  years  before  his. 
death  he  held  the  office  of  secretary  to  the 
Edinburgh  Society  of  Teachers.  He  died 
at  his  house,  George  Square,  Edinburgh,  on 
18  Aug.  1856,  having  nearly  completed  an 
incumbency  of  twenty-seven  years  in  the 
high  school.  He  was  interred  at  New 
Calton,  Edinburgh,  on  21  Aug.  The  affec- 
tionate respect  which  all  his  pupils  entef- 
tained  towards  Boyd  is  evinced  by  the  number 
of  clubs  formed  in  his  honour  by  his  classes. 
In  the  Crimea,  during  the  Russian  war, 
two  l  Boyd  clubs '  were  formed  by  British 
officers  in  acknowledgment  of  their  common, 
relation  to  him  as  their  preceptor.  Within 
two  months  after  his  death  a  medal,  to  be 
named  the  Boyd  medal,  and  to  be  annually 
presented  to  the  '  dux '  of  the  class  in  the 
high  school  taught  by  Boyd's  successor,  was- 
subscribed  for  at  a  meeting  held  in  Edin- 
burgh by  his  friends  and  pupils.  He  married 
on  24  Dec.  1829  Jane  Reid,  eldest  daughter 
of  John  Easton,  merchant,  Edinburgh,  by 
whom  he  was  the  father  of  nine  children. 

Boyd's  literary  talents  were  confined  to 
the  editing  of  classical  and  other  school 
books.  They  include :  *  Roman  Antiquities,' 
by  A.  Adams,  1834,  which  was  reprinted  fif- 
teen times  during  the  editor's  lifetime  ;  '  Q. 
Horatii  Flacci  Poemata,'  by  C.  Anthon,  1835, 
which  passed  through  three  editions ;  *  Ar- 
chaeologia  Greeca,'  by  J.  Potter,  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford, 1837;  '  Sallustii  Opera,'  by  C.  Anthon, 
1839 ;  '  Select  Orations  of  Cicero,'  by  C.  An- 
thon, 1842 ;  '  A  Greek  Reader,'  by  C.  Anthon, 
1844 ;  '  A  Summary  of  the  Principal  Evi- 
dences of  the  Christian  Religion,'  by  B.  Por- 
teus,  Bishop  of  London,  1850 ;  and  <  The  First 
Greek  Reader,'  by  Frederic  Jacobs,  1851. 

[Colston's  History  of  Dr.  Boyd's  Fourth  High 
School  Class,  with  biographical  sketch  of  Dr. 
Boyd,  1873  ;  Dalgleish's  Memorials  of  the  High 
School  of  Edinburgh  (1857),  pp.  31,  46-7,  with 
portrait.]  GK  C.  B. 

BOYD,  MARK  (1805  P-1879),  author, 
born  in  Surrey  near  the  Thames,  was  the 
younger  son  of  Edward  Boyd  of  Merton  Hallr 
Newton  Stuart,  Wigtonshire,  a  merchant 
and  brother  of  Benjamin  Boyd  [q.  v.l  He 
mainly  spent  his  childhood  on  the  Scotch 
estate,  which  was  near  the  river  Cree.  He 
afterwards  pursued  in  London  an  active 


Boyd 

"business  career,  and  became  London  director 
of  a  Scotch  insurance  society,  and  a  lively 
promoter  of  the  colonisation  of  Australia 
and  New  Zealand,  and  of  other  useful  public 
undertakings.  He  travelled  much  in  Europe. 
He  published  an  account  in  the  '  London 
and  Shetland  Journal '  of  a  journey  in  the 
Orkney  Isles  in  1839.  On  23  Dec.  1848  he 
married  Emma  Anne,  the  widow  of  '  Romeo ' 
Coates,  who  had  been  run  over  and  killed  in 
the  previous  February.  In  1864  Boyd  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  on  Australian  matters  ;  in 
1871  his  '  Reminiscences  of  Fifty  Years,'  and 
in  1875  his '  Social  Gleanings,'  dedicating  the 
first  to  the  Australian  colonists,  and  the  last 
(from  Oatlands,  Walton-on-Thames)  to  Dean 
Ramsay.  He  died  in  London  on  12  Sept.  1879, 
aged  74. 

[Boyd's  Keminiscences  of  Fifty  Years,  Dedica- 
tion, vi,  vii,  and  pp.  102,  310,  333,  336,  368,  397, 
464,  466;  Annual  Reg.  1848,  p.  216,  1879, 
p.  222  ;  Gent.  Mag.  N.S.  xxx.  648.]  J.  H. 

BOYD,  MARK  ALEXANDER  (1663- 
1601),  Latin  scholar,  born  in  Galloway 
on  13  Jan.  1563,  was  a  son  of  Robert  Boyd 
of  Penkill  Castle,  Ayrshire.  His  father 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Adam  Boyd,  brother 
of  Robert,  restored  to  the  title  of  Lord 
Boyd  in  1536.  Boyd  is  said  to  have  been 
baptised  Mark,  and  to  have  himself  added 
the  name  Alexander.  He  had  a  brother 
"William.  His  education  began  under  his 
uncle,  James  Boyd,  of  Trochrig,  consecrated 
archbishop  of  Glasgow  at  the  end  of  1573. 
Proceeding  to  Glasgow  College,  of  which 
Andrew  Melville  was  principal,  he  proved 
insubordinate,  and  is  said  to  have  beaten  the 
professors,  burned  his  books,  and  forsworn 
all  study.  Going  to  court  he  fought  a  duel. 
He  was  advised  to  follow  the  profession  of 
arms  in  the  Low  Countries,  but  instead  of 
this  he  went  to  France  in  1581 .  After  losing 
his  money  at  play,  he  resumed  his  studies  at 
Paris  under  Jacques  d'Amboise,  Jean  Pas- 
serat,  famed  for  the  beauty  of  his  Latin  and 
French  verse,  and  Gilbert  G6ne~brard.  G6- 
nebrard  was  professor  of  Hebrew,  but  Boyd 
confesses  his  ignorance  of  that  language.  He 
then  began  to  study  civil  law  at  Orleans,  and 
pursued  the  same  study  at  Bourges,  under 
Jacques  Cujas,  with  whom  he  ingratiated  him- 
self by  some  verses  in  the  style  of  Ennius,  a 
favourite  with  that  great  jurist.  Driven  from 
Bourges  by  the  plague,  he  went  to  Lyons,  and 
thence  to  Italy,  where  he  found  an  admiring 
friend  in  Cornelius  Varus,  who  calls  himself 
a  Milanese  (Boyd  in  a  manuscript  poem  calls 
him  a  Florentine).  Returning  to  France  in 
1587,  he  j  oined  a  troop  of  horse  from  Auvergne, 
under  a  Greek  leader,  and  drew  his  sword  for 


94 


Boyd 


Henri  III.  A  shot  in  the  ankle  sent  him  back 
to  law  studies,  this  time  at  Toulouse,  where 
he  projected  a  system  of  international  law. 
From  Toulouse  he  visited  Spain,  but  soon 
returned  on  account  of  his  health.  When 
Toulouse  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  leaguers 
in  1588,  Boyd,  with  a  view  to  joining  the 
king's  party,  betook  himself  to  Dumaise,  on 
the  Garonne.  Not  liking  the  look  of  things 
here,  he  was  for  going  on,  but  his  boy  warned 
him  of  a  trap  set  for  his  life,  into  which  a 
guide  was  to  lead  him.  After  hiding  for  two 
days  among  the  bushes,  he  went  back  to  the 
leaguers,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Toulouse. 
As  soon  as  he  got  his  liberty  he  hastened  by 
night  to  Bordeaux.  His  letters  allow  us  to 
trace  his  wanderings  to  Fontenai,  Bourges, 
Cahors,  &c.  He  laments  that  he  was  no  deep 
drinker,  or  he  would  have  pushed  on  more 
confidently  (JEpp.  p.  159).  He  went  to  Ro- 
chelle,  being  robbed  and  nearly  murdered  on 
the  way.  Rochelle  not  suiting  him,  he  found 
for  some  time  a  country  retreat  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Poitou.  From  France  he  repaired  to 
the  Low  Countries,  printing  his  volume  of 
poems  and  letters  at  Antwerp  in  1592.  From 
first  to  last  there  is  a  good  deal  of  eccentri- 
city about  Boyd,  but  his  accomplishments 
as  a  writer  of  Latin  verse  are  undoubted, 
though  it  must  be  left  for  his  friend  Varus 
to  set  him  above  Buchanan.  Another  ad- 
mirer calls  him  '  Naso  redivivus.'  His  own 
verdict  is  that  there  were  few  good  poets  of 
old,  and  hardly  any  in  his  own  time ;  the 
Greek  poets  rank  first,  in  this  order :  Theocri- 
tus, Orpheus,  Musaeus,  Homer ;  the  Hebrew 
poets  (judging  from  translations)  fall  de- 
cidedly below  the  Latin,  of  whom  Virgil  is 
chief.  Boyd  conversed  in  Greek,  and  is  said 
to  have  made  a  translation  of  Csesar  in  the 
style  of  Herodotus.  On  his  way  back  to 
Scotland  in  1595,  after  fourteen  years'  absence, 
he  heard  of  the  death  of  his  brother  William, 
who,  as  we  learn  from  Boyd's  verses,  had  been 
in  Piedmont,  and  for  whom  he  expresses  a 
great  affection.  Having  once  more  gone  abroad 
as  tutor  to  the  Earl  of  Cassilis,  he  finished 
his  career  in  his  native  land,  dying  of  slow 
fever  at  Penkill  on  10  April  1601.  He  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  Dailly.  His  publica- 
tion above  referred  to  is  '  M.  Alexandri  Bodii 
Epistolae  Heroides,  et  Hymni.  Ad  lacobum 
sextum  Regem.  Addita  est  ejusdem  Literu- 
larum  prima  curia,'  Antv.  1592,  small  8vo 
(there  are  fifteen  '  epistolse,'  the  first  two  of 
which  are  imitated  in  French  by  P.  C.  D. 
[Pietro  Florio  Dantoneto]  ;  the  (  hymni,'  de- 
dicated in  Greek  elegiacs  to  James  VI,  are 
sixteen  Latin  odes,  nearly  all  on  some  special 
flower,  and  each  connected  with  the  name 
of  a  friend  or  patron ;  there  is  also  a  Greek 


Boyd 


95 


Boyd 


ode  to  Orpheus ;  a  few  epigrams  in  the  an-  \ 
thor's  honour  are  added ;  then  come  the  prose  j 
letters.     The  poetical  portion  of  the  book  is  j 
included  in  Arthur  Johnston's  '  Deliciae  Poe-  j 
tarum  Scotorum,'  Amst.  1637, 12mo.    John-  [ 
ston  prints  the  title  as '  Epistolae  Heroidum ').  \ 
Boyd  is  said  to  have  published  also  a  defence 
of  Cardinal  Bembo  and  the  ancient  eloquence, 
addressed  to  Lipsius.    He  left  prose  and  verse 
manuscripts,  now  in  the  Advocates'  Library, 
Edinburgh ;  among  them  are, '  In  Institutiones 
Imperatoris  Comments,'  1591 ;  '  L'Estat  du 
Royaume  d'Escosse  a  present ;'  '  Politicus,  ad 
Joannem  Metellanum  cancellarium  Scotise ' 
(Sir  John  Maitland,  or  Matlane,  died  3  Oct. 
1595). 

[Sibbald's  Scotia  Illustrata,  sive  Prodromus, 
&c.  1684  fol.  (gives  a  life,  with  portrait  engraved 
by  T.  de  Leu) ;  Kippis,  in  Biog.  Brit.  ii.  (1780) 
455  (Kippis  used  Dr.  Johnson's  copy  of  the  De- 
licise) ;  Dalryraple's  (Lord  Hailes)  Sketch  of  the 
Life  of  Boyd,  1787,  4to  (portrait) ;  Granger's 
Biog.  Hist,  of  England,  1824,  i.  318;  Irving's 
Lives  of  Scottish  Writers,  1839,  i.  182;  Grub's 
Eccl.  Hist,  of  Scotland,  1861,  ii.  191.  225;  An- 
derson's Scottish  Nation,  1863,  i.  364.]  A.  G. 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  LORD  (d.  1469  ?),  Scotch 
.statesman,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Boyd  of 
Kilmarnock,  was  created  a  peer  of  parlia- 
ment by  James  II  by  the  title  of  Lord  Boyd, 
and  took  his  seat  on  18  July  1454.  In  1460 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  regents  during 
the  minority  of  the  young  king,  James  III. 
In  1464  (11  April)  he  was  joined  with  the 
Bishop  of  Glasgow,  the  Abbot  of  Holyrood, 
his  brother,  Sir  Alexander  Boyd  of  Duncole, 
and  three  others,  in  a  commission  to  nego- 
tiate a  truce  with  Edward  IV.  In  1466  he 
obtained  the  appointment  of  his  brother,  Sir 
Alexander,  as  instructor  to  the  young  king 
In  knightly  exercises,  and  conspired  with 
him  to  obtain  entire  control  of  the  affairs  of 
the  kingdom.  To  this  end  they,  in  defiance 
of  the  protests  of  Lord  Kennedy,  one  of  their 
co-regents,  took  possession  of  the  person  of 
the  king,  and  carried  him  from  Linlithgow 
to  Edinburgh,  where,  in  a  parliament  sum- 
moned (9  Oct.),  a  public  expression  of  ap- 
proval of  their  conduct  was  obtained  from 
the  king,  and  an  act  was  passed  constituting 
Boyd  sole  governor  of  the  realm.  He  now 
governed  autocratically,  but  he  appears  by 
no  means  to  have  abused  his  power.  On 
the  contrary,  some  of  the  measures  which 
he  introduced  must  have  been  eminently 
salutary.  Commendams  were  abolished,  and 
religious  foundations  which  had  deviated 
from  their  original  purposes  were  reformed. 
He  also  passed  enactments  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  the  mercantile  and 
.shipping  community,  prohibiting  the  freight- 


ing of  ships  without  a  charter-party  by  sub- 
jects of  the  king,  whether  within  the  realm 
or  without  it,  and  also  fostering  the  importa- 
tion and  discouraging  the  exportation  of  bul- 
lion. He  negotiated  a  marriage  between  the 
king  and  Margaret,  the  only  daughter  of  Chris- 
tian, king  of  Norway,  thereby  obtaining  the 
cession  of  Orkney  (8  Sept,  1468)  and  the 
formal  release  of  the  annual  tribute  of  100 
marks,  which  was  still  nominally  payable 
to  the  king  of  Norway,  in  the  church  of 
St.  Magnus,  Kirkwall,  though  it  had  long 
ceased  to  be  paid.  In  1467  he  obtained  for 
himself  the  office  of  great  chamberlain  for 
life,  while  his  eldest  son,  Thomas  (by  Mariota, 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Maxwell  of  Calder- 
wood)  was  created  Earl  of  Arran  and  Baron 
of  Kilmarnock,  and  married  to  the  king's 
elder  sister,  the  Lady  Mary.  This  last  step 
was  more  than  the  jealousy  of  the  Scotch 
nobles  could  endure,  and  they  determined  to 
strike  a  blow  at  the  supremacy  of  the  Boyds. 
Accordingly,  in  November  1469,  Lord  Robert 
and  his  brother  were  arraigned  before  the 
parliament  on  a  charge  of  treason  based  on 
their  conduct  of  three  years  previously  in 
laying  hands  on  the  person  of  the  king.  They 
were  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  death 
(22  Nov.)  Boyd,  however,  anticipating  the 
issue  of  the  trial,  fled  to  Alnwick  in  North- 
umberland, where  he  soon  afterwards  died. 
His  brother  was  detained  in  Scotland  by 
illness,  and  lost  his  head  on  the  Castle  Hill. 
His  eldest  son,  THOMAS,  EARL  OF  ARRAN, 
was  sent  to  Denmark  to  bring  over  the  king's 
destined  bride,  returned  while  the  trial  was 
in  progress,  and,  being  warned  by  his  wife  of 
the  condition  of  affairs,  landed  the  princess, 
but  did  not  himself  set  foot  on  shore.  He  is 
said  by  the  older  historians  of  Scotland  to  have 
sailed  back  to  Denmark  accompanied  by  his 
wife,  and  thence  to  have  travelled  by  way  of 
Germany  into  France,  there  to  have  sought 
service  with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
dying  prematurely  at  Antwerp  to  have  been 
splendidly  buried  there  by  the  duke.  In  an 
undated  letter  of  John  Paston  to  Sir  John 
Paston  he  is  referred  to  in  terms  of  the  high- 
est eulogy  as  t  the  most  courteous,  gentlest, 
wisest,  kindest,  most  companionable,  freest, 
largest,  most  bounteous  knight/  and  as  *  one 
of  the  lightest,  deliverst,  best  spoken,  fairest 
archer,  devoutest,  most  perfect,  and  truest 
to  his  lady  of  all  the  knights  that  ever '  the 
writer  '  was  acquainted  with.'  Fenn  conjec- 
tures that  the  letter  was  written  either  in 
1470  or  1472  ;  but  the  expression  '  my  lord 
the  Earl  of  Arran  which  hath  married  the 
king's  sister  of  Scotland/  coupled  with  the 
absence  of  any  reference  to  the  sudden  pre- 
cipitation of  the  family  from  supreme  power 


Boyd 


96 


Boyd 


to  a  position  of  dependence,  for  the  estates 
not  only  of  LordKobert  and  his  brother,  but 
of  the  Earl  of  Arran,  were  forfeited  in  1469, 
would  seem  to  argue  an  earlier  date.  "What- 
ever the  true  date  may  be,  he  was  then  in 
London  lodging  at  the  George  in  Lombard 
Street,  his  wife  apparently  with  him.  The 
date  of  his  death  is  uncertain.  In  1474  his 
widow  married  James,  lord  Hamilton,  whose 
son  was  in  August  1503  created  Earl  of 
Arran.  Lord  Robert's  second  son,  Alex- 
ander, was  restored  to  a  portion  of  the  Kil- 
marnock  estates  in  1492,  but  without  the 
title  of  Lord  Boyd.  Alexander's  eldest  son, 
Robert,  created  Lord  Boyd  in  1536,  is  called 
third  lord. 

[Acts  Parl.  Scot.  ii.  77,  86, 185,  xii.  Suppl.  23  ; 
Keg.  Mag.  Sig.Eeg.  Scot.  (1424-1513),  912-15, 
1177;  Kymer'sFoedera  (Holmes),  xi.  517, 524, 558; 
Exch.  KollsScot.  vii.  Ix.  Ixvii.  463,  500,  520,  564, 
594-8,  652, 663,  670;  Accounts  of  the  Lord  High 
Treasurer  of  Scotland,  i.  xl-xliii ;  Drummond's 
Hist.  Scot.  120,  127 ;  Maitland's  Hist.  Scot.  ii. 
660-5 ;  Paston  Letters  (ed.  Gairdner),  iii.  47 ; 
Douglas's  Peerage,  ii.  32.]  J.  M.  K. 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  fourth  LORD  BOYD  (d. 
1590),  son  of  Robert  the  third  lord,  is  men- 
tioned by  Herries  (Hist,  of  the  Reign  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  10)  as  defeating  the  Earl  of 
Glencairn  at  Glasgow  in  1544,  thereby  ren- 
dering material  aid  to  the  regent,  the  Earl  of 
Arran,  in  quelling  the  insurrection  of  Lennox. 
Two  years  later  (19  Dec./i546)  we  find  him 
present  at  a  meeting  otflie  privy  council  at 
St.  Andrews.  On  the<fitb»eak  of  the  civil  war 
between  the  lords  of  the  congregation  and  the 
queen  regent  he  took  part  with  the  former, 
being  present  with  them  at  Perth  in  May  1559. 
He  signed  the  letter  addressed  by  the  lords  to 
Sir  William  Cecil  (19  July)  explaining  their 
policy,  and  another  of  the  same  date  to  Eliza- 
beth asking  for  support.  He  also  took  part  in 
the  negotiations  with  the  queen  regent  for  a 
compromise,  which  were  entirely  without  re- 
sult. Apparently  at  this  time  Boyd's  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  the  congregation  was  growing  luke- 
warm, for  Balnaves,  accounting  to  Sir  James 
Crofts  for  the  way  in  which  he  had  applied 
the  English  subsidy,  writes  under  date  4  Nov. 
1559 :  '  And  I  delivered  to  the  Earl  of  Glen- 
cairn  and  Lord  Boyd  500  crowns,  which  was 
the  best  bestowed  money  that  ever  I  bestowed, 
either  of  that  or  any  other ;  the  which  if  I 
had  not  done  our  whole  enterprise  it  hath 
been  stayed,  both  in  joining  with  the  duke 
(Chatelherault)  and  coming  to  Edinburgh,  for 
certain  particular  causes  that  were  betwixt 
the  said  lords  and  the  duke,  which  were  set 
down  by  that  means  by  me  so  secret  that  it 
is  not  known  to  many.' 


In  February  1559-60  he  was  one  of  the  sig- 
natories of  the  treaty  of  Berwick,  by  which 
Elizabeth  engaged '  with  all  convenient  speed 
to  send  into  Scotland  a  convenient  aid  of 
men  of  warr,'  for  the  purpose  of  driving  out 
the  French,  and  in  the  following  April  joined 
the  English  army  at  Prestonpans.  On  the 
27th  of  that  month  he  signed  the  contract 
in  defence  of  the  liberty  of  the  '  evangel  of 
Christ,'  by  which  the  lords  of  the  congrega- 
tion sought  to  encourage  and  confirm  one 
another  in  the  good  work.  He  was  present, 
on  7  May,  at  the  unsuccessful  attempt  made 
by  the  English  army  to  carry  Leith  by  esca- 
lade, and  on  the  10th  signed  the  document 
by  which  the  treaty  of  Berwick  was  con- 
firmed. On  27  Jan.  1560-1  he  subscribed 
the  '  Book  of  Discipline  of  the  Kirk,'  and  at 
Ayr,  on  3  Sept.  1562,  he  signed  a  bond  to 
*  maintain  and  assist  the  preaching  of  the 
evangel.'  Shortly  after  the  marriage  of 
Darnley  (28  July  1564)  the  lords,  despairing 
of  prevailing  on  the  queen  to  abolish  '  the 
idolatrous  mass,'  and  incensed  by  some  acts 
of  a  rather  high-handed  character  done  by 
her,  surprised  Edinburgh  during  her  tempo- 
rary absence,  but  hastily  abandoned  the  city 
on  hearing  that  she  was  returning.  Upon 
this  Boyd,  with  Argyle,  Murray,  Glencairn, 
and  others,  was  summoned  to  appear  at  the 
next  meeting  of  parliament,  which  was  fixed 
for  3  Feb.  1565,  to  answer  for  their  conduct  on 
pain  of  being  denounced  rebels  and  put  to  the 
horn.  Parliament,  however,  did  not  meet  in 
February,  and  before  its  next  session,  which 
began  on  14  April  1567,  Boyd's  political 
attitude  had  undergone  a  complete  change. 
If  any  credit  is  to  be  given  to  the  so-called 
dying  declaration  of  Bothwell,  Boyd,  ac- 
cording to  that  version  of  it  which  is  found 
in  Keith's  '  History  of  Scotland '  (App.  144), 
was  privy  to  the  murder  of  Darnley.  His 
name,  however,  is  not  mentioned  in  the  copy, 
or  rather  abstract,  preserved  in  the  Cottonian 
Library  (Titus,  c.  vii.  fol.  396),  nor  is  the  frag- 
ment Cal.  D.  ii.  fol.  519  in  the  same  collec- 
tion ;  the  original  was  in  all  probability  a  for- 
gery. Though  a  member  of  the  packed  jury 
which  acquitted  Bothwell  of  the  deed  (April 
1567),  he,  after  Both  well's  marriage  to  Mary, 
joined  a  confederacy  of  nobles  who  bound 
themselves  to  protect  the  young  prince  against 
the  sinister  designs  with  which  Bothwell  was 
credited.  Afterwards,  however,  he  united 
himself  with  the  faction  which  by  a  solemn 
'  league  and  covenant '  engaged  to  take  part 
with  Bothwell '  against  his  privy  or  public  ca- 
lumniators,' *  with  their  bodies,  heritage,  and 


Boyd  was  now  made  one  of  the  permanent 
members  of  the  privy  council  (17  May),  and 


Boyd 


97 


Boyd 


soon  became  as  decided  and  energetic  a  par- 
tisan of  the  queen  as  he  had  formerly  been 
of  the  congregation.  In  June  he  attempted 
to  hold  Edinburgh  for  the  queen,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Huntly,  the  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  the  commendator  of  Kilwin- 
ning.  The  citizens,  however,  refused  to  de- 
fend the  place,  and  it  almost  immediately 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  other  faction.  In 
August  we  find  him,  with  Argyll,  Livingston, 
and  the  commendator  of  Kilwinning,  in  ne- 
gotiation with  Murray  for  the  release  of  the 
queen  from  captivity.  In  1568,  after  her 
escape  from  Lochleven  (2  May),  he  joined 
her  forces  at  Hamilton,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Langside  (13  May).  After  the 
battle  he  retired  to  his  castle  of  Kilmarnock, 
which,  however,  he  was  soon  compelled  to 
surrender  to  the  council.  In  September  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  bishop  of  Ross's 
colleagues  for  the  conference  to  be  held  at 
York.  After  the  conclusion  of  the  negotia- 
tions he  accompanied  the  bishop  to  London, 
and  was  admitted  to  audience  of  the  queen 
at  Hampton  Court  (24  Oct.)  On  6  Jan. 
1568-9  Mary  made  him  one  of  her  council. 
He  was  employed  by  her  in  her  intrigues 
with  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  was  entrusted 
by  the  latter  with  a  diamond  to  deliver  to 
the  queen  at  Coventry  as  a  pledge  of  his 
affection  and  fidelity.  In  a  letter  to  the 
duke,  apparently  written  in  December  1569, 
she  says:  'I  took  from  my  lord  Boyd  the 
diamond,  which  I  shall  keep  unseen  about 
my  neck  till  I  give  it  again  to  the  owner  of 
it  and  me  both.'  In  June  1569  he  was  des- 
patched to  Scotland  with  authority  from 
Mary  to  treat  with  the  regent,  and  a  written 
mandate  to  institute  proceedings  for  a  divorce 
from  Bothwell.  Chalmers  (Life  of  Mary, 
p.  331,  published  in  1818)  asserts  that  Both- 
well's  consent  to  the  divorce  had  been  obtained 
before  the  commencement  of  the  correspon- 
dence with  Norfolk,  and  that  the  document 
signifying  it  l  remained  among  the  family 
papers  of  Lord  Boyd  to  the  present  century.' 
The  papers  referred  to  are  presumably  iden- 
tical with  those  which  on  the  attainder  of 
William  Boyd  (the  fourth  earl  of  Kilmarnock) 
[q.  v.],  were  placed  in  the  custody  of  the  public 
officials  of  the  town  of  Kilmarnock,  where 
they  remained  until  1837,  when  a  selection 
from  them,  comprising  all  such  as  were  of  any 
historical  value,  was  edited  for  the  Abbotsford 
Club,  and  constitutes  the  first  portion  of  the 
'Abbotsford  Miscellany.'  No  such  document, 
however,  as  Chalmers  refers  to  is  there  to  be 
found,  though  a  draft  of  the  formal  authority 
to  apply  for  the  divorce  is  among  the  papers. 
Boyd  had  an  interview  with  Murray  in  July 
at  Elgin,  and  on  the  30th  the  question  of  the 

VOL.   VI. 


divorce  was  submitted  to  the  council  at 
Perth,  when  it  was  decided  by  a  large  ma- 
jority that  nothing  further  should  be  done 
in  the  matter.  After  reporting  the  failure 
of  his  mission  to  the  queen,  Boyd  appears  to 
have  remained  in  England  for  some  months, 
during  which  the  record  of  his  life  is  very 
scanty.  He  seems  to  have  stood  very  high 
in  the  estimation  of  his  mistress.  In  one  of 
her  letters  (5  Jan.  1568-9)  she  designates 
him  'our  traist  cousigne  and  counsallour/ 
and  writing  to  Cecil,  under  date  11  Feb. 
1569-70,  she  expresses  a  desire  to  retain  him 
with  the  bishop  of  Ross  permanently  about 
her  person.  At  this  time,  however,  he  was 
again  in  Scotland  actively  engaged  in  hatch- 
ing a  plot  for  a  general  rising,  and  much 
suspected  of  complicity  in  the  murder  of 
Murray  (22  Jan.  1569-70).  The  following 
year  he  was  commissioned  by  Mary  to  esta- 
blish in  that  country  '  a  lieutenant,  ane  or 
twa,'  in  her  name.  In  the  brief  insurrection 
of  the  summer  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
Lennox  at  Paisley,  but  escaped  to  Edinburgh, 
and  thence  went  to  Stirling  in  August,  and  on 
the  12th,  with  Argyll,  Cassilis,  and  Eglinton, 
affixed  his  seal  to  a  treaty  of  secession  and 
amity  executed  on  the  part  of  the  regent  by 
Morton  and  Mar.  This  defection  is  ascribed 
by  the  unknown  author  of  the  '  History  of 
King  James  the  Sext '  to  the  '  great  promises ' 
of  Lennox,  but  the  reason  given  by  Mary  is 
probably  nearer  the  mark.  She  writes  to 
De  la  Motte  Fenelon,  under  date  28  June 
1571,  that  she  is  advised  that  Argyll,  Athole, 
and  Boyd, '  comme  desespe~res  d'aucune  aide, 
'  commencent  a  se  retirer  et  regarder  qui  aura 
du  meilleur.'  On  5  Sept.  we  find  Boyd  men- 
tioned as  a  consenting  party  to  the  election 
of  Mar  to  the  regency ;  on  the  7th  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  privy  council.  He 
visited  Knox  on  his  deathbed  (17  Nov.),  but 
except  that  he  said,  1 1  know,  sir,  I  have 
offended  in  many  things,  and  am  indeed  come 
to  crave  your  pardon,'  what  passed  on  either 
side  is  unknown.  He  was  included  in  the 
act  of  indemnity  passed  26  Jan.  1571-2,  and 
subscribed  the  articles  of  pacification  drawn 
up  at  Perth  on  23  Feb.  1572-3,  by  one  of 
which  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  judges 
for  the  trial  of  claims  for  restitution  of  goods 
arising  out  of  acts  of  violence  committed 
during  the  civil  war.  On  24  Oct.  1573  he 
was  appointed  extraordinary  lord  of  session 
by  Morton,  of  whom  from  this  time  forward 
he  was  a  firm  adherent.  Relying  on  the 
favour  of  Morton,  he  signalised  his  elevation 
to  the  bench  by  ejecting  (November  1573) 
Sir  John  Stewart  from  the  office  of  baillie 
of  the  regality  of  Glasgow,  held  under  a 
grant  from  the  late  king,  and  engrossing  the 


Boyd 


98 


Boyd 


profits  himself.     About  the  same  time  he 

Procured  the  appointment  of  his  kinsman, 
ames  Boyd,  to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of 
Glasgow.  On  Morton's  resignation  in  Fe- 
bruary 1577-8,  Boyd,  according  to  Spottis- 
woode,  '  did  chide  him  bitterly,'  pointing  out 
that  the  king  was  a  mere  boy,  and  that  by 
resigning  Morton  was  in  fact  playing  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemies,  the  Argyll-Athole 
faction.  In  consequence  of  Morton's  eclipse, 
Boyd  for  a  time  lost  his  seat  both  at  the 
council  table  and  on  the  bench,  but  on  the 
regent's  return  to  power  as  prime  minister 
in  July  1578  he  was  again  made  a  permanent 
member  of  the  council,  being  at  the  same 
time  appointed  visitor  of  the  university  of 
Glasgow  and  commissioner  for  examining  the 
book  of  the  policy  of  the  kirk  and  settling 
its  jurisdiction.  The  same  month  (23rd) 
he  was  compelled  to  surrender  the  bailliary 
of  the  regality  of  Glasgow  to  the  king  as 
Earl  of  Lennox.  On  15  Oct.  his  seat  on  the 
bench  was  restored  to  him.  In  the  spring 
of  the  next  year  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commission  to  pursue  and  arrest  Lord  John 
Hamilton  and  his  brother,  Lord  Claud,  who, 
however,  made  their  escape  to  England. 
The  commissioners  received  the  thanks  of 
the  council  for  their  services  on  22  May. 
Boyd  was  a  party  to  the  conspiracy  known 
as  the  Raid  of  Ruthven,  by  which  the  person 
of  the  king  was  seized  as  a  pledge  for  the 
dismissal  of  the  Duke  of  Lennox  then  in 
power,  and  in  consequence  was  banished  the 
realm  in  June  1583,  James  Stuart,  earl  of 
Arran,  taking  his  place  as  extraordinary  lord 
of  session.  He  retired  for  a  time  to  France, 
but  in  June  1586  we  find  him  acting  for  the 
king  in  the  negotiations  which  resulted  in 
the  treaty  of  alliance  between  the  crowns  of 
England  and  Scotland  of  that  year,  and 
while  thus  engaged  induced  the  king  to 
restore  him  to  his  former  place  on  the  bench, 
which,  however,  he  resigned  two  years  later 
(4  July  1588).  In  1587-8  he  was  appointed 
commissioner  to  raise  100,OOOJ.  for  the  ex- 
penses connected  with  the  king's  marriage, 
and  in  1589  was  placed  on  a  commission  to 
enforce  the  statute  against  Jesuits  (passed 
14  Aug.  1587),  and  on  the  king's  leaving  for 
Norway  (October)  was  constituted  one  of 
the  wardens  of  the  marches.  He  died  on 
3  Jan.  1589-90,  in  the  seventy-second  year 
of  his  age,  being  survived  by  his  wife  Mar- 
garet or  Mariot,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Col- 
quhoun  of  Glins,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
second  son  Thomas. 

[State  Papers,  Scottish  Series;  Eeg.  P.  C. 
Scot.  i.  57,  192,  335,  365,  386,  409,  509,  608, 
614,  616,  617,  625,  ii.  8,  12,  193-200,  312, 
697,  iii.  6,  8,  146,  150,  165,  iv.  86  n,  269, 


426,  507  »,  652  n ;  Knox's  Works  (Bann.  Club), 
i.  340-5,  369,  382,  413,  434,  ii.  38,  53,  56,  58, 
61,  63,  128,  258,  348,  498-503,  552,  556,  563, 
iii.  413,  425,  vi.  35,  43,  640, 657 ;  Spottiswoode's 
Hist.  (Bann.  Club),  ii.  35,  56,  65-7,  208,  264 ; 
Anderson's  Coll.  i.  112,  iii.  13, 33,  43, 52, 61, 70, 96, 
iv.  33,  156;  Hume  of  Godscroft's  Hist.  House 
Angus,  167,  183,  199,  381;  Keith's  Hist.  Scot. 
97,  100,  127,  316,  320,  326,  337,  381,  447,  App. 
44,  145  ;  Lesley's  Hist.  Scot.  (Bann.  Club),  151, 
177, 274,  284  ;Froude's  Hist.  vii.  121, 122, ix.  434  ; 
Acts  and  Proceedings  Gen.  Ass.  Kirk  Scot.  93, 
102,  750,  755  ;  Book  Univ.  Kirk  Scot.  348,  571 ; 
Bann.  Misc.  iii.  123;  Herri es's  Memoirs  (Abbots- 
ford  Club),  10,  87,  91,  102,  123,  131,  135,  139; 
James  Melville's  Diary  (Bann.  Club),  37;  Hist. 
King  James  Sext  (Bann.  Club\  8,  10,  19,  26, 
32,  35,  53,  55,  74,  75,  85,  129,  141,  189,  198; 
Memoirs  of  Lords  Kilmarnock,  Cromartie,  and 
Balmerino  (London,  1746, 8vo) ;  Colville's  Letters 
to  Walsingham  (Bann.  Club),  44  ;  Lettres  de 
Marie  Stuart  (ed.  Labanoff),  ii.  265,  266,  271, 
294,  304,  321,  iii.  22,  iv.  340  ;  Moysie's  Mem. 
(Bann.  Club),  21,  22,  57  ;  Diurnal  of  Occurrents 
in  Scotland  (Bann.  Club),  279-82,  313,  324,  328 ; 
Acts  Parl.  Scot.  iii.  77,  96,  98,  105;  Douglas's 
Peer.  ii.  34.]  J.  M.  E. 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  of  Trochrig  (1578- 
1627),  theological  writer,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  James  Boyd,  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  great- 
grandson  of  Robert  Boyd  (d.  1469)  [q.  v.],  and 
owner  of  an  estate  in  Ayrshire,  which  is  vari- 
ously spelled  Trochrig,  Trochridge,  and  Tro- 
chorege.  He  was  connected  by  birth  with  the 
noble  family  of  Cassilis,  and  enjoyed  a  good 
social  position.  He  studied  at  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  taking  his  divinity  course  under 
Robert  Rollok,  first  principal  of  the  university, 
for  whom  he  had  an  extraordinary  reverence 
and  affection.  The  profound  religious  impres- 
sions made  on  him  under  Rollok  led  him  to  as- 
sociate himself  with  the  earnest  presbyterians 
of  the  day.  In  compliance  with  the  custom 
of  the  times  he  went  abroad  to  complete  his 
studies,  and  in  1604  was  chosen  pastor  of  the 
church  at  Verteuil,  and  in  1606  professor  in 
the  university  of  Saurnur,  both  in  France. 
Along  with  the  duties  of  the  chair  he  dis- 
charged the  office  of  a  pastor  in  the  town,  and 
was  afterwards  called  to  the  chair  of  divinity. 
While  at  Saumur  he  married  a  French  young 
lady,  though  he  had  always  the  hope  of  re- 
turning to  his  native  country.  The  university 
of  Saumur  had  been  founded  some  years 
before  by  the  celebrated  Philip  de  Mornay 
(Seigneur  du  Plessis-Mornay),  with  whom, 
as  with  many  more  of  the  eminent  men 
whom  the  reformed  church  of  France  then 
possessed,  he  was  on  terms  of  intimacy. 

The  fame  of  Robert  Boyd  having  reached 
the  ears  of  King  James,  he  offered  him  the 
principalship  of  the  university  of  Glasgow. 


Boyd 


99 


Boyd 


In  1615  Boyd  removed  to  Glasgow,  to  the 
great  loss  and  sorrow  of  the  people  and  pro- 
fessors of  Saumur ;  in  addition  to  the  du- 
ties of  principal  he  had  to  perform  those  of 
a  teacher  of  theology,  Hebrew,  and  Syriac, 
and  those  also  of  preacher  to  the  people  of 
Govan.  '  His  exemplary  holiness/  says  his 
earliest  biographer,  Dr.  Rivet,  l  singular 
learning,  admirable  eloquence;  his  gravity, 
humility,  unaffected  modesty,  and  extraor- 
dinary diligence,  both  in  his  ecclesiastical 
and  scholastical  employment,  above  the  rate 
of  ordinary  pastors  and  professors,  drew  all 
to  a  reverence,  love,  and  esteem  for,  and 
many  even  to  an  admiration  of  him.'  Boyd 
delivered  extemporaneous  lectures  in  Latin 
with  all  the  flow  and  elegance  of  a  written 
discourse.  His  preaching  at  Saumur  in 
French  had  been  admired  by  the  natives. 
In  his  lectures,  all  his  quotations  from  the 
Greek  fathers,  which  were  very  frequent  and 
sometimes  very  long,  were  repeated  by  heart. 
He  himself  used  to  say  that,  if  he  were  at 
liberty  to  select  a  language  for  his  public 
discourses,  he  would  choose  Greek,  as  the 
most  appropriate  to  express  his  thoughts. 

As  it  was  known  to  the  bishops  that  Boyd 
was  not  in  favour  of  the  '  five  articles  of 
Perth,'  he  began  to  experience  annoyance. 
The  mind  of  the  king  was  poisoned  against 
him,  and  in  1621  he  resigned  the  principal- 
ship  and  retired  to  the  family  house  of 
Trochrig.  But,  being  invited  by  the  magis- 
trates and  people  of  Edinburgh  in  1622  to 
be  principal  of  the  university  there  and  one 
of  the  ministers  of  the  city,  he  accepted 
the  invitation.  The  king,  on  hearing  this, 
reproved  the  magistrates  for  the  appoint- 
ment, and  ordered  them  not  only  to  deprive 
him  of  his  office,  but  to  expel  him  from  the 
city  unless  he  should  conform  absolutely  to 
the  articles  of  Perth.  As  Boyd  refused  to 
comply  with  this  condition,  he  was  deprived 
and  expelled  accordingly.  Afterwards  he 
had  some  hope  of  being  restored  to  his  office 
in  Glasgow,  and  was  induced  to  sign  a  quali- 
fied declaration  of  conformity.  But,  after  all, 
the  appointment  was  given  to  another.  In 
1626-7  he  was  called  to  be  minister  of  Paisley, 
but  owing  to  disturbances  fomented  by  a 
bitter  enemy,  the  Marchioness  of  Abercorn, 
who  had  recently  gone  over  to  the  church  of 
Rome,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  Paisley.  In 
1627,  on  a  visit  to  Edinburgh,  he  was  seized 
with  his  last  illness,  and  died  there,  in  much 
bodily  pain  but  great  mental  serenity,  in  the 
forty-ninth  year  of  his  age. 

Boyd's  chief  work  was  a  large  and  very 
elaborate  'Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Ephesians,'  published  after  his  death. 
Dr.  Walker  thus  describes  it  in  his  '  Theo- 


logy and  Theologians  of  Scotland : '  '  A  work 
it  is  of  stupendous  size  and  stupendous  learn- 
ing. Its  apparatus  criticus  is  something 
enormous.  .  .  .  Much  more  properly  it  might 
be  called  a  theological  thesaurus.  You  have 
a  separate  discussion  of  almost  every  im- 
portant theological  topic.' 

Boyd  excelled  in  Latin  poetry,  and  his 
'  Hecatombe  ad  Christum  Salvatorem '  was 
included  by  Sir  John  Scot  of  Scotstarvet 
in  his  '  Delicias  Poetarum  Scotorum.'  This 
was  afterwards  reprinted  at  Edinburgh  by 
the  well-known  naturalist,  Sir  Robert  Sib- 
bald,  M.D.,  nephew  of  Dr.  George  Sibbald, 
who  married  Boyd's  widow. 

[Life  of  Robert  Boyd  by  Dr.  Rivet,  prefixed 
to  Bodii  Preelections  in  Epist.  ad  Ephes.  1652  ; 
"Wodrow's  Life  of  Mr.  Robert  Boyd  of  Trochrig 
(Maitland  Club),  1848.]  W.  G.  B. 

BOYD,  SIK  ROBERT  (1710-1794), 
general,  colonel  39th  foot,  and  governor  of 
Gibraltar,  is  first  noticed  in  official  lists 
about  1740,  when  he  appears  as  (civilian) 
storekeeper  of  ordnance  at  Port  Mahon,  Mi- 
norca, at  a  salary  of  182/.  10s.  per  annum, 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Ninian  Boyd,  by  whom 
the  post  had  previously  been  held  for  a  good 
many  years.  Robert  Boyd  was  still  store- 
keeper sixteen  years  later,  in  1756,  when  the 
garrison,  commanded  by  the  aged  general, 
afterwards  Lord  Blakeney,  was  besieged  by 
the  French  and  Spaniards.  During  this  time, 
on  19  May  1756,  he  distinguished  himself 
by  a  gallant  but  unsuccessful  attempt  to  carry 
despatches  in  an  open  boat,  in  view  of  the 
j  enemy,  from  Governor  Blakeney  to  Admiral 
j  Byng,  whose  long-expected  fleet  was  in  the 
I  offing,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  one 
|  of  the  first  witnesses  called  by  the  crown  at 
the  subsequent  trial  of  the  unfortunate  ad- 
miral. In  recognition  of  his  services  at  Mi- 
norca Boyd  received  a  commission  in  the 
army  as  lieutenant-colonel  unattached,  bear- 
ing date  25  March  1758.  On  13  Jan.  1760  he 
was  brought  into  the  1st  foot  guards,  then 
commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  as 
captain-lieutenant  and  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  on  23  July  following  was  promoted  to 
captain  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regi- 
ment, being  at  the  time  in  Germany  on  the 
personal  staff  of  the  Marquis  of  Granby,  then 
in  command  of  the  British  troops  serving 
under  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick.  A 
couple  of  letters  from  Colonel  Boyd  to  Sir 
Andrew  Mitchell,  dated  from  Germany  in 
January  1759  and  December  1760,  show 
that  there  was  some  intention  of  sending  him 
to  India  in  command  of  a  regiment,  but,  the 
East  India  Company  having  applied  for  an 
officer  who  had  served  in  India  before,  he 

H2 


Boyd 


100 


Boyd 


escaped  what  appears  to  have  been  an  un- 
welcome duty  (Mitchell  Papers,  Add,  MSS. 
6860,  p.  86).    On  18  Sept.  1765  he  exchanged 
from  the  Guards  to  the  39th  foot,  and  on 
6  Aug.  1766  was  promoted  colonel  of  that 
regiment,  in  succession  to  Lieutenant-general 
Aldercron,  deceased.  On  25  May  1768  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Gibraltar, 
whither  his  regiment  had  proceeded  (Home 
Off.    Military   Entry  Books,    vol.    xxvii.)  j 
Sundry  references  to  Colonel  Boyd  will  be  ! 
found  in  the  Calendars  of  Home  Office  Papers 
for  1760-70,  and  a  number  of  letters  written 
by  him  whilst  acting  governor  of  Gibraltar 
are  in  British  Museum,  Add.  MSS.  24159  to 
24163.     He  became  a  major-general  in  1772,  I 
and  lieutenant-general  in   1777.      He  was  j 
second  in  command  under  Lord  Heathfield 
during  the  famous  defence  of  Gibraltar  from  j 
1779  to  1783,  and  it  was  at  his  suggestion  \ 
that  red-hot  shot  were  first  employed  for  the  I 
destruction  of  the  enemy's  floating  batteries  • 
(DRINKWATER,  p.  129).   For  his  distinguished  l 
services  at  this  eventful  period  he  was  created  ' 
K.B.      In   May   1790    he   succeeded    Lord 
Heathfield  as  governor.     On  12  Oct.  1793  ! 
he  attained  the  rank  of  general,  and  died  on  ' 
13  May  1794.     He  was  buried  in  a  tomb  con-  ' 
structedby  his  directions  in  the  king's  bastion  ' 
on  the  sea-line  of  defences,  in  the  salient 
angle  of  which  is  a  marble  tablet,  the  very  ' 
existence  of  which  is  now  unknown  to  many  \ 
dwellers  on  the  Rock,  with  the  following  ! 
inscription:  '  Within  the  walls  of  this  bastion  ! 
are  deposited  the  mortal  remains  of  the  late  ' 
General  Sir  Robert  Boyd,  K.B.,  governor  of  : 
this  fortress,  who  died  on  13  May  1794,  aged  ' 
84  years.     By  him   the  first   stone   of  the  I 
bastion  was  laid  in  1773,  and  under  his  super-  I 
vision  it  was  completed,  when,  on  that  occa-  ! 
sion,  in  his  address  to  the  troops,  he  expressed  I 
a  wish  to  see  it  resist  the  combined  efforts  of  ! 
France  and  Spain,  which  wish  was  accom- 
plished on  13  Sept.  1782,  when,  by  the  fire 
of  this  bastion,  the  flotilla  expressly  designed 
for  the  capture  of  this  fortress  were  utterly 
destroyed. 

A  mural  tablet  in  the  King's  Chapel,  Gib- 
raltar, also  records  the  date  of  his  death  and 
the  place  of  his  burial. 

[Anglise  Notitia,  1727-55;  Ordnance  "Warrant 
Books  in  Public  Eecord  Office ;  Beatson's  Nav.  and 
Mil.  Memoirs  (ed.  1804),  i.  490-1  ;  Shorthand 
Report  Trial  Admiral  Byng,  Brit.  Mus.,  Trials ;  ! 
Annual  Army  Lists;  Hamilton's  Hist.  Gren.  ' 
Guards,  vol.  iii.  Appendix ;  Cannon's  Hist.  Ree. 
39th  Foot ;  Add.  MSS.  5726  C  and  6860  f.  86  ; 
Add.  MSS.  Lord  Granby's  Orders ;  Add.  MSS. 
24159-63  ;  Calendars  Home  Office  Papers,  1760- 
72  ;  Drinkwater's  Siege  of  Gibraltar  (ed.  1844), 
pp.  11-12,  129,  164-6;  Scots  Mag.  Ivi.  442; 
Notes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.  x.  6.]  H.  M.  C. 


BOYD,  ROBERT  (d.  1883),  writer  on 
diseases  of  the  insane,  became  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1830,  and 
in  the  following  year  graduated  M.D.  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.  In  1836  he  be- 
came a  licentiate  of  the  Royal- College  of 
Physicians,  and  in  1852  was  elected  to  the 
fellowship  of  the  college.  For  some  time  he 
was  resident  physician  at  the  Marylebone 
workhouse  infirmary,  and  afterwards  physi- 
cian and  superintendent  of  the  Somerset 
county  lunatic  asylum.  He  then  became 
proprietor  and  manager  of  the  Southall  Park 
private  asylum,  which  was  destroyed  on 

14  Aug.  1883  by  a  fire  in  which  he  lost  his 
life.     In  the  various  positions  in  which  he 
was  placed  he  utilised  to  the  utmost  his  op- 
portunities for  original  research.     He  pub- 
lished the  annual  '  Reports  on  the  Pauper 
Lunatics'  at  the  St.  Marylebone  infirmary 
and  the  Somerset  county  asylum,  and  contri- 
buted numerous  independent  papers  to  the 
literature   of  pathology   and   psychological 
medicine.     He   was   the   author   of  patho- 
logical contributions  to  the  '  Royal  Medical 
and  Chirurgical   Transactions,'   vols.   xxiv. 
and  xxxii.,  and  to  the  '  Edinburgh  Medical 
Journal,'  vols.  Iv.  to  Ixxii. ;  of  'Tables  of 
the  Weights  of  the  Human  Body  and  In- 
ternal Organs,'  in  the  '  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions ; '  and  of  a  paper,  f  The  Weight  of 
the  Brain  at  different  Ages  and  in  various 
Diseases.'    To  the  '  Journal  of  Mental  Sci- 
ence '  he  contributed  no  fewer  than  sixteen 
papers  on  '  Treatment  of  the  Insane  Poor/ 
'  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,' '  Statistics 
of  Pauper  Insanity,'  and  cognate  subjects, 
the  most  important  being  that  on  '  General 
Paralysis  of  the  Insane  '  in  the  '  Journal  of 
Mental  Science '  for  May  and  October  1871, 
the  result  of  155  post-mortem  examinations 
of  persons  who  had  died  from  that  disease  in 
the  Somerset  county  asylum.     He  was  also 
the  author  of  three  papers  on  '  Vital  Statis- 
tics,' '  Insanity,'  and  '  The  Pauper  Lunacy 
Laws,'  published  in  the  'Lancet.' 

[Lancet,  1883,  ii.  352-3;  Medical  Times,  1883, 
ii.  249-50.] 

BOYD,  WALTER  (1754  P-1837),  finan- 
cier, was  born  about  1754.  Before  the 
outbreak  of  the  French  revolution  he  was 
engaged  as  a  banker  in  Paris,  but  the  pro- 
gress of  events  soon  caused  him  to  flee  for 
his  life,  whilst  the  property  of  the  firm  of 
Boyd,  Ker,  &  Co.,  of  which  he  was  the  chief 
member,  was  confiscated  in  October  1793.  On 

15  March  1793  the  firm  of  Boyd,  Benfield,  & 
Co.  was  established  in  London.   Boyd,  as  the 
principal  partner,  contributed  60,000/.  to  the 
common  stock,  and  his  '  name,  connections, 


Boyd 


101 


Boyd 


and  exertions'  soon  carried  it  to  a  great 
'pitch  of  celebrity.'  He  was  'zealously 
attached  to  Mr.  Pitt,  and  enjoyed  his  confi- 
dence for  many  years '  (advertisement  to  2nd 
edition  of  Letter  to  Pitt}.  He  was  employed 
in  contracting  to  the  amount  of  over  thirty 
millions  for  large  government  loans,  and  for 
some  time  was  very  prosperous.  He  was  also 
M.P.  for  Shaftesbury  (1796-1802),  which  at 
the  period  of  his  election  was  a  pocket 
borough  of  his  partner  Paul  Benfield  [q.  v.], 
who  was  returned  along  with  him  (HUTCHINS, 
History  of  County  of  Dorset,  iii.  19, 20, West- 
minster, 1868).  After  a  few  years  the  firm 
got  into  difficulties.  It  had  at  one  time 
seemed  likely  that  the  property  seized  at  Paris 
would  be  restored,  but  the  revolution  of 
4  Sept.  1797  caused  the  overthrow  of  the 
government  which  had  taken  the  preliminary 
steps  towards  this  restitution,  and  the  final 
confiscation  of  the  property  followed.  In 
expectation  of  a  different  issue,  Boyd,  Benfield, 
&  Co.  had  entered  into  various  arrangements 
which  soon  resulted  in  disaster.  They  ob- 
tained private  help,  and  even  assistance  from 
government,  but  in  1799  the  affairs  of  the 
company  were  put  into  liquidation,  and  Boyd 
found  himself  ruined.  He  visited  France  in 
the  brief  interval  of  peace  (March  1802-May 
1803),  was  one  of  the  detained,  and  was  not 
released  till  the  fall  of  Napoleon  in  1814. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  was  able  to  re- 
cover something  of  his  former  prosperity,  and 
sat  as  M.P.  for  the  borough  of  Lymington 
from  April  1823  to  1830.  Scott  met  him 
in  April  1828,  and  gives  an  account,  appa- 
rently not  quite  accurate,  of  his  remarkable 
self-sacrifice  on  behalf  of  his  creditors  (LOCK- 
HART'S  Life  of  Scott ,  ch.  Ixxvi.)  He  died 
at  Plaistow  Lodge,  Kent,  on  16  Sept.  1837. 
Boyd  wrote  several  pamphlets  on  financial 
subjects,  which  were  not  without  weight  in 
themselves,  and  to  which  the  author's  posi- 
tion gave  additional  force.  They  were :  j 
1.  'Letter  to  the  Right  Honourable  William 
Pitt  on  the  Influence  of  the  Stoppage  of  Issues  I 
in  Specie  at  the  Bank  of  England  on  the 
Prices  of  Provisions  and  other  Commodities  ' 
(London,  1801, 2nd  ed.  1811).  This  was  called 
forth  by  a  pamphlet  on  the  effects  of  the  sus- 
pension of  cash  payments  in  17"*"  d  was 
intended  to  prove  '  that  the  increase  of  bank- 
notes is  the  principal  cause  of  the  great  rise 
in  the  price  of  commodities  and  every  species 
of  exchangeable  value'  (p.  7).  These  con- 
clusions were  attacked  by  Sir  Francis  Baring 
in  his  '  Observations '  (1801)  and  a  number 
'of  other  writers  (a  list  of  some  of  these  is  given 
in  general  index  to  Monthly  Review,  London, 
1818,  i.  610).  2. '  Reflections  on  the  Financial 
System  of  Great  Britain,  and  particularly  on 


the  Sinking  Fund'  (1815, 2nd  ed.  1828).  This 
was  written  in  captivity  in  France  in  1812.  It 
enlarges  on  the  benefits  of  a  sinking  fund  as 
a  means  of  clearing  off  national  debt,  and 
explains  various  schemes  for  its  application. 
3.  '  Observations  on  Lord  Grenville's  Essay 
on  the  Sinking  Fund '  (London,  1828),  pursues 
the  same  line  of  argument,  and  is  a  reply  to 
the  treatise  of  that  nobleman  published  the 
same  year. 

[G-ent.  Mag.  for  1837,  p.  548  ;  Letter  to  the 
creditors  of  the  house  of  Boyd,  Benfield,  & 
Co.,  by  Walter  Boyd,  1800  ;  List  of  Members  of 
Parliament ;  Commons  Eeturn,  part  ii.  1  March 
1878.]  F.  W. 

BOYD,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EAEL  OF  KIL- 
MARNOCK  (1704-1746),  belonged  to  a  family 
which  derives  its  descent  from  Simon,  third 
son  of  Alan,  lord  high  chancellor  of  Scotland, 
and  brother  of  Walter,  the  first  high  steward 
of  Scotland.  Simon's  grandson  Robert  was 
awarded  a  grant  of  lands  in  Cunninghame  by 
Alexander  III,  as  a  reward  for  his  bravery  at 
the  battle  of  Largs,  1263.  From  the  earliest 
times  the  family  was  noted  for  its  antagonism 
to  the  English,  and  it  is  recorded  of  Sir  Robert 
Boyd  that  he  was  a  staunch  partisan  of  Sir 
William  Wallace,  and  subsequently  of  Bruce, 
from  whom  he  received  a  grant  of  the  lands 
of  Kilmarnock,  Bondington,  and  Hertschaw 
(HERVEY,  Life  of  Bruce). 

William,  ninth  lord  Boyd,  descendant  of 
Robert,  first  lord  Boyd  [q.  v.],  was  created 
first  earl  of  Kilmarnock  by  Charles  II,  by 
patent  bearing  date  7  Aug.  1661. 

The  third  earl  was  an  ardent  supporter  of 
the  house  of  Hanover.  Rae,  in  his  '  History 
of  the  Rebellion,'  says  of  him :  '  It  must  not 
be  forgot  that  the  Earl  of  Kilmarnock  ap- 
peared here  at  the  head  of  above  500  of 
his  own  men  well  appointed  .  .  .  and  that 
which  added  very  much  unto  it  was  the  early 
blossoms  of  the  loyal  principle  and  education 
of  my  Lord  Boyd,  who,  though  but  eleven 
years  of  age,  appeared  in  arms  with  the  Earl 
his  father.'  This  was  in  1715,  and  the  boy 
here  mentioned  succeeded  his  father  as  fourth 
earl  of  Kilmarnock  in  1717.  He  was  born  in 
1704,  his  mother  being  the  Lady  Euphane, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  eleventh  Lord  Ross. 
His  character  was  generous,  open,  and  affec- 
tionate, but  he  was  pleasure-loving,  vain,  and 
inconstant.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow,  and 
during  the  earlier  part  of  his  life  he  continued, 
in  accordance  with  his  father's  principles,  to 
support  the  house  of  Hanover;  and  we  find 
that,  on  the  death  of  George  I,  he  sent  an 
order  calling  on  the  authorities  of  Kilmar- 
nock to  hold  '  the  train  bands  in  readiness  for 
proclaiming  the  Prince  of  Wales.'  It  was  not 


Boyd 


102 


Boyd 


indeed  until  quite  the  close  of  the  rebellion  of 
'45  that  he  proved  false  to  the  opinions  which 
this  act  shows  him  to  have  held.  Various 
reasons  are  assigned  for  his  defection ;  by  some 
it  was  attributed  to  the  influence  of  his  wife, 
Lady  Anne  Livingstone,  who  was  a  catholic, 
and  whose  father,  fifth  earl  of  Linlithgow,  had 
been  attainted  for  treason  in  1715.  Smollett, 
however,  says  :  { He  engaged  in  the  rebellion 
partly  through  the  desperate  situation  of  his 
fortune,  and  partly  through  resentment  to  the 
government  on  his  being  deprived  of  a  pension 
which  he  had  for  some  time  enjoyed.'  This 
opinion  is  supported  by  Horace  Walpole,  who 
mentions  that  the  pension  was  obtained  by  his 
father  (Sir  Robert  Walpole)  and  stopped  by 
Lord  Wilmington.  In  his  confession  to  Mr. 
James  Foster — a  dissenting  minister  who  at- 
tended him  from  the  time  sentence  of  death 
was  passed  on  him  to  the  day  of  his  execu- 
tion— the  earl  himself  says :  '  The  true  root 
of  all  was  his  careless  and  dissolute  life,  by 
which  he  had  reduced  himself  to  great  and 
perplexing  difficulties.'  The  persuasions  of 
his, wife,  who  was  captivated  by  the  affability 
of  the  young  Pretender,  no  doubt  influenced 
him  in  deserting  the  Hanoverian  cause ;  but 
the  hope  of  bettering  his  straitened  fortunes 
by  a  change  of  dynasty  must  also  be  taken 
into  account.  His  estates  were  much  encum- 
bered when  he  succeeded  to  them,  and  a  long 
course  of  dissipation  and  extravagance  had 
plunged  him  into  such  embarrassment  that 
his  wife  writes  to  him :  '  After  plaguing  the 
Stewart  for  a  fortnight  I  have  only  succeeded 
in  obtaining  three  shillings  from  him.' 

When  he  finally  joined  the  rebels  he  was 
received  by  Prince  Charles  with  great  marks 
of  distinction  and  esteem,  and  was  made  by 
him  a  privy  councillor,  colonel  of  the  guards, 
and  subsequently  general.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  battle  of  Falkirk,  17  Jan.  1746.  At 
the  battle  of  Culloden  he  was  taken  prisoner 
in  consequence  of  a  mistake  he  made  in  sup- 
posing a  troop  of  English  to  be  a  body  of  Fitz- 
James's  horse.  In  his  speech  at  the  trial  he 
pleaded  as  an  extenuating  circumstance  that 
his  surrender  was  voluntary,  but  afterwards 
admitted  the  truth,  and  requested  Mr.  Foster 
to  publish  his  confession.  On  29  May  he,  to- 
gether with  the  Earl  of  Cromarty  and  Lord 
Balrcerino,  was  lodged  in  the  Tower.  They 
were  subsequently  tried  before  the  House  of 
Lords,  and  convicted  of  high  treason,  notwith- 
standing an  eloquent  speech  from  Lord  Kil- 
marnock. The  court  was  presided  over  by 
Lord  Hardwicke  as  lord  high  steward,  and  his 
conduct  on  this  occasion  seems  to  have  been 
strangely  wanting  in  judicial  impartiality. 
Walpole,  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Horace  Mann  com- 
menting on  this,  says : l  To  the  prisoners  he  was 


peevish,  and  instead  of  keeping  up  to  the  hu- 
mane dignity  of  the  law  of  England,  whose 
character  it  is  to  point  out  favour  to  the 
criminal,  he  crossed  them  and  almost  scoffed 
at  any  offer  they  made  towards  defence.' 

The  sentence  on  Lord  Cromarty  was  after- 
wards remitted,  but  no  such  grace  was  ac- 
corded to  Lord  Kilmarnock,  principally  on 
account  of  the  erroneous  belief  held  by  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  that  it  was  he  who  was 
responsible  for  the  order  that  no  quarter  was 
to  be  given  to  the  English  at  Culloden. 

On  18  Aug.  1746  he  was  executed  on  Tower 
Hill  in  company  with  Lord  Balmerino.  He 
is  described  as  being  '  tall  and  slender,  with 
an  extreme  fine  person,'  and  his  behaviour  at 
the  execution  was  held  to  be  ( a  most  just 
mixture  between  dignity  and  submission.' 

His  lands  were  confiscated,  but  subse- 
quently restored  to  his  eldest  son,  and  sold 
by  him  to  the  Earl  of  Glencairn.  The  title 
was  merged  in  1758  in  that  of  Errol. 

[Paterson's  History  of  Ayr,  1847;  M'Kay's 
History  of  Kilmarnock,  1864;  Doran's  London 
in  the  Jacobite  Times,  1871  ;  Moore's  Compleat 
Account  of  the  Lives  of  the  two  Eebel  Lords, 
1746;  Ford's  Life  of  William  Boyd,  Earl  of 
Kilmarnock,  1746;  Foster's  Account  of  the  Be- 
haviour of  William  Boyd,  Earl  of  Kilmarnock, 
1746;  Observations  and  Eemarks  on  the  two 
Accounts  lately  published  by  J.  Ford  and  J.  Foster, 
1746;  Gent.  Mag.  xvi.;  Scots  Mag.  viii. ;  Howell's 
State  Trials,  xviii.]  N.  G. 

BOYD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1772),  Irish  pres- 
byterian  minister,  was  ordained  minister  of 
Macosquin,co.  Derry,by  the  Coleraine  presby- 
tery, on  31  Jan.  1710.  He  is  memorable  as 
the  oearer  of  a  commission  to  Colonel  Samuel 
Suitte,  governor  of  New  England,  embodying- 
a  proposal  for  an  extensive  emigration  from 
co.  Derry  to  that  colony.  The  commission 
is  dated  26  March  1718,  is  signed  by  nine 
presbyterian  ministers  and  208  members  of 
their  flocks,  who  declare  their  '  sincere  and 
hearty  inclination  to  transport  ourselves  to 
that  very  excellent  and  renowned  Plantation, 
upon  our  obtaining  from  His  Excellency 
suitable  encouragement.'  Witherow  reprints 
the  document,  with  the  signatures  in  full, 
from  Edward  Lutwyche  Parker's  'History 
of  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,'  Boston, 
1851.  Boyd  fulfilled  his  mission  in  1718. 
How  he  was  received  is  not  known  ;  the  in- 
tended emigration  did  not,  however,  take 
place.  But  in  the  same  year,  without  await- 
ing the  issue  of  Boyd's  negotiation,  James 
McGregor  (minister  of  Aghadowey,  co.  Derry, 
from  1701  to  1718),  who  had  not  signed  the 
document,  emigrated  to  New  Hampshire  with 
some  of  his  people,  and  there  founded  a  town 
to  which  was  given  the  name  of  Londonderry. 


Boyd 


103 


Boyd 


In   the  non-subscription   controversy  Boyc 
took  a  warm  part.  When  the  general  synod  of 
Ulster  in  1721  permitted  those  of  its  members 
to  subscribe  the  Westminster  Confession  who 
thought  fit,  Boyd  was  one  of  the  signatories 
He  was  on  the  committee  of  six  appointed 
in  1724  to  draw  up  articles  against  Thomas 
Nevin,  M.A.  (minister  of  Downpatrick  from 
1711  to  1744 ;  accused  of  impugning  the  deity 
of  Christ),  and  probably  drafted  the  docu- 
ment.    Next  year  Boyd  moved  from  Macos- 
quin  to  a  congregation  nearer  Londonderry, 
anciently  known  as  Taughboyne,  subsequently 
as  Monreagh,  where  he  was  installed  by  Deny 
presbytery  on  25  April  1725.     The  stipend 
promised  was  50/.      The  congregation  had 
been  vacant  since  the  removal  of  William 
Gray  to  Usher's  Quay,  Dublin,  in  1721.     In 
1727  Gray,  without  ecclesiastical  sanction, 
came  back  to  Taughboyne   and  set  up   an 
opposition  meeting  in  a  disused  corn-kiln  at 
St.  Johnston,  within  the  bounds  of  his  old 
congregation.     Hence   arose   defections,  re- 
criminations, and  the  diminution  of  Boyd's 
stipend  to  40/.     The  general  synod  elected 
him  moderator  at  Dungannon  in  1730.     The 
sermon  with  which  he  concluded  his  term  of 
office  in  the  following  year  at  Antrim  proves 
his  orthodoxy  as  a  subscriber  to  the  West- 
minster Confession,  and  perhaps  also  proves 
that  the  influence  of  a  non-subscribing  pub- 
lication, above   ten   years   old,  was   by   no 
means  spent.    It  is  directed  specially  against 
a  famous  discourse  by  the  non-subscribing 
minister  of  the  town  in  which  it  was  de- 
livered, John  Abernethy,  M.A.,  whose  'Re- 
ligious Obedience  founded  on  Personal  Per- 
suasion '  was  preached  at  Belfast  on  9  Dec. 
1719,  and  printed  in  1720  [see  ABEKNETHY, 
JOHN,  1680-1740].     Boyd  decides  that  <  con- 
science is  not  the  supreme  lawgiver,'  and  that 
it  has  no  judicial  authority  except  in  so  far 
as  it  administers  '  the  law  of  God/  an  expres- 
sion which  with  him  is  synonymous  with  the 
interpretation  of  Scripture  accepted  by  his 
church.     In  1734  Boyd  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  clerkship   of  the  general 
synod.     His  zeal  for  the   faith  was  again 
shown  in  1739,  when  he  took  the  lead  against 
Richard  Aprichard,   a    probationer    of  the 
Armagh  presbytery,  who  had  scruples  about 
some  points  of  the  Confession,  and  ultimately 
withdrew  from  the  synod's  jurisdiction.     He 
was  one  of  the  ten  divines  appointed  by  the 
synod  at  Magherafelt  on  16  June  1747  to 
draw  up  a '  Serious  Warning '  to  be  read  from 
the  pulpits  against  dangerous  errors  'creeping 
into  our  bounds.'     These  errors  were  in  re- 
ference to  such  doctrines  as  original  sin,  the 
'  satisfaction  of  Christ,'  the  Trinity,  and  the 
authority  of  Scripture.     The  synod,  in  spite 


of  its  '  Serious  Warning,'  would  not  enter- 
tain a  proposal  to  forbid  the  growing  practice 
of  intercommunion  with  the  non-subscribers. 
We  hear  nothing  more  of  Boyd  till  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  an  advanced  age  on  2  May 
1772.  He  published  only  <A  Good  Con- 
science a  Necessary  Qualification  of  a  Gospel 
Minister.  A  Sermon  (Heb.  xiii.  18)  preached 
at  Antrim  June  15th  1731,  at  a  General 
Synod  of  the  Protestants  of  the  Presbyterian 
Persuasion  in  the  North  of  Ireland,'  Derry. 
1731,  18mo. 

[Witherow's  Hist,  and  Lit.  Mem.  of  Presb. 
in  Ireland,  2nd  ser.  1880,  p.  1 ;  Armstrong's  Ap- 
pendix to  Ordination  Service,  James  Martineau, 
1829,  p.  102;  Manuscript  Extracts  from  Minutes 
of  General  Synod.]  A.  GK 

BOYD,  ZACHARY  (1585  P-1653),  was 
a  descendant  of  the  family  of  Boyd  of  Pen- 
kill  in  Ayrshire.     He  was  born  about  1585, 
and  was  first  educated  at  Kilmarnock,  whence 
he  went  to  Glasgow  University  in  1601.  He 
also  attended  the  university  of  St.  Andrews 
from  1603  to  1607,  and  graduated  there  as 
M.A.      Subsequently  he  went  over  to  the 
protestant  college  of  Saumur,  in  France,  and 
was  offered,  but  declined,  the  principalship 
of  that  college.     He  resided  in  France  for 
sixteen  years,  and  seems  to  have  left  it  on 
account  of  the  religious  troubles.     In  1623 
he  returned  to  Scotland,  and  was  appointed 
minister  of  the  Barony  parish  in  Glasgow. 
He  died  in  1653.     The  latter  part  of  his  life 
was  spent  in  the  management  of  his  parish 
and  of  the  affairs  of  the  Glasgow  University, 
in  which  he  took  a  deep  interest,  and  in  lite- 
rary pursuits.     Only  a  part  of  his  writings 
were  printed;   some  still  remain  in  manu- 
script in  the  possession  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, to  which  he  left  them,  along  with  a 
money  bequest,  which  not  only  assisted  in 
>roviding  new  buildings,  but  served  to  esta- 
)lish  some  bursaries.     His  bust,  well  known 
to  many  generations  of  students,  stood  in  a 
niche  of  the  quadrangle  which  was  built 
with  his  bequest,  until  a  few  years  ago  the 
university  deserted  those  buildings  and  moved 
to  its  present  situation,  where  the  bust  is  still 
preserved  in  the  library.     Boyd  served  the 
offices  of  dean  of  faculty,  rector,  and  vice- 
chancellor  in  the  university  during  several 
years.      His  printed  prose  works   appeared 
between  1629  and  1650  ;  the  printed  poetical 
works  between  1640  and  1652.  <  The  Battell 
of  the  Soul  in  Death '  (1629),  dedicated  to 
Charles  I,  and  in  French  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  while  the  second  volume  contains  a  de- 
dicatory letter  to  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia, 
on  the  death  of  her  son  Frederick,  is  a  sort 
of  prose  manual  for  the  sick.     About  1640 


Boydell 


104 


Boydell 


he  published  a  poem  on  General  Lesly's  vic- 
tory at  Newburn,  which  is  marked  by  the 
utmost  extravagance  and  absurdity  of  lan- 
guage and  of  metaphor.  In  1640  he  pub- 
lished 'Four  Letters  of  Comforts  for  the 
deaths  of  Earle  of  Haddington  and  of  Lord 
Boyd.'  The  '  Psalms  of  David  in  Meeter,' 
with  metrical  versions  of  the  songs  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,  was  published  in 
1648.  The  manuscript  writings  of  Boyd, 
preserved  in  Glasgow  University,  are  very 
voluminous,  and  some  extracts  have  been 
published  as  curiosities.  The  chief  portions 
are  the  '  Four  Evangels '  in  verse,  and  a  col- 
lection of  poetical  stories,  taken  chiefly  from 
Bible  history,  which  he  calls  *  Zion's  Flowers,' 
and  which,  having  been  commonly  called 
'  Boyd's  Bible,'  gave  currency  to  the  idea 
that  he  had  translated  the  whole  Bible.  The 
stories  are  often  absurd  enough  in  style  and 
treatment,  but  the  general  notion  of  their 
absurdities  has  been  exaggerated  from  the 
fact  that  they  were  abundantly  parodied  by 
those  whose  object  was  to  caricature  the 
presbyterian  style  which  Boyd  represented. 
He  seems  to  have  been  inclined  to  oppose 
the  policy  of  the  royalist  party  even  in  earlier 
days ;  for  though  he  wrote  a  Latin  ode  on 
the  coronation  of  Charles  I  at  Holyrood  in 
1633,  his  dedication  of  the  '  Battell  of  the 
Soul '  to  the  king  contained  what  must  have 
been  taken  as  a  reflection  on  the  want  of 
strict  Sabbatarianism  in  the  episcopal  church. 
In  later  years  he  became  a  staunch  cove- 
nanter, but  did  not  relish  the  triumph  of 
Cromwell.  In  1650  he  preached  before  Crom- 
well in  the  cathedral,  and,  as  we  are  told, 
1  railed  at  him  to  his  face.'  Thurloe,  Crom- 
well's secretary,  would  have  called  him  to 
account,  but  Cromwell  took  means  to  pay 
him  back  more  effectually  in  kind  by  inviting 
him  to  dine  and  then  treating  him  to  three 
hours  of  prayers.  After  that,  we  are  told, 
Boyd  found  himself  on  better  terms  with  the 
Protector.  Reflecting  many  of  the  oddities 
and  absurdities  of  style  which  were  charac- 
teristic of  his  time,  Boyd  seems  nevertheless 
to  have  been  a  man  of  considerable  energy 
and  shrewdness,  and  to  have  won  a  fair 
amount  of  contemporary  popularity  as  an 
author. 

[Four  Letters  of  Comfort,  1640,  reprinted  Edin. 
1878;  Four  Poems  from  Zion's  Flowers,  by  Z.  B., 
with  introductory  notice  by  Gr.  Neil,  Glasgow, 
1855  ;  The  Last  Battle  of  the  Soul  in  Death, 
Edin.  1629.]  H.  C. 

BOYDELL,  JOHN  (1719-1804),  en- 
graver, print  publisher,  and  lord  mayor,  was 
born  at  Dorrington  in  Shropshire  on  19  Jan. 
1719.  His  father,  Josiah,  was  a  land  surveyor, 


and  his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Millies. 
His  grandfather  was  the  Rev.  J.  Boydell, 
D.D.,  vicar  of  Ashbourne  and  rector  of  Maple  - 
ton  in  Derbyshire.  Boydell  was  brought  up 
to  his  father's  profession,  but  when  about 
one-and-twenty  he  appears  to  have  aban- 
doned it  in  favour  of  art.  He  walked  up  to 
London,  became  a  student  in  the  St.  Martin's 
Lane  academy,  and  apprenticed  himself  to 
W.  H.  Toms,  the  engraver.  The  year  of  his 
apprenticeship  is  stated  by  himself  to  have 
been  1741,  but  in  another  place  he  says  that 
he  bound  himself  apprentice  when  '  within  a 
few  months  of  twenty-one  years  of  age.'  It 
is  said  that  he  was  moved  to  do  this  by  his 
admiration  of  a  print  by  Toms,  after  Bades- 
lade,  of  Hawarden  Castle,  but  we  have  his 
own  statement  engraved  upon  his  first  print 
that  he  '  never  saw  an  engraved  copper-plate 
before  he  came  on  trial.'  This  first  print, 
which  was  begun  immediately  on  being  bound 
apprentice,  is  a  copy  of  an  engraving  by  Le 
Bas  after  Teniers.  He  soon  began  to  publish 
on  his  own  account  small  landscapes,  which 
he  produced  in  sets  of  six  and  sold  for  six- 
pence. One  of  these  was  known  as  his 
'  Bridgebook '  because  there  was  a  bridge  in 
each  view.  As  there  were  few  print-shops  at 
that  time  in  London,  he  induced  the  sellers 
of  toys  to  expose  them  in  their  windows,  and 
his  most  successful  shop  was  at  the  sign  of 
the  Cricket-bat  in  Duke's  Court,  St.  Martin's 
Lane.  Twelve  of  these  small  landscape  plates 
are  included  in  the  collection  of  his  engravings 
which  he  published  in  1790,  and  the  earliest 
date  to  be  found  on  any  of  them  is  1744.  In 
the  next  year  he  appears  to  have  commenced 
the  publication,  at  the  price  of  one  shilling 
each,  of  larger  views  about  London,  Oxford, 
and  other  places  in  England  and  Wales, 
drawn  and  engraved  by  himself.  This  prac- 
tice he  continued  with  success  for  about  ten 
years,  by  which  time  he  had  amassed  a  small 
capital.  This  was  the  foundation  of  his  for- 
tune. In  the  copy  of  the  Collection  of  1790 
in  the  British  Museum,  which  was  presented 
by  him  to  Miss  Banks  (daughter  of  the  sculp- 
tor), is  preserved  an  autograph  note,  in  which 
he  calls  it  '  The  only  book  that  had  the  ho- 
nour of  making  a  Lord  Mayor  of  London.' 
In  the  *  advertisement '  or  preface  to  the 
volume  he  speaks  of  his  master  Toms  as  one 
1  who  had  himself  never  risen  to  any  degree 
of  perfection,'  and  adds,  'indeed  at  that 
period  there  was  no  engraver  of  any  emi- 
nence in  this  country.'  Of  his  own  engrav- 
ings he  speaks  with  proper  humility,  for 
beyond  a  certain  neatness  of  execution  they 
have  little  merit.  '  The  engraver  has  now 
collected  them,'  he  wrote, l  more  to  show  the 
improvement  of  art  in  this  country,  since 


Boydell 


105 


Boydell 


the  period  of  their  publication,  than  from 
any  idea  of  their  own  merits.' 

Though  not  altogether  relinquishing  the 
burin  till  about  1767,  he  had  long  before 
this  commenced  his  career  as  a  printseller 
and  a  publisher  of  the  works  of  other  en- 
gravers. After  serving  six  years  with  Toms, 
he  purchased  the  remainder  of  his  term  of 
apprenticeship,  and  the  success  of  his  prints, 
especially  of  a  volume  of  views  in  England 
and  Wales,  published  in  1751,  enabled  him 
to  set  up  in  business  on  his  own  account. 
The  first  engraving  of  great  importance  pro- 
duced under  his  encouragement  was  Wool- 
lett's  plate  after  Wilson's  (  Niobe,'  published 
in  1761.  This  was  also  (with  the  exception 
of  Hogarth's  prints)  the  first  important  en- 
graving by  a  British  engraver  after  a  British 
painter.  J.  T.  Smith,  in  his  account  of  Wool- 
lett appended  to  '  Nollekens  and  his  Times,' 
recounts  the  history  of  this  plate  as  told  him 
by  Boydell.  '  When  I  got  a  little  forward  in 
the  world,'  said  Boydell,  'I took  a  whole  shop, 
for  at  my  commencement  I  kept  only  half  a 
one.  In  the  course  of  one  year  I  imported 
numerous  impressions  of  Vernet's  celebrated 
"  Storm,"  so  admirably  engraved  by  Lerpi- 
niere ;  for  which  I  was  obliged  to  pay  in 
hard  cash,  as  the  French  took  none  of  our 
prints  in  return.  Upon  Mr.  Woollett's  ex- 
pressing himself  highly  delighted  with  this 
Erint  of  the  "  Storm,"  I  was  induced,  knowing 
is  ability  as  an  engraver,  to  ask  him  if  he 
thought  he  could  produce  a  print  of  the  same 
size,  which  I  could  send  over,  so  that  in 
future  I  could  avoid  payment  in  money,  and 
prove  to  the  French  nation  that  an  English- 
man could  produce  a  print  of  equal  merit ; 
upon  which  he  immediately  declared  that  he 
should  much  like  to  try.' 

The  result  was  the  print  of  '  Niobe,'  for 
which  Boydell  agreed  to  pay  100/.,  '  an  un- 
heard of  price,  being  considerably  more  than 
I  had  given  for  any  copperplate.'  He  had, 
however,  to  advance  the  engraver  more  than 
this  before  the  plate  was  finished.  Very  few 
proofs  were  struck  off,  and  5s.  only  was 
charged  for  the  prints  ;  but  the  work  brought 
Boydell  2,000/.  It  was  followed  by  the 
'  Phaeton,'  also  engraved  by  Woollett,  after 
Wilson,  and  published  by  Boydell  in  1763. 
These  prints  had  a  large  sale  on  the  con- 
tinent, with  which  an  enormous  trade  in 
English  engravings  was  soon  established. 
BoydelFs  enterprise  increased  with  his  capi- 
tal, and  he  continued  to  employ  the  latter  in 
encouraging  English  talent.  In  the  list  of 
engravers  employed  by  him  are  the  names  of 
Woollett,  M'Ardell,  Hall,  Earlom,  Sharpe, 
Heath,  J.  Smith,  Val.  Green,  and  other 
Englishmen,  and  a  large  proportion  of  the 


prints  he  published  were,  from  the  first,  after 
Wilson,  West,  Reynolds,  and  other  English 
painters.  His  foreign  trade  spread  the  fame 
of  English  engravers  and  English  painters 
abroad  for  the  first  time.  The  receipts  from 
some  of  the  plates,  especially  the  engravings 
by  Woollett  after  West's  '  Death  of  General 
Wolfe,'  and  '  Battle  of  La  Hogue,'  were 
enormous.  In  1790  he  stated  the  receipts 
from  the  former  amounted  to  15,000/.  Both 
were  copied  by  the  best  engravers  in  Paris 
and  Vienna. 

In  1790  he  was  elected  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, having  been  elected  alderman  for  the 
ward  of  Cheap  in  1782,  and  served  sheriff 
in  1785.  During  his  career  as  a  print  pub- 
lisher the  course  of  the  foreign  trade  in 
prints  was  turned  from  an  import  to  an  ex- 
port one.  It  was  stated  by  the  Earl  of  Suf- 
folk in  the  House  of  Lords  that  the  revenue 
coming  into  this  country  from  this  branch 
of  art  at  one  time  exceeded  200,000/.  per 
annum.  Having  amassed  a  large  fortune, 
Boydell  in  1786  embarked  upon  the  most 
important  enterprise  of  his  life,  viz.  the  pub- 
lication, by  subscription,  of  a  series  of  prints 
illustrative  of  Shakespeare,  after  pictures 
painted  expressly  for  the  work  by  English  ar- 
tists. For  this  purpose  he  gave  commissions 
to  all  the  most  celebrated  painters  of  this 
country  for  pictures,  and  built  a  gallery  in 
Pall  Mall  for  their  exhibition.  The  execution 
of  this  project  extended  over  several  years. 
In  1789  the  Shakespeare  Gallery  contained 
thirty-four  pictures,  in  1791  sixty-five,  in 
1802  one  hundred  and  sixty-two,  of  which 
eighty-four  were  of  large  size.  The  total 
number  of  works  executed  was  170,  three  of 
which  were  pieces  of  sculpture,  and  the  artists 
employed  were  thirty-three  painters  and  two 
sculptors,  Thomas  Banks  and  the  Hon.  Mrs. 
Darner.  It  appears  from  the  preface  to  the  cata- 
logue of  1789,  and  from  other  recorded  state- 
ments of  Boydell,  that  he  wished  to  do  for  Eng- 
lish painting  what  he  had  done  for  English 
engraving,  to  make  it  respected  by  foreigners, 
and  there  is  independent  evidence  of  the 
generous  spirit  in  which  he  conducted  the 
enterprise.  Northcote,  in  a  letter  addressed 
to  Mrs.  Carey,  3  Oct.  1821,  says :  *  My  picture 
of  "  The  Death  of  Wat  Tyler  "  was  painted 
in  the  year  1786  for  my  friend  and  patron 
Alderman  Boydell,  who  did  more  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  arts  in  England  than  the 
whole  mass  of  nobility  put  together.  He 
paid  me  more  nobly  than  any  other  person 
has  done ;  and  his  memory  I  shall  ever 
hold  in  reverence.' 

Boydell's  l  Shakespeare  '  was  published  in 
1802,  but  the  French  revolution  had  stopped 
his  foreign  trade,  and  placed  him  in  such 


Boydell 


106 


Boydell 


serious  financial  difficulties  that  in  1804  he 
was  obliged  to  apply  to  parliament  for  permis- 
sion to  dispose  of  his  property  by  lottery.  This 
property  was  very  considerable.  In  the  pre- 
vious year  Messrs.  Boydell  had  published  a 
catalogue  of  their  stock  in  forty-eight  volumes, 
which  comprised  no  less  than  4,432  plates, 
of  which  2,293  were  after  English  artists.  In 
a  letter  read  to  the  House  of  Commons  Boy- 
dell wrote  :  'I  have  laid  out  with  my  brethren, 
in  promoting  the  commerce  of  the  fine  arts  in 
this  country,  above  350,000/.'  In  his  printed 
lottery  scheme  it  is  stated  that  it  had  been 
proved  before  both  houses  of  parliament  that 
the  plates  from  which  the  prize  prints  were 
taken  cost  upwards  of  300,000/.,  his  pictures 
and  drawings  46,266/.,  and  the  Shakespeare 
Gallery  upwards  of  30,000/.  The  lottery 
consisted  of  22,000  tickets,  all  of  which  were 
sold.  The  sum  received  enabled  Boydell  to 
pay  his  debts,  but  he  died  at  his  house  in 
Cheapside  on  12  Dec.  1804,  before  the  lottery 
was  drawn. 

This  was  done  on  28  Jan.  1805,  when  the 
chief  prize,  which  included  the  Shakespeare 
Gallery,  pictures  and  estate,  fell  to  Mr.  Tassie, 
nephew  of  the  celebrated  imitator  of  cameos 
in  glass,  who  sold  the  property  by  auction. 
The  pictures  and  two  bas-reliefs  by  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Darner  realised  6,181 1.  18s.  6d.  The 
gallery  was  purchased  by  the  British  Insti- 
tution, and  Banks's  'Apotheosis  of  Shake- 
speare '  was  reserved  for  a  monument  over 
the  remains  of  Boydell.  This  piece  of  sculp- 
ture, however,  after  remaining  for  many 
years  in  its  original  position  over  the  en- 
trance to  the  gallery,  has  now  been  removed 
to  Stratford-upon-Avon. 

Although  Boydell  appears  to  have  been 
responsible  for  an  imposition  on  the  public 
in  regard  to  Woollett's  print  of  <  The  Death 
of  General  Wolfe/  the  entire  property  of 
which  fell  into  his  hands  after  the  engraver's 
death — the  plate  was  repaired  and  unlettered 
proofs  printed  and  sold — his  career  was  one 
of  well-won  honour  and  success,  until  the 
French  revolution  marred  his  prosperity. 
His  influence  in  encouraging  native  art  in 
England  was  great,  and  salutary,  assuming 
proportions  of  national  importance.  It  is 
true  that  the  Boydell '  Shakespeare,'  taken  as 
a  whole,  seems  now  to  shed  little  lustre  on 
the  English  school,  but  this  was  not  Boy- 
dell's  fault ;  he  employed  the  best  artists  he 
could  get — Reynolds,  Stothard,  Smirke,  Rom- 
ney,  Fuseli,  Opie,  Barry,  West,  Wright  of 
Derby,  Angelica  Kauffman,  Westall,  Hamil- 
ton, and  others.  It  must  also  be  remembered 
that  this  was  the  first  great  effort  of  the  kind 
ever  made  by  English  artists,  and  its  influ- 
ence cannot  easily  be  overestimated.  Boy- 


dell deserves  great  credit  for  his  patriotism, 
generosity  to  artists,  and  public  spirit.  To 
the  corporation  of  London  he  presented  the 
frescoes  by  Rigaud  on  the  cupola  of  the  com- 
mon-council chamber,  and  many  other  paint- 
ings, including  Reynolds's '  Lord  Heathfield ;' 
to  the  Stationers'  Company,  West's  '  Alfred 
the  Great '  and  Graham's  '  Escape  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.'  It  was  his  intention,  before 
the  reverse  of  his  fortunes,  to  bequeath  the 
Shakespeare  gallery  of  paintings  to  the  na- 
tion. In  1748  he  married  Elizabeth  Lloyd, 
second  daughter  of  Edward  Lloyd  of  the 
Fords,  near  Oswestry,  in  Shropshire,  by  whom 
he  had  no  issue.  He  was  buried  at  St.  Olave's, 
Coleman  Street. 

[Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet. ;  Redgrave's  Diet.  o-. 
Artists  (1878) ;  Bryan's  Diet.  (Graves,  now  in 
course  of  publication) ;  Annual  Eeg.  (1804) ; 
Gent.  Mag.  (1804);  Hayley's  Life  of  Eomney; 
Nollekens  and  his  Times;  Pye's  Patronage  of 
British  Art ;  A  Collection  of  Views  in  England 
and  Wales  by  J.  B.  (1790) ;  Shakespeare's  Dra- 
matic Works  revised  by  Steevens,  with  plates, 
9  vols.  (1802) ;  A  Description  of  several  Pictures 
presented  to  the  Corporation  of  London  by  J.  B. 
(1794);  Catalogues  of  Pictures  in  Shakespeare 
Gallery  (1789-1802);  Hansard's  Parliamentary 
Debates,  vol.  i.  1803-4,  p.  249.]  C.  M. 

BOYDELL,  JOSIAH  (1752-1817), 
painter  and  engraver,  nephew  of  Alderman 
John  Boydell  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  the  Manor 
House,  near  Hawarden,  Flintshire,  on  18  Jan. 
1752.  Giving  early  proofs  of  his  love  for  art 
and  his  capacity  in  design,  he  was  sent  to  Lon- 
don and  placed  under  the  care  and  patronage 
of  his  uncle,  whose  partner  and  successor  he 
eventually  became.  He  drew  from  the  an- 
tique, studied  painting  under  Benjamin  West, 
and  acquired  the  art  of  mezzotinto  engraving 
from  Richard  Earlom.  When  Alderman  Boy- 
dell undertook  the  publication  of  the  series 
of  engravings  from  the  famous  Houghton 
collection  previous  to  its  removal  to  thb 
Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg,  he  employed  his 
nephew  and  Joseph  Farington  to  make  the 
necessary  drawings  from  the  pictures  for  the 
use  of  the  engravers.  Boydell  painted  seve- 
ral of  the  subjects  for  the  Shakespeare  Gal- 
lery, and  exhibited  portraits  and  historical 
subjects  at  the  Royal  Academy  between  1772 
and  1799.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Hampstead,  and  during  the  French  war  as- 
sisted in  forming  the  corps  known  as  the 
Loyal  Hampstead  Volunteers,  of  which  he 
was  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  master  of 
the  Stationers'  Company,  and  succeeded  his 
uncle  as  alderman  of  the  ward  of  Cheap,  but 
ill-health  compelled  him  to  resign  this  latter 
office  within  a  few  years.  During  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  he  resided  at  Halliford,  Middle- 


Boyer 


107 


Boyer 


sex,  and  lie  died  there  on  27  March  1817.  He 
was  buried  in  Hampstead  Church.  Among  his 
principal  paintings  may  be  mentioned :  a  por- 
trait of  Alderman  John  Boydell,  exhibited 
at  the  Academy  in  1772,  and  engraved  by 
Valentine  Green :  a  portrait  of  his  wife,  when 
Miss  North,  in  the  character  of  Juno,  exhi- 
bited in  1773 ;  and  *  Coriolanus  taking  leave 
of  :his  Family/  also  exhibited  in  1773.  He 
engraved  some  excellent  plates  in  mezzo- 
tinto :  '  Hansloe  and  his  Mother,'  after  Rem- 
brandt;  'The  Holy  Family,'  after  Carlo 
Maratti ;  '  The  Virgin  and  Child,'  after  Par- 
migiano  ;  '  Charles  I,'  after  A.  van  Dyck. 

[Magazine  of  the  Fine  Arts,  ii.  410 ;  MS.  notes 
in  the  British  Museum.]  L.  F. 

BOYER,  ABEL  (1667-1729),  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  on  24  June  1667,  at 
Castres,  in  Upper  Languedoc,  where  his  father, 
who  suffered  for  his  protestant  zeal,  was  one  of 
the  two  consuls  or  chief  magistrates.  Boyer's 
education  at  the  academy  of  Puylaurens  was 
interrupted  by  the  religious  disturbances,  and 
leaving  France  with  an  uncle,  a  noted  Hugue- 
not preacher,  he  finished  his  studies  at  Frane- 
ker  in  Friesland,  after  a  brief  episode,  it  is  said, 
of  military  service  in  Holland.  Proceeding 
to  England  in  1689  he  fell  into  great  poverty, 
and  is  represented  as  transcribing  and  pre- 
paring for  the  press  Dr.  Thomas  Smith's 
edition  of  Camden's  Latin  correspondence 
(London,  1691).  A  good  classical  scholar, 
Boyer  became  in"1692  tutor  to  Allen  Bathurst, 
afterwards  first  Earl  Bathurst,  whose  father 
Sir  Benjamin  was  treasurer  of  the  household 
of  the  princess,  afterwards  Queen  Anne.  Pro- 
bably through  this  connection  he  was  ap- 
pointed French  teacher  to  her  son  William, 
duke  of  Gloucester,  for  whose  use  he  prepared 
and  to  whom  he  dedicated  '  The  Complete 
French  Master,'  published  in  1694.  Disap- 
pointed of  advancement  on  account  of  his  zeal 
for  whig  principles,  he  abandoned  tuition  for 
authorship.  In  December  1 699  he  produced  on 
the  London  stage,  with  indifferent  success,  a 
modified  translation  in  blank  verse  of  Racine's 
'  Iphigenie,'  which  was  published  in  1700  as 
'  Achilles  or  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  a  tragedy 
written  by  Mr.  Boyer.'  A  second  edition  of 
it  appeared  in  1714  as '  The  Victim,  or  Achilles 
and  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,'  in  an '  advertisement' 
prefixed  to  which  Boyer  stated  that  in  its  first 
form  it  had  '  passed  the  correction  and  appro- 
bation '  of  Dryden.  In  1702  appeared  at  the 
Hague  the  work  which  has  made  Boyer's  a 
familiar  name,  his  '  Dictionnaire  Royal  Fran- 
cais  et  Anglais,  divisS  en  deux  parties,'  osten- 
sibly composed  for  the  use  of  the  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester, then  dead.  It  was  much  superior  to 
every  previous  work  of  the  kind,  and  has  been 


the  basis  of  very  many  subsequent  French- 
English  dictionaries  ;  the  last  English  un- 
abridged edition  is  that  of  1816  ;  the  edition 
published  at  Paris  in  1860  is  stated  to  be  the 
41st.  For  the  English-French  section  Boyer 
claimed  the  merit  of  containing  a  more  com- 
plete English  dictionary  than  any  previous 
one,  the  English  words  and  idioms  in  it  being 
defined  and  explained  as  well  as  accompanied 
by  their  French  equivalents.  In  the  French 
preface  to  the  whole  work  Boyer  said  that 
1,000  English  words  not  in  any  other  English 
dictionary  had  been  added  to  his  by  Richard 
Savage,  whom  he  spoke  of  as  his  friend,  and 
who  assisted  him  in  several  of  his  French 
manuals  and  miscellaneous  compilations  and 
translations  published  subsequently.  Among 
the  English  versions  of  French  works  exe- 
cuted in  whole  or  in  part  by  Boyer  was  a 
popular  translation  of  Fenelon's { Tel6maque,' 
of  which  a  twelfth  edition  appeared  in  1728. 
In  1702  Boyer  published  a  '  History  of 
William  III,'  which  included  one  of  James  II, 
and  in  1703  he  began  to  issue  t  The  History 
of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne  digested  into 
annals,'  a  yearly  register  of  political  and  mis- 
cellaneous occurrences,  containing  several 
plans  and  maps  illustrating  the  military 
operations  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succes- 
sion. Before  the  last  volume,  the  eleventh, 
of  this  work  appeared  in  1713,  he  had  com- 
menced the  publication  of  a  monthly  periodi- 
cal of  the  same  kind,  <  The  Political  State  of 
Great  Britain,  being  an  impartial  account  of 
the  most  material  occurrences,  ecclesiastical, 
civil,  and  military,  in  a  monthly  letter  to  a 
friend  in  Holland'  (38  volumes,  1711-29).  Its 
contents,  which  were  those  of  a  monthly  news- 
paper, included  abstracts  of  the  chief  political 
pamphlets  published  on  both  sides,  and,  like 
the  '  Annals,'  is,  both  from  its  form  and  mat- 
ter, very  useful  for  reference.  '  The  Political 
State  '  is,  moreover,  particularly  noticeable  as 
being  the  first  periodical,  issued  at  brief  in- 
tervals, which  contained  a  parliamentary  chro- 
nicle, and  in  which  parliamentary  debates  were 
reported  with  comparative  regularity  and  with 
some  approximation  to  accuracy.  In  the  case 
of  the  House  of  Lords'  reports  various  devices, 
such  as  giving  only  the  initials  of  the  names 
of  the  speakers,  were  resorted  to  in  order  to 
escape  punishment,  but  in  the  case  of  the 
House  of  Commons  the  entire  names  were 
frequently  given.  According  to  Boyer's  own 
account  (preface  to  his  folio  History  of  Queen 
Anne,  and  to  vol.  xxxvii.  of  the  Political 
State)  he  had  been  furnished  by  members  of 
both  houses  of  parliament  (among  whom  he 
mentioned  Lord  Stanhope)  with  reports  of 
their  speeches,  and  he  had  even  succeeded  in 
becoming  an  occasional '  ear-witness '  of  the 


Boyer 


108 


Boyes 


debates  themselves.  When  he  was  threatened 
at  the  beginning  of  1729  with  arrest  by  the 
printers  of  the  votes,  whose  monopoly  they 
accused  him  of  infringing,  he  asserted  that  for 
thirty  years  in  his  '  History  of  King  William/ 
his  '  Annals/  and  in  his  '  Political  State/  he 
had  given  reports  of  parliamentary  debates 
without  being  molested.  The  threat  induced 
him  to  discontinue  the  publication  of  the  de- 
bates. He  intended  to  resume  the  work,  but 
failed  to  carry  out  his  intention  (see  Gent. 
Mag.  for  November  1856,  Autobiography  of 
Sylvanus  Urban).  He  died  on  16  Nov.  1729, 
in  a  house  which  he  had  built  for  himself  at 
Chelsea. 

Besides  conducting  the  periodicals  men- 
tioned, Boyer  began  in  1705  to  edit  the '  Post- 
boy/ a  thrice-a-week  London  news-sheet. 
His  connection  with  it  ended  in  August  1709, 
through  a  quarrel  with  the  proprietor,  when 
Boyer  started  on  his  own  account  a '  True  Post- 
boy/ which  seems  to  have  been  short-lived. 
A  '  Case  '  which  he  printed  in  vindication  of 
his  right  to  use  the  name  of  '  Post-boy  '  for 
his  new  venture  gives  some  curious  particu- 
lars of  the  way  in  which  the  news-sheets  of 
the  time  were  manufactured.  Boyer  was 
also  the  author  of  pamphlets,  in  one  of  which, 
'  An  Account  of  the  State  and  Progress  of 
the  present  Negotiations  of  Peace/  he  attacked 
Swift,  who  writes  in  the  '  Journal  to  Stella ' 
(16  Oct.  1711),  after  dining  with  Boling- 
broke :  f  One  Boyer,  a  French  dog,  has 
abused  me  in  a  pamphlet,  and  I  have  got 
him  up  in  a  messenger's  hands.  The  secre- 
tary ' — St.  John — '  promises  me  to  swinge  him. 
...  I  must  make  that  rogue  an  example  for 
warning  to  others.'  Boyer  was  discharged 
from  custody  through  the  intervention,  he 
says,  of  Harley,  to  whom  he  boasts  of  having 
rendered  services  (Annals  of  Queen  Anne,  vol. 
for  1711,  pp.  264-5).  Though  he  professed 
a  strict  political  impartiality  in  the  conduct 
of  his  principal  periodicals,  Boyer  was  a  zea- 
lous whig.  For  this  reason  doubtless  Pope 
gave  him  a  niche  in  the  '  Dunciad '  (book  ii. 
413),  where,  under  the  soporific  influence  of 
Dulness,  '  Boyer  the  state,  and  Law  the  stage 
gave  o'er ' — his  crime,  according  to  Pope's  ex- 
planatory note,  being  that  he  was  '  a  volu- 
minous compiler  of  annals,  political  collec- 
tions, &c.' 

Of  Boyer's  other  writings — the  list  of  those 
of  them  which  are  in  the  library  of  the  British 
Museum  occupies  nearly  four  folio  pages  of 
print  in  its  new  catalogue — mention  may  be 
made  of  his  folio  '  History  of  Queen  Anne ' 
(1722,  second  edition  1735),  with  maps  and 
plans  illustrating  Marlborough's  campaigns, 
and  '  a  regular  series  of  all  the  medals  that 
were  struck  to  commemorate  the  great  events 


of  this  reign  ; '  and  the  '  Memoirs  of  the  Life 
and  Negotiations  of  Sir  William  Temple, 
Bart.,  containing  the  most  important  occur- 
rences and  the  most  secret  springs  of  affairs  in 
Christendom  from  the  year  1655  to  the  year 
1681  ;  with  an  account  of  Sir  W.  Temple's 
writings/  published  anonymously  in  1714, 
second  edition  1715.  Boyer's  latest  produc- 
tion— in  composing  which  he  seems  to  have 
been  assisted  by  a  '  Mr.  J.  Innes  ' — was  '  Le 
Grand  Theatre  de  1'Honneur/  French  and 
English,  1729,  containing  a  dictionary  of  he- 
raldic terms  and  a  treatise  on  heraldry,  with 
engravings  of  the  arms  of  the  sovereign  prin- 
ces and  states  of  Europe.  It  was  published 
by  subscription  and  dedicated  to  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales. 

[Boyer's  "Works  ;  obituary  notice  in  vol. 
xxxviii.  of  Political  State,  of  which  the  Memoir 
in  Baker's  Biographia  Dramatica,  1812,  is  mainly 
a  reproduction  ;  Haag's  La  France  Protestante, 
2nd  edition,  1881;  Grenest's  Account  of  the  Eng- 
lish Stage,  ii.  166-9;  Catalogue  of  the  British 
Museum  Library.]  F.  E. 

BOYES,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1811- 
1879),  classical  scholar,  born  10  Feb.  1811, 
entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School  in  the 
month  of  October  1819,  his  father,  Benjamin 
Boyes  (a  Yorkshireman),  being  then  resident 
in  Charterhouse  Square.  After  a  very  credit- 
able school  career  extending  over  nearly  ten 
years,  he  went  in  1829  as  Andrew's  civil  law 
exhibitioner  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
having  relinquished  a  scholarship  which  he  had 
gained  in  the  previous  year  at  Lincoln  College. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  1833,  taking  a  second 
class  in  classics,  his  papers  on  history  and 
poetry  being  of  marked  excellence.  Soon 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  second  master 
of  the  proprietary  school,  Walthamstow,  and 
eventually  succeeded  to  the  head-mastership, 
which  he  filled  for  many  years.  He  proceeded 
M.A.  in  due  course.  At  school,  at  Oxford 
(whither  he  was  summoned  to  act  as  ex- 
aminer at  responsions  in  1842),  and  among 
a  large  circle  of  discriminating  friends,  he 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  culture  and 
scholarship.  l  There  was  not  an  English  or 
Latin  or  Greek  poet  with  whom  he  was  not 
familiar,  and  from  whom  he  could  not  make 
the  most  apposite  quotations.  With  th$  best 
prose  authors  in  our  own  and  in  French, 
and  indeed  other  continental  literature,  he 
was  thoroughly  acquainted '  (AKCHDEACON 
HESSE Y).  The  fruits  of  his  extensive  read- 
ing and  literary  taste  are  to  be  seen  in  his 
published  works,  which  evince  also  consider- 
able originality  of  thought,  terseness  of  ex- 
pression, and  felicity  of  illustration.  The 
closing  years  of  his  life  were  largely  devoted 


Boyle 


109 


Boyle 


to  practical  benevolence,  in  the  exercise  of 
which  he  was  as  humble  as  he  was  liberal. 
He  died  at  Maida  Hill,  London,  26  May 
1879. 

His  writings  comprise:  1.  'Illustrations 
of  the  Tragedies  of  ^Eschylus  and  Sophocles, 
from  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  English  Poets,' 
1844.  2.  '  English  Repetitions,  in  Prose  and 
Verse,  with  introductory  remarks  on  the 
cultivation  of  taste  in  the  young,'  1849. 
3.  '  Life  and  Books,  a  Record  of  Thought 
and  Reading,'  1859.  4.  '  Lacon  in  Council,' 
1865.  The  two  latter  works  remind  one 
very  much  in  their  style  and  texture  of 
1  Guesses  at  Truth,'  by  the  brothers  Hare. 

[Robinson's  Register  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  ii.  211;  Information  from  Archdeacon 
Hessey,  Dr.  Seth  B.  "Watson,  and  other  personal 
friends  of  Mr.  Boyes ;  Preface  and  Appendix  to 
Sermon  by  Rev.  J.  G-.  Tanner  (E.  Hale),  1879.] 

C.  J.  R. 

BOYLE,  CHARLES,  fourth  EAKL  OF  OR- 
RERY in  Ireland,  and  first  BARON  MARSTON, 
of  Marston  in  Somersetshire  (1676-1731), 
grandson  of  Roger  Boyle,  first  earl  of  Orrery 
[q.  v.],  was  born  at  Chelsea  in  1676,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  as  Earl  of  Orrery  in  1703. 
Educated  at  Christ  Church,  he  joined  the  wits 
engaged  in  a  struggle  with  Bentley,  who  re- 
presented the  scholarship  of  the  Cambridge 
whigs.  Sir  W.  Temple  had  made  some  rash 
statements  as  to  the  antiquity  of  Phalaris  in 
a  treatise  on  ancient  and  modern  learning, 
and  this  was  the  subject  of  attack  by  Wotton, 
a  protege"  of  Bentley's,  in  his  '  Reflections  on 
Ancient  and  Modern  Learning/  published  in 
1694.  By  way  of  covering  Temple's  defeat, 
the  Christ  Church  scholars  determined  to 
publish  a  new  edition  of  the  epistles  of  Pha- 
laris. This  was  entrusted  to  Boyle,  who, 
without  asserting  the  epistles  to  be  genuine, 
as  Temple  had  done,  attacked  Bentley  for 
his  rudeness  in  having  withdrawn  too  ab- 
ruptly a  manuscript  belonging  to  the  King's 
Library,  which  Boyle  had  borrowed.  Bentley 
now  added  to  a  new  edition  of  Wotton's '  Re- 
flections '  a  '  Dissertation '  upon  the  epistles, 
from  his  own  pen  [see  BENTLEY,  RICHARD, 
1662-1742J.  Boyle  was  aided  by  Atterbury 
and  Smalridge  in  preparing  a  defence,  pub- 
lished in  1698,  entitled  '  Dr.  Bentley's  Dis- 
sertations ....  examined.'  Bentley  returned 
to  the  charge  and  overwhelmed  his  opponents 
by  the  wealth  of  his  scholarship.  The  dispute 
led  to  Swift's  '  Battle  of  the  Books.'  Before 
succeeding  to  the  peerage  Boyle  was  elected 
M.P.  for  Huntingdon,  but  his  return  was 
disputed,  and  the  violence  of  the  discussion 
which  took  place  led  to  his  being  engaged  in 
a  duel  with  his  colleague,  Francis  Wortley, 


in  which  he  was  wounded.  He  subsequently 
entered  the  army,  and  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Malplaquet,  and  in  1709  became  major- 
general.  In  1706  he  had  married  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Cecil,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Exeter.  We 
find  him  afterwards  in  London,  as  the  centre 
of  Christ  Church  men  there,  a  strong  adhe- 
rent of  the  party  of  Harley,  and  a  member 
of '  the  club '  established  by  Swift.  As  envoy 
in  Flanders  he  took  part  in  the  negotiations 
that  preceded  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  and 
was  afterwards  made  a  privy  councillor  and 
created  Baron  Marston.  He  was  made  a 
lord  of  the  bedchamber  on  the  accession  of 
George  I,  but  resigned  this  post  on  being  de- 
prived of  his  military  command  in  1716.  Swift, 
in  the '  Four  Last  Years  of  the  Queen,'  adduces 
Orrery's  support  of  the  tory  ministry  as  a  proof 
that  no  Jacobite  designs  were  entertained  by 
them ;  but  it  is  curious  that  in  1721  Orrery 
was  thrown  into  the  Tower  for  six  months 
as  being  implicated  in  Layer's  plot,  and  was 
released  on  bail  only  in  consequence  of  Dr. 
Mead's  certifying  that  continued  imprison- 
ment was  dangerous  to  his  life.  He  was 
subsequently  discharged,  and  died  on  28  Aug. 
1731.  Besides  the  works  above  named,  he 
wrote  a  comedy  called  'As  you  find  it.'  The 
astronomical  instrument,  invented  by  Gra- 
ham, received  from  his  patronage  of  the  in- 
ventor the  name  of  an  '  Orrery.' 

[Budgell's  Memoirs  of  the  Boyles ;  Bentley's 
Dissertation ;  Swift's  Battle  of  the  Books ;  Biog. 
Brit.]  H.  C. 

BOYLE,  DAVID,  LORD  BOYLE  (1772- 

1853),  president  of  the  Scottish  court  of  ses- 
sion, fourth  son  of  the  Hon.  Patrick  Boyle 
of  Shewalton,  near  Irvine,  the  third  son  of 
John,  second  Earl  of  Glasgow,  was  born  at 
Irvine  on  26  July.  1772 ;  was  called  to  the 
Scottish  bar  on  14  Dec.  1793 ;  was  gazetted 
(9  May  1807),  under  the  Duke  of  Portland's 
administration,  solicitor-general  for  Scotland ; 
and  in  the  general  election  of  the  following 
month  was  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons 
by  Ayrshire,  which  he  continued  to  represent 
until  his  appointment,  on  23  Feb.  1811,  as  a 
lord  of  session  and  of  justiciary.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lord  justice  clerk  on  15  Oct.  1811.  He 
was  sworn  on  11  April  1820  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  of  George  IV,  at  whose  corona- 
tion, on  19  July  1821,  he  is  recorded  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  to  have  shown  to  great  advan- 
tage in  his  robes. 

After  acting  as  lord  justice  clerk  for  nearly 
thirty  years,  Boyle  was  appointed  lordjustice- 
general  and  president  of  the  court  of  session, 
on  the  resignation  of  Charles  Hope,  lord  Gran- 
ton.  Boyle  resigned  office  in  May  1852,  de- 
clining the  baronetcy  which  was  offered  to 


Boyle 


no 


Boyle 


him,  and  retired  to  his  estate  at  Shewalton, 
to  which  he  had  succeeded  on  the  death  of  a 
brother  in  1837.  He  died  on  30  Jan.  1853. 

Boyle  was  always  distinguished  for  his 
noble  personal  appearance.  Sir  J.  W.  Gordon 
painted  full-length  portraits  of  him  for  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates  and  for  the  Society  of 
Writers  to  the  Signet.  Mr.  Patrick  Park 
also  made  a  bust  of  him  for  the  hall  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Solicitors  before  the  Supreme  Courts 
in  Edinburgh. 

Boyle  was  twice  married :  first,  on  24  Dec. 
1804,  to  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander Montgomerie  of  Annick,  brother  of 
the  twelfth  Earl  of  Eglintoun,  who  died  on 
14  April  1822 ;  he  had  nine  children  by  her, 
the  eldest  of  whom,  Patrick  Boyle,  succeeded 
to  his  estates;  and  secondly,  on  17  July  1827, 
to  Camilla  Catherine,  eldest  daughter  of  David 
Smythe  of  Methven,  lord  Methven,  a  lord  of 
session  and  of  justiciary,  who  died  on  25  Dec. 
1880,  leaving  four  children. 

[Wood's  Douglas's  Peerage  of  Scotland,  1813  ; 
Lodge's  Peerage  and  Baronetage,  1883  ;  Gent. 
Mag.,  passim ;  Brunton  and  Haig's  Senators  of 
the  College  of  Justice,  1813;  Caledonian  Mer- 
cury and  Glasgow  Herald,  7  Feb.  1853;  Edin- 
burgh Evening  Courant  and  Ayr  Observer, 
8  Feb.  1853;  Times,  9  Feb.  1853;  Illustrated 
London  News,  29  Jan.  and  12  Feb.  1853.] 

A.  H.  G. 

BOYLE,  HENRy,  LORD  CARLETON 
(d.  1725),  politician,  was  the  third  and 
youngest  son  of  Charles,  lord  Clifford,  of 
Lanesborough,  by  Jane,  youngest  daughter 
of  William,  duke  of  Somerset,  and  grandson 
of  Richard  Boyle,  second  earl  of  Cork  [q.  v.] 
He  sat  in  parliament  for  Tamworth  from 
1689  to  1690,  for  Cambridge  University- 
after  a  contest  in  which  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
supported  his  opponent — from  1692  to  1705, 
and  for  Westminster  from  1705  to  1710. 
Although  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  poll  at 
Cambridge  in  1701,  he  did  not  venture  to  try 
his  fortune  in  1705.  From  1699  to  1701  he 
was  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  in  the  latter 
year  he  became  the  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer; from  1704  to  1710  he  was  lord 
treasurer  of  Ireland,  and  in  1708  he  was 
made  a  principal  secretary  of  state  in  the 
room  of  Harley.  Two  years  later  he  was 
displaced  for  St.  John,  and  the  act  formed 
one  of  those  bold  steps  on  the  part  of  the 
tory  ministry  which '  almost  shocked '  Swift. 
Boyle  is  generally  said  to  have  been  the 
messenger  who  found  Addison  [q.  v.]  in  his 
mean  lodging,  and  by  his  blandishments,  and 
a  definite  promise  of  preferment  and  the  pro- 
spect of  still  greater  advancement,  secured 
the  poet's  pen  to  celebrate  the  victory  of 


Blenheim  and  its  hero.  In  return,  it  is'said, 
for  his  good  offices  on  this  occasion,  the  third 
volume  of  the  '  Spectator  '  was  dedicated  to 
Boyle,  with  the  eulogy  that  among  politicians 
no  one  had  '  made  himself  more  friends  and 
fewer  enemies.'  Southerne,  the  dramatist, 
was  another  of  the  men  of  letters  whom  he 
befriended.  Boyle  was  engaged  as  one  of 
the  managers  of  the  trial  of  Sacheverell.  On 
20  Oct.  1714  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as 
Baron  Carleton  of  Carleton,  Yorkshire,  and 
from  1721  to  1725  was  lord  president  of  the 
council  in  Walpole's  administration.  He 
died  a  bachelor  at  his  house  in  Pall  Mall  on 
14  March  1725.  He  left  this  house,  known 
as  Carlton  House,  to  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  it  was  long  notorious  as  the  abode  of 
the  prince  regent :  the  name  is  still  per- 
petuated in  Carlton  House  Terrace.  The 
winning  manners  and  the  tact  of  Lord  Car- 
leton have  been  highly  praised.  He  was 
never  guilty,  so  it  was  said  by  his  pane- 
gyrists, of  an  imprudent  speech  or  of  any 
acts  to  injure  the  success  of  the  whig  cause. 
Swift,  however,  accuses  him  of  avarice. 

[Budgell's  Lives  of  Boyles,  149-55;  Swift's 
Works ;  Chalmers ;  Cooper's  Annals  of  Cam- 
bridge, iv.  19,  40,  47 ;  Lodge's  Peerage,  i.  175.] 

W.  P.  C. 

BOYLE,  HENRY,  EARL  OF  SHANNON 
(1682-1764),  born  at  Castlemartyr,  county 
Cork,  in  1682,  was  second  son  of  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Henry  Boyle,  second  son  of  Roger 
Boyle,  first  earl  of  Orrery  [q.  v.]  Henry 
Boyle's  mother  was  Lady  Mary  O'Brien, 
daughter  of  Murragh  O'Brien,  first  earl  of 
Inchiquin,  and  president  of  Munster.  Henry 
Boyle's  father  died  in  Flanders  in  1693,  and 
on  the  death  of  his  eldest  son,  Roger,  in  1705, 
Henry  Boyle,  as  second  son,  succeeded  to  the 
family  estates  at  Castlemartyr,  which  had 
been  much  neglected.  In  1715  he  was  elected 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Cork,  and  married 
Catherine,  daughter  of-Chidley  Coote.  After 
her  death  he  married,  in  1726,  Henrietta 
Boyle,  youngest  daughter  of  his  relative, 
Charles,  earl  of  Burlington  and  Cork.  That 
nobleman  entrusted  the  management  of  his 
estates  in  Ireland  to  Henry  Boyle,  who  much 
enhanced  their  value,  and  carried  out  and 
promoted  extensive  improvements  in  his  dis- 
trict. In  1729  Boyle  distinguished  himself 
in  parliament  at  Dublin  in  resisting  success- 
fully the  attempt  of  the  government  to  obtain 
a  vote  for  a  continuation  of  supplies  to  the 
crown  for  twenty-one  years.  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole  is  stated  to  have  entertained  a  high  opi- 
nion of  the  penetration,  sagacity,  and  energy 
of  Boyle,  and  to  have  styled  him  '  the  King 
of  the  Irish  Commons.'  Boyle,  in  1733,  was 


Boyle  i] 

made  a  member  of  the  privy  council,  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  and  commissioner  of 
revenue  in  Ireland.  He  was  also  in  the  same 
year  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
there.  Through  his  connections,  Boyle  exer- 
cised extensive  political  influence,  and  was 
parliamentary  leader  of  the  whig  party  in 
Ireland.  In  1753  Boyle  acquired  high  popu- 
larity by  opposing  the  government  proposal 
for  appropriating  a  surplus  in  the  Irish  ex- 
chequer. In  commemoration  of  the  parlia- 
mentary movements  in  this  affair,  medals 
were  struck  containing  portraits  of  Boyle 
as  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons.  For 
having  opposed  the  government,  Boyle  and 
some  of  his  associates  were  dismissed  from 
offices  which  they  held  under  the  crown. 
After  negotiations  with  government,  Boyle, 
in  1756,  resigned  the  speakership,  and  was 
granted  an  annual  pension  of  two  thousand 
pounds  for  thirty-one  years,  with  the  titles  of 
Baron  of  Castlemartyr,  Viscount  Boyle  of 
Bandon,  and  Earl  of  Shannon.  He  sat  for 
many  years  in  the  House  of  Peers  in  Ireland, 
and  frequently  acted  as  lord  justice  of  that 
kingdom.  Boyle  died  at  Dublin  of  gout  in 
his  head,  on  27  Sept.  1764,  in  the  82nd  year 
of  his  age.  Portraits  of  Henry  Boyle  were 
engraved  in  mezzotinto  by  John  Brooks. 

[Account  of  Life  of  Henry  Boyle,  1754; 
Journals  of  Lords  and  Commons  of  Ireland ; 
Peerage  of  Ireland,  1789,  ii.  364;  Hardy's  Life  of 
Charlemont,  1810;  Charlemont  MSS. ;  Works 
of  Henry  Grattan,  1822 ;  Hist,  of  City  of  Dublin, 
1854-59.]  J.  T.  G-. 

BOYLE,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  OF  CORK,  fifth 
EARL  OF  ORRERY,  and  second  BARON  MAR- 
STOBT  (1707r1762),  was  born  on  2  Jan.  1707, 
and  was  the  only  son  of  Charles  Boyle,  fourth 
earl  of  Orrery  [q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded  as 
fifth  earl  in  1731.  Like  his  father,  he  was 
educated  at  Christ  Church.  He  took  some 
part  in  parliamentary  debates,  chiefly  in  op- 
position to  Walpole.  On  the  death,  in  1753, 
of  his  kinsman,  Richard  Boyle,  the  Earl  of 


Cork  and  Burlington  [q.  v.],  he  succeeded 
him  as  fifth  earl  of  Cork,  thus  uniting  the 
Orrery  peerage  to  the  older  Cork  peerage. 
His  father,  from  some  grudge,  left  his  library 
to  Christ  Church,  specially  assigning  as  his 
reason  his  son's  want  of  taste  for  literature. 
According  to  Johnson,  the  real  reason  was 
that  the  son  would  not  allow  his  wife  to  as- 
sociate with  the  father's  mistress.  The  pas- 
sage in  the  will  seems  to  have  stimulated 
the  son  to  endeavour  to  disprove  the  charge, 
and  he  has  succeeded  in  making  his  name  re- 
membered as  the  friend  first  of  Swift  and 
Pope,  and  afterwards  of  Johnson.  His '  Re- 
marks on  Swift,'  published  in  November 


t  Boyle 

1751,  attracted  much  attention  as  the  first 
attempt  at  an  account  of  Swift,  and  7,500 
copies  appear  to  have  been  sold  within  a 
month.  But  neither  Lord  Orrery's  ability, 
nor  his  acquaintance  with  Swift,  was  such  as 
to  give  much  value  to  his  l  Remarks.'  The 
acquaintance  had  begun  about  1731  (appa- 
rently from  an  application  by  Swift  on  behalf 
of  Mrs.  Barber  for  leave  to  dedicate  her 
poems  to  Orrery,  although  Swift  had  pre- 
viously seen  a  good  deal  of  his  father),  when 
Swift  was  already  sixty-four  years  old,  and 
their  meetings,  during  the  few  succeeding 
years  before  Swift  became  decrepit,  were  not 
very  frequent.  If  we  are  to  judge,  however, 
from  the  expressions  used  by  Swift,  both  in 
his  letters  to  Orrery  and  in  correspondence 
with  others,  the  friendship  seems  to  have 
been  cordial  so  far  as  it  went.  In  one  of  the 
earliest  letters  he  hopes  Orrery  will  be  '  a 
great  example,  restorer,  and  patron  of  virtue, 
learning,  and  wit ; '  and  he  writes  to  Pope 
that,  next  to  Pope  himself,  he  loves  l  no  man 
so  well.'  Pope,  too,  writes  of  Orrery  to 
Swift  as  one  '  whose  praises  are  that  precious 
ointment  Solomon  speaks  of.'  A  bond  of 
sympathy  existed  between  Swift  and  Orrery 
in  a  common  hatred  of  Walpole's  govern- 
ment. It  was  to  Orrery's  hand  that  Swift 
entrusted  the  manuscript  of  his  l  Four  Last 
Years  of  the  Queen '  for  delivery  to  Dr.  King 
of  Oxford  ;  and  Orrery  was  the  go-between 
employed  by  Pope  to  get  his  letters  from 
Swift.  In  his  will  Swift  leaves  to  Orrery  a 
portrait  and  some  silver  plate.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  are  traditional  stories  of  con- 
temptuous expressions  used  by  Swift  of 
Orrery,  and  these,  if  repeated  to  him,  may 
have  inspired  in  Orrery  that  dislike  which 
made  his  '  Remarks '  so  full  of  rancour  and 
grudging  criticism.  The  '  Remarks  on  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  Jonathan  Swift,'  pub- 
lished in  1751,  are  given  in  a  series  of 
letters  to  his  son  and  successor,  Hamilton 
Boyle  (1730-1764),  then  an  undergraduate 
at  Christ  Church,  and  are  written  in  a  stilted 
and  affected  style.  The  malice  which  he 
showed  made  the  book  the  subject  of  a  bitter 
attack  (1754)  by  Dr.  Patrick  Delany  [q.  v.], 
who  did  something  to  clear  Swift  from  the 
aspersions  ca'st  on  him  by  Orrery.  But  the 
grudging  praise  and  feeble  estimate  of  Swift's 
genius  shown  in  the '  Remarks '  are  mainly  due 
to  the  poverty  of  Orrery's  own  mind.  He  was 
filled  with  literary  aspirations,  and,  as  Ber- 
keley said  of  him,  '  would  have  been  a  man 
of  genius  had  he  known  how  to  set  about  it.' 
But  he  had  no  real  capacity  for  apprehending 
either  the  range  of  Swift's  intellect  or  the 
meaning  of  his  humour.  Orrery  was  after- 
wards one  of  those  who  attempted  to  patronise 


Boyle 


112 


Boyle 


Johnson,  by  whom  he  was  regarded  kindly 
and  spoken  of  as  one  ( who  would  have  been 
a  liberal  patron  if  he  had  been  rich.' 

Orrery  married  in  1728  Lady  Harriet 
Hamilton,  third  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Orkney,  and  after  her  death  he  married,  in 
1738,  Miss  Hamilton,  of  Caledon,  in  Tyrone. 
He  was  made  a  D.C.L.  of  Oxford  in  1743, 
114-b  and  F.R.S.  in  1«&.  He  died  on  16  Nov. 
1762.  He  wrote  some  papers  in  the  'World' 
and  the  l  Connoisseur,'  and  various  prologues 
and  fugitive  verses.  His  other  works  are : 
1.  'A  Translation  of  the  Letters  of  Pliny  the 
Younger'  (2  vols. 4to,  1751).  2.  '  An  Essay 
on  the  Life  of  Pliny.'  3.  '  Memoirs  of  Robert 
Carey,  Earl  of  Monmouth,'  published  from  the 
original  manuscript,  with  preface  and  notes. 
4.  '  Letters  from  Italy  in  1754  and  1755,' 
published  after  his  death  (with  a  life)  by  the 
Rev.  J.  Buncombe  in  1774. 

[Buncombe's  Life,  as  above ;  Swift's  and  Pope's 
Letters;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illust.  ii.  153,  232;  Biog. 
Brit.]  H.  C. 

BOYLE,  JOHN  (1563  ?-l  620),  bishop  of 
Roscarberry,  Cork,  and  Cloyne,  a  native  of 
Kent  and  elder  brother  of  Richard,  first  earl 
of  Cork  [q.  v.],  was  born  about  1563.^Kjohn 
Boyle  obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  at  Oxford, 
and  is  stated  to  have  been  dean  of  Lichfield 
in  1610.  Through  the  interest  and  pecuniary 
assistance  of  his  brother,  the  Earl  of  Cork, 
and  other  relatives,  he  was  in  1617  appointed 
to  the  united  sees  of  Roscarberry,  Cork,  and 
Cloyne.  His  consecration  took  place  in  1618. 
He  died  at  Cork  on  10  July  1620,  and  was 
buried  at  Youghal. 

[Ware's  Bishops  of  Ireland,  1739;  Fasti  Ec- 
clesise  Hibernicae,  1 851 ;  Brady's  Records  of  Cork, 
Cloyne,  and  Ross,  1863.]  J.  T.  G. 

BOYLE,  MICHAEL,  the  elder  (1580  ?- 
1635),  bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore, 
born  in  London  about  1580,  was  son  of  Mi- 
chael Boyle,  and  brother  of  Richard  Boyle, 
archbishop  of  Tuam  [q.  v.l  Michael  Boyle 
entered  Merchant  Taylors  School,  London, 
in  1587,  and  proceeded  to  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1593.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A. 
5  Dec.  1597,  of  M.A.  25  June  1601,  of  B.D. 
9  July  1607,  and  of  D.D.  2  July  1611.  He  be- 
came a  fellow  of  his  college,and  no  high  opinion 
was  entertained  there  of  his  probity  in  matters 
affecting  his  own  interests.  Boyle  was  ap- 
pointed vicar  of  Finden  in  Northamptonshire. 
Through  the  influence  of  his  relative,  the  Earl 
of  Cork,  he  obtained  the  deanery  of  Lismore 
in  1614,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Waterford 
and  Lismore  in  1619.  He  held  several 
other  appointments  in  the  protestant  church, 
and  dying  at  Waterford  on  27  Dec.  1635,  was 
>,  buried  in  the  cathedral  there. 

After  '  1563.'  insert  *  He  was  admitted  to 
Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  in  1583,  and 
proceeded  B.A.  in  1586,  M.A.  in  1590, 
B.D.  in  1598,  and  D.D.  in  1614  (Venn, 
Alumni  Cantab.^  pt.  i,  i.  196).' 


[Ware's  Bishops  of  Ireland,  1739  ;  Robinson's 
Register  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  i.  30  ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxonienses  (Bliss),  ii.  88 ;  Wood's 
Fasti  (Bliss),  i.  275,  292,  321,  344  ;  Elrington's 
Life  of  Ussher,  1848;  Cotton's  Fasti  Ecclesise 
Hibernicae,  1851  ;  Brady's  Kecords  of  Cork, 
Cloyne,  and  Eoss,  1863.]  J.  T.  G-. 

BOYLE,  MICHAEL,  the  younger  (1609?- 
1702),  archbishop  of  Armagh,  eldest  son  of 
Richard  Boyle,  archbishop  of  Tuam  [q.v.],  and 
nephew  of  the  elder  Michael  [q.  v.],  was  born 
about  1609.  He  was  apparently  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  proceeded 
M.A.,  and  on  4  Nov.  1637  was  incorporated 
M.A.  of  Oxford.  In  1637  he  obtained  a  rectory 
in  the  diocese  of  Cloyne,  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.,  was  made  dean  of  Cloyne,  and  during  the 
war  in  Ireland  acted  as  chaplain-general  to 
the  English  army  in  Munster.  In  1650  the  pro- 
testant royalists  in  Ireland  employed  Boyle, 
in  conjunction  with  Sir  Robert  Sterling  and 
Colonel  John  Daniel,  to  negotiate  on  their  be- 
half with  Oliver  Cromwell.  Ormonde  resented 
the  conduct  of  Boyle  in  conveying  Cromwell's 
passport  to  him,  which  he  rejected.  Letters 
of  Boyle  on  these  matters  have  been  recently 
printed  in  the  second  volume  of  the  '  Con- 
temporary History  of  Affairs  in  Ireland,  1641- 
1652.'  At  the  Restoration,  Boyle  became  privy 
councillor  in  Ireland,  and  was  appointed  bi- 
shop of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross.  In  addition 
to  the  episcopal  revenues,  he  continued  to  re- 
ceive for  a  time  the  profits  of  six  parishes  in 
his  diocese,  on  the  ground  of  being  unable  to 
find  clergymen  for  them.  For  Boyle's  ser- 
vices in  England  in  connection  with  the  Act 
for  the  Settlement  of  Ireland,  the  House  of 
Lords  at  Dublin  ordered  a  special  memorial 
of  thanks  to  be  entered  in  their  journals  in 
1662.  Boyle  was  translated  to  the  see  of 
Dublin  in  1663,  and  appointed  chancellor  of 
Ireland  in  1665.  In  the  county  of  Wicklow 
he  established  a  town,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Blessington,  and  at  his  own 
expense  erected  there  a  church,  which  he  sup- 
plied with  plate  and  bells.  In  connection 
with  this  town  he  in  1673  obtained  the  title 
of  Viscount  Blessington  for  his  eldest  son, 
Murragh.  In  1675  Boyle  was  promoted  from 
the  see  of  Dublin  to  that  of  Armagh.  An 
autograph  of  Boyle  at  that  time  has  been 
reproduced  on  plate  Ixxix  of  'Facsimiles 
of  National  MSS.  of  Ireland,'  part  iv.  p.  2. 
On  the  accession  of  James  II,  he  was  con- 
tinued in  office  as  lord  chancellor,  and  ap- 
pointed for  the  third  time  as  lord  justice 
in  Ireland,  in  conjunction  with  the  Earl  of 
Granard,  and  held  that  post  until  Henry, 
earl  of  Clarendon,  arrived  as  lord-lieutenant 
in  December  1685.  In  Boyle's  latter  years 
his  faculties  are  stated  to  have  been  much 


Boyle  i 

impaired.  He  died  in  Dublin  on  10  Dec.  1702, 
in  his  ninety-third  year,  and  was  interred  in 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  there.  Little  of  the 
wealth  accumulated  by  Boyle  was  devoted 
to  religious  or  charitable  uses.  Letters  and 
papers  of  Boyle  are  extant  in  the  Ormonde 
archives  at  Kilkenny  Castle  and  in  the 
Bodleian  Library.  Portraits  of  Archbishop 
Boyle  were  engraved  by  Loggan  and  others. 
Boyle's  son,  Murragh,  viscount  Blessington, 
was  author  of  a  tragedy,  entitled  '  The  Lost 
Princess.'  Baker,  the  dramatic  critic,  cha- 
racterised this  production  as  'truly  con- 
temptible,' and  added  that  the  '  genius  and 
abilities  of  the  writer  did  no  credit  to  the 
name  of  Boyle/  Viscount  Blessington  died 
25  Dec.  1712,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Charles  (d.  10  Aug.  1718),  at  one  time  go- 
vernor of  Limerick,  and  lord  j  ustice  of  Ireland 
in  1696.  The  title  became  extinct  on  the 
death  of  the  next  heir  in  1732. 

[Carte's  Life  of  Ormonde,  1736  ;  Wood's  Fasti 
(Bliss),  i.  498;  Ware's  Works  (Harris),  i.  130; 
Journals  of  Lords  and  Commons  of  Ireland; 
Peerage  of  Ireland;  BiographiaDramatica,  1812; 
Mant's  Hist,  of  Church  of  Ireland,  1840 ;  G-ranard 
Archives,  Castle  Forbes;  Elrington's  Life  of 
Ussher,  1848;  Cotton's  Fasti  Ecclesise  Hibernicse, 
1851;  Reports  of  Royal  Commission  on  Hist. 
MSS.]  J.  T.  G. 

BOYLE,  MURRAGH,  VISCOUNT  BLES- 
SINGTON. [See  under  BOYLE,  MICHAEL, 
1609  P-1702.] 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OF  CORK 
(1566-1643),  an  Irish  statesman  frequently 
referred  to  as  the  '  great  earl,'  was  descended 
from  an  old  Hereford  family,  the  earliest  of 
which  there  is  mention  being  Humphry  de 
Binvile,  lord  of  the  manor  of  Pixeley  Court, 
r   Ledbury,  about  the  time  of  Edward 
Confessor.     He  was  the  great-grandson 
1  Ludovic  Boyle  of  Bidney,  Herefordshire, 
a  younger  branch  of  the  family,  and  the 
jond  son  of  Roger  Boyle,  who  had  removed 
Faversham,  Kent,  and  had  married  there 
>an,  daughter  of  Robert  Naylor  of  Canter- 
iry  (pedigree  in  ROBINSON'S  Mansions  of 
Herefordshire,  pp.  94-5).     In  his  '  True  Re- 
lembrances '  he  says :  'I  was  born  in  the  city 
'"  Canterbury,  as  I  find  it  written  by  my 
TI father's  hand,  the  13th  Oct.  1566.'    After 
fivate  instruction  in  ' grammar  learning' 
>m   a   clergyman  in  Kent,  he  became  'a 
lolar  in  Bennet's  (Corpus  Christi)  College, 
mbridge,'  into  which  he  was  admitted  in 
L583  (MASTERS,  Hist.  Corpus  Christi  Coll., 
1831,  p.  459).    On  leaving  the  university 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  but,  finding 
dmself  without  means    to    prosecute    his 
( studies,  he  became  clerk  to  Sir  Richard  Man- 

VOL.   VI. 


3  Boyle 

wood,  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer.  In  this 
employment  he  discovered  no  prospect  ade- 
quate to  his  ambition,  and  therefore  resolved 
to  try  his  fortunes  in  Ireland.  Accordingly, 
on  Midsummer's  eve,  23  June  1588,  he  landed 
in  Dublin,  his  whole  property,  as  he  tells  us, 
amounting  only  to  277.  3*.  in  money,  a  dia- 
mond ring  and  a  bracelet,  and  his  wearing 
apparel.  With  characteristic  astuteness  he 
secured  introductions  to  persons  of  high  influ- 
ence, and  he  was  even  affirmed  to  have  done  so 
by  means  of  counterfeited  letters.  At  any  rate, 
as  early  as  1590  his  name  appears  as  escheator 
to  John  Crofton,  escheator  general,  a  situa- 
tion which  he  doubtless  knew  how  to  utilise 
to  his  special  personal  advantage.  In  1595 
he  married,  at  Limerick,  Joan,  the  daughter 
and  coheiress  of  William  Ansley,  who  died 
in  1599  in  childbed,  leaving  him  an  estate  of 
500/.  a  year  in  lands,  '  which,'  he  says,  '  was 
the  beginning  of  my  fortune.'  The  last  state- 
ment must,  however,  be  compared  with  the 
fact  that  some  time  before  this  he  had  been 
the  victim  of  prosecutions,  instigated,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  account,  by  envy  at  his  pro- 
sperity. About  1592  he  was  imprisoned  by 
Sir  William  Fitzwilliam  on  the  charge  of 
having  embezzled  records,  and  subsequently 
he  was  several  times  apprehended  at  the  in- 
stance of  Sir  Henry  Wallop  on  a  variety  of 
charges,  one  of  them  being  that  of  stealing  a 
horse  and  jewel  nine  years  before,  of  which 
he  was  acquitted  by  pardon  (Answers  of  Sir 
Richard  Boyle  to  the  Accusations  against  him, 
17  Feb.  1598,  Add.  MS.  19832,  f.  12).  Find- 
ing these  prosecutions  unsuccessful,  Sir  Henry 
Wallop  and  others,  according  to  Boyle,  '  all 
joined  together  by  their  lies  complaining 
against  me  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  expressing 
that  I  came  over  without  any  estate,  and 
that  I  made  so  many  purchases  as  it  was  not 
possible  to  do  without  some  foreign  prince's 
purse  to  supply  me  with  money '  (  True  Re- 
membrances}. To  defeat  these  machinations 
Boyle  resolved  on  the  bold  course  of  pro- 
ceeding to  England  to  justify  himself  to  the 
queen,  but  the  fulfilment  of  his  purpose 
was  frustrated  by  the  outbreak  of  the  re- 
bellion in  Munster.  As  the  result  of  the 
rebellion  was  to  leave  him  without  '  a  penny 
of  certain  revenue,'  he  ceased  for  the  time 
to  be  in  danger  from  the  accusations  of  his 
enemies.  Indeed,  his  fortunes  in  Ireland 
were  now  so  desperate  that  he  was  compelled 
to  leave  the  country  and  resume  his  legal 
studies  in  his  old  chambers  in  the  Temple. 
Scarcely,  however,  had  he  entered  upon  them 
when  the  Earl  of  Essex  offered  him  employ- 
ment in  connection  with  '  issuing  out  his 
patents  and  commissions  for  the  government 
of  Ireland.'  This  at  once  caused  him  again 

I 


Boyle 


114 


Boyle 


to  experience  the  attentions  of  Sir  Henry 
Wallop,  '  who/  says  Boyle,  '  being  conscious 
in  his  own  heart  that  I  had  sundry  papers 
and  collections  of  Michael  Kittlewell,  his  late 
treasurer,  which  might  discover  a  great  deal  of 
wrong  and  abuse  done  to  the  queen  in  his  late 
accounts  ...  he  renewed  his  former  com- 
plaints against  me  to  the  queen's  majesty.'  In 
consequence  of  this  Boyle  was  conveyed  a  close 
prisoner  to  the  Gatehouse,  and  at  the  end  of 
two  months  underwent  examination  before 
the  Star-chamber.  Boyle  does  not  state  that 
the  complaints  were  in  any  way  modified  or 
altered,  but  if  they  were  not  his  account  of 
them  in  his '  True  Remembrances '  is  not  only 
inadequate  but  misleading.  His  examination 
before  the  Star-chamber  had  no  reference 
whatever  to  his  being  in  the  pay  of  the  king 
of  Spain  or  a  pervert  to  Catholicism — the  ac- 
cusations he  specially  instances  as  '  formerly ' 
made  against  him  by  Sir  Henry  Wallop — 
but  bore  chiefly  on  the  causes  of  his  previous 
imprisonments,  and  on  several  asserted  in- 
stances of  trafficking  in  forfeited  estates  (see 
Articles  wherein  Richard  Boyle,  prisoner,  is 
to  be  examined,  Add.  MS.  19832,  f.  8,  and 
Articles  to  be  proved  against  Richard  Boyle, 
Add.  MS.  19832,  f.  9).  It  can  scarcely  be 
affirmed  that  he  came  out  of  the  ordeal  of 
examination  with  a  reputation  utterly  un- 
sullied, but  the  unsatisfactory  character  of 
his  explanations  was  condoned  by  the  reve- 
lations he  made  regarding  the  malversations 
of  his  accuser  as  treasurer  of  Ireland,  and 
according  to  his  own  account  he  had  no 
sooner  done  speaking  than  the  queen  broke 
out  '  By  G — 's  death,  these  are  but  inventions 
against  the  young  man,  and  all  his  sufferings 
are  but  for  being  able  to  do  us  service.'  Sir 
Henry  Wallop  was  at  once  superseded  in  the 
treasurership  by  Sir  George  Carew  [q.  v.],and 
a  few  days  afterwards  Boyle  received  the 
office  of  clerk  of  the  council  of  Munster.  He 
was  chosen  by  Sir  George  Carew,  who  was 
also  lord  president  of  Munster,  to  convey  to 
Elizabeth  tidings  of  the  victory  near  Kinsale 
in  December  1601,  and  after  the  final  reduc- 
tion of  the  province  he  was,  on  15  Oct.  1602, 
sent  over  to  England  to  give  information  in 
reference  to  the  condition  of  the  country. 
On  the  latter  occasion  he  came  provided  by 
Sir  George  Carew  with  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  recommending 
him  as  a  proper  purchaser  for  all  his  lands  in 
Ireland '  if  he  was  disposed  to  part  with  them.' 
Through  the  mediation  of  Cecil,  terms  were 
speedily  adjusted,  and  for  the  paltry  sum  of 
1,000/.  Boyle  saw  himself  the  possessor  of 
12,000  acres  in  Cork,  Waterford,  and  Tip- 
perary,  exceptionally  fertile,  and  present- 
ing unusual  natural  advantages  for  the  de- 


velopment of  trade.  All,  it  is  true,  depended 
on  his  own  energy  and  skill  in  making  proper 
use  of  his  purchase.  Raleigh  had  found  it 
such  a  bad  bargain  that  he  was  glad  to  be 
rid  of  it.  In  the  disturbed  condition  of  the 
country  it  was  even  possible  that  no  amount 
of  enterprise  and  skill  might  be  rewarded 
with  immediate  success.  Boyle,  however, 
possessed  the  advantage  of  being  always  on 
the  spot,  and  of  dogged  perseverance  in  the 
one  aim  of  acquiring  wealth  and  power. 
Before  the  purchase  could  be  completed  Ra- 
leigh was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but  in 
1604  Boyle  obtained  a  patent  for  the  pro- 
perty from  the  crown,  and  paid  the  purchase- 
money  to  Raleigh.  There  can  indeed  be  no 
doubt  whatever  as  to  the  honourable  cha- 
racter of  his  dealings  with  Raleigh,  who 
throughout  life  remained  on  friendly  terms 
with  him.  The  attempt  of  Raleigh's  widow 
and  son  to  obtain  possession  of  the  property 
was  even  morally  without  justification.  It 
had  become  to  its  possessor  a  source  of  im- 
mense wealth,  but  the  change  was  the  result 
solely  of  his  marvellous  energy  and  enter- 
prise. Cromwell,  when  he  afterwards  be- 
held the  prodigious  improvements  Boyle  had 
effected,  is  said  to  have  affirmed  that,  if  there 
had  been  one  like  him  in  every  province,  it 
would  have  been  impossible  for  the  Irish 
to  raise  a  rebellion  (Cox,  Hist.  Ireland, 
vol.  ii.)  One  of  the  chief  causes  of  his  suc- 
cess was  the  introduction  of  manufactures 
and  mechanical  arts  by  settlers  from  Eng- 
land. From  his  ironworks  alone,  according 
to  Boate,  he  made  a  clear  gain  of  100,000/. 
(Ireland's  Nat.  Hist.  (1652),  p.  112).  At 
enormous  expense  he  built  bridges,  con- 
structed harbours,  and  founded  towns,  pro- 
sperity springing  up  at  his  behest  as  if  by  a 
magician's  wand.  All  mutinous  manifesta- 
tions among  the  native  population  were  kept 
in  check  by  the  thirteen  strong  castles  erected 
in  different  districts,  and  defended  by  well- 
armed  bands  of  retaineis.  At  the  same  time, 
for  all  willing  to  work,  immunity  from  the 
worst  evils  of  poverty  was  guaranteed.  C  n 
his  vast  plantations  he  kept  no  fewer  thain 
4,000  labourers  maintained  by  his  moneT- 
His  administration  was  despotic,  but  eji- 
lightened  and  beneficent  except  as  regarded 
the  papists.  For  his  zeal  in  putting  into 
execution  the  laws  against  the  papists  IJie 
received  from  the  government  special  co^- 
mendation — a  zeal  which,  if  it  arose  from  \  a 
mistaken  sense  of  duty,  would  deserve  at  leaa  t 
no  special  blame  ;  but  probably  self-interesp 
rather  than  duty  was  what  chiefly  inspirecjl 
it,  for  by  the  possession  of  popish  houses  h(P 
obtained  a  considerable  addition  to  his  wealth! 
The  services  rendered  by  Boyle  to  the  Eng- 


Boyle  i 

lish  rule   in   the  south  of  Ireland  and   his 
paramount  influence  in  Munster  marked  him 
out  for  promotion  to  various  high  dignities. 
On  the  occasion  of  his  second  marriage  on 
25  July  1603  to  Catherine  Fenton,  daughter 
of  Sir  George  Fenton,  principal  secretary  of 
state,  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
On  12  March  1606  he  was  sworn  a  privy 
councillor  for  the  province  of  Munster,  and 
12  Feb.  1612  a  privy  councillor  of  state  for 
the  kingdom  of  Ireland.     On  29  Sept.  1616 
he  was  created  Lord  Boyle,  baron  of  Youghal, 
and  on  6  Oct.  1620  Viscount  Dungarvan 
and  Earl  of  Cork.     On  26  Oct.  1629  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  lords  justices  of  Ireland, 
and  on  9  Nov.  1631  he  was  constituted  lord 
high  treasurer.     So  greatly  was  he  esteemed 
for  his  abilities  and  his  knowledge  of  affairs 
that,  '  though  he  was  no  peer  of  England,  yet 
he  was  admitted  to  sit  in  the  Lords  House 
upon  the  woolsack  ut  consularius '  (BORLASE,  | 
Reduction  of  Ireland,  219).     For  his  pro-  ; 
motion   and    honours    he  was   in   a   great  | 
degree  indebted  first  to  Sir  George  Carew, 
and  afterwards  to    Lord-deputy  Falkland. 
On  the  appointment  of  Wentworth,  after-  j 
wards  Earl  of  Strafford,  as  lord  deputy  in  | 
1633,  he,  however,  discovered  not  only  that 
the  fountain  of  royal  favour  was,  so  far  as  1 
he  was  concerned,  completely  intercepted,  | 
but  that  all  his  astuteness  would  be  required  j 
to  enable  him  to  hold  his  own  against  the 
overmastering  will  of  Strafford.     The  action 
of  Strafford  in  regard  to  the  immense  tomb 
of  black  marble  which  the  earl  had  erected 
for  his  wife  in  the  choir  of  St.  Patrick's  Ca- 
thedral, Dublin,  was,  though  not  unjustifi- 
able, sufficiently  indicative  of  the  general 
character  of  his  sentiments  towards  him.     It 
was  utterly  impossible,  indeed,  that  there 
could  be  harmonious  action  between  men  of 
such  consuming  ambition  placed  in  circum- 
stances where  their  vital  interests  so  conflicted. 
At  first  Strafford  had  the  advantage,  but  the 
Earl  of  Cork's  patience  and  self-control,  dis- 
ciplined by  a  long  course  of  trials  and  hard- 
ships, never  for  a  moment  failed  him.     In 
e  management  of  intrigue  he  was   much 
re  than  a  match  for  Strafford,  who  found 
purposes  thwarted  by  causes  in  a  great 
ee  beyond  his  ken,  and  ultimately  fell 
ictim  to  the   hostility  provoked  by  his 
e  of  '  thorough.'     One  of  the  first  intima- 
.ons  made  to  the  council  after  Wentworth's 
irrival  was  the  intention  of  the  king  to  issue 
t   commission  for  the  remedying  of  defec- 
ive  titles  to  estates.     The  real  design  of  the 
;ommission  was  to  enable  the  king  to  obtain 
noney  by  confiscating  estates  to  which  the 
title  was  doubtful.   It  was  too  probable  that 
the  Earl  of  Cork,  if  an  inquiry  of  this  kind 


Boyle 


were  set  on  foot,  would  not  escape  scatheless. 
A  charge  was  preferred  against  him  in  regard 
to  his  possession  of  the  college  and  revenues 
of  Youghal.  Wentworth,  after  hearing  the 
defence,  adjourned  the  court,  and  sent  word 
to  the  Earl  of  Cork  that,  if  he  consented  to 
abide  by  his  award,  he  would  prove  the  best 
friend  he  ever  had.  The  earl  at  once  agreed, 
whereupon  he  intimated  the  decision  '  that 
he  should  be  fined  fifteen  thousand  pounds 
for  the  rents  and  profits  of  the  Youghal  Col- 
lege property,  and  surrender  all  the  advow- 
sons  and  patronage — everything  except  the 
college  house  and  a  few  fields  near  the  town.' 
On  learning  the  sentence  Laud  wrote  to 
Wentworth  in  high  glee  :  '  No  physic  is  better 
than  a  vomit  if  it  be  given  in  time,  and  there- 
fore you  have  taken  a  very  judicious  course  to 
administer  one  so  early  to  my  lord  of  Cork ' 
(Laud  to  Wentworth,  15  Nov.  1633,  Letters 
and  Despatches  of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Strafford, 
i.  156).  Deeply  chagrined  as  the  Earl  of 
Cork  no  doubt  was  by  this  turn  of  affairs,  he 
never  permitted  himself  to  indulge  in  ex- 
pressions of  anger  or  to  show  any  direct 
hostility  to  Strafford.  While  undoubtedly 
working  to  undermine  his  authority,  he  even 
took  pains  to  let  it  be  known  indirectly  to 
Strafford  how  thoroughly  he  admired  his  rule. 
Laud,  writing  to  Strafford  21  Nov.  1638, 
mentions  that  the  Earl  of  Cork  had  spoken  to 
him  in  high  terms  of  his  '  prudence,  inde- 
fatigable industry,  and  most  impartial  justice ' 
(Letters  of  Strafford,  ii.  245),  to  which  the  un- 
suspecting Strafford  replies :  '  It  must  be  con- 
fessed his  lordship  hath  in  a  judicious  way  had 
more  taken  from  him  than  any  one,  nay  than 
any  six  in  the  kingdom  besides ;  so  in  this  pro- 
ceeding with  me  I  do  acknowledge  his  in- 
genuity as  well  as  his  justice'  (Letters,  ii,  271). 
Possibly  the  Earl  of"  Cork  deemed  it  best,  in 
the  uncertain  condition  of  the  struggle  at 
this  time,  to  be  secure  against  any  result ;  but 
even  to  the  last,  when  the  fall  of  Strafford 
seemed  inevitable,  he  avoided  taking  a  pro- 
minent part  against  him.  At  the  trial  he  bore 
witness  with  seeming  reluctance.  '  Though 
I  was  prejudiced,'  he  says,  l  in  no  less  than 
40,000/.  and  200  merks  a  year,  I  put  off  my 
examination  for  six  weeks.'  He  also  states 
that  he  was  '  so  reserved  in  his  answers,  that 
no  matter  of  treason  could  by  them  be  fixed 
upon  the  Earl  of  Strafford.'  All  the  same, 
but  for  the  Earl  of  Cork,  Stratford's  Irish 
policy  would  very  likely  not  have  been  met 
with  the  skilful  and  persistent  opposition 
which  led  to  his  impeachment ;  and  in  any 
case  that  the  Earl  of  Cork's  reluctance  to  bear 
witness  against  him  was  not  inspired  by  affec- 
tion or  esteem  is  sufficiently  shown  from  an 
entry  in  his  diary  on  the  day  of  Strafford's 

12 


Boyle 


116 


Boyle 


execution :  <  This  day  the  Earl  of  Stratford  Michael  Boyle  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Waterford, 
was  beheaded.  No  man  died  more  universally  and  the  second  son  of  Michael  Boyle,  mer- 
hated,  or  less  lamented  by  the  people.'  ,  chant,  of  London,  and  Jane,  daughter  and  co- 

Short  ly  after  his  return  from  England —  heir  to  William  Peacock.  He  became  warden 
whither  he  had  gone  as  a  witness  at  Strafford's  of  Youghal  on  24  Feb.  1602-3,  dean  of  Water- 
trial — the  rebellion  of  1641  broke  out  in  Ire-  ford  on  10  May  1603,  archdeacon  of  Limerick 
land.  Sudden  as  was  the  outbreak,  the  earl  on  8  May  1605,  and  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne, 
was  not  taken  by  surprise,  for  from  the  be-  and  Koss  on  22  Aug.  1620,  these  three  prefer- 
ginning  he  had  carefully  prepared  against  !  ments  being  obtained  through  the  interest  of 
such  a  contingency.  In  Munster,  therefore,  (  his  cousin,  the  first  Earl  of  Cork.  He  was 
the  rebels,  owing  to  the  stand  made  by  the  j  advanced  to  the  see  of  Tuam  on  30  May  1638. 
Earl  of  Cork,  found  themselves  completely  I  On  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  in  1641,  he 
checkmated.  Repairing  to  Youghal  he  sum-  retired  with  Dr.  John  Maxwell,  bishop  of 
moned  all  his  tenants  to  take  up  arms,  and  Killala,  and  others,  to  Galway  for  protection, 
placed  his  sons  at  their  head  without  delay,  j  where,  when  the  town  rose  in  arms  against 
In  a  letter  to  Speaker  Lenthall,  giving  an  the  garrison,  his  life  was  preserved  through 
account  of  his  successes,  he  states  that,  his  !  the  influence  of  the  Earl  of  Clanricarde. 
ready  money  being  all  spent  in  the  payment  !  He  died  at  Cork  on  19  March  1644,  and  was 
of  his  troops,  he  had  converted  his  plate  into  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  Finbar.  .  He  is 
coin  {State  Papers  of  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  p.  7).  said  to  have  repaired  more  churches  and  con- 
At  the  battle  of  Liscarrol,  3  Sept.  1642,  his  i  secrated  more  new  ones  than  any  other  bishop 


four  sons  held  prominent  commands,  and  his 
eldest  son  was  slain  on  the  field.  The  Earl 
of  Cork  died  on  15  Sept.  1643,  and  was 
buried  at  Youghal.  He  left  a  large  family, 
many  of  whom  were  gifted  with  exceptional 
talents,  and  either  by  their  achievements  or  in- 
fluential alliances  conferred  additional  lustre 
on  his  name.  Of  his  seven  sons,  four  were 
ennobled  in  their  father's  lifetime.  Eichard 
[q.  v.l  was  first  earl  of  Burlington ;  Roger 
[q.  v.J  was  first  earl  of  Orrery ;  Robert  [q.  v.], 
the  youngest,  by  his  scientific  achievements, 
became  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Boyles ; 
and  of  the  eight  daughters,  seven  were  mar- 
ried to  noblemen. 

[Earl  of  Cork's  True  Remembrances,  printed 
in  Birch's  edition  of  Robert  Boyle's  works  ;  Bud- 
gell's  Memoirs  of  the  Boyles  (1737),  pp.  2-32; 
A  Collection  of  Letters  chiefly  written  by  Richard 
Boyle,  Earl  of  Corke,  and  several  members  of  his 
family  in  the  seventeenth  century,  the  originals 
of  which  are  in  the  library  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  and  a  copy  in  the  British  Museum 
Harleian  MS.  80 ;  various  papers  regarding  his 


of  his  time.  By  his  marriage  to  Martha, 
daughter  of  Richard  (or  John)  Wright,  of 
Catherine  Hill,  Surrey,  he  left  two  sons  and 
nine  daughters. 

[Ware's  Works  (ed.  Harris),  i.  566,  616-7  ; 
Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ireland  (Archdall),  i.  145.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OF  BTTR- 
LINGTON  and  second  EARL  OF  CORK  (1612- 
1697),  was  the  second  son  of  Richard  Boyle 
[q.  v.],  first  earl  of  Cork, by  Catherine,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton,  and  was  born  at  the 
college  of  Youghal  on  20  Oct.  1612  (EARL  OF 
CORK,  True  Remembrances).  On  13  Aug.  1624 
he  was  knighted  at  Youghal  by  Falkland,  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland.  In  his  twentieth  year  he 
was  sent  under  a  tutor  to  '  begin  his  travels 
into  foreign  kingdoms,'  his  father  allowing 
him  a  grant  of  a  thousand  pounds  a  year 
($.)  On  the  continent  he  spent  over  two 
years,  visiting  France,  Flanders,  and  Italy. 
Shortly  after  his  return  he  made  the  ac- 


examination  before  the  Privy  Council  in  1598     <luaintance  °f  ^e  Earl  of  Strafford,  and  corn- 
Add.  MS.  19832  ;  copies  of  various  of  his  letters    Bended  himself  so  much  to  his  good  graces 

that  he  arranged  a  match  between  him  and 


from  1632  to  1639,  Add.  MS.  19832;  copy  of 
indenture  providing  for  his  children  1  March 
1624,  Add.  MS.  18023;  Earl  of  Strafford's 
Letters  and  Despatches ;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom. 
series)  reign  of  Charles  I ;  State  Papers  of  the 
Earl  of  Orrery ;  Cox's  History  of  Ireland  ;  Bor- 
lase's  Reduction  of  Ireland  ;  Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis), 
ii.  459-71;  Lodge's  Irish  Peerage,  i.  150-162; 
the  Diary  of  the  Earl  of  Cork  and  his  corre- 
spondence, formerly  atLismore  Castle,  are  with 
other  Lismore  papers  being  published  (1886) 
under  the  editorship  of  Rev.  A.  B.  Grosart,  LL.D.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BOYLE,    RICHARD    (d.  1644),  arch- 
bishop of  Tuam,  was  the  elder  brother  of 


Elizabeth,  daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  Henry 
Lord  Clifford,  afterwards  Earl  of  Cumber- 
land. The  marriage  was  solemnised  in  the 
chapel  of  Skipton  Castle,  Craven,  on  5  July 
1635.  This  was  the  Countess  of  Burlington 
referred  to  by  Pepys  as  '  a  very  fine  speaking 
lady  and  a  good  woman '  (Diary,  28  Sept., 
1668).  Through  the  marriage  he  acquirec?. 
an  influential  position  at  court,  which  her 
greatly  improved  by  his  devotion  to  the 
interests  of  the  king.  When  Charles  in  1639 
resolved  on  an  expedition  to  Scotland,  he 
raised  a  troop  of  horse,  at  the  head  of  which 
he  proposed  to  serve  under  the  Earl  of  Cum- 


Boyle 


117 


Boyle 


berland.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion 
in  Ireland  in  1642,  he  went  to  his  father's 
assistance  at  Munster,  distinguishing  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Liscarrol.  He  was  mem- 
ber for  Appleby  in  the  Long  parliament,  but 
was  disabled  in  1643  (list  in  CARLYLE'S  Crom- 
well). After  the  cessation  of  arms  in  Sep- 
tember 1643  he  joined  the  king  at  Oxford 
with  his  regiment.  Some  months  previously 
he  had  succeeded  his  father  as  Earl  of  Cork, 
but  the  king  as  a  special  mark  of  favour  raised 
him  also  to  the  dignity  of  Baron  Clifford  of 
Lanesborough,  Yorkshire.  Throughout  the 
war  he  strenuously  supported  the  cause  of 
the  king  until  that  of  the  parliament  was 
completely  triumphant,  after  which  he  was 
forced  to  compound  for  his  estate  for  1,6311. 
(LLOYD,  Memoirs,  678).  During  the  protec- 
torate he  retired  to  his  Irish  estates,  but  in 
1651  his  affairs  were  in  such  a  desperate  con- 
dition that  his  countess  was  obliged  to  sup- 
plicate Cromwell  for  redress.  Through  the 
mediation  of  his  brother  Roger,  lord  Broghill 
[q.  v.],  he  then  obtained  a  certain  amount  of 
relief  from  his  grievances.  After  this  matters 
improved  with  him  so  considerably  that  at  the 
Restoration  he  was  able  to  assist  Charles  II 
with  large  sums  of  money,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was,  in  1663,  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  Earl  Burlington  or  Bridlington  in  the 
,  county  of  York.  Subsequently  he  was  ap- 
1  pointed  lord-lieutenant  of  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire  and  custos  rotulorum.  These 
offices  he  retained  under  James  II,  until  he 
could  no  longer  support  him  in  his  unconsti- 
tutional designs.  Although  he  took  an  active 
part  in  promoting  the  cause  of  William  and 
>  Mary,  he  accepted  no  office  under  the  new 
I  regime.  It  was  the  Earl  of  Burlington  who 
was  the  first  occupant  of  Burlington  House, 
/  Piccadilly.  He  died  15  Jan.  1697-8.  His  son 
t  Charles,  lord  Clifford,  was  father  of  Charles, 
third  earl  of  Cork,  and  of  Henry,  lord  Car-  | 
leton  [q.  v.] 

[Budgell's  Memoirs  of  the  Family  of  the 
Boyles,  pp.  32-3 ;  Lodge's  Irish  Peerage,  ed. 
1789,  i.  169-174  ;  Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis),  ii. 
471-4.]  T.  F.  H. 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  third  EARL  OF  BUR-  ' 
LINGTON  and  fourth  EARL  OF  CORK  (1695- 
1753),  celebrated  for  his  architectural  tastes 
and  his  friendship  with  artists  and  men  of  let- 
ters, was  the  only  son  of  Charles,  third  earlof  j 
Cork,  and  Juliana,  daughter  and  heir  to  Henry  i 
Noel,  Luffenham,  Rutlandshire.  He  was  born  I 
25,  April  1695,  and  succeeded  to  the  title  and  | 
estates  of  his  father  in  1704.   On  9  Oct.  1714 
he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  privy  council. 
In  May  1715  he  was  appointed  lord-lieute- 
nant of  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  in 


June  following  custos  rotulorum  of  the  North 
and  West  Ridings.  In  August  of  the  same 
year  he  was  made  lord  high  treasurer  of  Ire- 
land. In  June  1730  he  was  installed  one  of 
the  knights  companions  of  the  Garter,  and  in 
June  of  the  folio  wing  year  constituted  captain 
of  the  band  of  gentlemen  pensioners.  Having 
before  he  attained  his  majority  spent  several 
years  in  Italy,  Lord  Burlington  became  an 
enthusiastic  admirer  of  the  architectural 
genius  of  Palladio,  and  on  his  return  to  Eng- 
land not  only  continued  his  architectural 
studies,  but  spent  large  sums  of  money  to 
gratify  his  tastes  in  this  branch  of  art.  His 
earliest  project  was  about  1716,  to  alter  and 
partly  reconstruct  Burlington  House,  Pic- 
cadilly, which  had  been  built  by  his  great 
grandfather,  the  first  earl  of  Burlington. 
The  professional  artist  engaged  was  Campbell, 
who  in  f  Vitruvius  Britannicus,'  published 
in  1725,  during  the  earl's  lifetime,  takes 
credit  for  the  whole  design.  Notwithstand- 
ing this,  Walpole  asserts  that  the  famous 
colonnade  within  the  court  was  the  work  of 
Burlington ;  and  in  any  case  it  D  ay  be  as- 
sumed that  Campbell  was  in  a  g:  jat  degree 
guided  in  his  plans  by  his  patron's  sugges- 
tions. That  Burlington  was  chiefly  respon- 
sible for  the  character  of  the  building  is 
further  supported  by  the  fact  that  it  formed  a 
striking  and  solitary  exception  to  the  bastard 
and  commonplace  architecture  of  the  period. 
It  undoubtedly  justified  the  eulogy  of  Gay : 
Beauty  within  ;  without,  proportion  reigns. 
(Trivia,  book  ii.  line  494.) 

But,  as  was  the  case  in  most  of  the  designs 
of  Burlington,  the  useful  was  sacrificed  to 
the  ornamental.  The  epigram  regarding  the 
building  attributed  to  Lord  Hervey — who, 
if  he  did  make  use  of  it,  must  have  trans- 
lated it  from  Martial,  xii.  50 — contained  a 
spice  of  truth  as  well  as  malice.  He  says 
that  it  was 

Possessed  of  one  great  hall  of  state, 
Without  a  room  to  sleep  or  eat. 

The  building  figures  in  a  print  of  Hogarth's 
intended  to  satirise  the  earl  and  his  friends, 
entitled  '  Taste  of  the  Town,'  afterwards 
changed  to  '  Masquerades  and  Operas,  Bur- 
lington Gate.'  Hogarth  also  published 
another  similar  print  entitled  '  The  Man  of 
Taste,'  in  which  Pope  is  represented  as  white- 
washing Burlington  House  and  bespattering 
the  Duke  of  Chandos,  and  Lord  Burlington 
appears  as  a  mason  going  up  a  ladder.  Bur- 
lington House  was  taken  down  to  make  way 
for  the  new  buildings  devoted  to  science  and 
art.  In  addition  to  his  town  house  Bur- 
lington had  a  suburban  residence  at  Chis- 
wick.  He  pulled  down  old  Chiswick  House 


Boyle 


118 


Boyle 


and  erected  near  it,  in  1730-6,  a  villa  built 
after  the  model  of  the  celebrated  villa  of  Pal- 
ladio.  This  building  also  provoked  the  satire 
of  Lord  Hervey,  who  said  of  it  that  '  it  was 
too  small  to  live  in  and  too  large  to  hang  to 
a  watch.'  The  grounds  were  laid  out  in  the 
Italian  style,  adorned  with  temples,  obelisks, 
and  statues,  and  in  these  '  sylvan  scenes '  it 
was  the  special  delight  of  Burlington  to  en- 
tertain the  literary  and  artistic  celebrities 
whom  he  numbered  among  his  friends.  Here, 
relates  Gay, 

Pope  unloads  the  boughs  within  his  reach, 
The  purple  vine,  blue  plum,  and  blushing  peach. 
(Epistle  on  a  Journey  to  Exeter.) 

Pope  addressed  to  Burlington  the  fourth 
epistle  of  his  Moral  Essays,  '  Of  the  Use  of 
Riches,'  afterwards  changed  to  '  On  False 
Taste ; '  and  Gay,  whom  he  sent  into  Devon- 
shire to  regain  his  health,  addressed  to  him 
his  '  Epistle  on  a  Journey  to  Exeter,'  1716. 
Both  poets  frequently  refer  in  terms  of  warm 
eulogy  to  his  disinterested  devotion  to  lite- 
rature ai  d  art ;  but  Gay,  though  he  was  en- 
tertained by  him  for  months,  when  he  lost 
in  the  South  Sea  scheme  the  money  obtained 
from  the  publication  of  his  poems,  expressed 
his  disappointment  that  he  had  received  from 
him  so  'few  real  benefits'  (CoxE,  Life  of 
Gay,  24).  This,  however,  was  mere  unrea- 
sonable peevishness,  for  undoubtedly  Bur- 
lington erred  rather  on  the  side  of  generosity 
than  otherwise.  Walpole  says  of  him  '  he 
possessed  every  quality  of  a  genius  and  artist 
except  envy.'  He  was  a  director  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  for  the  performance 
of  Handel's  works,  and  about  1716  received 
Handel  into  his  house  (SCHOELCHEE,  Life  of 
Handel,  p.  44).  At  an  early  period  he  was  a 
patron  of  Bishop  Berkeley.  The  architect 
Kent,  whose  acquaintance  he  made  in  Italy, 
resided  in  his  house  till  his  death  in  1748, 
and  Burlington  used  every  effort  to  secure 
him  commissions  and  extend  his  fame.  His 
enthusiastic  admiration  of  Inigo  Jones  in- 
duced him  to  repair  the  church  at  Covent 
Garden.  It  was  at  his  instance  and  by  his  help 
that  Kent  published  the  designs  of  Inigo 
Jones,  and  he  also  brought  out  a  beautiful 
edition  of  Palladio's  '  Fabbriche  Antiche,' 
1730. 

Burlington  supplied  designs  for  various 
buildings,  including  the  assembly  rooms  at 
York  built  at  his  own  expense,  Lord  Harring- 
ton's house  at  Petersham,  the  dormitory  at 
"Westminster  School,  the  Duke  of  Richmond's 
house  at  Whitehall,  and  General  Wade's  in 
Cork  Street.  The  last  two  were  pulled  down 
many  years  ago.  Of  General  Wade's  house 
Walpole  wrote,  l  It  is  worse  contrived  in  the 


inside  than  is  conceivable,  all  to  humour  the 
beauty  of  front,'  and  Lord  Chesterfield  sug- 
gested that,  '  as  the  general  could  not  live  in 
it  to  his  ease,  he  had  better  take  a  house  over 
against  it  and  look  at  it.'  Burlington  '  spent,' 
says  Walpole,  '  large  sums  in  contributing  to 
public  works,  and  was  known  to  choose  that 
the  expense  should  fall  on  himself  rather 
than  that  his  country  should   be   deprived 
of  some  beautiful  edifices.'     On  this  account 
he  became  so  seriously  involved  in  money 
difficulties  that  he  was  compelled  to  part 
with  a  portion  of  his  Irish  estates,  as  we 
learn  from  Swift :  *  My  Lord  Burlington  is 
now  selling  in  one  article  9,000/.  a  year  in 
Ireland  for  200,000/.,  which  won't  pay  his 
debts '  (Swift's  Works,  ed.  Scott,  xix.  129). 
He  died  in  December  1753.     By  his  wife, 
Lady  Dorothy  Savile,  daughter  and  coheiress 
of  William,  marquis  of  Halifax,  he  left  three 
daughters,  but  no  male  heir.     His  wife  was 
a  great  patroness  of  music.     She  also  drew 
in  crayons,  and  is  said  to  have  possessed  a 
genius  for  caricature. 

[Lodge's  Irish  Peerage,  i.   177-8;  Walpole's 
Anecdotes  of  Painting;.  Works  of  Pope,  Gay,' 
and  Swift ;  Wheatley's  Bound  about  Piccadilly, 
46-59.]  T.  F.  H. 

BOYLE,   HON.  ROBERT  (1627-1691), 
natural  philosopher  and   chemist,  was  the   \ 
seventh  son  and  fourteenth  child  of  Richard   I 
Boyle,  the  4  great '  Earl  of  Cork,  by  his  second    1 
wife  Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  Geoffrey 
Fenton,  principal  secretary  of  state  for  Ire- 
land, and  was  born  at  Lismore  Castle,  in  the 
province  of  Munster,  Ireland,  on  25  Jan.  1627. 
He  learned  early  to  speak  Latin  and  French, 
and  won  paternal  predilection  by  his  aptitude ! 
for  study,  strict  veracity,  and  serious  turn  of , 
mind.     His  mother  died  when  he  was  three  \ 
years  old,  and  at  the  age  of  eight  he  was  sent  \ 
to  Eton,  the  provost  then  being  his  father's 
friend,   Sir    Henry  Wotton,  described   by 
Boyle  as  '  not  only  a  fine  gentleman  himself, 
but  very  well  skilled  in  the  art  of  making 
others  so.'     Here  an  accidental  perusal  of 
Quintus  Curtius  'conjured  up  in  him'  (he 
narrates  in  an  autobiographical  fragment) 
'  that  unsatisfied  appetite  for  knowledge  that 
is  yet  as  greedy  as  when  it  first  was  raised ; ' 
while  '  Amadis  de  Gaule,'  which  fell  into  his 
hands  during  his  recovery  from  a  fit  of  tertian 
ague,  produced  an  unsettling  effect,  counter-    j 
acted  by  a  severe  discipline — self-imposed    ) 
by  a  boy  under  ten — of  mental  arithmetic 
and  algebra. 

From  Eton,  after  nearly  four  years,  he  was 
transferred  to  his  father's  recently  purchased    ! 
estate  of  Stalbridge,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  his 
education  continued  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Douch, 


Boyle 


119 


Boyle 


and  later  by  a  French  tutor  named  Mar- 
combes.  With  him  and  his  elder  brother 
Francis  he  left  England  in  October  1638, 
and,  passing  through  Paris  and  Lyons,  settled 
during  twenty-one  months  at  Geneva,  where 
he  acquired  the  gentlemanly  accomplish- 
ments of  fluent  French,  dancing,  fencing, 
and  tennis-playing.  From  this  time,  when 
he  was  about  fourteen,  he  dated  his  '  con- 
version,' or  that  express  dedication  to  religion 
from  which  he  never  afterwards  varied.  The 
immediate  occasion  of  this  momentous  resolve 
was  the  awe  inspired  by  a  thunderstorm. 

At  Florence  during  the  winter  of  1641-2 
he  mastered  Italian,  and  studied  'the  new 
paradoxes  of  the  great  star-gazer  Galileo/ 
whose  death  occurred  during  his  stay  (8  Jan. 
1642).  He  chose  in  Rome  to  pass  for  a 
Frenchman,  and  with  the  arrival  of  the  party 
at  Marseilles,  about  May  1642,  Boyle's  record 
of  his  early  years  abruptly  closes.  A  serious 
embarrassment  here  awaited  them.  A  sum 
of  250/.,  with  difficulty  raised  by  Lord  Cork 
during  the  calamities  of  the  Irish  rebellion, 
was  embezzled  in  course  of  transmission  to 
his  sons.  Almost  penniless,  they  made  their 
way  to  Geneva,  M.  Marcombes'  native  place, 
and  there  lived  on  credit  for  two  years.  At 
length,  by  the  sale  of  some  jewels,  they 
raised  money  to  defray  their  expenses  home- 
wards, and  reached  England  in  the  summer 
of  1644.  They  found  their  father  dead,  and 
the  country  in  such  confusion  that  it  was 
nearly  four  months  before  Robert  Boyle,  who 
had  inherited  the  manor  of  Stalbridge,  could 
make  his  way  thither. 

But  civil  distractions  were  powerless  to 
extinguish  scientific  zeal.  From  the  meet- 
ings in  London  in  1645  of  the  '  Philosophi- 
cal,' or  (as  he  preferred  to  call  it)  the  '  In- 
visible College,'  incorporated,  after  the  Re- 
storation, as  the  Royal  Society,  Boyle  de- 
rived a  definitive  impulse  towards  experi- 
mental inquiries.  He  was  then  a  lad  of 
eighteen,  but  rose  rapidly  to  be  the  acknow- 
ledged leader  of  the  movement  thus  origi- 
nated. Chemistry  was  from  the  first  his 
favourite  study.  *  Vulcan  has  so  transported 
and  bewitched  me,'  he  wrote  from  Stalbridge 
to  his  sister,  Lady  Ranelagh,  31  Aug.  1649, 
as  to  '  make  me  fancy  my  laboratory  a  kind 
of  Elysium.'  Compelled  to  visit  his  disor- 
dered Irish  estates  in  1652  and  1653,  he  de- 
scribed his  native  land  as  'a  barbarous  country, 
where  chemical  spirits  were  so  misunder- 
stood, and  chemical  instruments  so  unpro- 
curable, that  it  was  hard  to  have  any  Her- 
metic thoughts  in  it.'  Aided  by  Sir  William 
Petty,  he  accordingly  practised  instead  ana- 
tomical dissection,  and  satisfied  himself  ex- 
perimentally as  to  the  circulation  of  the 


blood.  On  his  return  to  England  in  June 
1654  he  settled  at  Oxford  in  the  society  of 
some  of  his  earlier  philosophical  associates, 
and  others  of  the  same  stamp,  including 
Wallis  and  Wren,  Goddard,  Wilkins,  and 
Seth  Ward.  Meetings  were  alternately  held 
in  the  rooms  of  the  warden  of  Wadham 
(Wilkins)  and  at  Boyle's  lodgings,  adjoining 
University  College,  and  experiments  were 
zealously  made  and  freely  communicated. 
Boyle  erected  a  laboratory,  kept  a  number 
of  operators  at  work,  and  engaged  Robert 
Hooke  as  his  chemical  assistant.  Reading 
in  1657,  in  Schott's  '  Mechanica  hydraulico- 

Eneumatica,'  of  Guericke's  invention  for  ex- 
austing  the  air  in  a  closed  vessel,  he  set 
Hooke  to  contrive  a  method  less  clumsy,  and 
the  result  was  the  so-called  l  machina  Boyle- 
ana,'  completed  towards  1659,  and  presenting 
all  the  essential  qualities  of  the  modern  air- 
pump.  By  a  multitude  of  experiments  per- 
formed with  it,  Boyle  vividly  illustrated  the 
effects  (at  that  time  very  imperfectly  recog- 
nised) of  the  elasticity,  compressibility,  and 
weight  of  the  air ;  investigated  its  function 
in  respiration,  combustion,  and  the  convey- 
ance of  sound,  and  exploded  the  obscure  notion 
of  &fuga  vacui.  /A.  first  instalment  of  results 
was  published  at  Oxford  in  1660,  with  the 
title, l  New  Experiments  Physico-Mechanical 
touching  the  Spring  of  the  Air  and  its  Effects, 
made,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  new  Pneumatical 
Engine.'  His  'Defence  against  Linus,'  ap- 
pended, with  his  answer  to  the  objections  of 
Hobbes,  to  the  second  edition  (1662),  con- 
tained experimental  proof  of  the  proportional 
relation  between  elasticity  and  pressure,  still 
known  as  '  Boyle's  Law '  (  Works,  folio  ed. 
1744,  i.  100).  This  approximately  true  prin- 
ciple, although  but  loosely  demonstrated,  was 
at  once  generalised  and  accepted,  and  was 
confirmed  by  Mariotte  in  1676.  j 

Boyle  meanwhile  bestowed  upon  theolo- 
gical subjects  attention  as  earnest  as  if  it 
had  been  undivided.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  he  had  already  written,  besides  a  treatise 
on  ethics,  several  moral  and  religious  essays, 
afterwards  published.  His  veneration  for 
the  Scriptures  induced  him,  although  by 
nature  averse  to  linguistic  studies,  to  learn 
Hebrew  and  Greek,  Chaldee  and  Syriac 
enough  to  read  them  in  the  originals.  At 
Oxford  he  made  some  further  progress  in  this 
direction,with  assistance  from  Hyde,  Pococke, 
and  Clarke ;  applied  himself  to  divinity  under 
Barlow  (afterwards  bishop  of  Lincoln)  ;  and 
encouraged  the  writings  on  casuistry  of  Dr. 
Robert  Sanderson  with  a  pension  of  50/.  a 
year.  Throughout  his  life  he  was  a  munifi- 
cent supporter  of  projects  for  the  diffusion 
of  the  Scriptures.  He  bore  wholly,  or  in 


Boyle 


I2O 


Boyle 


part,  the  expense  of  printing  the  Indian,  Irish, 
and  Welsh  Bibles  (1685-86)  ;  of  the  Turkish 
New  Testament,  and  of  the  Malayan  version 
of  the  Gospels  and  Acts  (Oxford,  1677).  As 
governor  of  the  Corporation  for  the  Spread 
of  the  Gospel  in  New  England,  and  as  direc- 
tor of  the  East  India  Company  (the  charter 
of  which  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring), 
he  made  strenuous  efforts,  and  gave  liberal 
pecuniary  aid  towards  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity in  those  regions.  He  contributed, 
moreover,  largely  to  the  publication  of  Bur- 
net's  l  History  of  the  Reformation,' bestowed 
a  splendid  reward  upon  Pococke  for  his  trans- 
lation into  Arabic  of  Grotius'  '  De  Veritate,' 
and  during  some  time  spent  1,0001.  a  year  in 
private  charity.  Nor  was  science  forgotten. 
Besides  his  heavy  regular  outlay,  and  help 
afforded  to  indigent  savants,  we  hear  in  1657, 
in  a  letter  from  Oldenburg,  of  a  scheme  for 
investing  12,000/.  in  forfeited  Irish  estates, 
the  proceeds  to  be  devoted  to  the  advance- 
ment of  learning ;  and  a  looked-for  increase 
to  his  fortunes  in  1662  should  have  been  simi- 
larly applied,  but  that,  being  '  cast  upon  im- 
j>ropriations,'  he  felt  bound  to  consecrate  it 
to  religious  uses. 

On  the  Restoration,  he  was  solicited  by 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon  to  take  orders ;  but 
excused  himself,  on  the  grounds  of  the  absence 
of  an  inner  call,  and  of  his  persuasion  that 
arguments  in  favour  of  religion  came  with 
more  force  from  one  not  professionally  pledged 
to  uphold  it.  This  determination  involved 
the  refusal  of  the  provostship  of  Eton,  offered 
to  him  in  1665.  He  also  repeatedly  declined 
a  peerage,  and  died  the  only  untitled  member 
of  his  large  family. 

In  1668  he  left  Oxford  for  London,  and  re- 
sided until  his  death  in  Lady  Ranelagh's  house 
in  Pall  Mall.  The  meetings  of  the  Royal 
Society  perhaps  furnished  in  part  the  induce- 
ment to  this  move.  Boyle  might  be  called 
the  representative  member  of  this  distin- 
guished body.  He  had  taken  a  leading  part 
in  its  foundation ;  he  sat  on  its  first  council ; 
the  description  and  display  of  his  ingenious 
experiments  gave  interest  to  its  proceedings  ; 
he  was  elected  its  president  30  Nov.  1680, 
but  declined  to  act  from  a  scruple  about 
the  oaths,  and  was  replaced  by  Wren.  His 
voluminous  writings  flowed  from  him  in 
an  unfailing  stream  from  1660  to  1691,  and 
procured  him  an  immense  reputation,  both 
at  home  and  abroad.  Most  of  them  ap- 
peared in  Latin,  as  well  as  in  English,  and 
were  more  than  once  separately  reprinted. 
I  In  the  <  Sceptical  Chymist '  (Oxford,  1661) 
he  virtually  demolished,  together  with  the 
peripatetic  doctrine  of  the  four  elements,  the 
Spagyristic  doctrine  of  the  tria  prima,  tenta- 


tively substituting  the  principles  of  a  '  me- 
chanical philosophy/  expounded  in  detail  in 
his  '  Origin  of  Forms  and  Qualities '  (1666). 
Founded  on  the  old  atomic  hypothesis,  these 
accord,  in  the  main,  with  the  views  of  many 
recent  physicists.  They  postulate  one  uni- 
versal kind  of  matter,  admit  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  visible  world  only  moving  atoms, 
and  derive  diversity  of  substance  from  their 
various  modes  of  grouping  and  manners  of 
movement,  j, Boyle  added  as  a  corollary  the 
transmutability  of  differing  forms  of  matter 
by  the  rearrangement  of  their  particles  ef- 
fected through  the  agency  of  fire  or  otherwise ; 
referred  '  sensible  qualities '  to  the  action  of 
variously  constituted  particles  on  the  human 
frame,  and  declared,  in  the  obscure  phrase- 
ology of  the  time,  that '  the  grand  efficient  of 
forms  is  local  motion '  (  Works,  ii.  483).  He 
acquiesced  in,  rather  than  accepted,  the  cor- 
puscular theory  of  light,  but  clearly  recog- 
nised in  heat  the  results  of  a ( brisk '  molecular 
agitation  (ibid.  i.  282). 

In 'Experiments  and  Considerations  touch- 
ing Colours '  (1663)  he  described  for  the  first 
time  the  iridescence  of  metallic  films  and 
soap-bubbles  ;  in  '  Hydrostatical  Paradoxes  ' 
(1666)  he  enforced,  by  numerous  and  striking 
experiments  (presented  to  the  Royal  Society 
in  May  1664),  the  laws  of  fluid  equilibrium. 
His  statement  concerning  the  '  Incalescence 
of  Quicksilver  with  Gold'  (Phil.  Trans. 
21  Feb.  1676)  drew  the  serious  attention  of 
Newton  (see  his  letter  to  Oldenburg  in  Boyle's 
Works,  v.  396),  and  a  widespread  sensatio'n 
was  created  by  his  '  Historical  Account  of  a 
Degradation  of  Gold '  (1678),  the  interest  of 
both  these  pseudo-observations  being  derived 
from  their  supposed  connection  with  alche- 
mistic  transformations.  Boyle's  faith  in  their 
possibility  was  further  evidenced  by  the  re- 
peal, procured  through  his  influence  in  1689, 
of  the  statute  5  Henry  IV  against  '  multi- 
plying gold.' 

Amongst  Boyle's  numerous  correspondents 
were  Newton,  Locke,  Aubrey,  Evelyn,  Ol-  | 
denburg,  Wallis,  Beale,  and  Hartlib.  To  him 
Evelyn  unfolded,  3  Sept.  1659,  his  scheme  for 
the  foundation  of  a '  physico-mathematic  col- 
lege,' and  Newton,  28  Feb.  1679,  his  ideas 
regarding  the  qualities  of  the  aether.  Na- 
thaniel Highmore  dedicated  to  him  in  1651  \ 
his  '  History  of  Generation  ; '  Wallis  in  1659 
his  essay  on  the '  Cycloid ; '  Sydenham  in  1666 
his  '  Methodus  curandi  Febres,'  intimating 
Boyle's  frequent  association  with  him  in  his 
visits  to  his  patients ;  and  Burnet  addressed 
to  him  in  1686  the  letters  constituting  his 
'Travels.'  Wholesale  plagiarism  and  theft 
formed  a  vexatious,  though  no  less  flattering, 
tribute  to  his  fame.  Hence  the  '  Advertise- 


Boyle 


121 


Boyle 


ment  about  the  loss  of  many  of  his  Writings/ 
published  in  May  1688,  in  which  he  described 
the  various  mischances,  both  by  fraud  and 
accident,  having  befallen  them,  and  declared 
his  intention  to  write  thenceforth  on  loose 
sheets,  as  offering  less  temptation  to  thieves 
than  bulky  packets,  and  to  send  to  press  with- 
out the  dangerous  delays  of  prolonged  re- 
vision. In  the  same  year  he  gave  to  the 
world  *  A  Disquisition  concerning  the  Final 
Causes  of  Natural  Things,'  and  in  1690  '  Me- 
dicina  Hydrostatica '  and  'The  Christian 
Virtuoso,'  setting  forth  the  mutual  service- 
ableness  of  science  and  religion.  The  last 
work  published  by  himself  was  entitled  '  Ex- 
perimenta  et  Observationes  Physicee,'  part  i. 
(1691)  ;  the  second  part  never  appeared. 

In  1689  the  failing  state  of  his  health  com- 
pelled him  to  suspend  communications  to  the 
Royal  Society,  and  to  resign  his  post,  filled 
since  1661,  as  governor  of  the  Corporation  for 
the  Spread  of  the  Gospel  in  New  England. 
About  the  same  time  he  publicly  notified  his 
intention  of  excluding  visitors  on  certain  por- 
tions of  four  days  in  each  week,  thus  reserving 
leisure  to  '  recruit '  (as  he  said)  '  his  spirits, 
to  range  his  papers,  and  to  take  some  care  of 
his  affairs  in  Ireland,  which  are  very  much 
disordered,  and  have  their  face  often  changed 
by  the  public  calamities  there.'  He  was  also 
desirous  to  complete  a  collection  of  elaborate 
chemical  processes,  which  he  is  said  to  have 
entrusted  to  a  friend  as t  a  kind  of  Hermetick 
legacy,'  but  which  were  never  made  known. 
Some  secrets  discovered  by  him,  such  as  the 
preparation  of  subtle  poisons  and  of  a  liquid 
for  discharging  writing,  he  concealed  as  mis- 
chievous. 

From  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  had  suffered 
from  a  torturing  malady,  of  which  he  dreaded 
the  aggravation,  with  the  approach  of  death, 
beyond  his  powers  of  patient  endurance.  But 
his  end  was  without  pain,  and  almost  with- 
out serious  illness.  His  beloved  sister,  Ca- 
therine Lady  Ranelagh,  a  conspicuous  and 
noble  personage,  died  23  Dec.  1691.  He  sur- 
vived her  one  week,  expiring  three-quarters 
of  an  hour  after  midnight,  30  Dec.,  aged 
nearly  65,  and  was  buried  7  Jan.  1692  in 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  Westminster.  Dr. 
Burnet  preached  his  funeral  sermon.  By  his 
will  he  founded  and  endowed  with  50/.  a 
year  the  <  Boyle  Lectures,'  for  the  defence  of 
Christianity  against  unbelievers,  of  which  the 
first  set  of  eight  discourses  was  preached  by 
Bentley  in  1692. 

'  Mr.  Boyle,'  Dr.  Birch  writes  (Life,  p.  86), 
'was  tall  of  stature,  but  slender,  and  his 
countenance  pale  and  emaciated.  His  con- 
stitution was  so  tender  and  delicate  that  he 
had  divers  sorts  of  cloaks  to  put  on  when  he 


went  abroad,  according  to  the  temperature  of 
the  air,  and  in  this  he  governed  himself  by 
his  thermometer.  He  escaped,  indeed,  the 
small-pox  during  his  life,  but  for  almost  forty 
years  he  laboured  under  such  a  feebleness  of 
body  and  lowness  of  strength  and  spirits  that 
it  was  astonishing  how  he  could  read,  medi- 
tate, ,try  experiments,  and  write  as  he  did. 
He  had  likewise  a  weakness  *  His  eyes,  which 
made  him  very  tender  of  them,  .*nd  extremely 
apprehensive  of  such  distempers  as  might 
affect  them.'  To  these  disabilities  was  added 
that  of  a  memory  so  treacherous  (by  his  own 
account)  that  he  was  often  tempted  to  abandon 
study  in  despair.  He  spoke  with  a  slight 
hesitation ;  nevertheless  at  times  '  distin- 
guished himself  by  so  copious  and  lively  a 
flow  of  wit  that  Mr.  Cowley  and  Sir  William 
Davenant  both  thought  him  equal  in  that 
respect  to  the  most  celebrated  geniuses  of 
that  age.'  He  never  married,  but  Evelyn 
was  credibly  informed  that  he  had  paid  court 
in  his  youth  to  the  Earl  of  Monmouth's  beau- 
tiful daughter,  and  that  his  passion  inspired 
the  essay  on  '  Seraphic  Love,'  published  in 
1660.  It  was,  however,  already  written  in 
1648,  and  Boyle  himself  assures  us,  6  Aug. 
of  that  year,  that  he  '  hath  never  yet  been 
hurt  by  Cupid '  (  Works,  i.  155).  The  story 
is  thus  certainly  apocryphal. 

The  tenor  of  his  life  was  in  no  way  in- 
consistent with  his  professions  of  piety.  It 
was  simple  and  unpretending,  stainless  yet 
not  austere,  humble  without  affectation.  His 
temper,  naturally  choleric,  he  gradually  sub- 
dued to  mildness ;  his  religious  principles 
were  equally  removed  from  laxity  and  in- 
tolerance, and  he  was  a  declared  foe  to  per- 
secution. He  shared,  indeed,  in  some  degree 
the  credulousness  of  his  age.  He  publicly 
subscribed  to  the  truth  of  the  stories  about 
the  '  demon  of  Mascon,'  and  vouched  for  the 
spurious  cures  of  Greatrakes  the  'stroker.' 
Nor  did  he  wholly  escape  the  narrowness  in- 
separable from  the  cultivation  of  a  philosophy 
'  that  valued  no  knowledge  but  as  it  had  a 
tendency  to  use.'  His  view  of  astronomical 
studies  is,  in  this  respect,  characteristic.  If 
the  planets  have  no  physical  influence  on 
the  earth,  he  admits  his  inability  to  propound 
any  end  for  the  pains  bestowed  upon  them  ; 
'  we  know  them  only  to  know  them '  (ibid.  v. 
124). 

Yet  his  services  to  science  were  unique. 
The  condition  of  his  birth,  the  elevation  of 
his  character,  the  unflagging  enthusiasm  of 
his  researches,  combined  to  lend  dignity  and 
currency  to  their  results.  These  were  coex- 
tensive with  the  whole  range,  then  accessible, 
of  experimental  investigation.  He  personi- 
fied, it  might  be  said,  in  a  manner  at  once 


Boyle 


122 


Boyle 


impressive  and  conciliatory,  the  victorious 
revolt  against  scientific  dogmatism  then  in 
progress.  Hence  his  unrivalled  popularity 
and  privileged  position,  which  even  the  most 
rancorous  felt  compelled  to  respect.  No 
stranger  of  note  visited  England  without 
seeking  an  interview,  which  he  regarded  it  as 
an  obligation  of  Christian  charity  to  grant. 
Three  successive  kings  of  England  conversed 
familiarly  with  him,  and  he  was  considered 
to  have  inherited,  nay  outshone,  the  fame  of 
the  great  Verulam.  'The  excellent  Mr. 
Boyle,'  Hughes  wrote  in  the  'Spectator' 
(No.  554), '  was  the  person  who  seems  to  have 
been  designed  by  nature  to  succeed  to  the 
labours  and  inquiries  of  that  extraordinary 
genius.  By  innumerable  experiments  he,  in 
a  great  measure,  filled  up  those  plans  and 
outlines  of  science  which  his  predecessor  had 
sketched  out.'  Addison  styled  him  (No.  531) 
'  an  honour  to  his  country,  and  a  more  dili- 
gent as  well  as  successful  inquirer  into  the 
works  of  nature  than  any  other  one  nation 
has  ever  produced.'  'To  him,'  Boerhaave 
wrote, '  we  owe  the  secrets  of  fire,  air,  water, 
animals,  vegetables,  fossils  ;  so  that  from  his 
works  may  be  deduced  the  whole  system  of 
natural  knowledge '  (Methodus  discendi  Ar- 
tem  Medicam,  p.  152). 

It  must  be  admitted  that  Boyle's  achieve- 
ments are  scarcely  commensurate  to  praises 
of  which  these  are  but  a  sample.  His  name 
is  identified  with  no  great  discovery ;  he  pur- 
sued no  subject  far  beyond  the  merely  illus- 
trative stage  ;  his  performance  supplied  a 
general  introduction  to  modern  science  rather 
than  entered  into  the  body  of  the  work.  But 
such  an  introduction  was  indispensable,  and 
was  admirably  executed.  It  implied  an '  ad- 
vance all  along  the  line.'  Subjects  of  inquiry 
were  suggested,  stripped  of  manifold  obscuri- 
ties, and  set  in  approximately  true  mutual 
relations.  Above  all,  the  fruitfulness  of  the 
experimental  method  was  vividly  exhibited, 
and  its  use  rendered  easy  and  familiar.  Boyle 
was  the  true  precursor  of  the  modern  chemist. 
Besides  clearing  away  a  jungle  of  perplexed 
notions,  he  collected  a  number  of  highly  sug- 
gestive facts  and  observations.  He  was  the 
first  to  distinguish  definitely  a  mixture  from 
a  compound ;  with  him  originated  the  defi- 
nition of  an  '  element '  as  a  hitherto  unde- 
composed  constituent  of  a  compound;  he 
introduced  the  use  of  vegetable  colour-tests 
of  acidity  and  alkalinity.  From  a  bare  hint 
as  to  the  method  of  preparing  phosphorus 
(discovered  by  Brandt  in  1669)  he  arrived  at 
it  independently,  communicated  it  14  Oct. 
1680  in  a  sealed  packet  to  the  Royal  Society, 
and  published  it  for  the  first  time  in  1682 
(Works  iv.  37).  In  a  tract  printed  the  same 


year  he  accurately  described  the  qualities 
of  the  new  substance  under  the  title  of  the 
'  Icy  Noctiluca.'  He,  moreover,  actually  pre- 
pared hydrogen,  and  collected  it  in  a  receiver 
placed  over  water,  but  failed  to  .distinguish 
it  from  what  he  called  'air  generated  de 
novo'  (ibid.  i.  35). 

In  physics,  besides  the  great  merit  of  having 
rendered  the  air-pump  available  for  experi- 
ment and  discovered  the  law  of  gaseous 
elasticity,  he  invented  a  compressed-air 
pump,  and  directed  the  construction  of  the 
first  hermetically  sealed  thermometers  made 
in  England.  He  sought  to  measure  the  ex- 
pansive force  of  freezing  water,  first  used 
freezing  mixtures,  observed  the  effects  of 
atmospheric  pressure  on  ebullition,  added 
considerably  to  the  store  of  facts  collected 
about  electricity  and  magnetism,  determined 
the  specific  gravities  and  refractive  powers 
of  various  substances,  and  made  a  notable 
attempt  to  weigh  light.  He  further  ascer- 
tained the  unvarying  high  temperature  of 
human  blood,  and  performed  a  variety  of 
curious  experiments  on  respiration.  He  aimed 
at  being  the  disciple  only  of  nature.  Down 
to  1657  he  purposely  refrained  from '  seriously 
or  orderly '  reading  the  works  of  Gassendi, 
Descartes,  or  'so  much  as  Sir  F.  Bacon's 
"  Novum  Organum,"  in  order  not  to  be  pos- 
sessed with  any  theory  or  principles  till  he 
had  found  what  things  themselves  should 
induce  him  to  think '  (ibid.  194).  And,  al- 
though he  professed  a  special  reverence  for 
Descartes,  as  the  true  author  of  the  '  tenets 
of  mechanical  philosophy'  (ibid.  iv.  521), 
we  find,  nine  years  later,  that  he  had  not  yet 
carried  out  his  intention  of  thoroughly  study- 
ing his  writings  (ibid.  ii.  458).  Yet  he  was 
no  true  Cartesian ;  the  whole  course  of  his 
scientific  efforts  bore  the  broad  Baconian 
stamp ;  nor  was  the  general  voice  widely  in 
error  which  declared  him  to  have  (at  least 
in  part)  executed  what  Verulam  designed. 

The  style  of  his  writings,  which  had  the 
character  rather  of  occasional  essays  than  of 
systematic  treatises,  is  free  from  rhetorical 
affectations;  it  is  lucid,  fluent,  but  intole- 
rably prolix,  its  not  rare  felicities  of  phrase 
being,  as  it  were,  smothered  in  verbosity.  He 
endeavoured  to  remedy  this  defect  by  pro- 
cesses of  compulsory  concentration.  Boulton's 
first  epitome  of  his  writings  appeared  in 
1699-1700  (London,  3  vols.  8vo)  ;  a  second, 
of  his  theological  works,  in  1715  (3  vols. 
8vo) ;  and  Dr.  Peter  Shaw's  abridgment  of. 
his  philosophical  works  in  1725  (3  vols.  8vo). 
The  first  complete  edition  of  his  writings 
was  published  by  Birch  in  1744  in  five  folio 
volumes  (2nd  edition  in  6  vols.  4to,  London, 
1772).  It  included  his  posthumous  remains 


Boyle 


123 


Boyle 


and  correspondence,  with  a  life  of  the  author 
founded  on  materials  collected  with  abortive 
biographical  designs  by  Burnet  and  Wotton, 
and  embracing  Boyle's  unfinished  narrative 
of  his  early  years  entitled  '  An  Account  of 
Philaretus  during  his  Minority.'  More  or 
less  complete  Latin  editions  of  his  works 
were  issued  at  Geneva  in  1677,  1680,  and 
1714;  at  Cologne  in  1680-95;  and  at  Venice 
in  1695.  A  French  collection,  with  the  title 
'  Recueil  d'Exp^riences,'  appeared  at  Paris  in 
1679.  Of  his  separate  treatises  the  follow- 
ing, besides  those  already  mentioned,  deserve 
to  be  particularised:  1.  '.Some  Considera- 
tions touching  the  Usefulness  of  Experimental 
Natural  Philosophy'  (Oxford,  1663,  2nd  part 
1671).  2.  '  Some  Considerations  touching 
the  Style  of  the  Holy  Scriptures'  (1663), 
extracted  from  an  'Essay  on  Scripture,' 
begun  1652,  and  published,  after  the  writer's 
death,  by  Sir  Peter  Pett.  3.  '  Occasional 
Reflections  upon  several  Subjects'  (1664, 
reprinted  1808),  an  early  production  satirised 
by  Butler  in  his  '  Occasional  Reflection  on 
Dr.  Charlton's  feeling  a  Dog's  Pulse  at  Gres- 
ham  College,'  and  by  Swift  in  his  '  Medita- 
tion on  a  Broom  Stick,'  who  nevertheless  was 
probably  indebted  for  the  first  idea  of  *  Gul- 
liver's Travels '  to  one  of  the  little  pieces  thus 
caricatured  ('  Upon  the  Eating  of  Oysters,' 
Works ,  ii.  219).  4.  '  New  Experiments  and 
Observations  touching  Cold,  or  an  Experi- 
mental History  of  Cold  begun '  (1665),  con- 
taining a  refutation  of  the  vulgar  doctrine 
of  '  antiperistasis '  (in  full  credit  with  Bacon) 
and  of  Hobttjs's  theory  of  cold.  5.  '  A  Con- 
tinuation of  New  Experiments  Physico- 
Mechanical  touching  the  Spring  and  Weight 
of  the  Air  and  their  Effects  '  (1669,  a  third 
series  appeared  in  1682).  6.  '  Tracts  about 
the  Cosmical  Qualities  of  Things'  (1670). 
7.  '  An  Essay  about  the  Origin  and  Virtues 
of  Gems'  (1672).  8.  'The  Excellency  of 
Theology  compared  with  Natural  Philosophy ' 
(1673).  9.  '  Some  Considerations  about  the 
Reconcilableness  of  Reason  and  Religion' 
(1675).  10.  '  The  Aerial  Noctiluca '  (1680). 
11.  'Memoirs  for  the  Natural  History  of 
Human  Blood'  (1684).  12.  '  Of  the  High 
Veneration  Man's  Intellect  owes  to  God' 
(1685).  13.  '  A  Free  Enquiry  into  the  vul- 
garly received  Notion  of  Nature'  (1686). 
14.  'The  General  History  of  the  Air  de- 
signed and  begun'  (1692).  15.  '  Medicinal 
Experiments'  (1692,  3rd  vol.  1698),  both 
posthumous. 

Catalogues  of  Boyle's  works  were  pub- 
lished at  London  in  1688  and  subsequent 
years.  He  bequeathed  his  mineralogical  col- 
lections to  the  Royal  Society,  and  his  portrait 
by  Kerseboorn,  the  property  of  the  same 


body,  formed  part  of  the  National  Portrait 
Exhibition  in  1866. 

[Life  by  Birch ;  Biog.  Brit. ;  "Wood's  Fasti  Oxon. 
(Bliss),  ii.  286 ;  Burnet's  Funeral  Sermon ;  Watt's 
Bibl.  Brit. ;  Hoefer's  Hist,  de  la  Chimie,  ii.  155 ; 
Poggendorff's  Gesch.  d.  Physik,  p.  466 ;  Libes's 
Hist.  Phil,  des  Progres  de  la  Physique,  ii.  134  ; 
A.  Crum  Brown's  Development  of  the  Idea  of 
Chemical  Composition,  pp.  9-14.]  A.  M.  C. 

BOYLE,  ROGER,  BARON  BROGHILL,  and 
first  EAKL  OF  ORRERY  (162] -1679),  states- 
man, soldier,  and  dramatist,  the  third  son  of 
Richard  Boyle,  first  earl  of  Cork,  and  Cathe- 
rine, daughter  of  Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton,  was 
born  at  Lismore  25  April  1621.  In  recogni- 
tion of  his  father's  services  he  was  on  28  Feb. 
1627  created  Baron  Broghill.  At  the  age 
of  fifteen  he  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin 
(BTJDGELL,  Memoirs  of  the  Boyles,  p.  34),  and 
according  to  Wood  (Athena,  ed.  Bliss,  iii. 
1200)  he  also  'received  some  of  his  academical 
education  in  Oxon.'  After  concluding  his 
university  career  he  spent  some  years  on  the 
continent,  chiefly  in  France  and  Italy,  under 
a  governor,  Mr.  Markham.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  England,  he  was  entrusted  by  the 
Earl  of  Northumberland  with  the  command 
of  his  troop  in  the  Scotch  expedition.  On 
his  marriage  to  Lady  Margaret  Howard, 
third  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Suffolk,  he  set 
out  for  Ireland,  arriving  23  Oct.  1641,  on 
the  very  day  that  the  great  rebellion  broke 
out.  When  the  Earl  of  Cork  summoned  his 
retainers,  Lord  Broghill  was  appointed  to  a 
troop  of  horse,  with  which  he  joined  the  Lord 
President  St.  Leger.  It  was  only  Broghill's 
acuteness  that  prevented  St.  Leger  from  be- 
lieving the  representations  of  Lord  Muskerry, 
the  leader  of  the  Irish  rebels,  that  he  was  act- 
ing on  the  authority  of  a  commission  from  the 
king.  Under  the  Earl  of  Cork  he  took  part 
in  the  defence  of  Lismore,  and  he  held  a  com- 
mand at  the  battle  of  Liscarrol,  3  Sept.  1642. 
When  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde  resigned  his 
authority  to  the  parliamentary  commissioners 
in  1647,  Lord  Broghill,  though  a  zealous 
royalist,  continued  to  serve  under  them  until 
the  execution  of  the  king.  Immediately  on 
receipt  of  the  news  he  went  over  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  lived  for  some  time  in  strict 
retirement  at  Marston,  Somersetshire.  At 
last,  however,  he  determined  to  make  a  stre- 
nuous attempt  to  retrieve  his  own  fortunes  and 
the  royal  cause,  and,  on  the  pretence  of  visiting 
a  German  spa  for  the  sake  of  his  health,  re- 
solved to  seek  an  interview  with  Charles  II 
on  the  continent,  with  a  view  to  concoct 
measures  to  aid  in  his  restoration.  With 
this  purpose  he  arrived  in  London,  having 
meanwhile  made  application  to  the  Earl  of 


Boyle 


124 


Boyle 


Warwick  for  a  pass,  only  communicating  his  I 
real  design  to  certain  royalists  in  whom  he 
had  perfect  confidence.     While  waiting  the  ' 
result  of  his  application,  he  was  surprised  by 
a  message  from  Oliver  Cromwell  of  his  in- 
tention to  call  on  him  at  his  lodgings.  Crom- 
well at  once  informed  him  that  the  council 
were  completely  cognisant  of  the  real  charac- 
ter of  his  designs,  and  that  but  for  his  inter- 
position he  would  already  have  been  l  clapped 
up  in  the  Tower '  (MoEBiCE,  Memoirs  of  the  \ 
Earl  of  Orrery,  p.  11).      Broghill  thanked 
Cromwell  warmly  for  his  kindness,  and  asked  j 
his  advice  as  to  what  he  should  do,  whereupon  ; 
Cromwell  offered  him  a  general's  command 
in  the  war  against  the  Irish.     No  oaths  or 
obligations  were  to  be  laid  on  him  except  a 
promise  on  his  word  of  honour  faithfully  to 
assist  to  the  best  of  his  power  in  subduing 
Ireland.  Broghill,  according  to  his  biographer, 
asked  for  time  to  consider  '  this  large  offer,' 
but  Cromwell  brusquely  answered  that  he 
must  decide  on  the  instant ;  and,  finding  that 
'  no  subterfuges  could  any  longer  be  made 
use  of,'  he  gave  his  consent. 

The  extraordinary  bargain  is  a  striking 
proof  both  of  Cromwell's  knowledge  of  men 
and  of  his  consciousness  of  the  immense  diffi- 
culty of  the  task  he  had  in  hand  in  Ireland. 
The  trust  placed  by  him  in  Broghill's  stead- 
fastness and  abilities  was  fully  justified  by 
the  result.  By  whatever  motives  he  may  have 
been  actuated,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
Broghill  strained  every  nerve  to  make  the 
cause  of  the  parliament  in  Ireland  triumph- 
ant. Indeed  but  for  his  assistance  Cromwell's 
enterprise  might  have  been  attended  with 
almost  fatal  disasters.  With  the  commission 
of  master  of  ordnance,  Broghill  immediately 
proceeded  to  Bristol,  where  he  embarked  for 
Ireland.  Such  was  his  influence  in  Munster 
that  he  soon  found  himself  at  the  head  of  a 
troop  of  horse  manned  by  gentlemen  of  pro- 
perty, and  1,500  well-appointed  infantry, 
many  of  whom  had  deserted  from  Lord  Inchi- 
quin.  After  joining  Cromwell  at  Wexford, 
he  was  left  by  him  '  at  Mallow,  with  about 
six  or  seven  hundred  horse  and  four  or  five 
hundred  foot,'  to  protect  the  interests  of  the 
parliament  in  Munster,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  capture  of  two  strong  garri- 
sons (CAKLYLE,  Cromwell,  Letter  cxix.)  This 
vigorous  procedure  greatly  contributed  to 
drive  the  enemy  into  Kilkenny,  where  they 
shortly  afterwards  surrendered.  Cromwell 
then  proceeded  to  Clonmel,  and  Broghill 
was  ordered  to  attack  a  body  of  Irish  under 
the  titular  bishop  of  Ross,  who  were  march- 
ing to  its  relief.  This  force  he  met  at  Ma- 
croom  10  May  1650,  and  totally  defeated, 
taking  the  bishop  prisoner.  While  prepar- 


ing to  pursue  the  defeated  enemy  he  received 
a  message  from  Cromwell,  whose  troops  had 
been  decimated  by  sickness  and  the  sallies 
of  the  enemy,  to  join  him  with  the  utmost 
haste  ;  and  on  his  arrival  Clonmel  was  taken 
after  a  desperate  struggle.  Cromwell,  whose 
presence  in  Scotland  had  been  for  some  time 
urgently  required,  now  left  the  task  of  com- 
pleting the  subjugation  of  Ireland  in  the 
hands  of  Ireton,  whom  Broghill  joined  at 
the  siege  of  Limerick.  News  having  reached 
the  besiegers  that  preparations  were  being 
made  for  its  relief,  Broghill  was  sent  with  a 
strong  detachment  to  disperse  any  bodies  of 
troops  that  might  be  gathering  for  this  purpose. 
By  a  rapid  march  he  intercepted  a  strong  force 
under  Lord  Muskerry,  advancing  to  join  the 
army  raised  by  the  pope's  nuncio,  and  so 
completely  routed  them  that  all  attempts  to 
relieve  Limerick  were  abandoned. 

On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  Broghill  re- 
mained in  Munster  to  keep  the  province  in 
subjection,  with  Youghal  for  his  headquarters 
(MoEKiCE,  19).  While  the  war  was  proceed- 
ing he  had  been  put  in  possession  of  as  much 
of  Lord  Muskerry 's  estates  as  amounted  to 
1,000/.  a  year,  until  the  country  in  which  his 
estate  was  situated  was  freed  from  the  enemy 
(Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom.  1649-50,  p.  473), 
and  at  its  close  Blarney  Castle,  with  lands 
adjoining  it  to  the  annual  value  of  1,000/., 
was  bestowed  upon  him,  the  bill  after  long 
delay  in  parliament  receiving  the  assent  of 
Cromwell  in  1657  (Commons'  Journal).  Ire- 
ton,  who  had  been  so  suspicious  of  Broghill's 
intentions  as  to  advise  that  he  should  '  be 
cut  off,'  died  from  exposure  at  Limerick,  and 
Cromwell,  who  throughout  the  war  had  relied 
implicitly  on  Broghill's  good  faith,  gradually 
received  him  into  his  special  confidence. 
Broghill,  on  his  part,  realising  that  the  royal 
cause  was  for  the  time  hopeless,  devoted  all 
his  energies  to  make  the  rule  of  Cromwell  a 
success.  Actuated  at  first  by  motives  of  self- 
interest,  he  latterly  conceived  for  Cromwell 
strong  admiration  and  esteem.  In  Crom- 
well's parliament  which  met  in  1654  he  sat 
as  member  for  Cork,  and  on  the  list  of  the 
parliament  of  1656  his  name  appears  as 
member  both  for  Cork  and  Edinburgh.  His 
representation  of  the  latter  city  is  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  this  year  he  was  sent  as 
lord  president  of  the  council  to  Scotland. 
That  he  remained  in  Scotland  only  one  year 
was  due  not  to  any  failure  to  satisfy  either 
the  Scots  or  Cromwell,  but  simply  to  the 
condition  he  made  on  accepting  office,  that  he 
should  not  be  required  to  hold  it  for  more 
than  a  year.  According  to  Robert  Baillie 
he  'gained  more  on  the  affections  of  the 
people  than  all  the  English  that  ever  were 


Boyle 


among  us '  (Journals,  iii.  315).  After  his 
return  to  England  he  formed  one  of  a  special 
council  whom  the  Protector  was  in  the  habit 
of  consulting  on  matters  of  prime  importance 
(WHITELOCKE,  Memorials,  656).  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  House  of  Lords,  nomi- 
nated by  Cromwell  in  December  1657  (Par I. 
Hist.  iii.  1518).  It  was  chiefly  at  his  in- 
stance that  the  parliament  resolved  to  recom- 
mend Cromwell  to  adopt  the  title  of  king 
(LUDLOW,  Memoirs,  247),  and  he  was  one 
of  the  committee  appointed  to  discuss  the 
matter  with  Cromwell  (Monarchy  asserted  \ 
to  be  the  best,  most  ancient,  and  legall  form 
of  government,  in  a  conference  held  at  White- 
hall with  Oliver  Lord  Cromwell  and  a  Com- 
mittee of  Parliament,  1660,  reprinted  in 
the  State  Letters  of  the  Earl  of  Orrery, 
1742).  Probably  it  was  after  the  failure  of  ! 
this  negotiation  that  he  brought  before  Crom- 
well the  remarkable  proposal  for  a  marriage 
between  Cromwell's  daughter  Frances  and 
Charles  II  (MoKRiCE,  Memoirs  of  the  Earl 
of  Orrery,  21).  After  the  death  of  Oliver  he 
did  his  utmost  to  consolidate  the  government 
of  his  son  Richard,  who  consulted  him  in  his 
chief  difficulties,  but  failed  to  profit  suffi- 
ciently by  his  advice.  Convinced  at  last 
that  the  cause  of  Richard  was  hopeless,  he 
passed  over  to  Ireland,  and  obtaining  from 
the  commissioners  the  command  in  Munster, 
he,  along  with  Sir  Charles  Coote,  president 
of  Connaught,  secured  Ireland  for  the  king. 
His  letter  inviting  Charles  to  land  at  Cork 
actually  reached  him  before  the  first  commu- 
nication of  Monk,  but  the  steps  taken  by 
Monk  in  England  rendered  the  landing  of 
Charles  in  Ireland  unnecessary.  In  the  Con- 
vention parliament  Broghill  sat  as  member 
for  Arundel,  and  on  5  Sept.  1660  he  was 
created  Earl  of  Orrery.  About  the  close  of 
the  year  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  lord 
justices  of  Ireland,  and  it  was  he  who  drew 
up  the  act  of  settlement  for  that  kingdom. 
On  the  retirement  of  Lord  Clarendon,  the  lord 
high  chancellor,  he  was  offered  the  great 
seals,  but,  from  considerations  of  health,  de- 
clined them.  He  continued  for  the  most 
part  to  reside  in  Ireland  in  discharge  of  his 
duties  as  lord  president  of  Munster,  and 
in  this  capacity  was  successful  in  defeating 
the  attempt  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  admiral 
of  France,  to  land  at  Kinsale.  The  presi- 
dency of  Munster  he,  however,  resigned  in 
1668  on  account  of  disagreements  with  the 
Duke  of  Ormonde,  lord-lieutenant.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  was  on  25  Nov.  impeached  in 
the  House  of  Commons  for '  raising  of  moneys 
by  his  own  authority  upon  his  majesty's  sub- 
jects ;  defrauding  the  king's  subjects  of  their 
estates/  but  the  king  by  commission  on  11  Dec. 


5  Boyle 

suddenly  put  a  stop  to  the  proceedings  by 
proroguing  both  houses  to  14  Feb.  (Impeach- 
ment of  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  Parl.  Hist.  iv. 
434-40),  and  no  further  attempt  was  made 
against  him.  He  died  from  an  attack  of  gout 
16  Oct.  1679.  He  was  buried  at  Youghal. 
He  left  two  sons  and  five  daughters. 

The  Earl  of  Orrery  was  the  reputed  author 
of  an  anonymous  pamphlet  l  Irish  Colours 
displayed,  in  a  reply  of  an  English  Protes- 
tant to  a  letter  of  an  Irish  Roman  Catholic/ 
1662.  The  '  Irish  Roman  Catholic'  was 
Father  Peter  Welsh,  who  replied  to  it  by 
'  Irish  Colours  folded.'  Both  were  addressed 
to  the  Duke  of  Ormonde.  That  Orrery  was 
the  author  of  the  pamphlet  is  not  impossible, 
but  the  statement  is  unsupported  by  proof. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  it  has  been  con- 
founded with  another  reply  to  the  same  letter 
professedly  written  by  him  and  entitled  '  An 
Answer  to  a  scandalous  letter  lately  printed 
and  subscribed  by  Peter  Welsh,  Procurator 
to  the  Sec.  and  Reg.  Popish  Priests  of  Ire- 
land.' This  pamphlet  has  for  sub-title  '  A 
full  Discovery  of  the  Treachery  of  the  Irish 
rebels  and  the  beginning  of  the  rebellion 
there.  Necessary  to  be  considered  by  all 
adventurers  and  other  persons  estated  in  that 
kingdom.'  Both  the  letter  of  Welsh  and  this, 
reply  to  it  have  been  reprinted  in  the  l  State 
Letters  of  Roger  Boyle,  Earl  of  Orrery/  1742. 
In  1654  he  published  in  six  volumes  the  first 
part  of  a  romance,  '  Parthenissa/  a  complete 
edition  of  which  appeared  in  three  volumes 
in  1665  and  in  1677.  The  writer  of  the 
notice  of  Orrery  in  the  '  Biographia  Britan- 
nica '  attributes  the  neglect  of  the  romance 
to  its  remaining  unfinished,  but  finished.it 
certainly  was,  and  if  it  had  not  been,  its  tedi- 
ousness  would  not  have  been  relieved  by 
adding  to  its  length.  More  substantial  merit 
attaches  to  his  '  Treatise  of  the  Art  of  War/ 
1677,  dedicated  to  the  king.  He  claims  for 
it  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  l  Entire 
Treatise  on  the  Art  of  War  written  in  our 
language/  and  the  quality  of  comprehensive- 
ness cannot  be  denied  to  it,  treating  as  it  does 
of  the  '  choice  and  educating  of  the  soldiery ; 
the  arming  of  the  soldiery ;  the  disciplining 
of  the  soldiery ;  the  ordering  of  the  garrisons ; 
the  marching  of  an  army ;  the  camping  of 
an  army  within  a  line  or  intrenchment ;  and 
battles.'  The  treatise  is  of  undoubted  inte- 
rest as  indicating  the  condition  of  the  art  at 
the  close  of  the  Cromwellian  wars,  and,  like 
his  political  pamphlet,  is  written  in  a  terse 
and  effective  style. 

Not  content  to  excel  as  a  statesman  and 
a  general,  Orrery  devoted  some  of  his  leisure 
to  the  cultivation  of  poetry ;  but  if  Dryden 
is  to  be  believed,  the  hours  he  chose  for  the 


Boyle 


126 


Boyle 


recreation  were  not  the  most  auspicious. 
'  The  muses,'  he  says, '  have  seldom  employed 
your  thoughts  but  when  some  violent  fit  of 
gout  has  snatched  you  from  affairs  of  state, 
and,  like  the  priestess  of  Apollo,  you  never 
come  to  deliver  your  oracles  but  unwillingly 
and  in  torment '  (Dedication  prefixed  to  The 
Rivals).  Commenting  on  this,  Walpole  re- 
marked that  the  gout  was  a  '  very  impotent 
muse.'  Like  his  relative  Eichard,  second 
earl  of  Burlington,  Orrery  was  on  terms  of 
intimate  friendship  with  many  eminent  men 
of  letters — among  others  Davenant,  Dryden, 
and  Cowley.  Besides  several  dramas  he  was 
the  author  of  '  A  Poem  on  his  Majesty's 
happy  Restoration,'  which  he  presented  to 
the  king,  but  which  was  never  printed ;  '  A 
Poem  on  the  Death  of  Abraham  Cowley,' 
1677,  printed  in  a  '  Collection  of  Poems  '  by 
various  authors,  1701,  3rd  edition,  1716,  re- 
published  in  Budgell's  '  Memoirs  of  the 
Family  of  the  Boyles,'  and  prefixed  by  Dr. 
Sprat  to  his  edition  of  Cowley's  works  ;  '  The 
Dream ' — in  which  the  genius  of  France  is  in- 
troduced endeavouring  to  persuade  Charles  II 
to  become  dependent  on  Louis  XIV — pre- 
sented to  the  king,  but  never  printed,  and 
now  lost ;  and  '  Poems  on  most  of  the  Festi- 
vals of  the  Church,'  1681.  Several  of  the 
tragedies  of  Orrery  attained  a  certain  success 
in  their  day.  They  are  written  in  rhyme 
with  an  easy  flowing  diction,  and,  if  some- 
what bombastic  and  extravagant  in  sentiment, 
are  not  without  effective  situations,  and  mani- 
fest considerable  command  of  pathos.  The 
earliest  of  his  plays  performed  was '  Henry  V,' 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  as  is  proved  by  the 
reference  of  Pepys,  under  date  13  Aug.  1664. 
He  then  saw  it  acted,  and  he  makes  a 
later  reference,  under  date  28  Sept.  of  the 
same  year,  to  '  The  General '  as  '  Lord  Brog- 
hill's  second  play.'  Downes  asserts  that 
<  Henry  V '  was  not  brought  out  till  1667, 
when  the  theatre  was  reopened,  but  it  was 
then  only  revived,  and  was  performed  ten 
nights  successively.  The  play  was  published 
in  1668.  It  is  doubtful  if  Orrery  was  the 
author  of'  The  General ' — at  least  there  is  no 
proof  of  his  having  acknowledged  it.  '  Mus- 
tapha,  the  Son  of  Solyman  the  Magnificent,' 
was  brought  out  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 
3  April  1665,  and  played  before  their  majes- 
ties at  court  20  Oct.  1666  (EVELYN).  '  The 
Black  Prince,'  published  1669,  and  played  for 
the  first  time  at  the  king's  house  19  Oct.  1667 
(PEPYS),  was  not  very  successful,  the  read- 
ing of  a  letter  actually  causing  the  audience 
to  hiss.  '  Tryphon,'  a  tragedy,  published  in 
1672,  and  acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 
8  Dec.  1668,  met  with  some  applause,  but 
showed  a  lack  of  invention,  resembling  his 


other  tragedies  too  closely  in  its  construction. 
These  four  tragedies  were  published  together 
in  1690,  and  now  form  vol.  i.  of  his  'Dramatic 
Works.'  Of  Orrery's  two  comedies, '  Guzman ' 
and  '  Mr.  Anthony,'  *  the  former,'  according 
to  Downes,  'took  very  well,  the  latter  but 
indifferent.'  Pepys,  who  pronounced  '  Guz- 
man '  to  be  '  very  ordinary,'  mentions  it  as 
produced  anonymously  16  April  1669.  It 
was  published  posthumously  in  1693.  '  Mr. 
Anthony '  was  published  in  1690,  but  is  not 
included  in  the  '  Dramatic  Works.'  Two 
tragedies  of  Orrery's  were  published  posthu- 
mously, '  Herod  the  Great,'  in  1694,  along 
with  his  four  early  tragedies  and  the  comedy 
'  Guzman ;'  and  '  Altemira '  in  1702,  in  which 
year  it  was  put  upon  the  stage  by  his  grand- 
son Charles  Boyle.  The  '  Complete  Drama- 
tic Works  of  the  Earl  of  Orrery,'  including 
all  his  plays  with  the  exception  of  'Mr. 
Anthony,'  appeared  in  1743.  The  Earl  of 
Orrery  is  the  reputed  author  of  '  English 
Adventures,  by  a  Person  of  Honour,'  1676, 
entered  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Huth  Li- 
brary. 

[State  Letters  of  Eoger  Boyle,  1st  Earl  of 
Orrery,  containing  a  series  of  correspondence 
between  the  Duke  of  Ormonde  and  his  lordship, 
from  the  Kestoration  to  the  year  1668,  together 
with  some  other  letters  and  pieces  of  a  different 
kind,  particularly  the  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Orrery  by 
the  Eev.  Mr.  ThomasMorrice,  his  lordship's  chap- 
lain, 1742  ;  Budgell's  Memoirs  of  the  Boyles,  34- 
93 ;  Earl  of  Orrery's  Letter  Book  whilst  Governor 
of  Minister  (1644-49),  Add.  MS.  25287  ;  Letters 
to  Sir  John  Malet,  Add.  MS.  32095,  ff.  109-188; 
Ludlow's  Memoirs  ;  Whitelocke's  Memorials ; 
Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion;  Old- 
mixon's  History  of  the  Stuarts  ;  Carte's  Life  of 
Ormonde ;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom.),  especially 
during  the  Protectorate ;  Pepys's  Diary;  Evelyn's 
Diary  ;  Ware's  Writers  of  Ireland  (Harris),  iii. 
177  ;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  1200-1; 
Walpole's  Eoyal  and  Noble  Authors  (Park),  v. 
191-7;  Genest's  History  of  the  .Stage;  Biog. 
Brit.  (Kippis),  ii.  4  7  9-92;  Lodge's  Irish  Peerage 
(1789),  i.  178-192.]  T.  F.  H. 

BOYLE,  ROGER  (1617  P-1687),  bishop  of 
Clogher,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, where  he  was  elected  a  fellow.  On  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion  in  1641  he  became  tutor 
to  Lord  Paulet,  in  whose  family  he  remained 
until  the  Restoration,  when  in  1660-1  he 
became  rector  of  Carrigaline  and  of  Ringrone 
in  the  diocese  of  Cork.  Thence  he  was 
advanced  to  the  deanery  of  Cork,  and  on 
12  Sept.  1667  he  was  promoted  to  the  see  of 
Down  and  Connor.  On  21  Sept.  1672  he 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  Clogher.  He  died 
at  Clones  on  26  Nov.  1687,  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 


Boyne 


127 


Boys 


at  Clones.  He  was  the  author  of  '  Inquisitio 
in  fidem  Christianorum  hujus  Saeculi,'  Dub- 
lin, 1665,  and  'Summa  Theologies  Chris- 
tianas,' Dublin,  1681.  His  commonplace  book 
on  various  subjects,  together  with  an  abstract 
of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby's '  Treatise  of  Bodies,'  is 
in  manuscript  in  Trinity  College  Library, 
Dublin. 

[Cotton's  Fasti  Ecclesiae  Hibernicae,  iii.  80, 
207-8;  Ware's  Works  (Harris),  i.  190,  213,  ii. 
203.]  T.  F.  H. 

BOYNE,  VISCOUNT.  [See  HAMILTON, 
GUSTAVUS.] 

BOYNE,  JOHN  (d.  1810),  water-colour 
painter,  caricaturist,  and  engraver,  was  born 
in  county  Down,  Ireland,  between  1750  and 
1759.  His  father  was  originally  a  joiner  by 
trade,  but  afterwards  held  for  many  years 
an  appointment  at  the  victualling  office  at 
Deptford.  Boyne  was  brought  to  England 
when  about  nine  years  of  age,  and  subse- 
quently articled  to  William  Byrne,  the  land- 
scape-engraver. His  master  dying  just  at 
the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship,  he  made 
an  attempt  to  carry  on  the  business  himself, 
but  being  idle  and  dissipated  in  his  habits, 
he  was  unsuccessful.  He  then  joined  a  com- 
pany of  strolling  actors  near  Chelmsford, 
where  he  enacted  some  of  Shakespeare's 
characters,  and  assisted  in  a  farce  called 
'  Christmas ; '  but  soon  wearying  of  this  mode 
of  life,  he  returned  to  London  in  1781,  and 
took  to  the  business  of  pearl-setting,  being 
employed  by  a  Mr.  Flower,  of  Chichester 
Rents,  Chancery  Lane.  Later  on  we  find 
him  in  the  capacity  of  a  master  in  a  draw- 
ing school,  first  in  Holborn,  and  afterwards 
in  Gloucester  Street,  Queen  Square,  where 
Holmes  and  Heaphy  were  his  pupils.  Boyne 
died  at  his  house  in  Pentonville  on  22  June 
1810.  His  most  important  artistic  produc- 
tions were  heads  from  Shakespeare's  plays, 
spiritedly  drawn  and  tinted  ;  also  '  Assigna- 
tion, a  Sketch  to  the  Memory  of  the  Duke  of 
Bedford ;'  <  The  Muck  Worm,'  and  '  The  Glow 
Worm.'  His  '  Meeting  of  Connoisseurs,'  now 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  was  en- 
graved in  stipple  by  T.Williamson.  He  pub- 
lished '  A  Letter  to  Richard  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan, Esq.,  on  his  late  proceedings  as  a 
Member  of  the  Society  of  the  Freedom  of  the 
Press.' 

[Magazine  of  the  Fine  Arts,  iii.  222 ;  Red- 
grave's Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  English 
School,  London,  1878,  8vo.]  L.  F. 

BOYS  or  BOSCHUS,  DAVID  (rf.1461), 
Carmelite,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  lec- 
tured in  theology  at  that  university ;  he  also 
visited  for  purposes  of  study  the  university  of 


Cambridge  and  several  foreign  universities. 
He  became  head  of  the  Carmelite  community 
at  Gloucester,  and  died  there  in  the  year  1451. 
The  following  are  the  titles  of  works  written 
by  Boys  :  1.  '  De  duplici  hominis  immorta- 
litate.'  2.  '  Adversus  Agarenos.'  3.  '  Contra 
varies  Gentilium  Ritus.'  4.  'De  Spiritus 
Doctrina.'  5.  '  De  vera  Innocentia.' 

[Leland's  Comm.  de  Scriptoribus  Britannicis, 
p.  454 ;  Villiers  de  St.  Etienne,  Bibliotheca  Car- 
melitana.]  A.  M. 

BOYS,  EDWARD  (1599-1667),  divine,  a 
nephew  of  Dr.  John  Boys  (1571-1625),  dean 
of  Canterbury  [q.  v.],  and  the  son  of  Thomas 
Boys  of  Hoad  Court,  in  the  parish  of  Blean, 
Kent,  by  his  first  wife,  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Richard  Rogers,  dean  of  Canterbury,  and 
lord  suffragan  of  Dover,  was  born  in  1599 
(W.  BERET,  County  Genealogies,  Kent,  p. 
445).  Educated  at  Eton,  he  was  elected 
a  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  May  1620,  and  as  a  member  of 
that  house  graduated  B.A.  in  1623,  M.A. 
in  1627,  and  obtained  a  fellowship  in  1631. 
He  proceeded  B.D.,  was  appointed  one  of 
the  university  preachers  in  1634,  and  in 
1639,  on  the  presentation  of  William  Pas- 
ton,  his  friend  and  contemporary  at  college, 
became  rector  of  the  tiny  village  of  Maut- 
boy  in  Norfolk.  He  is  said,  but  on  doubtful 
authority,  to  have  been  one  of  the  chap- 
lains to  Charles  I  (R.  MASTERS,  Hist.  Cor- 
pus Christi  College,  pp.  242-3).  After  an 
incumbency  of  twenty-eight  years  Boys  died 
at  Mautboy  on  10  March  1666-7,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chancel  (BLOMEFIELD,  Nor- 
folk, ed.  Parkin,  xi.  229-30).  An  admired 
scholar,  of  exceptional  powers  as  a  preacher, 
and  in  great  favour  with  his  bishop,  Hall, 
Boys  was  deterred  from  seeking  higher  pre- 
ferment by  an  exceeding  modesty.  After 
his  death  appeared  his  only  known  pub- 
lication, a  volume  of  'Sixteen  Sermons, 
preached  upon  several  occasions,'  4to,  Lon- 
don, 1672.  The  editor,  Roger  Flynt,  a  fellow- 
collegian,  tells  us  in  his  preface  that  it  was 
with  difficulty  he  obtained  leave  of  the  dying 
author  to  make  them  public,  and  gained  it 
only  upon  condition  'that  he  should  say 
nothing  of  him.'  From  which  he  leaves  the 
reader  to  judge  'how  great  this  man  was, 
that  made  so  little  of  himself.'  He  speaks, 
nevertheless,  of  the  great  loss  to  the  church 
'  that  such  a  one  should  expire  in  a  country 
village  consisting  onely  of  four  farmers.'  In 
1640  Boys  had  married  Mary  Herne,  who 
was  descended  from  a  family  of  that  name 
long  seated  in  Norfolk.  His  portrait  by  W. 
Faithorne,  at  the  age  of  sixty-six,  is  prefixed 
to  his  sermons. 


Boys 


128 


Boys 


[Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet.  vi.  374-5;  Masters's 
Hist.  Corpus  Chr.  Coll.  (Lamb),  p.  353 ;  Granger's 
Biog.  Hist,  of  England,  2nd  ed.  iii.  295-6 ; 
General  Hist,  of  Norfolk,  ed.  J.  Chambers,  i. 
249,  ii.  1336.]  G-.  G. 

BOYS,  EDWARD  (1785-1866),  captain, 
son  of  John  Boys  (1749-1824)  [q.  v.],  entered 
the  navy  in  1796,  and  after  serving  in  the 
North  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  and  in  the 
Channel,  was  in  June  1802  appointed  to  the 
Phoebe  frigate.  On  4  Aug.  1803,  Boys,  when 
in  charge  of  a  prize,  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
French,  and  continued  so  for  six  years,  when 
after  many  daring  and  ingenious  attempts  he 
succeeded  in  effecting  his  escape.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  was  made  lieutenant, 
and  served  mostly  in  the  West  Indies  till  the 
peace.  On  8  July  1814  he  became  commander ; 
but,  consequent  on  the  reduction  of  the  navy 
from  its  war  strength,  had  no  further  em- 
ployment afloat,  though  from  1837  to  1841  he 
was  superintendent  of  the  dockyard  at  Deal. 
On  1  July  1851  he  retired  with  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  died  in  London  on  6  July  1866. 
Immediately  after  his  escape,  and  whilst  in 
the  West  Indies,  he  wrote  for  his  family 
an  account  of  his  adventures  in  France  ;  the 
risk  of  getting  some  of  his  French  friends  into 
trouble  had,  however,  made  him  keep  this 
account  private,  and  though  abstracts  from  it 
had  found  their  way  into  the  papers  it  was 
not  till  1827  that  he  was  persuaded  to  pub- 
lish it,  under  the  title  of  '  Narrative  of  a  Cap- 
tivity and  Adventures  in  France  and  Flanders 
between  the  years  1803-9,'  post  8vo.  It  is  a 
book  of  surpassing  interest,  and  the  source 
from  which  the  author  of  '  Peter  Simple ' 
drew  much  of  his  account  of  that  hero's  es- 
cape, more  perhaps  than  from  the  previously 
published  narrative  of  Mr.  Ashworth's  ad- 
ventures [see  ASHWORTH,  HEBTRY].  Captain 
Boys  also  published  in  1831 '  Remarks  on  the 
Practicability  and  Advantages  of  a  Sandwich 
or  Downs  Harbour.'  One  of  his  sons,  the 
present  (1886)  Admiral  Henry  Boys,  was 
captain  of  the  Excellent  and  superintendent 
of  the  Royal  Naval  College  at  Portsmouth 
1869-74,  director  of  naval  ordnance  from 
1874-8,  and  second  in  command  of  the  Chan- 
nel fleet  in  1878-9. 

[O'Byrne's  Diet,  of  Nav.  Biog. ;  Berry's  Kentish 
Genealogies.]  J.  K.  L. 

BOYS,  JOHN  (1571-1625),  dean  of 
Canterbury,  was  descended  from  an  old 
Kentish  family  who  boasted  that  their  ances- 
tor came  into  England  with  the  Conqueror, 
and  who  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century  had  no  less  than  eight  branches, 
each  with  its  capital  mansion,  in  the  county 
of  Kent.  The  dean  was  the  son  of  Thomas 


Boys  of  Eythorn,  by  Christian,  daughter 
and  coheiress  of  John  Searles  of  Wye.  He 
was  born  at  Eythorn  in  1571,  and  pro- 
bably was  educated  at  the  King's  School  in 
Canterbury,  for  in  1585  he  entered  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  where  Arch- 
bishop Parker  had  founded  some  scholarships 
appropriated  to  scholars  of  that  school.  He 
took  his  M.  A.  degree  in  the  usual  course,  but 
migrated  to  Clare  Hall  in  1593,  apparently 
on  his  failing  to  succeed  to  a  Kentish  fellow- 
ship vacated  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Cold- 
well,  and  which  was  filled  up  by  the  election 
of  Dr.  Willan,  a  Norfolk  man.  Boys  was 
forthwith  chosen  fellow  of  Clare  Hall.  His 
first  preferment  was  the  small  rectory  of 
Betshanger  in  his  native  county,  which  he 
tells  us  was  procured  for  him  by  his  uncle 
Sir  John  Boys  of  Canterbury,  whom  he  calls 
'  my  best  patron  in  Cambridge.'  He  appears 
to  have  resided  upon  this  benefice  and  to  have 
at  once  begun  to  cultivate  the  art  of  preach- 
ing. Archbishop  Whitgift  gave  him  the 
mastership  of  Eastbridge  Hospital,  and  soon 
afterwards  the  vicarage  of  Tilmanstone,  but 
the  aggregate  value  of  these  preferments  was 
quite  inconsiderable,  and  when  he  married 
Angela  Bargrave  of  Bridge,  near  Canterbury, 
in  1599,  he  must  have  had  other  means  of 
subsistence  than  his  clerical  income.  The 
dearth  of  competent  preachers  to  supply  the 
London  pulpits  appears  to  have  been  severely 
felt  about  this  time,  and  in  January  1593 
Whitgift  had  written  to  the  vice-chancellor 
and  heads  of  the  university  of  Cambridge 
complaining  of  the  refusal  of  the  Cambridge 
divines  to  take  their  part  in  this  duty.  The 
same  year  that  the  primate  appointed  Boys 
to  Tilmanstone  we  find  him  preaching  at 
St.  Paul's  Cross,  though  he  was  then  only 
twenty-seven  years  of  age.  Two  years  after 
he  was  called  upon  to  preach  at  the  Cross 
again,  and  it  was  actually  while  he  was  in 
the  pulpit  that  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  made 
his  mad  attempt  at  rebellion  (8  Feb.  1600-1). 
Next  year  we  find  him  preaching  at  St. 
Mary's,  Cambridge,  possibly  while  keeping 
his  acts  for  the  B.D.  degree,  for  he  proceeded 
D.D.  in  the  ordinary  course  in  1605;  the 
Latin  sermon  he  then  delivered  is  among  his 
printed  works.  Whitgift's  death  (February 
1604)  made  little  alteration  in  his  circum- 
stances ;  Archbishop  Bancroft  soon  took  him 
into  his  favour,  and  he  preached  at  Asliford, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  primate  holding  his 
primary  visitation  there  on  11  Sept.  1607. 

Two  years  after  this  Boys  published  his 
first  work,  *  The  Minister's  Invitatorie,  being 
An  Exposition  of  all  the  Principall  Scrip- 
tures used  in  our  English  Liturgie  :  together 
with  a  reason  why  the  Church  did  chuse 


Boys 


129 


Boys 


the  same.'  The  work  was  dedicated  to  Ban- 
croft, who  had  lately  been  made  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  in  the  *  dedi- 
catorie  epistle '  Boys  speaks  of  his  '  larger 
exposition  of  the  Gospels  and  Epistles '  as 
shortly  about  to  appear.  It  appeared  accord- 
ingly next  year  in  4to,  under  the  title  of 
'  An  Exposition  of  the  Dominical  Epistles 
and  Gospels  used  in  our  English  Liturgie 
throughout  the  whole  yeere,'  and  was  dedi- 
cated to  his  'very  dear  uncle/  Sir  John 
Boys  of  Canterbury.  In  his  dedication  Boys 
takes  the  opportunity  of  mentioning  his 
obligations  to  Sir  John  and  to  Archbishop 
Whitgift  for  having  watered  what  'that 
vertuous  and  worthy  knight '  had  planted. 
The  work  supplied  a  great  need  and  had  a 
very  large  and  rapid  sale ;  new  editions  fol- 
lowed one  another  in  quick  succession,  and 
it  would  be  a  difficult  task  to  draw  up  an 
exhaustive  bibliographical  account  of  Boys's 
publications. 

Archbishop  Bancroft  died  in  November 
1610,  and  Abbot  was  promoted  to  the  pri- 
macy in  the  spring  of  1611.  Boys  dedicated 
to  him  his  next  work, '  An  Exposition  of  the 
Festival  Epistles  and  Gospels  used  in  our 
English  Liturgie,'  which,  like  its  predeces- 
sors, was  published  in  4to,  the  first  part  in 
1614,  the  second  in  the  following  year. 
Hitherto  he  had  received  but  scant  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  the  church,  but  prer 
ferment  now  began  to  fall  upon  him  liberally. 
Abbot  presented  him  with  the  sinecure  rec- 
tory of  Hollingbourne,  then  with  the  rectory 
of  Monaghan  in  1618,  and  finally,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Fotherby,  he  was  promoted  by 
the  king,  James  I,  to  the  deanery  of  Canter- 
bury, and  installed  on  3  May  1619.  Mean- 
while in  1616  he  had  put  forth  his  '  Exposi- 
tion of  the  proper  Psalms  used  in  our  English 
Liturgie,'  and  dedicated  it  to  Sir  Thomas 
Wotton,  son  and  heir  of  Edward,  lord  Wot- 
ton  of  Marleigh.  In  1620  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  high  commission  court,  and 
in  1622  he  collected  his  works  into  a  folio 
volume,  adding  to  those  previously  published 
five  miscellaneous  sermons  which  he  calls 
lectures,  and  which  are  by  no  means  good 
specimens  of  his  method  or  his  style.  These 
were  dedicated  to  Sir  Dudley  Digges  of 
Chilham  Castle,  and  appear  to  have  been 
added  for  no  other  reason  than  to  give  occa- 
sion for  paying  a  compliment  to  a  Kentish 
magnate. 

On  12  June  1625  Henrietta  Maria  landed 
at  Dover.  Charles  I  saw  her  for  the  first 
time  on  the  13th,  and  next  day  the  king  at- 
tended service  in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  when 
Boys  preached  a  sermon,  which  has  been  pre- 
served. It  is  a  poor  performance,  stilted  and 

VOL.  VI. 


unreal  as  such  sermons  usually  were  ;  but  it 
has  the  merit  of  being  short. 

Boys  held  the  deanery  of  Canterbury  for 

I  little  more  than  six  years,  and  died  among 
his  books,  suddenly,  in  September  1625. 
There  is  a  monument  to  him  in  the  lady 

i  chapel  of  the  cathedral.     He  left  no  chil- 
dren ;  his  widow  died  during  the  rebellion. 
Boys's  works  continued  to  be  read  and  used 

I  very  extensively  till  the  troublous  times  set 

!  in  ;  but  the  dean  was  far  too  uncompromising 
an  A.nglican,  and  too  unsparing  in  his  denun- 
ciation of  those  whom  he  calls  the  novelists, 
to  be  regarded  with  any  favour  or  toleration 
by  presbyterians,  or  independents,  or  indeed 
by  any  who  sympathised  with  the  puritan 
theology.  When  he  began  to  be  almost  for- 
gotten in  England,  his  works  were  translated 
into  German  and  published  at  Strasburg  in 
1683,  and  again  in  two  vols.  4to  in  1685.  It 
may  safely  be  affirmed  that  no  writer  of  the 
seventeenth  century  quotes  so  widely  and 
so  frequently  from  contemporary  literature 
as  Boys,  and  that  not  only  from  polemical 
or  exegetical  theology,  but  from  the  whole 
range  of  popular  writers  of  the  day.  Bacon's 
1  Essays'  and  'The  Advancement  of  Learn- 
ing,' Sandys's  'Travels,'  Owen's,  More's,  and 
Parkhurst's  '  Epigrams,'  '  The  Vision  of  Piers 
Plowman,'  and  Verstegan's  'Restitution,' 
with  Boys's  favourite  book,  Sylvester's  trans- 
lation of  Du  Bartas's  '  Divine  Weeks,'  must 
have  been  bought  as  soon  as  they  were  pub- 
lished. Indeed  Boys  must  have  been  one 
of  the  great  book  collectors  of  his  time. 
Boys's  works  are  full  to  overflowing  of  homely 
proverbs,  of  allusions  to  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  time,  of  curious  words  and 
expressions. 

[The  works  of  John  Boys,  D.D.,  and  Dean  of 
Canterbury,  folio,  1622,  pp.  122,491,508,  530, 
972,  &c.  ;  Remains  of  the  Reverend  and  Famous 
Postiller,  John  Boys,  Doctor  in  Divinitie,  and 
late  Dean  of  Canterburie  ....  4to,  1631  (this 
contains  '  A  Briefe  View  of  the  Life  and  Vertues  of 
the  Authour,'  by  R.  T.)  ;  Fuller's  Worthies,  Kent  ; 
Masters's  History  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 334,  459;  Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss), 
ii.  860;  Fasti,  ii.  276,  345  ;  Nasmith's  Catalogue 
of  Corpus  MSS.  Nos.  215,  216  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  ; 
Camb.  Met.  Soc.  Proc.  ii.  141  ;  Fuller's  Church 
Hist  B.  x.  cent.  xvi.  sec.  19-24.]  A.  J. 

BOYS,  JOHN  (1561-1644).     [See  Bois.] 


JOHN  (1614P-1661),  translator 
of  Virgil,  was  the  son  of  John  Boys  (b.  1690) 
of  Hoad  Court,  Blean,  Kent,  and  nephew  of 
Edward  Boys,  1599-1677  [q.  v.]  His  mother 
was  Mary,  daughter  of  Martin  Fotherby, 
bishop  of  Salisbury.  He  was  born  about 
1614.  His  grandfather,  Thomas  Boys  (d. 


Boys 


130 


Boys 


1625),  brother  of  the  dean,  John  Boys  [q.  v.], 
inherited  the  estate  of  Hoad  Court  from  his 
uncle,  Sir  John  Boys,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who 
died  without  issue  in  1612.  On  24  Jan.  1659- 
1660  Boys  presented  to  the  mayor  of  Canter- 
bury a  declaration  in  favour  of  the  assembly 
of  a  free  parliament,  drawn  up  by  himself  in 
behalf  (as  he  asserted) ( of  the  nobility,  gentry, 
ministry,  and  commonalty  of  the  county  of 
Kent.'  But  the  declaration  gave  offence  to 
the  magistrates,  and  the  author,  as  he  ex- 
plained in  his  'Vindication  of  the  Kentish 
Declaration,'  only  escaped  imprisonment  by 
retiring  to  a  hiding-place.  Several  of  his 
friends  were  less  successful.  In  February 
1659-60  he  went  to  London  with  his  kins- 
man, Sir  John  Boys  [q.  v.]  of  Bonnington, 
and  presented  to  Monk,  at  Whitehall,  a 
letter  of  thanks,  drawn  up  by  himself  '  ac- 
cording to  the  order  and  advice  of  the 
gentlemen  of  East  Kent.'  He  also  prepared 
a  speech  for  delivery  to  Charles  II  on  his 
landing  at  Dover  on  25  May  1660 ;  but  <  he 
was  prevented  therein  by  reason  his  majesty 
made  no  stay  at  all  in  that  town,'  and  he 
therefore  sent  Charles  a  copy  of  it. 

Boys  chiefly  prided  himself  on  his  clas- 
sical attainments.  In  1661  he  published  two 
translations  from  Virgil's  '  JEneid.'  The  first 
is  entitled,  t  JEneas,  his  Descent  into  Hell: 
as  it  is  inimitably  described  by  the  Prince 
of  Poets  in  the  Sixth  of  his  JEneis,'  Lon- 
don, 1661.  The  dedication  is  addressed  to 
Sir  Edward  Hyde,  and  congratulates  him  on 
succeeding  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor. 
His  cousin,  Charles  Fotherby,  and  his  friend, 
Thomas  Philipott,  contribute  commendatory 
verses.  The  translation  in  heroic  verse  is 
of  very  mediocre  character,  and  is  followed 
by  181  pages  of  annotations.  At  their  close 
Boys  mentions  that  he  has  just  heard  of  the 
death  of  Henry,  duke  of  Gloucester  (13  Sept. 
1660),  and  proceeds  to  pen  an  elegy  sug- 
gested by  Virgil's  lament  for  Marcellus.  The 
volume  concludes  with  '  certain  pieces  relat- 
ing to  the  publick,'  i.e.  on  the  political  mat- 
ters referred  to  above,  and  with  a  congratu- 
latory poem  (dated  Canterbury,  30  Sept. 
1656)  addressed  to  Boys's  friend,  William 
Somner,  on  the  completion  of  his  '  Dictiona- 
rium  Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.'  Boys's  se- 
cond book  is  called  '^Eneas,  his  Errours  on 
his  Voyage  from  Troy  into  Italy ;  an  essay 
upon  the  Third  Book  of  Virgil's  "^Eneis." ' 
It  is  dedicated  to  Lord  Cornbury,  Clarendon's 
son.  A  translation  of  the  third  book  of  the 
'^Eneid'  in  heroic  verse  occupies  fifty-one 
pages,  and  is  followed  by  '  some  few  hasty 
reflections  upon  the  precedent  poem.'  Boys's 
enthusiasm  for  Virgil  is  boundless,  but  his 
criticism  is  rather  childish. 


Boys  married  Anne,  daughter  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Kingsley,  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  by 
whom  he  had  three  sons — Thomas,  who  died 
without  issue ;  John,  a  colonel  in  the  army, 
who  died  4  Sept.  1710;  and  Sir  William  Boys, 
M.D.,  who  is  stated  to  have  died  in  1744.  Boys 
himself  died  in  1660-1,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chancel  of  the  church  of  Hoad. 

[Hasted's  Kent,  i.  565 ;  Corser's  Anglo-Poet. 
Collect,  ii.  323-5;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat;  Berry's 
Kentish  Genealogies,  p.  445.]  S.  L.  L. 

BOYS,  SIR  JOHN  (1607-1664),  royalist 
military  commander,  was  the  eldest  son  and 
heir  of  Edward  Boys  of  Bonnington,  Kent, 
by  Jane,  daughter  of  Edward  Sanders  of 
Northborne.  He  was  baptised  at  Chillen- 
don,  Kent,  on  5  April  1607.  In  the  civil 
war  he  became  a  captain  in  the  royal  army 
and  governor  of  Donnington  Castle  in  Berk- 
shire. This  castle,  which  is  within  a  mile  of 
Newbury,  was  garrisoned  in  1643  for  King 
Charles  I,  and  commanded  the  road  from 
Oxford  to  Newbury  and  the  great  road  from 
London  to  Bath  and  the  west.  Boys,  by 
the  bravery  with  which  he  defended  the  castle 
during  a  long  siege,  showed  himself  well 
worthy  of  the  trust  reposed  in  him.  It  was 
first  attacked  by  the  parliamentary  army, 
consisting  of  3,000  horse  and  foot,  under 
the  command  of  Major-general  Middleton, 
who  attempted  to  take  the  castle  by  assault, 
but  was  repulsed  with  considerable  loss. 
Middleton  lost  at  least  300  officers  and  men  in 
this  fruitless  attempt.  Not  long  afterwards, 
on  29  Sept.  1644,  Colonel  Horton  began  a 
blockade,  having  raised  a  battery  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill  near  Newbury,  from  which  he 
plied  the  castle  so  incessantly  during  a  period 
of  twelve  days  that  he  reduced  it  to  a  heap 
of  ruins,  having  beaten  down  three  of  the 
towers  and  a  part  of  the  wall.  Nearly  1,000 
great  shot  are  said  to  have  been  expended 
during  this  time.  Horton  having  received 
reinforcements  sent  a  summons  to  the  go- 
vernor, who  refused  to  listen  to  any  terms. 
Soon  afterwards  the  Earl  of  Manchester  came 
to  the  siege  with  his  army,  but  their  united 
attempts  proved  unavailing ;  and  after  two 
or  three  days  more  of  ineffectual  battering 
the  whole  army  rose  up  from  before  the  walls 
and  marched  in  different  directions.  When 
the  king  came  to  Newbury  (21  Oct.  1644) 
he  knighted  the  governor  for  his  good  ser- 
vices, made  him  colonel  of  the  regiment 
which  he  had  before  commanded  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel to  Earl  Rivers,  the  nominal 
governor  of  Donnington,  and  to  his  coat 
armour  gave  the  augmentation  of  a  crown 
imperial  or,  on  a  canton  azure.  During  the 
second  battle  of  Newbury  Boys  secured  the 


Boys 


Boys 


king's  artillery  under  the  castle  walls.  After 
the   battle,  when  the  king  had  gone   with 
his  army  to  Oxford,  the  Earl  of  Essex  with 
his  whole  force  besieged  Donnington  Castle 
with  no  better  success  than  the  others  had 
done.    He  abandoned  the  attempt  before  the 
king  returned  from  Oxford  for  the  purpose  o 
relieving  Donnington  on  4  Nov.  1644.     Th 
place  was  then  re  victualled,  and  his  majest 
slept  in  the  castle  that  night  with  his  arm 
around  him.     In  August  1648  Boys  mad 
a.'  fruitless    attempt   to    raise   the   siege   o 
Deal  Castle.     A  resolution  put  in  the  Sous 
of  Commons  at  the  same  time   to  banis 
him  as  one  of  the  seven  royalists  who  ha 
been  in  arms  against  the  parliament  sine 
1  Jan.  1647-8  was  negatived.     In  1659  h 
was  a  prisoner  in  Dover  Castle  for  petition 
ing  for  a  free  parliament,  but  was  released  o 
23  Feb.  1659-60.  He  apparently  received  th 
office  of  receiver  of  customs  at  Dover  from 
Charles  II. 

Sir  John  Boys  died  at  his  house  at  Bon 
nington  on  8  Oct.  1664,  and  was  buried  in 
the    parish    church    of    Goodnestone-next 
Wingham,  Kent.     The  inscription  describe 
his  achievements  in  the  wars.     By  his  first 
wife,  Lucy,  he  had  five  daughters.     He  hac 
no   children  by  his    second  marriage   wit] 
Lady  Elizabeth  Finch,  widow  of  Sir  Nathanie 
Finch,  serjeant-at-law,  and  daughter  of  Si 
John  Fotherby  of  Barham,  Kent. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Boys  engraved  by 
Stow,  and  reproduced  by  Mr.  Walter  Money 
in  his  '  Battles  of  Newbury '  (1884). 

[Clarendon's  Hist,  of  the  Kebellion  (1843) 
429,  499  ;  Heath's  Chronicle  of  the  Civil  Wars 
62;  Walter  Money's  Battles  of  Newbury  (1884) 
Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  705;  Lysons's  Berkshire,  356 
357 ;  Berry's  Pedigrees  of  Families  in  Kent,  441 
Granger's  Biog.  Hist,  of  England  (1824),  iii.  51 
52.]  T.  C. 


BOYS,  JOHN  (1749-1824),  agriculturist, 
only  son  of  William  Boys  and  Ann,  daughter 
of  William  Cooper  of  Ripple,  was  born  in 
November  1749.  At  Betshanger  and  after- 
wards at  Each,  Kent,  he  farmed  with  skill 
and  success,  and  as  a  grazier  was  well  known 
for  his  breed  of  South  Down  sheep.  He  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  sewers  for  East 
Kent,  and  did  much  to  promote  the  drainage 
of  the  Finglesham  and  Eastry  Brooks.  At 
the  request  of  the  board  of  agriculture  he 
wrote  f  A  General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of 
the  County  of  Kent,'  1796,  and  an  '  Essay  on 
Paring  and  Burning,'  1805.  He  died  on 
16  Dec.  1824.  By  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Richard  Harvey,  vicar  of  Eastry- 
cum-Word,  he  had  thirteen  children,  eight 
•sons  and  five  daughters. 


[Berry's  Pedigrees  of  the  County  of  Kent, 
p.  446;  Gent.  Mag.  xcv.  (pt.  i.)  86-7.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BO  YS,THOMAS  (1792-1880),  theologian 
and  antiquary,  son  of  Rear-admiral  Thomas 
Boys  of  Kent,  was  born  at  Sandwich,  Kent, 
and  educated  at  Tonbridge  grammar  school 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.    The  failure 
of  his  health  from  over-study  prevented  his 
taking  more  than  the  ordinary  degrees  (B.A. 
1813,  M.A.  1817),  and,  finding  an  active  life 
necessary  to  him,  he  entered  the  army  with 
a  view  to  becoming  a  military  chaplain,  was 
attached  to  the  military  chest  in  the  Peninsula 
under  Wellington  in  1813,  and  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Toulouse  in  three  places,  gain- 
ing the  Peninsular  medal.    He  was  ordained 
deacon  in  1816,  and  priest  in  1822.    While  in 
the  Peninsula  he  employed  his  leisure  time  in 
translating  the  Bible  into  Portuguese,  a  task 
he  performed  so  well,  that  his  version  has 
been  adopted  both  by  catholics  and  protes- 
tants,  and  Don  Pedro  I  of  Portugal  publicly 
thanked  him  for  his  gift  to  the  nation.     In 
1848  he  was  appointed  incumbent  of  Holy 
Trinity,  Hoxton ;  but  before  that  he  had  es- 
tablished his  reputation  as  a  Hebrew  scholar, 
being  teacher  of  Hebrew  to  Jews  at  the  col- 
lege, Hackney,  from  1830  to  1832,  and  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  the  Missionary  College, 
Islington,  in  1836.     While  holding  this  last 
post,  he  revised  Deodati's  Italian  Bible,  and 
also  the  Arabic  Bible.     His  pen  was  rarely 
idle.     In  1825  he  published  a  key  to  the 
Psalms,  and  in  1827  a  *  Plain  Exposition  of 
the  New  Testament.'     Already  in  1821  he 
had  issued  a  volume  of  sermons,  and  in  1824 
a  book  entitled  l  Tactica  Sacra,'  expounding  a 
theory  that  in  the  arrangement  of  the  New 
Testament  writings  a  parallelism  could  be 
detected  similar  to  that  used  in  the  writings 
of  the  Jewish  prophets.     In  1832  he  pub- 
lished '  The  Suppressed  Evidence,  or  Proofs 
of  the  Miraculous  Faith  and  Experience  of 
the  Church  of  Christ  in  all  ages,  from  authen- 
;ic  records  of  the  Fathers,  Waldenses,  Huss- 
tes  .  .  .  an  historical  sketch  suggested  by 
3.  W.  Noel's  "  Remarks  on  the  Revival  of 
Miraculous  Powers  in  the  Church." '  The  same 
year  produced  a  plea  for  verbal  inspiration 
mder  the  title  'A  Word  for  the  Bible,'  and 
1834  '  A  Help  to  Hebrew.'    He  was  also  a  fre- 
uent  contributor  to  'Blackwood  'of  sketches 
nd  papers,  for  the  most  part  descriptive  of 
his  Peninsular  experiences.     The  most  im- 
>ortant  of  these  was  '  My  Peninsular  Medal, 
vhich  ran  from  November  1849  to  July  1850. 
rlis  acquaintance  with  the  literature  and  an- 
iquities  of  the  Jews  was  very  thorough,  but 
>erhaps  the  best  proofs  of  his  extensive  learn- 


Boys 


132 


Boys 


ing  are  to  be  found  in  the  numerous  letters 
and  papers,  sometimes  under  his  own  name, 
and  sometimes  under  the  assumed  name  of 
'Vedette/ contributed  to  the  second  series  of 
'Notes  and  Queries.'  Of  these  the  twelve 
papers  on  Chaucer  difficulties  are  a  most 
valuable  contribution  to  the  study  of  early 
English  literature.  He  died  2  Sept.  1880, 
aged  88. 

[Times,  14  Sept.  1880;  Men  of  the  Time, 
1872  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  E.  B. 

BOYS,  THOMAS  SHOTTER  (1803- 
1874),  water-colour  painter  and  lithographer, 
was  born  at  Pentonville  on  2  Jan.  1803.  He 
was  articled  to  George  Cooke,  the  engraver, 
with  the  view  of  following  that  profession, 
but  when,  on  the  expiration  of  his  appren- 
ticeship, he  visited  Paris,  he  was  induced  by 
Bonington,  under  whom  he  studied,  to  de- 
vote himself  to  painting.  He  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first  time  in  1824, 
and  in  Paris  in  1827.  In  1830  he  proceeded 
to  Brussels,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  the  revo- 
lution there  returned  to  England.  Paying 
another  visit  to  Paris,  he  remained  there  until 
1837,  and  then  again  came  to  England  for  the 
purpose  of  lithographing  the  works  of  David 
Roberts  and  Clarkson  Stanfield.  Boys's  great 
work,  'Picturesque  Architecture  in  Paris, 
Ghent,  Antwerp,  Rouen,'  &c.,  appeared  in 
1839,  and  created  much  admiration.  King 
Louis-Philippe  sent  the  artist  a  ring  in  re- 
cognition of  its  merits.  He  also  published 
'  Original  Views  of  London  as  it  is,'  drawn 
and  lithographed  by  himself,  London,  1843. 
He  drew  the  illustrations  to  Blackie's  ( His- 
tory of  England,'  and  etched  some  plates  for 
Ruskin's  'Stones  of  Venice.'  Boys  was  a 
member  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water 
Colours,  and  of  several  foreign  artistic  so- 
cieties. He  died  in  1874.  The  British  Mu- 
seum possesses  two  fine  views  of  Paris  by 
him,  drawn  in  water-colours,  and  another  is 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

[Ottley's  Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary 
of  Recent  and  Living  Painters  and  Engravers, 
London,  1866,  8vo;  MS.  notes  in  the  British 
Museum.]  L.  F. 

BOYS,  WILLIAM  (1735-1803),  surgeon 
and  topographer,  was  born  at  Deal  on  7  Sept. 
1735.  He  was  of  an  old  Kent  family  (HAS- 
TED, History  of  Kent,  iii.  109),  being  the 
eldest  son  of  Commodore  William  Boys, 
R.N.,  lieutenant-governor  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital, by  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Pearson  of  Deal 
( Gent.  Mag.  Ixxiii.  pt.  i.  421-3).  About  1755 
he  was  a  surgeon  at  Sandwich,  where  he  was 
noted  for  his  untiring  explorations  of  Rich- 
borough  Castle,  for  skill  in  deciphering  anciert 


manuscripts  and  inscriptions,  for  his  zeal  in 
collecting  antiquities  connected  with  Sand- 
wich, and  for  his  studies  in  astronomy,  natural 
history,  and  mathematics.  In  1759  he  married 
Elizabeth  Wise,  a  daughter  of  Henry  Wise, 
one  of  the  Sandwich  jurats  (ib.\  and  by  her 
he  had  two  children.  In  1761  he  was  elected 
jurat,  acting  with  his  wife's  father.  In  the 
same  year,  1761,  she  died,  and  in  the  next 
year,  1762,  he  married  Jane  Fuller,  coheiress 
of  her  uncle,  one  John  Paramor  of  Staten- 
borough  ($.)  In  1767  Boys  was  mayor  of 
Sandwich.  In  1774  his  father  died  atGreen- 
i  wich  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  24  n.}  In  1775 
i  appeared  his  first  publication — a  memorial 
i  to  resist  a  scheme  for  draining  a  large  tract 
I  of  the  neighbouring  land,  which  it  was  thought 
i  would  destroy  Sandwich  harbour.  Boys  drew 
it  up  as  one  of  the  commissioners  of  sewers, 
on  behalf  of  the  corporation,  and  it  was  pub- 
|  lished  at  Canterbury  in  1775  anonymously 
i  (Gent.  Mag.  Ixxiii.  pt.  i.  421-3).  In  1776 
Boys  was  elected  F.S.A.  In  1782  he  again 
served  as  mayor.  In  1783  his  second  wife 
died,  having  borne  him  eight  or  nine  children 
(ib.,  and  HASTED,  Hist,  of  Kent,  iv.  222  n.} 
In  the  same  year  Boys  furnished  the  Rev.  John 
Duncombe  with  much  matter  relating  to  the 
Reculvers,  printed  in  Duncombe's  '  Antiqui- 
ties of  Reculver.'  In  1784  was  published 
'  Testacea  Minuta  Rariora,'  4to,  being  plates 
and  description  of  the  tiny  shells  found  on 
the  seashore  near  Sandwich,  by  Boys,  '  that 
inquisitive  naturalist '  (Introd.  p.  i).  The  book 
was  put  together  by  George  Walker,  Boys 
himself  being  too  much  occupied  by  his  pro- 
fession. In  1786  Boys  issued  proposals  for 
publishing  his  '  Collections  for  a  History  of 
Sandwich  '  at  a  price  which  should  only  cover 
its  expenses,  and  placed  his  materials  in  the 
hands  of  the  printers  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  III.  vi. 
613).  In  1787  Boys  published  an  <  Account 
of  the  Loss  of  the  Luxborough,'  4to  (NICHOLS, 
Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  24),  a  case  of  cannibalism,  in 
which  his  father  (Commodore  Boys)  had  been 
one  of  the  men  compelled  to  resort  to  this 
horrible  means  of  preserving  life.  Boys  had 
a  series  of  pictures  hung  up  in  his  parlour 
portraying  the  whole  of  the  terrible  circum- 
stances (Pennant,  in  his  Journey  from  Lon- 
don to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  quoted  in  NICHOLS'S 
Lit.  Anecd.  ix.  24  n.}  Of  this  '  Account/  as 
a  separate  publication,  there  is  now  no  trace ; 
but  it  appears  in  full  in  the  'History  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,'  by  John  Cooke  and 
John  Maule,  1789,  pp.  110  et  seq.;  it  is  also 
stated  there  that  six  small  paintings  in  the 
council  room  of  the  hospital  (presumably 
replicas  of  those  seen  by  Pennant  in  the 
possession  of  William  Boys)  represent  this 
passage  in  the  history  of  the  late  gallant 


Boyse 


133 


Boyse 


lieutenant-governor.  In  1788  appeared  the 
first  part  of  *  Sandwich,'  and  in  1789  Boys  was 
appointed  surgeon  to  the  sick  and  wounded 
seamen  at  Deal.  Over  the  second  part  of 
'  Sandwich '  there  was  considerable  delay  and 
anxiety  (Letter  from  Denne,  NICHOLS'S 
Lit.  III.  vi.  613)  ;  but  in  1792  the  volume 
was  issued  at  much  pecuniary  loss  to  Boys. 
In  1792  Boys  also  sent  Dr.  Simmons  some 
*  Observations  on  Kit's  Coity  House/  which 
were  read  at  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and 
appeared  in  vol.  xi.  of  '  Archaeologia.'  In 
1796  he  gave  up  his  Sandwich  practice  and 
went  to  reside  at  Walmer,  but  returned  to 
Sandwich  at  the  end  of  three  years,  in  1799. 
His  health  had  now  declined.  He  had  apo- 
plectic attacks  in  1799,  and  died  of  apoplexy 
on  15  March  1803,  aged  68. 

Boys  was  buried  in  St.  Clement's  Church, 
Sandwich,  where  there  is  a  Latin  epitaph  to 
his  memory,  a  suggestion  for  a  monument  with 
some  doggerel  verses,  from  a  correspondent  to 
the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  (Ixxiii.  pt.  ii. 
612),  having  fallen  through.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  a  con- 
tributor to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  (In- 
dex, vol.  iii.  preface,  p.  Ixxiv).  A  new  fern 
found  by  him  at  Sandwich  was  named  Sterna 
Boysii,  after  him,  by  Latham  in  his  '  Index 
Ornithologicus.' 

[Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.,  where  'Sandwich5  is  said, 
•wrongly,  to  have  consisted  of  three  parts,  and  to 
have  been  published  in  London ;  Grent.  Mag. 
Ixxiii.  pt.  i.  293,  421-3;  Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  109, 
557  n.  u,  iv.  222  n.  i ;  Nichols's  Lit.  111.  iv.  676, 
vi.  613,  653,  685,  687  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ix. 
24-27  nn.]  J.  H. 

r  BOYSE,  JOSEPH  (1660-1728),  presby- 
terian  minister,  born  at  Leeds  on  14  Jan.  1660, 
was  one  of  sixteen  children  of  Matthew  Boyse, 
a  puritan,  formerly  elder  of  the  church  at  Row- 
ley, New  England,  and  afterwards  a  resident 
for  about  eighteen  years  at  Boston,  Mass.  He 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  Richard 
Frankland,  M.A.,  at  Natland,near  Kendal,  on 
16  April  1675,  and  went  thence  in  1678  to 
the  academy  at  Stepney  under  Edward  Veal, 
B.D.  (ejected  from  the  senior  fellowship  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1661 ;  died  6  June 
1708,  aged  76).  Boyse's  first  ministerial  en- 
gagement was  at  Glassenbury,  near  Cran- 
brook,  Kent,  where  he  preached  nearly  a  year 
(from  the  autumn  of  1679).  He  was  next 
domestic  chaplain,  during  the  latter  half  of 
1681  and  spring  of  1682,  to  the  Dowager 
Countess  of  Donegal  (Letitia,  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Hickes)  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 
For  six  months  in  1682  he  ministered  to  the 
Brownist  church  at  Amsterdam,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  regular  minister,  but  he  did  not 


swerve  from  his  presbyterianism.  He  would 
have  settled  in  England  but  for  the  penal 
Laws  against  dissent.  On  the  death  of  his 
friend  T.  Haliday  in  1683,  he  succeeded  him 
at  Dublin,  and  there  pursued  a  popular 
ministry  for  forty-five  years.  His  ordination 
sermon  was  preached  by  John  Pinney,  ejected 
from  Broad winsor,  Dorsetshire.  The  pres- 
byterianism of  Dublin  and  the  south  of  Ireland 
was  of  the  English  type ;  that  of  the  north 
was  chiefly  Scottish  in  origin  and  discipline. 
But  there  was  occasional  co-operation,  and 
there  were  from  time  to  time  congregations 
in  Dublin  adhering  to  the  northern  body. 
Boyse  did  his  part  in  promoting  a  community 
of  spirit  between  the  northern  and  southern 
presbyterians  of  Ireland.  Naturally  he  kept 
up  a  good  deal  of  communication  with  Eng- 
lish brethren.  From  May  1691  to  June  1702 
Boyse  had  Emlyn  as  his  colleague  at  Wood 
Street.  Meanwhile  Boyse  came  forward  as  a 
controversialist  on  behalf  of  presbyterian  dis- 
sent. In  this  capacity  he  proved  himself  cau- 
tious, candid,  and  powerful ;  '  vindication,'  the 
leading  word  on  many  of  his  polemical  title- 
pages,  well  describes  his  constant  aim.  First  of 
his  works  is  the '  Vindicise  Calvinisticse,'  1688, 
4to,  an  able  epistle  (with  the  pseudo-signa- 
ture W.  B.,  D.D.),  in  reply  to  William  King 
(1650-1712),  then  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  who  had  attacked  the  presbyterians 
in  his  f  Answer '  to  the  '  Considerations '  of 
Peter  Manby  (d.  1697),  ex-dean  of  Derry, 
who  had  turned  catholic.  Again,  when  Go- 
vernor Walker  of  Derry  described  Alexander 
Osborne  (a  presbyterian  minister,  originally 
from  co.  Tyrone,  who  had  been  called  to 
Newmarket,  Dublin,  6  Dec.  1687)  as  '  a  spy 
of  Tyrconnel,'  Boyse  put  forth  a  '  Vindica- 
tion/ 1690,  4to,  a  tract  of  historical  value. 
He  was  a  second  time  in  the  field  against 
King,  now  bishop  of  Derry  (who  had  fulmi- 
nated against  presbyterian  forms  of  worship), 
in  l  Remarks,'  1694,  and  l  Vindication  of  the 
Remarks,'  1695.  Early  in  the  latter  year  he 
had  printed  anonymously  a  folio  tract,  f  The 
Case  of  the  Protestant  Dissenters  in  Ireland 
in  reference  to  a  Bill  of  Indulgence,'  &c.,  to 
which  Tobias  Pullen,  bishop  of  Dromore, 
wrote  an  anonymous  answer,  and  Anthony 
Dopping,  bishop  of  Meath,  another  reply,  like- 
wise anonymous.  Both  prelates  were  against 
a  legal  toleration  for  Irish  dissent.  Boyse  re- 
torted on  them  in '  The  Case  .  .  .  Vindicated,' 
1695.  But  the  day  for  a  toleration  was  not  yet 
come.  The  Irish  parliament  rejected  bill  after 
bill  brought  forward  in  the  interest  of  dis- 
senters. The  harmony  of  Boyse's  ministerial 
relations  was  broken  in  1702  by  the  episode 
of  his  colleague's  deposition,  and  subsequent 
trial,  for  a  blasphemous  libel  on  the  ground 


Boyse 


134 


Boyse 


of  an  anti-trinitarian  publication  [see  EMLYN, 
THOMAS].  Boyse  (who  had  himself  been  under 
some  suspicion  of  Pelagianism)  moved  in  the 
matter  with  manifest  reluctance,  had  no  hand 
in  the  public  prosecution,  and  made  strenuous, 
and  at  length  successful,  efforts  to  free  Emlyn 
from  incarceration.  Boyse  drew  up,  with  much 
moderation,  '  The  Difference  between  Mr.  E. 
and  the  Dissenting  Ministers  of  D.  truly  re- 
presented ; '  and  published  '  A  Vindication 
of  the  True  Deity  of  our  Blessed  Saviour,' 
1703,  8vo  (2nd  ed.  1710,  8vo),  in  answer  to 
Emlyn's  *  Humble  Inquiry.'  Emlyn  thinks 
that  Boyse  might  have  abstained  from  writing 
against  him  while  the  trial  was  pending  ;  but 
it  is  probable  that  Boyse's  able  defence  of  the  j 
doctrine  in  dispute  gave  weight  to  his  inter-  I 
cession.  Boyse  at  this  early  date  takes  note  j 
that  '  the  Unitarians  are  coming  over  to  the 
deists  in  point  of  doctrine.'  Emlyn's  place  as 
Boyse's  colleague  was  supplied  by  Richard 
Choppin,  a  Dublin  man  (licensed  1702,  or- 
dained 1704,  died  1741).  In  1708  Boyse  issued 
a  volume  of  fifteen  sermons,  of  which  the  last 
was  an  ordination  discourse  on  'The  Office  of  a 
Scriptural  Bishop,' with  a  polemical  appendix. 
This  received  answers  from  Edward  Drury 
and  Matthew  French,  curates  in  Dublin,  and 
the  discourse  itself  was,  without  Boyse's  con- 
sent, reprinted  separately  in  1709,  8vo.  He 
had,  however,  the  opportunity  of  adding  a  vo- 
luminous postscript,  in  which  he  replied  to  the 
above  answers,  and  he  continued  the  contro- 
versy in  *  A  Clear  Account  of  the  Ancient 
Episcopacy,'  1712.  Meantime  the  reprint  of 
his  sermon,  with  postscript,  was  burned  by 
the  common  hangman,  by  order  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Lords,  in  November  1711.  This 
was  King's  last  argument  against  Boyse ;  now 
the  archbishop  of  Dublin  writes  to  Swift, 
'  we  burned  Mr.  Boyse's  book  of  a  scriptural 
bishop.'  Once  more  Boyse  came  forward  in 
defence  of  dissent,  in  '  Remarks,'  1716,  on  a 
pamphlet  by  William  Tisdall,  D.D.,  vicar  of 
Belfast,  respecting  the  sacramental  test.  Boyse 
had  been  one  of  tliepatroni  of  the  academy  at 
Whitehaveri  (1708-19),  under  Thomas  Dixon, 
M.D.,  and  on  its  cessation  he  had  to  do  with 
the  settlement  in  Dublin  of  Francis  Hutche- 
son,  the  ethical  writer,  as  head  (till  1729)  of 
a  somewhat  similar  institution,  in  which 
Boyse  taught  divinity.  He  soon  became  in- 
volved in  the  nonsubscription  controversy. 
At  the  synod  in  Belfast,  1721,  he  was  present 
as  a  commissioner  from  Dublin ;  protested  with 
his  colleague,  in  the  name  of  the  Dublin  pres- 
bytery, against  the  vote  allowing  a  voluntary 
subscription  to  the  Westminster  Confession ; 
and  succeeded  in  carrying  a '  charitable  decla- 
ration,' freeing  nonsubscribers  from  censure 
and  recommending  mutual  forbearance.  The 


preface  to  Abernethy's  '  Seasonable  Advice/ 
1722,  and  the  postscript  to  his  '  Defence  '  of 
the  same,  1724,  are  included  among  Boyse's 
collected  works,  though  signed  also  by  his 
Dublin  brethren,  Nathaniel  Weld  and  Chop- 
pin.     In  the  same  year  he  preached  (24  June) 
at   Londonderry   during  the  sitting  of  the 
general  synod  of  Ulster.    His  text  was  John 
viii.  34,  35,  and  the  publication  of  the  dis- 
course, which  strongly  deprecated  disunion, 
was  urged  by  men  of  both  parties.   Next  year, 
being  unable  through  illness  to  offer  peaceful 
counsels  in  person,  he  printed  the  sermon. 
Perhaps   his   pacific   endeavours    were    dis- 
counted by  the  awkward  circumstance  that 
at  this  synod  (1723)  a  letter  was  received  from 
him  announcing  a  proposed  change  in  the 
management  of  the  regium  donum,  viz.  that 
it  be  distributed  by  a  body  of  trustees  in  Lon- 
don, with  the  express  view  of  checking  the 
high-handed  party  in  the  synod.    The  rupture 
j  between  the  southern  and  northern  presby- 
i  terians  was  completed  by  the  installation  of 
!  a  nonsubscriber,  Alexander  Colville,  M.D., 
1  on  25  Oct.  1725  at  Dromore,  co.  Down,  by  the 
!  Dublin  presbytery ;  Boyse  was  not  one  of  the 
i  installers.     He  published  in  1726  a  lengthy 
letter  to  the  presbyterian  ministers  of  the 
north,  in  '  vindication '  of  a  private  commu- 
nication on  their  disputes,  which  had  been 
|  printed  without  his  knowledge.     Writing  to 
i  the  Rev.  Thomas  Steward  of  Bury  St.  Ed- 
i  munds  (d.  10  Sept.  1753,  aged  84)  on  1  Nov. 
I  1726,  Boyse  speaks  of  the  exclusion  of  the 
!  nonsubscribers  as  'the  late   shameful  rup- 
!  ture,'  and  gives  an  account  of  the  new  presby- 
j  tery  which  the  general  synod,  in  pursuance 
j  of  its  separative  policy,  had  erected  for  Dub- 
lin.    Controversies   crowded   rather  thickly 
on  Boyse,  considering  the  moderation  of  his 
views  and  temper.     He  always  wrote  like  a 
gentleman.     He  published  several  sermons 
against  Romanists,  and  a  letter  (with  appen- 
dix) 'Concerning  the  Pretended  Infallibility  of 
the  Romish  Church,'  addressed  to  a  protestant 
divine  who  had  written  against  Rome.     His 
'  Some  Queries  offered  to  the  Consideration 
of  the  People  called  Quakers,   &c.,'   called 
forth,  shortly  before  Boyse's  death,  a  reply 
|  by  Samuel  Fuller,  a  Dublin  schoolmaster.    It 
is  possible  that  in  polemics  Boyse  sought  a  re- 
(  lief  from  domestic  sorrow,  due  to  his  son's 
career.    He  died  in  straitened  circumstances 
on  22  Nov.  1728,  leaving  a  son,  Samuel  [q.  v.] 
(the  biographers  of  this  son  have  not  usually 
mentioned  that  he  was  one  of  the  deputation 
to  present  the  address  from  the  general  synod 
of  Ulster  on  the  accession  of  George  I),  and  a 
daughter,  married  to  Mr.  Waddington.     He 
was  succeeded  in  his  ministry  by  Abernethy 
(in  1730).    Boyse's  works  were  collected  by 


Boyse 


himself  in  two  huge   folios,   London, 
(usually  bound  in  one ;  they  are  the  earliest  ii 
not  the  only  folios  published  by  a  presbyterian 
minister  of  Ireland).     Prefixed  is  a  recom- 
mendation (dated  23  April  1728)  signed  by 
Calamy  and   five   other  London  ministers. 
The  first  volume  contains  seventy-one  ser- 
mons (several  being  funeral,  ordination,  and 
anniversary  discourses ;    many  had  already 
been  collected  in  two  volumes,  1708-10, 8vo), 
and  several  tracts  on  justification.   Embedded 
among  the  sermons  (at  p.  326)  is  a  very  cu- 
rious piece  of  puritan  autobiography,  '  Some 
Remarkable  Passages  in  the  Life  and  Death  of 
Mr.  Edmund  Trench.'   The  second  volume  is 
wholly  controversial.     Not  included  in  these 
volumes  are :  1.  '  Vindication  of  Osborne '  (see 
above).      2.  'Sacramental  Hymns  collected 
(chiefly)  out  of  such  Passages  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament as  contain  the  most  suitable  matter  of 
Divine  Praises  in  the  Celebration  of  the  Lord's 
Supper,  &c.,'  Dublin,  1693,  small  8vo,  with 
another  title-page,    London,    1693.      (This 
little  book,  overlooked  by  his  biographers,  is 
valuable  as  illustrating  Boyse's  theology  :  it 
nominally  contains  twenty-three  hymns,  but 
reckoning  doublets  in  different  metres  there 
are  forty-one  pieces  by  Boyse,  one  from  George 
Herbert,  and  two  from  Mr.  Patrick,  i.e.  Simon 
Patrick,  bishop  of  Ely.     In  a  very  curious 
preface  Boyse  disclaims  the  possession  of  any 
poetic  genius ;  but  his  verses,  published  thir- 
teen years  before  Isaac  Watts  came  into  the 
field,  are  not  without  merit.  To  the  volume  is 
prefixed  the  approval  of  six  Dublin  ministers, 
headed  by  '  Tho.  Toy,'  and  including  '  Tho. 
Emlin.')     3.  'Case  of  the  Protestant  Dis- 
senters '  (see  above.    The  tract  is  so  rare  that 
Reid  knows  only  of  the  copy  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.    The  vindication  of  it  is  in  the 
'  Works ').    4.  '  Family  Hymns  for  Morning 
and  Evening  Worship.     With  some  for  the 
Lord's  Days.  .  .  .  All  taken  out  of  the  Psalms 
of  David,'  Dublin,  1701,  16mo.     (Unknown 
to  bibliographers.     Contains  preface,  recom- 
mendation   by  six  Dublin    ministers,   and 
seventy-six  hymns,  in  three  parts,  with  music. 
Boyse  admits  '  borrowing  a  few  expressions 
from  some  former  versions.'    The  poetry  is 
superior  to  his  former  effort.     A  copy,  un- 
catalogued,    is   in   the   Antrim    Presbytery 
Library  at  Queen's  College,  Belfast.)   5.  'The 
Difference  between  Mr.  E.  and  the  Dissenting 
Ministers  of  D.,  &c.'  (see  above.     Emlyn  re-  '[ 
prints  it  in  the  appendix  to  his  '  Narrative,' 
1719,  and  says  Boyse  drew  it  up).     Of  his 
separate  publications  an  incomplete  list  is 
furnished  by  Witherow.     The  bibliography 
of  the  earlier  ones  is  better  given  in  Reid. 
Boyse  wrote  the  Latin  inscription  on  the 
original  pedestal  (1701)  of  the  equestrian 


Boyse 


statue  of  William  III  in  College   Green, 
Dublin. 

[Choppin's  Funeral  Sermon,  1728  ;  Towers,  in 
Biog.  Brit.  ii.  (1780),  531 ;  Calamy's  Hist.  Ace. 
of  my  own  Life,  2nd  ed.  1830,  ii.  515;  Thorn's 
Liverpool  Churches  and  Chapels,  1864,  68 ; 
Witherow's  Hist,  and  Lit.  Mem.  of  Presbyte- 
rianism  in  Ireland,  1st  ser.  1879,  p.  79,  2nd  ser. 
1880,  p.  74  ;  Keid's  Hist.  Presb.  Ch.  in  Ireland 
(ed.  Killen),  1867,vols.ii.  iii. ;  Anderson's  British 
Poets,  1794,x.  327 ;  Monthly Kepos.  1811,  pp.204, 
261;  Christian  Moderator,  1826,  p.  34;  Arm- 
strong's Appendix  to  Ordination  Service  (James 
Martineau),  1829,  p.  70  ;  Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ire- 
Ian  d(ed. A rchdall),  1789  (re  Countess  Donegal); 
Winder's  MSS.  in  Kenshaw  Street  Chapel  Li- 
brary, Liverpool  (re  Whitehaven) ;  Narrative  of 
the  Proceedings  of  Seven  General  Synods  of  the 
Northern  Presbyterians  in  Ireland,  1727,  p.  47  ; 
manuscript  extracts  from  Minutes  of  General 
Synod,  1721 ;  Smith's  Biblioth.  Anti-Quak.  1782, 
p.  82.]  A.  G. 

BOYSE,  SAMUEL  (1708-1749),  poet, 
was  the  son  of  Joseph  Boyse  [q.  v.],  a  dissent- 
ing minister,  and  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1708. 
He  was  educated  at  a  private  school  in  Dub- 
lin and  at  the  university  of  Glasgow.  His 
studies  were  interrupted  by  his  marriage  when 
twenty  with  a  Miss  Atchenson.  He  returned 
to  Dublin  with  his  wife,  and  lived  in  his 
father's  house  without  adopting  any  profes- 
sion. His  father  died  in  1728,  and  in  1730 
Boyse  went  to  Edinburgh.  He  had  printed 
a  letter  on  Liberty  in  the  '  Dublin  Journal,' 
No.  xcvii.,  in  1726,  but  his  regular  commence- 
ment as  an  author  dates  from  1731,  when  he 
printed  his  first  book,  'Translations  and 
Poems/  in  Edinburgh.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  Scottish  nobility,  and  in  this  volume 
and  in  some  later  poems  wrote  in  praise  of  his 
patrons.  An  elegy  on  the  death  of  Viscountess 
•stormont,  called  '  The  Tears  of  the  Muses/ 
1736,  procured  for  Boyse  a  valuable  reward 
Torn  her  husband,  and  the  Duchess  of  Gordon 
*uve  the  poet  an  introduction  for  a  post  in 
jhe  customs.  The  day  on  which  he  ought  to 
lave  applied  was  stormy,  and  Boyse  chose  to 
.ose  the  place  rather  than  face  the  rain.  Debts 
at  length  compelled  him  to  fly  from  Edin- 
burgh. His  patrons  gave  him  introductions 
:o  the  chief  poet  of  the  day,  Mr.  Pope,  to  the 
.ord  chancellor,  and  to  Mr.  Murray,  after- 
wards Lord  Mansfield,  and  then  solicitor- 
general.  Boyse  had,  however,  not  sufficient 
steadiness  to  improve  advantages,  and  wasted 
the  opportunities  which  these  introductions 
might  have  given  him  of  procuring  a  start  in 
the  world  of  letters  or  a  settlement  in  life. 
Pope  happened  to  be  from  home,  and  Boyse 
never  called  again.  The  phrases  of  Johnson 
may  be  recognised  in  a  description  of  him  at 


Boyse 


136 


Boyse 


this  time,  which  relates  that l  he  had  no  power 
of  maintaining  the  dignity  of  wit,  and  though 
his  understanding  was  very  extensive,  yet  but 
a  few  could  discover  that  he  had  any  genius 
above  the  common  rank.  He  had  so  strong  a 
propension  to  groveling  that  his  acquaintance 
were  generally  of  such  a  cast  as  could  be  of 
no  service  to  him '  (CiBBER,  Lives  of  the  Poets, 
1753,  v.  167).  In  1739  Boyse  published  <  The 
Deity :  a  Poem ; '  in  1742  « The  Praise  ot 
Peace,  a  poem  in  three  cantos  from  the  Dutch 
of  Mr.  Van  Haren.'  He  translated  Fenelon 
on  the  demonstration  of  the  existence  of  God, 
and  modernised  the  '  Squire's  Tale  '  and  the 
1  Coke's  Tale '  from  Chaucer.  These,  with  se- 
veral papers  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' 
signed  Alcseus,  were  his  chief  publications  in 
London.  At  Reading,  in  1747,  he  published, 
in  two  volumes, '  An  Historical  Review  of  the 
Transactions  of  Europe,  1739-45.'  When 
the  payments  of  the  booksellers  did  not  satisfy 
his  wants,  Boyse  begged  from  sectaries,  to 
whom  his  father's  theological  reputation  was 
known,  and  when  their  patience  was  exhausted 
from  any  one  likely  to  give.  Two  of  his  begging 
letters  are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum 
(Sloane  MS.  4033  B).  A  sentence  in  one 
of  these  shows  how  abject  a  beggar  the  poet 
had  become.  *  You  were  pleased,'  he  writes 
to  Sir  Hans  Sloane, l  to  give  my  wife  the  en- 
closed shilling  last  night.  I  doubt  not  but 
you  thought  it  a  good  one,  but  as  it  happened 
otherwise  you  will  forgive  the  trouble  occa- 
sioned by  the  mistake.'  The  letter  is  dated 
14  Feb.  1738.  Two  years  later  he  was  re- 
duced to  greater  straits.  '  It  was  about  the 
year  1740  that  Mr.  Boyse,  reduced  to  the  last 
extremity  of  human  wretchedness,  had  not  a 
shirt,  a  coat,  or  any  kind  of  apparel  to  put 
on  ;  the  sheets  in  which  he  lay  were  carried 
to  the  pawnbrokers,  and  he  was  obliged  to  be 
confined  to  bed  with  no  other  covering  than 
a  blanket.  Daring  this  time  he  had  some 
employment  in  writing  verses  for  the  maga- 
zines, and  whoever  had  seen  him  in  his  study 
must  have  thought  the  object  singular  enough. 
He  sat  up  in  bed  with  a  blanket  wrapped 
about  him,  through  which  he  had  cut  a  hole 
large  enough  to  admit  his  arm,  and  placing 
the  paper  upon  his  knee  scribbled,  in  the  best 
manner  he  could,  the  verses  he  was  obliged 
to  make '  (CiBBER,  Lives  of  the  Poets,  v.  169). 
Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention,  and 
Boyse's  indigence  led  him  to  the  discovery  of 
paper  collars.  '  Whenever  his  distresses  so 
pressed  as  to  induce  him  to  dispose  of  his 
shirt,  he  fell  upon  an  artificial  method  of  sup- 
plying one.  He  cut  some  white  paper  in 
slips,  which  he  tyed  round  his  wrists,  and  in 
the  same  manner  supplied  his  neck.  In  this 
plight  he  frequently  appeared  abroad,  with 


the  additional  inconvenience  of  want  of 
breeches  '  (CiBBER,  v.  169).  In  the  midst  of 
this  deserved  squalor,  and  with  vicious  pro- 
pensities and  ridiculous  affectations,  Boyse 
had  some  knowledge  of  literature  and  some 
interesting,  if  untrustworthy,  conversation. 
It  was  this  and  his  miseries,  and  some  traces 
which  he  now  and  then  showed  of  a  religious 
education,  not  quite  obliterated  by  a  neglect 
of  all  its  precepts,  which  obtained  for  him  the 
acquaintance  of  Johnson.  Shiel's  '  Life  of 
Boyse '  (CIBBER,  v.  160)  contains  Johnson's 
recollections.  Mrs.  Boyse  died  in  1745  at 
Reading,  where  Boyse  had  gone  to  live.  On 
his  return  to  London  two  years  later  he  mar- 
ried again.  His  second  wife  seems  to  have 
been  an  uneducated  woman,  but  she  induced 
him  to  live  more  regularly  and  to  dress  de- 
cently. His  last  illness  had,  however,  begun, 
and  after  a  lingering  phthisis  he  died  in 
lodgings  near  Shoe  Lane  in  May  1749.  John- 
son could  not  collect  money  enough  to  pay 
for  a  funeral,  but  he  obtained  the  distinction 
from  other  paupers  for  Boyse,  that  the  ser- 
vice of  the  church  was  separately  performed 
over  his  corpse. 

Besides  his  literary  attainments,  Boyse  is 
said  to  have  had  a  taste  for  painting  and  for 
music,and  an  extensive  knowledge  of  heraldry. 
'  The  Deity,  a  Poem,'  is  the  best  known  of  his 
works.  It  appeared  in  1729,  went  through 
two  editions  in  the  author's  lifetime,  and  has 
been  since  printed  in  several  collections  of  the 
English  poets  ('  The  British  Poets,'  Chiswick, 
1822,  vol.  lix.;  Park's 'British  Poets,' London, 
1808,  vol.  xxxiii.)  Fielding  quotes  some  lines 
from  it  on  the  theatre  of  time  in  the  com- 
parison between  the  world  and  the  stage, 
which  is  the  introduction  to  book  vii.  of 
1  Tom  Jones.'  He  praises  the  lines,  and  says 
that  the  quotation  f  is  taken  from  a  poem 
called  the  Deity,  published  about  nine  years 
ago,  and  long  since  buried  in  oblivion.  A 
proof  that  good  books  no  more  than  good  men 
ido  always  survive  the  bad.'  It  was  perhaps 
a  knowledge  of  Boyse's  miseries  which  made 
Fielding  praise  him.  The  poem  was  obviously 
suggested  by  the  '  Essay  on  Man,'  and  the 
arrangement  of  its  parts  is  that  common  in 
theological  treatises  on  the  attributes  of  God. 
The  edition  of  1749  contains  some  alterations. 
These  are  unimportant,  as  '  celestial  wisdom ' 
(1739)  altered  to  'celestial  spirit'  (1749); 
'  doubtful  gloom '  (1739)  to  '  dubious  gloom ' 
(1749)  ;  while  the  few  added  lines  can  neither 
raise  nor  depress  the  quality  of  the  poem.  In 
some  of  Boyse's  minor  poems  recollections  of 
Spenser,  of  Milton,  of  Cowley,  and  of  Prior 
may  be  traced.  False  rhymes  are  not  un- 
common in  his  verse,  but  the  lines  are  usually 
tolerable.  Some  of  his  best  are  in  a  poem  on 


Brabazon 


137 


Brabazon 


Loch  Kian,  in  which  Lord  Stair's  character  is 
compared  to  the  steadfast  rock  of  Ailsa,  with 
a  coincident  allusion  to  the  Stair  crest  and 
the  family  motto '  Firm.'  Four  six-line  verses 
entitled  '  Stanzas  to  a  Candle/  in  which  the 
author  compares  his  fading  career  to  the  nick- 
ering and  burning  out  of  the  candle  on  his 
table,  are  the  most  original  of  all  Boyse's 
poems.  They  are  free  from  affectation,  and 
show  Boyse  for  once  in  a  true  poetic  mood, 
neither  racking  his  brains  for  imagery  nor 
using  his  memory  to  help  out  the  verse ;  not 
writing  at  threepence  a  line  for  the  bookseller, 
but  recording  a  poetic  association  clearly  de- 
rived from  the  object  before  him. 

[Gibber's  Lives  of  the  Poets,  1753,  vol.  v.  ; 
Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson,  1791;  Sloane  MS. 
4033  B  ;  Boyse's  Works.]  N.  M. 

BRABAZON,    ROGER  LE   (d.   1||17), 

judge,  descended  from  an  ancient  family  of 
Normandy,  the  founder  of  which,  Jacques  le 
Brabazon  of  Brabazon  Castle,  came  over  with 
William  the  Conqueror,  his  name  occurring 
in  the  Roll  of  Battle  Abbey.  The  name  is 
variously  spelt  Brabacon,  Brabancon,  and 
Brabanson,  and  was  originally  given  to  one  of 
the  roving  bands  of  mercenaries  common  in 
the  middle  ages.  His  great-grandson  Thomas 
acquired  the  estate  of  Moseley  in  Leicester- 
shire, by  marriage  with  Amicia,  heiress  of 
John  de  Moseley.  Their  son,  Sir  Roger,  who 
further  acquired  Eastwill  in  the  same  county, 
married  Beatrix,  the  eldest  of  the  three  sisters, 
and  coheirs  of  Hansel  de  Bisset,  and  by  her 
had  two  sons,  of  whom  the  elder  was  Roger, 
the  judge.  Roger  was  a  lawyer  of  consider- 
able learning,  and  practised  before  the  great 
judge  De  Hengham.  His  first  legal  office  was 
as  justice  itinerant  of  pleas  of  the  forest  in 
Lancashire,  which  he  held  in  1287.  In  1289, 
when  almost  all  the  existing  judges  were  re- 
moved for  extortion  and-corrupt  practices, 
Brabazon  was  made  a  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  receiving  a  salary  of  331.  6s.  8d.  per 
annum,  being  as  much  greater  (viz.  61. 13s.  4rf.) 
than  the  salaries  of  the  other  puisne  justices  as 
it  was  less  than  the  salary  of  the  chief  justice. 
"When  Edward  I,  though  acting  as  arbitrator 
between  the  rival  claimants  to  the  crown  of 
Scotland,  resolved  to  claim  the  suzerainty  for 
himself,  Brabazon  (though  not  then  chief  jus- 
ticiary as  one  account  has  it,  the  office  then 
no  longer  existing)  was  employed  to  search 
for  some  legal  justification  for  the  claim.  By 
warping  the  facts  he  succeeded  in  making  out 
some  shadow  of  a  title,  and  accordingly  at- 
tended Edward  and  his  parliament  at  Nor- 
ham.  The  Scottish  nobles  and  clergy  assem- 
bled there  on  10  May  1291,  and  Brabazon, 
speaking  in  French,  the  then  court  language  of 


Scotland,  announced  the  king's  determination, 
and  stated  the  grounds  for  it.  A  notary  and 
witnesses  were  at  hand,  and  he  called  on  the 
nobles  to  do  homage  to  Edward  as  lord  para- 
mount of  Scotland.  To  this  the  Scotch  de- 
murred, and  asked  time  for  deliberation.  Bra- 
bazon referred  to  the  king,  and  appointed  the 
day  following  for  their  decision  ;  but  the  time 
was  eventually  extended  to  1  June.  Brabazon, 
however,  did  not  remain  in  Scotland  till  then, 
but  returned  south  to  the  business  of  his  court, 
acting  as  justice  itinerant  in  the  west  of  Eng- 
land in  this  year.  After  the  Scottish  crown 
had  been  adjudged  to  Baliol,  Brabazon  con- 
tinued to  be  employed  upon  a  plan  for  the 
subjection  of  Scotland.  He  was  one  of  a  body 
of  commissioners  to  whom  Edward  referred  a 
complaint  of  Roger  Bartholomew,  a  burgess 
of  Berwick,  that  English  judges  were  exer- 
cising jurisdiction  north  of  the  Tweed ;  and 
when  the  Scottish  king  presented  a  petition, 
alleging  that  Edward  had  promised  to  observe 
the  Scottish  law  and  customs,  Brabazon  re- 
jected it,  and  held  that  if  the  king  had  made 
any  promises,  while  the  Scottish  throne  was 
vacant,  in  derogation  of  his  just  suzerainty, 
such  promises  were  temporary  only  and  not 
binding;  and  as  to  the  conduct  of  the  judges 
they  were  deputed  by  the  king  as  superior  and 
direct  lord  of  Scotland,  and  represented  his 
person.  Encouraged  by  this  decision,  Mac- 
Duff,  earl  of  Fife,  appealed  against  the  Scottish 
king  to  the  English  House  of  Lords,  and  on 
the  advice  of  Brabazon  and  other  judges  it 
was  held  that  the  king  must  come  as  a  vassal 
to  the  bar  and  plead,  and  upon  his  contumacy 
three  of  his  castles  were  seized.  He  is  found 
in  1293  sitting  in  Westchepe,  and  with  other 
judges  sentencing  three  men  to  mutilation  by 
loss  of  the  right  hand.  But,  although  sitting 
as  a  puisne  judge,  Brabazon,  owing  to  the 
political  events  in  which  he  was  engaged,  had 
completely  overshadowed  Gilbert  de  Thorn- 
ton, the  chief  justice  of  his  court.  The  time 
was  now  arrived  to  reward  him.  In  1295 
Gilbert  de  Thornton  was  removed  and  Bra- 
bazon succeeded  him,  and  being  reappointed 
immediately  upon  the  accession  of  Edward  II, 
6  Sept.  1307,  continued  in  that  office  until  his 
retirement  in  1316.  He  had  been  a  commis- 
sioner of  array  for  the  counties  of  Nottingham, 
Derby,  Lancaster,  Cumberland,  Westmore- 
land, and  York,  in  1296,  and  was  constantly 
summoned  to  the  parliaments  which  met  at 
Westminster,  Salisbury,  Lincoln,  Carlisle, 
Northampton,  Stamford,  and  York  up  to 
1314.  In  1297  Brabazon's  position  pointed 
to  him  naturally  as  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Edward,  the  king's  son,  when  left  by  his 
father  in  England  as  lieutenant  of  the  king- 
dom. On  1  April  1300  he  was  appointed  to 


Brabazon 


138 


Brabazon 


perambulate  the  royal  forests  in  Salop,  Staf- 
fordshire, and  Derby,  and  call  the  officers  to 
account.  In  1305  he  is  named  with  John  de  j 
Lisle  as  an  additional  justice  in  case  of  need  j 
in  Sussex,  Surrey,  Kent,  and  Middlesex,  pur- 
suant to  an  ordinance  of  trailbaston,  and  al- 
though the  writ  is  cancelled,  he  certainly 
acted,  for  he  sat  at  Guildhall '  ad  recipiendas 
billas  super  articulis  de  trailbaston.'  In 
the  same  year,  being  present  at  the  parlia- 
ment held  at  Westminster,  he  was  appointed 
and  sworn  in  as  a  commissioner  to  treat  with 
the  Scotch  representatives  concerning  the 
government  of  Scotland.  On  29  Oct.  1307  he 
sat  at  the  Tower  of  London  on  the  trial  of  the 
Earl  of  Athole  and  convicted  him.  In  1308, 
having  been  appointed  to  try  certain  com- 
plaints against  the  bishop  of  Coventry  and 
Lichfield,  Brabazon  was  ordered  (19  Feb.)  to 
adjourn  the  hearing,  in  order  to  attend  the 
coronation  of  Edward  II.  He  was  twice  as- 
signed to  hold  pleas  at  York  in  1309  and 
1312,  was  detained  specially  in  London  in  the 
summer  of  1313  to  advise  the  king  on  matters 
of  high  importance,  and  was  still  invested 
with  the  office  of  commissioner  of  forests  in 
Stafford,  Huntingdon,  Rutland,  Salop,  and 
Oxon,  as  late  as  1316. 

All  these  labours  told  severely  on  his  health. 
Broken  by  age  and  infirmity  he,  on  23  Feb. 

1316,  asked  leave  to  resign  his  office  of  chief 
justice.     Leave  was  granted  in  a  very  lauda- 
tory patent  of  discharge ;  but  he  remained  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  and  was  to  at- 
tend in  parliament  whenever  his  health  per- 
mitted.    He  was  succeeded  by  William  Inge, 
but  did  not  long  survive.    He  died  on  13  June 

1317,  and  his  executor,  John  de  Brabazon, 
had  masses  said  for  him  at  Dunstable  Abbey. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.     He 
appears  to  have  had  a  high  character  for  learn- 
ing.    To  his  abilities  his  honours  and  offices 
bear  testimony,  whatever  blame  may  attach 
to  him  for  his  course  in  politics.     He  was 
a  landowner  in  several  counties.     In  1296  he 
is  enrolled,  pursuant  to  an  ordinance  for  the 
defence  of  the  sea-coast,  as  a  knight  holding 
lands  in  Essex,  but  non-resident,  and  in  the 
year  following  he  was  summoned  as  a  land- 
owner in  Nottinghamshire  and  Derbyshire  to 
attend  in  person  at  the  muster  at  Nottingham 
for  military  service  in  Scotland  with  arms  and 
horses.     In  1310  he  had  lands  in  Leicester- 
shire, and  in  1316  at  Silbertoft  and  Sulby  in 
Northamptonshire,  at  East  Bridgeford  and 
Hawkesworth  in  Nottinghamshire,   and  at 
Rollright  in  Oxfordshire.     The  property  at 
East  Bridgeford  came  to  him  through  his  wife 
Beatrix,  daughter  of  Sir  John  de  Sproxton, 
with  the  advowson  of  the  church  appurtenant 
to  the  manor.   As  to  this  he  was  long  engaged 


in  a  dispute,  for  after  he  had  presented  a  clerk 
to  the  living  and  the  ordinary  had  instituted 
him,  one  Bonifacius  de  Saluce  or  Saluciis, 
claiming  apparently  through  some  right  con- 
nected with  the  chapel  of  Trykehull,  intruded 
upon  the  living  and  got  possession,  and 
though  Brabazon  petitioned  for  his  removal 
as  early  as  1300,  the  intruding  priest  was 
still  unousted  in  1315.  Brabazon  left  no  issue, 
his  one  son  having  died  young ;  he  had  a 
daughter,  Albreda,  who  married  William  le 
Graunt ;  his  property  passed  to  his  brother 
Matthew,  from  whom  descend  the  present 
earls  of  Meath,  barons  Brabazon  of  Ardee,  in 
Ireland. 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges ;  Campbell's  Lives 
of  the  Chief  Justices,  i.  78  ;  Dugdale's  Origines ; 
Tytler's  Scotland,  i.  80  ;  History  of  the  Family 
of  Brabazon ;  Kot.  Pat.  9  Edw.  II ;  Thurston's 
Notts,  i.  294 ;  Biographical  Peerage,  iv.  30 ; 
Boberts's  Calend.  Genealogicum,  461 ;  Parlia- 
mentary Bolls,  i.  138,  218,  267,  301  ;  Palgrave's 
Parliamentary  Writs,  i.  490,  ii.  581;  Luard's 
Annales  Monastic!,  iii.  410,  iv.  506;  Stubbs's 
Chronicles  Edw.  I  and  II,  i.  102,  137,  149,  280.] 

J.  A.  H. 

BRABAZON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1552), 
vice- treasurer  and  lord  justice  of  Ireland, 
was  descended  from  the  family  of  Roger  le 
Brabazon  [q.  v.],  and  was  the  son  of  John 
Brabazon  of  Eastwell,  Leicestershire,  and  a 
daughter  of  —  Chaworth.  After  succeeding 
his  father  he  was  knighted  on  20  Aug.  1534, 
and  appointed  vice-treasurer  and  general 
receiver  of  Ireland.  In  a  letter  from  Chief- 
justice  Aylmer  to  Lord  Cromwell  in  August 
1535  he  is  styled  '  the  man  that  prevented 
the  total  ruin  and  desolation  of  the  king- 
dom.' In  1536  he  prevented  the  ravages 
of  O'Connor  in  Carberry  by  burning  several 
villages  in  Offaly  and  carrying  away  great 
poil. 


tive  a  speech  in  support  of  establishing  the 


popo  that  ho  ponDuadod  tno   pajiiamont  to 
paoo  tho  bill  fog  that  pujpooo.     Ao  a  i-eoult >*& 
of  thio;  many  poligiouo  hotieoo  wore  in  1539 
anrronflQrod    tn   thp   king     For   these   and 


other  services  he  was,  on  1  Oct.  1543,  con- 
stituted lord  justice  of  Ireland,  and  he  was 
again  appointed  to  the  same  office  on  1  April 
1546.  In  the  same  year  he  drove  Patrick 
O'More  and  Brian  O'Connor  from  Kildare. 
In  April  1547  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  privy  council  of  Ireland.  In  the  spring 
of  1548  he  assisted  the  lord  deputy  in  sub- 
duing a  sedition  raised  in  Kildare  by  the 
sons  of  Viscount  Baltinglass.  He  was  a 
third  time  made  lord  justice  on  2  Feb.  1549. 
In  August  1550,  with  the  aid  of  8,000/.  and 
400  men  from  England,  he  subdued  Charles 


Brabourne 


139 


Brabourne 


Mac-Art-Cavenagh,  who,  after  making  sub- 
mission and  renouncing  his  name,  received 
pardon.  Brabazon  died  on  9  July  1552  (as 
is  proved  by  the  inquisitions  taken  in  the 
year  of  his  death),  not  in  1548  as  recorded 
on  his  tombstone.  His  heart  was  buried 
with  his  ancestors  at  Eastwell,  and  his  body 
in  the  chancel  of  St.  Catherine's  Church, 
Dublin.  By  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter 
and  coheir  to  Nicholas  Clifford  of  Holme, 
he  left  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 

[Lodge's  Peerage (Archdall),  i.  265-70 ;  Genea- 
logical History  of  the  Family  of  Brabazon ;  Gal. 
State  Papers,  Irish  Series;  Cal.  State  Papers, 
Dom.  Series,  Henry  VIII;  Cal.  Carew  MSS. 
vol.  i. ;  Cox's  History  of  Ireland ;  Bagwell's 
Ireland  under  the  Tudors,  vol.  i.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRABOURNE,     THEOPHILUS     (b. 

1590),  writer  on  the  Sabbath  question,  was 
a  native  of  Norwich.  The  date  of  his  birth 
is  fixed  by  his  own  statement  in  1654  : '  I  am 
64  yeares  of  age '  (Answer  to  Cawdry,  p.  75). 
His  father  was  a  puritan  hosier,  who  edu- 
cated his  son  at  the  free  school  of  Norwich  till 
he  was  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  designed  him 
for  the  church.  Incidentally  he  mentions 
some  curious  particulars  of  Sunday  trading 
in  Norwich  during  his  schoolboy  days,  and 
says  that  the  city  waits  played  regularly  at 
the  market  cross  {  on  the  latter  part  of  the 
Lord's  day,'  in  the  presence  of  thousands  of 
people.  When  the  lad  should  have  gone  to 
Cambridge,  the  silencing  of  many  puritan 
ministers  for  non-compliance  with  the  cere- 
monies induced  the  father  to  take  him  into 
his  own  business,  and  send  him  to  London, 
as  factor  for  selling  stockings  wholesale.  He 
remained  in  London  till  his  marriage  to 
Abigail,  daughter  of  Koger  and  Joane  Gal- 
liard.  He  was  thus  brother-in-law  of  Ben- 
jamin Fairfax  who  married  Sarah  Galliard. 
After  his  marriage,  Brabourne  lived  for  two  or 
three  years  at  Norwich  with  his  father,  and 
resuming  his  intention  of  entering  the  minis- 
try, he  studied  privately  under  '  three  able 
divines.'  He  seems  to  have  been  episcopally 
ordained  before  1628,  and  it  is  probable  that 
he  officiated  (Collings  says  he  got  a  curacy 
of  40/.  a  year)  in  Norwich  ;  there  is  no  in- 
dication of  his  having  been  connected  with 
any  other  place  after  he  left  London,  though 
Wood,  probably  by  a  clerical  error,  calls 
him  a  Suffolk  minister.  In  1628  appeared 
his  'Discourse  upon  the  Sabbath  Day/  in 
which  he  impugns  the  received  doctrine  of 
the  sabbatical  character  of  the  Lord's  day, 
and  maintains  that  Saturday  is  still  the 
sabbath.  Hence  Robert  Cox  regards  him 
as  '  the  founder  in  England  of  the  sect  at 
first  known  as  Sabbatarians,  but  now  calling 


themselves  seventh-day  baptists.'  This  is 
quite  incorrect ;  Brabourne  was  no  baptist, 
founded  no  sect,  and,  true  to  the  original 
puritan  standpoint  [see  BKADSHAW,  WIL- 
LIAM], wrote  vehemently  against  all  separa- 
tists from  the  national  church,  and  in  fa- 
vour of  the  supremacy  of  the  civil  power  in 
matters  ecclesiastical.  His  attention  had 
been  drawn  to  the  Sabbath  question  ('  Dis- 
course,' p.  59)  by  a  work  published  at  Ox- 
•  ford  in  1621  by  Thomas  Broad,  a  Glouces- 
tershire clergyman,  'Three  Questions  con- 
cerning the  obligations  of  the  Fourth  Com- 
'  mandment.'  Broad  rests  the  authority  of 
I  the  Lord's  day  on  the  custom  of  the  early 
church  and  the  constitution  of  the  church  of 
j  England.  Brabourne  leaves  it  to  every 
i  man's  conscience  whether  he  will  keep  the 
sabbath  or  the  Lord's  day,  but  decides  that 
those  who  prefer  the  former  are  on  the  safe 
side.  He  took  stronger  Sabbatarian  ground 
1  in  his  '  Defence  ...  of  the  Sabbath  Day,' 
1632,  a  work  which  he  had  the  boldness  to 
dedicate  to  Charles  I.  Prior  to  this  publica- 
|  tion  he  appears  to  have  held  discussions  on 
i  the  subject  with  several  puritan  ministers  in 
'  his  neighbourhood,  and  claimed  to  have  al- 
ways come  off  victorious.  He  tells  us  that 
he  held  a  conference,  lasting  '  many  days,  an 
houre  or  two  in  a  day,'  at  Ely  House,  Hoi- 
born,  with  Francis  White  (bishop  of  Nor- 
wich 1629-31,  of  Ely  1631-8).  This  was 
the  beginning  of  his  troubles ;  in  his  own 
words,  he  was  l  tossed  in  the  high  commis- 
sion court  near  three  years.'  He  lay  in  the 
Gatehouse  at  Westminster  for  nine  weeks, 
and  was  then  publicly  examined  before  the 
high  commission,  '  near  a  hundred  ministers 
present  (besides  hundreds  of  other  people).' 
The  king's  advocate  pleaded  against  him, 
and  Bishop  White  '  read  a  discourse  of  near 
an  hour  long '  on  his  errors.  Sir  H.  Martin, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court,  moved  to  sue 
the  king  to  issue  his  writ  de  hceretico  combu- 
rendo,  but  Laud  interposed.  Brabourne  was 
censured,  and  sent  to  Newgate,  where  he 
remained  eighteen  months.  When  he  had 
been  a  year  in  prison,  he  was  again  exa- 
mined before  Laud,  who  told  him  that  if  he 
had  stopped  with  what  he  said  of  the  Lord's 
day,  namely  that  it  is  not  a  sabbath  of 
divine  institution,  but  a  holy  day  of  the 
church,  '  we  should  not  have  troubled  you.' 
Ultimately,  he  made  his  submission  to  the 
high  commission  court.  The  Document  is 
called  a  recantation,  but  when  safe  from  the 
clutches  of  the  court,  Brabourne  explained 
that  all  he  had  actually  retracted  was  the 
word  'necessarily.'  He  had  affirmed  'that 
Saturday  ought  necessarily  to  be  our  sab- 
bath j '  this  he  admitted  to  be  a  '  rash  and 


Brabourne 


140 


Brabourne 


of  God's,  the  Sabbath  Day.  .  .  .  Under- 
taken against  all  Anti-Sabbatharians,  both  of 
Protestants,  Papists,  Antinomians,  and  Ana- 
baptists ;  and  by  name  and  especially  against 
these  X  Ministers,  M.  Greenwood,  M.  Hut- 
chinson,  M.  Furnace,  M.  Benton,  M.  Gallard, 
M.  Yates,  M.  Clmppel,  M.  Stinnet,  M.  John- 
son, and  M.  Wade.  The  second  edition, 
corrected  and  amended;  with  a  supply  of 
many  things  formerly  omitted.  .  .  .'  1632, 
4to  (according  to  Watt,  the  first  edition  was 


presumptuous  error,'  for  his  opinion,  though 

true,   was   not   '  a   necessary   truth.'     Bra- 

bourne's  book  was  one  of  the  reasons  which 

moved  Charles  I  to  reissue  on  18  Oct.  1633 

the   declaration  commonly   known    as  the 

Book  of  Sports  ;  it  was  by  the  king's  com- 

mand that  Bishop  White  wrote  his  '  Treatise 

of  the  Sabbath  Day,'  1635,  4to,  in  the  dedi- 

cation of  which  (to  Laud)  is  a  short  account 

of    Brabourne.      Returning  to  Norwich  in 

1635,  Brabourne  probably  resumed  his  minis- 

try; but  he  got  some  property  on  the  death  of  !  in  1631,  4to,  and  there  was  another  edition 

a  brother,  and  thenceforth  gave  up  preach-  I  in  1660,  8vo.     *  M.  Stinnet  '  is  Edward  Sten- 

ing1.  In  1654  he  writes  in  his  reply  to  John  j  net  of  Abingdon,  the  first  English  seventh- 

The 
The 
16mo 

„  A  ---„--  the 

Collings  was  a  bitter  antagonist  of  j  Change  of  Church-Discipline.  .  .  .  Also  a 

his  non-presbyterian  neighbours.  Brabourne  |  Reply  to  Mr.  Collins  his  answer  made  to 

had  written  in  1653  l  The  Change  of  Church-  j  Mr.  Brabourne's  first  part  of  the  Change  of 

Discipline,'  a  tract  against  sectaries  of  all    Church-Discipline  .  .  .'  1654,  4to  (the  reply 

sorts.     This  stirred  Collings  to  attack  him  |  has  a  separate  title-page  and  pagination,  '  A 


in  '  Indoctus  Doctor  Edoctus,'  &c.  1654,  4to. 
A   second  part   of   Brabourne's  tract  pro- 


Reply  to  the  "  Indoctus  Doctor  Edoctus/'  ' 
1654,  4to).     5.  '  The  Second  Vindication  of 


voked  '  A  New  Lesson  for  the  Indoctus  my  first  Book  of  the  Change  of  Discipline ; 
Doctor,'  &c.,  1654,  4to,  to  which  Brabourne  |  being  a  Reply  to  Mr.  Collings  his  second 
wrote  a  f  Second  Vindication '  in  reply.  This  ;  Answer  to  it.  Also  a  Dispute  between  Mr. 
pamphlet  war  is  marked  by  personalities,  in  \  Collings  and  T.  Brabourne  touching  the 
which  Collings  excels.  Collings  tells  us  |  Sabbath  Day,'  1654,  4to  (not  seen).  6.  '  An 
that  Brabourne,  after  leaving  the  ministry,  Answer  to  M.  Cawdry's  two  books  of  the 
had  tried  several  employments.  He  had  Sabbath  lately  come  forth,'  &c,  1654,  12mo. 
been  bolt-poake,  weaver,  hosier,  maltster  (in  6.  l  Answers  to  two  books  on  the  Sabbath  : 
St.  Augustine's  parish),  and  was  now  '  a  j  the  one  by  Mr.  Ives,  entitled  Saturday  no 
nonsensical  scribbler,'  who  was  forced  to  j  Sabbath  Day ;  the  other  by  Mr.  Warren,  the 
publish  his  books  at  his  own  expense.  While  Jews'  Sabbath  antiquated,'  1659,  8vo  (not 
this  dispute  with  Collings  was  going  on,  seen  ;  Jeremy  Ives's  book  was  published  1659, 
Brabourne  brought  out  an  '  Answer '  to  4to  ;  Edmund  Warren's  (of  Colchester)  was 
the  '  Sabbatum  Redivivum,'  &c.,  of  Daniel  i  also  published  1659,  4to).  7.  '  God  save 

1  '      and  his  Parlia 

Theophilus 

Brabourn  unto  the  hon.  Parliament,  that,  as 
all  magistrates  in  the  Kingdome  doe  in  their 
office,  so  Bishops  may  be  required  in  their 
office  to  own  the  King's  supremacy,'  &c.  1661, 
4to  (published  5  March ;  there  is  ;  A  Post- 
script, (sic)  i  Of  many  evils'  (sic)  which  follow 


of  the  quest 

to  Brabourne,  and  of  course  Brabourne  was 
unconvinced  by  Cawdrey.  Five  years  later 
he  wrote  on  liis  favourite  theme  against 
Ives  and  Warren.  Nothing  further  is  heard 
of  Brabourne  till  after  the  Restoration,  when 
he  put  out  pamphlets  rejoicing  in  liberty  of 
conscience,  and  defending  the  royal  supre- 
macy in  ecclesiastical  matters.  In  these 
pamphlets  he  spells  his  name  Brabourn.  The 
last  of  them  was  issued  18  March  1661. 
Nothing  is  known  of  Brabourne  later. 

He  published :  1.  '  A  Discourse  upon  the 
Sabbath  Day  .  .  .  Printed  the  23th  (sic)  of 
Decemb.  anno  dom.  1628,'  16mo  (Brabourne 
maintains  that  the  duration  of  the  sabbath  is 
'  that  space  of  time  and  light  from  day-peep 
or  day-break  in  the  morning,  until  day  be 
quite  off  the  sky  at  night).  2.  '  A  Defence 
of  that  most  ancient  and  sacred  Ordinance 


upon  the  King's  grant  to  Bishops  of  a  coer- 
cive power  in  their  courts  for  ceremonies  '). 
9.  '  Of  the  Lavvfnluess  (sic)  of  the  Oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  King,  and  of  the  other 
oath  to  his  supremacy.  Written  for  the 
benefit  of  Quakers  and  others,  who  out  of 
scruple  of  conscience,  refuse  the  oath  of 
allegiance  and  supremacy,'  1661,  4to  (pub- 
lished 18  March,  not  included  in  Smith's 
'  Bibliotheca  Anti-Quakeriana,'  1872). 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  i.  (1691),  333  ;  Brook's 
Lives  of  the  Puritans,  1813,  ii.  362  ;  Barham's 
Collier's  Eccl.  Hist.  1841,  viii.  76 ;  Hunt's  Eel. 


Bracegirdle 


141 


Bracegirdle 


Thought  in  England,  1870,  i.  135  seq. ;  Hook's 
Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  xi. 
1875  (Laud),  237  seq. ;  Cox's  Literature  of  the 
Sabbath  Question,  1875,  i.  443,  &c. ;  Browne's 
Hist,  of  Congregationalism  in  Norfolk  and  Suf- 
folk, 1877,  494  n  ;  works  cited  above.]  A.  G. 

BRACEGIRDLE,  ANNE  (1663  P-1748), 
one  of  the  most  popular  and  brilliant  of  Eng- 
lish actresses,  was  born  about  1663,  presu- 
mably in  one  of  the  midland  counties.  Curll 
(History  of  the  English  Stage)  calls  her  the 
daughter  of  Justinian  Bracegirdle,  of  North- 
•^mptonshire  (? Northampton),  esq.,  says  'she 

•  Rtifl  the  good  fortune  to  be  well  placed  when 
j  aii  infant  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Betterton  and 

•  his  wife/  and  adds  that  '  she  performed  the 
page  in  "The  Orphan,"  at  the  Duke's  Theatre 
in  Dorset  Garden,  before  she  was  six  years  old.' 
'  The  Orphan '  was  first  played,  at  Dorset 
Garden,  in  1680.     With  the  addition  of  a  de- 
cade to  Mrs.  Bracegirdle's  age,  which  this 
date  renders  imperative,  this  story,  though 
without  authority  and  not  undisputed,  is  re- 
concilable with  facts.    Downes  (JRoscius  An- 
glicanus)  first  mentions  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  in 
connection  with  the  Theatre  Royal  in  1688, 
in  which  year  she  played  Lucia  in  Shadwell's 
'  Squire  of  Alsatia.'    Maria  in  Mountfort's 
'  Edward  III,'  Emmeline  in  Dryden's  '  King 
Arthur,'  Tamira   in  D'Urfey's  alteration  of 
Chapman's    'Bussy    d'Ambois,'    and    other 
similar  parts  followed.     In  1693  Mrs.  Brace- 
girdle  made,  as  Araminta  in  the  '  Old  Bache- 
lor,' her   first   appearance  in   a   comedy  of 
Congreve,  the  man  in  whose  works  her  chief 
triumphs  were  obtained,  and  whose  name 
has  subsequently,  for  good  or  ill,  been  most 
closely  associated  with  her  own.      In  the 
memorable   opening,  by   Betterton,  of  the 
little  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  in  1695, 
with   'Love  for    Love,'    Mrs.    Bracegirdle 
played  Angelica.  Two  years  later  she  enacted 
Belinda  in  the  '  Provoked  Wife '  of  Van- 
brugh,  and  Almeria  in  Congreve's l  Mourning 
Bride.'     To  these,  which  may  rank'  as  her 
principal  '  creations,'  may  be  added  the  he- 
roines of  some  of  Rowe's  tragedies,  Selina  in 
1  Tamerlane,'  Lavinia  in  the  ' Fair  Penitent,' 
and  in  such  alterations  of  Shakespeare  as 
were  then  customary ;  Isabella  ('  Measure  for 
Measure '),  Portia  ('  Merchant  of  Venice '), 
Desdemona,  Ophelia,  Cordelia,  and  Mrs.  Ford, 
with  other  characters  from  plays  of  the  epoch, 
showing  that  her  range  included  both  comedy 
and  tragedy.     In  the  season  of  1706-7  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  at  the  Haymarket  came  first  into 
competition  with  Mrs.  Oldfield,  before  whose 
star,  then  rising,  her  own  went  down.  Accord- 
ing to  an  anonymous  life  of  Mrs.  Oldfield, 
published  in  1730,  the  year  of  her  death,  and 
quoted  by  Genest  (vol.  ii.  p.  375),  the  question 


whether  Mrs.  Oldfield  or  Mrs.  Bracegirdle 
was  the  better  actress  in  comedy  was  left  to 
the  town  to  settle.  '  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  accord- 
ingly acted  Mrs.  Brittle '  (in  Betterton's 
t  Amorous  Widow ')  f  on  one  night,  and  Mrs. 
Oldfield  acted  the  same  part  on  the  next 
night ;  the  preference  was  adjudged  to  Mrs. 
Oldfield,  at  which  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  was  very 
much  disgusted,  and  Mrs.  Oldfield's  benefit, 
being  allowed  by  Swiney  to  be  in  the  season 
before  Mrs.  Bracegirdle's,  added  so  much  to 
the  affront  that  she  quitted  the  stage  imme- 
diately.' That  from  this  time  (1707)  she  re- 
fused all  offers  to  rejoin  the  stage  is  certain. 
Once  again  she  appeared  upon  the  scene  of 
her  past  triumphs.  This  was  on  the  occasion 
of  the  memorable  benefit  to  Betterton,  7  and 
13  April  1709,  when,  with  her  companion 
Mrs.  Barry,  she  came  from  her  retirement, 
and  played  in  '  Love  for  Love '  her  favourite 
role  of  Angelica  [see  BETTEETON,  THOMAS]. 
After  this  date  no  more  is  publicly  heard 
of  her  until  18  Sept.  1748,  when  her  body 
was  removed  from  her  house  in  Howard 
Street,  Strand,  and  interred  in  the  east 
cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey.  Of  her 
long  life  less  than  a  third  was  directly  con- 
nected with  the  stage.  An  amount  of  pub- 
licity unusual  even  in  the  case  of  women  of 
her  profession  was  thrust  upon  her  during 
her  early  life.  To  this  the  murder  of 
Mountfort  by  Captain  Hill  and  Lord  Mohun, 
due  to  the  passion  of  the  former  for  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  and  his  jealousy  of  his  victim, 
contributed.  An  assumption  of  virtue,  any- 
thing but  common  in  those  of  her  position 
in  the  days  in  which  she  lived,  was,  however, 
a  principal  cause.  Into  the  inquiry  how  far 
the  merit  of  'not  being  unguarded  in  her 
private  character,'  which,  without  a  hint  of 
a  sneer,  is  conceded  her  by  Colley  Gibber,  is  her 
due,  it  is  useless  now  to  inquire.  Evidence 
will  be  judged  differently  by  different  minds. 
Macaulay,  with  characteristic  confidence,  de- 
clares '  She  seems  to  have  been  a  cold,  vain, 
and  interested  coquette,  who  perfectly  under- 
stood how  much  the  influence  of  her  charms 
was  increased  by  the  fame  of  a  severity 
which  cost  her  nothing,  and  who  could  ven- 
ture to  flirt  with  a  succession  of  admirers 
in  the  just  confidence  that  no  flame  which 
she  might  kindle  in  them  would  thaw  her 
own  ice  '  (History  of  England,  iii.  380,  ed. 
1864).  For  this  statement,  to  say  the  least 
rash,  the  authorities  Macaulay  quotes,  un- 
friendly as  they  are,  furnish  no  justification. 
Tom  Brown,  of  infamous  memory,  utters 
sneers  concerning  her  Abigail  being '  brought 
to  bed,'  but  imputes  nothing  directly  to 
her;  and  Gildon,  in  that  rare  and  curious 
though  atrocious  publication, ( A  Comparison 


Bracegirdle 


142 


Bracken 


between  Two  Stages,'  expresses  his  want  of 
faith  in  the  story  of  her  innocence,  concern- 
ing which,  without  arraigning  it,  he  says  (p. 
18),  'I  believe  no  more  on't  than  I  believe 
of  John  Mandevil.'  Wholly  valueless  is  the 
evidence  of  these  two  indirect  assailants 
against  the  general  verdict  of  a  time  known 
to  be  censorious.  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  may  at 
least  claim  to  have  had  the  highest  reputa- 
tion for  virtue  of  any  woman  of  her  age ;  and 
her  benevolence  to  the  unemployed  poor  of 
Clare  Market  and  adjacent  districts,  l  so  that 
she  could  not  pass  that  neighbourhood  with- 
out the  thankful  acclamations  of  people  of 
all  degrees,  so  that,  if  any  one  affronted  her, 
they  would  have  been  in  danger  of  being 
killed  directly '  (TONY  ASTON),  is  a  pleasing 
trait  in  her  character.  The  story  is  worth 
repeating  that  '  Lord  Halifax,  overhearing 
the  praise  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle's  virtuous  be- 
haviour by  the  Dukes  of  Dorset  and  Devon- 
shire and  other  nobles,  said,  "  You  all  com- 
mend her  virtue,  &c.,  but  why  do  we  not 
present  this  incomparable  woman  with  some- 
thing worthy  her  acceptance  ?"  His  lordship 
deposited  200  guineas,  which  the  rest  made 
up  to  800  and  sent  to  her '  (Tour  ASTON). 
Whether,  as  is  insinuated  in  some  quarters, 
she  yielded  to  the  advances  of  Congreve, 
whose  devotion  to  her,  like  the  similar  de- 
votion of  Howe,  seemed  augmented  by  her 
success  in  his  pieces,  and  whose  testimony 
in  his  poems  appears,  like  all  other  testimony, 
to  establish  her  virtue,  remains  undeter- 
mined. In  her  own  time  she  was  suspected, 
though  her  biographers  ignore  the  fact,  of 
being  married  to  Congreve.  In  a  poem 
called  'The  Benefits  of  a  Theatre,'  which 
appears  in  '  The  State  'Poems,'  vol.  iv.  p.  49, 
and  is  no  more  capable  of  being  quoted  than 
are  the  other  contents  of  that  valuable  but 
unsavoury  receptacle,  Congreve  and  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle,  unmistakably  associated  under 
the  names  of  Valentine  and  Angelica,  are 
distinctly,  though  doubtless  wrongly,  stated 
to  be  married.  Congreve  left  her  in  his  will 
a  legacy  of  200/.  Grarrick,  who  met  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  after  she  had  quitted  the  stage, 
and  heard  her  repeat  some  lines  from  Shake- 
speare, is  said  to  have  expressed  an  opinion 
that  her  reputation  was  undeserved.  Colley 
Gibber  denied  her  any  'greater  claim  to 
beauty  than  what  the  most  desirable  brunette 
might  pretend  to,'  but  states  that  'it  was 
even  a  fashion  among  the  gay  and  young  to 
have  a  taste  or  tendre  for  Mrs.  Bracegirdle.' 
She  inspired  the  best  authors  to  write  for 
her,  and  two  of  them,  Congreve  and  Howe, 
1  when  they  gave  her  a  lover,  in  her  play, 
seemed  palpably  to  plead  their  own  passion, 
and  made  their  private  court  to  her  in  ficti- 


tious character.'  Aston,  bitter  in  tongue  as 
he  ordinarily  is,  shared  his  father's  belief  in 
her  purity,  and  has  left  a  sufficiently  tempting 
picture  of  her.  '  She  was  of  a  lovely  height, 
with  dark-brown  hair  and  eyebrows,  black 
sparkling  eyes  and  a  fresh  blushy  complexion, 
and,  whenever  she  exerted  herself,  had  an 
involuntary  flushing  in  her  breast,  neck,  and 
face,  having  continually  a  cheerful  aspect,  and 
a  fine  set  of  even  white  teeth,  never  making 
an  exit  but  that  she  left  the  audience  in  an 
imitation  of  her  pleasant  countenance '  (Brief 
Supplement,  pp.  9-10). 

[G-enest's  History  of  the  Stage ;  Gibber's  Apo- 
logy, by  Bellchambers ;  Egerton's  Life  of  Ann 
Oldfield,  1731 ;  Stanley's  Historical  Memorials 
of  Westminster  Abbey;  W.  Clark  Eussell's 
Representative  Actors  ;  A  Comparison  between 
the  Two  Stages,  1702  ;  Tony  Aston's  Brief  Sup- 
plement to  Colley  Gibber,  n.  d. ;  Downe's  Roscius 
Anglicanus.]  J.  K 

BRACEGIRDLE,  JOHN  (d.  1613-14), 

poet,  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  son  of  John 
Bracegirdle,  who  was  vicar  of  Stratford-upon- 
Avon  from  1560  to  1569.  He  was  matricu- 
lated as  a  sizar  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
in  December  1588,  proceeded  B.A.  in  1591- 
1592,  commenced  M.A.  in  1595,  and  pro- 
ceeded B.D.  in  1602.  He  was  inducted  to 
the  vicarage  of  Rye  in  Sussex,  on  the  pre- 
sentation of  Thomas  Sackville,  lord  Buck- 
hurst,  12  July  1602,  and  was  buried  there  on 
8  Feb.  1613-14. 

He  is  author  of  '  Psychopharmacon,  the 
Mindes  Medicine ;  or  the  Phisicke  of  Philo- 
sophie,  contained,  in  five  bookes,  called  the 
Consolation  of  Philosophic,  compiled  by 
Anicius  Manlius  Torquatus  Severinus  Boe- 
thius,'  translated  into  English  blank  verse, 
except  the  metres,  which  are  in  many  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  rhyme,  Addit.  MS.  11401. 
It  is  dedicated  to  Thomas  Sackville,  earl  of 
Dorset. 

[Wheler's  Stratford -upon- A  von,  31 ;  Cooper's 
Athenae  Cantab,  ii.  430;  Sussex  Archaeological 
Collections,  xiii.  274.]  T.  C. 

BRACKEN,  HENRY,  M.D.  (1697-1764), 
writer  on  farriery,  was  the  son  of  Henry 
Bracken  of  Lancaster,  and  was  baptised 
there  31  Oct.  1697.  His  early  education 
was  gained  at  Lancaster  under  Mr.  Bordley 
and  the  Rev.  Thomas  Holmes,  and  he  was 
afterwards  apprenticed  to  Dr.  Thomas  Worth- 
ington,  a  physician  in  extensive  practice  at 
Wigan.  At  the  expiration  of  his  appren- 
ticeship, about  1717,  he  went  to  London, 
and  passed  a  few  months  as  a  pupil  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital.  Thence  he  went  over  to 


Bracken 


143  Brackenbury 


Paris  to  attend  the  Hotel-Dieu,  and  subse- 
quently to  Leyden,  where  he  studied  under 
Herman  Boerhaave,  and  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.,  but  his  name  is  omitted  from  the  'Al- 
bum Studiosorum  Academiae  Lugd.  Bat./ 
printed  in  1875.  On  his  return  to  London  he 
attended  the  practice  of  Drs.  Wadsworth  and 
Plumtree,  and  soon  began  to  practise  on  his 
own  account  at  Lancaster,  and  before  long  be- 
came widely  known  as  a  surgeon  and  author. 
About  1746  he  was  charged  with  abetting  the 
Jacobite  rebels  and  thrown  into  prison,  but 
was  discharged  without  trial,  there  appearing 
to  have  been  no  ground  for  his  arrest ;  indeed, 
he  had  previously  rendered  a  service  to  the 
king  by  intercepting  a  messenger  to  the 
rebels,  and  sending  the  letters  to  the  general 
of  the  king's  forces,  and  for  this  act  he  had 
been  obliged  to  keep  out  of  the  way  of  the 
Pretender's  followers.  He  received  much 
honour  in  his  native  town,  and  was  twice 
elected  mayor— in  1747-8  and  1757-8.  In 
his  method  of  practice  as  a  medical  man  he 
was  remarkably  simple,  discarding  many  of 
the  usual  nostrums.  In  private  life  he  was 
liberal,  generous,  charitable,  and  popular ; 
but  his  love  of  horse-racing,  of  conviviality, 
and  of  smuggling,  which  he  called  gambling 
with  the  king,  prevented  him  from  reaping 
or  retaining  the  full  fruits  of  his  success. 
He  published  several  books  on  horses,  writ- 
ten in  a  rough,  unpolished  style,  but  abound- 
ing in  such  sterling  sense  as  to  cause  him  to 
be  placed  by  John  Lawrence  at  the  head  of  all 
veterinary  writers,  ancient  or  modern.  Their 
dates  and  titles  are  as  follows :  in  1735,  an 
edition  of  Captain  William  Burdon's '  Gentle- 
man's Pocket  Farrier,'  with  notes  ;  in  1738, 
1  Farriery  Improved,  or  a  Oompleat  Treatise 
upon  the  Art  of  Farriery,'  2  vols.,  which 
went  through  ten  or  more  editions  ;  in  1742, 
1  The  Traveller's  Pocket  Farrier ; '  in  1751, 
'  A  Treatise  on  the  True  Seat  of  Glanders  in 
Horses,  together  with  the  Method  of  Cure, 
from  the  French  of  De  la  Fosse.'  He  wrote 
also '  The  Midwife's  Companion,'  1737,  which 
he  dedicated  to  Boerhaave  (it  was  issued 
with  a  fresh  title-page  in  1751)  ;  '  Lithiasis 
Anglicana ;  or,  a  Philosophical  Enquiry  into 
the  Nature  and  Origin  of  the  Stone  and 
Gravel  in  Human  Bodies,'  1739 ;  a  transla- 
tion from  the  French  of  Maitre-Jan  on  the 
eye ;  and  some  papers  on  small-pox,  &c. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  London  Medical 
Society,  Dr.  Fothergill  wrote  to  request  the 
literary  assistance  of  Bracken,  'for  whose 
abilities,'  he  observed,  'I  have  long  had  a 
great  esteem,  and  who  has  laboured  more 
successfully  for  the  improvement  of  medicine 
than  most  of  his  contemporaries.'  Bracken 
died  at  Lancaster,  13  Nov.  1764. 


[Prefaces  to  Bracken's  writings  ;  Letter  to  Dr. 
Preston  Christopherson,  printed  in  the  Preston 
Guardian,  4  Sept.  1880  ;  Georgian  Era,  ii.  561  ; 
John  Lawrence's  Treatise  on  Horses,  2nd  ed.  1802, 
i.  29-32  ;  information  furnished  by  Alderman  W. 
Roper  of  Lancaster.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRACKENBURY,     SIR     EDWARD 

(1785-1864),  lieutenant-colonel,  a  direct 
descendant  from  Sir  Robert  Brackenbury, 
lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London  in  the 
time  of  Richard  III,  was  second  son  of 
Richard  Brackenbury  of  Aswardby,  Lin- 
colnshire, by  his  wife  Janetta,  daughter  of 
George  Gunn  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  born 
in  1785.  Having  entered  the  army  as  an 
ensign  in  the  61st  regiment  in  1803,  and  be- 
come a  lieutenant  on  8  Dec.  in  the  same 
year,  he  served  in  Sicily,  in  Calabria,  at 
Scylla  Castle  and  at  Gibraltar,  1807-8,  and 
in  the  Peninsula  from  1809  to  the  end  of  the 
war  in  1814.  At  the  battle  of  Salamanca  he 
took  a  piece  of  artillery  from  the  enemy, 
guarded  by  four  soldiers,  close  to  their  re- 
tiring column,  without  any  near  or  imme- 
diate support,  and  in  many  other  important 
engagements  conducted  himself  with  distin- 
guished valour.  As  a  reward  for  his  nume- 
rous services  he  received  the  war  medal  with 
nine  clasps. 

On  22  July  1812  he  was  promoted  to  a 
captaincy,  and  after  the  conclusion  of  the 
war  was  attached  to  the  Portuguese  and 
Spanish  army  from  25  Oct.  1814  to  25  Dec. 
1816,  when  he  was  placed  on  half-pay.  He 
served  as  a  major  in  the  28th  foot  from 
1  Nov.  1827  to  31  Jan.  1828,  when  he  was 
again  placed  on  half-pay.  His  foreign  services 
were  further  recognised  by  his  being  made  a 
knight  of  the  Portuguese  order  of  the  Tower 
and  Sword  in  1824,  a  knight  of  the  Spanish 
order  of  St.  Ferdinand,  and  a  commander  of 
the  Portuguese  order  of  St.  Bento  d'Avis. 

Brackenbury,  who  was  knighted  by  the 
king  at  Windsor  Castle  on  26  Aug.  1836, 
was  a  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  for 
the  county  of  Lincoln.  He  attained  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  on  10  Jan.  1837, 
and  ten  years  afterwards  sold  out  of  the 
army.  He  died  at  Skendleby  Hall,  Lincoln- 
shire, on  1  June  1864. 

He  was  twice  married :  first,  on  9  June 
1827,  to  Maria,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Bromhead  of  Reepham  near  Lincoln,  and, 
secondly,  in  March  1847,  to  Eleanor,  daughter 
of  Addison  Fenwick  of  Bishopwearmouth, 
Durham,  and  widow  of  W.  Brown  Clark  of 
Belford  Hall,  Northumberland.  She  died  in 
1862. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1864,  part  ii.  123  ;  Cannon's  The 
Sixty-first  Regiment  (1837),  pp.  24,  31,  67.] 

G.  C.  B. 


Brackenbury 


144 


Bracton 


BRACKENBURY,    JOSEPH    (1788- 

1864),  poet,  was  born  in  1788  at  Langton, 
probably  Lincolnshire,  where  he  spent  his 
early  years.  On  28  Oct.  1808  he  was  a  stu- 
dent at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 
In  1810  he  published  his  'Natale  Solum  and 
other  Poetical  Pieces '  by  subscription.  In 
1811  he  proceeded  B.A.  (ROMILLY,  Grad. 
Cant.  p.  45)  ;  in  1812  he  became  chaplain  to 
the  Madras  establishment,  and  returning  after 
some  years'  service  proceeded  M.A.  in  1819. 
From  1828  to  1856  he  was  chaplain  and  secre- 
tary to  the  Magdalen  Hospital,  Blackfriars 
Road,  London.  In  1862  he  became  rector  of 
Quendon,  Essex,  and  died  there,  of  heart- 
disease,  on  31  March  1864,  aged  76. 

[Brackenbury 's  Natale  Solum,  &c.  pp.  2,  10, 
28,  58,  120  ;  Gent.  Mag.  1864,  p.  668;  Brayley's 
Surrey,  v.  321 ;  private  information.]  J.  H. 

BRACKLEY,    THOMAS    EGERTON, 

VISCOUNT.     [See  EGERTON.] 

BRACTON,  BRATTON,  or  BRETTON, 
HENRY  DE  (d.  1268),  ecclesiastic  and  judge, 
was  author  of  a  comprehensive  treatise  on  the 
law  of  England.  Three  places  have  been  con- 
jecturally  assigned  as  the  birthplace  of  this 
distinguished  jurist,  viz.  Bratton  Clovelly, 
near  Okehampton  in  Devonshire,  Bratton 
Fleming,  near  Barnstaple  in  the  same  county, 
and  Bratton  Court,  near  Minehead  in  Somer- 
setshire. The  pretensions  of  Bratton  Clovelly 
seem  to  rest  entirely  upon  the  fact  that  an- 
ciently it  was  known  as  Bracton.  Sir  Travers 
Iwiss,  in  his  edition  of  Bracton's  great  work, 
'  De  Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Anglise/  in- 
clines in  favour  of  Bratton  Fleming  on  the 
ground  that  one  Odo  de  Bratton  was  per- 
petual vicar  of  the  church  there  in  1212 
(Rot .  Lit.  Pat.  i.  93  b),  when  the  rectory  was 
conferred  on  William  de  Ralegh,  a  justice 
itinerant,  whose  roll,  with  that  of  Martin  de 
Pateshull,  Bracton  is  known  to  have  had  in 
his  possession  almost  certainly  for  the  pur- 
poses of  his  work.  Bracton  cites  Ralegh's 
decisions  less  frequently  indeed  than  those 
of  Pateshull,  whom  he  sometimes  refers  to 
with  a  familiarity  which  seems  to  imply  per- 
sonal intimacy,  as  '  dominus  Martinus,'  or 
simply  Martinus  (lib.  iv.,  tract  i.,  cap.  xxvii., 
fol.  205  b,  xxviii.  fol.  207  6),  but  more  fre- 
quently than  those  of  any  other  j  udge.  Ralegh 
was  treasurer  of  Exeter  in  1237.  From  these 
data,  which  it  must  be  owned  are  rather 
slight,  Sir  Travers  Twiss  infers  that  Bracton 
stood  to  both  Pateshull  and  Ralegh  in  the 
relation  of  a  pupil,  and  that  it  was  while  the 
latter  was  rector  of  Bratton  Fleming  that  he 
came  into  connection  with  him.  Collinson, 
the  historian  of  Somersetshire,  is  mistaken 


in  affirming  that  Bracton,  or  Bratton,  suc- 
ceeded one  Robert  de  Bratton,  mentioned  in 
the  Black  Book  of  the  Exchequer  as  holding 
lands  at  Bratton,  near  Minehead,  under  Wil- 
liam de  Mohun,  12  Henry  II  (1166),  and 
that   he   lies   buried   in   the  church  of  St. 
Michael  in  Minehead  under  a  monument  re- 
presenting him  in  his  robes,  since  it  has  been 
established  by  Sir  Travers  Twiss  that  Bracton 
was  buried  in  the  nave  of  Exeter  Cathedral 
before  an  altar   dedicated  to  the  Virgin  a 
little  to  the  south  of  the  entrance  to  the 
choir,  at  which  a  daily  mass  was  regularly 
said  for  the  benefit  of  his  soul  for  the  space 
of  three  centuries  after  his  decease.     At  the 
same  time,  if  Bracton  was  really  a  landowner 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Minehead,  a  monu- 
ment may  have  been  put  up  to  his  memory 
by  his  relatives  in  the  parish  church  there. 
It  seems  impossible  to  decide  upon  the  claims 
of  the  three  competing  villages.     Some  un- 
certainty also  exists  as  to  the  orthography 
of  the  judge's  name,  of  which  four  principal 
varieties — Bracton,   Bratton,   Bretton,    and 
Bryckton — are  found.     Bryckton  may  be  dis- 
missed without  hesitation  as   corrupt,  and 
Bretton   is    almost    certainly   a   dialectical 
variety  either  of  Bracton  or  Bratton.     Be- 
tween Bracton  and  Bratton  it  is  less  easy  to 
decide.    The  form  Bracton  is  held  by  Nichols 
to  be  a  mere  clerical  error  for  Bratton,  aris- 
ing from  the  similarity  between  the  tt  and 
the  ct  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  cen- 
tury handwriting.     The  passage  cited  by  Sir 
Travers  Twiss  (i.  x-xi,  iii.  liv-v)  as  evidence 
that  the  judge  himself  considered  Bracton  to 
be  the  correct  spelling  of  his  name  appears 
rather  to  militate  against  that  view.     The 
passage  in  question  refers  to  the  fatal  effect 
of  clerical  errors  in  writs.    According  to  the 
reading  of  a  manuscript  (Rawlinson,  c.  160, 
in  the  Bodleian  Library)  which,  in  Sir  Travers 
Twiss's  opinion  (i.  xxi,  Iii),  has  been  faith- 
fully copied  from  a  manuscript  older  than 
any  now  extant   (BRACTON,  ed.  Twiss,  iii. 
212),  the  writer  says  that  if  a  person  writes 
Broctone  for  Bractone,  or  Bractone  for  Brat- 
tone,  the  writ  is  equally  void.     If  any  infe- 
rence  can   be  drawn  from   the  passage,  it 
would  seem  to  be  that,  in  the  author's  opinion, 
Brattone,  and   not  Bractone,  was  the  true 
form  of  the  name.     That  it  was  so  in  fact 
seems  to  be  as  nearly  proved  as  such  a  thing 
can  be  by  a  series  of  entries  on  the  Fine  Rolls 
extending  from   1250  to  1267,  i.e.    during 
nearly  the  whole  of  Bracton's  official  life,  and 
numbering  nearly  a  hundred  in  all.     While 
Bratton  and  Bretton  occur  with  about  equal 
frequency,  no  single  instance  of  Bracton  is 
discoverable  in  these  rolls.     Further,  of  five 
entries  in  Bishop  Branscombe's  register  cited 


Bracton 


145 


Bracton 


"by  Sir  Travers  Twiss,  four  have  Bratton  and 
one  Bracton.  The  deed  of  1272  endowing 
a  chantry  for  the  benefit  of  his  soul  speaks 
of  Henry  de  Bratton,  and  so  does  the  deed  of 
1276  with  a  like  object.  This  chantry,  which 
existed  until  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  seems 
to  have  been  always  known  as  Bratton's 
chantry.  The  earliest  extant  biographical 
notice  of  Bracton  occurs  in  Leland's  '  Com- 
mentarii  de  Scriptoribus  Britannicis  '  (i.  cap. 
cclxxvi.)  He  says  he  took  it  l  ex  inscriptione 
libri  Branomensis  bibliothecae.'  Bale,  in  his 
*  Illustrium  Majoris  Britannia)  Scriptorum 
Catalogus,'  appropriates  his  account  very 
much  as  it  stands,  adding  only  that  Bracton 
was  of  good  family,  that  his  university  was 
Oxford,  and  that  he  was  one  of  the  justices 
itinerant  before  he  became  chief  justice.  The 
reference  to  the  'Branomensis  bibliotheca' 
he  suppresses,  probably  because  he  could 
make  nothing  of  it.  Tanner,  who  also  re- 
peats Leland,  tries  to  emend  the  text  by 
inserting '  edidit '  after ( librum,'  and  appends 
the  following  note :  '  "  In  Bravionensis  seu 
Wigorniensis  bibliothecse  serie  quadam  legi 
memoriaque  retinui."  Ita  legit  MS.  Lei. 
Trin.'  It  is  clear  that  in  any  case  the  passage 
is  corrupt.  The  subsequent  biographers  of 
Bracton  until  Foss  do  little  more  than  repeat 
Bale's  statements,  and  these  are  only  very 
partially  confirmed  by  the  records.  Dugdale 
mentions  him  as  a  justice  itinerant  in  Not- 
tinghamshire and  Derbyshire  in  1245,  and 
places  him  in  the  commission  of  the  follow- 
ing year  for  Northumberland,  Westmoreland, 
Cumberland,  and  Lancashire.  As  he  is  de- 
scribed as  a  justice  in  the  record  of  a  fine 
levied  in  this  year,  preserved  in  the  Register 
of  Waltham  Abbey  (Harl  MS.  391,  fol. 
71),  in  close  connection  with  Henry  de  Ba- 
thonia  and  Jeremiah  de  Caxton,  both  jus- 
tices of  the  Curia  Regis,  it  is  probable  that 
he  was  then  one  of  the  regular  justices. 
Against  this,  however,  must  be  set  the  fact 
that  the  series  of  entries  on  the  Fine  Rolls  to 
which  reference  has  already  been  made  does 
not  begin  until  1250.  After  1246  Dugdale 
ignores  him  until  1260,  from  which  date 
until  1267  he  mentions  him  pretty  frequently 
as  a  justice  itinerant  in  the  western  counties. 
After  1267  all  the  records  are  silent  as  to  his 
doings.  During  a  portion  of  his  career  he 
seems  to  have  stood  well  with  the  king ;  for 
in  1254  he  had  a  grant  by  letters  patent  of 
the  town  house  of  the  Earl  of  Derby,  then 
recently  deceased,  during  the  minority  of  the 
heir,  being  therein  designated '  dilecto  clerico 
nostro.'  In  1263-4  (21  Jan.)  he  was  ap- 
pointed archdeacon  of  Barnstaple,  but  re- 
signed the  post  in  the  following  May  on  being 
created  chancellor  of  the  cathedral  of  Exeter. 

VOL.  VI. 


He  also  held  a  prebend  in  the  church  of 
Exeter,  and  another  in  that  of  Bosham  in 
Sussex,  a  peculiar  of  the  bishops  of  Exeter, 
from  some  date  prior  to  1237  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1268,  and  probably  in  the 
summer  or  early  autumn  of  that  year,  as 
Oliver  de  Tracy  succeeded  him  as  chancellor 
of  Exeter  Cathedral  on  3  Sept.,  and  Edward 
Delacron,  dean  of  Wells,  and  Richard  de 
Esse  in  the  prebends  of  Bosham  and  Exeter 
respectively  in  the  following  November.  He 
is  known  to  have  left  some  manuscripts  to 
the  chapter  of  Exeter  by  his  will,  and  it  may 
have  been  one  of  these  that  Leland  saw,  sup- 
posing *  Exoniensis  bibliothecse '  to  be  the 
true  reading.  For  the  statement  that  he  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  chief  justice  for  twenty 
Siars  no  foundation  is  now  discoverable, 
uring  the  earlier  portion  of  his  official  life 
(1246-58)  the  office  was  in  abeyance,  and 
if  Bracton  was  ever  chief  justice,  it  must 
have  been  either  before  1258  or  after  1265. 
It  is  possible  that,  while  the  office  was  in 
abeyance,  the  king  entrusted  his  f  dear  clerk ' 
with  some  of  the  duties  incident  to  it.  It 
is  also  possible,  as  Foss  has  conjectured,  that 
Bracton  held  the  office  during  the  interval 
between  the  death  of  Hugh  le  Despenser  and 
the  appointment  of  Robert  Bruce  (8  March 
1267-8)  ;  but  it  is  very  unlikely  that,  if  he 
was  ever  regularly  appointed,  no  record  of 
the  fact  should  have  survived.  Of  his  al- 
leged connection  with  Oxford  it  is  also  im- 
possible to  discover  any  positive  evidence. 
That  he  was  an  Oxford  man  is  intrinsically 
probable  from  the  character  of  his  treatise, 
1  De  Legibus  et  Coiisuetudinibus  Anglise.' 
It  bears  such  evident  traces  throughout  of 
the  influence  of  the  civil  law  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  that  the  author  was  familiar  not  merely 
with  the  Summa  or  manual  of  the  civil  law 
compiled  by  the  celebrated  glossator,  Azo 
of  Bologna,  but  with  the  Institutes  and 
Digest  of  Justinian,  and  Oxford  was  at  that 
time  the  seat  of  the  study  of  the  civil  law 
in  this  country.  Moreover,  Bracton's  first 
two  books,  'De  Rerum  Divisione'  and  'De 
acquirendo  Rerum  Dominio,'  have  a  deci- 
dedly academic  air,  for  they  are  carefully 
mapped  out  according  to  logical  divisions 
such  as  a  professor  writing  for  a  society  of 
students  would  naturally  affect ;  and  though, 
from  a  reference  to  the  candidature  of  Richard, 
earl  of  Cornwall,  for  the  imperial  crown  in 
the  latter  book  (ii.  cap.  xix.  §  4,  fol.  47),  it 
is  clear  that  that  passage  was  written  as  late 
as  1257,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  the 
book  as  a  whole  does  not  belong  to  a  much 
earlier  date.  At  the  same  time,  it  cannot  be 
affirmed  with  any  confidence  that  Bracton 
could  not  have  acquired  the  accurate  and 

L 


Bracton 


146 


Bracton 


extensive  knowledge  of  the  Roman  law  which 
he  undoubtedly  did  possess  without  residing 
in  Oxford,  and  neither  the  title  l  dominus '  by 
which  he  is  usually  designated  in  ecclesiastical 
records,  and  which,  as  Sir  Travers  Twiss  has 
pointed  out,  was  the  proper  appellation  of  a 
professor  of  law  at  the  university  of  Bologna  ; 
under  the  privilege  accorded  by  Frederic  I  at  | 
the  diet  of  Roncaglia  (1158),  nor  that  of 
'  magister '  given  him  by  Gilbert  Thornton 
(chief  justice),  who  epitomised  his  work  in 
1292,  can  be  relied  on  as  necessarily  importing 
an  academical  status.  The  date  of  the  com- 
position of  his  work  is  approximately  fixed 
by  a  reference  to  the  Statute  of  Merton 
(1235)  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  absence  of 
any  notice  of  the  changes  in  the  law  intro- 
duced by  the  Provisions  of  Westminster 
(1259)  on  the  other.  The  work  seems  never 
to  have  received  a  final  revision,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  order  of  arrangement  of 
the  several  treatises  does  not  in  all  cases 
correspond  with  the  order  of  composition. 
Bracton's  relation  to  the  civil  and  canon  law 
has  been  ably  discussed  by  Professor  Giiter- 
bock  of  Konigsberg,  who  agrees  in  the  main 
with  the  view  taken  by  Spence,  that  he  did 
not  so  much  romanise  English  law  as  syste- 
matise the  results  which  a  series  of  clerical 
judges,  themselves  familiar  with  the  civil 
and  canon  codes,  and  using  them  to  supple- 
ment the  inadequacy  of  the  common  law, 
had  already  produced,  a  conclusion  which  is 
in  accordance  with  the  strictly  practical 
purpose  apparent  throughout  the  treatise. 
This  view  is  also  adopted  by  Sir  Travers 
Twiss.  Bracton's  position  in  the  history 
of  English  law  is  unique.  The  treatise  '  De 
Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Anglise '  is  the 
first  attempt  to  treat  the  whole  extent  of 
the  law  in  a  manner  at  once  systematic  and 
practical.  The  subject-matter  of  the  work 
is  defined  in  the  proem  to  be  '  facta  et  casus, 
qui  quotidie  emergunt  et  eveniunt  in  regno 
Anglise,'  and  to  this  he  for  the  most  part 
strictly  limits  himself,  citing  cases  in  support 
of  the  principles  he  enunciates  in  the  most 
exemplary  manner.  Hence  the  influence  of 
the  work  was  both  immediate  and  enduring. 
Besides  the  abridgment  by  Thornton,  of 
which,  though  none  is  now  known  to  exist, 
Selden  had  an  imperfect  copy,  two  other  sum- 
maries of  it  were  compiled  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  I  by  two  anonymous  authors,  one 
in  Latin,  of  which  the  title  '  Fleta '  is  thought 
to  conceal  some  reference  either  to  the  Fleet 
Prison  or  to  Fleet  Street,  the  other  in  Norman- 
French  known  as  Britten.  Through  Coke, 
who  had  a  high  respect  for  Bracton,  and  fre- 
quently cited  him,  both  in  his  judgments  and 
in  his  '  Commentary '  on  Littleton,  his  influ- 


ence has  been  effective  in  moulding  the  exist- 
ing common  law  of  England.  Some  remark- 
able passages  relating  to  the  prerogative  of 
the  king  (i.  cap.  viii.  §  5,  fol.  5  ;  ii.  cap.  xvi. 
§  3,  fol.  34 ;  iii.  tract  i.  cap.  ix.  fol.  107  b} 
were  cited  by  Bradshaw  in  his  judgment  on 
Charles  I,  and  by  Milton  in  his  (  Defence  of 
the  People  of  England/  as  showing  that  the- 
doctrine  of  passive  obedience  was  repugnant 
to  the  ancient  common  law  of  this  country. 
The  bibliography  of  Bracton  may  be  put 
into  very  small  compass.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  treatise  found  its  way  into 
print  in  1557,  in  the  shape  of  quotations 
made  by  Sir  William  Staundeford  in  hi& 
'  Plees  del  Coron.'  The  first  printed  edition 
of  the  entire  work  was  published  by  Richard 
Tot  tell  in  1569  (fol.),  with  a  preface  by  one 
T.  N.  (whose  identity  has  never  been  deter- 
mined), in  which  credit  is  taken  for  a  careful 
recension  of  the  text.  The  next  edition  (4to) 
appeared  in  1640,  being  a  mere  reprint  of 
that  of  1569.  In  spite  of  the  labours  of  T.  N. 
the  text  remained  in  so  unsatisfactory  a  con- 
dition that  Selden  never  cited  it  without 
collation  with  manuscripts  in  his  own  pos- 
session. No  other  edition  appeared  until 
1878,  when  Sir  Travers  Twiss  issued  the  first 
volume  of  the  recension  and  translation  un- 
dertaken by  him  by  the  direction  of  the 
master  of  the  rolls.  The  sixth  and  last  vo- 
lume appeared  in  1883.  For  information 
concerning  the  apparatus  criticus  available 
for  the  establishment  of  the  text  reference 
may  be  made  to  vol.  i.  pp.  xlix-lxvi  of  this 
edition,  to  the  ( Law  Magazine  and  Review,' 
N.S.,  i.  560-1,  ii.  398,  to  the  <  Athenaeum' 
(19  July  1884),  where  Professor  VinogradoiF,^ 
of  Moscow,  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
the  discovery  by  him  among  the  Additional 
MSS.  in  the  British  Museum  (Addit.  MS. 
12269)  of  a  collection  of  cases  evidently  com- 
piled for  Bracton's  use,  and  actually  used  and 
annotated  by  him  for  the  purpose  of  his  work,, 
and  also  to  an  article  in  the  '  Law  Quarterly 
Review  '  for  April  1885,  in  which  the  same 
writer  suggests  one  obvious  and  two  unwar- 
rantable alterations  of  the  text,  impugns  the 
authority  of  Rawl.  MS.  c.  160,  on  which 
Sir  Travers  Twiss's  recension  is  based,  on  the 
ground  that  it  contains  an  irrelevant  disqui- 
sition on  degrees  of  affinity,  and  argues  from 
other  passages  that  the  text  as  it  stands  is 
the  result  of  the  gradual  incorporation  with 
Bracton's  manuscript  of  the  glosses  of  suc- 
cessive commentaries. 

[Lysons's  Devonshire,  ii.  66,  67 ;  Domesday 
Book,  fol.  96,  101  b,  105  b,  107;  Collinson's 
Somersetshire,  ii.  31  ;  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  ii. 
82  ;  Britton  (ed.  Nichols),  i.  xxiii-xxv ;  Valor. 
Eccl.  ii.  294,  297  ;  Madox's  Hist.  Exch.  ii.  257; 


Bradberry 


147 


Bradbridge 


Spence's  Eqxiitable  Jurisdiction  of  Court  of 
Chancery,  i.  120;  Tanner's  Notitia  Monastica 
(ed.  Nasmith),  Sussex,  v. ;  Fourth  Report  of  Dep. 
Keep,  of  Publ.  Rec.  161 ;  Bale,  Script.  Brit.  Cat., 
cent.  iii.  art.  xcviii. ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Dug- 
dale's  Orig.  56;  Dugdale's  Chron.  Ser.  12,  19; 
Le  Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy),  i.  405,  417;  Bracton 
(ed.  Twiss),  i.  ix-xviii,  ii.  vii-xiii,  iii.  Iv-lvii,  v. 
Ixxx  ad  fin.,  vi.  lix-lxiii ;  Cobbett's  State  Trials, 
ii.  693,  iv.  1009  ;  Milton's  Defence  of  the  People 
of  England,  cap.  viii.  ad  fin. ;  Henricus  de  Brac- 
ton und  sein  Verhaltniss  zum  romischen  Rechte 
von  Dr.  Carl  Griiterbock,  Berlin,  1862  (this  work 
has  been  translated  by  Brinton  Coxe,  Philadel- 
phia. 1866);  Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges.] 

J.  M.  R. 

BRADBERRY,sometimes  called  BRAD- 
BURY, DAVID  (1736-1803),  nonconfor- 
mist minister,  appears  to  have  been  resident 
in  London  in  1766,  and  for  a  time  was  minis- 
ter of  the  congregation  at  Glovers'  Hall,  Lon- 
don, which  then  belonged  to  the  baptists; 
but  he  went  from  Ramsgate  to  Manchester, 
where  he  succeeded  the  Rev.  Timothy  Priest- 
ley, brother  of  Joseph  Priestley,  14  Aug.  1785, 
as  the  minister  of  a  congregational  church  in 
Cannon  Street.  He  was  not  very  successful  in 
his  ministry,  which  was  disturbed  by  con- 
troversy, especially  with  some  Scotch  mem- 
bers, who  were  anxious  to  import  the  fashion 
of 'ruling  elders,' and  who  eventually  seceded 
and  erected  in  Mosley  Street  what  was  then 
the  largest  dissenting  chapel  in  Lancashire 
(HALLEY).  He  resigned  his  position  in 
1794  and  left  the  neighbourhood.  He  is 
buried  in  Bunhill  Fields,  where  his  grave- 
stone states  that  he  'died  13  Jan.  1803,  aged 
67  years  ;  having  been  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel  forty-two  years.' 

Bradberry  was  the  author  of :  1.  '  A  Chal- 
lenge sent  by  the  Lord  of  Hosts  to  the  Chief 
of  Sinners,'  a  sermon  upon  Amos  iv.  12,  Lon- 
don, printed  for  the  author,  1766.  2.  t  Letter 
relative  to  the  Test  Act/  1789.  3.  '  Tete- 
lestai,  the  Final  Close,'  a  poem,  in  six  parts, 
Manchester,  1794.  This  poem  describes  the 
day  of  judgment  from  an '  evangelical '  stand- 
point, and  is  remarkable  for  its  unusual 
metre.  The  book  is  also  a  literary  curiosity 
from  its  long  and  quaint  dedication,  addressed 
to  the  Deity ,  who  is  styled,  among  many  other 
titles,  '  His  most  sublime,  most  high  and 
mighty,  most  puissant,  most  sacred,  most 
faithful,  most  gracious,  most  catholic,  most  se- 
rene, most  reverend,'  and  '  Governor-general 
of  the  World,  Chief  Shepherd  or  Archbishop 
of  Souls,  Chief  Justice  of  Final  Appeals, 
Judge  of  the  Last  Assize,  Distributor  of 
Rights  and  Finisher  of  Fates,  Father  of 
Mercies  and  Friend  of  Men '  (cf.  Notes  and 
Queries,  2nd  series,  vols.  ix.  x.  xi.  xii.) 


[Manual  of  the  Chorlton  Road  Congregational 

|  Church,  1877  ;  Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches,  iii. 

220  ;  Halley's  Lancashire,  its  Puritanism,  &c.  ; 

j  British  Museum  General  Catalogue ;  Allibone's 

Dictionary;  Gent.    Mag.  vol.  Ixxxviii.  pt.    ii. 

p.  516;  Jones's  Bunhill  Memorials,  1849,  p.  11.1 

W.  E.  A.  A. 

BRADBRIDGE  or  BRODEBRIDGE, 
WILLIAM  (1501-1578),  bishop  of  Exeter, 
sprang  from  a  Somersetshire  family  now  ex- 
tinct, but  variously  known  as  Bradbridge, 
:  Bredbridge,  or  Brodbridge.    William  Brad- 
i  bridge  was  born  in  London  in  1501.  From  the 
j  fact  that  he  succeeded  one  Augustine  Brad- 
bridge  as  chancellor  of  Chichester,  who  was 
afterwards  appointed  treasurer  and  preben- 
dary of  Fordington,  diocese  of  Sarum,inl566, 
and  who  died  the  next  year,  it  is  possible 
the   latter   was   a   brother.     One   Nicholas 
Bradbridge  was  prebend  of  Lincoln  in  1508, 
and  a   Jone  and  George   Bradbridge  were 
respectively   martyred    during   the   Marian 
persecution  at  Maidstone   and  Canterbury. 
William  took  his  B.A.  degree  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  on  15  July  1528,  but  whether 
as  demy  or  non-foundationer  does  not  appear. 
In  1529  he  became  a  fellow  of  his  college,, 
MA.  on  6  June  1532,  B.D.  on  17  June  1539, 
'  being  then  arrived  to  some  eminence  in  the 
theological  faculty'  (WTOOD).     On  26  March 
1565  he  supplicated  the  university  for  a  D.D. 
degree,  but  was  not  admitted.     Yet  Strype- 
(Parker,  book  iv.  4)  calls  him  D.D.     He 
espoused  the  reformed  religion,  and  had  to- 
flee  with  Barlow,  Coverdale,  and  other  fugi- 
tives in   1553.     He  is  found,  however,  in 
England  again  in  1555,  when,  17  May,  on 
the  presentation  of  Ralph  Henslow,  he  was 
appointed  prebendary  of  Lyme  and  Halstock, 
Sarum.    He  was  also  a  canon  of  Chichester, 
and  in  1561  a  dispensation  was  granted  him 
on  account  of  this  as  regarded  part  of  his 
term  of  residence   at  Salisbury.     He   sub- 
scribed the  articles  of  1562  as  a  member  of 
the  lower  house  of  convocation,  and  when 
the  puritanical  six  articles  of  the  same  year 
were  debated  in  that  assembly,  in  common 
with  all  those  members  who  had  been  brought 
into  friendly  contact  with  the  practice  of 
foreign  churches  during  the  reign  of  Mary, 
be   signed   them,   but   was   outvoted   by   a 
majority  of  one.     He   also   subscribed   the 
articles  of  1571.     Bradbridge  was  collated 
to  be  chancellor  of  Chichester  on  28  April 
1562,  and  was  allowed  to  hold  the  chancel- 
lorship in  commendam  with  his  bishopric. 
On  Low  Sunday  1563  he  preached  the  annual 
Spittal  sermon,  and  on  23  June  of  the  same 
year,  showing  himself  conformable  to  the 
discipline  which  was  then  being  established, 
was  elected  dean  of  Salisbury  by  letters  from 

L2 


Bradbridge 


148 


Bradbridge 


Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  place  of  the  Italian* 
Peter  Vannes.  Here  he  was  a  contemporary 
of  Foxe,  the  martyrologist,  and  Harding,  the 
chief  opponent  of  Jewell.  On  26  Feb.  1570-1 
the  queen  issued  her  significavit  in  his  favour 
to  the  archbishop,  and  he  was  duly  elected 
bishop  of  Exeter  on  1  March.  After  a  de- 
claration of  the  queen's  supremacy  and  doing 
homage,  the  temporalities  of  the  see  were 
restored  to  him  on  the  14th.  He  is  still 
termed  B.D.  (State  Papers,  Domestic,  Eliz. 
vol.  Ixxxii.)  His  election  was  confirmed 
the  next  day,  and  he  was  consecrated  at 
Lambeth  on  the  18th  by  Archbishop  Parker 
and  Bishops  Home  and  Bullingham  of  Win- 
chester and  Worcester.  Although  Wood  says 
'he  laudably  governed  the  see  for  about 
eight  years/  his  administration  was  some- 
what halting  and  void  of  vigour,  the  weak- 
ness of  age  probably  colouring  his  judgment 
and  prompting  him  to  love  retirement.  He 
exerted  himself,  however,  to  collect  250/. 
among  the  ministers  of  Devon  and  Cornwall 
for  the  use  of  Exeter  College,  whence  his 
name  is  inserted  in  its  list  of  benefactors. 
Oliver  believes  that  either  by  his  predecessor, 
Bishop  Alley,  or  by  him,  portions  of  the 
palace  at  Exeter  were  taken  down  as  being 
superfluous  and  burdensome  to  the  diminished 
resources  of  the  see.  The  bishop  still  kept 
up  his  scholarship.  In  1572  the  Books  of 
Moses  were  allotted  to  him  to  translate  for 
the  new  edition  of  the  Bishop's  Bible,  at 
least  to  one  '  W.  E.,'  whom  Strype  takes 
for  'l  William  Exon.'  Hoker,  however,  says 
(Antique  Description  of  Exeter}  :  '  He  was  a 
professor  of  divinity,  but  not  taken  to  be  so 
well  grounded  as  he  persuaded  himself.  He 
was  zealous  in  religion,  but  not  so  forwards 
as  he  was  wished  to  be.'  In  1576,  when 
papists  on  one  side  and  schismatics  on  the 
other  were  troubling  the  church,  a  glimpse 
is  obtained  of  Bradbridge's  administration. 
He  tried  to  reason  with  some  Cornish  gentle- 
men who  would  not  attend  church,  but 
could  not  induce  them  to  conform.  At 
length  as  he  saw  '  they  craved  ever  respite 
of  time  and  in  time  grew  rather  indurate 
than  reformed,'  in  compliance  with  an  order 
that  such  should  be  sent  up  to  the  privy 
council  or  the  ecclesiastical  commission  held 
at  Lambeth  *  to  be  dealt  withal  in  order  to 
their  reducement,'  he  wrote  on  the  subject  to 
the  lord  treasurer,  and  sent  up  three,  Robert 
Beckote,  Richard  Tremaine,  and  Francis 
Ermyn.  He  begged  the  treasurer  to  prevail 
with  the  archbishop  or  bishop  of  London  '  to 
take  some  pains  with  them,'  adding  that '  the 
whole  country  longed  to  hear  of  their  godly 
determination,  viz.  what  success  they  should 
have  with  these  gentlemen.'  In  the  same 


year  another  dangerous  opinion  in  his  dio- 
cese troubled  him.  A  certain  lay  preacher, 
a  schoolmaster  at  Liskeard,  affirmed  that  an 
oath  taken  on  one  of  the  gospels  (  was  of  no 
more  value  than  if  taken  upon  a  rush  or  a  fly.' 
All  Cornwall  was  greatly  excited  at  this,  and 
on  the  bishop  proceeding' to  Liskeard  the  man 
maintained  his  view  in  writing.  As  the  town 
was  in  such  confusion  that  no  trial  could 
be  held  with  any  prospect  of  justice,  the 
bishop  remanded  the  case  to  the  assizes.  In 
the  meantime  he  sent  for  Dr.  Tremayn,  the 
archbishop's  commissary,  and  other  learned 
divines,  and  consulted  on  the  point,  saying 
'that  truly  the  Cornishmen  were,  many  of 
them,  subtle  in  taking  an  oath,'  and  that  if 
the  reverence  due  to  scripture  were  abated 
it  would  let  in  many  disorders  to  the  state. 
Unluckily  Strype  does  not  give  the  conclu- 
sion of  these  trials. 

About  this  time  the  bishop  was  very  uneasy 
regarding  an  ecclesiastical  commission  which 
he  heard  would  probably  be  granted  to  several 
in  his  diocese.  Dr.  Tremayn  headed  a  party 
against  him,  but  the  bishop  withstood  him, 
and  wrote  to  the  treasurer  that  the  commis- 
sion was  not  required,  adding  that  '  he  spake 
somewhat  of  experience,  that  his  diocese  was 
great,  and  that  the  sectaries  did  daily  in- 
crease. And  he  persuaded  himself  he  should 
be  able  easier  to  rule  those  whom  he  partly 
knew  already  than  those  which  by  this  means 
might  get  them  new  friends.'  Indeed  he 
found  the  cares  of  his  position  so  heavy  that 
he  earnestly  supplicated  the  treasurer  (11 
March  1576)  that  he  might  be  suffered  to 
resign  the  bishopric  and  return  to  his  deanery 
of  Sarum,  urging  'the  time  serveth,  the  place 
is  open.'  In  his  latter  years  he  delighted 
to  dwell  in  the  country,  which  proved  very 
burdensome  to  all  who  had  business  with 
him.  Newton  Ferrers  was  his  favourite  re- 
sidence, the  benefice  of  which,  together  with 
that  of  Lezante  in  Cornwall,  the  queen  had 
allowed  him  to  hold  in  commendam  in  con- 
sequence of  the  impoverished  state  of  the  see, 
as  had  been  the  case  with  his  predecessors. 
Benefices  were  given  to  his  successor  also. 
At  the  age  of  seventy  he  embarked  largely  in 
agricultural  speculations,  which  eventually 
ruined  him.  '  Hitherto,'  says  Fuller,  '  the 
English  bishops  had  been  vivacious  almost  to 
a  wonder  ;  only  five  died  in  the  first  twenty 
years  of  Elizabeth's  reign.  Now  seven  de-* 
ceased  within  the  compasse  of  two  years.' 
Among  them  was  Bradbridge,  who  died 
suddenly  at  noon  27  June  1578,  aged  77, 
no  one  being  with  him,  at  Newton  Ferrers. 
Izacke  (Memorials  of  Exeter}  sums  up  the 
prevailing  opinion  of  him,  '  a  man  only  me- 
morable for  this,  that  nothing  memorable  is 


Bradburn 


149 


Bradbury 


recorded  of  him  saving  that  he  well  governed 
this  church  about  eight  years.'  When  he 
died  he  was  indebted  to  the  queen  1,4001.  for 
tenths  and  subsidies  received  in  her  behalf 
from  the  clergy,  so  that  immediately  after 
his  death  she  seized  upon  all  his  goods.  The 
patent  book  of  the  see  records  that  he  '  had 
not  wherewith  to  bury  him.'  He  was  buried 
in  his  own  cathedral,  on  the  north  side  of 
the  choir  near  the  altar,  under  a  plain  altar 
tomb,  and  around  him  lie  his  brother  pre- 
lates, Bishops  Marshal,  Stapledon,  Lacy,  and 
Woolton.  A  simple  Latin  inscription  was 
put  over  him,  now  much  defaced,  record- 
ing that  he  was  'nuper  Exon.  Episcopus.' 
A  shield  containing  his  arms  still  remains, 
1  Azure,  a  pheon's  head  argent.'  His  will  is 
in  the  Prerogative  Office.  No  portrait  of  him 
is  known  to  exist.  His  register  concludes 
his  acts  with  the  old  formula,  '  Cujus  animse 
propitietur  Deus.  Amen.' 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  817; 
Strype's  Annals  of  the  Keformation,  8vo,  Cran- 
mer,  Parker,  i.  377,  ii.  416  ;  Cardwell's  Con- 
ferences, p.  119  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti ;  Jones's  Fasti 
Ecclesiae  Sarisb.pt.  ii.  1881,  pp.  399,  320  ;  Hoker 
and  Izacke's  Memorials  of  Exeter ;  Fuller's  Church 
History,  16th  Century;  Oliver's  Lives  of  the 
Bishops  of  Exeter.]  M.  GK  W. 

BRADBURJST,  SAMUEL  (1751-1816), 
methodist  preacher,  was  an  associate  of  Wes- 
ley, and  an  intimate  disciple  of  Fletcher  ot 
Madeley.  He  was  the  son  of  a  private  in  the 
army,  and  was  born  at  Gibraltar.  On  his 
father's  return  to  England,  when  he  was 
about  twelve  years  old,  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  cobbler  at  Chester,  and  after  a  course 
of  youthful  profligacy  became  a  methodist  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  entered  the  itinerant 
ministry  about  three  years  later,  and  con- 
tinued in  it  more  than  forty  years  till  his 
death.  Bradburn  was,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  all  who  heard  him,  an  extraordinary 
natural  orator.  He  had  a  commanding  figure, 
though  he  grew  corpulent  early  in  life,  a  re- 
markably easy  carriage,  and  a  voice  and  in- 
tonation of  wonderful  power  and  beauty.  By 
assiduous  study  he  became  perhaps  the  great- 
est preacher  of  his  day,  and  was  able  constantly 
to  sway  and  fascinate  vast  masses  of  the  people. 
His  natural  powers  manifested  themselves 
from  the  first  time  that  he  was  called  upon 
to  speak  in  public.  On  that  occasion  he  was 
suddenly  impelled  to  take  the  place  of  an 
absent  preacher,  and  spoke  for  an  hour  with- 
out hesitation,  though  for  months  previously 
he  had  been  trembling  at  the  thought  of 
such  an  ordeal.  In  the  evening  of  the  same 
day  a  large  concourse  came  together  to  hear 
him  again,  when  he  preached  for  three  hours, 


and  found,  at  the  same  moment  in  which  he 
exercised  the  powers,  that  he  had  obtained  the 
fame  of  an  orator.  Bradburn  was  a  man  of 
great  simplicity,  generosity,  and  eccentricity. 
Of  this  once  famous  preacher  nothing  remains 
but  a  volume  of  a  few  posthumous  sermons  of 
no  particular  merit. 

[Bradburn's  Life  (written  by  his  daughter  in 
the  same  year  that  he  died) ;  a  second  biography 
(1871),  by  T.  W.  Blanshard,  under  the  somewhat 
affected  title  of  The  Life  of  Samuel  Bradburn, 
the  Methodist  Demosthenes.]  K.  W.  D. 

BRADBURY,  GEORGE  (d.  1696),  judge, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Henry  Bradbury  of  St. 
Martin's  Fields,  Middlesex.  Of  his  early  years 
nothing  is  known.  He  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Middle  Temple  on  28  June  1660, 
was  created  a  master  of  arts  by  the  university 
of  Oxford  28  Sept,  1663,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar  on  17  May  1667.  For  some  time  his 
practice  in  court  was  inconsiderable.  He  first 
occurs  as  junior  counsel  against  Lady  Ivy  in 
a  suit  in  which  she  asserted  her  title  to  lands  in 
Shadwell,  3  June  1684.  The  deeds  upon  which 
she  relied  were  of  doubtful  authenticity,  and 
Bradbury  won  commendation  from  Chief-jus- 
tice Jeffreys,who  was  try  ing  the  case,  for  inge- 
niously pointing  out  that  the  date  which  the 
deeds  bore  described  Philip  and  Mary,  in 
whose  reign  they  purported  to  have  been  exe- 
cuted, by  a  title  which  they  did  not  assume 
till  some  years  later.  But  the  judge's  temper 
was  not  to  be  relied  upon.  Bradbury  repeat- 
ing his  comment,  Jeffreys  broke  out  upon 
him  :  '  Lord,  sir !  you  must  be  cackling  too  ; 
we  told  you  your  objection  was  very  inge- 
nious, but  that  must  not  make  you  trouble- 
some. You  cannot  lay  an  egg  but  you  must 
be  cackling  over  it.'  Bradbury's  name  next 
occurs  in  1681,  when  he  was  one  of  two  trus- 
tees of  the  marriage  settlement  of  one  of  the 
Carys  of  Tor  Abbey.  His  position  in  his  pro- 
fession must  consequently  have  been  consider- 
able, and  in  December  1688,  when  the  chiefs 
of  the  bar  were  summoned  to  consult  with 
the  peers  upon  the  political  crisis,  Bradbury 
was  among  the  number.  In  the  July  of  the 
year  following  he  was  assigned  by  the  House 
of  Lords  as  counsel  to  defend  Sir  Adam  Blair, 
Dr.  Elliott,  and  others,  who  were  impeached 
for  dispersing  proclamations  of  King  James. 
The  impeachment  was,  however,  abandoned. 
On  9  July,  upon  the  death  of  Baron  Carr,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  court  of 
exchequer,  and  continued  in  office  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  12  Feb.  1696.  The 
last  judicial  act  recorded  of  him  is  a  letter 
preserved  in  the  treasury  in  support  of  a 
petition  of  the  Earl  of  Scarborough,  19  April 
1695. 


Bradbury 


150 


Bradbury 


[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges  ;  State  Trials,  x 
616,  626;  Luttrell's  Diary,  i.  490,  555,  557,  iv 
117;  Parliamentary  History,  v.  362;  Pat.  1  W 
and  M.  p.  4 ;  Nicholls's  Herald  and  Genealogist, 
viii.  107;  Eedington's  Treasury  Papers,  i.  438; 
Cat.  Oxford  Graduates;  Woolrych's  Life  of 
Jeffreys.]  J.  A.  H. 

BRADBURY,  HENRY  (1831-1860), 
writer  on  printing,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
William  Bradbury,  of  the  firm  of  Bradbury 
&  Evans,  proprietors  of  '  Punch/  founders  of 
the  'Daily  News,'  the  'Field,'  and  other 
periodicals,  and  publishers  for  Dickens  and 
Thackeray.  In  1850  he  entered  as  a  pupil  in 
the  Imperial  Printing  Office  at  Vienna,  where 
he  became  acquainted  with  the  art  of  nature 
printing,  a  process  whereby  natural  objects 
are  impressed  into  plates,  and  afterwards 
printed  from  in  the  natural  colours.  In  1855 
he  produced  in  folio  the  fine  f  nature-printed  ' 
plates  to  Moore  and  Lindley's '  Ferns  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.'  These  were  followed  by 
'  British  Sea  Weeds,'  in  four  volumes,  royal 
octavo,  and  a  reproduction  of  the i  Ferns,'  also 
in  octavo.  In  the  same  year,  and  again  in  1 860, 
he  lectured  at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great 
Britain  on  the  subject  of  nature  printing. 
He  paid  much  attention  to  the  production  of 
bank  notes  and  the  security  of  paper  money, 
on  which  he  discoursed  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution. This  lecture  was  published  in  1856, 
in  quarto,  with  plates  by  John  Leighton, 
F.S.A.  In  1860  this  subject  was  pursued  by 
the  publication  of  '  Specimens  of  Bank  Note 
Engraving,'  &c.  Another  address  on  '  Print- 
ing :  its  Dawn,  Day,  and  Destiny,'  was  issued 
in  1858.  He  died  by  his  own  hand  2  Sept. 
1860,  aged  29,  leaving  a  business  he  had 
founded  in  Fetter  Lane,  and  afterwards 
moved  to  Farringdon  Street,  which  was  car- 
ried on  under  the  name  of  Bradbury,  Wilkin- 
son &  Co.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  thought 
of  producing  a  large  work  in  folio  on  the 
graphic  arts  of  the  nineteenth  century,  but 
he  never  got  beyond  the  proof  of  a  prospectus 
that  was  ample  enough  to  indicate  the  wide 
scale  of  his  design. 

[Information  supplied  by  Mr.  John  Leighton, 
F.S.A.;  JBigmore  and  Wyman's  Bibliogr.  of 
Printing,  i.  23,  77-8  ;  Proceedings  of  Royal  In- 
stitution.] C.  W.  S. 

BRADBURY,  THOMAS  (1677-1759), 
congregational  minister,  born  in  Yorkshire, 
was  educated  for  the  congregational  ministry 
in  an  academy  at  AtterclifFe.  Of  Bradbury 
as  a  student  we  have  a  glimpse  (25  March 
1695)  in  the  diary  of  Oliver  Hey  wood,  who 
gave  him  books.  He  preached  his  first  ser- 
mon on  14  June  1696,  and  went  to  reside  as 
assistant  and  domestic  tutor  with  Thomas 


Whitaker,  minister  of  the  independent  con- 
gregation, Call  Lane,  Leeds.  Bradbury  speaks 
of  Whitaker's '  noble  latitude,'  and  commends 
him  as  being  orthodox  in  opinion,  yet  no  slave 
to  'the  jingle  of  a  party'  ('  The  Faithful 
Minister's  Farewell,  two  sermons  [Acts  xx. 
32]  on  the  death  of  Mr.  T.  Whitaker,'  1712, 
8vo).  From  Leeds,  in  1697.  Bradbury  went 
to  Beverley,  as  a  supply ;  and  in  1699  to  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  first  assisting  Richard  Gilpin, 
M.D.  (ejected  from  Greystock,  Cumber- 
land), afterwards  Bennet,  Gilpin's  successor, 
both  presbyterians.  It  seems  that  Bradbury 
expected  a  co-pastorate,  and  judging  from 
Turner's  account  (Mon.  Repos.  1811,  p.  514) 
of  a  manuscript  '  Speech  delivered  at  Madam 
Partis'  in  the  year  1706,  by  Mr.  Thos.  Brad- 
bury,' his  after  influence  was  not  without  its 
effect  in  causing  a  split  in  the  congregation. 
It  is  significant  that  Bennet's  '  Irenicum,' 
1722,  did  more  than  any  other  publication 
to  stay  the  divisive  effects  of  Bradbury's 
action  at  Salters'  Hall.  Bradbury  went  to 
London  in  1703  as  assistant  to  Galpine,  in 
the  independent  congregation  at  Stepney. 
On  18  Sept.  1704  he  was  invited  to  become 
colleague  with  Samuel  Wright  at  Great 
Yarmoutli,  but  declined.  After  the  death 
of  Benoni  Rowe,  Bradbury  was  appointed 
(16  March  1707)  pastor  of  the  independent 
congregation  in  New  Street,  by  Fetter  Lane. 
He  was  ordained  10  July  1707  by  ministers 
of  different  denominations ;  his  confession  of 
faith  on  the  occasion  (which  reached  a  fifth 
edition  in  1729)  is  remarkable  for  its  uncom- 
promising Calvinism,  but  is  expressed  entirely 
in  words  of  scripture.  His  brother  Peter  be- 
came his  assistant,  Bradbury  took  part  in  the 
various  weekly  dissenting  lectureships,  de- 
livering a  famous  series  at  the  Weighhouse  on 
the  duty  of  singing  (1708,  8vo),  and  a  sermon 
before  the  Societies  for  Reformation  of  Morals 
(1708, 8vo).  His  political  sermons  attracted 
much  attention,  from  the  freedom  of  their  style 
and  the  quaintness  of  their  titles.  Among 
them  were  '  The  Son  of  Tabeal  [Is.  vii.  5-7] 
on  occasion  of  the  French  invasion  in  favour 
of  the  Pretender,'  1708,  8vo  (four  editions)  ; 
'  The  Divine  Right  of  the  Revolution ' 
[1  Chron.  xii.  23],  1709,  8vo  ;  '  Theocracy ; 
the  Government  of  the  Judges  applied  to  the 
Revolution'  [Jud.  ii.  18],  1712,  8vo  ;  '  Steadi- 
ness in  Religion  .  .  .  the  example  of  Daniel 
under  the  Decree  of  Darius,'  1712,  8vo; 
'  The  Ass  or  the  Serpent ;  Issachar  and  Dan 
compared  in  their  regard  for  civil  liberty' 
[Gen.  xlix.  14-18],  1712,  8vo  (a  5th  of  No- 
vember sermon,  it  was  reprinted  at  Boston, 
U.S.,  in  1768) ;  '  The  Lawfulness  of  resist- 
ing Tyrants,  &c.'  [1  Chron.  xii.  16-18],  1714, 
8vo  (5  Nov.  1713,  four  editions) ;  EIKO>J> 


Bradbury 


Bradbury 


^;  a  sermon  [Hos.  vii.  7]  preached 
29  May,  with  Appendix  of  papers  relating  to 
the  Restoration,  1660,  and  the  present  settle- 
ment,' 1715,  8vo  ;  '  Non-resistance  without 
Priestcraft '  [Rom.  xiii.  2],  1715, 8vo  (5  Nov.) ; 

*  The  Establishment  of  the  Kingdom  in  the 
hand  of  Solomon,  applied  to  the  Revolution 
and  the  Reign  of  King  George '  [1  K.  ii.  46], 
1716,  8vo  (5  Nov.);  'The  Divine  Right  of 
Kings  inquired  into '  [Prov.  viii.  15],  1718, 
•8vo;  '  The  Primitive  Tories ;  or  .  .  .  Perse- 
cution, Rebellion,  and  Priestcraft '  [Jude  11], 
1718,  8vo  (four  editions).     Bradbury  boasted 
of  being  the  first  to  proclaim  George  I,  which  ; 
he  did  on  Sunday,  1  Aug.  1714,  being  ap- 
prised, while  in  his  pulpit,  of  the  death  of  Anne 
lay  the  concerted  signal  of  a  handkerchief. 
The  report  was  current  that  he  preached  from 
2  K.  ix.  34,  '  Go,  see  now  this  cursed  woman 
and  bury  her,  for  she  is  a  king's  daughter  ;' 
but  perhaps  he  only  quoted  the  text  in  con- 
versation.     Another  story  is  to  the  effect 
that  when,  on  24  Sept.,  the  dissenting  mi- 
nisters went  in  their  black  gowns  with  an 
address  to  the  new  king,  a  courtier  asked, 

*  Pray,  sir,  is  this  a  funeral  ? '     On  which 
Bradbury  replied,  'Yes,  sir,  it  is  the  funeral 
of  the  Schism  Act,  and  the  resurrection  of 
liberty.'     Robert  Winter,  D.D.,  Bradbury's 
descendant,  is  responsible  for  the  statement 
that  there  had  been  a  plot  to  assassinate  him, 
and  that  the  spy  who  was  sent  to  Fetter  Lane 
was  converted  by  Bradbury's  preaching.    On 
the  other  hand  it  is  said  that  Harley  had 
offered  to  stop  his  mouth  with  a  bishopric. 
Bradbury's   political  harangues   were  some- 
times too  violent  for  men  of  his  own  party. 
Defoe  wrote  '  A  Friendly  Epistle  by  way  of 
reproof  from  one  of  the  people  called  Quakers, 
to  T.  B.,  a  dealer  in  many  words,'  1715,  8vo 
{two  editions  in  same  year).     With  the  re- 
ference  of  the   Exeter  controversy  to   the 
judgment  of  the  dissenting  ministers  of  Lon- 
don, a  large  part  of  Bradbury's  vehemence 
passed  from  the  sphere  of  politics  to  that  of 
theology.     The  origin  of  the  dispute  belongs  ! 
to  the  life  of  James  Peirce  (1674-1726),  the  ' 
leader  of  dissent  against  Wells  and  Nicholls. 
Peirce,   the    minister   of    James's   Meeting, 
Exeter,  was  accused,  along  with  others,  of 
favouring  Arianism.    The  Western  Assembly 
was  disposed  to  salve  the  matter  over  by  ad- 
mitting the  orthodoxy  of  the  declarations  of 
faith  made  by  the  parties  in  September  1718. 
But  the  body  of  thirteen  trustees  who  held  the 
property  of  the  four  Exeter  meeting-houses 
appealed  to  London  for  further  advice.    After 
much  negotiation  the  whole  body  of  London 
dissenting  ministers  of  the  three  denomina- 
tions was  convened  at  Salters'  Hall  to  con- 
sider a  draft  letter  of  advice  to  Exeter.   Brad- 


bury put  himself  in  the  front  of  the  conserva- 
tive party ;  the  real  mover  on  the  opposite 
side  was  the  whig  politician  John  Shute  Bar- 
rington,  viscount  Barring-ton,  a  member  of 
Bradbury's  congregation,  and  afterwards  the 
;  Papinian  of  Lardner's  letter  on  the  Logos. 
The  conference  met  on  Thursday,  19  Feb.  1719 
(the  day  after  the  royal  assent  to  the  repeal 
of  the  Schism  Act),  when  Bradbury  proposed 
that,  after  days  of  fasting  and  prayer,  a  de- 
putation should  be  sent  to  Exeter  to  offer 
advice  on  the  spot ;  this  was  negatived.  At 
the  second  meeting,  Tuesday,  24  Feb.,  Brad- 
bury moved  a  preamble  to  the  letter  of  advice, 
embodying  a  declaration  of  the  orthodoxy  of 
the  conference,  in  words  taken  from  the  As- 
sembly's catechism.  This  was  rejected  by 
fifty-seven  to  fifty-three.  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll, 
master  of  the  rolls,  who  witnessed  the  scene, 
is  author  of  the  often-quoted  saying,  'The 
Bible  carried  it  by  four.'  At  the  third  meet- 
ing, 3  March,  the  proposition  was  renewed,  but 
the  moderator,  Joshua  Oldfield, would  not  take 
a  second  vote.  Over  sixty  ministers  went  up 
into  the  gallery  and  subscribed  a  declaration 
of  adherence  to  the  first  Anglican  article,  and 
the  fifth  and  sixth  answers  of  the  Assembly's 
catechism.  They  then  left  the  place  amid 
hisses,  Bradbury  characteristically  exclaim- 
ing, '  'Tis  the  voice  of  the  serpent,  and  may 
be  expected  against  a  zeal  for  the  seed  of  the 
woman.'  Thus  perished  the  good  accord  of 
English  dissent.  Principal  Chalmers,  of 
King's  College,  Old  Aberdeen,  who  was  pre- 
sent at  the  third  meeting,  and  in  strong 
sympathy  with  Bradbury's  side,  reported  to 
Calamy  that  '  he  never  saw  nor  heard  of  such 
strange  conduct  and  management  before.' 
The  nonsubscribing  majority,  to  the  num- 
ber of  seventy-three,  met  again  at  Salters' 
Hall  on  10  March,  and  agreed  upon  their  ad- 
vice, which  was  sent  to  Exeter  on  17  March. 
Bradbury  and  his  subscribers  (61,  63,  or  69) 
met  separately  on  9  March,  and  sent  off"  their 
advice  on  7  April.  The  remarkable  thing  is 
that  the  two  advices  (bating  the  preamble)  are 
in  substance  and  almost  in  terms  identical ; 
and  the  letter  accompanying  the  nonsub- 
scribers'  advice  not  only  disowns  Arianism, 
but  declares  their  ( sincere  belief  in  the 
doctrine  of  the  blessed  Trinity  and  the  proper 
divinity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  which  they 
apprehend  to  be  clearly  revealed  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures.'  Both  advices  preach  peace  and 
charity,  while  owning  the  duty  of  congrega- 
tions to  withdraw  from  ministers  who  teach 
what  they  deem  to  be  serious  error.  Neither 
was  in  time  to  do  good  or  harm,  for  the  Exeter 
trustees  had  taken  the  matter  into  their  own 
hands  by  formally  excluding  Peirce  and  his 
colleague  from  all  the  meeting-houses.  Brad- 


Bradbury 


Bradbury 


bury  had  his  share  in  the  ensuing  pamphlet 
war, which  was  political  as  well  as  religious,  for  , 
a  schism  in  dissent  was  deprecated  as  inimical 
to  the  whig  interest.  He  printed '  An  Answer  j 
to  some  Reproaches  cast  on  those  Dissenting 
Ministers  who  subscribed,  £c./  1719,  8vo  ;  '. 
a  sermon  on  '  The  Necessity  of  contending 
for  Revealed  Religion'  [Jude  3],  1720,  8vo 
(appended  is  a  letter  from  Cotton  Mather  on 
the  late  disputes)  ;  and  '  A  Letter  to  John  j 
Barrington  Slmte,  Esq.,'  1720,  8vo.  Barring-  | 
ton  left  Bradbury's  congregation,  and  joined 
that  of  Jeremiah  Hunt,  D.D.,  independent 
minister  and  nonsubscriber,  at  Pinners'  Hall.  I 
Bradbury  was  brought  to  book  by  '  a  Dis- 
senting Layman'  in  'Christian  Liberty  as- 
serted, in  opposition  to  Protestant  Popery,' 
1719,  8vo,  a  letter  addressed  to  him  by  name, 
and  answered  by  '  a  Gentleman  of  Exon,' 
in  { A  Modest  Apology  for  Mr.  T.  Bradbury,' 
1719,  8vo.  But  most  of  the  pamphleteers 
passed  him  by  as  '  an  angry  man,  that  makes 
some  bustle  among  you'  (Letter  of  Advice  to 
the  Prot.  Diss.,  1720,  8vo)  to  aim  at  Wil- 
liam Tong,  Benjamin  Robinson,  Jeremiah 
Smith,  and  Thomas  Reynolds,  four  presby- 
terian  ministers  who  had  issued  a  whip  for 
the  Salters'  Hall  conference  in  the  subscrib- 
ing interest,  and  who  subsequently  published 
a  joint  defence  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 
In  1720  an  attempt  was  made  to  oust  Brad- 
bury from  the  Pinners'  Hall  lectureship ;  in 
the  same  year  he  started  an  anti-Arian  Wed- 
nesday lecture  at  Fetter  Lane.  This  did  not 
mend  matters.  There  appeared  '  An  Appeal 
to  the  Dissenting  Ministers,  occasioned  by  the 
Behaviour  of  Mr.  Thomas  Bradbury,'  1722, 
8vo  ;  and  Thomas  Morgan  (the  '  Moral  Philo- 
sopher,' 1737),  who  had  made  an  unusually 
orthodox  confession  at  his  ordination  [see 
BOWDEN.  JOHN]  in  1716,  but  was  now  on 
his  way  to  '  Christian  deism,'  wrote  his  '  Ab- 
surdity of  opposing  Faith  to  Reason '  in  reply 
to  Bradbury's  5th  of  November  sermon,  1722, 
on  '  The  Nature  of  Faith.'  He  had  previously 
attacked  Bradbury  in  a  postscript  to  his 
'  Nature  and  Consequences  of  Enthusiasm,' 
1719,  8vo.  Returning  to  a  former  topic, 
Bradbury  published  in  1724, 8vo, '  The  Power 
of  Christ  over  Plagues  and  Health,'  prefix- 
ing an  account  of  the  anti-Arian  lectureship. 
He  published  also  *  The  Mystery  of  Godli- 
ness considered,'  1726, 8vo,  2  vols.  (sixty-one 
sermons,  reprinted  Edin.  1795).  In  1728 
his  position  at  Fetter  Lane  became  uncom- 
fortable ;  he  left,  taking  with  him  his  brother 
Peter,  now  his  colleague,  and  most  of  his  flock. 
The  presbyterian  meet  ing-house  i  n  NewCourt , 
Carey  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  was  vacant 
through  the  removal  of  James  Wood  (a  sub- 
scriber) to  the  Weighhouse  in  1727 ;  Brad- 


bury was  asked,  20  Oct.  1728,  to  New  Court, 
and  accepted  on  condition  that  the  congrega- 
tion would  take  in  the  Fetter  Lane  seceders- 
and  join  the  independents.  This  arrange- 
ment, which  has  helped  to  create  the  false 
impression  that  at  Salters'  Hall  the  presby- 
terians  and  independents  took  opposite  sides 
as  denominations,  was  made  27  Nov.  1728y 
Peter  continuing  as  his  brother's  colleague 
(he  probably  died  about  1730,  as  Jacob  Fowler 
succeeded  him  in  1731 ).  Bradbury  now  pub- 
lished '  Jesus  Christ  the  Brightness  of  Glory/ 
1729,  8vo  (four  sermons  on  Heb.  i.  3) ;  and 
a  tract  '  On  the  Repeal  of  the  Test  Acts/ 
1732,  8vo.  His  last  publication  seems  to- 
have  been  '  Joy  in  Heaven  and  Justice  on 
Earth,'  1747,  8vo  (two  sermons),  unless  hi& 
discourses  on  baptism,  whence  Caleb  Fle- 
ming drew  *  The  Character  of  the  Rev.  Tho. 
Bradbury,  taken  from  his  own  pen/  1749, 
8vo,  are  later.  Doubtless  he  was  a  most 
effective  as  well  as  a  most  unconventional 
preacher  ;  the  lampoon  (about  1730)  in  the 
Blackmore  papers  may  be  accepted  as  evi- 
dence of  his  'melodious'  voice,  his  'head 
uplifted/  and  his  '  dancing  hands.'  The  stout 
Yorkshireman  reached  a  great  age.  He  died 
on  Sunday,  9  Sept.  1759,  and  was  buried  in 
Bunhill  Fields.  His  wife's  name  was  Rich- 
mond ;  he  left  two  daughters,  one  married 
(1744)  to  John  Winter,  brother  to  Richard 
Winter,  who  succeeded  Bradbury,  and  father 
to  Robert  Winter,  D.D.,  who  succeeded 
Richard;  the  other  daughter  married  (1768) 
George  Welch,  a  banker.  Besides  the  publi- 
cations noticed  above,  Bradbury  printed  seve- 
ral funeral  and  other  sermons,  including  two 
on  the  death  of  Robert  Bragge  (died  1738;. 
'  eternal  Bragge '  of  Lime  Street,  who  preached 
for  four  months  on  Joseph's  coat).  His  'Works/ 
1762,  8vo,  3  vols.  (second  edition  1772),  con- 
sist of  fifty-four  sermons,  mainly  political. 

[Memoir  by  John  Brown,  Berwick,  1831; 
Palmer's  Nonconf.  Memorial,  1802,  ii.  367-  and 
index  ;  Thompson's  MS.  List  of  Academies  (with 
Toulmin's  and  Kentish's  additions)  in  Dr.  Wil- 
liams's  Librnry  ;  Hunter's  Life  of  0.  Heywood, 
1842,  p.  385  ;  Christian  Reformer,  1847,  p.  399  ; 
Bogue  and  Bennet's  Hist,  of  Dissenters,  vol.  iii. 
1810,  pp.  489  seq. ;  Mon.  Repos.  1811,  pp.  514,. 
722 ;  Browne's  Hist,  of  Congregationalism  in 
Norf.  and  Suff.,  1877,  p.  242 ;  James's  Hist.  Presb. 
Chapels  and  Charities,  1867,  pp.  23  seq.,  Ill  seq.,. 
690,  705  seq. ;  Calamy's  Hist.  Account  of  my  own 
Life,  2nd  ed.  1830,  ii.  403  seq. ;  Salmon's Chronol. 
Historian,  2nd  ed.  1733,  pp.  406-7;  Chr.  Mode- 
rator, 1826,  pp.  193  seq. ;  Pamphlets  of  1719  on 
the  Salters'  Hall  Conference,  esp.  A  True  Re- 
lation, &c.  (the  subscribers'  account),  An  Au- 
thentick  Account,  &c.  (nonsubscribers'),  An  Im- 
partial State,  &c.  (these  give  the  main  facts  ;  the- 
argumentative  tracts  are  legion) ;  Blackmore 


Braddock 


153 


Braddock 


Papers  in  possession  of  E.  D.  Darbishire,  Man- 
chester (the  verses  on  the  London  ministers 
are  given  in  Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser.  i.  454,  by 
A.  B.  K.,  i.e.  Eobert  Brook  Aspland).]  A.  G. 

^BRADDOCK,  EDWARD  (1695-1755), 
je^' ^major-general,  wag  gQn  ^  Major-general  Ed- 

:  jUtjU/-  ward  Braddock,regimental  lieutenant-colonel 
^/  bitk  of  the  Coldstream  guards  in  1703.  After  serv- 

'yF  v»e/u  -YT  «ing  with  credit  in  Flanders  and  Spain  the  elder 
Braddock  retired  from  the  service  in  1715,  and 
died  on  15  June  1720  at  Bath,  where  he  was 
buried  in  the  Abbey  Church.  Braddock  the 
younger  entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  Colonel 
Cornelius  Swann's  company  of  his  father's 
regiment  on  29  Aug.  1710,  and  became  a  lieu- 
tenant in  1716.  He  is  said  to  have  fought 
a  duel  with  swords  and  pistols  with  a  Colonel 
Waller  in  Hyde  Park  on  26  May  1718.  Both 
battalions  of  the  Coldstreams  were  then  en- 
camped in  the  park.  He  became  lieutenant 
of  the  grenadier  company  in  1727,  and  cap- 
tain and  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regiment 
in  1735.  Walpole  (Letters,  ii.  460-2)  has 
raked  up  some  discreditable  stories  of  him 
at  this  period  of  his  life,  which  possibly  need 
qualification;  Walpole  is,  at  any  rate,  dis- 
tinctly wrong  in  stating  that  Braddock  was 
subsequently  *  governor '  of  Gibraltar.  He  be- 
came second  major  in  the  Coldstreams  in  1743, 
first  major  in  1745,  and  lieutenant-colonel 
21  Nov.  of  the  same  year.  His  first  recorded 
war  service  is  in  September  1746,  when  the 
second  battalion  of  his  regiment,  under  his 
command,  was  sent  to  join,  but  did  not  actu- 
ally take  part  in  Admiral  Lestock's  descent 
on  L'Orient,  after  which  the  battalion  re- 
turned to  London.  He  embarked  in  com- 
mand of  it  again  in  May  1746,  and  proceeded 
to  Holland,  where  he  served  under  the  Prince 
of  Orange  in  the  attempt  to  raise  the  siege 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  was  afterwards  quar- 
tered at  Breda  and  elsewhere  until  the  bat- 
talion returned  home  in  December  1748.  On 
17  Feb.  1753  Braddock  was  promoted  from 
the  Guards  to  the  colonelcy  of  the  14th  foot 
at  Gibraltar,  where  he  joined  his  regiment,  as 
then  was  customary  ;  but  there  is  no  record 
of  his  having  exercised  any  higher  command 
in  that  garrison.  He  became  a  major-general 
29  March  1754,  and  soon  after  was  appointed 
to  the  command  in  America,  with  a  view  to 
driving  the  French  from  their  recent  encroach- 
ments. The  warrant  of  appointment,  of  which 
there  is  a  copy  in  the  archives  at  Philadelphia, 
appoints  Braddock  to  be  '  general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  all  our  troops  and  forces 
yl  are  in  North  America  or  yl  shall  be  sent 
or  rais'd  there  to  vindicate  our  just  rights  and 
possessions.'  Braddock,  who  must  have  been 
then  about  sixty,  was  a  favourite  with  Wil- 


liam, duke  of  Cumberland,  to  whom  he  pro- 
bably owed  the  appointment,  although  his 
detractors  alleged  that  his  sturdy  begging  for 
place  under  pressure  of  his  gambling  debts 
was  the  real  cause.  He  arrived  at  his  resi- 
dence in  Arlington  Street  from  France  on 

\  6  Nov.,  and  left  for  Cork,  where  his  reinforce- 
ments were  to  rendezvous  on  the  30th.  Before 
leaving  he  executed  a  will  in  favour  of  Mr. 

!  Calcraft,  the  army  agent,  and  his  reputed  wife, 
better  known  as  Mrs.  George  Anne  Bellamy 

!  [q.  v.]     This  lady,  a  natural  daughter  of  an 

i  old  brother  officer,  had  been  petted  from  her 
earliest  years  by  Braddock,  whom  she  calls 
her  second  father,  and  who,  she  admits,  was 

'  misled  as  to  her  relations  with  Calcraft  (BEL- 
LAMY, Apoloffy,  in.  206).  Delays  occurring 
at  Cork,  Braddock  returned  and  sailed  from 
the  Downs  with  Commodore  Keppel  on 
24  Dec.  1754,  arriving  in  Hampton  Roads, 
Virginia,  20  Feb.  1755.  He  found  everything 
in  the  utmost  confusion.  The  colonies  were 
at  variance;  everywhere  the  pettiest  jea- 
lousies were  rife ;  no  magazines  had  been 
collected  ;  the  promised  provincial  troops  had 

|  not  even  been  raised,  and  the  few  regulars 
already  there  were  of  the  worst  description. 
Braddock  summoned  a  council  of  provincial 
governors  to  concert  measures  for  carrying 
out  his  instructions.  Eventually  it  was  re- 
solved to  despatch  four  expeditions — three  in 
the  north  against  Niagara,  Crown  Point,  and 
the  French  posts  in  Nova  Scotia ;  one  in  the 
south  against  Fort  Duquesne,  on  the  present 
site  of  Pittsburg.  The  troops  for  the  latter 
rendezvoused,  under  Braddock's  command,  at 
Fort  Cumberland,  a  stockaded  post  on  the  Po- 
tomac, about  halfway  between  the  Virginian 
seaboard  and  Fort  Duquesne,  a  distance  of 
two  hundred  and  twenty  miles  :  and  after  de- 
lays caused  by  what  George  Washington,  then 
a  young  officer  of  provincials  and  a  volunteer 
with  the  expedition,  termed  the  'vile  mis- 
management '  of  the  horse-transport,  and  the 
desertion  of  their  Indian  scouts,  arrived  at  a 
spot  known  as  Little  Meadows  on  18  June, 
where  a  camp  was  formed.  Hence  Braddock 
pushed  on  with  twelve  hundred  chosen  men, 
regulars  and  provincials,  who  reached  the  Mo- 
nongahela  river  on  8  July,  in  excellent  order 
and  spirits,  and  crossed  the  next  morning  with 
colours  flying  and  music  playing.  During  the 
advance  on  the  afternoon,  9  July  1755,  when 
about  seven  miles  from  Fort  Duquesne,  the 
head  of  the  column  encountered  an  ambuscade 
of  French  and  Indians  concealed  in  the  long 
grass  and  tangled  undergrowth  of  the  forest 
openings.  Flank  attacks  by  unseen  Indians 
threw  the  advance  into  wild  disorder,  which 
communicated  itself  to  the  main  body  coming 
up  in  support,  leading  to  terrible  slaughter, 


Braddock 


'54 


Braddock 


and  ending,  after  (it  is  said)  two  hours'  fight- 
ing, in  a  panic-stricken  rout.    Braddock,  who 
strove  bravely  to  re-form  his  men,  after  having 
several  horses  shot  under  him,  was  himself 
struck  down  by  a  bullet,  which  passed  through 
his  right  arm  and  lodged  in  the  body.     His 
aide-de-camp  Orme  and  some  provincial  offi- 
cers with  great  difficulty  had  him  carried  off  i 
the  field.     He  rallied  sufficiently  to  give  di-  j 
rections  for  succouring  the  wounded,  but  gra- 
dually  sank  and  died  at  sundown  on  Sunday,  ! 
13  July  1755,  at  a  halting-place  called  Great 
Meadows,  between  fifty  and  sixty  miles  from 
the  battlefield.    '  We  shall  know  better  how  to  j 
deal  with  them  next  time  '  were  his  last  words 
as  he  rallied  momentarily  before  expiring.  He  ' 
was  buried  before  dawn  in  the  middle  of  the 
track,  and  the  precaution  was  taken  of  passing 
the  vehicles  of  the  retreating  force,  now  re-  ; 
duced  to  some  degree  of  order,  over  the  grave,  ! 
to  efface  whatever  might  lead  to  desecration 
by  the  pursuers.     Long  after,  in  1823,  the 
grave  was  rifled  by  labourers  employed  in  the 
construction  of  the  national  road  hard  by,  and 
some  of  the  bones,  still  distinguishable  by  mili- 
tary trappings,  were  carried  off.    Others  were 
buried  at  the  foot  of  a  broad  spreading  oak, 
which  marks  or  marked  the  locality,  about  a 
mile  to  the  west  of  Fort  Necessity. 

No  portrait  of  Braddock  is  known  to  exist, 
but  he  is  described  as  rather  short  and  stout  in 
person  in  his  later  years.  To  failings  common 
among  military  men  of  his  day  he  added  the 
unpopular  defects  of  a  hasty  temper  and  a 
coarse,  self-assertive  manner,  but  his  fidelity 
and  honour  as  a  public  servant  have  never 
been  questioned,  even  by  those  who  have  por- 
trayed his  character  in  darkest  colours.  He  was 
a  severe  disciplinarian,  but  his  severity,  like  his 
alleged  incapacity  as  a  general,  has  probably 
been  exaggerated.  The  difficulties  he  appears 
to  have  encountered  at  every  step  have  been 
forgotten,  as  well  as  the  fact  that  the  ponderous 
discipline  in  which  he  had  been  trained  from 
his  youth  up,  and  which  was  still  associated 
with  the  best  traditions  of  the  English  foot, 
had  never  before  been  in  serious  collision  with 
the  tactics  of  the  backwoods.  Two  shrewd 
observers  among  those  who  knew  him  person- 
ally judged  him  less  harshly  than  have  most 
later  critics.  Wolfe,  on  the  first  tidings  of 
the  disaster,  wrote  of  Braddock  as  '  a  man  of 
courage  and  good  sense,  although  not  a  master 
of  the  art  of  war,'  and  added  emphatic  tes- 
timony to  the  wretched  discipline  of  most 
line  regiments  at  the  time  (WRIGHT,  Life  of 
Wolfe,  p.  324).  Benjamin  Franklin  said  of 
him :  '  He  was,  I  think,  a  brave  man,  and 
might  have  made  a  good  figure  in  some  Eu- 
ropean war,  but  he  had  too  much  self-confi- 
dence, and  had  too  high  an  idea  of  the  validity 


of  European  troops,  and  too  low  a  one  of 
Americans  and  Indians '  (SPARKS,  Franklin, 
i.  140).  One  of  Braddock's  order-books,  said 
to  have  belonged  to  Washington,  is  preserved 
in  the  library  of  Congress,  and  a  silken  mili- 
tary sash,  worked  with  the  date  1707,  and 
much  stained  as  with  blood,  which  is  believed 
to  have  been  Braddock's  sash,  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  family  of  the  late  General  Zachary 
Taylor,  United  States  army,  into  whose  hands 
it  came  during  the  Mexican  war.  In  after 
years  more  than  one  individual  sought  a 
shameful  notoriety  by  claiming  to  have  trai- 
torously given  Braddock  his  death-wound 
during  the  fight.  Mr.  Winthrop  Sargent  has 
exposed  the  absurdity  of  these  stories.  One 
is  reproduced  in  '  Notes  and  Queries/  3rd 
ser.  xii.  5.  Braddock  had  two  sisters,  who 
received  from  their  father  a  respectable  for- 
tune of  6,000 1.,  and  both  of  whom  predeceased 
their  brother.  The  unhappy  fate  of  Fanny 
Braddock,  the  surviving  sister,  who  committed 
suicide  at  Bath  in  1739,  has  been  recorded  by 
Goldsmith  (Miscellaneous  Works,  Prior's  ed. 
iii.  294).  Descendants  of  abrother  were  stated 
in  'Notes  and  Queries'  (1st  ser.  xi.  72)  some 
time  back  to  be  living  at  Martham  in  Norfolk, 
in  humble  circumstances,  and  to  believe  them- 
selves entitled  to  a  considerable  amount  of 
money,  the  papers  relating  to  which  had  been 
lost.  No  account  has  been  found  of  moneys 
standing  to  the  credit  of  Braddock  or  his  re- 
presentatives in  any  public  securities. 

The  accounts  of  the  Fort  Duquesne  expe- 
dition published  at  the  time  appear  to  have 
been  mostly  catchpenny  productions;  but 
two  authentic  narratives  are  in  existence.  Of 
these  one  is  the  manuscript  journal  of  Brad- 
dock's  favourite  aide-de-camp,  Captain  Orme, 
Coldstream  guards,  who  afterwards  retired 
from  the  service  and  died  in  1781.  This  is 
now  No.  212  King's  MSS.  in  British  Museum. 
The  other  is  the  manuscript  diary  of  a  naval 
officer  attached  to  Braddock's  force,  which  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  F.  O.  Morris 
of  Nunburnholme  Rectory,  Yorkshire,  by 
whom  it  was  published  some  years  ago  under 
the  title,  '  An  Account  of  the  Battle  on  the 
Monagahela  River,  from  an  original  docu- 
ment by  one  of  the  survivors '  (London,  1854, 
8vo).  Copies  of  these  journals  have  been  em- 
bodied with  a  mass  of  information  from  Ame- 
rican and  French  sources  by  Mr.  Winthrop 
Sargent,  in  an  exhaustive  monograph  forming 
vol.  v.  of  '  Memoirs  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania'  (Philadelphia,  1856).  A 
map  of  Braddock's  route  was  prepared  from 
traces  found  still  extant  in  1846,  when  a  rail- 
way survey  was  in  progress  in  the  locality, 
and  first  appeared  in  a  Pittsburg  periodical, 
entitled  '  Olden  Time '  (vol.  ii.)  An  excel- 


Braddocke 


'55 


Braddon 


lent  account  of  Braddock's  expedition  and  of 
the  events  leading  up  to  it  is  given  in  Park- 
man's  '  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,'  vol.  i.  Some 
brief  military  criticisms  were  contributed  by 
Colonel  Malleson  to  the  '  Army  and  Navy 
Magazine/  March  1885,  pp.  401,  404-5.  The 
Home  Office  and  War  Office  Warrant  and 
Military  Entry  Books  in  the  Record  Office  in 
London  contain  references  to  the  expedition, 
but  none  of  any  special  note. 

[Mackinnon's  Origin  of  Coldstream  Guards 
(London,  1832),  i.  388-9,  vol.  ii.  Appendix;  Home 
Office  Military  Entry  Books,  10-27 ;  Cannon's 
Hist.  Eecord  14th  (Buckinghamshire)  Foot; 
Carter's  Hist.  Kecord  44th  (East  Essex)  Foot ; 
"Walpole's  Letters  (eel.  Cunningham,  1856),  ii. 
460-2  ;  Apology  for  the  Life  of  G.  A.  Bellamy 
(5  vols.,  London,  1786),  iii.  206  ;  Beatson's  Naval 
and  Military  Memoirs,  vol.  iii. ;  Hume  and  Smol- 
lett's Hist.  (1854),  ix.  296  etseq. ;  Memoirs  Hist. 
Soc.  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  v. ;  Parkman's  Mont- 
calm  and  Wolfe  (London,  1884) ;  Army  and  Navy 
Mag.  liii.  385-405  ;  American  Magazine  of  His- 
tory, ii.  627,  vi.  63,  224,  462,  viii.  473,  500,  502; 
Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  8th  Eeport,  i.  226  a ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  1st  ser.  ix.  11,  562,  xi.  72.  3rd  ser. 
xii.  5.]  H.  M.  C. 

BRADDOCKE,  JOHN  (1656-1719),  di- 
vine, was  a  native  of  Shropshire,  and  received 
his  education  at  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship 
(B.A.  1674,  M.A.  1678).  On  leaving  the 
university  about  1689,  he  became  chaplain 
to  Sir  James  Oxenden,  bart.,  of  Dean,  near 
Canterbury,  and  chaplain  to  Dr.  John  Bat- 
tely,  rector  of  the  neighbouring  parish  of 
Adisham.  In  1694  he  was  nominated  by 
Archbishop  Tenison  to  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  Folkestone,  and  on  1  April  1698  he  was 
presented  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Stephen's, 
alias  Hackington,  near  Canterbury.  On  the 
promotion  of  Dr.  Offspring  Blackall,  his  con- 
temporary at  college  and  intimate  friend,  to 
the  see  of  Exeter  in  1707,  Braddocke  was 
made  the  bishop's  chaplain,  though  he  got 
nothing  by  the  appointment  except  the  title. 
In  1709  he  was  collated  by  Archbishop  Teni- 
son to  the  mastership  of  Eastbridge  hospital 
in  Kent.  He  died  in  his  vicarage  house  on 
14  Aug.  1719,  in  his  sixty-fourth  year. 

He  wrote :  1.  '  The  Doctrine  of  the  Fathers 
and  Schools  considered,  concerning  the  Ar- 
ticles of  a  Trinity  of  Divine  Persons  and  the 
Unity  of  God.  In  answer  to  the  Animad- 
versions on  the  Dean  of  St.  Paul's  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  and  ever 
Blessed  Trinity,  in  defence  of  those  sacred  Ar- 
ticles, against  the  objections  of  the  Socinians, 
and  the  misrepresentations  of  the  Animad- 
verter.'  Part  I,  1695,  4to.  2.  '  Deus  unus  et 
trinus,'  4to.  This  \vas  entirely  printed,  except 


the  title-page,  but  was  suppressed,  and  never 
j  published,  by  the  desire  of  Archbishop  Teni- 
son, who  thought  the  controversy  ought  not 
to  be  continued. 

[MS.  Addit.  5863,  f.  1146;  Cantabrigienses 
Graduati  (1787),  49  ;  Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  388,  601 , 
iv.  628.1  T.  C. 

BRADDON,  LAURENCE  (d.  1724), 
politician,  the  second  son  of  William  Brad- 
don of  Treworgy,  in  St.  Genny's,  Cornwall, 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  for  some  time  worked  hard  at  his  pro- 
fession. When  the  Earl  of  Essex  died  in 
the  Tower  in  1683,  Braddon  adopted  the 
belief  that  he  had  been  murdered,  and  worked 
actively  to  collect  sufficient  evidence  to  prove 
the  murder.  He  set  on  foot  inquiries  on 
the  subject  in  London,  and  when  a  rumour 
reached  him  that  the  news  of  the  earl's  death 
was  known  at  Marlborough  on  the  very  day 
of,  if  not  before,  the  occurrence,  he  posted  off 
thither.  When  his  action  became  known  at 
court,  he  was  arrested  and  put  under  restraint. 
For  a  time  he  was  let  out  on  bail,  but  on 
7  Feb.  1683-4  he  was  tried  with  Mr.  Hugh 
Speke  at  the  king's  bench  on  the  accusation 
of  conspiring  to  spread  the  belief  that  the 
Earl  of  Essex  was  murdered  by  some  persons 
about  him,  and  of  endeavouring  to  suborn 
witnesses  to  testify  the  same.  Braddon  was 
found  guilty  on  all  the  counts,  but  Speke 
was  acquitted  of  the  latter  charge.  The  one 
was  fined  1,000 J.  and  the  other  2,000/.,  with 
sureties  for  good  behaviour  during  their  lives. 
Braddon  remained  in  prison  until  the  landing 
of  William  III,  when  he  was  liberated.  In 
February  1695  he  was  appointed  solicitor  to 
the  wine  licence  office,  a  place  valued  at  IOQI. 
per  annum.  His  death  occurred  on  Sunday, 
29  Nov.  1724. 

Most  of  Braddon's  works  relate  to  the 
death  of  the  Earl  of  Essex.  The  '  Enquiry 
into  and  Detection  of  the  Barbarous  Murther 
of  the  late  Earl  of  Essex '  (1689)  was  probably 
from  his  pen,  and  he  was  undoubtedly  the 
author  of  '  Essex's  Innocency  and  Honour 
vindicated'  (1690),  'Murther  will  out' 
(1692),  '  True  and  Impartial  Narrative  of 
the  Murder  of  Arthur,  Earl  of  Essex '  (1729), 
as  well  as  '  Bishop  Burnet's  late  History 
charg'd  with  great  Partiality  and  Misrepre- 
sentation' (1725)  in  the  bishop's  account  of 
this  mysterious  affair.  Braddon  also  pub- 
lished '  The  Constitutions  of  the  Company  of 
Watermen  and  Lightermen,'  and  an  '  Ab- 
stract of  the  Rules,  Orders,  and  Constitu- 
tions '  of  the  same  company,  both  of  them 
issued  in  1708.  '  The  Miseries  of  the  Poor 
are  a  National  Sin,  Shame,  and  Danger '  was 
the  title  of  a  work  (1717)  in  which  he 


Brade 


156 


Bradfield 


argued  for  the  establishment  of  guardians  of 
the  poor  and  inspectors  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  arts  and  manufactures.  Five  years 
later  he  brought  out  'Particular  Answers  to 
the  most  material  Objections  made  to  the 
Proposals  for  relieving  the  Poor.'  The  re- 
port of  his  trial  was  printed  in  1684,  and 
reprinted  in  '  Cobbett's  State  Trials,'  ix. 
1127-1228,  and  his  impeachment  of  Bishop 
Burnet's  i  History '  is  reprinted  in  the  same 
volume  of  Cobbett,  pp.  1229-1332. 

[Hist.  Kegister  (1724),  51 ;  Kippis's  Biog. 
Brit.  iii.  229-30;  North's  Examen,  386-8; 
Wilts  Archaeological  Mag.  iii.  367-76 ;  Notes 
and  Queries  (1863),  3rd  ser.  iv.  500;  Ealph's 
Hist,  of  England,  i.  761-5 ;  Luttrell's  State 
Affairs,  i.  286,  299-306,  iii.  441 ;  Bibl.  Cornub. 
i.  40,  iii.  1091 ;  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  7th  Keport, 
406-7.]  W.  P.  C. 

BRADE,  JAMES.    [See  BRAID.] 

BRADE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1615),  an  Eng- 
lish musician,  was  violist  to  the  Duke  of 
Holstein-Gottorp  and  to  the  town  of  Ham- 
burg at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  He  was  living  at  Hamburg  on 
19  Aug.  1609,  when  he  dedicated  a  volume 
of  his  compositions  to  Johann  Adolph,  duke 
of  Schleswig,  and  he  probably  remained  at 
the  same  town  until  14  Feb.  1619,  when 
he  was  appointed  capellmeister  to  Johann 
Sigismund,  margrave  of  Brandenburg.  His 
salary  in  this  post  was  500  thalers  per  an- 
num, besides  a  thaler  a  week  for  i  kostgeld ' 
when  at  court,  and  when  following  the  mar- 
grave abroad,  six  dinners  and  all  other  meals 
weekly,  with  sufficient  beer,  a  stoup  of  wine 
daily,  free  lodgings,  and  all  disbursements. 
He  also  received  two  suits  of  clothes  ('  Ehren- 
kleid'),  and  his  son,  Christian  Brade,  had 
300  thalers,  with  clothes,  boots,  shoes,  and 
maintenance.  Brade  had  full  authority  over 
the  court  band,  but  the  care  of  the  boys  of 
the  chapel  was  given  to  a  vice-capellmeister. 
He  does  not  seem  to  have  remained  long  at 
Berlin,  as  a  report  on  the  margrave's  band, 
drawn  up  in  1620,  speaks  of  him  as  one  of 
the  past  capellmeisters,  and  in  the  following 
year  Jacob  Schmidt  is  mentioned  as  occupy- 
ing his  post.  Nothing  more  is  known  of 
him  ;  but  Dr.  Rimbault  (an  untrustworthy 
guide)  says  (GROVE,  Diet,  of  Music,  i.  269  a) 
that  he  died  at  Frankfurt  in  1647,  the 
authority  for  which  statement  cannot  be 
discovered. 

The  greatest  confusion  exists  as  to  the 
bibliography  of  Brade's  works,  all  of  which 
are  extremely  rare.  F6tis  and  Rimbault 
copy  Gerber's  '  Lexikon  der  Tonkiinstler ' 
(Leipzig,  1812),  i.  493,  with  the  exception 
that  Rimbault  prints  Frankfurt  a.  d.  Oder  as 


Frankfort,  which  is  additionally  misleading. 
The  list  given  by  these  authorities  differs 
materially  from  the  following,  which  is  taken 
from  Moller's  l  Cimbria  Literata,'  1744,  ii. 
103,  and  is  reprinted  in  the  'Lexikon  der 
hamburgischen  Schriftsteller/  1851,  i.  364: 
1.  '  Musicalische  Concerten,'  Hamburg,  1609, 
4to.  2.  '  Newe  ausserlesene  Paduanen,  Gal- 
liarden,  Canzonen,  Alamanden  und  Couran- 
ten,  auf  allerlei  Instrumenten  zu  gebrau- 
chen,'  Hamburg,  1610,  4to.  3.  'Newe 
ausserlesene  Paduanen  und  Galliarden,  midt 
6  Stimmen,  auf  allerhand  Instrumenten,  in- 
sonderheit  Violen,  zu  gebrauchen,'  Hamburg, 
1614,  4to.  4.  '  Newe  ausserlesene  liebliche 
Branden,  Intraden,  Masqueraden,  Balletten, 
Alamanden,  Couranten,  Volten,  Aufziige  und 
frembde  Tantze,  samt  schonen  lieblichen 
Friihlings-  und  Sommer-Bliimlein,  mit  5 
Stimmen ;  auf  allerlei  Instrumenten,  inson- 
derheit  Violen,  zu  gebrauchen,'  Liibeck,  1617, 
8vo.  5.  'Newe  lustige  Volten,  Couranten, 
Balletten,  Paduanen,  Galliarden,  Masquera- 
den, auch  allerlei  Arten  newer  franzosischer 
Tantze,  mit  5  Stimmen,  auf  allerlei  Instru- 
menten zu  gebrauchen,'  Berlin,  1621,  4to. 
Fetis  omits  4  in  his  list,  and  gives  the  date  of 
2  as  1609,  and  the  place  of  publication  of  5 
as  Frankfurt  a.  d.  Oder.  Bohn's  'Biblio- 
graphic der  Musik-Druckwerke  bis  1700' 
(p.  74)  describes  a  copy  of  2,  and  quotes  the 
title-page,  by  which  it  would  seem  that  1609 
is  the  right  date.  A  manuscript  '  Fancy '  by 
Brade  is  in  the  library  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Music. 

[The  authorities  quoted  above  ;  Fetis's  Bio- 
graphie  desMusiciens  (1837),  ii.  293  a ;  Mendel's 
Musikalisches  Lexicon,  i.  162  ;  Brand's  Biblio- 
theca  Librorum  German icorum  Classica  (1611), 
555;  L.  Schneider's  Geschichte  derChurfurstlich- 
Brandenburgischen  und  Koniglich-Preussischen 
Capelle,  pp.  29,  30,  31.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRADFIELD,  HENRY  JOSEPH 
STEELE  (1805-1852),  surgeon  and  author, 
was  born  on  18  May  1805  in  Derby  Street, 
Westminster,  where  his  father,  Thomas  Brad- 
field,  was  a  coal  merchant.  Whilst  still  under 
age  he  published  in  1825  '  Waterloo,  or  the 
British  Minstrel,  a  poem.'  He  was  bred  to- 
the  art  of  surgery,  and  on  26  April  1826  left 
England  in  the  schooner  Unicorn  in  Lord 
Cochrane's  expedition  to  Greece,  during 
which  he  was  present  in  several  engagements- 
by  land  and  sea.  After  his  return  he  pub- 
lished '  The  Athenaid,  or  Modern  Grecians, 
a  poem,'  1830 ; '  Tales  of  the  Cyclades,  poems/ 
1830:  and  in  1839  edited  a  work  entitled  'A 
Russian's  Reply  to  the  Marquis  de  Custine's- 
"  Russia.'"  On  1  Sept.  1832  he  received  from 
the  King  of  the  Belgians  a  commission  as 
sous-lieutenant  in  the  Bataillon  Etranger 


Bradford 


157 


Bradford 


of  Belgium,  and  was  appointed  to  the  1st 
regiment  of  lancers.  At  one  time  he  held  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  West  Middlesex 
Militia.  He  was  appointed  on  31  Dec.  1835 
stipendiary  magistrate  in  Tobago,  from  which 
he  was  removed  to  Trinidad  on  13  May 
1836.  He  was  reappointed  to  the  southern 
or  Cedros  district  on  13  April  1839,  but 
soon  returned  to  England,  having  been  su- 
perseded in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with 
some  other  colonial  officer.  In  1841  he 
again  went  to  the  West  Indies  in  the  capa- 
city of  private  secretary  to  Colonel  Mac- 
donald,  lieutenant-governor  of  Dominica,  and 
in  184:2  he  acted  for  some  time  as  colonial 
secretary  in  Barbados.  The  charges  which 
had  occasioned  his  previous  return  were, 
however,  renewed,  and  the  government  can- 
celled his  appointment.  From  that  period 
he  lived  very  precariously,  and  for  many 
years  solicited  in  vain  a  reversal  of  his  sen- 
tence at  the  colonial  office.  He  turned  his 
moderate  literary  talents  to  account,  and 
among  some  communications  he  made  to 
the  *  Gentleman's  Magazine '  were  articles  on 
1  The  Last  of  the  Paleologi '  in  January  1843, 
and  a  '  Memoir  of  Major-general  Thomas 
Dundas  and  the  Expedition  to  Guadaloupe' 
in  August,  September,  and  October  in  the 
same  year.  Latterly  he  practised  all  the  arts 
of  the  professional  mendicant.  He  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drinking  a  bottle  of  prussic 
acid  in  the  coffee-room  of  the  St.  Alban's 
Hotel,  12  Charles  Street,  St.  James's  Square, 
London,  on  11  Oct.  1852. 

[Cochrane's  Wanderings  in  Greece  (1837),  p. 
SO;  Gent.  Mag.  (1853),  xxxix.  102;  Morning 
Post,  13  Oct.  1852,  p.  4,  and  15  Oct.  p.  6.1 

G.  C.  B. 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (1510  P-1555),  pro- 
testant  martyr,  was  born  of  gentle  parents 
about  1510  in  the  parish  of  Manchester.  A 
local  tradition  claims  him  as  a  native  of  the 
chapelry  of  Blackley.  He  was  educated  at 
the  grammar  school,  Manchester.  In  his 
'  Meditations  on  the  Commandments,' written 
during  his  imprisonment  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Mary,  he  speaks  of  the  '  particular  benefits  ' 
that  he  had  received  from  his  parents  and 
tutors.  Foxe  records  that  Bradford  entered 
the  service  of  Sir  John  Harrington  of  Exton, 
Rutlandshire,  who  was  treasurer  at  various 
times  of  the  king's  camps  and  buildings  in 
Boulogne.  At  the  siege  of  Montreuil  in 
1544  Bradford  acted  as  deputy-paymaster 
under  Sir  John  Harrington.  On  8  April  1547 
he  entered  the  Inner  Temple  as  a  student  of 
common  law.  Here,  at  the  instance  of  a  fel- 
low-student, Thomas  Sampson,  afterwards 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  he  turned  his  attention 


to  the  study  of  divinity.  A  marked  change 
now  came  over  his  character.  He  sold  his 
'  chains,  rings,  brooches,  and  jewels  of  gold,' 
and  gave  the  money  to  the  poor.  Moved  by 
a  sermon  of  Latimer,  he  caused  restitution  to 
be  made  to  the  crown  of  a  sum  of  money 
which  he  or  Sir  John  Harrington  had  frau- 
dulently appropriated.  The  facts  are  not 
very  clear.  Sampson  in  his  address  *  To  the 
Christian  Reader,'  prefixed  to  Bradford's 
'  Two  Notable  Sermons,'  1574,  states  that  the 
fraud  was  committed  by  Bradford  and  with- 
out the  knowledge  of  his  master ;  but  Brad- 
ford's own  words,  in  his  last  examination 
before  Bishop  Gardiner,  are :  '  My  lord,  I  set 
my  foot  to  his  foot,  whosoever  he  be,  that  can 
come  forth  and  justly  vouch  to  my  face  that 
ever  I  deceived  'my  master.  And  as  you  are 
chief  justice  by  office  in  England,  I  desire 
justice  upon  them  that  so  slander  me,  because 
they  cannot  proAre  it '  (Examination  of  Brad- 
ford, London,  1561,  sig.  a  vi.)  In  May  1548 
he  published  translations  from  Artopoaus 
and  Chrysostom,  and  in  or  about  the  follow- 
ing August  entered  St.  Catharine's  Hall, 
Cambridge,  where  his  *  diligence  in  study  and 
profiting  in  knowledge  and  godly  conversa- 
tion '  were  such,  that  on  19  Oct.  1549  the 
university  bestowed  on  him,  by  special  grace, 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  The  entry  in 
the  grace  book  describes  him  as  a  man  of 
mature  age  and  approved  life,  who  had  for 
eight  years  been  diligently  employed  in  the 
study  of  literature,  the  arts,  and  holy  scrip- 
tures. He  was  shortly  afterwards  elected  to 
a  fellowship  at  Pembroke  Hall.  In  a  letter 
to  Traves,  written  about  November  1549,  he 
says:  'My  fellowship  here  is  worth  seven 
pound  a  year,  for  I  have  allowed  me  eighteen- 
pence  a  week,  and  as  good  as  thirty-three 
shillings  fourpence  a  year  in  money,  besides 
my  chamber,  launder,  barber,  &c. ;  and  I  am 
bound  to  nothing  but  once  or  twice  a  year  to 
keep  a  problem.  Thus  you  see  what  a  good 
Lord  God  is  unto  me.'  Among  his  pupils  at 
Pembroke  Hall  was  John  Whitgift,  after- 
wards Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  One  of  his 
intimate  friends  was  Martin  Bucer,  whom  he 
accompanied  on  a  visit  to  Oxford  in  July 
1550.  On  10  Aug.  of  the  same  year  he  was 
ordained  deacon  by  Bishop  Ridley  at  Fulham, 
and  received  a  license  to  preach.  The  bishop 
made  him  one  of  his  chaplains,  received  him 
into  his  own  house,  and  held  him  in  the 
highest  esteem.  1 1  thank  God  heartily,'  wrote 
Ridley  to  Bernhere  [q.  v.]  after  Bradford's 
martyrdom, '  that  ever  I  was  acquainted  with 
our  dear  brother  Bradford,  and  that  ever  I 
had  such  a  one  in  my  house.'  On  24  Aug. 
1551  Bradford  received  the  prebend  of 
Kentish  Town,  in  the  church  of  St.  Paul.  A 


Bradford 


158 


Bradford 


few  months  later  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
king's  six  chaplains  in  ordinary.  Two  of  the 
chaplains  remained  with  the  king,  and  four 
preached  throughout  the  country.  Bradford 
preached  in  many  towns  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,  also  in  London  and  Saffron  Wai- 
den.  Foxe  says  that  '  sharply  he  opened  and 
reproved  sin ;  sweetly  he  preached  Christ 
crucified ;  pithily  he  impugned  heresies  and 
errors ;  earnestly  he  persuaded  to  godly  life.' 
John  Knox,  in  his  '  Godly  Letter,'  1554, 
speaks  with  admiration  of  his  intrepidity  in 
the  pulpit.  Bradford's  sermons  ring  with 
passionate  earnestness.  He  takes  the  first 
words  that  come  to  hand,  and  makes  no  at- 
tempt to  construct  elaborate  periods.  '  Let 
us,  even  to  the  wearing  of  our  tongue  to  the 
stumps,  preach  and  pray,'  he  exclaims  in  the 
'Sermon  on  Repentance;'  and  not  for  a 
moment  did  he  slacken  his  energy.  He  spoke 
out  boldly  and  never  shrank  from  denouncing 
the  vices  of  the  great.  In  a  sermon  preached 
before  Edward  VI  he  rebuked  the  worldliness 
of  the  courtiers,  declaring  that  God's  ven- 
geance would  come  upon  the  ungodly  among 
them,  and  bidding  them  take  example  by  the 
sudden  fate  that  had  befallen  the  late  Duke 
of  Somerset.  At  the  close  of  his  sermon, 
with  weeping  eyes  and  in  a  voice  of  lamen- 
tation, he  cried  out  aloud :  '  God  punished 
him ;  and  shall  He  spare  you  that  be  double 
more  wicked  ?  No,  He  shall  not.  Will  ye 
or  will  ye  not,  ye  shall  drink  the  cup  of  the 
Lord's  wrath.  Judicium  Domini,  .Indicium 
Domini  !  The  judgment  of  the  Lord,  the 
judgment  of  the  Lord ! ' 

On  13  Aug.  1553,  shortly  after  the  acces- 
sion of  Queen  Mary,  a  sermon  in  defence  of 
Bonner  and  against  Edward  VI  was  preached 
at  St.  Paul's  Cross  by  Gilbert  Bourne  [q.  v.], 
rector  of  High  Ongar  in  Essex,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  The  sermon  gave 
great  offence  to  the  hearers,  who  would  have 
pulled  him  out  of  the  pulpit  and  torn  him  to 
pieces  if  Bradford  and  John  Rogers,  vicar  of 
St.  Sepulchre's,  had  not  interposed.  On  the 
same  day  in  the  afternoon  Bradford  preached 
at  Bow  Church,  Cheapside,  and  reproved  the 
people  for  the  violence  that  had  been  offered 
in  the  morning  to  Bourne.  Within  three 
days  after  this  occurrence  Bradford  was  sum- 
moned before  the  privy  council  on  the  charge 
of  preaching  seditious  sermons,  and  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  where  he  wrote  his 
treatise  on  *  The  Hurt  of  Hearing  Mass.'  At 
first  he  was  permitted  to  see  no  man  but  his 
keeper  ;  afterwards  this  severity  was  relaxed, 
and  he  was  allowed  the  society  of  his  fellow- 
prisoner,  Dr.  Sandys.  On  6  Feb.  1553-4 
Bradford  and  Sandys  were  separated;  the 
latter  was  sent  to  the  Marshalsea,  and  the 


former  was  lodged  in  the  same  room  as  Cran- 
mer,  Latimer,  and  Ridley,  the  Tower  being- 
then  very  full  owing  to  the  imprisonment  of 
;  Wyatt  and  his  followers.     Latimer,  in  his 
protest   addressed   to  the   queen's  commis- 
sioners at  Oxford  (  Works,  ii.  258-9,  Parker 
Society),  tells  how  he  and  his  fellow-prisoners- 
*  did  together  read  over  the  New  Testament 
1  with  great  deliberation  and  painful  study/ 
On  24  March  Bradford  was  transferred  to  the 
King's  Bench  prison.     Here,  probably  by  the 
favour  of  Sir  William  Fitzwilliam,  the  knight- 
I  marshal  of  the  prison,  he  was  occasionally 
j  allowed  at  large  on  his  parole,  and  was  suf- 
fered to  receive  visitors  and  administer  the 
1  sacrament.     Once  a  week  he  used  to  visit 
the   criminals    in    the   prison,    distributing 
charity  among  them  and  exhorting  them  to 
amend  their  lives.     On  22  Jan.  1554-5  he  was 
brought  up  for  examination  before  Bishops 
Gardiner,  Bonner,  and  other  prelates.    There 
is  an  account  (first  published  in  1561)  in  his 
own  words  of  his  three  separate  examinations 
before   the   commissioners   on   22,   29,  and 
30  Jan.     The  commissioners  questioned  him 
closely  on  subtle  points  of  doctrine,  and  en- 
deavoured to  convince  him  that  his  views 
were  heretical ;  but  he  answered  their  argu- 
ments with  imperturbable  calmness,  and  re- 
fused to  be  convinced.     Accordingly  he  was 
condemned  as  an  obstinate  heretic,  and  was 
committed  to  the  Compter  in  the  Poultry. 
It  was  at  first  determined  to  have  him  burned 
at  his  native  town,  Manchester ;  but,  whether 
in  the  hope  of  making  him  recant  or  from 
fear  of  enraging  the  people  of  Manchester, 
the  authorities  finally  kept  him  in  London 
and  waited   some   months   before  carrying 
out  the  sentence.     At  the  Compter  he  was 
visited  by  several  catholic  divines,  who  en- 
deavoured unsuccessfully  to  effect  his  conver- 
sion.    Among  these  were  Archbishop  Heath, 
Bishop  Day,  Alphonsus  a  Castro,  afterwards 
archbishop  of  Compostella,  and  Bartholomew 
Carranza,  confessor  to  King  Philip,  and  after- 
wards archbishop  of  Toledo.     At  length,  as 
he  refused  to  recant,  a  day  was  fixed  for  car- 
rying out  the  sentence.    On  Sunday,  30  June 
1555,  he  was  taken  late  at  night  from  the 
Compter  to  Newgate,  all  the  prisoners  in 
tears  bidding  him  farewell.     In  spite  of  the 
lateness  of  the  hour  great  crowds  were  abroad, 
and  as  he  passed  along  Cheapside  the  people 
wept  and  prayed  for  him.     A  rumour  spread 
that  he  was  to  be  burned  at  four  o'clock  the 
next  morning,  and  by  that  hour  a  great  con- 
course of  people  had  assembled ;  but  it  was 
not  until  nine  o'clock  that  he  was  brought  to  . 
the  stake.     '  Then,'  says  Foxe,  l  was  he  led 
forth  to  Smithfield  with  a  great  company  of 
weaponed  men  to  conduct  him  thither,  as  the- 


Bradford 


Bradford 


like  was  not  seen  at  no  man's  burning ;  for 
in  every  corner  of  Smithfield  there  were  some, 
besides  those  who  stood  about  the  stake.'  A 
young  man  named  John  Leaf  was  his  fellow- 
martyr.  After  taking  a  faggot  in  his  hand 
and  kissing  it,  Bradford  desired  of  the  sheriffs 
that  his  servant  might  have  his  raiment. 
Consent  being  given,  he  put  off  his  raiment 
and  went  to  the  stake.  Then  holding  up  his 
hands,  and  looking  up  to  heaven,  he  cried  : 
'  0  England,  England,  repent  thee  of  thy 
sins,  repent  thee  of  thy  sins.  Beware  of 
idolatry,  beware  ,of  false  antichrists ;  take 
heed  they  do  not  deceive  you.'  As  he  was 
speaking  the  sheriff  ordered  his  hands  to  be 
tied  if  he  would  not  keep  silence.  '  O  master 
sheriff,'  said  Bradford,  *  I  am  quiet.  God  for- 
give you  this,  master  sheriff.'  Then  having 
asked  the  people  to  pray  for  him  he  turned 
to  John  Leaf  and  said  :  '  Be  of  good  comfort, 
brother,  for  we  shall  have  a  merry  supper 
with  the  Lord  this  night.'  His  last  words 
were :  '  Strait  is  the  way  and  narrow  is  the 
gate  that  leadeth  to  salvation,  and  few  there 
be  that  find  it.' 

Bradford  was  a  man  of  singularly  gentle 
character.  Parsons,  the  Jesuit,  allowed  that 
he  was  '  of  a  more  soft  and  mild  nature  than 
many  of  his  fellows.'  There  is  a  tradition 
that  on  seeing  some  criminals  going  to  exe- 
cution ht>  xclaimed :  '  But  for  the  grace  of 
God  there  goes  John  Bradford.'  Often  when 
engaged  in  conversation  he  would  suddenly 
fall  into  a  deep  reverie,  during  which  his  eyes 
would  fill  with  tears  or  be  radiant  with  smiles. 
In  all  companies  he  would  reprove  sin  and 
misbehaviour  in  any  person,  '  especially 
swearers,  filthy  talkers,  and  popish  praters  ; ' 
but  the  manner  of  his  reproof  was  at  once  so 
earnest  and  so  kindly  that  none  could  take 
offence.  His  life  was  passed  in  prayer  and 
study.  He  seldom  slept  more  than  four  hours, 
and  he  ate  only  one  meal  a  day.  In  person 
he  was  tall  and  slender,  of  a  somewhat  san- 
guine complexion,  and  with  an  auburn  beard. 
A  portrait  of  him  (which  is  engraved  in 
Baines's  '  History  of  Lancashire,  ii.  243)  is 
preserved  in  the  Chetham  Library  at  Man- 
chester. A  more  modern  portrait  is  in  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  Bradford's  wri- 
tings :  1.  *  The  Divisyon  of  the  Places  of  the 
Lawe  and  of  the  Gospell,  gathered  owt  of  the 
hooly  scriptures  by  Petrum  Artopceum  .  .  . 
Translated  into  English,'  London,  1548,  8vo. 
2.  '  A  Godlye  Treatise  of  Prayer  [by  Me- 
lanchthon],  translated  into  English,'  London, 
n.  d.  8vo.  3.  '  Two  Notable  Sermons,  the  one 
of  Repentance,  and  the  other  of  the  Lorde's 
Supper,'  London,  1574, 1581, 1599, 1617  ;  the 
*  Sermon  on  Repentance '  had  been  issued  se- 


parately in  1553  and  1558.    4.  '  Complaint  of 
I  Verity e,'  1559  ;  a  short  metrical  piece  printed 
I  in  a  collection  issued  by  William  Copland. 
j  5.  'A  Godlye  Medytacyon,'  London,  1559. 
'  6.    '  Godlie   Meditations    upon   the   Lordes. 
Prayer,  the  Beleefe,  and   Ten   Commande- 
ments  ...  whereunto  is  annexed  a  defence 
of  the  doctrine  of  God's  eternal  election  and 
j  predestination,' London,  1562,1578, 1604,  &c. 
•  7.  '  Meditations  ; '  from  his  autograph  in  a 
!  copy  of  Tyndale's  New  Testament.  8. '  Medi- 
tations and  Prayers  from  manuscripts  in  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  and  elsewhere/ 
9.  '  All  the  Examinacions  of  the  Constante 
Martir  of  God,  M.  John  Bradforde,  before 
the  Lord  Chancellour,  B.    of   Winchester, 
the  B.  of  London,  and  other  comissioners  ; 
whereunto  ar  annexed  his  priuate  talk  and 
conflictes  in  prison  after  his  condemnacion,r 
'  &c.  1561.     10.  '  Hurte  of  hering  Masse,'  n.  d. 
I  (printed  by  Copland),  1580,  1596.     11.  'A 
'  FruitefulT  Treatise  and  full  of  heavenly  con- 
|  solation   against   the  feare  of  death,'  n.  d. 
12.  Five  treatises,  namely  (1)  ' The  Old  Man 
and  the  New;'  (2)  '  The  Flesh  and  the  Spirit ; * 
(3) 'Defence  of  Election;'  (4)  'Against  the 
Fear  of  Death  ; '  (5)  '  The  Restoration  of  all 
Things.'     13.    '  Ten   Declarations  and   Ad- 
dresses.' 14.  'An  Exhortation  to  the  Brethren 
in  England,  and  four  farewells  to  London, 
Cambridge,  Lancashire,  and  Cheshire,  and 
Saffron  Walden  ; '  from  Coverdale's  '  Letters 
of  the  Martyrs  '  and  Foxe's  '  Acts  and  Monu- 
ments.'     15.    'Sweet    Meditations    of    the 
Kingdom  of  Christ,'  n.  d.     16.  Letters  from 
Foxe's  'Acts  and  Monuments,' 1563,  1570, 
and  1583 ;  Coverdale's  '  Letters  of  the  Mar- 
tyrs,' Strype's  'Ecclesiastical  Memorials,' and 
manuscripts   in   Emmanuel   College,    Cam- 
bridge, and  British  Museum.     It  is  probable 
that  Bradford  contributed  to  'A  Confuta- 
cion  of  Four  Romish  Doctrines,'  a  treatise  en- 
titled 'An  Exhortacion  to  the  Carienge  of 
Chryste's  crosse,  with  a  true  and  briefe  confu- 
tacion  of  false  and  papistical!  doctryne,'  n.  d., 
printed  abroad.     A   complete  collection  of 
Bradford's   writings,  very   carefully  edited 
by  Rev.  Aubrey  Townsend,  was  published  at 
Cambridge  for  the  Parker  Society,  2  vols. 
8vo,  1848-53. 

[Life  by  Rev.  Aubrey  Townsend ;  Foxe's  Acts 
and  Monuments ;  Strype  ;  Holling worth's  Man- 
cuniensis,  ed.  1839,  pp.  67-76;  Baines's  Lanca- 
shire, ii.  243-54;  Fuller's  Worthies;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  Brit. ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser,  i.  125; 
Cooper's  Athense  Cantabrigienses.]  A.  H.  B. 

BRADFORD,  EARL  or.  [See  NEWPORT, 
FRANCIS.] 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (d.  1780),  Welsh 
poet,  was  born  early  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 


Bradford 


160 


Bradford 


tury.  In  1730,  while  still  a  boy,  be  was  ad- 
mitted a  *  disciple '  of  the  bardic  chair  of 
Glamorgan,  in  which  chair  he  himself  pre- 
sided in  1750.  Some  of  his  poems,  '  moral 
pieces  of  great  merit,'  according  to  Dr.  Owen 
Pughe,  were  printed  in  a  contemporary  Welsh 
periodical  entitled  the  '  Eurgrawn.' 

[Owen  Pughe's  Cambrian  Biography.] 

A.  M. 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (1750-1805),  dis- 
senting minister,  was  born  at  Hereford  in 
1750,  the  son  of  a  clothier,  educated  at  Here- 
ford grammar  school,  and  at  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
B.A.  On  leaving  college  he  accepted  a 
curacy  at  Frelsham  in  Berkshire,  where  he 
married  when  twenty-eight  years  of  age,  and 
had  a  family  of  twelve  children.  About  this 
time  his  religious  opinions  became  decidedly 
Calvinistic,  and  he  preached  in  several  of 
Lady  Huntingdon's  chapels.  On  account  of 
this  irregularity  the  rector  discharged  him 
from  his  curacy.  He  then  joined  the  Countess 
of  Huntingdon's  connection,  and,  after  spend- 
ing some  time  in  South  Wales,  removed  to 
Birmingham,  and  preached  with  great  popu- 
larity in  the  old  playhouse,  which  the  countess 
had  purchased  and  made  into  a  chapel  for 
him.  Subsequently  he  left  the  connection 
of  the  countess  for  a  new  chapel  in  Bar- 
tholomew Street,  supplementing  his  small 
income  by  making  watch-chains.  Not  being 
successful,  he  removed  to  London  in  1797, 
and  preached  till  his  death  in  the  City  Chapel, 
Grub  Street.  He  died  16  July  1805,  and 
was  buried  in  Bunhill  Fields.  Some  account 
of  his  life  is  given  in  an  octavo  volume,  chiefly 
controversial,  by  his  successor,  William  Wales 
Home.  Bradford  published  :  1 .  '  The  Law 
of  Faith  opposed  to  the  Law  of  Works,'  Bir- 
mingham, 1787  (being  an  answer  to  the  bap- 
tist circular  letter  signed  Joshua  Thomas). 
2.  *  An  Address  to  the  Inhabitants  of  New 
Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  Mission  of 
two  Ministers  sent  by  the  Countess  of  Hunt- 
ingdon,' 1788.  3.  '  A  Collection  of  Hymns ' 
(some  of  them  composed  by  himself),  1792. 
4,  'The  Difference  between  True  and  False 
Holiness.'  5.  'A  Christian's  Meetness  for 
Glory.'  6.  '  Comfort  for  the  Feeble-minded.' 
7.  'The  Gospel  spiritually  discerned.'  8. 'One 
Baptism.'  A  fine  octavo  edition  of  '  Bun- 
van's  Pilgrim's  Progress,  with  Notes  by  John 
Bradford,'  was  published  in  1792.  Mr.  Offor 
says,  '  These  notes  are  very  valuable.' 

[Bunjan's  Works  (ed.  Offor),  with  notes  to 
the  Pilgrim  by  Bradford  ;  Gadsby's  Memoirs  of 
Hymn  Writers ;  Home's  Life  of  the  Rev.  John 
Bradford,  1806.]  J.  H.  T. 


BRADFORD,  SAMUEL,  D.D.  (1652- 
1731),  bishop  successively  of  Carlisle  and 
Rochester,  was  the  son  of  William  Bradford, 
a  citizen  of  London,  who  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  parish  officer  at  the  time  of  the  plague, 
and  was  born  in  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars,  on 

20  Dec.  1652.     He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School ;  and  when  the  school  was  closed,  owing 
to  the  plague  and  the  fire  of  London,  he  at- 
tended the  Charterhouse.     He  was  admitted 
to  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  in  1669,  but 
left  without  a  degree  in  consequence  of  re- 
ligious scruples.     He  devoted  himself  for  a 
time  to  the  study  of  medicine ;  but,  his  former 
scruples  being  removed,  he  was  admitted  in 
1680,  through  the  favour  of  Archbishop  San- 
croft,  to  the  degree  of  M.  A.  by  royal  mandate, 
and  was  incorporated  at  Oxford  on  13  July 
1697.     He  shrank  from  taking  orders  until 
after  the  Revolution,  and  acted  as  private 
tutor  in  the  families  of  several  country  gen- 
tlemen.    Bradford  was  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  in  1690,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  follow- 
ing year  was  elected  by  the  governors  of  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  the  minister  of  their  church 
in  Southwark.    He  soon  received  the  lecture- 
ship of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  and  was  tutor  to  the 
two  grandsons  of  Archbishop  Tillotson,  with 
whom  he  resided  at  Carlisle  House,  Lambeth. 
In  November   1693  Dr.   Tillotson  collated 
Bradford  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow  ; 
he  then  resigned  his  minor  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferments, but  soon  after  accepted  the  lecture- 
ship of  All  Hallows,  in  Bread  Street. 

Bradford  was  a  frequent  preacher  before 
the  corporation  of  London,  and  was  a  staunch 
whig  and  protestant.  On  30  Jan.  1698  he 
preached  before  William  III,  who  was  so 
much  pleased  that  in  March  following  he  ap- 
pointed Bradford  one  of  the  royal  chaplains 
in  ordinary.  The  appointment  was  continued 
by  Queen  Anne,  by  whose  command  he  was 
created  D.D.  on  the  occasion  of  her  visit  to 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  16  April  1705  ; 
and  on  23  Feb.  1708  was  made  a  prebendary 
of  Westminster. 

In  1699  Bradford  delivered  the  Boyle  lec- 
ture in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  preached 
eight  sermons  on  '  The  Credibility  of  the 
Christian  Revelation,  from  its  Intrinsick  Evi- 
dence.' These,  with  a  ninth  sermon  preached 
in  his  own  church  in  January  1700,  were  is- 
sued with  other  Boyle  lectures  delivered 
between  1691  and  1732,  in  'A  Defence  of  Na- 
tural and  Revealed  Religion,'  &c.  3  vols.  fol., 
London,  1739. 

Bradford  was  elected  master  of  Corpus 
Christi  College  on  17  May  1716;  and  on 

21  April  1718  was  nominated  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Carlisle,  to  which  he  was  consecrated 
on  1  June  following.   In  1723  he  was  trans- 


Bradford 


161 


Bradford 


lated  to  the  see  of  Rochester,  and  was  also 
appointed  to  the  deanery  of  Westminster, 
which  he  held  in  commendam  with  the  bi- 
shopric of  Rochester.  In  1724  Bradford  re- 
signed the  mastership  of  Corpus  Christi,  and 
in  1725  became  the  first  dean  of  the  revived 
order  of  the  Bath.  He  died  on  17  May  1731, 
at  the  deanery  of  Westminster,  and  was  buried 

In  the  abbey.  JWWjflWS'SWISJ  &.£ 

Bradford  s  wife,  who  survived  him,  was 
a  daughter  of  Captain  Ellis  of  Medbourne 
in  Leicestershire,  and  bore  him  one  son 
and  two  daughters.  One  of  the  latter  was 
married  to  Dr.  Reuben  Clarke,  archdeacon 
of  Essex,  and  the  other  to  Dr.  John  Denne, 
archdeacon  of  Rochester.  His  son,  the  Rev. 
William  Bradford,  died  on  15  July  1728, 
aged  thirty-two,  when  he  was  archdeacon  of 
Rochester  and  vicar  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Bradford  published  more  than  a  score  of 
separate  sermons.  One  of  these — a '  Discourse 
concerning  Baptismal  and  Spiritual  Regenera- 
tion,' 2nd  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1709 — attained  a 
singular  popularity.  A  ninth  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1819  by  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge. 

[Graduati  Cantab.  1787;  Gent.  Mag.  May 
1731;  Chronological  Diary,  1731;  Birch's  Life 
of  Archbishop  Tillotson,  1752 ;  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  Rochester,  &c.,  1817;  R.  Masters's 
Hist.  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  (Lamb),  1831  ;  Le 
Neve's  Fasti,  1851.]  A.  H.  G. 

BRADFORD,  SIB  THOMAS  (1777- 
1853),  general,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas 
Bradford  of  Woodlands,  near  Doncaster,  and 
Ashdown  Park  in  Sussex,  and  was  born  on 
1  Dec.  1777.  He  entered  the  army  as  ensign 
In  the  4th  regiment  on  20  Oct.  1793.  He  was 
promoted  major  into  the  Nottinghamshire 
Fencibles,  then  stationed  in  Ireland,  in  1795. 
He  gave  proof  of  military  ability  during  the 
Irish  rebellion,  and  in  1801  was  promoted 
"brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  and  appointed  as- 
sistant adj  utant-general  in  Scotland.  He  was 
again  brought  on  to  the  strength  of  the  army 
as  major  in  1805,  and  served  with  Auchmuty 
as  deputy  adjutant-general  in  1806  in  the 
expedition  to  South  America.  In  June  1808 
he  accompanied  the  force  under  Sir  Arthur 
Wellesley  to  Portugal,  and  was  present  at 
the  battles  of  Vimeiro  and  Corunna.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  became  assistant  adju- 
tant-general at  Canterbury,  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  succession  of  the  34th  and  82nd 
regiments  in  1809.  In  1810  he  was  promoted 
•colonel,  and  took  the  command  of  a  brigade 
in  the  Portuguese  army.  He  proved  himself 
one  of  the  most  successful  Portuguese  briga- 
diers, and  at  the  attack  on  the  Arapiles  in 
the  battle  of  Salamanca  Bradford's  brigade 

VOL.  71. 


showed  itself  worthy  of  a  place  beside  the 
British  army.  In  1813  he  was  promoted 
major-general,  and  made  a  mariscal  de  campo 
in  the  Portuguese  service,  receiving  the  com- 
mand of  a  Portuguese  division.  He  com- 
manded this  division  at  Vittoria,  at  the  siege 
of  San  Sebastian,  and  in  the  battle  of  the 
Nive.  At  the  battle  before  Bayonne  he  was 
so  severely  wounded  that  he  had  to  return  to 
England. 

In  1814  he  was  placed  on  the  staff  of  the 
northern  district,  and  made  K.C.B.  and 
K.T.S. ;  but  he  missed  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo, at  which  his  younger  brother,  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Sir  Henry  Holies  Bradford,  K.C.B., 
who  had  also  been  a  staff  officer  in  the 
Peninsula,  was  killed.  He  commanded  the 
seventh  division  of  the  army  of  occupation 
in  France  from  1815  to  1817,  and  the  troops 
in  Scotland  from  1819  till  he  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  in  May  1825,  and  was  thei* 
appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  troops 
in  the  Bombay  presidency.  He  held  this 
command  for  four  years,  and  on  his  return  to 
England  in  1829  received  the  colonelcy  of 
the  38th  regiment.  In  1831  he  was  made 
G.C.H.,  in  1838  G.C.B.,  in  1841  he  was  pro- 
moted general,  and  in  1846  exchanged  the 
colonelcy  of  the  38th  for  that  of  the  4th  regi- 
ment. He  died  in  London  on  28  Nov.  1853, 
aged  75. 

[Royal  Military  Calendar ;  obituary  notices 
in  the  Times,  Gent.  Mag.,  and  Colburn's  United 
Service  Magazine.]  H.  M.  S. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM  (1590-1657), 
second  governor  of  Plymouth,  New  England, 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony,  was 
born  in  a  small  village  on  the  southern  border 
of  Yorkshire.  The  name  of  the  village  is  in 
Mather's  '  Magnalia,'  the  chief  authority  on 
his  early  life,  wrongly  printed  Ansterfield, 
and  was  first  identified  as  Austerfield  by 
Joseph  Hunter  (Collections  concerning  the 
Early  History  of  the  Founders  of  New  Eng- 
land). William  was  the  eldest  son  and  third 
child  of  William  Bradford  and  Alice,  daughter 
of  John  Hanson,  and  according  to  the  entry 
still  to  be  found  in  the  parish  register  was 
baptised  19  March  1589-90.  The  family  held 
the  rank  of  yeomen,  and  in  1575  his  two 
grandfathers,  William  Bradford  and  John 
Hanson,  were  the  only  persons  of  property  in 
the  township.  On  the  death  of  his  father, 
on  15  July  1591,  he  was  left,  according  to 
Mather,  with  'a  comfortable  inheritance/ 
and  '  was  cast  on  the  education,  first  of  his 
grandparents  and  then  of  his  uncles,  who  de- 
voted him,  like  his  ancestors,  unto  the  affairs 
of  husbandry.'  He  is  said  to  have  had  serious 
impressions  of  religion  at  the  age  of  twelve 


Bradford 


162 


Bradford 


or  thirteen,  and  shortly  afterwards  began  to 
attend  the  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Clifton,  i 
puritan  rector  of  Babworth.  Notwithstand-  ! 
ing  the  strong  opposition  of  his  relations  and  i 
the  scoffs  of  his  neighbours,  he  joined  the  com- 
pany of  puritan  separatists,  or  Brownists,who 
first  met  at  the  house  of  William  Brewster 
[q.v.]  at  Scrooby,  Nottinghamshire,  in  1606, 
and  were  presided  over  by  Clifton.  The  com-  i 
munity  within  a  short  period  obtained  con- 
siderable accessions,  but,  being  threatened 
with  persecution,  resolved  to  remove  to  Hol- 
land. Bradford,  along  with  the  principal 
members  of  the  party,  entered  into  negotia- 
tions with  a  Dutch  captain  who  agreed  to 
embark  them  at  Boston,  but  betrayed  their 
intention  to  the  magistrates,  who  sent  some 
of  them  to  prison,  and  compelled  others  to 
return  to  their  homes.  Bradford  after  seve- 
ral months'  imprisonment  succeeded,  in  the 
spring  of  the  following  year,  in  reaching 
Zealand,  and  joining  his  friends  in  Amster- 
dam, he  became  apprenticed  to  a  French 
protest  ant  who  was  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  silk.  On  coming  of  age  he  converted 
his  estate  in  England  into  money,  and  entered 
into  business  on  his  own  account,  in  which 
he  is  said  to  have  been  somewhat  unsuccess- 
ful. About  1609  he  removed  with  the  com- 
munity to  Leyden,  and  when,  actuated  by  a 
desire  to  live  as  Englishmen  under  English 
rule,  they  resolved  to  emigrate  to  some  Eng-  \ 
lish  colony,  he  was  among  the  most  zealous 
and  active  in  the  promotion  of  the  enterprise. 
Their  choice  lay  between  Guinea  and  New 
England,  and  was  finally  decided  in  favour 
of  the  latter.  By  the  assistance  of  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys,  treasurer,  and  afterwards  governor 
of  Virginia,  a  patent  was  granted  them  for 
a  tract  of  country  within  that  colony,  and  on 
5  Sept.  1620  Bradford,  with  the  first  com- 
pany of  ( Pilgrim  Fathers,'  numbering  in  all 
a  hundred  men,  women,  and  children,  em- 
barked for  their  destination  in  the  Mayflower 
at  Southampton.  By  stress  of  weather  they 
were  prevented  landing  within  the  territory  of 
the  Virginia  Company,  and  finding  themselves 
in  a  region  beyond  the  patent,  they  drew  up 
and  signed  a  compact  of  government  before 
landing  at  the  harbour  of  Plymouth— already 
so  named  in  Smith's  map  of  1616.  Under 
this  compact  Carver  was  chosen  the  first 
governor,  and  on  his  death  on  21  April  1621 
the  choice  fell  upon  Bradford,  who  was  elected 
every  year  continuously,  with  the  exception 
of  two  intervals  respectively  of  three  years 
and  two  years  at  his  own  special  request. 
This  fact  sufficiently  indicates  his  paramount 
influence  in  the  colony,  an  influence  due  both 
to  the  unselfishness  and  gentleness  of  his 
nature,  and  to  his  great  practical  abilities  as 


a  governor.  Indeed,  it  was  chiefly  owing  to* 
his  energy  and  forethought  that  the  colony 
at  the  most  critical  period  of  its  history  was 
not  visited  by  overwhelming  disaster.  Among 
the  earliest  acts  of  his  administration  was  to- 
send  an  embassy  to  confirm  a  league  with  the 
Indian  sachem  of  Masassoit,  who  was  revered 
by  all  the  natives  from  Narragansett  Bay  to 
that  of  Massachusetts.  Notwithstanding  his. 
friendship  it  was  found  necessary  in  1622,  on 
account  of  the  threats  of  the  sachem  of  Narra- 
gansett, to  fortify  the  town,  but  no  attack  was 
made.  Another  plot  entered  into  among  cer- 
tain chiefs  to  exterminate  the  English  was, 
through  the  sachem  of  Masassoit,  disclosed  to 
Bradford,  and  on  the  advice  of  the  sachem 
the  ringleaders  were  seized  and  put  to  death. 
The  friendship  of  the  Indians,  necessary  as  it 
was  in  itself,  was  also  of  the  highest  advan- 
tage on  account  of  the  threatened  extinction 
of  the  colony  by  famine.  The  constant  ar- 
rival of  new  colonists  frequently  reduced 
them  almost  to  the  starving  point.  The 
scarcity  was  increased  by  the  early  attempts 
at  communism,  and  it  was  not  till  after  an 
agreement  that  each  family  should  plant  for 
themselves  on  such  ground  as  should  be  as- 
signed them  by  lot,  that  they  were  relieved 
from  the  necessity  of  increasing  their  supplies 
of  provisions  by  traffic  with  the  Indians. 

In  1629  a  patent  was  obtained  from  the 
council  of  New  England,  vesting  the  colony 
in  trust  in  William  Bradford,  his  heirs,  asso- 
ciates, and  assigns,  confirming  their  title  to 
a  certain  tract  of  land,  and  conferring  the 
power  to  frame  a  constitution  and  laws.  In 
framing  their  laws,  the  model  adopted  by 
the  colonists  was  primarily  and  principally 
the  '  ancient  platform  of  God's  law,  and 
secondly  the  laws  of  England.  At  first  the 
whole  body  of  freemen  assembled  for  legis- 
lative, executive,  and  judicial  business,  but 
in  1634  the  governor  and  his  assistants  were 
constituted  a  judicial  court,  and  afterwards 
the  supreme  judiciary.  The  first  assembly  of 
representatives  met  in  1639,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  Governor  Bradford,  at  their  re- 
quest, surrendered  the  patent  into  the  hands 
of  the  general  court,  reserving  to  himself 
only  his  proportion  as  settler  by  previous 
agreement.  He  died  on  9  May  1657.  His 
first  wife,  Dorothy  May,  whom  he  married  at 
Leyden  on  20  Nov.  1613,  was  drowned  at 
Cape  Cod  harbour  on  7  Dec.  1620,  and  on 
14  Aug.  1623  he  married  Alice  Carpenter, 
widow  of  Edward  Southworth,  a  lady  with 
whom  he  had  been  previously  acquainted  in 
England,  and  who,  at  his  request,  had  arrived 
in  the  colony  with  the  view  of  being  mar- 
ried to  him.  By  his  first  marriage  he  had 
one  son,  and  by  his  second  two  sons  and  a 


Bradford 


163 


Bradford 


daughter.  His  son  William,  by  the  second 
marriage  (born  on  17  June  1624,  died  on 
20  Feb.  1703-4),  was  deputy-governor  of  the 
colony,  and  attained  high  distinction  during 
the  wars  with  the  Indians. 

Though  not  enj  oy ing  special  educational  ad- 
vantages in  early  life,  Bradford  possessed 
more  literary  culture  than  was  common 
among  those  of  similar  occupation  to  him- 
self. He  had  some  knowledge  of  Latin  and 
Greek,  and  knew  sufficient  Hebrew  to  enable 
him  to  l  see  with  his  own  eyes  the  ancient 
oracles  of  God  in  their  native  beauty.'  He 
was  also  well  read  in  history  and  philosophy, 
and  an  adept  in  the  theological  discussion 
peculiar  to  the  time.  He  employed  much  of 
his  leisure  in  literary  composition,  but  the 
only  work  of  his  which  appeared  in  his  life- 
time was  '  A  Diary  of  Occurrences '  during 
the  first  year  of  the  colony,  from  their  land- 
ing at  Cape  Cod  on  9  Nov.  1620  to  18  Dec. 
1621.  This  book,  written  in  conjunction 
with  Edward  Winslow,  was  printed  at 
London  in  1622,  with  a  preface  signed  by 
G.  Mourt.  The  manuscripts  he  left  behind 
him  are  thus  referred  to  in  a  clause  of  his 
will :  '  I  commend  unto  your  wisdom  and 
discretion  some  small  books  written  by  my 
own  hand,  to  be  improved  as  you  shall  see 
meet.  In  special  I  commend  to  you  a  little 
book  with  a  black  cover,  wherein  there  is  a 
word  to  Plymouth,  a  word  to  Boston,  and  a 
word  to  New  England.'  These  books  are  all 
written  in  verse,  and  in  the  Cabinet  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts  there  is  a 
transcript  copy  of  these  verses  which  bears  date 
1657.  It  contains  (1)  *  Some  observations 
of  God's  merciful  dealings  with  us  in  this 
wilderness,'  published  first  in  a  fragmentary 
form  in  1794  in  vol.  iii.  1st  series,  pp.  77-84, 
of  the  '  Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society,'  by  Belknap,  among  whose 
papers  the  fragment  of  the  original  manu- 
script was  found,  and  in  1858  presented 
to  the  society ;  published  in  complete  form 
in  the  '  Proceedings '  of  the  society,  1869-70, 
pp.  465-78;  (2)  'A  Word  to  Plymouth,' 
first  published  in  'Proceedings,'  1869-70, 
pp.  478-82 ;  (3)  and  (4)  « Of  Boston  in  New 
England,'  and  '  A  Word  to  New  England,' 
published  in  1838  in  vol.  vii.,  3rd  series  of  the 
'  Collections ;'  (5)  *  Epitaphium  Meum,'  pub- 
lished in  Morton's  '  Memorial,'  pp.  264-5  of 
Davis's  edition  ;  and  (6)  a  long  piece  in  verse 
on  the  religious  sects  of  New  England,  which 
has  never  been  published.  In  1841  Alexander 
Young  published  *  Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers  of  the  Colony  of  Plymouth  from  1602 
to  1625,'  containing,  in  addition  to  other 
tracts,  the  following  writings  belonging  to 
Bradford:  (1)  A  fragment  of  his  'History  of 


the  Plymouth  Plantation,'  including  the  his- 
tory of  the  community  before  its  removal  to 
Holland  down  to  1620,  when  it  set  sail  for 
America,  printed  from  a  manuscript  in  the 
records  of  the  First  Church,  Plymouth,  in 
the  handwriting  of  Secretary  Morton,  with 
the  inscription,  '  This  was  originally  penned 
by  Mr.  Wm.  Bradford,  governor  of  New 
Plymouth ; '  (2)  the  '  Diary  of  Occurrences r 
referred  to  above,  first  printed  1622,  again 
in  an  abridged  form  by  Purchas  1625,  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  his  '  Pilgrims,'  thus  re- 
printed 1802  in  vol.  viii.  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Society  '  Collections,'  and  the 
portions  omitted  in  the  abridgment  reprinted 
with  a  number  of  errors  in  vol.  xix.  of  the 
'  Collections,'  from  a  manuscript  copy  of  the 
original  made  at  Philadelphia  ;  (3)  '  A.  Dia- 
logue or  the  Sum  of  a  Conference  between 
some  young  men  born  in  New  England  and 
sundry  ancient  men  that  came  out  of  Hol- 
land and  Old  England,'  1648,  printed  from 
a  complete  copy  in  the  records  of  the  First 
Church,  Plymouth,  into  which  it  was  copied 
by  Secretary  Morton,  but  existing  also  in 
a  fragmentary  form  in  the  handwriting  of 
Bradford  in  the  Cabinet  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Society  ;  (4)  a  '  Memoir  of 
Elder  Brewster,'  also  copied  by  Morton  from 
the  original  manuscript  into  the  church  re- 
cords ;  (5)  a  fragment  of  Bradford's  letter- 
book,  containing  letters  to  him,  rescued  from  a 
grocer's  shop  in  Halifax,  the  earlier  and  more 
valuable  part  having  been  destroyed.  Brad- 
ford was  the  author  of  two  other  dialogues 
or  conferences,  of  which  the  second  has  ap- 
parently perished,  but  the  third,  l  concerning 
the  church  and  government  thereof,'  having 
the  date  1652,  was  found  in  1826  among  some 
old  papers  taken  from  the  remains  of  Mr. 
Prince's  collection,  belonging  to  the  old  South 
Church  of  Boston,  and  published  in  the  i  Pro- 
ceedings '  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety, 1869-70,  pp.  406-64.  Copies  of  several 
of  his  letters  were  published  in  the  '  Collec- 
tions '  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
vol.  iii.  1st  series,  pp.  27-77,  and  his  letters  to 
JohnWinthrop  in  vol.vi.  4th  series,  pp.  156-61. 
The  manuscripts  of  Bradford  were  made  use 
of  by  Morton,  Prince,  and  Hutchinson  for 
their  historical  works,  and  are  the  principal 
authorities  for  the  early  history  of  the  colony. 
Besides  the  manuscripts  already  mentioned, 
they  had  access  to  a  connected  '  History  of 
the  Plymouth  Plantation,'  by  Bradford,  which 
at  one  time  existed  in  Bradford's  own  hand- 
writing in  the  New  England  Library,  but 
was  supposed  to  have  been  lost  during  the  war 
with  England.  In  Anderson's  'History  of 
the  Colonial  Church,'  published  in  1848,  the 
manuscript  was  referred  to  as  '  now  in  the 

M2 


Bradford 


164 


Bradford 


possession  of  the  Bishop  of  London,'  but 
the  statement  not  having  come  under  the 
notice  of  any  one  in  New  England  interested 
in  the  matter,  it  was  not  till  1855  that  cer- 
tain paragraphs  in  a  '  History  of  the  Pro- 
testant Episcopal  Church  of  America,'  by 
Samuel  Wilberforce,  published  in  1846,  pro- 
fessedly quoted  from  a  l  MS.  History  of  Ply- 
mouth in  the  Fulham  Library,'  led  to  its 
identification.  These  paragraphs  were  shown 
by  J.  W.  Thornton  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Barry, 
author  of  '  The  History  of  Massachusetts,' 
who  brought  them  under  the  notice  of  Sam. 
G.  Drake,  by  whom  they  were  at  once  iden- 
tified with  certain  passages  from  Bradford's 
*  History,'  quoted  by  the  earlier  historians. 
On  inquiry  in  England  the  surmise  was  con- 
firmed, and  a  copy  having  been  made  from 
the  manuscript  in  Bradford's  handwriting  in 
the  Fulham  Library,  it  was  published  in 
vol.  iii.  (1856)  of  the  4th  series  of  the  <  Col- 
lections '  of  the  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  The  manu- 
script is  supposed  to  have  been  taken  to  Eng- 
land in  1774  by  Governor  Hutchinson,  who 
is  the  last  person  in  America  known  to  have 
had  it  in  his  possession.  The  printed  book- 
plate of  the  New  England  Library  is  pasted 
on  one  of  the  blank  leaves. 

[The  chief  original  sources  for  the  life  of  Brad- 
ford are  his  own  writings ;  Mather's  Magnalia, 
vol.  ii.  chap.  i.  ;  ShurtlefFs  Eecollections  of  the 
Pilgrims  in  Russell's  Guide  to  Plymouth  ;  Mor- 
ton's Memorial ;  Hunter's  Collections  concerning 
the  Early  History  of  the  Founders  of  New  Ply- 
mouth, 1849.  See  also  Belknap's  American  Bio- 
graphy, ii.  217-51 ;  Young's  Chronicles  of  the 
Pilgrims ;  Fessenden's  Genealogy  of  the  Bradford 
Family ;  .Savage's  Genealogical  Dictionary  of  the 
First  Settlers  of  New  England,  i.  231 ;  Raine's 
History  of  the  Parish  of  Blyth;  Hutchinson's 
History  of  Massachusetts;  Collections  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  4th  series, 
vol.  iii. ;  Winsor's  Governor  Bradford's  Manu- 
script History  of  Plymouth  Plantation  and  its 
Transmission  to  our  Times,  1881  ;  Dean's  Who 
identified  Bradford's  Manuscript?  1883.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM  (1663-1752), 
the  first  printer  in  Pennsylvania,  was  the 
son  of  William  and  Anne  Bradford  of  Lei- 
cestershire, where  the  family  had  held  a  good 
position  for  several  generations.  He  is  usually 
said  to  have  been  born  in  1658,  and  on  his 
tombstone  the  date  is  1660,  but  both  dates 
are  contradicted  by  the  '  American  Almanac' 
for  1739,  printed  by  himself,  where,  under  the 
month  of  May,  the  following  entry  appears : 
<  The  printer  born  the  20th,  1663.'  He  learned 
his  art  in  the  office  of  Andrew  Sowles,  Grace- 
church  Street,  London.  Sowles  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  William  Penn  and  George  Fox, 


and  his  daughter  Elizabeth  married  Bradford. 
It  says  much  for  the  enlightened  forethought 
i  of  Penn  that  he  induced  Bradford  to  ac- 
j  company  him  in  his  first  voyage  to  Penn- 
j  sylvania,  on  which  he  sailed  1  Sept.  1682. 
|  Bradford  returned  to  London,  but  he  set  out 
again  in  1685,  hoping  to  embrace  within  his 
operations  the  whole  of  the  middle  colonies. 
In  1692  he  was  printing  for  Pennsylvania, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Rhode  Island, 
and  in  1702  also  for  Maryland.  The  earliest 
issue  from  his  press  is  an  almanac  for  1686 
(printed  in  1685),  entitled  '  America's  Mes- 
senger/ of  which  there  is  a  copy  in  the 
Quakers'  Library,  London.  In  1686,  aloi 
with  some  Germans  of  the  name  of  Ritten"! 
house,  he  erected  on  the  Wissahickon,  near 
Philadelphia,  the  first  paper-mill  ever  esta' 
blished  in  America.  Apart  from  almanac^ 
his  first  publication  was  in  1688,  a  volumf 
entitled  '  The  Temple  of  Wisdom/  which  in' 
eluded  the  essays  and  religious  meditation) 
of  Francis  Bacon.  Of  this  book  there  ij 
a  copy  in  the  Quakers'  Library,  London 
The  honour  of  being  the  first  to  propose  th« 
printing  of  the  Bible  in  America  is  usuallf 
assigned  to  Cotton  Mather,  but  in  1688,  seveL 
years  before  Mather,  Bradford  had  entered 
upon  the  project  of  printing  a  copy  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  with  marginal  notes,  and  with  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer.  In  1689  he  was 
summoned  before  the  governor  and  council 
of  Pennsylvania  for  printing  the  charter. 
During  the  disputes  in  the  colony  caused  by 
the  proceedings  of  George  Keith,  Bradford, 
who  sided  with  Keith,  was  arrested  for  pub- 
lishing the  writings  of  Keith  and  Budd,  and 
his  press,  type,  and  instruments  were  seized. 
Not  only,  however,  were  they  restored  to  him 
by  Fletcher,  governor  of  New  York,  during  his 
temporary  administration  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  at  the  instance  of  Fletcher  he  went  to 
New  York,  where,  on  12  Oct.  1693,  he  was 
appointed  royal  printer  at  a  salary  of  40£, 
which  was  raised  in  1696  to  60/.,  and  in 
1702  to  75/.  In  1703  he  was  chosen  deacon 
of  Trinity  Church,  New  York,  from  which 
he  received  30/.  on  bond,  to  enable  him  to 
print  the  Common  Prayer  and  version  of  the 
Psalms,  and  when  the  enterprise  did  not  pay 
the  bond  was  returned  to  him.  In  1725  he 
began  the  publication  of  the  'New  York 
Gazette/the  first  newspaper  published  in  New 
York,  which  he  edited  until  his  eightieth 
year.  He  was  also  appointed  king's  printer 
for  New  Jersey,  as  appears  from  the  earliest 
copy  of  the  laws  of  that  state  printed  in  1717. 
He  died  on  22  May  1752  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
nine.  He  was  buried  in  the  grounds  of 
Trinity  Church,  New  York,  where  there  is 
a  monument  to  his  memory.  His  character 


Bradick 


165 


Bradley 


is  thus  summed  up  in  the  '  New  York  Ga- 
zette '  of  25  May  1752 :  '  He  was  a  man  of 
great  sobriety  and  industry,  a  real  friend  to 
the  poor  and  needy,  and  kind  and  affable  to 
all.  He  was  a  true  Englishman.  His  tem- 
perance was  exceedingly  conspicuous,  and  he 
was  a  stranger  to  sickness  all  his  life.' 

[New  York  Gazette,  25  May  1752  ;  New  York 
Historical  Magazine,  iii.  171-76  (containing  ca- 
talogue of  works  printed  by  him),  vii.  201-11  ; 
Simpson's  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadelphians, 
1859,  pp.  124-9 ;  Penington's  An  Apostate  ex- 
posed, or  George  Keith  contradicting  himself 
and  his  brother  Bradford,  1695;  the  Tryals  of 
Peter  Boss,  George  Keith,  Thomas  Budd,  and 
Wm.  Bradford,  Quakers,  for  several  great  mis- 
demeanours (as  was  pretended  by  their  adver- 
saries) before  a  Court  of  Quakers,  at  the  Session 
held  at  Philadelphia,  in  Pennsylvania,  9th,  10th, 
and  12th  day  of  December  1692,  printed  first 
beyond  the  sea,  and  now  reprinted  in  London 
for  Rich.  Baldwin,  in  Warwick  Lane,  1693.1 

T.  F.  H. 

BRADICK,  WALTER  (1706-1794),  a 
merchant  at  Lisbon,  was  ruined  by  the  earth- 
quake which  destroyed  that  city  in  1755. 
Returning  to  England  he  had  the  further 
misfortune  to  lose  his  eyesight,  and  in  1774, 
on  the  nomination  of  the  queen,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Charterhouse,  where  he  died 
on  19  Dec.  1794.  He  published,  1765,  '  Cho- 
heleth,  or  the  Royal  Preacher,'  a  poem,  and  he 
was  the  author  of  '  several  detached  publica- 
tions.' A  contemporary  record  of  his  death 
affirms  that  i  Choheleth '  '  will  be  a  lasting 
testimony  to  his  abilities,'  but  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  the  work  is  now  extant. 

[Information  from  Master  of  Charterhouse ; 
Gent.  Mag.  Ixv.  pt.  i.  83.]  J.  M.  S. 

BRADLEY,  CHARLES  (1789-1871), 
eminent  as  a  preacher  and  writer  of  sermons 
published  between  1818  and  1853,  belonged 
to  the  evangelical  school  of  the  church  of 
England.  He  was  born  at  Halstead,  Essex, 
in  February  1789.  His  parents,  Thomas  and 
Ann  Bradley,  were  both  of  Yorkshire  origin, 
but  settled  in  "Wallingford,  where  their  son 
Charles,  the  elder  of  two  sons,  passed  the 
greater  part  of  the  first  twenty-five  years  of 
his  life.  He  married,  in  1810,  Catherine  Shep- 
herd of  Yattenden,  took  pupils  and  edited 
several  school  books,  one  or  two  of  which  are 
still  in  use.  He  was,  for  a  time  after  his  mar- 
riage, a  member  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford, 
but  was  ordained  on  reaching  the  age  of  23, 
without  proceeding  to  a  degree,  and  in  1812 
became  curate  of  High  "Wycombe.  Here  for 
many  years  he  combined  the  work  of  a 
private  tutor  with  the  sole  charge  of  a  large 
parish.  Among  his  pupils  were  the  late 


Mr.  Smith  O'Brien,  the  leader  for  a  short 
time  of  the  so-called  national  party  in  Ire- 
land ;  Mr.  Bonamy  Price,  professor  of  poli- 
tical economy  in  the  university  of  Oxford ; 
and  Archdeacon  Jacob,  well  known  for  more 
than  half  a  century  in  the  diocese  and  city 
of  Winchester.  His  powers  as  a  preacher 
soon  attracted  attention.  He  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  William  Wilberforce,  Thomas 
Scott,  the  commentator,  Daniel  Wilson,  and 
others  ;  and  a  volume  of  sermons,  published 
in  1818  with  a  singularly  felicitous  dedica- 
tion to  Lord  Liverpool,  followed  by  a  second 
edition  in  1820,  had  a  wide  circulation.  The 
sixth  edition  was  published  in  1824,  the 
eleventh  in  1854. 

In  the  year  1825  he  was  presented  by 
Bishop  Ryder  (then  bishop  of  St.  Davids, 
afterwards  of  Lichfield)  to  the  vicarage  of 
Glasbury  in  Brecknockshire.  Here  a  volume 
of  sermons  was  published  in  1825,  which 
reached  a  ninth  edition  in  1854.  He  retained 
the  living  of  Glasbury  till  his  death,  but  in 
the  year  1829  became  the  first  incumbent  of 
St.  James's  Chapel  at  Clapham  in  Surrey, 
where  he  resided,  with  some  periods  of  absence, 
till  1852. 

By  this  time  his  reputation  as  a  preacher 
was  fully  established.  His  striking  face  and 
figure  and  dignified  and  impressive  delivery 
added  to  the  effect  produced  by  the  substance 
and  style  of  his  sermons,  which  were  pre- 
pared and  written  with  unusual  care  and 
thought.  A  volume  of  sermons  published  in 
1831,  followed  by  two  volumes  of  'Practical 
Sermons'  in  1836  and  1838,  by  '  Sacramental 
Sermons '  in  1842,  and '  Sermons  on  the  Chris- 
tian Life '  in  1853,  had  for  many  years  an 
exceedingly  large  circulation,  and  were  widely 
preached  in  other  pulpits  than  his  own,  not 
only  in  England  and  Wales,  but  in  Scotland 
and  America.  Of  late  years  their  sale  greatly 
declined,  but  the  interest  taken  in  them  has 
revived,  and  a  volume  of  selections  was  pub- 
lished in  1884. 

Quite  apart  from  the  character  of  their 
contents,  as  enforcing  the  practical  and  spe- 
culative side  of  Christianity  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  earlier  leaders  of  the  evange- 
lical party  in  the  church  of  England,  the 
literary  merits  of  Bradley's  sermons  will 
probably  give  them  a  lasting  place  in  litera- 
ture of  the  kind.  No  one  can  read  them 
without  being  struck  by  their  singular  sim- 
plicity and  force,  and  at  the  same  time  by 
the  sustained  dignity  and  purity  of  the  lan- 
guage. 

Bradley  was  the  father  of  a  numerous 
family.  By  his  first  wife,  who  died  in  1831, 
he  had  thirteen  children,  of  whom  twelve 
survived  him.  The  eldest  of  six  sons  was 


Bradley 


166 


Bradley 


the  late  Rev.  C.  Bradley  of  Soutligate,  well 
known  in  educational  circles.  The  fourth  is 
the  present  dean  of  Westminster  (late  master 
of  University  College,  Oxford,  and  formerly  of 
Marlborough  College).  By  his  second  mar- 
riage in  1840  with  Emma,  daughter  of  Mr. 
John  Linton,  he  also  left  a  large  family,  one 
of  whom  is  Herbert  Bradley,  fellow  of  Mer- 
ton  College,  Oxford,  author  of  a  work  on 
ethics  and  another  on  logic ;  another,  Andrew 
Cecil,  fellow  of  Balliol,  is  professor  of  English 
literature  at  Liverpool. 

Bradley  spent  the  last  period  of  his  life  at 
Cheltenham,  where  he  died  in  August  1871. 


[Personal  knowledge.] 


G.  G.  B. 


BRADLEY,  GEORGE  (1816-1863), 
journalist,  was  born  at  Whitby  in  Yorkshire 
in  1816,  and  apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  printers 
in  his  native  town.  After  being  for  several 
years  a  reporter  on  the  '  York  Herald '  he 
was  appointed  editor  of  the  '  Sunderland  and 
Durham  County  Herald,'  and  about  1848  he 
became  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of 
the  '  Newcastle  Guardian.'  He  resided  at 
Newcastle  until  his  death  on  14  Oct.  1863, 
being  greatly  respected,  and  for  a  consider- 
able period  an  influential  member  of  the 
town  council.  Bradley  published  '  A  Con- 
cise and  Practical  System  of  Short -hand 
Writing,  with  a  brief  History  of  the  Progress 
of  the  Art.  Illustrated  by  sixteen  engraved 
lessons  and  exercises,'  London,  1843,  12mo. 
The  system  is  a  variation  of  Dr.  Mayor's. 

[Whitby  Times,  23  Oct.  1863;  Rockwell's 
Teaching,  Practice,  and  Literature  of  Shorthand, 
70.]  T.  C. 

BRADLEY,  JAMES  (1693-1762),  as- 
tronomer-royal, was  the  third  son  of  William 
Bradley,  a  descendant  of  a  family  seated  at 
Bradley  Castle,  county  Durham,  from  the 
fourteenth  century,  by  his  marriage,  in  1678, 
with  Jane  Pound  of  Bishop's  Canning  in 
Wiltshire.  He  was  born  at  Sherbourn  in 
Gloucestershire,  probably  in  the  end  of  March 
1693,  but  the  date  is  not  precisely  ascertain- 
able.  He  was  educated  at  the  Northleach 
grammar  school,  and  was  admitted  as  a  com- 
moner to  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  15  March 
1711,  when  in  his  eighteenth  year,  proceeding 
B.A.  15  Oct.  1714,  and  M.A.  21  June  1717. 
His  university  career  had  little  share  in 
moulding  his  genius.  His  uncle,  the  Rev. 
James  Pound,  rector  of  Wanstead  in  Essex, 
was  at  that  time  one  of  the  best  astronomical 
observers  in  England.  A  warm  attachment 
sprang  up  between  him  and  his  nephew.  He 
nursed  him  through  the  small-pox  in  1717  ; 
he  reinforced  the  scanty  supplies  drawn  from 
a  somewhat  straitened  home ;  above  all,  he 


discerned  and  cultivated  his  extraordinary 
talents.  Bradley  quickly  acquired  all  his 
instructor's  skill  and  more  than  his  ardour. 
Every  spare  moment  was  devoted  to  co- 
operation with  him.  His  handwriting  ap- 
pears in  the  WTanstead  books  from  1715,  and 
the  journals  of  the  Royal  Society  notice 
a  communication  from  him.  regarding  the 
aurora  of  6  March  1716.  He  was  formally 
introduced  to  the  learned  world  by  Halley, 
who,  in  publishing  his  observation  of  an  ap- 
pulse  of  Palilicium  to  the  moon,  5  Dec.  1717, 
prophetically  described  him  as  '  eruditus 
juvenis,qui  simul  industria  et  ingenio  pollens 
his  studiis  promovendis  aptissimus  natus 
est '  (Phil  Trans,  xxx.  853).  The  skill  with 
which  he  and  Pound  together  deduced  from 
the  opposition  of  Mars  in  1719  a  solar  paral- 
lax between  9"  and  12",  was  praised  by  the 
same  authority  (ib.  xxxi.  114),  who  again 
imparted  to  the  Royal  Society  '  some  very 
curious  observations'  made  by  Bradley  on 
Mars  in  October  1721,  implying  a  parallax  for 
the  sun  of  less  than  10"  (  Journal  Books  R. 
Soc.  16  Nov.  1721).  The  entry  of  one  of 
these  states  that  'the  15-feet  tube  was  moved 
by  a  machine  that  made  it  to  keep  pace  with 
the  stars'  (BRADLEY,  Miscellaneous  Works, 
p.  350),  a  remarkably  early  attempt  at  giving 
automatic  movement  to  a  telescope. 

Doubtless  with  the  view  of  investigating 
annual  parallax,  Bradley  noted  the  relative 
positions  of  the  component  stars  of  y  Virginis, 
12  March  1718,  and  of  Castor,  30  March  1719 
and  1  Oct.  1722.  A  repetition  of  this  latter 
observation  about  1759  brought  the  discovery 
of  their  orbital  revolution  almost  within  his 
grasp,  and,  transmitted  by  Maskelyne  to 
Herschel,  served  to  confirm  and  correct  its 
theory  (Phil  Tram,  xciii.  363). 

Bradley's  first  sustained  research,  however, 
was  concerned  with  the  Jovian  system.  He 
early  began  to  calculate  the  tabular  errors  of 
each  eclipse  observed,  and  the  collation  of  older 
observations  with  his  own  afforded  him  the 
discovery  that  the  irregularities  of  the  three 
inner  satellites  (rightly  attributed  to  their 
mutual  attraction)  recur  in  the  same  order 
after  437  days.  His  '  Corrected  Tables '  were 
finished  in  1718,  but,  though  printed  in  the 
following  year  with  Halley's  i  Planetary 
Tables,'  remained  unpublished  until  1749,  by 
which  time  they  had  become  obsolete.  The 
appended  'Remarks'  ( Works,  p.  81),  de- 
scribing the  437-day  cycle,  are  stated  by  the 
minutes  to  have  been  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  2  July  1719.  Bradley  was  then 
already  a  fellow ;  he  was  elected  6  Nov.  1718, 
on  the  motion  of  Halley,  and  under  the  pre- 
sidential sanction  of  Newton. 

The  choice  of  a  profession  meantime  be- 


Bradley 


167 


Bradley 


•came  imperative.  He  had  been  brought  up 
to  the  church,  and  in  1719  Hoadly,  bishop 
of  Hereford,  presented  him  to  the  vicarage  of 
Bridstow.  On  this  title,  accordingly,  he  was 
ordained  deacon  at  St.  Paul's,  24  May,  and 
priest,  25  July,  1719.  Early  in  1720  the  sine- 
cure rectory  of  Llandewi-Velfry  in  Pem- 
brokeshire was  procured  for  him  by  his  friend 
•Samuel  Molyneux,  secretary  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  he  also  became  chaplain  to  the 
bishop  of  Hereford.  His  prospects  of  promo- 
tion were  thus  considerable,  but  he  continued 
to  frequent  Wanstead,  and  took  an  early  op- 
portunity of  extricating  himself  from  a  posi-  ! 
tion  in  which  his  duties  were  at  variance  with  | 
his  inclinations.  The  Savilian  chair  of  as-  ! 
tronomy  at  Oxford  became  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Keill  in  August  1721.  Bradley  was 
•elected  to  fill  it  31  Oct.,  and,  immediately  re- 
signing his  preferments,  found  himself  free  to 
follow  his  bent  on  an  income  which  amounted 
in  1724  to  138/.  5s.  9d.  He  read  his  in- 
augural lecture  26  April  1722. 

In  1723  we  find  him  assisting  his  uncle 
in  experiments  upon  Hadlev's  new  reflector 
(Phil.  Trans,  xxxii.  382) ;  and  Hadley's  ex- 
ample and  instructions  encouraged  him,  about 
the  same  time,  to  attempt  the  grinding  of 
specula  (SMITH,  A  Compleat  System  of  Op- 
ticks,  ii.  302).  In  this  he  was  only  partially 
successful,  though  his  mechanical  skill  sufficed 
at  all  times  for  the  repair  and  adjustment  of 
his  instruments.  His  observations  and  ele- 
ments of  a  comet  discovered  by  Halley  9  Oct. 
1723  formed  the  subject  of  his  first  paper  in 
•'  Philosophical  Transactions '  (xxxiii.  41 ;  see 
NEWTON'S  Principia,  3rd  edit.  lib.  iii.  prop.  42, 
3>.  523, 1726).  Bradley  was  the  first  successor 
of  Halley  in  the  then  laborious  task  of  com- 
puting the  orbits  of  comets.  He  published 
parabolic  elements  for  those  of  1737  and  1757 
(Phil.  Trans,  xl.  iii,  1.  408),  and  by  his  com- 
munication to  Lemonnier  of  the  orbit  of,  and 
process  of  calculation  applied  to,  the  comet 
of  1742,  knowledge  of  his  method  became 
diffused  abroad. 

By  the  death  of  Pound,  which  took  place 
16  Nov.  1724,  he  lost  'a  relation  to  whom  he 
was  dear,  even  more  than  by  the  ties  of  blood.' 
He  continued,  however,  to  observe  with  his 
instruments,  and  to  reside  with  his  widow 
(visiting  Oxford  only  for  the  delivery  of  his 
lectures)  in  a  small  house  in  the  town  of 
Wanstead  memorable  as  the  scene  of  his  chief 
discoveries.  On  26  Nov.  1725,  a  24|-foot  te- 
lescope by  Graham  was  fixed  in  the  direction 
of  the  zenith  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Samuel  Moly- 
neux on  Kew  Green.  It  had  been  resolved  by 
him  and  Bradley  to  subject  Hooke's  supposed 
detection  of  a  large  parallax  for  y  Draconis  to 
&  searching  inquiry,  and  the  first  observation 


for  the  purpose  was  made  by  Molyneux  at 
noon  3  Dec.  1725.  It  was  repeated  by  Bradley, 
'  chiefly  through  curiosity,'  17  Dec.,  when,  to 
his  surprise,  he  found  the  star  pass  a  little  more 
to  the  southward.  This  unexpected  change, 
which  was  in  the  opposite  direction  to  what 
could  have  been  produced  by  parallax,  con- 
tinued, in  spite  of  every  precaution  against 
error,  at  the  rate  of  about  \"  in  three  days  ; 
and  at  the  end  of  a  year's  observation  the  star 
had  completed  an  oscillation  39"  in  extent. 

Meanwhile  an  explanation  was  vainly 
sought  of  this  enigmatical  movement,  per- 
ceived to  be  shared,  in  degrees  varying  with 
their  latitude,  by  other  stars.  A  nutation  of 
the  earth's  axis  was  first  thought  of,  and  a  test 
star,  or  '  anti-Draco,'  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  pole  (35  Camelopardi)  was  watched  from 
7  Jan.  1726;  but  the  quantity  of  its  motion  was 
insufficient  to  support  that  hypothesis.  The 
friends  next  considered  'what  refraction 
might  do,'  on  the  supposition  of  an  annual 
change  of  figure  in  the  earth's  atmosphere 
through  the  action  of  a  resisting  medium; 
this  too  was  discarded  on  closer  examination. 
Bradley  now  resolved  to  procure  an  instru- 
ment of  his  own,  and,  19  Aug.  1727,  a  zenith- 
sector  of  12£  feet  radius,  and  12£°  range,  was 
mounted  for  him  by  Graham  in  the  upper 
part  of  his  aunt's  house.  Thenceforth  he 
trusted  entirely  to  the  Wanstead  results.  A 
year's  assiduous  use  of  this  instrument  gave 
him  a  set  of  empirical  rules  for  the  annual 
apparent  motions  of  stars  in  various  parts  of 
the  sky ;  but  he  had  almost  despaired  of  being 
able  to  account  for  them,  when  an  unex- 
pected illumination  fell  upon  him.  Accom- 
panying a  pleasure  party  in  a  sail  on  the 
Thames  one  day  about  September  1728,  he 
noticed  that  the  wind  seemed  to  shift  each 
time  that  the  boat  put  about,  and  a  question 
put  to  the  boatman  brought  the  (to  him)  signi- 
ficant reply  that  the  changes  in  direction  of 
the  vane  at  the  top  of  the  mast  were  merely 
due  to  changes  in  the  boat's  course,  the  wind 
remaining  steady  throughout.  This  was  the 
clue  he  needed.  He  divined  at  once  that  the 
progressive  transmission  of  light,  combined 
with  the  advance  of  the  earth  in  its  orbit,  must 
cause  an  annual  shifting  of  the  direction  in 
which  the  heavenly  bodies  are  seen,  by  an 
amount  depending  upon  the  ratio  of  the  two 
velocities.  Working  out  the  problem  in  de- 
tail, he  found  that  the  consequences  agreed 
perfectly  with  the  rules  already  deduced  from 
observation,  and  announced  his  memorable 
discovery  of  the  *  aberration  of  light '  in  the 
form  of  a  letter  to  Halley,  read  before  the 
Royal  Society  9  and  16  Jan.  1729  (Phil. 
Trans,  xxxv.  637). 

Never  was  a  more  minutely  satisfactory 


Bradley 


168 


Bradley 


explanation  offered  of  a  highly  complex  phe- 
nomenon. It  was  never  disputed,  and  has 
scarcely  been  corrected.  Bradley  found  the 
<  constant'  of  aberration  to  be  20-25"  (reduc- 
ing it,  however,  in  1748  to  20").  Struve  fixed 
it  at  20-445".  Bradley  concluded,  from  the 
amount  of  aberration,  the  velocity  of  light  to 
be  such  as  to  bring  it  from  the  sun  to  the 
earth  in  8m  13s,  although  Roemer  had,  from 
actual  observation,  estimated  the  interval  at 
llm.  The  best  recent  determination  (Glase- 
napp's)  of  the  'light  equation'  is  8m  21s. 
Bradley's  demonstration  of  his  rules  for 
aberration  remained  unpublished  till  1832 
(  Works,  p.  287).  He  observed  only  the  effects 
in  declination ;  but  his  theory  was  verified  as 
regards  right  ascension  also,  by  Eustachio 
Manfredi  at  Bologna  in  1729.  The  subject 
was  fully  investigated  by  Clairaut  in  1737 
(Mem.  de  FAc.  1737,  p.  205).  An  important 
secondary  inference  from  the  Wanstead  ob- 
servations was  that  of  the  vast  distances  of 
even  the  brighter  stars.  Bradley  stated  deci- 
sively that  the  parallax  neither  of  y  Draconis 
nor  of  r)  Ursse  Majoris  reached  V,  and  be- 
lieved that  he  should  have  detected  half  that 
quantity  (Phil.  Trans,  xxxv.  660.  Double 
parallaxes  are  there  spoken  of).  This  well- 
grounded  assurance  shows  an  extraordinary 
advance  in  exactness  of  observation. 

Bradley  succeeded  Whiteside  as  lecturer 
on  experimental  philosophy  at  Oxford  in  1729, 
and  resigned  the  post  in  1760,  after  the  close 
of  his  seventy-ninth  course.  There  was  no 
endowment,  Lord  Crewe's  benefaction  of  30/. 
per  annum  becoming  payable  only  in  1749 ; 
but  fees  of  three  guineas  a  course,  with  an 
average  attendance  of  fifty-seven,  produced 
emoluments  sufficient  for  his  wants.  His 
lectures  were  delivered  in  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  of  which  he  vainly  sought  the 
keepership  in  1731.  In  17^32  he  took  a  share 
in  a  trial  at  sea  of  Hadley's  sextants,  and  wrote 
a  letter  warmly  commendatory  of  the  inven- 
tion (  Works,  p.  505).  His  removal  to  Oxford 
occurred  in  May  of  the  same  year,  when  he  oc- 
cupied a  house  in  New  College  Lane  attached 
to  his  professorship.  His  aunt,  Mrs.  Pound, 
accompanied  him,  with  two  of  her  nephews, 
and  lived  with  him  there  five  years.  He  trans- 
ported thither  most  of  his  instruments,  but 
left  Graham's  sector  undisturbed.  An  im- 
portant investigation  was  in  progress  by  its 
means,  for  the  purposes  of  which  he  made  dur- 
ing the  next  fifteen  years  periodical  visits  to 
Wanstead. 

It  is  certain  that  Halley  desired  to  have 
Bradley  for  his  successor,  and  it  is  even  said 
that  he  offered  to  resign  in  -his  favour.  But 
death  anticipated  his  project,  14  Jan.  1742. 
Through  the  urgent  representations  of  George, 


earl  of  Macclesfield,  who  quoted  to  Lord- 
chancellor  Hardwicke  Newton's  dictum  that 
he  was  '  the  best  astronomer  in  Europe,'  Brad- 
ley was  appointed  astronomer-royal  3  Feb. 
1742.  The  honour  of  a  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  diploma  at  Oxford 
22  Feb.,  and  in  June  he  went  to  live  at 
Greenwich.  His  first  care  was  to  remedy,  so 
far  as  possible,  the  miserable  state  of  the  in- 
struments, and  to  procure  an  assistant  in- the 
person  of  John  Bradley,  son  of  his  eldest 
brother,  who,  at  a  stipend  of  26/.,  diligently 
carried  out  his  instructions  during  fourteen 
years,  and  Avas  replaced  successively  by  Mason 
and  Green. 

With  untiring  and  well-directed  zeal  Brad- 
ley laboured  at  the  duties  of  his  new  office. 
He    took   his    first    transit    at   Greenwich 
25  July  1742,  and  by  the  end  of  the  year  1500 
had  been  entered.     The  work  done  in  1743 
was  enormous.     The  records  of  observations- 
with  the  transit  instrument  fill  177,  with 
the  quadrant  148  folio  pages.     On  8  Aug. 
255  determinations  of  the   former,  181   of 
the  latter  kind  were  made.     His  efforts  to- 
wards a  higher  degree  of  accuracy  were  un- 
ceasing and  successful ;  yet  he  never  pos- 
sessed an  achromatic  telescope.  He  recognised 
it  as  the  first  duty  of  an  astronomer  to  make 
himself  acquainted  with  the  peculiar  defects, 
of  his  instruments,  and  was  indefatigable  in 
I  testing  and  improving  them.     By  the  addi- 
!  tion  of  a  finer  micrometer  screw,  18  July  1745, 
he  succeeded  in  measuring  intervals  of  half  a 
\  second  with  the  eight-foot  quadrant  erected 
by  Graham  for  Halley,  but  was  deterred  from 
attempting  further  refinements  by  discover- 
j  ing  it  a  year  later  to  be  sensibly  eccentric. 
At  various  times  between  1743  and  1749  he 
made  experiments  on  the  length  of  the  seconds 
pendulum,  giving  the  most  accurate  result 
i  previous  to  Kater's  in  1818.  The  great  comet 
!  of  1743  was  first  seen  at  Greenwich  26  Dec., 
and  was  observed  there  until  17  Feb.  1744. 
i  Bradley  roughly  computed  its  trajectory,  but 
|  went  no  further,  it  is  conjectured,  out  of  kind- 
ness towards  young  Betts,  who  had  the  ambi- 
tion to  try  his  hand  on  it.     He  also  observed 
the  first  comet  of  1748,  and  calculated  that  of 
1707.     His  observations  of  Halley's  comet 
in  1759  have  for  the  most  part  perished. 

The  time  was  now  ripe  for  the  publication 
of  his  second  great  discovery.  From  the  first 
the  Wanstead  observations  had  shown  the 
displacements  due  to  aberration  to  be  at- 
tended by  a  '  residual  phenomenon.'  A  slight 
progressive  inequality  was  detected,  occasion- 
ing in  stars  near  the  equinoctial  colures  an 
excess,  in  those  near  the  solstitial  colures  a 
defect  of  movement  in  declination,  as  com- 
pared with  that  required  by  a  precession  of 


Bradley 


169 


Bradley 


50".  The  true  explanation  in  a  '  nodding ' 
movement  of  the  axis,  due  to  the  moon's 
unequal  action  upon  the  equatorial  parts  of 
the  earth,  was  more  than  suspected  early  in 
1732  ;  but  Bradley  did  not  consider  the  proof 
complete  until  he  had  tracked  each  star 
through  an  entire  revolution  of  the  moon's 
nodes  (18*6  years)  back  to  its  mean  place  (al- 
lowance being  made  for  annual  precession). 
In 'September  1747  he  was  at  length  fully 
satisfied  of  the  correspondence  of  his  hypo- 
thesis with  facts  ;  and  14  Feb.  1748  a  letter 
to  the  Earl  of  Macclesfield,  in  which  he  set 
forth  the  upshot  of  his  twenty  years'  watch- 
ing and  waiting,  was  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  (Phil.  Trans,  xlv.  1).  The  idea  of  a 
possible  nutation  of  the  earth's  axis  was  not 
unfamiliar  to  astronomers ;  and  Newton  had 
predicted  the  occurrence  of  a  semi-annual, 
but  scarcely  sensible,  effect  of  the  kind.  A 
phenomenon  such  as  Bradley  detected,  how- 
ever, depending  on  the  position  of  the  lunar 
orbit,  was  unthought  of  until  its  necessity 
became  evident  with  the  fact  of  its  existence. 
The  complete  development  of  its  theory  went 
beyond  his  mathematical  powers,  and  he 
invited  assistance,  promptly  rendered  by 
D'Alembert  in  1749.  Bradley 's  coefficient 
of  nutation  (9")  has  proved  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  second  too  small.  He  might  probably 
have  gone  even  nearer  to  the  truth  had  he 
trusted  more  implicitly  to  his  own  observa- 
tions. His  confidence  was,  however,  em- 
barrassed by  the  proper  motions  of  the  stars, 
the  ascertainment  of  which  he,  with  his 
usual  clear  insight  into  the  conditions  of  exact 
astronomy,  urged  upon  well-provided  obser- 
vers ;  while  his  sagacious  hint  that  they 
might  be  mere  optical  effects  of  a  real  trans- 
lation of  the  solar  system  (Phil.  Trans,  xlv. 
40)  gave  the  first  opening  for  a  scientific 
treatment  of  that  remarkable  subject. 

As  regards  nutation,  the  novelty  of  his  an- 
nouncement had  been  somewhat  taken  off  by 
previous  disclosures.  On  his  return  from  Lap- 
land, Maupertuis  consulted  him  as  to  the  re- 
duction of  his  observations,  when  Bradley 
imparted  to  him,  27  Oct.  1737,  his  incipient 
discovery.  Maupertuis  was  not  bound  to 
secrecy,  nor  did  he  observe  it.  He  trans- 
mitted the  information  to  the  Paris  Academy 
(Mem.  de  TAc.  1737,  p.  411),  while  Lalande 
published  in  1745  (ib.  1745,  p.  512)  the  con- 
firmatory results  of  observations  undertaken 
at  Bradley 's  suggestion. 

The  discovery  of  aberration  earned  for  its 
author,  14  Dec.  1730,  exemption  on  the  part 
of  the  Royal  Society  from  all  future  pay- 
ments ;  that  of  nutation  was  honoured  in 
1748  with  the  Copley  medal.  His  heightened 
reputation  further  enabled  him  to  ask  and 


obtain  a  new  instrumental  outfit  for  the  Royal 
Observatory.  He  took  advantage  of  the  annual 
visitation  by  members  of  the  Royal  Society 
to  represent  its  absolute  necessity  ;  and  a 
petition  drawn  up  by  him  and  signed  by  the 
president  and  members  of  council  in  August 
1748  produced  an  order  for  1,000/.  under  the 
!  sign-manual,  paid,  as  a  note  in  Bradley's 
handwriting  informs  us,  by  the  treasurer  of 
the  navy  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
old  stores.  The  wise  expenditure  of  this 
paltry  sum  laid  the  firm  foundation  of  modern 
practical  astronomy.  Bradley  was  fortunate 
in  the  co-operation  of  John  Bird.  The  eight- 
foot  mural  quadrant,  for  which  he  paid  him 
300 /.,  was  an  instrument  not  unworthy  the 
eye  and  hand  that  were  to  use  it.  He  had 
also  from  him  a  movable  quadrant  forty 
inches  in  radius,  and  a  transit-instrument  of 
eight-feet  focal  length.  From  Short  a  six- 
foot  reflector  was  ordered,  but  not  delivered 
until  much  later ;  and  20/.  was  paid  for  a 
magnetic  apparatus,  changes  in  dip  and  va- 
riation having  been  objects  of  attention  to 
Bradley  as  early  as  1729.  For  the  Wanstead 
sector,  removed  to  Greenwich  in  July  1749, 
45/.  was  allowed  to  him. 

The  first  employment  of  Bird's  quadrant 
was  in  a  series  of  observations,  10  Aug.  1750 
to  31  July  1753,  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  latitude  of  the  observatory  and 
the  laws  of  refraction.  Simultaneously  with 
Lacaille  and  Mayer,  Bradley  introduced  the 
improvement  of  correcting  these  for  barome- 
trical and  thermometrical  fluctuations.  His 
formula  for  computing  mean  refraction  at 
any  altitude  closely  represented  the  actual 
amounts  down  to  within  10°  of  the  horizon 
(GRANT,  Hist.  Phys.  Astr.  pp.  329-30).  After 
its  publication  by  Maskelyne  in  1763,  it  was 
generally  adopted  in  England,  and  was  in 
use  at  Greenwich  down  to  1833. 

In  1751  Bradley  made  observations  for 
determining  the  distances  of  the  sun  and 
moon  in  concert  with  those  of  Lacaille  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (Mem.  de  VAc.  1752, 
p.  424).  From  the  combined  results  for 
Mars,  Delisle  deduced  a  solar  parallax  of 
10-3"  (BRADLEY,  Misc.  Works,  p.  481).  A 
series  of  230  comparisons  with  the  heavens- 
of  Tobias  Mayer's  '  Lunar  Tables,'  between 
December  1755  and  February  1756,  enabled 
Bradley  to  report  them  to  the  admiralty  as- 
accurate  generally  within  V.  His  hopes  of 
bringing  the  lunar  method  of  longitudes  into 
actual  use  were  thus  revived ;  and  he  under- 
took, aided  by  Mason,  a  laborious  correction 
of  the  remaining  errors  founded  on  1,220 
observations.  The  particulars  of  these  were 
inserted  in  the  'Nautical  Almanac'  for  1774^ 
but  the  amended  tables,  completed  from 


Bradley 


170 


Bradley 


them  in  1760,  never  saw  the  light,  and  were  | 
superseded  by  Mayer's  own  improvements  in 
1770.     The  regular  work  of  the  observatory,  ! 
consisting  in  meridian  observations  of  the 
sun,  moon,  planets,  and  stars,  was  meanwhile 
carried  on  with  unremitting  diligence  and  j 
unrivalled  skill. 

The  salary  of  astronomer-royal  was  then, 
as  in  Flamsteed's  time,  100/.  a  year,  reduced  j 
to  907.  by  fees  at  public  offices.  This  pit-  j 
tance  was  designed  to  be  supplemented  by  i 
Mr.  Pelham's  offer  to  Bradley,  in  the  king's 
name,  of  the  vicarage  of  Greenwich  ;  which 
was,  however,  refused  on  the  honourable 
ground  of  incompatibility  of  clerical  with 
official  obligations.  His  disinterestedness 
was  compensated  by  a  crown  pension  of 
2501.  per  annum,  granted  under  the  privy 
seal  15  Feb.  1752,  and  continued  to  his  suc- 
cessors. Honours  now  fell  thickly  upon  him. 
From  1725  he  had  frequently  been  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  he  occupied  that  position  uninterruptedly 
from  1752  until  his  death.  In  July  1746 
Euler  wrote  to  announce  his  admission  to 
the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences ;  he  was  as- 
sociated to  those  of  Paris  and  St.  Petersburg 
respectively  in  1748  and  1750,  and,  probably 
in  acknowledgment  of  his  services  in  super- 
intending the  construction  of  a  quadrant  by 
Bird  for  the  latter  body,  complimented  with 
its  full  membership  in  1754  ;  while  the  in- 
stitute of  Bologna  enrolled  his  name  16  June 
1757.  Scarcely  an  astronomer  in  Europe 
but  sought  a  correspondence  with  him, 
which  he  usually  declined,  being  averse  to 
writing,  and  leaving  many  letters  unan- 
swered. 

No  direct  descendant  of  Bradley  survives. 
He  married,  25  June  1744,  Susannah,daughter 
of  Mr.  Samuel  Peach  of  Chalford  in  Glouces- 
tershire. She  died  in  1757,  leaving  a  daugh- 
ter, Susannah,  born  at  Greenwich  in  1745, 
who  married  in  1771  her  first  cousin,  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Peach,  and  had  in  turn  an 
only  daughter,  who  died  childless  in  1806. 
Bradley's  intimacy  with  the  Earl  of  Mac- 
clesfield  grew  closer  after  his  removal  to 
Oxford  in  1732.  He  co-operated  with  him 
in  the  establishment  (about  1739)  of  an  ob- 
servatory at  Shirburn  Castle,  and  in  the 
reform  of  the  calendar,  calculating  the  tables 
appended  to  the  bill  for  that  purpose.  Until 
near  the  close  of  his  life  he  continued  to  re- 
side about  three  months  of  each  year  at  Ox- 
ford, but  resigned  his  readership  through  ill- 
health  in  1760.  For  several  years  he  had 
felt  the  approach  of  an  obscure  malady  in 
occasional  attacks  of  severe  pain.  His  labours 
in  correcting  the  lunar  tables  overtasked  his 
hitherto  robust  strength,  and  from  1760  a 


heavy  cloud  of  depression  settled  over  his 
spirits,  inducing  the  grievous  apprehension 
of  surviving  his  mental  faculties,  which  re- 
mained nevertheless  clear  to  the  end.  He 
attended,  for  the  last  time,  a  meeting  of  the 
Royal  Society  31  Jan.  1761,  and  drew  up  a 
paper  of  instructions  for  Mason,  on  his  de- 
parture to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  the 
latest  astronomical  event  in  which  he  took 
an  active  interest.  But  already  in  May  he 
was  obliged  to  ask  Bliss  to  replace  him,  and 
when  the  day  of  the  transit,  6  June  1761, 
arrived,  he  was  unable  to  use  the  telescope. 
He,  however,  took  a  final  observation  with  the 
transit-instrument  in  September,  after  which 
his  handwriting  disappears  from  the  Green- 
wich registers.  The  few  months  that  remained 
he  spent  at  Chalford,  being  much  attached 
to  his  wife's  relations,  and  there  died,  in  the 
house  of  his  father-in-law,  after  a  fortnight's 
acute  suffering,  13  July  1762,  in  his  seventieth 
year,  and  was  buried  with  his  wife  and  mother 
at  Minchinhampton.  His  disease  proved  on 
examination  to  be  a  chronic  inflammation 
of  the  abdominal  viscera.  The  case  was 
described  by  Daniel  Lysons,  M.D.,  in  the 
1  Philosophical  Transactions '  (lii.  635). 

In  character  Bradley  is  described  as  '  hu- 
mane, benevolent,  and  kind ;  a  dutiful  son, 
an  indulgent  husband,  a  tender  father,  and  a 
steady  friend '  (Suppl.  to  New  Biog.  Diet., 
1767,  p.  58).  Many  of  his  poorer  relatives 
experienced  his  generosity.  His  life  was 
blameless,  his  habits  abstemious,  his  temper 
mild  and  placid.  He  was  habitually  taci- 
turn, but  was  clear,  ready,  and  open  in  ex- 
plaining his  opinions  to  others.  No  homage 
could  overthrow  his  modesty  or  disturb  his 
caution.  He  was  always  more  apprehen- 
sive of  injuring  his  reputation  than  san- 
guine of  enhancing  it,  and  thus  shrank  from 
publicity;  polished  composition,  moreover, 
was  irksome  to  him.  His  only  elaborate 
pieces  were  the  accounts  of  his  two  leading 
discoveries ;  and  the  preservation  of  several 
unfinished  drafts  of  that  on  aberration  affords 
evidence  of  toil  unrewarded  by  felicity  of 
expression.  Nor  had  he  any  taste  for  ab- 
stract mathematics.  His  great  powers  were 
those  of  sagacity  and  persistence.  He  pos- 
sessed l  a  most  extraordinary  clearness  of 
perception,  both  mental  and  "organic  ;  great 
accuracy  in  the  combination  of  his  ideas ; 
and  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  that  "  industry 
and  patient  thought "  to  which  Newton  as- 
cribed his  own  discoveries '  (RiGAUD,  Me- 
moirs of  Bradley,  p.  cv).  Less  inventive 
than  Kepler,  he  surpassed  him  in  sobriety  and 
precision.  No  discrepancy  was  too  minute 
for  his  consideration  ;  his  scrutiny  of  possible 
causes  and  their  consequences  was  keen,  dis- 


Bradley 


171 


Bradley 


passionate,  and  complete  ;  his  mental  grasp 
was  close  and  unrelaxing.  He  ranks  as  the 
founder  of  modern  observational  astronomy ; 
nor  by  the  example  of  his  '  solicitous  accu- 
racy' alone  or  chiefly,  though  this  was  much. 
But  his  discoveries  of  aberration  and  nuta- 
tion first  rendered  possible  exact  knowledge 
of  the  places  of  the  fixed  stars,  and  thereby 
of  the  movements  of  the  other  celestial  bodies. 
Moreover,  he  bequeathed  to  posterity,  in  his 
diligent  and  faithful  record  of  the  state  of 
the  heavens  in  his  time,  a  mass  of  docu- 
mentary evidence  invaluable  for  the  testing 
of  theory,  or  the  elucidation  of  change. 

The  publication,  for  the  benefit  of  his 
daughter,  of  his  observations,  contained  in 
thirteen  folio  and  two  quarto  volumes,  was 
interrupted  by  official  demands  for  their  pos- 
session, followed  up  by  a  lawsuit  commenced 
by  the  crown  in  1767,  but  abandoned  in  1776. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Peach,  Bradley's  son-in-law, 
thereupon  offered  them  to  Lord  North,  to  be 
printed  by  the  Clarendon  Press,  and  after 
many  delays  the  first  of  two  volumes  ap- 
peared in  1798,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Hornsby,  with  the  title  '  Astronomical  Ob- 
servations made  at  the  Royal  Observatory 
at  Greenwich,  from  the  year  1750  to  the  year 
1762;'  the  second,  edited  by  Dr.  Abram 
Robertson,  in  1805.  They  number  about 
60,000,  and  fill  close  upon  1,000  large  folio 
pages.  A  sequel  to  Bradley's  work,  in  the 
observations  of  Bliss  and  Green  down  to 
15  March  1765,  was  included  in  the  second 
volume.  A  catalogue  of  387  stars,  computed 
by  Mason  fromBradley's  original  manuscripts, 
and  appended  to  the  'Nautical  Almanac' 
for  1773,  formed  the  basis  of  a  similar  work 
inserted  by  Hornsby  in  vol.  i.  (p.  xxxviii);  and 
1,041  of  Bradley's  stars,  reduced  by  Pilati, 
were  added  toPiazzi's  second  catalogue  (1814). 
In  the  hands  of  Bessel,  however,  his  obser- 
vations assumed  a  new  value.  With  extra- 
ordinary skill  and  labour  he  deduced  from 
them  in  1818  a  catalogue  of  3,222  stars  for 
the  epoch  1755,  so  authentically  determined 
as  to  afford,  by  comparison  with  their  later 
places,  a  sure  criterion  of  their  proper  mo- 
tions. The  title  of  '  Fundamenta  Astrono- 
mise '  fitly  expressed  the  importance  of  this 
work.  More  accurate  values  for  precession 
and  refraction  were  similarly  obtained.  Brad- 
ley's  observations  of  the  moon  and  planets, 
when  reduced  by  Airy,  supplied  valuable 
data  for  the  correction  of  the  theories  of 
those  bodies. 

Portraits  of  him  are  preserved  at  Oxford 
{by  Hudson),  at  Shirburn  Castle,  at  Green- 
wich, and  in  the  rooms  of  the  Royal  Society. 
A  dial,  erected  in  1831  by  command  of 
William  IV,  marks  the  spot  at  Kew  where 


he  began  the  observations  which  led  to  the 
discoveries  of  aberration  and  nutation.  His 
communications  to  the  Royal  Society,  besides 
those  already  adverted  to,  were  on '  The  Longi- 
tude of  Lisbon  and  the  Fort  of  New  York, 
from  Wanstead  and  London,  determined  by 
Eclipses  of  the  First  Satellite  of  Jupiter ' 
(Phil.  Trans,  xxxiv.  85)  ;  and  '  An  Account 
of  some  Observations  made  in  London  by 
Mr.  George  Graham,  and  at  Black  River  in 
Jamaica  by  Colin  Campbell,  Esq.,  concern- 
ing the  going  of  a  Clock  ;  in  order  to  deter- 
mine the  Difference  between  the  Lengths  of 
Isochronal  Pendulums  in  those  Places  '  (ib. 
xxxviii.  302).  His  '  Directions  for  using 
the  Common  Micrometer  '  were  published  by 
Maskelyne  in  1772  (ib.  Ixii.  46).  The  origi- 
nals of  Bradley's  Greenwich  observations 
having  been  deposited  in  the  Bodleian,  the 
confused  mass  of  his  remaining  papers,  dis- 
interred by  Professor  S.  P.  Rigaud,  afforded 
materials  for  a  large  quarto  volume,  pub- 
lished by  him  in  1832  at  Oxford,  with  the 
title  '  Miscellaneous  Works  and  Correspon- 
dence of  James  Bradley,  D.D.,  Astronomer- 
Royal.'  It  includes,  besides  the  Kew  and  Wan- 
stead  journals,  every  record  of  the  slightest 
value  in  his  handwriting,  not  omitting  papers 
already  printed  in  the  '  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions,' with  many  letters  addressed  to  him 
by  persons  of  eminence  in  England  and  abroad, 
and  in  some  cases  his  replies.  The  prefixed 
memoir  embodies  all  that  the  closest  inquiry 
could  gather  concerning  him.  The  investi- 
gation of  his  early  observations,  thus  brought 
to  light  after  nearly  a  century's  oblivion, 
was  made  the  subject  of  a  prize  by  the  Royal 
Society  of  Copenhagen  in  1832  ;  whence  the 
publication  by  Dr.  Busch  of  Konigsberg  of 
'  Reduction  of  the  Observations  made  by 
Bradley  at  Kew  and  Wanstead  to  determine 
the  Quantities  of  Aberration  and  Nutation ' 
(Oxford,  1838). 

[Rigaud's  Memoirs  of  Bradley ;  New  and  Gen. 
Biog.  Diet.  xii.  54,  1767;  Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis); 
Fouchy's  Eloge,  Mem.  de  1'Ac.  des  Sciences, 
1762,  p.  231  (Hist.) ;  same  trans,  in  Annual  Keg. 
1765,  p.  23,  and  Gent.  Mag.  xxxv.  361;  Delambre's 
Hist,  de  1'Astronomie  au  xviii*  siecle,  p.  413  ; 
Thomson's  Hist,  of  K.  Soc.  p.  344  ;  Watt's  Bibl. 
Brit.]  A.  M.  C. 

BRADLEY,  RALPH  (1717-1788),  con- 
veyancing barrister,  was  a  contemporary  of 
James  Booth  [q.  v.],  who  has  been  called  the 
patriarch  of  modern  conveyancing.  Bradley- 
was  called  to  the  bar  by  the  society,  of  Gray's 
Inn,  and  practised  at  Stockton-on-Tees  with 

geat  success  for  upwards  of  half  a  century, 
e  is  said  to  have  managed  the  concerns  of 
almost  the  whole  county  of  Durham,  and, 


Bradley 


172 


Bradley 


though  &  provincial  counsel,  his  opinions  were 
everywhere  received  with  the  greatest  respect. 
His  drafts,  like  Booth's,  were  prolix  to  excess, 
but  some  of  them  were,  to  a  very  recent  period, 
in  use  as  precedents  in  the  northern  counties. 
He  published  (London,  1779)  '  An  Enquiry 
into  the  Nature  of  Property  and  Estates  as 
defined  by  English  Law,  in  which  are  con- 
sidered the  opinions  of  Mr.  Justice  Black- 
stone  and  Lord  Coke  concerning  Real  Pro- 
perty.' There  was  also  published  in  1804 
in  London  '  Practical  Points,  or  Maxims  in 
Conveyancing,  drawn  from  the  daily  experi- 
ence of  a  late  eminent  conveyancer  (Brad- 
ley), with  critical  observations  on  the  various 
parts  of  a  Deed  by  J.  Ritson.'  This  was 
a  collection  of  Bradley's  notes  on  points  of 
practice,  and  the  technical  minutiae  of  con- 
veyancing as  they  were  suggested  in  the 
course  of  his  professional  life.  Ritson  was 
a  contemporary  and  fellow-townsman  of 
Bradley.  The  latter  by  his  will  left  a  con- 
siderable sum  (40,000/.)  on  trust  for  the 
purchase  of  books  calculated  to  promote  the 
interests  of  religion  and  virtue  in  Great  Bri- 
tain and  the  happiness  of  mankind.  Lord 
Thurlow,  by  a  decree  in  chancery,  set  aside 
the  charitable  disposition  of  Bradley  in  favour 
of  his  next  of  kin.  Bradley  died  at  Stockton- 
on-Tees  on  28  Dec.  1788,  and  was  buried  in 
the  parish  church  of  Greatham,  where  a 
mural  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory 
on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel. 

[Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Iviii.  pt.  ii.  p.  1184;  David- 
son's Conveyancing,  4th  ed.  i.  7  ;  Marvin's  Legal 
Bibliograph,  p.  141  ;  Surtees's  Hist,  of  Durham, 
iii.  140.]  E.  H. 

BRADLEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1732),  bo- 
tanist and  horticultural  writer,  was  a  very 
popular  and  voluminous  author.  His  first 
essays  in  print  were  two  papers  published  in 
the  'Philosophical  Transactions'  for  1716, 
on  mouldiness  in  melons,  and  the  motions  of 
;7*X  the  sap.  He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  17D3; 
and  professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge  on 
10  Nov.  1724,  the  latter  by  means  of  a  pre- 
tended verbal  recommendation  from  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Sherard  to  Dr.  Bentley,  with  pompous 
assurances  that  he  would  found  a  public  bo- 
tanic garden  in  the  university  by  his  private 
purse  and  interest.  Very  soon  after  his  elec- 
tion the  vanity  of  his  promises  was  seen,  and 
his  entire  ignorance  of  Latin  and  Greek  ex- 
cited great  scandal :  Dr.  Martyn,  who  after- 
wards succeeded  him,  was  appointed  to  read 
the  prescribed  courses  of  lectures,  in  conse- 
quence of  Bradley's  neglect  to  do  so.  In 
1729  he  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  '  Ma- 
teria  Medica,'  which  he  afterwards  published. 
In  1731  it  is  stated  that  '  he  was  grown  so 


scandalous  that  it  was  in  agitation  to  turn 
him  out  of  his  professorship,'  though  the 
details  of  his  delinquency  do  not  appear  to 
be  given.  He  died  at  Cambridge  5  Nov. 
1732. 

The  use  of  Bradley's  name  was  paid  for 
by  the  publishers  of  a  translation  of  Xeno- 
phon's  '  Economics '  solely  on  account  of  his 
popularity,  as  he  knew  nothing  of  the  ori- 
ginal language.  His  botanical  publications 
show  acuteness  and  diligence,  and  contain 
indications  of  much  observation  in  advance 
of  his  time. 

Adanson,  Necker,  and  Banks,  in  succes- 
sion, named  genera  to  commemorate  Bradley, 
but  they  have  not  been  maintained  distinct 
by  succeeding  botanists. 

His  works  include :  1.  ( Historia  planta- 
rum  succulentarum,  &c.,'  London,  1716-27, 
5  decades,  4to,  reissued  together  in  1734. 
2.  '  New  Improvements  of  Planting  and 
Gardening,'  London,  1717  (two  editions),  8vo, 
1731.  3.  '  Gentleman's  and  Farmer's  Calen- 
dar,' London,  1718, 8vo  ;  French  translations 
(1723,  1743,  1756).  4.  <  Virtue  and  Use  of 
Coffee  with  regard  to  the  Plague  and  Con- 
tagious Distempers,'  London,  1721,  8vo. 

5.  '  Philosophical  Account  of  the  Works  of 
Nature,'    London    (1721    and   1739),   8vo. 

6.  '  Plague  of  Marseilles  considered,'  London, 
1721,  8vo.     7.  '  New  Experiments  and  Ob- 
servations on  the  Generation  of  Plants,'  1724, 
8vo.     8.  '  Treatise  of  Fallowing,'  Edinburgh, 
1724,   8vo.     9.    'Survey  of  Ancient   Hus- 
bandry and  Gardening  collected  from  Cato, 
Varro,  Columella,  &c.,'  London,  1725,  8vor 
and  several  small  treatises  on  gardening  and 
agriculture.     Part  II.  of  Co-well's  '  Curious 
and  Profitable  Gardener,  concerning  the  great 
American  Aloe,'  has  been  attributed  with 
little  reason  to  Bradley. 

[Pulteney's  Biog.  Sketches  of  Botany  (1790), 
|  ii.  129-33;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  444-51, 
j  709  ;  Chalmers's  Gen.  Biog  Diet.,  new  ed.  vi. 
1  (1812),  415-16;  Kees's  Cyclop,  v. art. 'Bradley'; 

Seguier's  Bibl.  Bot.  343-6;  Haller's  Bibl.  Bot. 

ii.  133-7  ;  Pritzel's  Thesaurus,  p.  31,  id.  ed.  2, 
|  p.  38.]  B.  D.  J. 

BRADLEY,  THOMAS  (1597-1670), 
divine,  a  native  of  Berkshire,  states  that  he 
was  72  years  old  in  1669,  and  was  therefore 
born  in  1597.  He  became  a  battler  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  in  1616,  and  proceeded  B.A. 
on  21  July  1620.  He  was  chaplain  to  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  for  several  years,  and 
accompanied  him  in  the  expedition  to  Ro- 
chelle  and  the  Isle  of  Rhe  in  1627.  After 
Buckingham's  murder  in  the  following  year  he 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  I,  and  on  16  June 
1629  a  captain  in  the  expedition  to  France  ap- 


Bradley 


173 


Bradock 


plied  to  the  council  to  take  Bradley  with  him 
as  chaplain  of  his  ship  (  CaL  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1628-9,  p.  579).  Soon  afterwards  (5  Mayl631) 
Bradley  married  Frances,  the  daughter  of  Sir 
John  Savile,  baron  Savile  of  Pontefract,  and 
he  was  presented  by  his  father-in-law  about 
the  same  time  to  the  livings  of  Castleford 
and  Ackworth,  near  Pontefract.  As  a  staunch 
royalist,  he  was  created  D.D.  at  Oxford  on 
20  Dec.  1642,  and  was  expelled  a  few  years 
later  by  the  parliamentary  committee  from 
both  his  Yorkshire  livings.     '  His  lady  and 
all  his  children/  writes  Walker, '  were  turned 
out  of  doors  to  seek  their  bread  in  desolate 
places,'  and   his   library  at   Castleford  fell 
into  the  hands  of  his  oppressors.     He  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1658  a  curious  pamph- 
let entitled  <  A  Present  for  Csesar  of  100,000/. 
in  hand  and  50,000/.  a  year,'  in  which  he  re- 
commended the  extortion  of  first-fruits  and 
tithes  according  to  their  true  value.     The 
work   is    respectfully   dedicated    to   Oliver  ' 
Cromwell.     At  the  Restoration  he  was  re-  I 
stored  to  Ackworth,  but  he  found  it  necessary  j 
to  vindicate  his 'pamphlet  in  another  tract 
entitled  <  Appello  Csesarem '  (York,  1661).  | 
But  his  conduct  did  not  satisfy  the  govern- 
ment, and  in  an  assize  sermon  preached  at 
York  in  1663  and  published  as  '  Caesar's  Due  ' 
and  the  Subject's  Duty,'  he   said  that  the  ' 
king  had  bidden  him  '  preach  conscience  to 
the  people  and  not  to  meddle  with  state  j 
affairs,'  and  that  he  had  to  apologise  for  his 
sermons  preached  against  the  excise  and  the 
excisemen,  the   Westminster  lawyers,   and 
*the  rack-renting  landlords  and   depopula-  j 
tors.'     He  also  expressed  regret  for  having 
suggested  the  restoration  of  the  council  of 
the  north.     In  1666  he  was  made   a  pre- 
bendary of  York.     He  died  in  1670. 

His  publications  consist  entirely  of  ser- 
mons. The  earliest,  entitled  '  Comfort  from 
the  Cradle,'  was  preached  at  Winchester  and 
published  at  Oxford  in  1650;  four  others, 

? -eached  at  York  Minster,  were  published  at 
ork  between  1661  and  1670,  and  six  occa- 
sional sermons  appear  to  have  been  issued  col- 
lectively in  London  in  1667.  Walker  de- 
scribes Bradley  as  '  an  excellent  preacher ' 
and  '  a  ready  and  acute  wit.' 

A  son,  Savile,  was  at  one  time  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  fellow  of 
Magdalen.  Wood,  in  his  autobiography,  tells 
a  curious  story  about  his  ordination  in  1661. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  xliii,  iii. 
719  ;  Fasti  Oxon.  i.  392,  ii.  52  ;  Walker's  Suffer- 
ings, ii.  85 ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

S.  L.  L. 

BRADLEY,  THOMAS,  M.D.  (1751- 
1813),  physician,  was  a  native  of  Worcester, 


where  for  some  time  he  conducted  a  school 
in  which  mathematics  formed  a  prominent 
study.  About  1786  he  withdrew  from  edu- 
cation, and,  devoting  himself  to  medical 
studies,  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  gra- 
duated M.D.  in  1791,  his  dissertation,  which 
was  published,  being  <De  Epispasticorum 
Usu  in  variis  morbis  tractandis.'  He  settled 
in  London,  and  on  22  Dec.  1791  was  admitted 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  From 
1794  to  1811  he  was  physician  to  the  West- 
minster Hospital.  For  many  years  he  acted 
as  editor  of  the  '  Medical  and  Physical  Jour- 
nal.' He  published  a  revised  and  enlarged 
edition  of  Fox's  '  Medical  Dictionary,'  1803, 
and  also  a  'Treatise  on  Worms  and  other 
Animals  which  infest  the  Human  Body,' 
1813.  In  the  practice  of  his  profession  he 
was  not  very  successful.  He  died  in  St. 
George's  Fields  at  the  close  of  1813. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  ii.  419-20; 
Gent.  Mag.  Ixxxiv.  (pt.  L)  97-8.] 

BRADLEY,  WILLIAM  (1801-1857), 
portrait  painter,  was  born  at  Manchester  on 
16  Jan.  1801.  He  was  left  an  orphan  when 
three  years  old,  and  commenced  life  as  an 
errand-boy ;  but  having  a  natural  talent  for 
art,  he  at  the  age  of  sixteen  advertised  him- 
self as  a  i  portrait,  miniature,  and  animal 
painter,  and  teacher  of  drawing,'  and  drew 
portraits  at  a  shilling  apiece.  Having  re- 
ceived some  lessons  from  Mather  Brown, 
who  was  then  living  at  Manchester,  he  came 
to  London  when  about  twenty-one,  and,  ob- 
taining an  introduction  to  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence, established  himself  in  the  metropolis, 
where  he  enjoyed  some  practice  as  a  por- 
trait painter.  Between  1823  and  1846  he 
exhibited  thirteen  portraits  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  twenty-one  at  the  Free  Society  of 
Artists,  and  eight  at  the  British  Institution. 
He  returned  in  1847  to  his  native  city,  broken 
down  in  health,  and  he  died  in  poverty  on 
4  July  1857.  Bradley 's  portraits  were  suc- 
cessful as  likenesses,  and  well  drawn.  Among 
his  sitters  were  Lords  Beresford,  Sandon, 
Bagot,  and  Ellesmere,  Sheridan  Knowles, 
W.  C.  Macready,  and  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone.  His  portrait  of  the  last-men- 
tioned has  been  engraved  in  mezzotinto  by 
W.  Walker. 

[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  Eng- 
lish School,  Painters,  &c.,  London,  1878,  8vo  ; 
MS.  notes  in  the  British  Museum.]  L.  F. 

BRADOCK,  THOMAS  (f,.  1576-1604), 
translator,  was  educated  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  proceeded  B.A.  1576,  and  was 
elected  fellow  of  his  college  in  1578.  In  1579 
his  name  appears  in  a  protest  against  the 


Bradshaigh 


174 


Bradshaw 


action  of  Dr.  Hawford,  the  master,  in  with- 
holding his  fellowship  from  Hugh  Broughton. 
In  1580  he  proceeded  M.A.,  and  was  incor- 
porated M.A.  at  Oxford  in  1584.  In  1588 
he  was  elected  head-master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Reading,  and  in  1591  was  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Stanstead  Abbots  in  Hert- 
fordshire, which  he  resigned  in  1593.  The 
advowson  of  Great  Munden  in  Hertford- 
shire was  granted  11  July  1604  to  a  certain 
Thomas  Nicholson  upon  trust  to  present  it  to 
Bradock.  Bradock  never  obtained  the  pre- 
sentation, which  did  not  fall  vacant  till  1616 ; 
he  probably  died  before  that  date.  Bradock 
translated  into  Latin  Bishop  Jewell's  confu- 
tation, in  six  parts,  of  the  attack  of  Thomas 
Harding  on  Jewell's  '  Apologia  Ecclesise  An- 
glicanse.'  The  translation,  taking  up  637  folio 
pages,  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1600,  and 
was  undertaken  that  foreign  scholars  and  di- 
vines might  be  able  to  follow  the  controversy 
which  the  '  Apologia '  had  occasioned.  It  is 
dedicated  to  John  Whitgift,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

[Cooper's  Athense  Cantab,  ii.  395;  Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  394  ;  Fasti  i.  228  ;  Clut- 
terbuck's  Hertfordshire  iii.  247  ;  Coate's  Read- 
ing, 335  ;  Strype's  Annals,  ii.  App.  136,  iii.  490, 
App.  201  ;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom.  1603-10).] 

K.  B. 

BRADSHAIGH,  RICHARD.     [See 

BAKTON.] 

BRADSHAW,  ANN  MARIA  (1801- 
1862),  actress  and  vocalist,  was  born  in 
London  in  August  1801.  Her  maiden  name 
was  Tree,  and  her  father,  who  lived  in  Lan- 
caster Buildings,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  was  in 
the  East  India  House.  After  a  training  in 
the  chorus  at  Drury  Lane,  and  a  short  ex- 
perience in  Bath,  she  appeared  in  1818  at 
Covent  Garden  as  Rosina  in  '  The  Barber  of 
Seville.'  Subsequently  she  played,  princi- 
pally as  a  substitute  for  Miss  Foote  or  Miss 
Stephens,  Patty  in  <  The  Maid  of  the  Mill,' 
Susannah  in  i  The  Marriage  of  Figaro,'  and 
other  similar  characters.  Her  first  recorded 
appearance  in  ah  original  role  seems  to  have 
been  as  Princess  Stella  in  the '  Gnome  King,' 
a  spectacular  piece  produced  on  6  Oct.  1819 
at  Covent  Garden.  On  11  Dec.  of  the  same 
year  she  appeared  as  Luciana  in  an  opera 
founded  by  Reynolds  on  '  The  Comedy  of 
Errors.'  This  led  to  the  series  of  Shake- 
spearean performances  on  which  her  fame 
rests.  In  various  renderings,  musical  and 
otherwise,  of  Shakespearean  comedy,  she 

?layed  with  success  Ariel,  Viola,  Imogen, 
ulia  (in  the  '  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona '), 
Ophelia,  and  Rosalind.     With  the  exception 
of  a  solitary  appearance  at  Drury  Lane  on 


19  April  1823,  when  she  was  lent  by  her  own 
management,  she  appears  to  have  remained 
at  Covent  Garden  till  her  retirement.  This 
took  place  on  15  June  1825  in  two  of  her 
original  characters,  Mary  Copp  in '  Charles  II/ 
by  Howard  Payne,  and  Clari  in  the  opera  of 
that  name,  by  the  same  author.  Shortly 
afterwards  she  married,  under  passably  ro- 
mantic circumstances,  and  after,  it  is  said,  an 
attempt  at  suicide,  James  Bradshaw,  a  man 
of  property.  She  died  on  18  Feb.  1862.  Of 
medium  stature  and  pleasing  figure,  and  with 
no  special  claim  to  beauty,  she  owed  her 
popularity  to  the  pathos  in  her  voice.  Though 
inferior  to  her  singing,  her  acting  won  com- 
mendation. She  was  much  praised  for  the 
modesty  of  her  performance  in  male  attire. 
Her  sister,  Ellen  Tree,  became  the  wife  of 
Mr.  Charles  Kean. 

[Genest's  History  of  the  Stage;  Oxberry's 
Dramatic  Biography  ;  The  Drama  or  Theatrical 
Pocket  Magazine ;  Era  Almanack.")  J.  K. 

BRADSHAW,  GEORGE  (1801-1853), 
originator  of  railway  guides,  only  son  of 
Thomas  Bradshaw,  by  his  wife,  Mary  Rogers, 
was  born  at  Windsor  Bridge,  Pendleton, 
Salford,  on  29  July  1801.  His  parents  taxed 
their  limited  means  to  give  a  good  education 
to  their  only  child  by  placing  him  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Coward,  a  Swedenborgian  minis- 
ter ;  thence  he  removed  to  a  school  kept 
by  Mr.  Scott  at  Overton,  Lancashire.  On 
leaving  school  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  J. 
Beale,  an  engraver,  who  had  acquired  some 
reputation  by  the  execution  of  the  plates  of 
1  The  Art  of  Penmanship  Improved,'  by 
Duncan  Smith,  1817.  In  1820  he  accom- 
panied his  parents  to  Belfast,  and  there  esta- 
blished himself  as  an  engraver  and  printer, 
but,  not  finding  adequate  occupation,  returned 
to  Manchester  in  the  following  year.  His 
attention  had  been  for  some  time  directed  to 
the  engraving  of  maps,  and  in  3827  he  de- 
termined to  devote  himself  more  especially 
to  that  branch  of  art.  The  first  map  pro- 
jected, engraved,  and  published  by  him  was 
one  of  Lancashire,  his  native  county.  This 
was  followed  in  1830  by  his  map  of  the 
canals  of  Lancashire,  Yorkshire,  &c.  This 
map  eventually  became  one  of  a  set  of  three 
known  as  '  Bradshaw's  Maps  of  Inland  Navi- 
gation.' Soon  after  the  commencement  of 
the  railway  system,  Bradshaw,  the  originator 
of  railway  guides,  produced  'Bradshaw's 
Railway  Time  Tables '  in  1839,  a  small  18mo 
book,  bound  in  cloth,  price  6d.  In  1840  the 
name  was  changed  to  '  Bradshaw's  Railway 
Companion/  which  contained  more  matter, 
with  sectional  maps,  and  was  sold  at  1*.  It 
was  not  published  periodically,  but  appeared 


Bradshaw 


175 


Bradshaw 


occasionally,  and  was  supplemented  by  a 
monthly  time-sheet.  The  agent  in  London 
for  the  sale  of  this  work  was  Mr.  William 
Jones  Adams,  who,  it  would  appear,  was 
the  first  to  suggest  the  idea  of  a  regular 
monthly  book  at  a  lower  price,  as  an  im- 
provement on  '  The  Companion.'  This  idea 
was  taken  up  by  Bradshaw,  and  the  result 
was  the  appearance  in  December  1841  of  ; 
No.  1  of  *  Bradshaw's  Monthly  Railway 
Guide,'  in  the  well-known  yellow  wrapper, 
a  work  which  has  gained  for  itself  a  world- 
wide fame.  Another  undertaking  was '  Brad- 
shaw's Railway  Map,'  produced  in  1838. 
Among  his  other  publications  may  be  men-  ; 
tioned  'Bradshaw's  Continental  Railway 
Guide,'  printed  in  Manchester,  but  of  which 
the  first  number  was  published  in  Paris  in 
June  1847 ;  and  'Bradshaw's  General  Rail- 
way Directory  and  Shareholder's  Guide,' 
which  first  appeared  in  1849. 

Bradshaw  when  a  young  man  joined  the 
Society  of  Friends,  and  was  an  active  co- 
adjutor of  Cobden,  Pease,  Sturge,  Scoble,  ' 
Elihu  Burritt,  and  others  in  holding  peace  i 
conferences,  in  the  attempts  to  establish  an  ! 
ocean  penny  postage,  and  other  philanthropic 
labours.    Part  of  his  time  he  devoted  to  the 
establishment  of  schools  for  the  poorer  classes. 
Bradshaw  joined  the  Institution  of  Civil  En-  j 
gineers  as  an  associate  in  February  1842.    In  ; 
August  1853  he  went  to  Norway  on  a  tour  I 
combining  business  and  recreation,  and  on 
6  Sept.,  while  on  a  visit  to  a  friend  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Christiania,  he  was  seized 
by  Asiatic  cholera,  and  died  in  a  few  hours. 
He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  belonging  to  , 
the  cathedral  of  Christiania. 

He  married,  on  16  May  1839,  Martha,  I 
daughter  of  William  Darbyshire  of  Stretton,  j 
near  Warrington,  and  left  a  son,  Christopher.  ! 

[Manchester  Guardian,  17  Sept.  1853,  p.  7; 
Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers (1 854), xiii.  145-9;  Athenaeum,  27 Dec. 
1873,  p.  872,  17  Jan.  1874,  p.  95,  24  Jan.  p.  126  ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.,  viii.  45,  92,  338, 
xi,  15.]  GK  C.  B. 

;  BRADSHAW,  HENRY  (d.  1513),  Be- 
nedictine monk  and  poet,  was  a  native  of 
j  Chester.  Being  from  childhood  much  ad- 
''  dieted  to  religion  and  learning,  he  was,  while 
young,  received  among  the  monks  of  St.  Wer- 
burgh's.  Thence  he  was  sent  to  Gloucester 
College,  Oxford,  and  there  passed  his  course 
in  theology.  He  then  returned  to  his  monas- 
tery. He  wrote  '  De  Antiquitate  et  magnifi- 
centiallrbis  Cestrise;'  f  Chronicon  and  a  Life 
of  St.  Werburgh,'  in  English  verse,  includ- 
ing the  '  Foundation  of  the  City  of  Chester,' 
the  '  Chronicle  of  the  Kings,'  &c.  The  date 


of  his  death  is  fixed  at  1513,  by  '  A  Balade 
to  the  Auctour,'  printed  with  this  poem.  A 
full  description  of  this  rare  volume  is  given 
by  Dibdin  (  Typographical  Antiquities,  ii.  491). 
The  title  is, '  Here  begynneth  the  Holy  Lyfe 
and  History  of  Saynt  Werburge,  very  frute- 
full  for  all  christen  people  to  rede.  Imprinted 
by  Richarde  Pynson  .  .  .  A°  MDXXI.'  4to. 
Three  ballads  follow ;  at  the  end  of  these 
is  the  colophon,  'And  thus  endeth  the 
lyfe  and  history e  of  Saynt  Werburge.  Im- 
printed, &c.'  Herbert  (Typographical  An- 
tiquities, i.  270)  says  that  a  few  years  before 
he  wrote,  the  very  existence  of  this  book 
was  questioned.  Five  copies  are,  however, 
known  to  be  in  existence,  one  in  the  Minster 
Library  at  York,  two  in  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary (Catal  iii.  802), one, the  copy  described 
by  Dibdin  as  Heber's,  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, and  the  fifth  in  Mr.  Miller's  collec- 
tion (Remains,  Sfc.  Chetham  Soc.  xv.)  It 
was  reprinted  for  the  Chetham  Society  in 
1848,  being  edited  by  E.  Hawkins.  Copious 
extracts  are  given,  not  always  exactly,  by 
Warton.  The  main  body  of  the  poem  is  a 
translation  from  a  Latin  work  then  in  the 
library  of  St.  Werburgh's,  called  the  l  True 
or  Third  Passionary,'  by  an  author  of  whom 
Bradshaw  says  '  uncertayne  was  his  name/ 
Warton's  conjecture,  then,  that  this  writer 
was  Goscelin,  is,  as  Hawkins  points  out  (In- 
tro d.  Chetham  Soc.  xv.  5),  unlikely  to  be 
correct.  The  '  prologes '  and  some  other 
parts  of  the  volume  are  original.  Bradshaw 
wrote,  he  says,  for  the  people — 
Go  forth  litell  boke,  Jesu  be  thy  spede, 
And  saue  the  alway  from  mysreportyng, 
Whiche  art  compiled  for  no  clerk  e  indede 
But  for  marchaunt  men,  hauyng  litell  lernyng, 
And  that  rude  people  thereby  may  haue  knowyng 
Of  this  holy  virgin  and  redolent  rose 
Whiche  hath  been  kept  full  longe  tyme  in  close. 
Warton  speaks  slightingly  of  Bradshaw's 
powers.  Dibdin,  who  also  gives  some  long 
extracts,  rates  them  more  highly.  Many 
passages  are  vigorous,  and  some  are  certainly 
picturesque.  In  his  concluding  stanza  he 
speaks  of  Chaucer  and  Lydgate,  of  'preig- 
naunt  Barkley,'  and  of  i  inventive  Skelton.' 
Herbert  also  attributes  to  Bradshaw  a  book 
beginning  •  <  Here  begynneth  the  lyfe  of  saynt 
Radegunde,'  also  in  seven-line  stanzas,  printed 
by  Pinson,  n.  d.,  without  the  name  of  the 
author  or  translator. 

[Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  (Dibdin),  ii.  491-9, 
Typogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  i.  269,  294  ;  Wood's 
Athense  Oxon.  i.  col.  18,  ed.  Bliss;  Warton's 
History  of  English  Poetry,  ii.  371-80 ;  The 
Holy  Lyfe  and  History,  &c.  Chetham  Soc.  xv. 
ed.  E.  Hawkins,  with  introd. ;  Tanner's  Bibl. 
Prit.  121.]  W.  H. 


Bradshaw 


176 


Bradshaw 


BRADSHAW,  JAMES  (1636  P-1702),  i.  391,  473,  ii.  97,  105,  108,  185,  238;  Cat.  Dr. 
ejected  minister,  of  the  Bradshaws  of  Haigh,  Williams's  Library,  184 1,  ii.  432 ;  Fisher's  Comp. 
near  Wigan,  the  elder  and  royalist  branch  of  '  and  KeJ  to  Hist,  of  Eng.  1832.  pp.  535,  757  ; 
the  family,  was  born  at  Hacken.  in  the  parish  Calamy's  Hist.  Ace.  of  my  own  Life..  2nd  ed.  1830, 
of  Bolton,  Lancashire,  about  1636.  He  was  Pi.349  '>  information  from  Rev.  P.  Vance-Smith, 
educated  at  the  Bolton  grammar  school  and  :  Hmdley-J  A.  G. 

Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  but  did  not  j      BRADSHAW,    JAMES    (1717-1746), 
graduate.     This  was  due  to  the  influence  of  j  Jacobite  rebel,  born  in  1717,  was  the  only 
his  uncle  Holmes,  then  a  minister  in  North-  j  child  of  a  well-to-do  Roman  catholic  in  trade 
amptonshire,  under  whom  he  studied  divinity,  j  ftt  Manchester.     He  was  educated  at  the  free 
Returning  to   Lancashire,  he  was  ordained    school,  and  learned  some  classics  there.  About 
minister  of  Hindley.    With  other  Lancashire  |  1734  he  was  bound  apprentice  to  Mr.  Charles 
ministers,  he  was  concerned  in  the  royalist  j  Worral,  a  Manchester  factor,  trading  at  the 
rising  under  Sir  George  Booth  [q.  v.]     He  i  Golden  Ball,  Lawrence  Lane,  London.     In 
was  ejected  in  1662,  but,  continuing  to  preach,  I  1740  Bradshaw   was   called   back  to  Man- 
he  suffered  some  months'  imprisonment  at  the  |  Chester  through  the  illness  of  his  father,  and 
instance  of  his  relative  Sir  Roger  Bradshaw,  I  after  his  father's  death  he  found  himself  in 
an  episcopalian  magistrate.  On  the  indulgence    possession  of  a  thriving  trade  and  several 
of  1672  he  got  possession  of  Rainford  Chapel,  '  thousand  pounds.  Very  quickly  (about  1741) 
in  the  parish  of  Prescot.     The  neighbouring  j  he  took  a  London  partner,  Mr.  James  Daw- 
clergy  now  and  then  preached  for  him,  read-    son,  near  the  Axe  Inn,  Aldermanbury,  and 
ing  the  prayer-book ;  hence  the  churchwarden  i  he  married  a  Miss  Waggstaff  of  Manchester, 
was  able  to  say  '  yes '  to  the  question  at  visi-    She  and  an  only  child  both  died  in  1743. 
tations :    '  Have  you   common   prayer  read  ,  Bradshaw  thereupon  threw  in  his  lot  with 
yearly  in  your  chapel  ? '     Pearson,  the  bishop    the  Pretender.    He  was  one  of  the  rebel  cour- 
of  Chester,  would  not  sustain  informations  ,  tiers  assembled  at  Carlisle  on  10  Nov.  1745. 
against  peaceable  ministers,  so  Bradshaw  was  J  He  visited  his  own  city  on  29  Nov.,  where  he 
not  disturbed.  He  was  also  one  of  the  Monday  j  busied  himself  in  recruiting  at  the  Bell  Inn. 
lecturers  at  Bolton.     He  died  at  Rainford  in    He  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  war,  and 
1702,  in  his  sixty-seventh  year,  his  death  being    received  his  fellow-rebels  in  his  own  house, 
the  result  of  a  mishap  while  riding  to  preach,  j  Having  accepted    a    captaincy    in   Colonel 
His  son  Ebenezer,  presbyterian  minister  at  I  Towneley's  regiment  he  marched  to  Derby, 
Ramsgate,  was  ordained  22  June  1694  in  Dr.  |  paying  his  men  out  of  his  own  purse;  he 
Annesley's  meeting-house,  Bishopsgate  With-  j  headed  his  company  on  horseback  in  the  skir- 
in,  near  Little  St.  Helen's  (this  was  at  the  j  mish  at  Clifton  Moor ;  he  attended  the  Pre- 
tender's levSe  on  the  retreat  through  Carlisle 


first  public  ordination  among  presbvterians 
after  the  Restoration).  Bradshaw  published : 
1.  '  The  Sleepy  Spouse  of  Christ  alarm'd,'  &c., 
1677,  12mo  (sermons  on  Cant,  v.,  preface  by 
Nathaniel  Vincent,  M.A.,  who  died  21  June 
1697,  aged  52).  2.  <  The  Trial  and  Triumph 
of  Faith.'  Halley  confuses  him  (ii.  184)  with 
another  James  Bradshaw,  born  at  Darcy 
Lever,  near  Bolton,  Lancashire,  educated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  presbyterian  rector 
of  Wigan,  who  in  1644  encouraged  the  siege 
of  Lathom  House  by  sermons  from  Jerem. 
xv.  14,  in  which  he  compared  Lathom's  seven 
towers  to  the  seven  heads  of  the  beast.  He 
was  superseded  at  Wigan  by  Charles  Hotham 
for  not  observing  the  parliamentary  fast,  but 
called  to  Macclesfield,  whence  he  was  ejected 
in  1662.  He  preached  at  Houghton  Chapel, 
and  subsequently  at  Bradshaw  Chapel,reading 
some  of  the  prayers,  but  not  subscribing.  He 
died  in  May  1683,  aged  73. 

[Calamy's  Account,  1713,  pp.  16,  123;  Cala- 
my's  Continuation,  1727,  pp.  17,  140  ;  Palmer's 
Nonconf.  Memorial,  1802,  i.  337,  ii.  364;  Hat- 
field's  Manch.  Socin.  Controversy,  1825,  p.  140; 
Halley's  Lane.,  its  Puritanism  and  Nonconf.,  1 869, 


in  December ;  and  preferring  to  be  in  Lord 
Elcho's  troop  of  horse  when  the  rebels  were 
striving  to  keep  together  in  Scotland  in  the 
early  weeks  of  1746,  he  fought  at  Falkirk. 
He  was  at  Stirling,  Perth,  Strathbogie,  and 
finally  at  Culloden,  on  16  April  in  the  same 
year,  where  in  the  rout  he  was  taken  prisoner. 
His  passage  to  London  was  by  ship,  with  forty- 
two  fellow-prisoners.  He  was  taken  to  the 
New  Gaol,  Southwark ;  his  trial  took  place 
at  St.  Margaret's  Hill  on  27  Oct.  On  that 
occasion  he  was  dressed  in  new  green  cloth, 
and  bore  himself  somewhat  gaily.  His  counsel 
urged  that  he  had  always  had  'lunatick 
pranks,'  and  had  been  driven  entirely  mad  by 
the  death  of  his  wife  and  child.  He  was 
found  guilty,  and  having  been  kept  in  gaol 
nearly  a  month  more,  he  was  executed  on 
Kennington  Common,  28  Nov.  1746,  aged 
only  29. 

[Ho well's  State  Trials,  xviii.  415-24.1 

J.H. 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN  (1602-1659),  regi- 
cide, was  the  second  surviving  son  of  Henry 
Bradshaw,  a  well-to-do  country  gentleman, 


Bradshaw 


177 


Bradshaw 


of  Marple  and  Wibersley  halls,  Stockport, 
Cheshire,  who  died  in  1654.  His  mother 
was  Catherine,  daughter  of  Ralph  Winning- 
ton  of  Offerton  in  the  same  county,  who 
was  married  at  Stockport  on  4  Feb.  1593, 
and  died  in  January  1603-4.  The  eldest 
surviving  son,  Henry,  the  heir  to  the  family 
property,  was  born  in  1600.  Francis,  the 
youngest  son,  was  baptised  on  13  Jan.  1603-4. 
John  was  born  at  Wibersley  Hall  in  1602, 
and  baptised  at  Stockport  Church  on  10  Dec. 
in  that  year.  Educated  first  at  the  free  school 
of  Stockport,  he  afterwards  attended  schools 
at  Bunbury,  Cheshire,  and  Middleton,  Lan- 
cashire. There  is  a  doubtful  tradition  that  he 
spent  some  time  in  his  youth  at  Macclesfield, 
and  there  wrote  on  a  gravestone  the  lines : 

My  brother  Henry  must  heir  the  land, 
My  brother  Frank  must  be  at  his  command  ; 
Whilst  I,  poor  Jack,  will  do  that 
That  all  the  world  will  wonder  at. 

He  studied  law  in  London,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn  on  23  April  1627. 
He  had  previously  served  for  several  years 
as  clerk  to  an  attorney  at  Congleton,  an'd  ap- 
parently practised  as  a  provincial  barrister. 
He  was  mayor  of  Congleton  in  1637,  and 
high  steward  of  the  borough  several  years 
later  (Gent.  Mag.  Ixxxviii.  i.  328).  He 
formally  resigned  the  office  in  May  1656. 
At  Congleton  he  maintained  no  little  state, 
and  possessed  much  influence  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. He  was  steward  of  the  manor  of 
Glossop,  Derbyshire,  in  1630. 

'  All  his  early  life,'  writes  Bradshaw's 
friend,  Milton,  in  the  l  Second  Defence  of  the 
People  of  England  '(1654), '  he  was  sedulously 
employed  in  making  himself  acquainted  with 
the  laws  of  his  country;  he  then  practised 
with  singular  success  and  reputation  at  the 
bar.'  Before  1643  he  had  removed  from 
Congleton  to  Basinghall  Street,  London, 
and  in  that  year  was  a  candidate  for  the 
post  of  judge  of  the  sheriffs'  court  in  Lon- 
don. The  right  of  appointment  was  claimed 
by  both  the  court  of  aldermen  and  the  court 
of  common  council,  and  the  latter  elected 
Bradshaw  on  21  Sept.  About  the  same  time 
the  aldermen  nominated  Richard  Proctor,  a 
rival  candidate.  Bradshaw  entered  at  once 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office,  and  continued 
in  it  till  1649,  when  other  employment  com- 
pelled him  to  apply  for  permission  to  nominate 
a  deputy.  Proctor  meanwhile  brought  an 
action  against  him  in  the  king's  bench.  The 
suit  lingered  till  February  1654-5,  when  the 
claim  of  the  court  of  common  council  to  the 
appointment  was  established. 

In  October  1644  Bradshaw  was  one  of  the 
counsel  employed  in  the  prosecution  of  Lord 

VOL.   VI. 


Macguire  of  Fermanagh  and  HughMacmahon 
for  their  part  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1641. 
Bradshaw  acted  with  William  Prynne,  and 
the  latter  received  much  assistance  from  Brad- 
shaw in  his  elaborate  argument  proving  that 
Irish  peers  were  amenable  to  English  juries. 
The  trial  resulted  in  the  conviction  of  Mac- 
guire.    In  1645  Bradshaw  was  counsel  for 
John  Lilburne  in  his  successful  appeal  to 
the  House  of  Lords  against   the  sentence 
pronounced  on  him  in  the  Star-chamber  for 
publishing  seditious  books  eight  years  before. 
The  commons  nominated  Bradshaw  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  great  seal  on  8  Oct. 
1646,  but  the  lords  declined  to  confirm  this 
arrangement.   On  22  Feb.  1646-7  he  was  ap- 
pointed  chief  justice   of   Chester,   and  on 
18  March  following  a  judge  in  Wales.     In 
June  he  was  one  of  the  counsel  retained 
(with  Oliver  St.  John,  Jermin,  and  William 
Prynne)  for  the  prosecution  of  Judge  Jenkins 
on  the  charge  of  passing  judgment  of  death 
on  men  who  had  fought  for  the  parliament. 
In  a  letter  to  the  mayor  of  Chester  (1  Aug. 
1648)  he  promises  to  resume  his  practice  of 
holding  'the grand  sessions'  at  Chester  after 
1  the  sad  impediment '  of  the  wars,  but  only 
promises  attention  to  the  city's  welfare  on 
condition  of  its  inhabitants'  constant  com- 
pliance with  the  directions  of  parliament 
(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  5th  Rep.  p.  344).     On 
12  Oct.  1648  the  parliament  created  Brad- 
shaw and  several  other  lawyers  of  their  party 
serjeants-at-law. 

On  2  Jan.  1648-9  the  lords  rejected  the 
ordinance  of  the  commons  for  bringing  the 
king  to  trial  before  a  parliamentary  com- 
mission. The  commons  straightway  re- 
solved to  proceed  on  their  sole  authority. 
Certain  peers  and  judges  had  been  nominated 
members  of  the  commission ;  but  the  names 
of  the  former  were  now  removed  (3  Jan.), 
and  those  of  Bradshaw,  Nicholas,  and  Steele, 
all  lawyers  without  seats  in  the  house,  sub- 
stituted. On  6  Jan.  the  ordinance  for  the 
trial  passed  its  final  stage.  On  8  Jan.  the 
commission  held  its  first  private  meeting  in 
the  Painted  Chamber  at  Westminster  to  dis- 
cuss the  procedure  at  the  trial,  but  Bradshaw 
did  not  put  in  an  appearance.  A  second 
meeting  took  place  two  days  later,  from 
which  Bradshaw  was  also  absent.  The  com- 
missioners then  proceeded  to  elect  a  presi- 
dent, and  the  choice  fell  upon  the  absent 
lawyer.  Mr.  Say  filled  the  post  for  the 
rest  of  that  day's  sitting,  but  a  special  sum- 
mons was  sent  to  Bradshaw  to  be  present  at 
the  meeting  to  be  held  on  12  Jan.  He  then 
appeared  and  '  enlarged  upon  his  own  want 
of  abilities  to  undergo  so  important  a  charge. 
.  .  .  And  when  he  was  pressed  ...  he  re- 


Bradshaw 


178 


Bradshaw 


quired  time  to  consider  it.'  The  next  day 
he  formally  accepted  the  office,  with  (it  is 
said)  every  sign  of  humility.  It  was  re- 
solved by  the  court  that  he  should  hence- 
forward bear  the  title  of  lord  president. 

Clarendon  is  probably  right  in  describing 
Bradshaw  as  'not  much  known  [at  this 
time]  in  Westminster  Hall,  though  of  good 
practice  in  the  chamber.'  There  were  cer- 
tainly many  lawyers  having  a  higher  reputa- 
tion both  in  parliament  and  at  the  bar  who 
might  have  been  expected  to  be  chosen  be- 
fore Bradshaw  president  of  the  great  com- 
mission. But  there  were  obvious  reasons 
for  appointing  a  lawyer  of  comparatively 
little  prominence.  The  proceedings  demanded 
a  very  precise  observance  of  legal  formali- 
ties, and  a  lawyer  was  indispensable.  But 
the  anti-royalists  had  very  few  lawyers  among 
them  who  believed  in  the  justice  or  legality 
of  the  latest  development  of  their  policy. 
Whitelocke  and  Widdrington  both  refused  to 
serve  on  the  commission ;  Serjeant  Nicholas, 
who  had  been  nominated  to  the  commission 
at  the  same  time  as  Bradshaw,  declined  to 
take  part  in  the  trial ;  the  parliamentary 
judges  Rolle,  St.  John,  and  "Wilde  deemed 
the  proceedings  irregular  from  first  to  last ; 
Edward  Prideaux,  an  able  lawyer,  whom  the 
commons  had  appointed  solicitor-general  on 
12  Oct.  1648,  was  unwilling  to  appear  against 
the  king,  and  his  place  was  filled  for  the 
occasion  by  John  Cook,  a  man  of  far  smaller 
ability.  But  the  commissioners,  whether  or 
no  they  had  any  misgivings,  were  resolved 
to  prove  their  confidence  in  the  man  of  their 
choice.  Everything  was  done  to  lend  dignity 
to  the  newly  elected  president.  The  deanery 
at  Westminster  was  handed  over  to  him  as 
his  residence  for  the  future,  but  during  the 
trial  it  was  arranged  that  he  should  lodge  at 
Sir  Abraham  Williams's  house  in  Palace  Yard 
to  be  near  Westminster  Hall.  He  was  given 
scarlet  robes  and  a  numerous  body-guard. 
Although  his  stout-heartedness  is  repeatedly 
insisted  on  by  his  admirers,  Bradshaw  had 
some  fear  of  personal  violence  at  this  time. 
'  Besides  other  defence,'  saysKennett,  'he  had 
a  high-crowned  beaver  hat  lined  with  plated 
steel  to  ward  off  blows/  The  hat  is  now  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford  (Complete 
Hist.  iii.  181  n. ;  GKANGEK,  Biog.  Hist.  ii.  397). 

Private  meetings  of  the  commission,  at- 
tended by  less  than  half  the  full  number  of 
members,  were  held  under  Bradshaw's  presi- 
dency in  the  Painted  Chamber  at  Westmin- 
ster almost  every  day  of  the  week  preceding 
the  trial,  and  on  the  morning  of  each  day  of 
the  trial  itself.  The  trial  opened  at  West- 
minster Hall  on  Saturday,  20  Jan.  1648-9. 
Bradshaw's  name  was  read  out  by  a  clerk, 


and  he  took  his  seat,  a  crimson  velvet  chair, 
'  having  a  desk  with  a  crimson  velvet  cushion 
before  him.'  He  was  surrounded  by  atten- 
dants, and  placed  in  the  midst  of  his  colleagues. 
The  president  addressed  the  prisoner  as  soon 
as  he  was  brought  into  court  as  (  Charles 
Stuart,  king  of  England,'  and  invited  him  to 
plead,  but  the  king  persistently  declined  the 
invitation  on  the  ground  of  the  court's  in- 
competency,  and  Bradshaw's  frequent  and 
impatient  appeals  had  no  effect  upon  him. 
Finally  Bradshaw  adjourned  the  proceed- 
ings to  the  following  Monday.  The  same 
scene  was  repeated  on  that  and  the  next  two 
days.  The  president  repeatedly  rebuked  the 
prisoner  for  his  freedom  of  language,  and  abso- 
lutely refused  to  allow  him  to  make  a  speech. 
On  25  Jan.  twenty-nine  witnesses  were  hur- 
riedly examined  ;  on  26  Jan.  Bradshaw  and 
the  commissioners  framed  a  sentence  of  death 
at  a  private  sitting  in  the  Painted  Chamber. 
It  was  read  over  by  them  on  the  morning  of 
the  next  day  (27  Jan.),  after  which  Brad- 
shaw proceeded  to  Westminster  Hall  and 
pronounced  judgment  in  a  long-winded  and 
strongly  worded  oration.  Before  Bradshaw 
spoke,  Charles  made  an  earnest  appeal  to 
be  heard  in  his  defence.  Some  of  the  com- 
missioners were  anxious  to  grant  him  this 
request,  but  Bradshaw  finally  disallowed  it. 
After  the  sentence  was  pronounced,  the  king 
renewed  his  demand,  but  Bradshaw  roughly 
told  him  to  be  quiet,  and  ordered  the  guards 
to  remove  him.  On  30  Jan.,  the  day  of  the 
execution,  the  commission  held  its  last  meet- 
ing in  private ;  the  death-warrant  was  duly 
engrossed  and  signed  by  fifty-eight  members. 
Bradshaw's  signature  headed  the  list. 

Bradshaw  was  censured  by  crowds  of 
pamphleteers  for  his  overbearing  and  brutal 
behaviour  towards  the  king  at  the  trial  (cf. 
Reason  against  Treason,  or  a  Bone  for  Brad- 
shaw to  pick,  9  July  1649).  His  friends 
professed  to  admire  his  self-confidence  and 
dignity,  and  spoke  as  if  he  had  had  no  previous 
judicial  experience.  On  the  whole  it  appears 
that  he  behaved  very  much  as  might  be  ex- 
pected of  a  commonplace  barrister  suddenly 
called  from  the  bench  of  a  city  sheriffs'  court 
to  fill  a  high  and  exceptionally  dignified 
judicial  office. 

The  lord  president's  court  was  re-esta- 
blished, with  Bradshaw  at  its  head,  on  2  Feb. 
1648-9,  and  throughout  the  month  it  was 
engaged  in  trying  leading  royalists  for  high 
treason.  The  chief  prisoners  were  the  Duke 
of  Hamilton,  Lord  Capel,  and  Henry  Rich, 
earl  of  Holland.  Bradshaw,  arrayed  in  his 
scarlet  robes,  pronounced  sentence  of  death 
upon  them  all  in  very  lengthy  judgments. 
He  showed  none  of  these  prisoners  any 


Bradshaw 


179 


Bradshaw 


mercy,  but  he  appeared  to  least  advantage 
as  the  judge  of  Eusebius  Andrews  [q.  v.],  a 
royalist  charged  with  conspiracy  against  the 
Commonwealth.  He  sought  by  repeated 
cross-examinations  to  convict  Andrews  out 
of  his  own  mouth,  and  kept  him  in  prison  for 
very  many  months.  Finally  Bradshaw  con- 
demned him  to  death  on  6  Aug.  1650  (F. 
BUCKLEY'S  account  of  the  trial,  1660,  re- 
printed in  State  Trials,  v.  1-42).  Bradshaw 
did  not  continue,  however,  to  perform  work  of 
this  kind.  His  place  was  filled  by  Serjeant 
Keeble  in  1651,  and  by  Serjeant  1'Isle  in  1654. 

Bradshaw  found  other  occupation  in  the 
council  of  state,  to  which  he  was  elected  by 
a  vote  of  the  commons  on  its  formation 
(14  Feb.  1648-9),  and  chosen  its  permanent 
president  (10  March).  He  did  not  attend 
its  sittings  till  12  March,  after  which  he  was 
rarely  absent.  No  other  member  was  so  re- 
gular in  his  attendance.  He  was  in  frequent 
correspondence  with  Oliver  Cromwell  during 
the  campaigns  of  1649  and  1650  in  Ireland 
and  Scotland,  and  during  those  years  offices 
and  honours  were  heaped  upon  him.  On 
20  July  1649  parliament  nominated  him  at- 
torney-general of  Cheshire  and  North  Wales, 
and  eight  days  later  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster,  a  post  in  which  he  was  con- 
tinued by  a  special  vote  of  the  house  on 
18  July  1650.  On  19  June  1649  parliament, 
having  taken  his  great  merit  into  considera- 
tion, paid  him  a  sum  of  1,000/.,  and  on  15  Aug. 
1649  formally  handed  over  to  him  lands  worth 
2,0001.  a  year.  The  estates  assigned  him  were 
those  of  the  Earl  of  St.  Albans  and  Lord  Cot- 
tington.  He  was  re-elected  by  parliament  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state  (12  Feb. 
1649-50, 7  Feb.  1650-1, 24  Nov.  1651,  and  24 
Nov.  1652),  and  presided  regularly  at  its  sit- 
tings, signing  nearly  all  the  official  correspon- 
dence. He  was  not  very  popular  with  his  col- 
leagues there.  He  seemed '  not  much  versed  in 
suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/  and  spent 
much  of  their  time  by  his  own  long  speeches.' 

Cromwell's  gradual  assumption  of  arbi- 
trary power  did  not  meet  with  Bradshaw's 
approval.  On  20  April  1653  Cromwell,  who 
had  first  dissolved  the  Long  parliament,  pre- 
sented himself  later  in  the  day  before  the 
council  of  state,  and  declared  it  at  an  end. 
Bradshaw,  as  president,  rose  and  addressed 
the  intruder  in  the  words :  '  Sir,  we  have 
heard  what  you  did  at  the  house  in  the 
morning,  and  before  many  hours  all  Eng- 
land will  hear  it ;  but,  sir,  you  are  mis- 
taken to  think  the  parliament  is  dissolved, 
for  no  power  under  heaven  can  dissolve  them 
but  themselves ;  therefore  take  you  notice  of 
that  '(LuDLOW,  Memoirs,  195) .  Bradshaw  did 
not  sit  in  Barebones's  parliament,  which  met 


on  4  July  1653,  but  an  act  was  passed  (16  Sept. ) 
by  the  assembly  continuing  him  in  the  chan- 
cellorship of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
I  elected  to  the  next  parliament,  which  assem- 
bled on  4  Sept.  1654,  but  declined  on  12  Sept. 
to  sign  the  '  recognition '  pledging  members 
to  maintain  the  government  '  as  it  is  settled 
in  a  single  person  and  a  parliament.'  He  was 
summoned  by  Cromwell  before  the  council 
of  state  formed  by  him  on  becoming  pro- 
tector, together  with  Vane,  Rich,  and  Lud- 
low,  and  was  bidden  by  Cromwell  to  take 
out  a  new  commission  as  chief  justice  of 
Chester.  He  refused  to  submit  to  the  order. 
He  declared  that  he  had  been  appointed 
during  his  good  behaviour,  and  had  done 
nothing  to  forfeit  his  right  to  the  place,  as 
he  would  prove  before  any  twelve  j  urymen. 
Cromwell  did  not  press  the  point,  and  Brad- 
shaw immediately  afterwards  went  his  circuit 
as  usual.  But  Cromwell  revenged  himself 
by  seeking  to  diminish  Bradshaw's  influence 
in  Cheshire.  In  the  parliament  which  met 
17  Sept.  1656  Bradshaw  failed  to  obtain  a  seat, 
owing  to  the  machinations  of  Tobias  Bridges, 
Cromwell's  major-general  for  the  county 
(THTTBLOE,  vi.  313) .  There  had  been  a  proposal 
to  nominate  him  for  the  city  of  London,  but 
that  came  to  nothing.  *  Serjeant  Bradshaw/ 
writes  Thurloe  jubilantly  to  Henry  Crom- 
well in  Ireland  (26  Aug.  1656),  'hath missed 
it  in  Cheshire,  and  is  chosen  nowhere  else.' 

Bradshaw  was  now  an  open  opponent  of 
the  government.  According  to  an  anony- 
mous letter  sent  to  Monk  he  entered  early  in 
1655  into  conspiracy  with  Haslerig,  Pride, 
and  others,  to  seize  Monk  as  a  first  step 
towards  the  army's  overthrow  (THUELOE, 
Papers,  iii.  185).  He  was  also  suspected, 
on  no  very  valid  ground,  of  encouraging 
the  fifth-monarchy  men  in  the  following 
year.  In  August  1656  an  attempt  was  made 
by  Cromwell  to  deprive  him  of  his  office  of 
chief  justice  of  Chester  (THUKLOE).  In  private 
and  public  Bradshaw  vigorously  denounced 
Cromwell's  usurpation  of  power,  and  he  is 
credited  with  having  asserted  that  if  such 
conduct  ended  in  the  Protector's  assumption 
of  full  regal  power,  he  and  Cromwell  '  had 
committed  the  most  horrid  treason  [in  their 
treatment  of  Charles  I]  that  ever  was  heard 
of  (^Bradshaw's  Ghost,  being  a  Dialogue  be- 
tween the  said  Ghost  and  an  apparition  of  the 
late  King,  1659).  Under  date  3  Dec.  1657 
Whitelocke  writes  of  the  relations  between 
Cromwell  and  Bradshaw  that  '  the  distaste 
between  them'  was  perceived  to  increase. 
During  the  last  years  of  the  protectorate 
Bradshaw  took  no  part  in  politics. 

The  death  of  the  great  Protector  (3  Sept. 
1658),  and  the  abdication  of  Richard  Crom- 

N2 


Bradshaw 


1 80 


Bradshaw 


well  (25  May  1659),  restored  to  Bradshaw 
some  of  his  lost  influence.    The  reassembled 
Long  parliament  nominated  him  on  13  May 
one  of  the  ten  members  of  the  reestablished 
council  of  state  who  were  not  to  be  members 
of  parliament.      On   3  June  1659  he  was 
appointed  a  commissioner  of  the  great  seal 
for  five  months  with  Serjeants  Fountaine 
and  Tyrrel.     But  Bradshaw's  health  was  ra- 
pidly failing,  and  on  9  June  he  wrote  to  the 
parliament  asking  to  be  temporarily  relieved 
during  indisposition  of  the  duties  of  commis- 
sioner of  the  seal.     On  22  July  he  took  the 
necessary  oath  in  the  house  to  be  faithful  to 
the  Commonwealth,  but  was  still  unable  to 
attend  to  the  work  of  the  office.  Matters  went 
badly  in  his  absence.     The  Long  parliament 
again  fell  a  victim  to  the  army,  and  on  hearing 
of  the  speaker's  (Lenthall)  arrest,  13  Oct.,  by 
Lieutenant-colonel  Duckenfield  on  his  way 
to  Westminster,  Bradshaw  rose  from  his  sick 
bed,  and  presented  himself  at  the  sitting  of  the 
council  of  state.     Colonel  Sydenham  endea- 
voured to  justify  the  army's  action,  but  Brad- 
shaw, { weak  and  extenuated  as  he  was,'  says 
Ludlow,  ( yet  animated  by  ardent  zeal  and 
constant  affection  to  the  common  cause,  stood 
up  and  interrupted  him,  declared  his  abhor- 
rence of  this  detestable  action ;  and  telling 
the  council,  that  being  now  going  to  his  God, 
he  had  not  patience  to  sit  there  to  hear  His 
great  name  so  openly  blasphemed.'  According 
to  George  Bate,  his  royalist  biographer,  he 
raved  like  a  madman,  and  flung  out  of  the  room 
in  a  fury  (  The  Lives  .  .  .  of  the  prime  actors 
.  .  .  of  that  horrid  murder  of  .  .    .  King 
Charles,  1661).     On  arriving  home  at  the 
deanery  of  Westminster,  which  he  had  con- 
tinued to  occupy  since  his  appointment  as 
lord  president,  he  became  dangerously  ill,  and 
'  died  of  a  quartan  ague,  which  had  held  him 
for  a  year,'  on  31  Oct.  1659  (Mercurius  Poli- 
ticus,  31  Oct.)      'He  declared  a  little  be- 
fore he  left  the  world  that  if  the  king  were 
to  be  tried  and  condemned  again,  he  would 
be  the  first  man  that  would  do  it '  (PECK, 
Desiderata  Ouriosa,  xiv.  32).    He  was  buried 
with  great  ceremony  in  Westminster  Abbey 
(22  Nov.),  and  his  funeral  sermon — an  ela- 
borate eulogy — was  preached  by  John  Howe, 
preacher  at  the  abbey  since   1654  (Merc. 
Pol.  22  Nov.)     Whitelocke  describes  him 
as  'a  strict  man,  and  learned   in  his  pro- 
fession ;  no  friend  of  monarchy.'    Clarendon 
writes  of  him  with   great   asperity,  while 
Milton's  stately  panegyric,  written  in  Brad- 
shaw's lifetime  (1654),  applauded  his  honest 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  liberty.    He  was  not 
a  great  man,  but  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt 
his  sincere  faith  in  the  republican  principles 
which  he  consistently  upheld.    He  was  ap- 


parently well  read  in  history  and  law.  Ac- 
cording to  the  pamphleteers,  he  had  built  a 
study  for  himself  on  the  roof  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  which  was  well  stocked  with  books. 
Charles  II,  in  a  letter  to  the  mayor  of  Bris- 
tol (8  March  1661-2),  states  that  Bradshaw's 
gipers,  which  were  then  in  the  hands  of  one 
eorge  Bishop,  included  '  divers  papers  and 
writings '  taken  by  Bradshaw  '  out  of  the 
office  of  the  King's  Library  at  Whitehall, 
which  could  not  yet  be  recovered'  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  5th  Rep.  p.  328).  Bradshaw  is 
stated  to  have  supplied '  evidences '  to  March- 
mont  Needham,  when  translating  Selden's 
'  Mare  Clausum '  (NICOLSON,  Hist.  Libr. 
iii.  124).  He  fully  shared  the  piety  of  the 
leaders  of  the  parliament,  and,  in  spite  of  his 
high-handed  conduct  as  lord  president  of  the 
commission,  does  not  seem  to  have  been  of 
an  unkindly  nature.  Mr.  Edward  Peacock 
found  a  document  a  few  years  ago  which 
proved  that  Bradshaw,  after  obtaining  the 

§^ant  of  the  estates  of  a  royalist  named  Richard 
reene  at  Stapeley,  heard  of  the  destitute 
condition  of  Greene's  three  daughters ;  where- 
upon he  ordered  (20  Sept.  1650)  his  steward 
to  collect  the  rent  and  pay  it  to  them  (Athe- 
nceum,  23  Nov.  1878).  Similarly,  on  receiving 
the  tithes  of  Feltham,  Middlesex,  he  issued 
an  address  (4  Oct.  1651)  to  the  inhabitants  of 
the  parish,  stating  that  his  anxiety  l  touching 
spyritualls '  had  led  him  to  provide  and  endow 
a  minister  for  them  without  putting  them  to 
any  charge  (Athenceum  for  1878,  p.  689). 

On  15  May  1660  it  was  resolved  that 
Bradshaw,  although  dead,  should  be  attainted 
by  act  of  parliament,  together  with  Crom- 
well, Ireton,  and  Pride,  all  of  whom  died 
before  the  Restoration.  As  early  as  3  May 
1654  Bradshaw  had  been  specially  excepted 
from  any  future  pardon  in  a  proclamation 
issued  by  Charles  II.  On  12  July  1660  the 
sergeant-at-arms  was  ordered  to  deliver  to 
the  house  Bradshaw's  goods  (Commons  Jour- 
nal, viii.  88).  On  4  Dec.  1660  parliament 
directed  that  the  bodies  of  Bradshaw,  Crom- 
well, and  Ireton  '  should  be  taken  up  from 
Westminster '  and  hanged  in  their  coffins  at 
Tyburn.  This  indignity  was  duly  perpetrated 
30  Jan.  1660-1.  The  regicides'  heads  were 
subsequently  exposed  in  Westminster  Hall 
and  their  bodies  reburied  beneath  the  gallows 
(PEPTS'S  Diary,  4  Feb.  1660-1). 

Bradshaw  married  Mary  (b.  1596),  daughter 
of  Thomas  Marbury  of  Marbury,  Cheshire,  but 
had  no  children.  She  died  between  1655  and 
1659,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
On  9  Sept.  1661  directions  were  given  for  the 
removal  of  her  body  to  the  churchyard  outside 
the  abbey  (  Westminster  Abbey  Register,  Harl. 
Soc.  p.  522).  By  his  will,  made  in  1655  and 


Bradshaw 


181 


Bradshaw 


proved  in  London  16  Dec.  1659  (printed  by 
Earwaker),  Bradshaw  bequeathed  most  of  his 
property,  which  consisted  of  estates  in  Berk- 
shire, Southampton,  Wiltshire,  Somerset,  and 
Middlesex,  to  his  wife,  if  she  survived  him, 
for  her  life,  with  reversion  to  Henry  (d.  1698), 
his  brother  Henry's  son.  He  also  made  chari- 
table bequests  for  establishing  a  free  school 
at  Marple,  his  birthplace ;  for  increasing  the 
schoolmasters'  stipends  at  Bunbury  and  Mid- 
dleton,  where  he  had  been  educated  ;  and  for 
maintaining  good  ministers  at  Feltham  and 
Hatch  (Wiltshire),  where  he  had  been  granted 
property  by  parliament.  By  one  codicil  he 
left  his  houses  and  lodgings  at  Westminster 
to  the  governors  of  the  school  and  alrnshouses 
there,  and  added  a  legacy  of  10/.  to  John 
Milton,  the  poet.  After  the  .Restoration,  how- 
ever, all  Bradshaw's  property  was  confiscated 
to  the  crown  under  the  act  of  attainder. 

Two  engraved  portraits  of  Bradshaw  are 
mentioned  by  Granger  (ii.  397,  iii.  71) — one 
in  his  iron  hat  by  Vandergucht,  for  Claren- 
don's '  History,'  and  another  in  4to,  '  partly 
scraped  and  partly  stippled.' 

HENRY  BRADSHAAV,  the  president's  elder 
brother,  signed  a  petition  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  presbyterian  religion  in  Cheshire 
on  6  July  1646  ;  acted  as  magistrate  under 
the  Commonwealth;  held  a  commission  of 
sergeant-major  under  Fairfax,  and  subse- 
quently one  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  Colonel 
Ashton's  regiment  of  foot;  commanded  the 
militia  of  the  Macclesfield  hundred  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester  (1651),  where  he  was 
wounded;  sat  on  the  court-martial  which 
tried  the  Earl  of  Derby  and  other  loyalists  at 
Chester  in  1652 ;  was  charged  with  this  offence 
at  the  Restoration  ;  was  imprisoned  by  order 
of  parliament  from  17  July  to  14  Aug.  1660 ; 
was  pardoned  on  23  Feb.  1660-1 ;  and,  dying 
at  Marple,  was  buried  at  Stockport  on  15 
March  1660-1  (EARWAKER'S  East  Cheshire, 
ii.  62-9;  ORMEROD,  Cheshire,  pp.  408-11). 

[Noble's  Lives  of  the  Eegicides,  i.  47-66; 
Foss's  Judges,  vi.  418  et  seq. ;  Earwaker's  East 
Cheshire,  ii.  69-77 ;  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  iii. 
408-9 ;  Brayley  and  Britton's  Beauties  of  Eng- 
land, ii.  264-8  ;  Clarendon's  Rebellion ;  White- 
locke's  Memorials ;  Ludlow's Memoirs;  Thurloe's 
State  Papers;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom.),  1649- 
1658;  Carlyle's  Cromwell;  Commons'  Journal, 
vi.  vii.  viii. ;  State  Trials,  iii.  iv.  v.  Many  attacks 
on  Bradshaw  were  published  after  his  death. 
The  chief  of  them,  besides  those  mentioned  above, 
are  The  Arraignment  of  the  Divel  for  stealing 
away  President  Bradshaw,  7  Nov.  1659  (fol.  sh.) ; 
The  President  of  Presidents,  or  an  Elogie  on  the 
death  of  John  Bradshaw,  1659  ;  Bradshaw's 
Ultimum  Vale,  being  the  last  words  that  were 
ever  intended  to  be  spoke  of  him,  as  they  were 
delivered  in  a  sermon  Preach'd  at  his  Interment 


by  J.  0.  D.  D.,  Time-Server  General  of  England, 
Oxf.  1660;  The  Lamentations  of  a  Sinner;  or, 
Bradshaw's  Horrid  Farewell,  together  with  his 
last  will  and  testament,  Lond.  1659.  Marchmont 
Needham published,  6  Feb.  1660-1,  a  speech  'in- 
tended to  have  been  spoken '  at  his  execution  at 
Tyburn,  but  '  for  very  weightie  reasons  omitted.' 
The  Impudent  Babbler  Baffled ;  or,  the  Falsity 
of  that  assertion  uttered  by  Bradshaw  in  Crom- 
well's new-erected  Slaughter-House,  a  bitter  at- 
tack on  Bradshaw's  judicial  conduct,  appeared  in 
1705.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN  (Jl.  1679),  poli- 
tical writer,  son  of  Alban  Bradshaw,  an  at- 
torney, of  Maidstone,  Kent,  was  born  in  that 
town  in  1659.  He  was  admitted  a  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  in  1674,  and 
was  expelled  from  that  society  in  1677  for 
robbing  and  attempting  to  murder  one  of 
the  senior  fellows.  He  was  tried  and  con- 
demned to  death,  but  after  a  year's  imprison- 
ment was  released.  Wood  says  that  Bradshaw, 
'  who  was  a  perfect  atheist  and  a  debauchee 
ad  omnia,  retir'd  afterwards  to  his  own 
country,  taught  a  petty  school,  turn'd  quaker, 
was  a  preacher  among  them,  and  wrote  and 
published  "The  Jesuits  Countermin'd ;  or, 
an  Account  of  a  new  Plot,  &c.,"  London, 
1679,  4to.'  When  James  II  came  to  the 
throne,  Bradshaw  '  turned  papist.' 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iv.  619.] 

T.  C. 

BRADSHAW,  RICHARD  (Jl.  1650), 
diplomatist,  and  a  merchant  of  Chester,  ap- 
pears in  December  1642  as  one  of  the  col- 
lectors of  the  contribution  raised  for  the 
defence  of  that  city  (Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  8th 
Rep.  p.  365).  During  the  civil  war  he  served 
as  quartermaster-general  of  the  horse  under 
the  command  of  Sir  William  Brereton  [q.  v.] 
(Petition  in  Commons  Journals,  23  Jan.  1651). 
In  the  year  1649  he  was  mayor  of  Chester, 
and  in  January  1650  was  appointed  by  par- 
liament resident  at  Hamburg.  In  Novem- 
ber 1652  he  was  for  a  short  time  employed 
as  envoy  to  the  king  of  Denmark,  and  in 
April  1657  was  sent  on  a  similar  mission  to 
Russia.  He  returned  to  England  in  1659, 
and  was  in  January  1660  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  navy  (Mercurius  Politicus, 
28  Jan.  1660).  He  is  said  by  Heath  to  have 
been  the  kinsman  of  President  Bradshaw; 
and  from  the  tone  of  his  letters,  and  his 
attendance  at  Bradshaw's  funeral,  this  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  case.  Mr.  Horwood 
states  that  he  was  the  nephew  of  John 
Bradshaw ;  but  the  pedigree  of  the  latter's 
family  given  in  Earwaker's  '  History  of 
Cheshire '  does  not  confirm  this  statement. 

[Bradshaw  has  left  a  large  correspondence.  The 
Tanner  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  contain  several  let- 


Bradshaw 


182 


Bradshaw 


ters  of  1649-51 .  In  the  Sixth  Eeport  of  the  Koyal 
Commission  on  Historical  Manuscripts,  426-44, 
is  a  report  by  Mr.  Horwood  on  a  collection  of 
letters  to  and  from  Bradshaw  in  the  possession  of 
Miss  Ffarington.  His  official  correspondence  is 
contained  in  the  Thurloe  State  Papers.  Some 
other  letters  may  be  found  in  the  Calendar  of 
Domestic  State  Papers.  Mercurius  Politicus,  Nos. 
135  to  144,  contains  a  full  account  of  Bradshaw's 
Mission  to  Copenhagen  (18  Dec.  1652  to  10  Feb. 
1653).  Peck's  Desiderata  Curiosa,  pp.  485-90, 
contains  depositions  relative  to  the  plot  for  his 
murder  formed  during  his  stay  there.  Peck  terms 
him  the  nephew  of  President  Bradshaw.] 

C.  H.  F. 

BRADSHAW,  THOMAS  (fi.  1591), 
poet,  was  the  author  of  'The  Shepherd's 
Starre,  now  of  late  scene  and  at  this  hower 
to  be  obserued,  merueilous  orient  in  the  East : 
which  bringeth  glad  tydings  to  all  that  may 
behold  her  brightnes,  having  the  foure  ele- 
ments with  the  foure  capital!  vertues  in  her, 
which  makes  her  elementall  and  a  van- 
quishor  of  all  earthly  humors.  Described 
by  a  Gentleman  late  of  the  Right  worthie 
and  honorable  the  Lord  Burgh,  his  companie 
£  retinue  in  the  Briell  in  North-holland/ 
London,  1591.  The  dedication  is  addressed 
to  the  well-known  Earl  of  Essex  and  to 
'  Thomas  Lord  Burgh,  baron  of  Gaynsburgh, 
Lord  Gouernour  of  the  towne  of  Bryell  and 
the  fortes  of  Newmanton  and  Cleyborow  in 
North  Holland  for  her  Maiestie.'  Alexander 
Bradshaw  prefixes  a  letter  to  his  brother  the 
author  (dated  '  from  the  court  of  Greenewich 
upon  Saint  George's  day,  1591,  Aprill  23') 
in  which  he  says  that  he  has  taken  the  liberty 
of  publishing  this  book  in  its  author's  ab- 
sence abroad.  The  preliminary  poems  by 
I.  M.  and  Thomas  Groos  deal  with  Brad- 
shaw's departure  from  England.  The  volume 
consists  of  '  A  Paraphrase  upon  the  third  of 
the  Canticles  of  Theocritus/  in  both  verse 
and  prose.  The  author's  style  in  the  preface 
is  highly  affected  and  euphuistic,  but  the 
Theocritean  paraphrase  reads  pleasantly.  The 
book  is  of  great  rarity.  A  copy  is  in  the 
British  Museum.  A  Thomas  Bradshaw  pro- 
ceeded B.A.  at  Oxford  in  1547,  and  suppli- 
cated for  the  degree  of  M.A.  early  in  1549 
(Or/.  Univ.  JReg.,  Oxf.  Hist.  Soc.,  i.  212). 

[Corser's  Collectanea  (Chetham  Soc.),  i.  328 ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM  (1571-1618), 
puritan  divine,  son  of  Nicholas  Bradshaw, 
of  a  Lancashire  family,  was  born  at  Market 
Bosworth,  Leicestershire,  in  1571.  His  early 
schooling  at  Worcester  was  paid  for  by  an 
uncle,  on  whose  death  his  education  was 
gratuitously  continued  by  George  Ainsworth, 
master  of  the  grammar  school  at  Ashby-de- 


la-Zouch.  In  1589  Bradshaw  went  to  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gra- 
duated B.A.  and  MA.,  but  was  unsuccessful 
in  competing  for  a  fellowship  (1595)  with 
Joseph  Hall,  afterwards  bishop  of  Norwich. 
Through  the  influence  of  Laurence  Chaderton 
[q.  v.],  the  first  master  of  Emmanuel,  he  ob- 
tained a  tutorship  in  the  family  of  Sir  Thomas 
Leighton,  governor  of  Guernsey.  Here  he 
came  under  the  direct  influence  of  the  puritan 
leader,  Thomas  Cartwright  [q.  v.],  who  had 
framed  (1576)  the  ecclesiastical  discipline  of 
the  Channel  Islands  on  the  continental  model, 
and  was  now  preaching  at  Castle-cornet. 
Between  Cartwright  and  Bradshaw  a  strong 
and  lasting  affection-  was  formed.  Here  also 
he  met  James  Montague  (afterwards  bishop 
of  Winchester).  In  1599,  when  Montague 
was  made  first  master  of  Sidney  Sussex  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  Bradshaw  was  appointed 
one  of  the  first  fellows.  He  had  a  near  es- 
cape from  drowning  (being  no  swimmer)  at 
Harston  Mills,  near  Cambridge,  while  jour- 
neying on  horseback  to  the  university.  He 
took  orders,  some  things  at  which  he  scrupled 
being  dispensed  with,  and  preached  occasion- 
ally at  Abington,  Bassingbourne,  and  Steeple- 
Morden,  villages  near  Cambridge.  He  left 
Cambridge,  having  got  into  trouble  by  dis- 
tributing the  writings  of  John  Darrel  [q.  v.], 
tried  for  practising  exorcism.  In  July  1601, 
through  Chaderton's  influence,  he  was  invited 
to  settle  as  a  lecturer  at  Chatham,  in  the 
diocese  of  Rochester.  He  was  very  popular, 
and  the  parishioners  applied  (25  April  1602), 
through  Sir  Francis  Hastings,  for  the  arch- 
bishop's confirmation  of  his  appointment  to 
the  living.  A  report  that  he  held  unsound 
doctrine  had,  however,  reached  London ;  and 
Bradshaw  was  cited  on  26  May  to  appear 
next  morning  before  Archbishop  Whitgift, 
and  Bancroft,  bishop  of  London,  at  Shorne, 
near  Chatham.  He  was  accused  of  teaching 
'  that  man  is  not  bound  to  love  God,  unless 
he  be  sure  that  God  loves  him.'  Bradshaw 
repudiated  this  heresy,  and  offered  to  produce 
testimony  that  he  had  taught  no  such  thing. 
However,  he  was  simply  called  upon  to  sub- 
scribe ;  he  declined,  was  suspended,  and  bound 
to  appear  again  when  summoned.  The  vicar, 
John  Philips,  stood  his  friend,  and  the  pa- 
rishioners applied  to  John  Young,  bishop  of 
Rochester,  for  his  restoration,  but  without 
effect.  Under  this  disappointment,  Bradshaw 
found  a  retreat  in  the  family  of  Alexander 
Redich,  of  Newhall,  close  to  Stapenhill,  Der- 
byshire. Redich  procured  him  a  license  from 
William  Overton,  bishop  of  Coventry  and 
Lichfield,  to  preach  in  any  part  of  his  diocese. 
Accordingly  he  preached  at  a  private  chapel 
in  Redich's  park,  and  subsequently  (from 


Bradshaw 


183 


Bradshaw 


1604)  in  Stapenhill  Church.     Although  he 
drew  no  emolument  from  his  public  work, 
the  hospitality  of  his  patron  was  liberally 
extended  to  him.     Soon  after  his  marriage 
he  settled  at  Stanton  Ward,  in  Stapenhill 
parish,   and  his   wife   made   something   by 
needlework  and  by  teaching  a  few  children. 
Bradshaw  was  one  of  a  little  knot  of  puritan 
divines  who  met  periodically  at  Ashby-de- 
la-Zouch,  Repton,  Burton-on-Trent,  and  Sta- 
penhill.   Neither  in  form  nor  in  aim  was  this 
association  a  presbyterian  classis.     Whether 
Bradshaw  ever  held  Cartwright's  views  of  ec- 
clesiastical jurisdiction  is  not  clear ;  it  is  plain 
that  he  did  not  adhere  to  them.     Neal  places 
both  him  and  his  neighbour  Hildersham,  of 
Ashby ,  among  the  beneficed  clergy  who  inl  586 
declared  their  approbation  of  Cartwright's 
1  Book  of  Discipline ; '  but  the  chronology  in 
both  cases  is  manifestly  wrong.     Even  Cart- 
wright  and  his  immediate  coadjutors  declared 
in  April  1592  that  they  never  had  exercised 
any  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction,  or  so  much  as 
proposed  to  do  so,  till  authorised  by  law. 
The  exercises  of  the  association  with  which 
Bradshaw  was  connected  were  limited  to  a 
public  sermon  and  a  private  conference.     In 
these  discussions  Bradshaw's  balanced  judg- 
ment gave  him  a  superiority  over  his  brethren, 
who  called  him  '  the  weighing  divine.'     He 
was  strongly  averse  to  ceremonies,  both  as 
unlawful  in  themselves  and  imposed  by  the 
undue  authority  of  prelates.     Bradshaw  was 
in  London,  probably  on  a  publishing  errand, 
in  1605 ;   he   had  been  chosen  lecturer  at 
Christ   Church,   Newgate ;   but   the   bishop 
would  not  authorise  him.     He  had  already 
published   against   ceremonies,  and  though 
his  tracts  were  anonymous,  their  paternity 
was  well  understood.    He  now  put  forth  his 
most  important  piece,  '  English  Puritanisme,' 
1605,  4to,  which  professed  to  embody  the 
views  of  the  most  rigid  section  of  the  party. 
His  views  of  doctrine  would  have  satisfied 
Henry  Ainsworth  [q.  v.] ;  he  was  at  one  with 
Ainsworth  as  regards  the  independence  of 
congregations,  differing  only  as  to  the  ma- 
chinery of  their  internal  government ;  he  was 
no  separatist,  but  he  wanted  to  see  the  church 
purified.     Moreover,  he  entertained  a  much 
stronger  feeling  than  Ainsworth  of  the  duty 
of  submission  to  the  civil  authority.    Let  the 
king  be  a  '  very  infidel '  and  persecutor  of  the 
truth,  or  openly  defy  every  law  of  God,  he 
held  that  he  still  retained,  as '  archbishop  and 
general  overseer  of  all  the  churches  within 
his  dominions,'  the  right  to  rule  all  churches 
within  his  realm,  and  must  not  be  resisted  in 
the  name  of  conscience ;  those  who  cannot 
obey  must  passively  take  what  punishment 
he  allots.   The  key  to  Bradshaw's  own  scheme 


of  church  polity  is  the  complete  autonomy  of 
individual  congregations.     He  would  have 
them  disciplined  inwardly  on  the  presbyterian 
plan,  the  worshippers  delegating  their  spi- 
ritual government  to  an  oligarchy  of  pastors 
and  elders,  power  of  excommunication  being 
reserved  to  ( the  whole  congregation  itself.' 
But  he  would  subject  no  congregation  to  any 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  save  '  that  which  is 
within  itself.'     To  prevent  as  far  as  possible 
the  action  of  the  state  from  being  warped  by 
ecclesiastical  control,  he  would  enact  that 
no  clergyman  should  hold  any  office  of  civil 
authority.     Liberty  of  conscience  is  a  prin- 
ciple which  his  view  of  the  royal  supremacy 
precludes  him  from  directly  stating ;  but  he 
very  carefully  guards  against  the  possible 
abuse  of  church  censures,  and  holds  it  a  sin 
for  any  church  officers  to  exercise  authority 
over  the  body,  goods,  lives,  liberty  of  any  man. 
In  spite  of  the  safeguard  provided  by  the  auto- 
cratic control  which  he  proposed  to  vest  in  the 
civil  power,  the  system  of  which  Bradshaw  was 
the  spokesman  was  not  unnaturally  viewed 
as  abandoning  every  recognised  security  for 
the  maintenance  of  protestant  uniformity. 
That  on  his  principle  congregations  might  set 
up  the  mass  was  doubtless  what  was  most 
feared ;  '  puritan-papist '  is  the  significant  title 
jiven  in  1605  to  a  writer  on  Bradshaw's  side, 
who  would  '  persuade  the  permission  of  the 
promiscuous  use  and  profession  of  all  sorts 
of  heresies.'      But  before  very  long  the  ap- 
pearance of  anabaptist  enthusiasts  such  as 
Wightman  confirmed  the  impression  that  the 
scheme  of  Bradshaw  and  his  friends  would 
never  do.  Bradshaw's  exposition  of  puritanism 
bore  no  name,  but  its  authorship  was  never 
any  secret.     It  was  not  enough  to  answer 
him  by  the  pen  of  the  Bishop  of  London's 
Welsh  chaplain ;  his  London  lodgings  were 
searched  by  two  pursuivants,  deputed  to  seize 
him  and  his  pamphlets.     His  wife  had  sent 
him  out  of  the  way,  and,  not  half  an  hour 
before  the  domiciliary  visit,  had  succeeded  in 
cleverly  hiding  the  books  behind  the  fireplace. 
They  carried  this  spirited  lady  before  the  high 
commission,  but  could  extract  nothing  from 
her  under  examination,  so  they  bound  her  to 
appear  again  when  summoned,  and  let  her  go. 
Ames's  Latin  version  of  the  '  English  Puri- 
tanisme '  carried  Bradshaw's  views  far  and 
wide  (see  AMES,  WILLIAM,  1576-1633,  and 
BBOWHB'Sj5i0£.  of  Congregationalism  in  Norf. 
and  Suff.  1877,  p.  66  seq.)  His  Derbyshire  re- 
treat was  Bradshaw's  safe  sanctuary ;  thither 
he  returned  from  many  a  journey  in  the  cause 
he  loved ;  his  friends  there  were  influential ; 
and  there  was  much  in  his  personal  address 
which,  when  his  surface  austerity  yielded  to 
the  natural  play  of  a  bright  and  companionable 


Bradshaw 


184 


Bradshaw 


disposition,  attached  to  him  the  affectionate  ' 
regard  of  men  who  did  not  share  his  views.  ! 
No  encomium  from  his  own  party  gives  so  | 
sympathetic  a  picture  of  his  character  as  we 
find  in  the  graphic  touches  of  his  compeer, 
Bishop  Hall,  who  puts  the  living  man  before  I 
us, '  very  strong  and  eager  in  argument,  hearty 
in  friendship,  regardless  of  the  world,  a  de- 
spiser  of  compliment,  a  lover  of  reality.'  In 
the  year  before  his  death  Bradshaw  got  back 
to  Derbyshire  from  one  of  his  journeys,  and 
the  chancellor  of  Overall,  the  bishop  of  Co- 
ventry and  Lichfield,  •'  welcomed  him  home 
with  a  suspension  from  preaching.'  But  '  the 
mediation  of  a  couple  of  good  angels '  (not 
'two  persons  of  some  influence,'  as  Rose 
suggests,  but  coins  of  the  realm)  procured  the 
withdrawal  of  the  inhibition,  and  Bradshaw 
was  left  to  pursue  his  work  in  peace.  On 
a  visit  to  Chelsea  he  was  stricken  with  ma- 
lignant fever,  which  carried  him  off  in  1618. 
A  large  company  of  ministers  attended  him 
to  his  burial  in  Chelsea  Church  on  16  May. 
The  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Thomas 
Gataker  [q.  v.],  who  subsequently  became  his 
biographer.  Bradshaw  married  a  widow  at 
Chatham ;  but  the  marriage  did  not  take  place 
till  a  short  time  prior  to  his  election  by  the 
vestry  as  afternoon  lecturer  at  Christ  Church. 
He  left  three  sons  and  a  daughter ;  the  eldest 
son,  John,  was  born  in  Threadneedle  Street, 
and  'baptized  in  the  church  near  thereto 
adjoyning,  where  the  minister  of  the  place, 
somewhat  thick  of  hearing,  by  a  mistake, 
instead  of  Jonathan,  nam'd  him  John.'  He 
became  rector  of  Etchingham,  Sussex.  Brad- 
shaw published :  1.  '  A  Triall  of  Subscription 
by  way  of  a  Preface  unto  certaine  Subscribers, 
and  reasons  for  lesse  rigour  against  Nonsub- 
scribers,'  1599,  8vo  (anon.)  2.  '  Humble 
Motives  for  Association  to  maintain  religion 
established,'  1601,  8vo  (anon.)  3.  *  A  con- 
sideration of  Certaine  Positions  Archiepisco- 
pall,'  1604,  12mo  (anon. ;  the  positions  at- 
tacked are  four,  viz.  that  religion  needs 
ceremonies,  that  they  are  lawful  when  their 
doctrine  is  lawful,  that  the  doctrine  of  the 
Anglican  ceremonies  is  part  of  the  gospel, 
that  nonconformists  are  schismatics).  4.  'A 
shorte  Treatise  of  the  Crosse  in  Baptisme 
.  .  .  the  use  of  the  crosse  in  baptisme  is  not 
indifferent,  but  utterly  unlawful,'  1604,  8vo 
(anon.)  5.  '  A  Treatise  of  Divine  Worship, 
tending  to  prove  that  the  Ceremonies  imposed 
.  .  .  are  in  their  use  unlawful,'  1604,  8vo 
(anon.);  reprinted  1703,  8vo,  with  preface 
and  postscript,  signed  D.  M.  (Daniel  Mayo), 
t  in  defence  of  a  book  entitled  "  Thomas 
against  Bennet" '  [see  BENTSTET,  THOMAS,  D.D.] 
6.  '  A  Proposition  concerning  kneeling  in  the 
very  act  of  receiving,  .  .  .'  1605,  8vo  (anon.) 


7.  'A  Treatise  of  the  nature  and  use  of  things 
indifferent,  tending  to  prove  that  the  Ceremo- 
nies in  present  controversie  .  .  .  are  neither 
in  nature  or  use  indifferent,'  1605,  8vo  (anon. ; 
a  note  prefixed  implies  that  it  was  circu- 
lated anonymously  in  manuscript  and  pub- 
lished by  an  admirer  of  the  unknown  author). 

8.  l  Twelve  generall  arguments,  proving  that 
the  Ceremonies  imposed  ...  are  unlawful!, 
and  therefore  that  the  Ministers  of  the  Gos- 
pell,  for  the  .  .  .  omission  of  them  in  church 
service  are  most   unjustly  charg'd   of  dis- 
loyaltie  to  his  Majestie,'  1605, 12mo  (anon.) 

9.  l  English   Puritanisme :    containeing  the 
maine  opinions  of  the  rigidest  sort  of  those 
that  are  called  Puritanes  .    .    .'   1605,  8vo 
(anon. ;  reprinted  as  if  by  Ames,  1641,  4to : 
the  article  AMES,  WILLIAM,  speaks  of  this  as 
the  earliest  edition  of  the  original ;   it  was 
translated  into  Latin  for  foreign  use,  with 
preface  by  William  Ames,  D.D.,  and  title 
'  Puritanismus  Anglicanus,'  1610,  8vo.    Neal 
gives  an  abstract  of  this  work  and  No.  10, 
carefully  done ;  but  the  main  fault  to  be  found 
with  Neal  is  his  introduction  of  the  phrase 
*  liberty  of  conscience,  which  implies  rather 
more  than  Bradshaw  expressly  contends  for). 

10.  '  A  Protestation  of  the  King's  Supremacie : 
made  in  the  name  of  the  afflicted  Ministers, 
.  .  .'  1605, 8vo  (anon. ;  it  was  in  explanation 
of  the   statement  of  the  church's  attitude 
towards  civil  governors,  contained  in  the  fore- 
going, and  concludes  with  an  earnest  plea 
for  permission  openly  and  peacefully  to  exer- 
cise worship  and  ecclesiastical  discipline,  sub- 
ject only  to  the  laws  of  the  civil  authority). 

11.  'A  myld  and  just  Defence  of  certeyne 
Arguments  ...  in  behalf  of  the  silenced 
Ministers,  against  Mr.  G.  Powell's  Answer  to 
them,' 1606,  4to  (anon. ;  Gabriel  Powell  was 
chaplain  to  Vaughan,  bishop  of  London,  and 
had  published  against  toleration  (1605).     In 
reply  to  9,  Powell  wrote  'A  Consideration  of 
the  deprived  and  silenced  Ministers'  Argu- 
ments,   .  .  .'   1606,   4to  ;   and   in  reply  to 
Bradshaw's  defence  he  wrote  'A  Rejoinder 
to   the   mild  Defence,   justifying  the   Con- 
sideration,' &c.,  1606,  4to).     12.  <  The  Un- 
reasonablenesse  of  the  Separation  made  appa- 
rant,  by  an  Examination  of  Mr.  Johnson's 
pretended  Reasons,published  in  1608,  whereby 
heelaboureth  to  justifie  his  Schisme  from  the 
Church  Assemblies  of  England,'  Dort,  1614, 
4to.     (Francis  Johnson's  <  Certayne  Reasons 
and  Arguments '  was  written  while  Johnson 
was  at  one  with  Ainsworth  in  advocating  a 
separatist  congregational  polity.  John  Canne, 
who  subsequently  became  pastor  of  Johnson's 
Amsterdam  church,  and  who  lived  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  as  a  fifth-monarchy  man, 
published  '  A  Necessitie  of  Separation  from 


Bradshaw 


185 


Bradshaw 


the  Church  of  England,  proved  from  the 
Nonconformists'  Principles/  1634,  4to,  in 
reply  to  Bradshaw  and  Alexander  Leighton, 
M.D.,  a  non-separatist  presbyterian.  Gataker 
then  brought  out  a  supplemented  edition 
of  Bradshaw's  book,  'The  Unreasonable- 
ness of  the  Separation  made  apparent,  in 
Answere  to  Mr.  Francis  Johnson ;  together 
with  a  Defence  of  the  said  Answere  against  the 
Keply  of  Mr.  John  Canne,'  1640,  4to.)  13. 
1 A  Treatise  of  Justification,'  1615, 8vo ;  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  'Dissertatio  de  Justifica- 
tionis  Doctrina/  Leyden,  1618, 12mo ;  Oxford, 
1658, 8vo.  (Gataker  says  that  John  Prideaux, 
D.D.,  a  strong  opponent  of  Arminianism,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Worcester,  expressed  pleasure 
at  meeting  Bradshaw's  son,  l  for  the  old  ac- 
quaintance I  had,  not  with  your  father,  but 
with  his  book  of  justification.')  14.  The  2nd 
edition  of  Cartwright's  '  A  Treatise  of  the 
Christian  Religion,  .  .  .'  1616,  4to,  has  an 
address '  to  the  Christian  reader,'  signed  W.B. 
(Bradshaw).  Probably  posthumous  was  15, 
*A  Preparation  to  the  receiving  of  Christ's 
Body  and  Bloud,  .  .  .'  8th  edit.,  1627,  12mo. 
Certainly  posthumous  were  16,  'A  Plaine 
and  Pithie  Exposition  of  the  Second  Epistle 
to  the  Thessalonians,'  1620,  4to  (edited  by 
Gataker).  17.  'A  Marriage  Feast/  1620, 4to 
(edited  by  Gataker).  18.  t  An  Exposition  of 
the  XC.  Psalm,  and  a  Sermon/  1621,  4to. 
(The  first  of  these  seems  to  have  been  sepa- 
rately published  as  *  A  Meditation  on  Man  s 
Mortality ; '  the  other  is  the  same  as  14.)  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above,  Brook  gives  the  following, 
without  dates :  19.  '  A  Treatise  of  Christian 
Reproof.'  20.  <  A  Treatise  of  the  Sin  against 
the  Holy  Ghost/  21.  <  A  Twofold  Catechism.' 
22.  <  An  Answer  to  Mr.  G.  Powell '  (probably 
the  same  as  11,  but  possibly  a  reply  to  one  of 
Powell's  earlier  tracts).  23.  '  A  Defence  of 
the  Baptism  of  Infants.'  A  collection  of 
Bradshaw's  tracts  was  published  with  the 
title,  '  Several  Treatises  of  Worship  &  Cere- 
monies/ printed  for  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
1660,  4to ;  it  contains  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9 
(which  is  dated  1604)  and  10.  From  a  fly- 
leaf at  the  end,  it  seems  to  have  been  printed 
in  Aug.  1660  by  J.  Rothwell,  at  the  Foun- 
tain, in  Goldsmith's  Row,  Cheapside.  All 
the  tracts,  except  3  and  4,  have  separate  title- 
pages,  though  the  paging  runs  on,  and  are 
sometimes  quoted  as  distinct  issues. 

[Life,  by  Gataker,  in  Clark's  Martyrology, 
1677  ;  Neal'sHist.  of  the  Puritans,  Dublin,  1759, 
i.  381,  418;  ii.  62  seq.,  106;  Brook's  Lives  of 
the  Puritans,  1813,  ii.  212,  264  seq.,  376  seq.; 
Brook's  Memoirs  of  Cart-wright,  1845,  pp.  434, 
462 ;  Fisher's  Companion  and  Key  to  the  Hist, 
of  England,  1832,  pp.  728,  747;  Rose,  Biog. 
Diet.  1857,  v.  1;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantab.  1861, 


1  ii.  236,  405  seq. ;  Barclay's  Inner  Life  of  the  Eel. 

:  Societies  of  the  Commonwealth,  1876,  pp.  67,  99, 
101 ;  Wallace's  Antitrin.  Biog.  1850,  ii.  534  seq., 

,  iii.  565  seq. ;  extracts  from  Stapenhill  Registers, 
per  Rev.  E.  Warbreck.  The  list  of  Bradshaw's 

;  tracts  has  been  compiled  by  help  of  the  libraries 

;  of  the  Brit.  Museum  and  Dr.  Williams,  the  Cata- 
logue of  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edin.,  and  a 
private  collection.  Further  search  would  pro- 
bably bring  others  to  light.  They  are  not  easy 
to  find,  owing  to  their  anonymity.]  A.  G-. 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM   (/.  1700), 
hack  writer,  was  originally  educated  for  the 
church.    The  eccentric  bookseller  John  Dun- 
I  ton,  from  whom  our  only  knowledge  of  him 
is  derived,  has  left  a  flattering  account  of  his 
abilities.     '  His  genius  was  quite  above  the 
common  order,  and  his  style  was  incompa- 
rably fine.  .  .  .  He  wrote  for  me  the  parable  of 
the  magpies,  and  many  thousands  of  them 
sold.'     Bradshaw  lived  in  poverty  and  debt, 
and  under  the  additional  burden  of  a  melan- 
i  choly  temperament.     Dunton's  last  experi- 
ence  of    him   was    in    connection  with   a 
j  literary  project  for  which  he  furnished  cer- 
i  tain  material  equipments ;  possessed  of  these, 
I  Bradshaw  disappeared.  The  passage  in  which 
'  Dunton  records  this  transaction  has  all  his 
j  characteristic    nai'vetS,   though    it   may  be 
j  doubted  whether,  if  Bradshaw  lived  to  read 
|  it,  he  derived  much   satisfaction  from   the 
j  plenary  dispensation  which  was  granted  him 
— '  If  Mr.  Bradshaw  be  yet  alive,  I  here  de- 
:  clare  to  the  world  and  to  him  that  I  freely 
forgive  him  what  he  owes  both  in  money  and 
books  if  he  will  only  be  so  kind  as  to  make 
!  me  a  visit.'     Dunton  believed  Bradshaw  to 
be  the  author  of  the  '  Turkish  Spy/  but  this 
conjecture  is   negatived  by  counter  claims 
supported  on  better  authority  (Gent.  Mag. 
Ivi.  pt.  i.  p.  33  :  NICHOLS,  Literary  Anecdotes, 
.  i.  413  ;  D'ISEAELI,  Curiosities  of  Literature, 
5th  ed.  ii.  134). 

[Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dunton,  1705,  ed. 
!  1818.]  J.  M.  S. 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM,  D.D.  (1671- 

1  1732),  bishop  of  Bristol,  was  born  at  Aberga- 
1  venny  in  Monmouthshire  on  10  April  1671 
(CooPER,  Biographical  Dictionary}.  He  was 
educated  at  New  College,  Oxford,  taking  his 
degree  of  B.  A.  14  April  1697,  and  proceeding 
M.  A.  14  Jan.  1700.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
4  June  1699,  and  priest  26  May  1700,  and 
was  senior  preacher  of  the  university  in 
1711-  On  5  Nov.  1714,  when  he  was  chap- 
lain to  Dr.  Charles  Trimnell,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, he  published  a  sermon  preached  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  After  having  been  for  some 
time  incumbent  of  Fawley,  near  Wantage, 
in  Berkshire,  he  was  appointed  on  21  March 
1717  to  a  prebend  of  Canterbury,  which  he 


Bradshawe 


186 


Brad  street 


resigned  on  his  appointment  as  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  on  24  May  1723.  He  received 
the  degree  of  D.D.  on  27  Aug.  of  the  same 
year ;  and  on  29  Aug.  1724  was  nominated 
to  both  the  deanery  of  Christ  Church  and 
the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  receiving  the  two 

Preferments  in  commendam.  He  published  in 
730  a '  Sermon  preached  before  the  House  of 
Lords  on  30  Jan.  1729-30.'  Bradshaw  died  at 
Bath  on  16  Dec.  1732.  He  was  buried  in 
Bristol  Cathedral,  where  a  plain  flat  stone, 
about  two  feet  beyond  the  bishop's  stall  to- 
wards the  chancel,  was  inscribed :  '  William 
Bradshaw,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Bristol  and  Dean 
of  Christ  Church,  in  Oxford ;  died  16  Dec. 
1732,  aged  62  '  (Rawlinson  MSS.  4to,  i.  267). 
It  is  also  erroneously  said  that  Bradshaw  was 
buried  at  Bath  (LE  NEVE,  Fasti) ;  '  ibique 
jacet  sepultus'  (GODWIN,  De  Prcesulibus). 
Bradshaw  left  300/.  to  Christ  Church. 

[Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates,  1851 ;  Cooper's 
Biog.  Diet.  1873;  History  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  1814;  Godwin,  De  Prsesulibus,  ed.  Ri- 
chardson, 1743;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  1854;  Daily 
Journal,  19  Dec.  1732  ;  Britton's  Abbey  and  Ca- 
thedral Church  of  Bristol,  1830 ;  Pryce's  Popular 
History  of  Bristol,  1861.]  A.  H.  G. 

BRADSHAWE,  NICHOLAS  (Jl.  1635), 
fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  was  the 
author  of  '  Canticvm  Evangelicvm  Summam 
Sacri  Evangelii  contin  ens,'  London,  1635, 8vo, 
dedicated  to  Sir  Arthur  Mainwaring,  knight. 
This  book  is  unnoticed  by  all  bibliographers. 

[Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  series,  vi,  143.] 

T.  C. 

BRADSTKEET,  ANNE  (1612-1672), 
poetess,  was  born  in  1612,  probably  at  North- 
ampton, and  was  the  second  of  the  six  children 
of  Thomas  Dudley,  by  Dorothy,  his  first  wife 
(  Works  in  Prose  and  Verse,  Introd.  p.  xiv). 
Her  father  was  once  page  to  Lord  Compton, 
then,  steward  to  the  Earl  of  Lincoln,  and 
finally  governor  of  Massachusetts.  In  1628 
Anne  had  the  small-pox.  Later  in  the  same 
year  she  married  Simon  Bradstreet,  son  of 
Simon  Bradstreet,  a  nonconformist  minister 
in  Lincolnshire  :  the  younger  Simon  had  been 
eight  years  in  the  Earl  of  Lincoln's  family 
under  Anne's  father  (Magnolia  Christi  Ame- 
ricana, bk.  ii.  p.  19),  and  in  1628  was  steward 
to  the  Countess  of  Warwick  (Worlds,  &c., 
Introd.  p.  xxii).  On  29  March  1630  the  Brad- 
streets,  the  Dudleys,  and  Arbella  (the  Earl  of 
Lincoln's  sister,  wife  of  Isaac  Johnson),  with 
many  others,  set  sail  for  New  England,  and 
on  12  June  landed  at  Salem,  whence  they  re- 
moved at  once  to  Charlestown  (ib.  p.  xxxi). 
In  1632  Anne  had  a  '  fit  of  sickness,'  and  in 
1634  the  party  settled  at  Ipswich,  Massa- 
chusetts (Works,  Introd.  p.  xxxv).  Simon 


Bradstreet  formed  a  plantation  at  Merrimac 
in  1638,  the  year  in  which  Anne  wrote  her 
'  Elogie  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney.'  At  Ipswich, 
on  Monday,  28  Sept.  1640,  she  at  last  be- 
came a  mother,  and  she  could  eventually 
write,  23  June  1659  (Poems,  p.  245) : 

I  had  eight  birds  hatcht  in  one  nest, 
Four  cocks  there  were  and  hens  the  rest. 

In  1641  Anne  Bradstreet  wrote  a  poem  in 
honour  of  Du  Bartas,  and  she  shortly  made  a 
collection  of  her  poems.  The  chief  of  them 
was  entitled  '  The  Four  Elements ; '  she  dedi- 
cated the  volume  in  verse  to  her  father,  under 
date  20  March  1642.  These  poems  were  dis- 
tributed in  manuscript,  and  gained  her  great 
celebrity.  Cotton  Mather  spoke  of  her  as  '  a 
crown  to  her  father '  (Magnalia,  bk.  ii.  p.  17), 
whilst  Griswold  calls  her '  the  most  celebrated 
poet  of  her  time  in  America'  (Poets  and  Poetry 
of  America,  p.  92).  The  book  was  at  last  pub- 
lished, in  London,  1650,  under  the  title  '  The 
Tenth  Muse,'  .  .  .  '  By  a  Gentlewoman  in 
Those  Parts  (i.e.  New  England).'  In  1643,  on 
27  Dec.,  Dorothy  Dudley,  Anne  Bradstreet's 
mother,  died  (Poems,  p.  220) ;  in  1644  her 
father  married  again  (having  three  more 
children  by  this  marriage).  In  1653  Anne's 
father  died.  In  1661  she  had  a  further  long 
and  serious  illness,  and  her  husband,  then 
secretary  to  the  colony,  had  to  proceed  to 
England  on  state  business.  Anne  wrote 
1  Poetical  Epistles'  to  him.  By  3  Sept. 
1662  he  had  returned.  Anne  Bradstreet 
wrote  poems  in  1665  and  1669  commemo- 
rating the  deaths  of  three  grandchildren ;  and 
on  31  Aug.  1669  Anne  wrote  her  last  poem, 
beginning 

As  weary  pilgrim,  now  at  rest. 
After  this  Anne  Bradstreet's  health  failed 
entirely,  and  she  died  of  consumption,  at  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts,  16  Sept.  1672,  aged  60. 
It  is  not  known  where  Anne  Bradstreet 
was  buried.  Her  poems,  says  Cotton  Mather, 
are  a  '  monument  for  her  memory  beyond  the 
stateliest  marbles ; '  and  these  '  Poems '  were 
issued  in  a  second  edition,  printed  by  John 
Foster,  at  Boston  (America),  in  1678.  Anne 
Bradstreet  also  left  a  small  manuscript  book 
of  '  Meditations,'  designed  for  the  use  of  her 
children.  Extracts  from  this  book  appeared, 
with  the  title  of  '  The  Puritan  Mother,'  in  the 
American  '  Congregational  Visitor,'  1844 ;  in 
Dr.  Budington's  *  History  of  the  First  Church 
in  Charlestown,'  and  in  many  American 
newspapers  to  which  they  were  contributed 
by  Mr.  Dean  Dudley  (  Works,  Introd.  p.  x).  In 
1867  Mr.  John  Harvard  Ellis  edited  Anne 
Bradstreet's  '  Works,'  and  there  these  '  Medi- 
tations,' together  with  all  that  Anne  Brad- 
street  ever  wrote,  are  given  in  their  entirety. 


Brad  street 


187 


Bradstreet 


Simon  Bradstreet  (a  portrait  of  whom  is 
in  the  senate  chamber  of  the  State  House, 
Massachusetts)  married  again  after  Anne's 
death,  and  became  governor  of  Massachusetts 
in  1679,  not  dying  till  1697,  aged  94.  Amongst 
Anne's  descendants  are  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  Dana,  and  Dr.  Channing,  besides 
many  other  of  the  best-known  Americans. 

[Works  of  Anne  Bradstreet,  in  Prose  and 
Verse  (ed.  Ellis), U.S. A.  1867;  Anne  Bradstreet's 
Poems,  2nd  ed.  Boston,  1678  ;  Mather's  Magnalia 
Christi  Americana,  bk.  ii.  pp.  17,  19.]  J.  H. 

BRADSTREET,  DUDLEY  (1711-1763), 
adventurer,  was  born  in  1711  in  Tipperary, 
where  his  father  had  obtained  considerable 
property  under  the  Cromwellian  grants, 
which,  however,  was  much  reduced  by  debts. 
Dudley,  his  youngest  son,  was  left  in  his 
early  years  in  charge  of  a  foster  father  in 
Tipperary.  While  a  youth  he  became  a 
trooper,  but  soon  quitted  the  army  and  traded 
unsuccessfully  as  a  linen  merchant,  and  sub- 
sequently as  a  brewer.  For  several  years,  in 
Ireland  and  England,  Bradstreet  led  an  er- 
ratic life,  occupied  mainly  in  pecuniary  pro- 
jects. During  the  rising  of  1745,  Bradstreet 
was  employed  by  government  officials  to  act 
as  a  spy  among  suspected  persons.  He  was 
also  engaged  and  equipped  by  the  Dukes  of 
Newcastle  and  Cumberland  to  furnish  them 
with  information  on  the  movements  of  Prince 
Charles  Edward  and  his  army.  Bradstreet  as- 
sumed the  character  of  a  devoted  adherent  to 
the  Stuart  cause,  and,  under  the  name  of '  Cap- 
tain Oliver  Williams,'  obtained  access  to  the 
prince  and  his  council  at  Derby.  There  he 
acted  successfully  as  a  spy  for  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  and,  without  being  suspected 
by  the  Jacobites,  continued  on  good  terms 
with  them,  and  took  his  leave  as  a  friend 
when  they  commenced  their  return  march  to 
Scotland.  Bradstrefct's  notices  of  Prince 
Charles  and  his  associates  are  graphic.  He 
describes  circumstantially  the  executions,  in 
August  1746,  of  the  Earl  of  Kilmarnock  and 
Lord  Balmerino,  at  which  he  states  he  was 
present.  Although  Bradstreet's  services  as 
a  secret  agent  were  admitted  by  the  govern- 
ment officials,  he  was  unable  to  obtain  from 
them  either  money  or  a  commission  in  the 
army,  which  he  considered  had  been  promised 
to  him.  He,  however,  succeeded  in  bringing 
his  case  under  the  notice  of  the  king,  from 
whom  he  consequently  received  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds.  Bradstreet 
subsequently  subsisted  for  a  time  on  the  re- 
sults of  schemes,  his  success  in  which  he 
ascribed  to  the  l  superstition '  of  the  English 
people,  and  '  their  credulity  and  faith  in 
wondrous  things.'  The  last  of  his  devices 


at  London  appears  to  have  been  that  styled 
the  '  bottle  conjurer,'  which,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  several  confederates,  he  carried  out 
with  great  gains  in  January  1747-8.  On  his 
adventures  in  connection  with  the  affair  Brad- 
street  wrote  a  play,  in  five  acts,  styled  l  The 
Magician,  or  the  Bottle  Conjurer,'  which  he 
states  was  revised  for  him  by  some  of  the 
best  judges  and  actors  in  England,  including 
Mrs.  Woffington,  who  gave  him  '  the  best 
advice  she  could  about  it.'  This  play  was 
four  times  performed  with  great  success  at 
London,  but  on  the  fifth  night,  when  Brad- 
street  was  to  have  taken  the  part  of  '  Spy,' 
the  principal  character,  it  was  suppressed  by 
the  magistrates  of  Westminster.  '  The  Bottle 
Conjurer'  was  printed  by  Bradstreet  with  his 
'  Life.'  After  other  adventures,  Bradstreet 
returned  to  Ireland,  where  he  owned  a  small 
property  in  land.  He  attempted  unsuccess- 
fully to  carry  on  trade  as  a  brewer  in  West- 
meath,  and  became  involved  in  contests  with 
officials  of  the  excise.  To  raise  funds,  he 
printed  an  account  of  his  life  and  adventures. 
The  work  is  written  with  vivacity  and  de- 
scriptive power.  Bradstreet  died  at  Multi- 
farnham,  Westmeath,  in  1763.  His  brother, 
Simon  Bradstreet,  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
Ireland  in  1758,  created  a  baronet  in  1759, 
and  died  in  1762.  Sir  Samuel  Bradstreet 
[q.  v.],  third  baronet,  was  a  younger  brother 
of  Sir  Simon,  the  first  baronet's  son  and 
heir. 

[The  Life  and  Uncommon  Adventures  of  Cap- 
tain Dudley  Bradstreet,  1755;  Dublin  Journal, 
1763;  Memoirs  of  H.  Grattan,  1839.] 

J.  T.  G. 

BRADSTREET,    ROBEET    (1766- 

1836),  poet,  son  of  Robert  Bradstreet,  was 
born  at  Highana,  Suffolk,  in  1766,  and  edu- 
cated under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  T.  Foster, 
rector  of  Halesworth  in  that  county.  On 
4  June  1782  he  was  admitted  a  pensioner  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  he  became 
a  fellow-commoner  of  that  society  on  23  Jan. 
1786.  The  dates  of  his  degrees  are  B.A. 
1786,  M.A.  1789.  Bradstreet  was  the  pos- 
sessor of  an  estate  at  Bentley  in  Suffolk, 
with  a  mansion  called  Bentley  Grove,  which, 
it  is  believed,  he  inherited  from  his  father. 
He  resided  for  several  years  abroad,  and 
witnessed  many  of  the  scenes  of  the  French 
revolution,  of  which  he  was  at  one  time  an 
advocate.  He  married  in  France,  but  took 
advantage  of  the  facility  with  which  the 
marriage  tie  could  there  be  dissolved,  and  on 
his  return  to  England  he  married,  in  1800, 
Miss  Adham  of  Mason's  Bridge,  near  Had- 
leigh,  Suffolk,  by  whom  he  had  a  numerous 
family.  For  some  time  he  lived  at  Higham 


Bradstreet 


188 


Bradwardine 


Hall,  Raydon,  but  removing  thence,  lie  re- 
sided at  various  places,  and  at  length  died  at 
Southampton  on  13  May  1836. 

He  was  the  author  of  '  The  Sabine  Farm, 
a  poem :  into  which  is  interwoven  a  series 
of  translations,  chiefly  descriptive  of  the 
Villa  and  Life  of  Horace,  occasioned  by  an 
excursion  from  Rome  to  Licenza,'  London, 
1810,  8vo.  There  are  seven  engraved  plates 
in  the  work,  and  an  appendix  contains  *  Mis- 
cellaneous Odes  from  Horace.' 

[London  Packet,  20-23  May  1836,  p.  1,  col.  1 ; 
Addit.  MS.  19167,  f.  237;  Gent.  Mag.  ciii.  (ii) 
420,  N.S.,  vi.  108.]  T.  C. 

BRADSTREET,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1735?- 
1791),  Irish  judge,  the  representative  of  a 
family  who  had  settled  in  Ireland  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell,  was  born  about  1735, 
being  the  younger  son  of  Sir  Simon  Brad- 
street,  a  barrister,  who  was  created  a  baronet 
of  Ireland  on  14  July  1759.  Samuel  Brad- 
street  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  Hilary 
term,  1758.  *  He  was  appointed  in  1766  to  the 
recordership  of  Dublin.  In  June  1776  Brad- 
street — who,  at  the  death  of  Sir  Simon,  his 
elder  brother,  in  1774,  had  succeeded  to  the 
title  as  third  baronet — was  elected  represen- 
tative of  the  city  of  Dublin  in  the  Irish  House 
of  Commons.  He  was  re-elected  in  October 
1783,  and  was  distinguished  as  a  member  of 
the  l  patriotic  party,'  from  which,  however, 
according  to  Sir  Jonah  Barrington,  he  was  one 
of  the  '  partial  desertions.'  '  Mr.  Yelverton, 
the  great  champion  of  liberty,  had  been  made 
chief  baron,  and  silenced ;  Mr.  Bradstreet  [i.e. 
Sir  Samuel  Bradstreet]  became  a  judge  [in 
January  1784],  and  mute ;  Mr.  Denis  Daly 
had  accepted  the  office  of  paymaster,  and 
had  renegaded'  (Historic  Anecdotes,  ii.  166). 
Bradstreet  presided  in  1788  at  Maryborough, 
Queen's  County,  where  he  summed  up  for  the 
conviction  of  Captain  (afterwards  General) 
Gillespie,  for  the  murder  of  William  Barring- 
ton,  younger  brother  of  Sir  Jonah  Barrington, 
whom  he  held  to  have  been  unfairly  slain  by 
Captain  Gillespie  in  a  duel.  In  1788  Brad- 
street  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the 
great  seal,  in  association  with  the  Archbishop 
of  Dublin  and  Sir  Hugh  Carleton,  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  Bradstreet 
died  at  his  seat  at  Booterstown,  near  Dublin, 
on  2  May  1791,  and  was  succeeded  in  the 
baronetcy  by  Simon,  the  eldest  of  his  four 
sons  by  his  wife  Eliza,  whom  he  married 
in  1771,  and  who  died  in  1802,  only  daugh- 
ter and  heiress  of  James  Tully,  M.D.,  of 
Dublin. 

[Dublin  Gazette,  23-25  Oct.  1783,  and  13-15 
Jan.  1784;  London  Gazette,  10-13  Jan.  1784; 
Wilson's  Dublin  Directory,  1766-1776;  St. 


James's  Chronicle,  7-10  May  1791 ;  Burke's  Peer- 
age and  Baronetage,  1884;  Smyth's  Chronicle  of 
the  Law  Officers  of  Ireland,  1839  ;  B.  H.  Blacker's 
Parishes  of  Booterstown  and  Donny brook,  1860- 
74 ;  Members  of  Parliament :  Parliament  of  Ire- 
land, 1559-1800,  1878;  Barrington's  Historic 
Memoirs  of  Ireland,  1833 ;  Barrington's  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Irish  Nation  ;  Barrington's  Personal 
Sketches  of  his  own  Time,  1869-1  A-  H.  G. 

BRADWARDINE,  THOMAS  (1290?- 
1349),  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  is  com- 
monly called  DOCTOR  PROFUNDTJS.  His  sur- 
name is  variously  spelt  Bragwardin  (Ger- 
son),  Brandnardinus  (Gesner),  Bredwardyn 
(Birchington),  and  Bradwardyn  (William 
de  Dene).  In  public  documents  he  is  usually 
designated  as  Thomas  de  Bradwardina  or  de 
Bredewardina.  His  family  may  have  ori- 

lally  come  from  Bradwardine  near  Here- 
ford, but  he  himself  says  that  he  was  born 
in  Chichester,  and  implies  that  his  father  and 
grandfather  were  also  natives  of  that  city. 
Birchington  indeed  (WHARTON,  Anglia  Sa- 
cra, i.  42)  says  that  he  was  born  at  Hertfield 
(Hartfield)  in  the  diocese  of  Chichester,  and 
William  de  Dene  (Ana.  Sac.  i.  376)  gives 
Condenna  (probably  Cowden)  in  the  diocese 
of  Rochester  as  his  birthplace,  but  neither  of 
these  writers  supports  his  statement  by  any 
evidence. 

At  Chichester  Thomas  may  have  become 
acquainted  with  the  celebrated  Richard  of 
Bury,  afterwards  bishop  of  Durham,  who 
held  a  prebendal  stall  in  Chichester  Cathe- 
dral early  in  the  fourteenth  century,  and  from 
that  enthusiast  in  study  and  diligent  collec- 
tor of  books  he  may  have  first  imbibed  a  taste 
for  learning.  Nothing,  however,  is  known  re- 
specting his  education  before  he  went  to  Ox- 
ford, nor  has  the  exact  date  of  his  going 
thither  been  ascertained.  All  we  know  for 
certain  is  that  he  was  entered  at  the  college, 
then  recently  founded  by  W alter  de  Merton, 
and  in  1325  his  name  appears  as  one  of  the 
proctors  of  the  university.  In  this  capacity 
he  had  to  take  part  in  a  dispute  between 
the  university  and  the  archdeacon  of  Oxford. 
The  archdeaconry  was  held  in  commendam 
by  Galhardus  de  Mora,  cardinal  of  St.  Lucia ; 
the  duties  of  the  office  were  discharged  by 
deputy,  and  the  emoluments  were  farmed  by 
men  whose  object  was  to  make  as  much  gain 
for  themselves  as  they  could.  They  claimed 
spiritual  jurisdiction  over  the  university  for 
the  archdeacon.  The  chancellor  and  proctors 
resisted  the  claim,  maintaining  that  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  university  pertained  to  them. 
The  cardinal  archdeacon  having  complained 
to  the  pope,  the  chancellor,  proctors,  and 
certain  masters  of  arts  were  summoned  to 
Avignon  to  answer  for  their  conduct,  but  they 


Bradwardine 


189 


Bradwardine 


declined  to  appear  and  lodged  a  counter  suit 
against  the  archdeacon  in  the  king's  court. 
The  king,  Edward  III,  compelled  the  arch- 
deacon to  submit  to  the  arbitration  of  Eng- 
lish judges,  and  the  controversy  ended  in 
favour  of  the  university,  which  was  exempted 
from  all  episcopal  jurisdiction. 

During  his  residence  in  Oxford,  Thomas 
Bradwardine  obtained  the  highest  reputation 
as  a  mathematician,  astronomer,  moral  phi- 
losopher, and  theologian.  At  the  request  of 
the  fellow's  of  Merton  he  delivered  to  them 
a  course  of  theological  lectures,  which  he 
afterwards  expanded  into  a  treatise.  This 
work  earned  him  the  title  of  Doctor  Profun- 
dus  :  in  his  owTn  day  it  was  commonly  called 
'  Summa  Doctoris  Profundi,'  but  in  later 
times  it  has  been  entitled  'De  Causa  Dei 
contra  Pelagium,  et  de  virtute  causarum  ad 
suos  Mertonenses  libri  tres.'  This  treatise 
was  edited  by  Sir  Henry  Savile  in  1618  in 
a  folio  volume  of  nearly  1,000  pages.  It  con- 
tinued to  be  for  ages  a  standard  authority 
amongst  theologians  of  the  Augustinian  and 
Calvinistic  school.  Dean  Milner  gives  a  sum- 
mary of  its  contents  in  his  f  Church  History ' 
(iv.  79-106).  According  to  Bradwardine  the 
whole  church  had  in  his  day  become  deeply 
infected  with  Pelagianism.  'I  myself/  he 
says,  l  was  once  so  foolish  and  vain  when  I 
first  applied  myself  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy as  to  be  seduced  by  this  error.  In 
the  schools  of  the  philosophers  I  rarely  heard 
a  word  said  concerning  grace,  but  we  were 
continually  told  that  we  were  the  masters 
of  our  own  free  actions,  and  that  it  was 
in  our  own  power  to  do  well  or  ill.'  He  en- 
deavours to  prove,  with  much  logical  force 
and  mathematical  precision,  that  human  ac- 
tions are  totally  devoid  of  all  merit,  that 
they  do  not  deserve  grace  even  of  congruity, 
that  is  as  being  meet  and  equitable — the 
most  specious  form  of  Pelagianism,  and  one 
which  wras  most  commonly  entertained  in 
that  day.  He  maintains  that  human  nature 
is  absolutely  incapable  of  conquering  a  single 
temptation  without  a  supply  of  divine  grace, 
and  that  this  grace  is  the  free  and  unmerited 
gift  of  God,  whose  knowledge  and  power  are 
alike  perfect.  If  God  did  not  bestow  His 
grace  freely,  He  could  not  foresee  how  He 
would  confer  His  gifts,  and  therefore  His  fore- 
knowledge would  not  be  absolute ;  so  that  the 
doctrine  of  God's  foreknowledge  and  free 
grace  are  linked  together.  Underlying  all 
the  hard  and  dry  reasoning,  however,  of  this 
treatise,  there  is  a  deep  vein  of  warm  and 
genuine  piety  which  occasionally  breaks  out 
into  fervent  meditation  and  prayer,  full  of 
love,  humility,  and  thankfulness. 

The  estimation  in  which  Thomas  Brad- 


wardine was  held  as  a  theologian  in  his  own 
century  is  indicated  by  the  way  in  which 
Chaucer  refers  to  him.  In  the '  Nun's  Priest's 
Tale '  the  speaker,  touching  on  the  question  of 
God's  foreknowledge  and  man's  free-will,  is 
made  to  say : 

But  I  ne  cannot  boult  it  to  the  bren, 
As  can  the  holy  doctour  S.  Austin, 
Or  Boece,  or  the  Bishop  Bradwirdyn. 

About  1335  Bradwardine  was,  with  seven 
other  Merton  men,  summoned  to  London  by 
Richard  of  Bury,  who  had  been  made  bishop 
of  Durham  in  1333  and  chancellor  in  the 
following  year,  and  who  surrounded  himself 
with  a  large  retinue  of  esquires  and  chaplains, 
partly  from  a  love  of  splendour,  partly  from 
a  love  of  the  society  of  men  of  learning  who 
could  assist  him  in  the  formation  of  his  library. 
In  1337  the  Bishop  of  Durham  obtained  for 
his  chaplain  Bradwardine  the  chancellorship 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  with  the  prebend  of 
Cadington  Minor  attached  to  it.  He  soon 
afterwards  accepted  also  a  prebendal  stall  in 
Lincoln  Cathedral,  although  not  without  some 
scruples  and  hesitation,  owing  to  the  objec- 
tions then  becoming  prevalent  against  the 
non-residence  of  beneficiaries. 

On  the  joint  recommendation  of  Arch- 
bishop Stratford  and  the  Bishop  of  Durham 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  royal  chaplains. 
Although  the  title  of  confessor  was  borne 
by  all  the  king's  chaplains,  the  language  of 
Birchington  seems  to  imply  that  Bradwar- 
dine actually  received  the  confession  of  Ed- 
ward III,  which,  considering  what  the  life 
of  the  king  then  was,  must  have  been  a  very 
difficult  and  unpleasant  office  if  it  was  con- 
scientiously discharged.  He  joined  the  court 
in  Flanders  and  accompanied  the  king, 
16  Aug.  1338,  in  his  progress  up  the  Rhine 
to  hold  a  conference  at  Coblenz  with  his 
brother-in-law  Lewis  of  Bavaria. 

At  Cologne  Bradwardine  reminded  the 
king  that  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  had  offered 
public  thanksgiving  in  the  cathedral  for  his 
escape  from  the  Duke  of  Austria.  That  ca- 
thedral had  been  destroyed  by  fire,  but  the 
new  structure,  which  has  not  been  completed 
till  our  own  day,  was  in  course  of  erection. 
The  plans  were  submitted  to  the  king,  and 
after  consultation  with  Bradwardine  he  sub- 
scribed a  sum  equal  to  1,500/.  according  to 
the  present  value  of  money.  Bradwardine 
continued  to  be  in  attendance  upon  the  king- 
up  to  the  date  of  the  victory  of  Cressy  and 
the  capture  of  Calais.  He  was  so  diligent 
in  his  exhortations  to  the  king  and  the  sol- 
diers that  many  attributed  the  successes  of 
the  English  arms  to  the  favour  of  Heaven 
obtained  through  the  wholesome  warnings 


Bradwardine 


190 


Brady 


and  the  holy  example  of  the  royal  chaplain. 
After  the  battles  of  Cressy  and  Neville's 
Cross  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  treat  of  peace  with  King  Philip. 

Archbishop  Stratford  died  23  Aug.  1348, 
and  the  chapter  of  Canterbury,  thinking  to 
anticipate  the  wishes  of  the  king,  elected 
Bradwardine  to  the  vacant  see  without 
waiting  for  the  congt  d'Slire.  The  king, 
however,  was  offended  by  the  irregularity, 
and  requested  the  pope  to  set  aside  the  elec- 
tion and  appoint  John  of  Ufford  by  provision. 
The  appointment  was  merely  a  device  in 
order  to  vindicate  his  own  right  of  nomina- 
tion, which  had  been  infringed  by  the  pre- 
mature action  of  the  chapter ;  for  John  of 
Ufford  was  aged  and  paralytic,  and  died  of 
the  plague  before  his  consecration. 

After  the  death  of  John  of  Ufford  the 
chapter  applied  for  the  conge  d'elire,  which 
was  sent  with  the  recommendation  to  elect 
Bradwardine.  The  pope,  Clement  VI,  also 
issued  a  bull  in  which  he  affected  to  supersede 
the  election  of  the  chapter,  and  appointed 
Thomas  by  provision.  Bradwardine  was  on 
the  continent  at  the  time  of  his  election,  and 
repaired  without  delay  to  the  papal  court  at 
Avignon  for  consecration,  which  took  place 
19  July  1349.  The  pope  was  so  completely  in 
the  power  of  Edward  at  this  time  that  he  had 
once  bitterly  remarked,  if  the  King  of  England 
were  to  ask  him  to  make  a  bishop  of  a  jack- 
ass, he  could  not  refuse.  The  cardinals  had 
resented  the  saying,  and  one  of  them,  Hugo, 
cardinal  of  Tudela,  a  kinsman  of  the  pope, 
had  the  ill  taste  to  make  the  consecration  of 
Bradwardine  an  occasion  for  indulging  their 
spleen.  In  the  midst  of  the  banquet  given 
by  the  pope,  the  doors  of  the  hall  being 
suddenly  thrown  open  a  clown  entered  seated 
upon  a  jackass  and  presented  a  humble  peti- 
tion that  he  might  be  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  Considering  the  European  re- 
putation of  Bradwardine  for  learning  and 
piety,  the  joke  was  remarkably  unsuitable; 
the  pope  rebuked  the  offender,  and  the  rest 
of  the  cardinals  marked  their  displeasure  by 
vying  with  one  another  in  the  respect  which 
they  paid  to  the  new  archbishop. 

Although  the  Black  Death  was  now  raging 
in  England,  Bradwardine  hastened  thither. 
He  landed  at  Dover  on  19  Aug.,  did  hom- 
age to  the  king  at  Eltham,  and  received  the 
temporalities  from  him  on  the  22nd.  Thence 
he  went  to  London,  and  lodged  at  La  Place, 
the  residence  of  the  Bishop  of  Rochester  in 
Lambeth.  On  the  morning  after  his  arrival 
he  had  a  feverish  attack,  which  was  attribu- 
ted to  fatigue  after  his  journey,  but  in  the 
evening  tumours  under  the  arms  and  other 
symptoms  of  the  deadly  plague  which  was 


then  ravaging  London  made  their  appear- 
ance, and  on  the  26th  the  archbishop  died. 
Notwithstanding  the  infectious  nature  of  the 
disease,  the  body  was  removed  to  Canterbury 
and  buried  in  the  cathedral. 

His  works  are  :  1.  '  De  Causa  Dei  contra 
Pelagium  et  de  virtute  causarum,'  edited  by 
Sir  Henry  Savile,  London,  1618.  2.  '  Trac- 
tatus  de  proportionibus,'  Paris,  1495.  3.  '  De 
quadrature,  circuli,'  Paris,  1495.  4.  '  Arith- 
metica  speculativa,'  Paris,  1502.  5.  '  Geo- 
metria  speculativa,'  Paris,  1530.  6.  '  Ars 
Memorativa,' manuscript  in  the  Sloane  collec- 
tion, British  Museum,  No.  3744.  This  last  is 
an  attempt  at  a  plan  for  aiding  the  memory 
by  the  method  of  mentally  associating  certain 
places  with  certain  ideas  or  subjects,  or  the 
several  parts  of  a  discourse. 

[Sir  Henry  Savile,  in  the  preface  to  his  edition 
of  Bradwardine's  work  De  Causa  Dei  contra 
Pelagium,  has  collected  all  the  notices  of  his 
life,  which  are  but  scanty.  See  also  Birchington 
and  William  of  Dene,  Hist.  Eoff.,  and  William 
de  Chambre,  Hist.  Dunelm.,  in  Wharton's  Anglia 
Sacra,  vol.  i. ;  Hook's  Lives  of  the  Archbishops, 
vol.  iv.]  W.  K.  W.  S. 

BRADY,  SIB  ANTONIO  (1811-1881), 
admiralty  official,  was  born  at  Deptford  on 
10  Nov.  1811,  being  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony 
Brady  of  the  Deptford  victualling  yard,  then 
storekeeper  at  the  Royal  William  victualling 
yard,  Plymouth,  by  his  marriage,  on  20  Dee. 
1810,  with  Marianne,  daughter  of  Francis 
Perigal  and  Mary  Ogier.  He  was  educated 
at  Colfe's  school,  Lewisham,  and  then  entered 
the  civil  service  as  a  junior  clerk  in  the  Vic- 
toria victualling  yard,  Deptford,  on  29  Nov. 
1828,  and,  having  served  there  and  at  Ply- 
mouth and  Portsmouth,  was,  through  the 
recommendation  of  Sir  James  Graham,  pro- 
moted to  headquarters  at  Somerset  House  as 
a  second-class  clerk  in  the  accountant-gene- 
ral's office  on  26  June  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ally promoted  until  in  1864  he  became  re- 
gistrar of  contracts,  and  having  subsequently 
assisted  very  materially  in  reorganising  the 
office,  he  was  made  the  first  superintendent 
of  the  admiralty  new  contract  department  on 
13  April  1869,  when  an  improved  salary  of 
1,000/.  a  year  was  allotted  to  him.  He  held 
this  appointment  until  31  March  1870,  when 
he  retired  on  a  special  pension.  He  was 
knighted  by  the  queen  at  Windsor  on  23  June 
1870. 

After  his  retirement  Sir  Antonio  devoted 
himself  to  social,  educational,  and  religious 
reform.  Having  taken  a  great  interest  in  the 
preservation  of  Epping  Forest  for  the  people, 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  in  the  '  Verderer's 
court  for  the  forest  of  Epping.'  He  was 


Brady 


191 


Brady 


associated  with  church  work  of  all  kinds. 
He  published  in  1869  '  The  Church's  Works 
and  its  Hindrances,  with  suggestions  for 
Church  Reform.'  The  establishment  of  the 
Plaistow  and  Victoria  Dock  Mission,  the  East 
London  Museum  at  Bethnal  Green,  and  the 
West  Ham  and  Stratford  Dispensary  was  in 
a  great  measure  due  to  him. 

Brady  was  a  member  of  the  Ray,  the  Pa- 
laeontographical,  and  Geological  Societies. 
So  long  ago  as  1844  his  attention  had  been 
attracted  to  the  wonderful  deposits  of  brick- 
earth  which  occupy  the  valley  of  the  Roding  at 
Ilford,  within  a  mile  of  his  residence.  Encou- 
raged by  Professor  Owen  he  commenced  col- 
lecting the  rich  series  of  mammalian  remains 
in  the  brickearths  of  the  Thames  valley,  com- 
prising amongst  others  the  skeletons  of  the 
tiger,  wolf,  bear,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  horse, 
elk,  stag,  bison,  ox,  hippopotamus,  &c.  This 
valuable  collection  of  pleistocene  mammalia 
is  now  in  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Cromwell  Road.  In  his  l  Catalogue  of 
Pleistocene  Mammalia  from  Ilford,  Essex,' 
1874,  printed  for  private  circulation  only, 
Brady  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  Mr. 
William  Davies,  F.G.S.,  his  instructor  in  the 
art  of  preserving  fossil  bones.  He  died  suddenly 
at  his  residence,  Maryland  Point,  Forest  Lane, 
Stratford,  on  12  Dec.  1881.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  John's  churchyard,  Stratford,  on  16  Dec. 
His  marriage  with  Maria,  eldest  daughter  of 
George  Kilner  of  Ipswich,  took  place  on 
18  May  1837,  and  by  her,  who  survived  him, 
he  left  a  son,  the  Rev.  Nicholas  Brady,  rector 
of  Wennington,  Essex,  and  two  daughters. 

[Stratford  and  South  Essex  Advertiser,  16  and 
23  Dec;  1881 ;  Nature  (1881-2),  xxv.  174-5,  by 
Henry  Woodward;  Guardian  (1881),  p.  1782; 
and  collected  information.]  Gr.  C.  B. 

BRADY,  JOHN  (d.  1814),  clerk  in  the 
victualling  office,  was  the  author  of  '  Clavis 
Calendaria;  or  a  Compendious  Analysis  of 
the  Calendar :  illustrated  with  ecclesiastical, 
historical,  and  classical  anecdotes,'  2  vols., 
London,  1812, 8vo ;  3rd  edit.,  1815.  The  com- 
piler also  published  an  abridgment  of  the 
work,  and  some  extracts  from  it  appeared  in 
1826,  under  the  title  of  '  The  Credulity  of 
our  Forefathers.'  This  book,  once  very  po- 
pular, has  been  long  since  superseded.  Brady 
died  at  Kennington,  Surrey,  on  5  Dec.  1814. 
His  son,  John  Henry  Brady,  arranged  and 
adapted  for  publication  'Varieties  of  Lite- 
rature ;  being  principally  selections  from  the 
portfolio  of  the  late  John  Brady/  London, 
1826,  8vo. 

[Biog.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  36,  416; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.;  Cat.  of  Printed  Books  in 
Brit.  Mus.]  T.  C. 


BRADY,  SIR  MAZIERE  (1796-1871), 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  born  on  20  July 
1796,  was  a  great-grandson  of  the  Rev.  Nicho- 
las Brady,  D.D.  [q.  v.],  the  psalmist,  and 
the  second  son  of  Francis  Tempest  Brady,  a 
gold  and  silver  thread  manufacturer  in  Dub- 
lin. In  1812  Brady  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  in  1814  he  obtained  a  scholarship 
there,  and  twice  carried  off  the  vice-chancel- 
lor's prize  for  English  verse.  He  proceeded 
B.A.  (1816)  and  M.A.  (1819),  and  was  called 
to  the  Irish  bar  in  Trinity  term  of  1819.  In 
1833,  under  the  ministry  of  Earl  Grey,  he,  as 
an  avowed  liberal,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the 
Irish  municipal  corporations.  In  1837  he  was 
made  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  in  succes- 
sion to  Nicholas  Ball  [q.  v.],  and  became  at- 
torney-general in  1839.  In  the  year  following 
he  was  promoted  to  the  bench  as  chief  baron 
of  the  Court  of  Exchequer.  He  was  raised  to 
the  bench  of  the  Irish  Court  of  Chancery, 
somewhat  against  his  inclination,  in  1846. 
He  was  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  during  the 
Russell  administration,  1847-52.  He  became 
in  1850  the  first  vice-chancellor  of  the  Queen's 
University,  of  the  principles  of  which  founda- 
tion Brady  was  a  constant  advocate.  From 
1853  to  1858  Brady  was  again  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland.  He  resumed  the  post  once  more  in 
1859,  and  held  it  through  the  second  adminis- 
trations of  Lord  Palmerston  and  Earl  Russell 
until  the  overthrow  of  the  latter  in  1866.  On 
28  June  of  that  year  he  sat  for  the  last  time 
in  the  Irish  Court  of  Chancery.  He  retired 
amidst  general  regret.  He  was  fond  of  scien- 
tific studies,  especially  geology.  In  1869  he 
was  created  a  baronet  by  Mr.  Gladstone.  He 
died  at  his  residence  in  Upper  Pembroke 
Street,  Dublin,  on  Thursday,  13  April  1871. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  besides  holding  the 
vice-chancellorship  of  the  Queen's  Univer- 
sity, he  was  a  member  of  the  National  Board 
of  Education,  and  president  of  the  Irish  Art 
Union,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Music. 

Brady  was  twice  married :  first,  in  1823, 
to  Eliza  Anne,  daughter  of  Bever  Buchanan 
of  Dublin,  who  died  in  1858 :  and  secondly 
to  Mary,  second  daughter  of  the  Right  Hon. 
John  HatcheU,  P.C.,  of  Fortfield  House, 
co.  Dublin.  His  first  wife  left  him  five 
children,  by  the  eldest  of  whom,  Francis 
William  Brady,  Q.C.,  he  was  succeeded  in 
his  title  and  estates. 

[Catalogue  of  Dublin  Graduates,  1869  ;  Free- 
man's Journal,  14  and  18  April  1871 ;  Daily  News, 
15  April  1871;  Irish  Times,  18  April  1871; 
Times,  15  and  13  April  1871  ;  Burke's  Lives  of 
the  Lord  Chancellors  of  Ireland,  1872 ;  Wills's 
Irish  Nation,  its  History  and  its  Biography,  1875  ; 
Debrett's  Baronetage,  1884.]  A.  H.  G. 


Brady 


192 


Brady 


BRADY,      NICHOLAS     (1659-1726), 
divine   and  poet,   son    of    Major   Nicholas 
Brady,  who  served  in  the  king's  army  in  the 
rebellion,  and   Martha,   daughter  of  Luke 
Gernon,  a  judge,  was  born  at  Bandon,  county 
Cork,  on  28  Oct.  1659.     After  he  had  for 
some  time  attended  a  school  called  St.  Fin- 
berry's,  kept  by  Dr.  Tindall,  he  was  sent  to  j 
England  at  the  age  of  twelve,  and  admitted  j 
into  the  college  of  Westminster  in  1673. 
Thence  he  was  elected  to  Christ  Church,  Ox-  [ 
ford,  where  he  matriculated  4  Feb.  1678-9,  | 
proceeding  B.A.  in  Michaelmas  term  1682.  j 
He  then  returned  to  Ireland,  lived  with  his 
father  at  Dublin,  and  took  his  B.A.  degree  at 
the  university  there  in  1685,  proceeding  M.A.  | 
the  next  year.     Entering  orders  he  was  in-  j 
stituted  prebendary  of  Kinaglarchy  in  the 
church  of  Cork  in  July  1688,  and  a  few 
months  later  was  presented  to  the  livings  of 
Killmyne  and  Drinagh  in  Cork  diocese.    He 
was   also    chaplain   to   Bishop   Wetenhall.  j 
During  the  revolution  he   warmly  upheld  i 
the   cause   of  the  Prince   of  Orange,   and  j 
suffered  some  loss  in  consequence.     His  in-  j 
terest    with  James's    general,    MacCarthy,  j 
enabled  him  to  save  the  town  of  Bandon, 
though  James   thrice   commanded  that   it  i 
should  be  burnt.     The  people  of  the  town  j 
having  suffered  considerable  loss  sent  him  j 
with  a  petition  to  the  English  parliament  j 
praying  for  compensation.     During  his  visit  I 
to  London  his  preaching  was  much  admired ;  i 
he  was   chosen  lecturer  at   St.  Michael's,  ! 
Wood  Street,  and,  on  10  July  1691,  was  ap-  ! 
pointed  to  the  church  of  St.  Catherine  Cree,  j 
where  he  remained  until  1696.     The  sermon  j 
he  preached  on  his  resignation  was  printed,  i 
London,  1696,  4to.     On  his  resignation  he 
received  the  living  of  Richmond,  Surrey,  1 
which  he  held  until  his  death.     From  1702  j 
to  1705  he  also  held  the  rectory  of  Stratford-  | 
on-Avon,  which  he  resigned  on  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  rectory  of  Clapham  on  21  Feb. 
1705-6.     Although  his  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments brought  him  in  an  income  of  600/.  a 
year,  his  expensive  habits,  and  especially  his 
love  of  hospitality,  obliged  him  to  keep  a 
school  at  Richmond.     This  school  is  men- 
tioned in  terms  of  praise  in  a  paper  of  Steele's 
in  the  '  Spectator'  (No.  168).     On  15  Nov. 
1699  the  university  of  Dublin  conferred  on 
him  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.  in  recog- 
nition of  his   abilities,   and  sent   him  the 
diploma  of  doctor  by  the  senior  travelling 
fellow  of  the  society.     Brady  was  chaplain  to  i 
William   III,  to  Mary,   to  Anne   both  as  ! 
princess  of  Wales  and  as  queen,  and  to  the  j 
Duke  of  Ormonde's  regiment  of  horse.     In  j 
1690  he  married  Letitia,  daughter  of  Dr.  j 
Synge,  archdeacon  of  Cork,  and  had  by  her  , 


four  sons  and  four  daughters.  He  died  at 
Richmond  20  May  1726,  and  was  buried  in 
that  church.  His  funeral  sermon,  preached 
by  the  Rev.  T.  Stackhouse,  vicar  of  Been- 
ham  [q.  v.],  was  published  under  the  title 
of  '  The  Honour  and  Dignity  of  True  Mini- 
sters of  Christ,'  London,  1726. 

Brady's  best  known  work  is  (1)  the  metrical 
version'  of  the  Psalms,  which  he  undertook 
while  minister  of  St.  Catherine  Cree  in  con- 
junction with  Nahum  Tate  [q.  v.]  When 
their  work  was  complete  and  had  been  sub- 
mitted to  and  revised  by  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  and  the  bishops,  the  authors 
petitioned  the  king  that  he  would  allow  it 
to  be  used  in  the  public  services  of  the 
church,  and  accordingly  William,  on  3  Dec. 
1696,  made  an  order  in  council  that  it  might 
'  be  used  in  all  churches  ...  as  shall  think 
fit  to  receive  the  same.'  The  '  New  Version,' 
as  the  work  of  Brady  and  Tate  is  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  version  of  T.  Stern- 
hold  and  J.  Hopkins,  was  well  received  by 
the  whigs.  Some  of  the  stiffer  tories  among 
the  clergy,  however,  objected  to  it,  and  their 
objections,  which  seem  to  have  been  that  the 
new  version  was  too  poetical,  that  there  was 
no  need  of  change,  and,  as  was  hinted,  that 
they  were  offended  at  the  recommendation 
of  the  whig  bishops  and  at  the  '  William  R.' 
on  the  order  allowing  its  use,  were  answered 
by  ' A  brief  and  full  Account  of  Mr.  Tate's 
and  Mr.  Brady's  New  Version,  by  a  True 
Son  of  the  Church  of  England,'  London, 
1698.  The  use  of  the  'New  Version'  was 
condemned  by  Bishop  Beveridge  [q.  v.]  in 
his  '  Defence  of  the  Book  of  Psalms  ...  by 
T.  Sternhold,  J.  Hopkins,  and  others,  with 
critical  observations  on  the  New  Version 
compared  with  the  Old,'  London,  1710,  and 
Brady's  share  in  the  work  was  sneered  at 
by  Swift  in  his  '  Remarks  on  Dr.  Gibbs's 
Psalms.'  Brady  also  wrote  (2)  a  tragedy 
entitled  'The  Rape,  or  the  Innocent  Im- 
postors,' acted  at  the  Theatre  Royal  in  1692, 
the  prologue  being  spoken  by  Betterton,  and 
the  epilogue,  the  work  of  Shadwell,  by  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle.  It  was  published  in  4to  the 
some  year,  with  a  dedication  to  the  Earl  of 
Dorset,  but  without  the  author's  name.  The 
plot  is  concerned  with  the  history  of  the 
Goths  and  Vandals.  It  was  slightly  recast 
for  representation  in  1729,  the  Goths  and 
Vandals  being  turned  into  Portuguese  and 
Spaniards.  In  1692  (3)  an  'Ode  for  St. 
Cecilia's  Day,'  which  will  be  found  in 
Nichols's  'Select  Collection  of  Poems,'  v. 
302.  (4)  '  Proposals  for  the  publication  of  a 
translation  of  Virgil's  JEneids  in  blank  verse, 
together  with  a  specimen  of  the  performance.' 
This  translation  was  published  by  subscrip- 


Brady 


193 


Brady 


tion,  being  completed  in  1726.  Johnson 
says  that  '  when  dragged  into  the  world  it 
did  not  live  long  enough  to  cry,'  he  had  not 
seen  it  and  believed  that  he  had  been  in- 
formed of  its  existence  by  '  some  old  cata- 
logue.' It  is  not  in  the  library  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  has  not  been  seen  by  the  pre- 
sent writer.  (5)  Two  volumes  of  sermons, 
1704-6,  republished  with  a  third  volume  by 
Brady's  eldest  son,  Nicholas,  vicar  of  Tooting, 
Surrey,  in  1730,  a  volume  of  '  Select  Sermons 
preached  before  the  Queen  and  on  other  oc- 
casions,' 1713.  A  considerable  number  of 
sermons,  most  of  them  republished  in  collec- 
tions, were  also  published  separately.  Among 
these  was  a  sermon  preached  in  Chelsea 
Church  on  the  death  of  Thomas  Shadwell, 
in  November  1692  (London,  1693). 

[Rawlinson  MSS.  4to,  5305,  fol.  16,  248-57 ; 
Gibber's  Lives  of  the  Poets,  iv.  62;  Nichols's 
Select  Collection  of  Poems,  v.  302 ;  Biog.  Brit, 
ii.  960  ;  Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.  (1852),  173, 
183;  Todd's  Dublin  Graduates,  62  ;  Newcourt's 
Repertorium,  i.  381 ;  Dugdale's  Warwickshire, 
680  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  393  ;  A  brief  and 
full  Account  (as  above),  1698 ;  Bishop  Beveridge's 
Defence  of  the  Book  of  Psalms,  1710 ;  Swift's 
Works  (Scott,  2nd  ed.),  xii.  261 ;  Johnson's 
Works  (Life  of  Dryden),  ix.  431  (ed.  1806)  ; 
Brady's  Rape,  1692;  Genest's  History  of  the 
Stage,  ii.  18,  iii.  266  ;  Biog.  Dram.  i.  i.  58 ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  809.] 

W.  H. 

BRADY,  ROBERT  (d.  1700),  historian 
and  physician,  was  born  at  Denver,  Norfolk. 
He  was  admitted  to  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
on  20  Feb.  1643,  proceeded  B.M.  1653,  was 
created  doctor  by  virtue  of  the  king's  letters 
in  September  1660  (KENNET,  Register,  251), 
and  on  1  Dec.  of  the  same  year  was  appointed 
master  of  his  college  by  royal  mandate  (KEN- 
NET,  870).  At  an  uncertain  date  (1670  or 
1685)  he  held  the  office  of  keeper  of  the  re- 
cords in  the  Tower,  and  took  deep  interest  in 
studying  the  documents  under  his  charge. 
He  was  admitted  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  on  12  Nov.  1680,  and  was  physician 
in  ordinary  to  Charles  II  and  James  II.  In 
this  capacity  he  was  one  of  those  who  deposed 
to  the  birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  22  Oct. 
1688.  He  was  regius  professor  of  physic  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  M.P.  for  the  university 
in  the  parliaments  of  1681  and  1685.  He 
died  19  Aug.  1700,  leaving  land  and  money 
to  Caius  College. 

He  wrote  :  1.  A  letter  to  Dr.  Sydenham, 
dated  30  Dec.  1679,  on  certain  medical  ques- 
tions, which  is  printed  in  Sydenham's  '  Epi- 
stolse  Responsoriae  duse,'  1680,  8vo.  2.  '  An 
Introduction  to  Old  English  History  com- 
prehended in  three  several  tracts,'  1684,  fol. 

VOL.   VI. 


3.  '  A  Compleat  History  of  England,'  2  vols., 
1685,  1700,  fol.  4.  <  An  Historical  Treatise 
of  Cities  and  Burghs  or  Boroughs,  showing 
their  original,'  &c.,  1690 ;  2nd  edit.  1704,  fol. 
5.  '  An  Inquiry  into  the  remarkable  instances 
of  History  and  Parliamentary  Records  used 
by  the  author  (Stillingfleet)  of  the  Unreason- 
ableness of  a  New  Separation,'  &c.,  1691,  4to. 
His  historical  works  are  laborious,  and  are 
based  on  original  authorities ;  they  are  marked 
by  the  author's  desire  to  uphold  the  royal 
prerogative.  In  his  preface  to  his  '  Treatise 
on  Boroughs '  he  says  that  he  is  able  to  show 
that  they  'have  nothing  of  the  greatness  and 
authority  they  boast  of,  but  from  the  bounty 
of  our  ancient  kings  and  their  successors.' 

[Kennet's  Register  and  Chronicle,  251,  870; 
Biographia  Britannica,  i.  959 ;  Munk's  Coll.  of 
Phys.  (1878),  i.  418;  Ackermann's  History  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  i.  106.]  W.  H. 

BRADY,  THOMAS  (1752  ? -1827), 
general  (feldzeugmeister)  in  the  Austrian 
army,  was  born  at  Cavan,  Ireland  (one  account 
has  it  Cootehill),  some  time  between  October 
1752  and  May  1753.  He  entered  the  Austrian 
service  on  1  Nov.  1769.  In  the  list  for  that 
date  his  name  appears  as  '  Peter,'  but  in  all 
subsequent  rolls  he  is  called  '  Thomas.'  He 
served  till  4  April  1774  as  a  cadet  in  the  in- 
fantry regiment  '  Wied.'  On  10  April  1774 
he  was  promoted  ensign  in  the  infantry  regi- 
ment '  Fabri ; '  he  became  lieutenant  30  Nov. 
1775,  first  or  ober-lieutenant  20  March  1784, 
and  captain  in  1788.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  lieutenant  at  Habelschwerdt  in 
1778,  and  received  the  Maria  Theresa  cross 
for  personal  bravery  at  the  storming  of  Novi 
on  3  Nov.  1788,  during  the  Turkish  war. 
He  was  appointed  major  20  July  1790,  served 
on  the  staff  till  1793,  and  on  1  April  of  that 
year  was  nominated  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
corps  of  Tyrolese  sharpshooters.  He  was 
transferred  on  21  Dec.  to  the  infantry  regi- 
ment '  Murray,'  of  which  he  became  colonel 
on  6  Feb.  1794,  and  fought  with  it  at  Frank- 
enthal,  in  General  Latour's  corps,  in  1795, 
and  distinguished  himself  on  19  June  1796 
at  Ukerad.  He  was  promoted  to  major- 
general  6  Sept.  1796,  in  which  rank  he  served 
in  Italy  and  commanded  at  Cattaro  in  1799. 
He  became  lieutenant-general  28  Jan.  1801, 
and  in  1803  was  given  the  honorary  colonelcy 
of  the  'Imperial'  or  first  regiment  of  in- 
fantry. In  1804  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  Dalmatia.  In  1807  he  was  made  a  privy 
councillor  in  recognition  of  his  services  as 
a  general  of  division  in  Bohemia.  In  1809 
be  took  a  leading  part  in  the  battle  of  As- 
pern,  a  large  portion  of  the  Austrian  army 
being  under  his  conduct.  General  Brady  was 


Bragg 


194 


Bragge 


retired  on  the  pension  of  a  full  general  on 
3  Sept.  1809,  and  died  on  16  Oct.  1827. 

[Archives  of  the  Imperial  Royal  Ministry  of 
War,  Vienna ;  information  from  local  sources.] 

H.  M.  C. 

fc  BRAGG,  PHILIP  (d.  1759),  lieutenant- 
general,  colonel  28th  foot,  M.P.  for  Armagh, 
was  at  Blenheim  as  an  ensign  in  the  1st 
foot  guards,  his  commission  bearing  date 
10  March  1702.  He  appears  to  have  after- 
wards served  in  the  24thfoot,  which  was  much 
distinguished  in  allMarlborough's  subsequent 
campaigns  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Gilbert  Primrose,  who  came  from  the  same 
regiment  of  guards.  The  English  records  of 
this  period  contain  no  reference  to  Bragg,  but 
in  a  set  of  Irish  military  entry-books,  com- 
mencing in  1713,  which  are  preserved  in  the 
Four  Courts,  Dublin,  his  name  appears  as 
captain  in  Primrose's  regiment,  lately  re- 
turned from  Holland  to  Ireland ;  his  com- 
mission is  here  dated  1  June  1715,  on  which 
day  new  commissions  were  issued  to  all  of- 
ficers in  the  regiment  in  consequence  of  the 
accession  of  George  I.  On  12  June  1732  Bragg 
was  appointed  master  of  the  Royal  Hospital, 
Kilmainham,  in  succession  to  Major-general 
Robert  Stearne,  deceased,  and  on  16  Dec. 
following  he  became  lieutenant-colonel  of 
Colonel  Robert  Hargreave's  regiment,  after- 
wards known  as  the  31st  foot.  On  10  Oct. 
1734  he  succeeded  Major-general  Nicholas 
Price  as  colonel  of  the  28th  foot,  an  appoint- 
ment which  he  held  for  twenty-five  years, 
and  which  originated  the  name  'The  Old 
Braggs,'  by  which  that  regiment  was  long 
popularly  known.  As  a  brigadier-general 
Bragg  accompanied  Lord  Stair  to  Flanders, 
where  he  commanded  a  brigade.  He  be- 
came a  lieutenant-general  in  1747,  and  in 
1751  was  appointed  to  the  staff  in  Ireland. 
He  died  at  Dublin,  at  an  advanced  age,  on 
6  June  1759,  leaving  the  bulk  of  his  small 
fortune  of  7,000/.  to  Lord  George  Sackville. 
[Hamilton's  Hist.  Gren.  Guards,  vol.  iii.  (Lon- 
don, 1874);  Treasury  Papers,  xciii.  List  of 
Recipients  of  Queen's  Bounty  for  Blenheim; 
Irish  Military  Entry  Books  in  Public  Record 
Office,  Dublin ;  Gent.  Mag.  xii.  108,  xiii.  190, 
xv.  389,  xvii.  496,  xxi.  477,  xxix.  293  ;  De  la 
WarrMSS.  in  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  4th  Eep.] 

H.  M.  C. 

BRAGGE,  WILLIAM  (1823-1884),  en- 
gineer and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Birming- 
ham 31  May  1823,  his  father  being  Thomas 
Perry  Bragge,  a  jeweller.  After  some  years 
of  general  tuition,  Bragge  studied  practi- 
cal engineering  with  two  Birmingham  firms, 
and  in  his  leisure  applied  himself  closely  to 


the  study  of  mechanics  and  mathematics.  In 
1845  he  entered  the  office  of  a  civil  engineer, 
and  engaged  in  railway  surveying.  He  acted 
first  as  assistant  engineer  and  then  as  en- 
gineer-in-chief  of  part  of  the  line  from  Chester 
to  Holy  head. 

Through  the  recommendation  of  Sir  Charles 
Fox,  Bragge  was  sent  out  to  Brazil  as  the 
representative  of  Messrs.  Belhouse  &  Co., 
of  Manchester,  and  he  carried  out  the  light- 
ing of  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  with  gas. 
This  was  followed  by  the  survey  of  the  first 
railway  constructed  in  Brazil — the  line  from 
Rio  de  Janeiro  to  Petropolis — for  which  he 
received  several  distinctions  from  the  em- 
peror Don  Pedro.  The  emperor  in  later  years 
visited  Bragge  at  Sheffield. 

In  1858  Bragge  left  South  America.  He 
became  one  of  the  managing  directors  of  the 
firm  of  Sir  John  Brown  &  Co.,  and  was  elected 
mayor  of  Sheffield.  The  rolling  of  armour 
plates,  the  manufacture  of  steel  plates,  the 
adoption  of  the  helical  railway  buffer-spring, 
and  other  developments  of  mechanical  enter- 
prise, were  matters  in  which  he  rendered 
effective  aid  to  his  firm.  Bragge  filled  the 
office  of  master  cutler  of  Sheffield,  and  took 
great  interest  in  the  town's  free  libraries, 
school  of  art,  and  museums.  In  1872  he 
resigned  his  position  of  managing  director  to 
his  firm,  which  had  been  converted  into  a 
limited  company,  and  went  over  to  Paris  as 
engineer  to  the  Soci^te"  des  Engrais,  which 
had  for  its  object  the  utilisation  of  the  sew- 
age of  a  large  part  of  Paris.  The  scheme 
proved  unsuccessful,  and  resulted  in  heavy 
pecuniary  loss  to  the  promoters.  In  1876 
Bragge  returned  to  his  native  town  of 
Birmingham,  settling  there,  and  developing 
a  large  organisation  for  the  manufacture 
of  watches  by  machinery  on  the  American 
system. 

The  antiquarian  tastes  of  Bragge,  which 
he  found  time  to  cultivate  in  spite  of  his 
labours  in  business,  were  manifested  in  his 
numerous  collections.  Amongst  these  was 
a  unique  Cervantes  collection,  which  in- 
cluded nearly  every  work  written  by  or  re- 
lating to  the  great  Spanish  writer.  This 
collection,  which  consisted  of  1,500  volumes, 
valued  at  2,000/.,  Bragge  presented  to  his 
native  town,  but  unfortunately  it  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  fire  at  the  Birmingham  Free 
Libraries  in  1879.  A  cabinet  of  gems  and 
precious  stones  which  Bragge  collected  from 
all  parts  of  Europe  was  purchased  for  the 
Birmingham  Art  Gallery.  The  most  re- 
markable collection  formed  by  Bragge  was 
one  of  pipes  and  smoking  apparatus,  in 
which  every  quarter  of  the  world  was  repre- 
sented. A  catalogue  prepared  and  published 


Braham 


195 


Braham 


by  the  collector  showed  that  he  had  brought  j 
together  13,000  examples  of  pipes.    China,  I 
Japan,  Thibet,  Van  Diemen's  Land,  North  j 
and   South  America,  Greenland,  the   Gold  j 
Coast,  and  the  Falkland  Islands,  all  furnished  j 
specimens.    '  There  were  also  samples  of  some  j 
hundreds  of  kinds  of  tobacco,  of  every  con- 
ceivable form  of  snuff-box,  including  the  rare 
Chinese  snuff-bottles,  and  also  of  all  known 
means  of  procuring  fire,  from  the  rude  In- 
dian fire-drill  down  to  the  latest  invention  of 
Paris  or  Vienna.'  This  collection  was  broken 
up  and  dispersed.  Bragge  also  made  a  notable  j 
collection   of    manuscripts,   which    realised 
12,500Z.    He  was  always  ready  to  place  his 
treasures  at  the  disposal  of  public  bodies  for  | 
exhibition. 

Bragge  was  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  An- 
tiquaries, of  the  Anthropological  Society,  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  of  many 
foreign  societies. 

Bragge,  who  married  a  sister  of  the  Rev. 
George  Beddow,  died  at  Handsworth,  Bir- 
mingham, on  6  June  1884.  For  some  time 
before  his  death  he  was  almost  totally  blind. 

[Bragge's  Bibliotheca  Nicotiana,  a  catalogue 
of  books  about  tobacco,  together  with  a  cata- 
logue of  objects  connected  with  the  use  of  tobacco 
in  all  its  forms,  Birmingham.  1880;  Brief  Hand 
List  of  the  Cervantes  Collection,  presented  to  the 
Birmingham  Free  Library,  Reference  Depart- 
ment, by  William  Bragge,  Birmingham,  1874; 
Times,  10  June  1884  ;  Birmingham  Daily  Post, 
9  June  1884.]  G.  B.  S. 

BRAHAM,  FRANCES,  afterwards 
COUNTESS  WALDEGKAVE.  [See  WALDE- 
GKAVE.] 

BRAHAM,  JOHN  (1774  P-1856),  tenor 
singer,  was  born  in  London  about  the  year 
1774.  His  parents  were  German  Jews,  who 
died  when  Braham  was  quite  young,  leaving 
him  to  what  one  of  his  biographers  describes 
as  '  the  seasonable  and  affectionate  attention 
of  a  near  relation.'  Whether  it  was  at  this 
time,  or  at  an  earlier  age,  that  the  future 
singer  gained  his  living  by  selling  pencils  in 
the  streets  is  not  chronicled.  Braham's  first 
contact  with  music  took  place  at  the  synagogue 
in  Duke's  Place.  There  he  met  with  a  chorister, 
a  musician  of  his  own  race  named  Leoni,  who 
discovered  the  germs  of  his  talent.  Leoni 
adopted  the  orphan,  and  gave  him  thorough 
instruction  in  music  and  singing,  with  such 
good  results  that  on  21  April  1787  he  ap- 
peared at  Covent  Garden  on  the  occasion  of 
a  benefit  performance  for  his  master,  and 
sang  Arne's  bravura  air,  '  The  Soldier  Tired,' 
between  the  acts  of  the  'Duenna.'  About 
this  time  John  Palmer  had  started  the 
Royalty  Theatre  in  Wellclose  Square,  but, 


not  being  able  to  obtain  a  license  for  dramatic 
performances,  he  opened  the  house  on  20  June 
1787  with  a  mixed  entertainment  of  recita- 
tions, glees,  songs,  &c.  Here  Braham  sang 
for  about  two  years,  until  his  voice  broke. 
Even  at  this  early  period  of  his  career  his 
bravura  singing  must  have  been  remarkable. 
His  voice  had  a  compass  of  two  octaves,  and 
some  of  his  most  successful  parts  were  Cupid 
in  Carter's  *  The  Birthday,'  and  Hymen  in 
Reeves's ( Hero  and  Leander.'  He  sang  again 
at  Covent  Garden  as  Joe  in  <  Poor  Vulcan  ' 
on  2  June  1788.  About  this  time  Braham's 
master,  Leoni,  became  bankrupt,  and  the 
future  tenor  was  once  more  thrown  upon  his 
own  resources.  After  his  voice  broke  he  con- 
tinued to  sing  under  a  feigned  name,  appear- 
ing, it  is  said,  at  Norwich,  and  even  at  Rane- 
lagh,  but  his  main  occupation  consisted  in 
teaching  the  pianoforte.  He  met  with  a 
wealthy  patron,  a  member  of  the  Goldsmid 
family,  and  when  the  change  in  his  voice  was 
settled,  on  the  advice  of  the  flute-player 
Ashe,  went  to  Bath,  where  he  sang  under 
Rauzzini  in  1794.  Braham  remained  at  Bath 
until  1796,  when  Salomon,  having  heard  him, 
induced  Storace  to  procure  him  an  engage- 
ment at  Drury  Lane,  for  which  house  Storace 
was  just  then  engaged  upon  an  opera.  This 
work  was  '  Mahmoud,'  but  before  it  was 
finished  the  composer  died,  and  the  work 
was  completed  as  a  pasticcio  by  his  sister, 
Nancy  Storace,  who,  with  Charles  Kemble, 
Mrs.  Bland,  and  Braham,  sang  in  it  on  its 
production,  30  April  1796.  Braham's  success 
was  signal,  and  in  the  following  season  he 
appeared  in  Italian  opera,  singing  Azor  in 
Gretry's  '  Azor  et  Z6mire  '  on  26  Nov.  1796, 
and  afterwards  singing  with  Banti  in  Sac- 
chini's  'Evelina,'  as  well  as  in  the  annual 
oratorios,  and  at  the  Three  Choirs  Festival  at 
Gloucester.  In  the  following  year,  on  the 
advice  of  the  fencer  M.  St.  George,  Braham 
decided  to  go  to  Italy  to  study  singing.  Ac- 
cordingly, he  left  England  with  Nancy  Sto- 
race, with  whom  he  lived  for  several  years, 
and  arrived  in  Paris  on  17  Fructidor.  Here 
the  two  singers  gave  a  series  of  concerts, 
under  the  patronage  of  Josephine  Beauhar- 
nais.  These  were  so  successful,  that  they 
remained  eight  months  in  Paris,  and  did  not 
reach  Italy  until  1798.  At  Florence,  which 
they  first  visited,  Braham  sang  at  the  Per- 
gola as  Ulysses  in  an  opera  by  Basili,  and  as 
Orestes  in  Moneta's  <Le  Furie  d'Oreste.'  At 
Milan  he  met  Mrs.  Billington  [q.  v.],  with 
whom  he  was  forced  into  rivalry  by  the 
jealousy  of  her  husband  (Felissent).  It  is 
said  that,  owing  to  Felissent's  machinations, 
a  scena  of  Braham's  was  suppressed  in  Naso- 
lini's  'Trionfo  di  Clelia,'  in  which  both  the 


o2 


Braham 


196 


Braham 


English  singers  were  to  appear,  and  that 
Braham  revenged  himself  by  appropriating 
all  Mrs.  Billington's  embellishments  and 
florid  passages,  which  it  was  well  known  she 
only  acquired  by  dint  of  hard  work,  being 
quite  incapable  of  any  sort  of  improvisation. 
Fortunately,  the  dispute  ended  in  their  be- 
coming good  friends,  and  Braham  continued 
to  sing  at  Milan  for  two  years.  At  Genoa  he 
sang  with  the  famous  sopranist  Marchesi  in 
'Lodoiska'  for  thirty  nights  successively, 
which  in  those  days  was  considered  a  re- 
markable run.  At  the  same  place  he  stu- 
died composition  under  Isola.  Here  Braham 
and  Nancy  Storace  were  offered  an  engage- 
ment at  Naples,  but  declining  it,  they  went 
to  Leghorn,  and  then  to  Venice,  where  they 
arrived  in  1799.  During  their  stay  here 
Cimarosa  wrote  an  opera  for  Braham — 
'  Artemisia ' — which  the  composer  did  not 
live  to  complete.  From  Venice  the  two 
singers  went  to  Trieste,  where  Braham  sang 
in  Martin's  '  Una  Cosa  Rara,'  and  thence  to 
Vienna,  where  the  offers  of  London  managers 
caused  the  popular  tenor  and  soprano  to 
make  for  Hamburg  without  stopping  to  sing 
in  Germany.  They  arrived  in  London  early 
in  the  winter  of  1801,  and  appeared  on  9  Dec. 
in  '  Chains  of  the  Heart/  a  feeble  composition 
by  Prince  Hoare,  with  music  by  Mazzinghi 
and  Reeve,  which  failed  in  spite  of  Braham's 
singing.  After  a  few  performances  this  work 
was  replaced  by  the  t  Cabinet,'  the  book  of 
which  was  written  by  T.  Dibdin,  the  music 
being  supplied  by  different  composers,  but 
principally  by  Braham  himself.  The  l  Cabi- 
net '  was  produced  on  9  Feb.  1802,  Braham, 
Incledon,  and  Signora  Storace  playing  the 
principal  characters.  It  was  followed  on 
15  March  by  the  '  Siege  of  Belgrade,'  a  pla- 
giarism from  Martin's  *  Cosa  Eara,'  '  Family 
Quarrels  '  (18  Dec.  1802),  written  by  Dibdin, 
with  music  by  Braham,  Moorhead,  and  Reeve, 
and  the  '  English  Fleet  in  1342 '  (13  Dec. 
1803).  The  music  of  this  opera  was  entirely 
by  Braham,  who  received  for  it  what  was 
then  considered  the  enormous  sum  of  1,000 
guineas.  It  contains  one  of  his  best  remem- 
bered compositions,  viz.  the  duet,  '  All's 
Well.'  About  the  same  time  Braham  wrote 
music  to  the  <  Paragraph,'  and  (10  Dec.  1804) 
sang  in '  Thirty  Thousand,'  in  which  he  colla- 
borated with  Reeve  and  Davy,  and  '  Out  of 
Place'  (28  Feb.  1805),  part  of  the  music  in 
which  was  written  by  Reynolds.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1805  Braham  and  Nancy  Storace  sang 
for  six  nights  at  Brighton,  where  the  soprano 
distinguished  herself  by  replacing  a  default- 
ing drummer  in  an  accompaniment  played 
behind  the  scenes  to  a  great  scena  of  Bra- 
ham's  in  the  *  Haunted  Tower.'  In  the  au- 


tumn season  of  the  same  year  both  singers 
seceded  to  Drury  Lane,  where  Storace  re- 
mained until  her  retirement  in  May  1808, 
and  Braham  continued  to  sing  for  many 
years.  Here  were  produced  most  of  his 
operas :  *  False  Alarms,'  part  of  the  music  by 
King  (3  Jan.  1807),  <  Kais,'  in  which  Reeve 
collaborated  (11  Feb.  1808),  the  <  Devil's 
Bridge '  (10  Oct.  1812),  <  Narensky '  (11  Jan. 
1814),  written  conjointly  with  Reeve  [see 
BROWN,  CHARLES  ARMITAGE],  and  '  Zuma ' 
(1  Feb.  1818),  a  collaboration  with  Bishop. 
Braham's  other  operas  were  the  'Ameri- 
cans' (Lyceum,  27  April  1811),  part  of  the 
music  in  which  was  by  King,  containing  the 
famous  song  the  'Death  of  Nelson,'  'Isi- 
dore de  Merida  '  (1827),  and  the  '  Taming  of 
the  Shrew'  (1828),  both  of  which  were  col- 
laborations with  T.  S.  Cooke.  In  1806  he 
sang  at  the  King's  Theatre  in  Italian  opera, 
appearing  on  4  March  in  Nasolini's  '  Morte 
di  Cleopatra,'  and  on  27  March  as  Sesto  in 
Mozart's  '  Clemenza  di  Tito '  for  Mrs.  Billing- 
ton's  benefit,  the  first  performance  in  Eng- 
i  land  of  an  opera  by  Mozart.  In  1809  he 
was  engaged  at  the  Royal  Theatre,  Dublin, 
for  fifteen  nights,  at  the  high  salary  of  two 
thousand  guineas ;  this  engagement  was  so 
successful  that  it  was  extended  to  thirty-six 
nights  on  the  same  terms.  In  1810  he  did 
not  appear  on  the  stage,  but  went  on  an  ex- 
tended provincial  tour  with  Mrs.  Billington. 
In  1816  he  reappeared  in  Italian  opera  at 
the  King's  Theatre,  singing  his  old  part  of 
Sesto  in  Mozart's  '  Clemenza  di  Tito,'  and 
Guglielmo  in  the  same  master's  t  Cosi  fan 
tutte.'  In  this  year  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Bolton  of  Ardwick,  near  Manchester.  It 
was  said  that  this  marriage  was  the  indirect 
cause  of  Nancy  Storace's  death,  which  took 
place  in  the  following  year. 

Braham  continued  attached  to  Drury  Lane, 
but  for  the  next  fifteen  years  there  is  scarcely 
a  provincial  festival  or  important  concert  or 
oratorio  in  the  programme  of  which  his  name 
does  not  occur.  He  was  the  original  Max 
in  Weber's  '  Freischiitz '  on  its  production 
in  England  at  the  Lyceum  (20  July  1824), 
and  created  the  part  of  Sir  Huon  in  the- 
same  composer's  '  Oberon '  (Covent  Garden, 
12  April  1826),  the  scena  in  which,  '0 
'tis  a  glorious  sight  to  see,'  was  especially 
written  to  display  his  declamatory  powers. 
On  14  Aug.  1825  he  sang  at  the  Lyceum  in 
Salieri's  '  Tarare,'  in  which  he  must  have  pre- 
sented an  extraordinary  appearance,  as  Phil- 
lips (Recollections,  i.  88)  says  that  he  was 
dressed  in  a  home-made  costume  of  many 
colours,  with  a  huge  turban,  '  which  would' 
better  have  become  some  old  lady  at  a  card 
party  than  the  sultan  chief,'  from  beneath? 


Braham 


197 


Braham 


which  '  protruded  a  long  Hebrew  nose  and  a 
huge  pair  of  black  whiskers.' 

During  his  forty  years'  professional  life  the 
popular  tenor  had  accumulated  a  large  for- 
tune, but  in  1831  he  unwisely  joined  Yates 
in  buying  the  Colosseum  in  Regent's  Park  for 
40,000/.,  and  in  1835  built  the  St.  James's 
Theatre,  which  cost  30,000/.  Both  of  these 
speculations  proved  disastrous,  and  he  was 
forced  once  more  to  return  to  the  stage  and 
concert-room.  In  1839  he  sang  the  parts  of 
Tell  and  Don  Giovanni  in  Rossini's  and  Mo- 
zart's operas,  though  both  are  written  for 
baritones,  but  his  voice  at  this  time  had 
suffered  from  the  ravages  of  time,  and  he 
was  no  longer  able  to  sing  his  old  parts. 
In  1840  he  went  to  America  with  his  son 
Charles,  but  the  tour  was  unsuccessful.  On 
his  return  he  gave  a  concert  in  which  the 
father  and  son  were  the  sole  performers. 
For  several  years  the  veteran  tenor  continued 
to  sing  in  public,  principally  in  concerts  and 
at  provincial  festivals,  and  he  did  not  finally 
retire  until  March  1852,  when  his  last  ap- 
pearance took  place  at  the  Wednesday  con- 
certs. After  his  retirement  he  lived  at  the 
Grange,  Brompton,  where  he  died  on  17  Feb. 
1856.  He  was  buried  in  the  Brompton  ceme- 
tery. 

Braham  left  six  children.  Three  of  his 
sons,  Charles,  Augustus,  and  Hamilton, 
adopted  the  musical  profession ;  one  of  his 
daughters  (after wards  Frances,  countess  Wal- 
degrave)  was  for  many  years  a  notable 
figure  in  London  society.  A  son  by  Nancy 
Storace  took  orders  in  the  Anglican  church. 
In  person  Braham  was  short,  stout,  and  Jew- 
ish-looking. At  one  of  the  Hereford  festi- 
vals his  small  stature  gave  rise  to  an  amusing 
incident.  Braham  was  singing  the  l  Bay  of 
Biscay,'  in  the  last  verse  of  which  he  was  in 
the  habit  of  making  considerable  effect  by 
falling  on  one  knee  at  the  words  *  A  sail !  a 
sail ! '  On  the  occasion  in  question  he  did 
this  as  usual,  but  unfortunately  the  platform 
was  constructed  with  a  rather  high  barrier 
on  the  side  towards  the  audience,  so  that  the 
little  tenor  was  completely  lost  to  sight.  The 
audience,  in  alarm,  thinking  he  had  slipped 
down  a  trap-door,  rose  like  one  man,  and 
when  Braham  got  up  again  he  was  received 
with  shouts  of  laughter.  His  voice  had  a 
compass  of  nineteen  notes,  with  a  falsetto 
extending  from  D  to  A  in  alto  ;  the  junction 
between  the  two  voices  was  so  admirably 
concealed  that  it  could  not  be  detected  when 
he  sang  an  ascending  and  descending  scale 
in  chromatics.  The  volume  of  sound  he  could 
produce  was  prodigious,  and  his  declamation 
was  magnificent.  Even  in  1830,  when  he 
sang  in  Auber's  l  Masaniello,'  his  voice  is  said 


to  have  rung  out  like  a  trumpet.  In  spite  of 
all  these  extraordinary  natural  gifts,  great 
discrepancies  of  opinion  exist  as  to  the  merits 
of  his  singing.  His  great  fault  seems  to 
have  been  that  though  he  could  sing  with  the 
utmost  perfection  of  style  and  execution,  yet 
he  generally  preferred  to  astonish  the  ground- 
lings by  vulgar  and  tricky  displays  and  sen- 
sational effects.  In  this  way  he  was  accused 
of  corrupting  the  taste  of  the  age,  and  he 
certainly  injured  his  voice  by  shouting  and 
forcing  it,  so  that  in  his  later  days  he  even 
sang  out  of  tune.  He  frittered  away  extra- 
ordinary powers  of  declamation  and  pathos 
in  trivialities  and  vulgarities,  and  used  his 
magnificent  talents  only  as  a  means  of  ac- 
quiring money.  When  at  the  zenith  of  his 
career,  he  entertained  the  Duke  of  Sussex  at 
his  house,  and  in  the  course  of  the  evening 
sang  a  number  of  songs  in  the  most  per- 
fectly artistic  style.  '  Why,  Braham,'  said 
the  duke,  '  why  don't  you  always  sing  like 
that  ? '  '  If  I  did,'  was  the  reply,  '  I  should 
not  have  the  honour  of  entertaining  your 
royal  highness  to-night.'  His  own  compo- 
sitions were  of  the  feeblest  description,  and 
could  only  have  been  endurable  by  the  em- 
bellishments he  introduced  in  singing  them, 
but  which  are  never  found  in  the  published 
copies  of  his  operas  and  songs.  In  private 
life  he  was  much  liked,  especially  in  his  later 
days,  when  he  enjoyed  great  reputation  for 
his  conversational  powers.  The  best  portraits 
of  him  are:  (1)  a  water-colour  drawing  by 
Deighton,  painted  in  1830  (now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  Julian  Marshall)  ;  (2)  a  vig- 
nette by  Ridley,  after  Allingham  (published 
26  July  1803) ;  (3)  a  coloured  full-length, 
as  Orlando  in  the  '  Cabinet,'  drawn  and  etched 
by  Deighton  (22  March  1802)  ;  (4)  a  vig- 
nette by  Anthony  Cardon,  after  J.  G.  Wood 
(published  30  Nov.  1806) ;  and  (5)  a  vignette 
by  H.  Adlard,  'Mr.  Braham  in  1800,'  in 
Busby's  '  Concert  Room  Anecdotes.' 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Musicians,  i.  269  a ;  Hall's 
Retrospect  of  a  Long  Life  (1883),  ii.  250  ;  Lon- 
don Mag.  N.S.  i.  118  ;  Public  Characters  (1803- 
1804),  vi.  373  ;  G-ent.  Mag.  May  1856,  p.  540  ; 
G-eorgian  Era,  iv.  299;  Genest's  Hist,  of  the 
Stage,  vii. ;  Parke's  Musical  Memoirs,  i.  296, 
325,  &c. ;  Quarterly  Mus.  Review,  i.  876,  ii.  207, 
iii.  273,  vii.  280,  429,  viii.  151,  267,  291,  411  ; 
Harmonicon  for  1832,  p.  2  ;  Annals  of  the  Three 
Choirs,  77  ;  Phillips's  Musical  Recollections,  i. 
83,  ii.  55,  62,  247,  316 ;  Musical  World,  29  July 
and  5  Aug.  1854, 23  Feb.  1856 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Music 
Catalogue  :  information  from  Mrs.  Keeley.] 

W.  B.  S. 

BRAHAM,  ROBERT  (/.  1555),  edited 
in  1555  *  The  Auncient  Historic  and  onely 
trewe  and  syncere  Cronicle  of  the  warres 


Braid 


198 


Braid 


patient,  as  alleged  by  the  mesmerists.  This 
artificial  condition  he  appropriately  designated 
'  neuro-hypnotism,'  afterwards  shortened  to 
'  hypnotism/  a  term  which  has  now  come  into 
general  use.  He  read  a  paper  at  a  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Manchester  on  29  July 
1842,  entitled '  A  Practical  Essay  on  the  Cura- 
tive Agency  of  Neuro-hypnotism.'  This  was 
the  first  of  a  series  of  published  results  of  his 
investigations,  in  the  pursuit  of  which  he 
met  with  much  violent  01 


betwixte  the  Grecians  and  the  Troyans  .  .  . 
translated  into  Englyshe  verse  by  J.  Lyd- 
gate/  Thomas  Marshe,  London,  1555,  folio. 
Lydgate's  work  had  already  appeared  in  print 
under  the  title  of  '  The  hystory,  sege,  and 
dystruccyen  of  Troy '  (1513).  Braham  pre- 
fixes a  preface  of  very  high  interest.  He 
criticises  adversely  Caxton's  uncritical '  Re- 
cueil  des  Histoires  de  Troye ; '  speaks  in  high 
praise  of  William  Thynne,  who  had  recovered 
the  works  of  Chaucer ;  and  desire.d  to  emu- 
late Thynne's  example  with  respect  to  Lyd- 
gate.  Braham  condemns  severely  the  care- 
lessness of  the  printers  of  the  first  edition  of 
Lydgate's  *  Troy,'  and  charges  them  with  a 
fatal  ignorance  of  English.  Braham's  edi- 
tion is  a  well-printed  black-letter  folio. 
[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. :  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

S.  L.  L. 

BRAID,  JAMES  (1795  P-1860),  writer 

on  hypnotism,  was  the  son  of  a  landed  pro- 
prietor of  Fifeshire.  He  was  born  at  Rylaw 

House   in  that  county   about  1795.     After 

receiving  his   education   at  the   university 

of  Edinburgh,  he  was   apprenticed   to  Dr. 

Anderson  of  Leith  and  his  son,  Dr.  Charles 

Anderson.      On  obtaining  the  diploma   of  j 

M.R.C.S.E.  he  accepted  an  engagement  as  ! 

surgeon  to  the  miners  employed  at  the  Earl 

of  Hopetoun's   works   in  Lanarkshire,  and 

subsequently  practised   with  Dr.   Maxwell 

at  Dumfries.     While  resident  there  he  was 

called  to  render  assistance"  to  a  Mr.  Petty  of 

Manchester,  who  had  been  injured  in  a  stage- 
coach accident  in  the  neighbourhood.  This 
gentleman,  pleased  with  Braid's  attentions, 

persuaded  him  to  remove  to  Manchester, 
where  there  was  more  scope  for  his  talents, 
and  where  he  became  distinguished  for  his 
special  skill  in  dealing  with  some  dangerous 
and  difficult  diseases,  and  acquired  consider- 
able popularity  from  his  warm-hearted  and 
cheerful  disposition.  In  1841  circumstances 
drew  his  attention  to  the  subject  of  animal 
magnetism,  on  which  La  Fontaine  delivered 
lectures  in  Manchester.  He  entered  in  a  truly 
scientific  way  into  the  investigation  of  mes- 
merism, which  he  then  believed  to  be  wholly 
a  system  of  collusion  or  illusion  ;  but  he  soon 
discovered  a  reality  in  some  of  the  pheno- 
mena, though  he  differed  from  the  mesmerists 
as  to  their  causes.  His  experiments  proved 
that  certain  phenomena  of  abnormal  sleep 
and  a  peculiar  condition  of  mind  and  body 
might  be  self-induced  by  fixed  gaze  on  any 

inanimate  object,  the  mental  attention  being  j  introduced  into  France  in  1859  by  Dr.  Azam, 
concentrated  on  the  act.     This  proved  the    and  was  taken  up  later  by  Liebault,  Charcot, 

Bernheim,  Dumontpallier,  P.  Richet,  and  C. 
Richet.     In  Germany  many  of  Braid's  re- 


ous  quarters,  especially  from  writers  in  the 
1  Zoist,'  the  special  organ  of  the  mesmerists. 
He  went  on,  however,  prosecuting  his  re- 
searches with  care,  and  advocating  the  truth 
and  the  benefits  of  his  method  with  good- 
humoured  persistency.  He  died  suddenly 
in  Manchester  on  25  March  1860. 

The  titles  of  his  separate  publications  are 
as  follows  :  1.  t  Satanic  Agency  and  Mesme- 
rism reviewed,  in  a  letter  to  the  Rev.  H. 
McNeile,  A.M.,  in  reply  to  a  Sermon  preached 
by  him '  (1842, 12mo).    2.  '  Neurypnology,  or 
the  Rationale  of  Nervous  Sleep,  considered  in 
relation  to  Animal  Magnetism.  Illustrated  by 
numerous  cases  of  its  successful  application  in 
the  relief  and  cure  of  diseases  '  (1843,  12mo, 
pp.  288).     3.  '  The  Power  of  the  Mind  over 
the  Body  :  an  experimental  inquiry  into  the 
nature  and  cause  of  the  phenomena  attri- 
buted by  Baron  Reichenbach  and  others  to 
a  New  Inponderable '  (1846).     4.  <  Observa- 
tions on  Trance;  or  Human  Hybernation' 
(1850).     5.  i  Electro-Biological  Phenomena 
considered  physiologically   and  psychologi- 
cally,' from  the  '  Monthly  Journal  of  Medi- 
cal Science '  for  June  1851,  with  appendix. 
6.  '  Magic,  Witchcraft,  Animal  Magnetism, 
Hypnotism,  and  Electro-Biology ;    being  a 
digest  of  the  latest  views  of  the  author  on 
these  subjects.     Third   edition,  greatly  en- 
larged,   embracing    observations    on  J.    C. 
Colquhoun's    "  History    of     Magnetism " 
(1852).   7.  '  Hypnotic-Therapeutics,  illustra- 
ted by  Cases.    With  an  Appendix  on  Table- 
moving  and  Spirit-rapping,'  reprinted  from 
the  l  Monthly  Journal  of  Medical  Science  f 
for  July  1853.     8.  '  The  Physiology  of  Fas- 
cination, and  the  Critics  criticised'  (1855). 
The  second  part  is  a  reply  to  attacks  made 
in   the   l  Zoist.'      9.    '  Observations   on   the 
Nature  and  Treatment  of  certain  Forms  of 
Paralysis '  (1855).     He  also  wrote  contribu- 
tions to  the  medical  journals  on  '  Caesarian 
section,'  &c. 

Braid's  important  hypnotic  suggestion  was 


subjective  or  personal  nature  of  the  influence, 
and  that  it  did  not  arise  from  any  magnetic 
influence  passing  from  the  operator  into  the  suits  have  been  obtained  by  following  his 


Braidley 


i99 


Braidwood 


methods  by  Heidenhain  of  Breslau,  who, 
however,  in  his  work  published  in  1880,  does 
not  mention  the  earlier  investigator.  Several 
translations  of  Braid's  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  France  and  Germany,  one  of  the 
most  recent  being  a  German  rendering  of 
nearly  all  his  writings,  issued  by  W.  Preyer 
in  1882,  under  the  title  '  Der  Hypnotismus  : 
ausgewahlte  Schriften  von  J.  Braid.' 


[Med.  Times  and  Gazette,  1860,  i.  355,  386 ; 
Manchester  Courier,  31  March  I860;  Encyc. 
Brit.  (9th  edit.)  xv.  278;  Carpenter's  Mental 
Physiology,  pp.  160,  548,  601 ;  Carpenter's  Mes- 
merism, &c.,  p.  16;  Nineteenth  Century,  Sep- 
tember 1880,  p.  479 ;  P.  Janet  in  Journal  Officiel, 
6  May  1884;  Littre,  Diet,  de  Medecine,  1884, 
p.  797.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRAIDLEY,  BENJAMIN  (1792-1845), 
writer  on  Sunday  schools,  the  son  of  Benja- 
min Braidley,  a  farmer,  was  born  at  Sedge- 
field,  Durham,  on  19  Aug.  1792.  He  was 
apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  linen  importers  in 
Manchester,  and  in  1813  first  became  an  active 
worker  in  the  Bennett  Street  Sunday  schools. 
In  1815,  1,635  pupils  received  prizes  for  re- 
gular attendance,  and  in  1816,  2,020  scholars 
were  on  the  rolls  of  the  schools.  In  1830 
Braidley  was  constable,  and  in  1831  and  1832 
boroughreeve  of  Manchester.  He  was  also 
high  constable  of  the  hundred  of  Salford.  In 
1835  he  was  twice  the  unsuccessful  candi- 
date in  the  conservative  interest  for  the  par- 
liamentary representation  of  Manchester. 
Braidley  visited  America  in  1837,  and  his 
diary  during  his  visit  shows  his  great  interest 
in  education,  the  slavery  question,  and  reli- 
gion, as  regarded  from  an  evangelical  stand- 
point. He  was  a  commission  agent,  and 
became  wealthy ;  but  by  the  failure  of  the 
Northern  and  Central  Bank  he  lost  the  greater 
part  of  his  fortune.  Braidley  was  the  author 
of  '  Sunday  School  Memorials,'  Manchester, 
1831, 12mo,  which  contains  short  biographies 
of  persons  connected  with  the  Bennett  Street 
Sunday  schools.  This  work,  some  portions 
of  which  first  appeared  in  the  'Christian 
Guardian,'  has  passed  through  four  editions, 
the  last  of  which,  greatly  enlarged,  was  pub- 
lished in  1880,  under  the  title  of  '  Bennett 
Street  Memorials.'  Braidley  also  contributed 
to  the  '  Shepherd's  Voice,'  a  religious  maga- 
zine, and  wrote  several  tracts  in  a  local  con- 
troversy as  to  the  doctrines  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  He  died  of  apoplexy  3  April  1845. 
He  was  unmarried. 

[Memoir  of  Benjamin  Braidley,  Esq.  (by  Wil- 
liam Harper),  1845, 12mo,  contains  extracts  from 
his  diary;  Bennett  Street  Memorials,  1880,  con- 
taining a  portrait  of  Braidley,  with  a  memoir 
by  the  Kev.  Henry  Taylor.]  E.  C.  A.  A. 


BRAIDWOOD,  JAMES  (1800-1861), 
superintendent  of  the  London  fire-brigade, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  the  year  1800,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  respectable  tradesman  in  that 
city.  He  was  educated  at  the  High  School, 
and  after  wards  he  folio  wed  the  building  trade. 
In  1824  he  joined  the  police,  and,  having  been 
appointed  superintendent  of  fire-engines  in 
Edinburgh,  he  at  once  set  to  work  to  orga- 
nise an  efficient  fire-brigade. 

Nor  was  it  too  soon  ;  for  in  that  year 
Edinburgh  was  visited  by  a  terrible  con- 
flagration, which  destroyed  a  great  part  of  the 
High  Street  and  the  steeple  of  the  Tron 
Church.  At  this  fire  his  coolness,  determina- 
tion, and  daring  were  conspicuously  shown : 
an  ironmonger's  shop  was  in  flames,  and 
Braidwood,  hearing  there  was  gunpowder  on 
the  premises,  entered,  and  at  the  utmost 
personal  risk  to  himself  carried  out  first  one 
and  then  another  barrel  of  powder. 

In  1830  he  published  a  pamphlet  '  On  the 
Construction  of  Fire-engines  and  Apparatus, 
the  Training  of  Firemen,  and  the  Method 
of  Proceeding  in  Cases  of  Fire.'  This  little 
work  brought  him  into  more  than  local  noto- 
riety, and  eventually  led  to  his  appointment, 
in  1832,  as  superintendent  of  the  London 
Fire-engine  Establishment,  then  supported 
by  the  different  insurance  companies.  On 
leaving  Edinburgh  the  firemen  gave  him  a 
gold  watch,  and  the  committee  made  him  a 
present  of  a  valuable  piece  of  plate. 

In  London  he  had  but  the  very  small  force 
of  120  men  under  him  ;  yet,  by  his  activity, 
energy,  and  perseverance,  he  kept  the  fires 
which  occurred  in  the  metropolis  in  very  fair 
subjection.  He  fell  a  victim  to  his  duty  on 
22  June  1861,  while  endeavouring  to  subdue 
a  huge  conflagration  at  Cotton's  Wharf  and 
Depot,  Tooley  Street,  London  Bridge,  where 
he  was  crushed  by  a  falling  wall,  and  buried 
in  the  ruins.  His  body,  terribly  mutilated, 
was  recovered  two  days  afterwards,  and  he 
was  buried  at  Abney  Park  Cemetery  on 
29  June. 

He  was  for  nearly  thirty  years  an  associate 
of  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  to 
that  learned  body,  as  well  as  to  the  Society 
of  Arts,  he  read  many  papers  connected  with 
the  prevention  and  extinction  of  fires. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1861,  p.  212.]  J.  A. 

BRAIDWOOD,  THOMAS  (1715-1806), 
teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  was  born  in 
Scotland  in  1715,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University.  He  was  some  time  assistant  in 
the  grammar  school  at  Hamilton,  and  after- 
wards opened  a  mathematical  school  in  Edin- 
burgh. In  1760  a  boy  named  Charles  Sherriff, 
born  deaf,  and  hence  mute,  was  placed  with 


Braidwood 


200 


Braithwaite 


him  to  learn  writing.  In  a  few  years  Braid- 
wood  taught  him  to  speak.  About  the  end 
of  1768  some  lines  purporting  to  be  by  this 
lad,  on  seeing  Garrick  act,  appeared  in  the 
London  newspapers  (reprinted  in  *  Gent.  Mag.' 
1807,  p.  38),  and  called  attention  to  the  case. 
'  A.,'  in  <  Gent.  Mag.'  1807,  pp.  305-6,  says 
the  verses  were  really  written  as  a  means  of 
getting  an  introduction  to  Garrick  by  Caleb 
Whitefoord.  Sherriff  became  a  successful 
miniature  painter  in  London,  Bath,  Brigh- 
ton, and  the  West  Indies.  Lord  Monboddo 
reports  of  him  (Orig.  and  Prog,  of  Lan- 
guage, 1773,  i.  179)  that  he  '  both  speaks  and 
writes  good  English;'  on  the  other  hand 
1  A.'  (as  above)  says  he  never  could  under- 
stand Sherriff',  whom  he  knew  well.  En- 
couraged by  his  success  with  Sherriff,  Braid- 
wood  devoted  himself  to  the  teaching  of  the 
mute.  His  only  mechanical  appliance  was  a 
small  silver  rod  (  about  the  size  of  a  tobacco- 
pipe/  flattened  at  one  end,  and  having  a  bulb 
at  the  other.  This  he  employed  to  place  the 
tongue  in  the  right  positions.  From  about 
1770  he  was  assisted  by  his  kinsman,  John 
Braidwood.  Dr.  Johnson  visited  the  insti- 
tution in  1773  at  Edinburgh ;  he  calls  it  a 
'  subject  of  philosophical  curiosity  .  .  .  which 
no  other  city  has  to  show ;  a  college  of  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  who  are  taught  to  speak,  to 
read,  to  write,  and  to  practise  arithmetic.' 
He  set  a  sum,  and  '  wrote  one  of  his  sesqui- 
pedalia  verbaj  which  was  pronounced  to  his 
satisfaction.  He  says  of  Braidwood's  pupils 
that  they  *  hear  with  the  eye.'  The  number 
of  scholars  was  l  about  twelve.'  Arnot  says 
(Hist.  ofEdin.  1779,  p.  425)  the  pupils  were 
'  mostly  from  England,  but  some  also  from 
America.'  Francis  Green  mentions  that 
there  were  '  about  twenty  pupils '  in  1783. 
Braidwood  was  then  about  to  remove  his 
academy  to  London,  the  king  having,  accord- 
ing to  Green,  promised  IQOl.  a  year  from  his 
private  purse  to  help  to  make  it  a  public  in- 
stitution (pp.  183-4).  He  established  himself 
at  Grove  House,  Mare  Street,  Hackney,  where 
he  died  on  24  Oct.  1806,  in  his  ninety-first 
year.  John  Braidwood,  his  coadjutor,  was 
born  in  1756,  married  in  1782  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Braidwood,  and  died  24  Sept.  1798  at 
Hackney  of  a  pulmonary  complaint,  leaving  a 
widow,  two  sons,  Thomas  and  John,  and  two 
daughters.  The  academy  was  continued  by 
the  widow  and  sons. 

[Weeden  Butler  in  Gent.  "Mag.  January  1807  ; 
Green's  Vox  Oculis  subjecta ;  a  Dissertation  on 
the  most  curious  and  important  Art  of  imparting 
Speech  and  the  "Knowledge  of  Language  to  the 
naturally  Deaf  and  (consequently)  Dumb,  with  a 
particular  account  of  the  Academy  of  Messrs. 
Braidwood  of  Edinburgh,  and  a  proposal  to  per- 


petuate and  extend  the  benefits  thereof,  by  a 
Parent,  London,  1783,  8vo  (see  Biog.  Diet,  of 
Living  Authors,  1816,  p.  136) ;  Johnson's  Works, 
1806,  ix.  337  seq. ;  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson  (ed. 
Croker  and  Wright),  1859,  v.  152  ;  Annual  Ke- 
gister  for  1810,  p.  372  ;  references  given  above.] 

A.  G. 

BRAILSFOKD,  JOHN,  the  elder  (Jl. 
1712-1739),  poetical  writer,  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1712, 
M.A.  1717),  and,  after  acting  as  curate  at 
Blaston  in  Leicestershire,  became  rector  of 
Kirby  in  Nottinghamshire.  He  wrote '  Derby 
Silk-Mill,  attempted  in  Miltonick  Verse,' 
Nottingham,  1739,  fol. 

[Creswell's  Collections  towards  the  History  of 
Printing  in  Nottinghamshire,  27 ;  Nichols's  Lei- 
cestershire, ii.  453 ;  Graduati  Cantab.  (1823),  59.] 

T.  C. 

BRAILSFOKD,  JOHN,  the  younger 
(d.  1775),  divine,  after  completing  his  educa- 
tion at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  (B.A. 
1744,  M.A.  1766),  was  appointed  in  1766  to 
the  head-mastership  of  the  free  school  at 
Birmingham,  which  situation  he  held  till  his 
death  on  25  Nov.  1775.  He  was  also  vicar 
of  North  Wheatley,  Nottinghamshire,  and 
chaplain  to  Francis,  lord  Middleton.  He 
published  <  The  Nature  and  Efficacy  of  the 
Fear  of  God,'  an  assize  sermon  preached  at 
Warwick  (London,  1761,  4to) ;  and  an  oc- 
tavo volume,  containing  '  Thirteen  Sermons 
on  various  Subjects  '  by  him,  was  published 
at  Birmingham  the  year  after  his  death. 

[Carlisle's  Endowed  Grammar  Schools,  ii.  639  ; 
Graduati  Cantab.  (1823),  59 ;  Cooke's  Preacher's 
Assistant  (1783),  ii.  51.]  T.  C. 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN  (Jl.  1660), 
quaker,  was  probably  born  in  1633,  as  there 
is  an  entry  in  the  Cartmel  registers  of  the 
baptism  on  24  March  1633  of  John,  son  of 
James  Braithwaite  of  Newton.  George  Fox 
records  in  his  '  Journal '  that,  being  at  New- 
ton-in-Cartmel  in  1652,  where  he  attempted 
to  preach  to  the  people  after  service,  he  spoke 
to  a  youth  whom  he  noticed  in  the  chapel 
taking  notes  of  the  clergyman's  sermon.  The 
young  man  was  John  Braithwaite,  who  after- 
wards became  his  earnest  follower.  He  pub- 
lished three  tracts  in  support  of  Fox's  doc- 
trines: 1.  'A  serious  Meditation  upon  the 
dealings  of  God  with  England  and  the  State 
thereof  in  General,'  n.  d.  2.  '  The  Ministers 
of  England  which  are  called  the  Ministers  of 
the  Gospel  weighed  in  the  Balance  of  Equity, 
&c.,'  1660.  3.  'To  all  those  that  observe 
Dayes,  Moneths,  Times,  and  Years,  &c.,'  1660. 
In  1658  he,  or  one  of  his  name,  travelled 
many  miles  to  visit  a  friend  confined  in  II- 


Braithwaite 


201 


Braithwaite 


Chester  gaol,  but  was  '  unmercifully  beaten 
by  the  wicked  gaoler  and  not  suffered  to 
come  in ; '  and  at  another  time  he  was  sent 
to  prison,  along  with  Thomas  Briggs,  a 
Cheshire  man,  for  preaching  at  Salisbury.  A 
John  Braithwaite,  who  may  be  identical  with 
the  quaker,  was  resident  in  the  island  of 
Barbadoes  between  1669  and  1693,  where 
he  suffered  frequent  fines  in  default  of  not 
appearing  in  arms,  and  for  refusing  to  pay 
church  dues.  Braithwaite  is  stated  by  Smith 
in  his  *  Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books '  to  have 
died  at  Chippenham,  Wiltshire. 

[Fox's  Journal,  Leeds,  1836,  i.  184;  Joseph 
Smith's  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books, 
i.  313;  Besse's  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers,  i.  584, 
ii.  290,  &c.  ;  Whiting's  Memoirs.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN  (1700  ?  - 
1768  ?),  was  the  author  of  '  The  History  of 
the  Revolutions  in  the  Empire  of  Morocco 
upon  the  Death  of  the  late  Emperor  Muley 
Ishmael,' a  spirited  work  which  was  published 
in  1729,  and  translated  into  Dutch  1729,  Ger- 
man 1730,  and  French  (Amsterdam)  1731. 
In  his  preface  Braithwaite  describes  him- 
self as  being  in  the  service  of  the  African 
Company,  and  as  having,  when  very  young, 
served  in  the  fleet  in  Anne's  reign,  and  then 
having  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  Welsh  fusi- 
liers, ensign  in  the  royal  guards,  and  secre- 
tary to  his  kinsman  Christian  Cole,  British 
resident  at  Venice,  with  whom  he  travelled 
through  Europe.  He  also  states  that  he  was 
in  the  Santa  Lucia  and  St.  Vincent  expedi- 
tions, and  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Gib- 
raltar (1727).  Thence  he  crossed  to  Morocco 
and  joined  the  British  consul-general,  John 
Russel,  in  his  expedition  in  the  emperor's  do- 
minions, the  experiences  of  which  he  relates  in 
his  book.  The  diary  of  the  narrative  extends 
from  July  1727  to  February  1728.  A  Cap- 
tain Braithwaite  is  mentioned  in  the 'London 
Gazette '  as  being  appointed  in  1749  to  com- 
mand the  Peggy  sloop,  and  again  in  1761  as 
commanding  the  Shannon ;  and  in  February 
1768  John  Braithwaite  was  '  removed '  from 
the  post  of  secretary  to  the  governor  of 
Gibraltar;  but  the  connection  of  these  notices 
with  the  subject  of  this  article  is  merely  con- 
jectural. 

[Gent.  Mag.  for  1749,  1761,  and  1768.1 

S.  L.-P. 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN,  the  elder 
(d.  1818),  engineer,  is  best  known  as  the 
constructor  of  one  of  the  earliest  successful 
forms  of  diving-bell.  In  1783  he  descended 
in  one  of  his  own  construction  into  the  wreck 
of  the  Royal  George,  which  had  gone  down 
off  Spit  head  in  the  August  of  the  previous 


year,  and  recovered  her  sheet  anchor  and 
many  of  her  guns.  In  the  same  year,  and  by 
the  same  means,  he  recovered  a  number  of 
guns  sunk  in  the  Spanish  flotilla  off  Gib- 
raltar. In  1788  again  he  made  a  descent  to 
the  wreck  of  the  Hartwell,  an  East  India- 
man,  lost  off  Bonavista,  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  islands,  and  recovered  dollars  to  the 
value  of  38,000/.,  7,000  pigs  of  lead,  and  360 
boxes  of  tin.  In  1806  he  raised  from  the  Aber- 
gavenny,  an  East  Indiaman,  lost  off  Portland, 
75,000/.  worth  of  dollars,  a  quantity  of  tin, 
and  other  property  to  the  value  of  30,000£, 
and  successfully  blew  up  the  wreck  with 
gunpowder.  For  these  purposes,  in  addition 
to  perfecting  the  actual  diving  apparatus,  he 
devised  machinery  for  sawing  ships  asunder 
under  water.  His  ancestors  had  carried  on 
a  small  engineers'  shop  at  St.  Albans  since 
1695.  His  own  engineering  works  were  in 
the  New  Road,  London.  Braithwaite  died 
in  June  1818  at  Westbourne  Green  from  the 
effects  of  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  His  business 
was  afterwards  carried  on  by  his  two  sons, 
Francis  and  John.  The  latter  is  noticed 
below. 

[G-ent.  Mag.  1818,  pt.  i.  644.]  R.  H. 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN,  the  younger 
(1797-1870),  engineer,  was  third  son  of  John 
Braithwaite  the  elder  [q.  v.]  He  was  born  at 
1  Bath  Place,  New  Road,London,  on  19  March 
1797,  and,  after  being  educated  at  Mr.  Lord's 
school  at  Tooting  in  Surrey,  attended  in  his 
father's  manufactory,  where  he  made  himself 
master  of  practical  engineering,  and  became  a 
skilled  draughtsman.  In  June  1818  his  father 
died,  leaving  the  business  to  his  sons  Francis 
and  John.  Francis  died  in  1823,  and  John 
Braithwaite  carried  on  the  business  alone. 
He  added  to  the  business  the  making  of  high- 
pressure  steam-engines.  In  1817  he  reported 
before  the  House  of  Commons  upon  the  Nor- 
wich steamboat  explosion,  and  in  1820  he 
ventilated  the  House  of  Lords  by  means  of 
air-pumps.  In  1822  he  made  the  donkey- 
engine,  and  in  1823  cast  the  statue  of  the 
Duke  of  Kent  by  Sebastian  Gahagan  which 
was  erected  in  Portland  Place,  London. 

He  was  introduced  to  Messrs.  G.  and  R. 
Stephenson  in  1827,  and  about  the  same  time 
became  acquainted  with  Captain  John  Erics- 
son, who  then  had  many  schemes  in  view. 
In  1829  Messrs.  Braithwaite  and  Ericsson 
constructed  for  the  Rainhill  experiments  the 
locomotive  engine,  The  Novelty.  This  engine 
was  the  first  that  ever  ran  a  mile  within  a 
minute  (fifty-six  seconds). 

At  this  time  Braithwaite  manufactured  the 
first  practical  steam  fire-engine,  which  was 
ultimately  destroyed  by  a  London  mob.  It 


Braithwaite 


202 


Bramah 


had,  however,  previously  done  good  service 
at  the  burning  of  the  English  Opera  House 
in  1830,  at  the  destruction  of  the  Argyle 
Rooms  1830,  and  at  the  conflagration  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament  in  1834.  It  threw  two 
tons  of  water  per  minute,  burnt  coke,  and 
got  up  steam  in  about  twenty  minutes ;  but 
it  was  looked  upon  with  so  much  jealousy 
by  the  fire  brigade  of  the  day  that  the  in- 
ventor had  to  give  it  up.  He,  however,  soon 
constructed  four  others  of  larger  dimensions, 
two  of  which,  in  Berlin  and  Liverpool  re- 
spectively, gave  great  satisfaction.  In  1833 
he  built  the  caloric  engine  in  conjunction 
with  Captain  Ericsson.  Next  year  he  ceased 
to  take  an  active  part  in  the  management  of 
the  engine  works  in  the  New  Road,  but 
began  to  practise  as  a  civil  engineer  for  public 
works,  and  was  largely  consulted  at  home  and 
abroad,  particularly  as  to  the  capabilities  of 
and  probable  improvements  in  locomotive  en- 
gines. In  1834  the  Eastern  Counties  railway 
was  projected  and  laid  out  by  him  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Charles  Blacker  Vignoles.  The 
act  of  incorporation  was  passed  in  1836,  and 
he  was  soon  after  appointed  engineer-in-chief 
for  its  construction.  He  adopted  a  five-feet 
gauge,  and  upon  that  gauge  the  line  was 
constructed  as  far  as  Colchester,  the  works, 
however,  being  made  wide  enough  for  a 
seven-feet  gauge.  On  the  recommendation 
of  Robert  Stephenson  it  was  subsequently 
altered  to  the  national  gauge  of  4  feet 
8£  inches.  In  after  years  Braithwaite  ad- 
vocated a  still  narrower  gauge.  He  ceased 
to  be  officially  connected  with  the  Eastern 
Counties  railway  on  28  May  1843.  Whilst 
engineer  to  that  company  he  introduced 
on  the  works  the  American  excavating 
machine  and  the  American  steam  locomo- 
tive pile-driving  machine.  He  was  joint 
founder  of  the  '  Railway  Times/  which  he 
started  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  J.  0.  Robert- 
son as  editor  in  1837,  and  he  continued  sole 
proprietor  till  1845.  He  undertook  the  pre- 
paration of  plans  for  the  direct  Exeter  railway, 
but  the  panic  of  the  period,  and  his  connection 
with  some  commercial  speculations,  necessi- 
tated the  winding  up  of  his  affairs  (1845). 
Braithwaite  had,  in  1844,  a  share  in  a  patent 
for  extracting  oil  from  bituminous  shale,  and 
works  were  erected  near  Weymouth  which, 
but  for  his  difficulties,  might  have  been 
successful.  Some  years  before,  1836-8,  Cap- 
tain Ericsson  and  he  had  fitted  up  an  or- 
dinary canal  boat  with  a  screw  propeller, 
which  started  from  London  along  the  canals 
to  Manchester  on  28  June  1838,  returning 
by  the  way  of  Oxford  and  the  Thames  to 
London,  being  the  first  and  last  steamboat 
that  has  navigated  the  whole  distance  on 


those  waters.  The  experiment  was  abandoned 
on  account  of  the  deficiency  of  water  in  the 
canals  and  the  completion  of  the  railway 
system,  which  diverted  the  paying  traffic. 
In  1844,  and  again  in  1846,  he  was  much  on 
the  continent  surveying  lines  of  railway  in 
France,  and  on  his  return  he  was  employed 
to  survey  Langston  harbour  in  1850,  and 
to  build  the  Brentford  brewery  in  1851. 
From  that  year  he  was  principally  engaged 
in  chamber  practice,  and  acted  as  consulting 
engineer,  advising  on  most  of  the  important 
mechanical  questions  of  the  day  for  patents 
and  other  purposes.  Braithwaite  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in 
1819,  a  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  on  13  Feb.  1838,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  one  of  the  oldest  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Arts,  having  been 
elected  into  that  body  in  the  year  1819  ;  he 
was  also  a  life  governor  of  seventeen  chari- 
table institutions. 

He  died  very  suddenly  at  8  Clifton  Gardens, 
Paddington,  on  25  Sept.  1870,  and  his  re- 
mains were  interred  in  Kensal  Green  ceme- 
tery. He  was  the  author  of  two  publications 
entitled :  1.  '  Supplement  to  Captain  Sir 
John  Ross's  Narrative  of  a  second  voyage  in 
search  of  a  North- West  Passage,  containing 
the  suppressed  facts  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  the  cause  of  the  failure  of  the 
steam  machinery  of  the  Victory,'  1835.  To 
this  work  Sir  J.  Ross  published  a  reply  in  the 
same  year.  2.  'Guideway  Steam  Agricul- 
ture, by  P.  A.  Halkett,  with  a  Report  by 
J.  Braithwaite,'  1857. 

[Mechanics'  Mag.  with  portrait,  xiii.  235-37, 
377-88,  417-19  (1830) ;  Minutes  of  Proceedings 
of  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  xxxi.  pt.  i. 
207-11  (1871) ;  Walford's  Insurance  Cyclop,  iii. 
348  (1874).]  a.  C.  B. 

BRAITHWAITE,  RICHARD.  [See 
BRATHWAITE.] 

BRAKELONDE,  JOCELIN  DE.    [See 

JOCELIN.] 

BRAMAH,  JOSEPH  (1748-1814),  in- 
ventor, was  born  in  1748  at  Stainborough,  a 
village  near  Barnsley  in  Yorkshire.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  farmer,  and  was,  according  to 
Dr.  Smiles,  originally  intended  to  follow  the 
plough,  but  an  accident  which  unfitted  him 
for  farm  work  led  to  his  being  apprenticed 
to  the  village  carpenter.  His  mechanical 
talents  soon  showed  themselves,  and  at  the 
end  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, where,  after  working  for  some  time  at  a 
cabinetmaker's,  he  set  up  in  the  trade  on  his 
own  account.  Being  employed  to  fit  up  some 
water-closets  on  the  method  invented  by  Mr. 


Bramah 


203 


Bramhall 


Allen,  he  was  led  by  the  imperfections  of  the  ; 
system  to  devise  improvements  on  it,  and 
thence,  in  1778,  came  the  first  of  the  long  j 
series  of  patents  taken  out   by  him.     The  i 
closet  described  in  the  specification  of  that  ' 
patent,  with  certain  improvements  devised 
by  the  inventor,  has   continued  in   use,  it 
may  be  said,  until  the  present  day. 

His  next  invention  was  his  lock ;  this  was  j 
certainly  a  great  advance  on  any  locks  then 
known,  and  for  long  had  the  reputation  of 
being  unpickable.  In  1851,  however,  at  the  , 
time  of  the  Great  Exhibition,  Hobbs,  an  : 
American,  picked  the  lock,  and  thereby  ob-  j 
tained  the  reward  of  200£.  offered  by  Bramah  | 
to  anybody  who  should  perform  this  feat,  j 
The  lock,  however,  was,  and  indeed  is,  a  most  : 
excellent  one,  and  continues  to  bear  a  very  j 
high  reputation. 

Bramah's  most  important  contribution  to  \ 
mechanical  science  was  his  hydraulic  press, 
patented  in  1795.  The  power  which  he  gave  to 
engineers  by  this  invention  of  converting  into 
a  steady  continuous  pressure  of  practically  un- 
limited amount  a  number  of  comparatively 
small  impulses,  was  an  entirely  new  one,  and 
was  capable,  as  it  afterwards  proved,  of  enor- 
mous development.  That  this  development 
was  not  unforeseen  by  the  projector  is  evident 
from  the  proposals  he  made  in  several  of  his 
patents,  proposals  which  in  many  cases  have 
only  recently  been  carried  into  effect.  In 
giving  due  credit  to  Bramah  for  his  great 
inventive  genius,  it  is  but  proper  that  men- 
tion should  be  made  of  Henry  Maudslay,  to 
whom  is  due  one  particular  detail  by  which 
the  working  of  the  press  was  rendered  pos- 
sible, the  device  by  which  the  ram  of  the 
press  was  enabled  to  work  water-tight 
within  the  cylinder,  whatever  the  pressure 
might  be,  while  it  was  permitted  to  return 
freely  as  soon  as  the  pressure  was  taken  off. 

It  may  be  said  without  disparagement  that 
Bramah's  mind,  though  most  ingenious,  was 
not  highly  original,  for  the  germs  of  all  his 
inventions  might  be  found  in  the  work  of 
others.  The  hydraulic  press  is  but  a  practi- 
cal application  of  the  principle  of  the  hydro- 
static paradox;  his  water-closet,  as  above 
mentioned,  was  an  improvement  on  Allen's; 
his  lock  was  suggested  by  that  of  Barron, 
patented  ten  years  before.  Still,  the  bent  of 
his  genius  was  eminently  practical,  and  he 
was  singularly  happy  in  applying  scientific 
discoveries  to  practical  purposes,  or  in  seiz- 
ing hold  of  the  idea  of  an  imperfect  invention 
and  completing  it.  Besides  these,  he  was  the 
author  of  a  host  of  minor  inventions,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  the  beer-engine, 
the  ever-pointed  pencil,  the  machine  for 
numbering  bank-notes,  the  little  apparatus 


once  well  known  for  mending  quill  pens,  and 
the  planing  machine.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  first  who  proposed  to  apply  the  screw  for 
the  purpose  of  propelling  vessels.  In  all  he 
took  out  eighteen  patents,  some  of  them 
covering  a  number  of  distinct  inventions. 

Bramah  died  at  Pimlico,  9  Dec.  1814 
(Gent.  Mag.  1814,  ii.  613). 

[The  chief  sources  of  information  about  Bra- 
mah. are  a  memoir  by  Dr.  Cullen  Brown  in  the 
New  Monthly  Magazine  for  April  1815,  and  a 
short  Life  in  Dr.  Smiles's  Industrial  Biography. 
For  a  description  of  his  improvements  in  locks, 
reference  may  be  made  to  his  own  Dissertation 
on  Locks,  or  to  E.  B.  Denison's  Clocks  and  Locks.] 

H.  T.  W. 

BRAMHALL,  JOHN  (1594-1663),  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  was  of  the  Bramhalls  of 
Bramhall  Hall,  Cheshire,  and  was  baptised 
at  Pontefract,  18  Nov.  1594.  His  father  was 
PeterBramhall  (d.1635)  of  Carleton,near  Pon- 
tefract. He  was  at  school  at  Pontefract,  and 
admitted  to  Sidney  SussexCollege, Cambridge, 
on  21  Feb.  1609.  His  tutor  was  Hewlett,  for 
whom  he  provided  in  Ireland.  He  graduated 
B.A.  1612,  M.A.  1616,  B.D.  1623,  D.D.  1630 
(his  thesis  being  strongly  anti-papal) .  Taking 
orders  about  1616,  he  held  a  living  in  York, 
also  the  rectory  of  Elvington,  Yorkshire,  on 
the  presentation  of  Christopher  Wandesforde 
(afterwards  master  of  the  rolls).  His  marriage 
to  a  clergyman's  widow  gave  him  a  fortune 
and  a  library.  In  1623  he  won  laurels  in  a 
public  discussion  at  Northallerton  with  Hun- 
gate,  a  Jesuit,  and  Houghton,  a  priest.  Tobias 
Matthew,  archbishop  of  York,  made  him  his 
chaplain  (a  later  archbishop,  Kichard  Neale, 
gave  him  the  prebend  of  Husthwaite  on 
13  June  1633).  He  was  also  sub-dean  of 
Ripon,  and  had  great  influence  there  as  a 
preacher  and  public  man.  As  one  of  the 
high  commissioners  his  manner  was  thought 
severe.  Resigning  his  English  preferments 
and  prospects  (a  chaplaincy  in  ordinary  to  the 
king  was  in  store  for  him),  he  went  to  Ireland 
as  Wentworth's  chaplain,  by  Wandesforde's 
advice,  in  July  1633.  In  his  letter  to  Laud 
from  Dublin,  10  Aug.  1633,  he  draws  a  la- 
mentable picture  of  the  ruin  and  desecration 
of  churches  (the  crypt  of  Christ's  cathedral 
was  let  to  l  popish  recusants,'  and  used  in  time 
of  service  as  an  alehouse  and  smoke-room), 
the  alienation  of  bishoprics  and  benefices, 
and  the  poverty  and  ignorance  of  the  clergy. 
For  himself  he  soon  got  the  archdeaconry  of 
Meath,  the  richest  in  Ireland.  His  exertions 
as  a  royal  commissioner  were  successful  in  ob- 
taining the  surrender  of  fee-farms,  by  which 
episcopal  and  clerical  revenues  had  been  scan- 
dalously wasted ;  in  four  years  he  is  said  to  have 
recovered  to  the  church  some  30,000/.  a  year. 


Bramhall 


204 


Bramhall 


Meantime  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Derry 
in  the  chapel  of  Dublin  Castle  on  16  May  1634, 
succeeding  the  puritan,  George  Downham. 
Bramhall,  in  the  Irish  parliament  which  met 
14  July  1634,  procured  the  passing  of  three 
important  acts  for  the  preservation  of  church 
property.  By  the  Irish  convocation  which  met 
in  November  1634  the  thirty-nine  articles 
were  received  and  approved ;  not  directly  in 
substitution  for,  but  in  addition  to,  the  Irish 
articles  of  1615,  articles  which  subsequently 
formed  the  basis  of  the  Westminster  Confes- 
sion. The  credit  of  this  measure  is  given  to 
Bramhall  by  his  biographers ;  but  it  appears 
from  Wentworth's  letter  to  Laud  that  he 
himself,  dissatisfied  with  what  the  bishops 
were  proposing,  drew  the  canon,  and  forced 
it  upon  the  convocation  in  the  teeth  of  the 
primate,  without  permitting  a  word  of  dis- 
cussion. It  passed  with  a  single  dissentient 
vote  (in  the  lower  house).  '  It  seems,'  says 
Collier, '  one  Calvinist  had  looked  deeper  than 
the  rest  into  the  matter.'  What  Bramhall 
did  was  to  try  to  get  the  English  canons  of 
1604  adopted  in  Ireland ;  there  were  '  some 
heats '  between  him  and  the  primate  Ussher, 
ending  with  the  passing  of  distinct  canons, 
in  the  compiling  of  which  Bramhall  had  a 
large  share.  The  ninety-fourth  canon,  en- 
dorsing a  part  of  the  wise  policy  of  Bedell, 
bishop  of  Kilinore,  provided  for  the  use  of 
the  bible  and  prayer-book  in  the  vernacular 
in  an  Irish-speaking  district.  This  was  op- 
posed by  Bramhall,  to  whom  the  native 
tongue  was  a  symbol  of  barbarism,  and  who 
failed  to  see  the  necessity  of  instructing  a 
people  through  the  medium  of  a  language 
they  understood.  In  1635  Bramhall  was  in 
his  diocese,  and  in  August  of  the  following 
year  we  find  him  at  Belfast  assisting  Bishop 
Henry  Leslie  in  his  discussion  with,  and 
proceedings  against,  the  five  ministers  who 
would  not  subscribe  the  new  canons  [see 
BEIGE,  EDWAED].  The  presbyterian  account 
does  full  justice  to  the  harshness  of  his  man- 
ner. Visiting  England  in  1637,  a  trifling  ac- 
cusation brought  him  before  the  Star-chamber 
at  the  instance  of  one  Bacon,  who  charged  him 
with  using  language  disrespectful  to  the  king, 
while  executing  at  Ripon  a  commission  from 
the  Star-chamber  court.  This  he  soon  dis- 
posed of;  the  words  laid  to  his  charge  had 
been  uttered  by  a  fellow-commissioner.  Laud 
presented  him  to  the  king,  and  he  received 
signs  of  royal  favour.  Returning  to  Ireland, 
he  employed  6,000/.,  the  proceeds  of  his  Eng- 
lish property,  in  purchasing  and  improving  an 
estate  at  Omagh,  co.  Tyrone,  in  the  midst  of 
Irish  recusants.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
made  receiver-general  for  the  crown  of  all 
revenues  from  the  estates  of  the  city  of  Lon- 


don in  his  diocese,  forfeited  through  non-ful- 
filment of  some  conditions  of  the  holding. 
Further  power,  which  he  was  not  slow  to  use, 
was  put  into  his  hands  on  21  May  1639,  when 
the  '  black  oath '  abjuring  the  covenant  was 
directed  to  be  taken  by  all  the  Ulster  Scots. 
In  1639  he  protected  and  recommended  to 
Wentworth  John  Corbet,  minister  at  Bonhill, 
who  had  been  deposed  by  the  Dumbarton 
presbytery  for  refusing  to  subscribe  the  as- 
sembly's declaration  against  prelacy.  Went- 
worth used  Corbet  as  a  sarcastic  writer  against 
the  Scottish  covenanters,  and  nominated  him 
to  the  vicarage  of  Templemore,  in  the  diocese 
of  Achonry.  Archibald  Adair,  bishop  of  Kil- 
lala  and  Achonry,  a  man  of  puritan  leanings, 
could  not  disguise  his  aversion  to  the  admis- 
sion of  Corbet,  who  complained  of  the  bishop's 
language  to  the  high  commission  court  esta- 
blished by  Wentworth  at  the  end  of  1634. 
Adair  was  tried  as  a  favourer  of  the  covenant. 
Bedell  alone  voted  for  his  acquittal ;  the 
loudest  in  his  condemnation  were  Bramhall 
and  the  infamous  John  Atherton,  bishop  of 
Waterford  [q.  v.]  Adair  was  deposed  on 
18  May  1640.  The  proceedings  both  exaspe- 
rated the  Scottish  settlers  and  shook  the  sta- 
bility of  the  episcopal  system.  The  Irish 
commons  in  October  1640  drew  up  a  remon- 
strance, in  the  course  of  which  they  speak  of 
the  Derry  plantation  as  (  almost  destroyed ' 
through  the  policy  of  which  Bramhall  was 
the  administrator.  No  sooner  had  the  Eng- 
lish commons  impeached  Wentworth  (now 
earl  of  Straff ord)  of  high  treason  on  11  Nov. 
1640,  than  the  presbyterians  of  Antrim,Down, 
Derry,  Tyrone,  &c.,  drew  up  a  petition  to  the 
English  parliament  (presented  by  Sir  John 
Clotworthy  about  the  end  of  April  1641),  con- 
taining thirty-one  charges  against  the  prelates, 
and  praying  that  their  exiled  pastors  might 
be  reinstated.  Of  the  Ulster  bishops,  Bram- 
hall, from  his  closer  connection  with  state 
affairs,  was  the  most  prominent  object  of  at- 
tack. The  Irish  commons,  on  the  motion  of 
Audley  Mervyn  and  others,  4  March  1641, 
impeached  him,  with  the  lord  chancellor,  the 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  Sir 
George  RadclifFe,  as  participants  in  the  al- 
leged treason  of  Strafford.  Bramhall  acted 
a  manly  part  in  at  once  leaving  Derry  for 
Dublin,  and  taking  his  place  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  He  was  imprisoned  and  accused 
of  unconstitutional  acts ;  his  defence  was  that 
he  had  equitably  sought  the  good  of  the 
church,  and  that  his  hands  were  clean  from 
private  rapine  or  family  promotions.  He 
wrote,  on  26  April,  to  Ussher  in  London, 
through  whose  exertions  with  the  king  Bram- 
hall was  liberated  without  acquittal.  He 
returned  to  Derry.  Vesey  states  that  an 


Bramhall 


205 


Bramhall 


abortive  attempt  was  made  by  Sir  Phelim 
O'Neil  to  represent  Bramhall  as  implicated 
in  the  Irish  insurrection  of  1641.  The  story 
has  an  improbable  air ;  but  Derry,  crowded 
with  Scots  seeking  sanctuary  from  the  rebels, 
and  soon  stricken  with  fever,  was  no  safe 
place  for  him.  He  obeyed  the  warning  of 
friends  and  fled  to  England.  He  was  in 
Yorkshire  till  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor 
(2  July  1644) ;  he  sent  his  plate  to  the  king, 
and  in  private,  from  the  pulpit,  and  by  pen 
supported  the  royalist  cause.  With  William 
Cavendish,  first  marquis  of  Newcastle,  and 
others,  he  hurried  abroad,  landing  at  Hamburg 
on  8  July  1644.  The  Uxbridge  convention,  in 
January  1645,  excepted  him,  with  Laud,  from 
the  proposed  general  pardon.  In  Paris  he  met 
Hobbes  (prior  to  1646),  and  argued  with  him 
on  liberty  and  necessity.  This  led  to  contro- 
versies with  Hobbes  in  after  years.  Till  1648 
he  was  chiefly  at  Brussels,  preaching  at  the 
English  embassy,  the  English  merchants  of 
Antwerp  having  the  benefit  of  his  services 
monthly.  He  went  back  to  Ireland,  but  not 
to  Ulster,  in  1648 ;  at  Limerick  he  received 
in  1649  the  protestant  profession  of  the  dying 
earl  of  Roscommon  (James  Dillon,  third  earl, 
brother-in-law  of  Stratford).  While  he  was 
in  Cork,  the  city  declared  for  the  parliament 
(October  1649);  he  had  a  narrow  escape,  and 
returned  to  foreign  parts.  He  corresponded 
diligently  with  Montrose,  and  disputed  and 
wrote  in  defence  of  the  church  of  England.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  so  obnoxious  to  the  papal 
powers  that  on  crossing  into  Spain  he  found 
his  portrait  in  the  hands  of  innkeepers,  with 
a  view  to  his  being  seized  by  the  inquisition. 
Bramhall  himself,  who  reports  *  a  tedious  and 
chargeable  voyage  into  Spain '  (about  1650), 
does  not  mention  this  incident.  It  would 
appear  that  Granger  founds  upon  the  story 
a  conjecture  that  there  was  a  print  of  Bram- 
hall, which  he  describes  as  '  very  rare,'  and 
had  not  seen.  He  was  excluded  from  the 
Act  of  Indemnity  of  1652  ;  subsequently  to 
this  we  find  him  occasionally  adopting  in  his 
correspondence  the  pseudonym  of '  John  Pier- 
son.'  In  October  1 660  he  returned  to  England. 
It  was  supposed  that  he  would  be  made  arch- 
bishop of  York ;  but  on  18  Jan.  1661  he  was 
translated  to  the  metropolitan  see  of  Armagh 
(vacant  since  Ussher's  death,  21  March  1655). 
On  27  Jan.  1661  he  presided  at  the  consecration 
in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  of  two  archbishops 
and  ten  bishops  for  Ireland.  Not  only  was 
Bramhall  ex  ojficio  president  of  convocation, 
but  on  8  May  \  661  he  was  chosen  speaker  of 
the  Irish  House  of  Lords.  Both  houses  erased 
from  their  records  the  old  charges  against 
Bramhall.  Although  Parliament  passed  de- 
clarations requiring  conformity  to  episcopacy 


and  the  liturgy,  and  ordering  the  burning  of 
the  covenant,  Bramhall  could  not  carry  his 
bills  for  a  uniform  tithe-system,  and  for  ex- 
tending episcopal  leases.  Nor  was  there  any 
new  Irish  act  of  uniformity  till  1667,  only 
the  old  statute  of  1560,  enjoining  the  use  of 
Edward  VI's  second  prayer-book.  The  ejec- 
tion of  Irish  nonconformists  was  effected  by 
episcopal  activity,  and  was  accomplished  some 
time  before  the  passing  of  the  English  act  of 
1662.  Armagh  was  not  a  specially  presby- 
terian  diocese,  nor  had  Bramhall  to  deal  here 
with  the  rigid  temper  of  the  Scots  divines ; 
in  pursuing  the  process  of  obtaining  con- 
formity he  used  a  moderation  which  con- 
trasts favourably,  in  spirit  and  results, 
with  Jeremy  Taylor's  action  in  Antrim  and 
Down.  Following  the  lines  of  the  Irish  ar- 
ticles, he  neither  impugned  the  spiritual  va- 
lidity of  presbyterian  orders,  nor  refused  to 
make  good  the  titles  to  benefices  granted 
under  the  Commonwealth ;  but  he  told  his 
clergy  he  did  not  see  how  they  were  to  re- 
cover their  tithes  for  the  future,  unless  they 
could  show  letters  of  orders  recognised  by 
the  existing  law.  Accordingly  he  prepared 
a  form  of  letters,  certifying  simply  that  any 
previous  canonical  deficiency  had  been  sup- 
plied. Edward  Parkinson  was  one  of  the 
ministers  whom  he  thus  induced  to  conform. 
A  very  remarkable  letter  from  Sir  George 
Radcliffe  on  20  March  1643-4  shows  that 
Bramhall  was  then  inclined  to  admit  the  epi- 
scopal character  of  the  '  superintendants  in 
Germany.'  His  view  of  the  articles  as  terms 
of  peace  was  framed  when  he  was  seeking  a 
standing-ground  for  Arminianism  within  a 
generally  Calvinistic  church ;  but  he  did  not, 
like  Taylor,  forget  his  old  plea  when  the  tables 
were  turned.  Presbyterians  hated  the  name 
of 'bishop  bramble,' and  Cromwell  called  him 
the  '  Irish  Canterbury.'  Like  Laud  he  had  no 
great  presence ;  he  had  something  of  Laud's 
business  power,  with  an  intellect  less  keen  and 
subtle.  His  wrangles  with  Hobbes  furnished 
sportive  occupation  to  a  vigorous  and  busy 
mind  ;  the  '  Leviathan  '  was  not  refuted  by 
being  called  '  atheistical.'  Bramhall  was  de- 
fending his  rights  in  a  court  of  law  at  Omagh 
against  Sir  Audley  Mervyn  when  a  third 
paralytic  stroke  deprived  him  of  conscious- 
ness. He  died  on  25  June  1663.  Jeremy 
Taylor  preached  his  funeral  sermon.  James 
Margetson  (died  28  Aug.  1678,  aged  77)  was 
translated  from  Dublin  as  his  successor.  His 
wife  was  Ellinor  Halley ;  the  name  of  her 
first  husband  is  not  given.  The  wills  of 
Bramhall  (5  Jan.  1663)  and  his  widow 
(20  Nov.  1665)  are  printed  in  the  '  Eawdon 
Papers.'  He  left  issue :  1.  Sir  Thomas  Bram- 
hall, bart.,  who  married  the  daughter  of 


Bramis 


206 


Bramston 


Sir  Paul  Davys,  and  died  s.  p.  2.  Isabella, 
married  Sir  James  Graham,  son  of  William, 
earl  of  Monteith ;  her  daughter  Ellinor,  or 
Helen,  married  Sir  Arthur  Rawdon,  of  Moira, 
lineal  ancestor  of  the  Marquis  of  Hastings. 
3.  Jane,  married  Alderman  Toxteith  of  Drog- 
heda.  4.  Anne,  married  Standish  Hartstonge, 
one  of  the  barons  of  exchequer.  His  works 
were  collected  by  John  Vesey,  archbishop  of 
Tuam,  in  one  volume,  Dublin,  1677,  iol., 
arranged  in  four  tomes,  and  containing  five 
treatises  against  Romanists  (including  a 
confutation  of  the  Nag's  Head  fable)  ;  three 
against  sectaries,  three  against  Hobbes,  and 
seven  unclassified,  being  defences  of  royalist 
and  Anglican  views.  Allibone  incorrectly 
says  that  the  'sermon  preached  at  York 
Minster,  28  Jan.  1643.  before  his  excellency 
the  Marquess  of  Newcastle,'  &c.,  York,  1643, 
4to,  is  not  included  in  the  collected  works. 
The  works  were  reprinted  in  the  *  Library  of 
Anglo-Catholic  Theology,'  Oxford,  1842-5, 
8vo,  5  vols.  Milton  thought  Bramhall  wrote 
the '  Apologia  pro  Rege  et  Populo  Anglicano,' 
1650,  18mo,  but  the  real  author  was  John 
Rowland.  The  posthumous  publication  of 
Bramhall's  '  Vindication  of  himself  and  the 
Episcopal  Clergy  from  the  Presbyterian 
Charge  of  Popery,  as  it  is  managed  by  Mr. 
Baxter,'  &c.,  1672,  8vo,  with  a  preface  by 
Samuel  Parker  (afterwards  bishop  of  Oxford), 
produced  Andrew  Marvell's  '  The  Rehearsal 
Transpros'd,'  1672,  12mo. 

[Life  by  Vesey,  prefixed  to  Works  ;  Biog.  Brit. 
1748,  ii.  961  seq.,  by  Morant ;  a  few  additional 
particulars  by  Towers  and  Kippis  in  Biog.  Brit. 
1780,  ii.  565  seq.;  Ware's  Works,  ed.  Harris,  1764, 
i.  116  seq.,  ii.  346  seq.  &c. ;  Berwick's  Eawdon 
Papers,  1819,  pp.41,  51,93,  109,  &c.;  Granger's 
Biog.  Hist,  of  England,  1824,  ii.  345  ;  Barham's 
Collier's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Great  Brit.  1841,  viii.  77, 
90 ;  Killen's  Reid's  Hist,  of  Presb.  Ch.  in  Ire- 
land, 1867,  i.  164,  170  seq.,  263  seq.,  271,  293, 
523  seq.,  ii.  265,  272  ;  Grub's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Scot- 
land, 1861,  iii.  57,  89;  Mitchell's  Westminster 
Assembly,  1883,  p.  373  seq.;  Notes  and  Queries, 
2nd  ser.  vi.  191.]  A.  G. 

BRAMIS  or  BROMIS,  JOHN  (14th 
cent.),  writer,  was  a  monk  of  Thetford.  He 
translated  the  'Romance  of  Waldef  from 
French  metre  into  Latin  prose.  This  ro- 
mance was  originally  written  in  English  verse, 
and  had  been  done  into  French  at  the  desire 
of  a  lady.  The  manuscript  of  Bramis  is  in 
the  Corpus  Christi  College  Library,  Cam- 
bridge, No.  329.  'Incipit  prologus  super 
hystoriam  Waldei,  &c.'  An  historical  com- 
pilation entitled  '  Historia  compendiosa  de 
regibus  Britonum,'  and  attributed  to  Ralph 
de  Diceto,  is  printed  in  Gale,  '  Quindecim 
Scriptores/  p.  553.  The  author  repeatedly 


refers  to  a  former  compilation  thus — 'Hsec 
Brom,  &c.'  There  is  no  reason  for  making 
Ralph  of  Diceto  the  author,  though  the  '  His- 
toria '  is  based  on  his  works ;  it  ends  '  Hsec 
Brome,'  and  is  probably  the  work  of  Bramis. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  121 ;  Wright's  England 
in  the  Middle  Ages,  i.  96 ;  Hardy's  Descriptive 
Catalogue  of  Materials,  &c.,  Kolls  Ser.  i.  i.  337.1 

W.  H. 

BRAMSTON,  FRANCIS  (<Z.1G83),  judge, 
third  son  of  Sir  John  Bramston  the  elder  jjq.v.], 
was  educated  at  the  celebrated  school  of 
Thomas  Farnabie  or  Farnaby,  in  Goldsmiths' 
Alley,  Cripplegate,  and  at  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  of  which  Dr.  Martin  was  then 
the  master,  where  he  graduated  B.  A.  in  1637, 
and  M.A.  in  1640.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Middle  Temple  as  a  student  in  1634,  but  as 
his  health  was  weakly  he  for  a  time  enter- 
tained the  idea  of  taking  holy  orders.  Shortly 
before  the  final  rupture  between  the  king 
and  the  parliament  he  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  his  college,  and  after  being  called  to  the 
bar  (14  June  1642)  left  the  country.  The 
ensuing  four  years  (1642-46)  he  spent  in 
travel  in  France  and  Italy,  falling  in  with 
Evelyn  and  his  friend  Henshaw  at  Rome 
in  the  spring  of  1645,  and  again  at  Padua 
and  Venice  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  On 
his  return  to  this  country  he  dismissed  the 
idea  of  entering  the  church,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  and  practice  of  the  law. 
His  history,  however,  is  a  blank  until  the 
Restoration,  when  he  was  made  steward  of 
some  of  the  king's  courts  (probably  manorial) 
in  Essex,  and  of  the  liberty  of  Havering  in 
the  same  county.  In  1664  he  represented 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  in  the  litigation 
respecting  the  election  of  Simon  Patrick  to 
the  presidency,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
appointed  one  of  the  counsel  to  the  university, 
with  a  fee  of  40s.  per  annum.  In  1668  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  benchers  of  his  inn,  and  ap- 
pointed reader,  his  subject  being  the  statute 
3  Jac.  c.  4,  concerning  popish  recusants.  The 
banquet  which,  according  to  custom,  he  gave 
on  this  occasion  (3  Aug.)  is  described  by 
Evelyn,  who  was  present,  as  '  so  very  extra- 
vagant and  great  as  the  like  hath  not  been 
seen  at  any  time.'  He  mentions  the  Duke  of 
Ormonde,  the  lord  privy  seal  (Robartes),  the 
Earl  of  Bedford,  Lord  Belasyse,  and  Viscount 
Halifax  as  among  the  guests,  besides '  a  world 
more  of  earls  and  lords.'  In  Trinity  term  of 
the  following  year  he  was  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  serjeant-at-law,  presenting  the  king 
with  a  ring  inscribed  with  the  motto,  '  Rex 
legis  tutamen,'  and  was  appointed  steward  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  at  Whitechapel, 
with  a  salary  of  100/.  per  annum.  In  Trinity 


Bramston 


207 


Bramston 


term  1678  he  was  created  a  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, but  early  next  year  (29  April)  was 
dismissed,  without  reason  assigned,  along 
with  Sir  William  Wild  of  the  king's  bench, 
Sir  Edward  Thurland  of  the  exchequer,  and 
Vere  Bertie  of  the  common  pleas,  Sir  Thomas 
Raymond  being  sworn  in  his  place  (5  May), 
though,  according  to  his  own  account,  he 
'  had  laboured,  and  not  without  great  reason, 
to  prevent  it.'  It  was  supposed  that  either 
Sir  William  Temple  or  Lord-chancellor  Finch 
was  at  the  bottom  of  the  aifair.  On  4  June 
a  pension  of  500/.  a  year  was  granted  him, 
of  which  the  first  three  terminal  instalments 
only  were  paid  him.  At  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  his  chambers  in  Serjeants'  Inn 
27  March  1683,  it  was  three  years  and  six 
months  in  arrear.  He  was  buried  30  March 
in  Roxwell  Church.  He  died  heavily  in  debt, 
and  his  brother  John,  who  was  his  executor, 
made  persistent  efforts  to  get  in  the  amount 
due  in  respect  of  his  pension  (some  1,750/.), 
and  succeeded  in  1686  in  recovering  1,456/.  5s., 
the  balance  being,  as  he  plaintively  puts  it, 
abated  incests.  Sir  Francis  was  never  married. 
In  person  he  was  short  and  rather  stout. 

[Evelyns  Diary,  1645,  8  Aug.,  10  Oct.,  1668, 
3  Aug. ;  Autobiogr.  of  Sir  John  Bramston  (Cam- 
den  Society),  xi.  24,  29,  97,  163,  265  ;  SirThos. 
Kaymond's  Reports,  103,  182,  244,  251 ;  Foss's 
Lives  of  the  Judges.]  J.  M.  K. 

BRAMSTOISr,  JAMES  (1694  P-1744), 
poet,  was  the  son  of  Francis  Bramston,  fourth 
son  of  Sir  Moundeford  Bramston,  master  in 
chancery,  who  in  his  turn  was  younger  son 
of  Sir  John  Bramston  the  elder  [q.v.],lord  chief 
justice  of  the  king's  bench.  In  1708  James 
Bramston  went  to  Westminster  School. 
Thence,  in  1713,  he  passed  to  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  taking  his  B.A.  degree  on  17  May 
1717,  and  his  M.A.  degree  on  6  April  1720. 
In  March  1723  he  became  vicar  of  Lurga- 
shall,  Sussex,  and  later  (1725)  vicar  of  Hart- 
ing  in  the  same  county,  obtaining  a  dispen- 
sation to  hold  both  livings.  In  1729  he  pub- 
lished the  '  Art  of  Politicks/  an  imitation  of 
the '  Ars  Poetica '  of  Horace,  accompanied  by 
a  clever  frontispiece  illustrating  the  opening 
lines : — 

If  to  a  Human  Face  Sir  James  [Thornhill]  should 

draw 

A  Gelding's  Mane,  and  Feathers  of  Maccaw, 
A  Lady's  Bosom,  and  a  Tail  of  Cod, 
Who  could  help  laughing  at  a  Sight  so  odd  ? 
Just  such  a  Monster,  Sirs,  pray  think  before  ye, 
When  you  behold  one  Man  both  Whig  and  Tory. 
Not  more  extravagant  are  Drunkard's  Dreams', 
Than  Low-Church   Politicks  with  High-Church 

Schemes. 


The  '  Art  of  Politicks '  was  followed  by l  The 
Man  of  Taste.  Occasion'd  by  an  Epistle  of 
Mr.  Pope's  on  that  subject '  (i.e.  that  to  the 
Earl  of  Burlington,  1731),  1733.  Both  these 
little  satires,  which  hold  an  honourable  place 
in  eighteenth-century  verse,  abound  with  con- 
temporary references,  and  frequently  happy 
lines.  They  were  reprinted  in  vol.  i.  of 
Dodsley's  '  Poems  by  several  Hands.'  The 
only  other  works  attributed  to  Bramston  are 
some  Poems  in  *  Carolina  Quadragesimalia ; ' 
one  in  the  University  Collection  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Kadcliffe,  1715 ;  'Ignorami  Lamentatio,' 
1736;  and  a  not  very  successful  imitation  of 
the  '  Splendid  Shilling  '  of  John  Philips,  en- 
titled 'The  Crooked  Sixpence,' Dodsley,  1743. 
This,  in  *  a  learned  preface,'  is  ascribed  to 
Katherine  Philips  (the  'matchless  Orinda'). 
1  Bramston,'  say  the  authors  of  Dallaway  and 
Cartwright's  '  History  of  Sussex,'  ii.  (i.)  365, 
'  was  a  man  of  original  humour,  the  fame 
and  proofs  of  whose  colloquial  wit  are  still 
remembered  in  this  part  of  Sussex.'  He  died 
16  March  1744. 

[Kawlinson  MSS.  fol.  16,  271,  4to,  5,  217; 
Thompson  Cooper  in  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd 
ser.  v.  205;  Alumni  Wesmonasterienses,  1852, 
260  ;  Bramston's  Works  in  British  Museum.] 

A.  D. 

BRAMSTON,   JAMES  YOKKE,  D.D. 

(1763-1836),  catholic  bishop,  was  born 
18  March  1763  at  Oundle  in  Northampton- 
shire. He  came  of  an  old  and  well-to-do 
race  of  landowners  in  that  county,  his  family 
being  staunch  protestants.  He  was  educated 
at  a  school  near  his  birthplace,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  first  intended 
for  the  Indian  civil  service  and  then  for  the 
navy,  which  latter  intention  was  abandoned 
at  the  desire  of  his  invalid  mother.  On 
26  April  1785  he  was  entered  as  a  student  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  Although  he  was  never  called 
to  the  bar,  he  studied  for  nearly  four  years 
under  the  distinguished  catholic,  Charles 
Butler.  He  frequently  conversed  with  Charles 
Butler  on  religious  matters,  and  in  1790 
publicly  joined  the  catholic  church.  Bram- 
ston was  bent  upon  at  once  .becoming  an 
ecclesiastic.  He  yielded,  however,  to  his 
father's  entreaty  that  he  should  remain  at 
least  twelve  months  longer  in  England.  In 
1792  he  went  to  Lisbon,  where  he  entered 
himself  as  a  theological  student  at  the  Eng- 
lish college.  He  remained  between  eight  and 
nine  years  in  Portugal.  In  1796  he  was  or- 
dained to  the  priesthood.  His  last  five  years 
at  Lisbon  were  given  up  entirely  to  his  mis- 
sionary labours,  chiefly  among  the  British 
then  in  garrison  there.  While  he  was  thus 
engaged,  early  in  1800,  a  terrible  epidemic 


Bramston 


208 


Bramston 


broke  out  in  the  city.    For  six  weeks  to- 
gether Bramston  never  once  took  his  clothes 
off  to  retire  to  rest.     His  father  died  while 
he  was  yet  at  Lisbon.     In  1801  he  returned 
to  England,  and  in  1802  had  entrusted  to 
him,  by  the  then  vicar  apostolic  of  the  London 
district,  Bishop  Douglass,  the  poorest  of  all 
the  catholic  missions  in  the  metropolis,  that 
of  St.  George's-in-the-Fields.     There  he  re- 
mained  as   the  priest  in  charge  for  nearly 
twenty-three  years.    In  1812  Bishop  Poyn- 
ter,  then  vicar-apostolic  of  the  London  dis- 
trict, appointed  Bramston  his  vicar-general. 
During  that  same  year  he  acted  as  theologian 
and  counsellor  at  the  synodal  meeting  con- 
vened in  the  city  of  Durham  by  Bishop  Gib- 
son.   In  1814  Bramston  went  to  Home  with 
Bishop  Poynter,  and  on  5   April   1815,  at 
Genoa,  the  latter  asked  Pope  Pius  VII  to  con- 
stitute his  vicar-general  his  coadjutor.   Eight 
years  elapsed,  during  which  Bramston  again 
and  again  declined  the  proffered  dignity.   On 
29  June  1823  he  was  solemnly  consecrated 
by  Bishop  Poynter  at  St.  Edmund's  College, 
Hertfordshire,  as  bishop  of  Usulse  in  par- 
tibus  infidelium.     On  the  death  of  Bishop 
Poynter,  27  Nov.  1827,  Bramston  succeeded 
him  as  vicar-apostolic  of  the  London  dis- 
trict.    Nearly  the  whole  of  Bramston's  life 
was  embittered  by  a  cruel  disease,  and  from 
1834  he  was  yet  further  afflicted  with  con- 
stantly increasing  weakness.    Added  to  this, 
in  the  spring   of  1836   he  began  to  suffer 
from   erysipelas   in    the  right   foot,   which 
from  that   time  forward  rendered  walking 
an  impossibility.     He  died  at  Southampton, 
in  his  seventy-fourth  year,   11    July  1836. 
His   conversational  powers  were  very  re- 
markable.    His  discernment  was  acute  and 
his  knowledge  profound,  but  his  chief  cha- 
racteristic   was    his    tender   charity.      His 
singularly  large  acquaintance  with  the  na- 
tional life  of  England,  his  exceptional  ex- 
perience and  skill  in  the  conduct  of  busi- 
ness, and  his  intimate  familiarity  with  the 
laws  and  customs   of  Great  Britain   pecu- 
liarly fitted    him   to    conduct    the    affairs 
of  the  catholics  of  that  period  with  dis- 
cretion. 

[G-ent.  Mag.  July  1836, 221 ;  Annual  Eegister 
for  1836,  209;  Ordo  Eecitandi  pro  1837,  1-7; 
Brady's  Episcopal  Succession,  187,  189,  191, 195- 
200,  and  231.]  C.  K. 

BRAMSTON,  SIR  JOHN,  the  elder 
(1577-1654),  judge,  eldest  son  of  Roger  Bram- 
ston by  Priscilla,  daughter  of  Francis  Clovile 
of  West  Hanningfield  Hall,  Essex,  was  born 
at  Maldon,  in  the  same  county,  18  May  1577, 
and  educated  at  the  free  school  at  Maldon  and 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  On  leaving  the 


university  he  went  into  residence  at  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  and  applied  himself  diligently  to 
the  study  of  the  law.    His  ability  was  recog- 
nised early  by  his  university,  which  made  him 
one  of  its  counsel  in  1607,  with  an  annual  fee 
of  forty  shillings.     In  Lent  1623  he  was  ap- 
pointed reader  at  his  inn,  the  subject  of  his 
lecture  being  the  statute  32  Henry  VIII  (on 
limitations),  and  he  was  reappointed  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year,  this  time  discoursing 
on  the  statute  of  Elizabeth  relating  to  fraudu- 
lent conveyances  (13  Eliz.  c.  5).     Shortly 
after  his  reading  was  concluded  he  was  called 
to   the  degree  of  serjeant-at-law  (22  Sept. 
1623).     His  son  remarks  that  this  was  an  ex- 
pensive year  for  him,  the  costs  entailed  by 
the  office  of  reader  being  considerable,  besides 
the  fee  of  500/.  to  the  exchequer  payable  on 
admittance  to  the  order  of  Serjeants.     His 
practice  now  became  extensive,  and  during 
the  next  few  years  he  was  engaged  in  many 
cases  of  the  highest  importance,  not  only  in 
the  courts  of  common  law,  but  in  chancery 
and  in  the  courts  of  wards  and  star  chamber. 
In  1626  he  defended  the  Earl  of  Bristol  on  his 
impeachment.     A  dissolution  of  parliament, 
however,  soon  relieved  Bramston  from  this 
duty,  by  putting  an  end  to  the  proceedings. 
Next  year  he  represented  Sir  Thomas  Darnel 
and  Sir  John  Heveningham,  who  had  been 
committed  to  the  Fleet  for  refusing  to  con- 
tribute to  a  loan  then  being  raised  by  the 
king  without  the  consent  of  parliament,  ap- 
plying unsuccessfully  for  a  habeas  corpus  on 
behalf  of  the  one,  and  bail  on  behalf  of  the 
other.     In  the  following  year  he  was  chosen 
one  of  the  counsel  for  the  city  of  London  on 
the  motion  of  Sir  Heneage  Finch,  then  re- 
corder, who  was  a  close  friend  and  connection 
by  marriage.     In  1629  he  was  one  of  the 
counsel  for  seven  of  the  nine  members  of  the' 
House  of  Commons  (including  Sir  John  Eliot 
and  Denzil  Hollis)  who  were  then  indicted 
for  making  seditious  speeches  in  parliament. 
Next  year  the  bishop  of  Ely  (John  Bucke- 
ridge)  appointed  him  chief  justice  of  his  dio- 
cese, a  position  he  held  until  his  elevation  to 
the  king's  bench.      In  1632  (26  March)  he 
was  made   queen's  Serjeant,  and  two  years 
Later  (8  July  1634)   king's  Serjeant,  being 
knighted  24  Nov.  in  the  same  year.     In  1635 
[14  April)  he  was  created  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bench.    In  this  position  his  first  official 
act  of  historical  importance  was,  in  concert 
with  the  rest  of  the  bench,  to  advise  the 
sing  (13  Feb.  1636-7)  that  he  might  lawfully 
levy  ship-money,  and  that  it  belonged  to  the 
crown  to  decide  when  such  levy  ought  to  be 
made.     Sir  John's  son  informs  us  that  his 
Father  was  in  favour  of  modifying  this  opinion 
n  at  least  one  essential  particular :  that  he 


Bramston 


209 


Bramston 


would  have  allowed  the  levy  'during  ne- 
cessity only,'  and  that  he  was  only  induced 
to  subscribe  the  opinion  as  it  stood  by  the 
representation  made  '  by  the  ancient  judges 
that  it  was  ever  the  use  for  all  to  subscribe 
to  what  was  agreed  by  the  majority.'  In 
July  of  the  same  year  Bramston  was  a 
member  of  the  Star-chamber  tribunal  which 
tried  the  bishop  of  Lincoln  on  the  charge  of 
tampering  with  witnesses,  and  committing 
other  misdemeanors.  The  bishop  was  found 
guilty  by  a  unanimous  verdict,  and  sentenced 
to  be  deprived  of  his  office,  to  pay  a  fine  of 
10,000/.,  and  to  be  imprisoned  during  the 
king's  pleasure.  A  similar  sentence  was 
passed  on  him  at  a  later  date,  Bramston  be- 
ing again  a  member  of  the  court,  on  a  charge 
of  libelling  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and 
the  late  lord  treasurer  Weston.  In  the  ce- 
lebrated ship-money  case  (Rex  v.  Hampden), 
decided  in  the  following  year  (12  June), 
Bramston  gave  his  judgment  against  the  king, 
though  on  a  purely  technical  ground,  viz.  that 
by  the  record  it  did  not  appear  to  whom  the 
money  assessed  was  due,  in  that  respect  agree- 
ing with  the  lord  chief  baron,  Sir  Henry 
Davenport,  who,  with  Orooke,  Hutton,  and 
Denham,  also  gave  judgment  in  Hampden's 
favour  ;  but  taking  care  at  the  same  time  to 
signify  his  concurrence  with  the  majority  of 
the  court  upon  the  main  question.  On 
16  April  1640,  during  the  indisposition  of  the 
lord  keeper  Finch,  Bramston  presided  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  On  21  Dec.  of  the  same  year 
proceedings  were  commenced  in  the  House 
of  Commons  to  impeach  the  lord  keeper 
Finch,  Bramston,  and  five  other  of  the  judges 
who  had  subscribed  the  opinion  on  ship- 
money.  Next  day  it  was  resolved  that  the 
message  usual  in  such  cases  should  be  sent  to 
the  House  of  Lords.  The  message  was  com- 
municated to  the  peers  the  same  day,  and  the 
judges  being  present  (except  the  lord  keeper) 
were  forthwith  severally  bound  in  recogni- 
sances of  10,000/.  to  attend  parliament  from 
day  to  day  until  such  time  as  trial  might  be 
had.  The  lord  keeper  was  bound  to  the  same 
effect  the  following  day.  Bramston  was  thus 
unable  to  attend  the  king  when  required  with- 
out rendering  himself  liable  to  immediate 
committal,  and  as  no  progress  was  made  to- 
wards his  trial,  the  king  terminated  so  anoma- 
lous a  condition  of  affairs  by  revoking  his 
patent  (10  Oct.  1642),  sending  him  shortly 
afterwards  (10  Feb.  1642-3)  a  patent  consti- 
tuting him  serjeant-at-law  by  way  of  assu- 
rance of  his  unbroken  regard.  Meanwhile  so 
far  was  the  parliament  from  desiring  to  pro- 
ceed to  extremities  with  Bramston  that  in 
the  terms  of  peace  offered  the  king  at  Ox- 
ford (1  Feb.  1642-3)  his  reappointment  as 

VOL.  VI. 


lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  not 
as  formerly  during  the  king's  pleasure,  but 
during  good  behaviour  ('  quamdiu  se  bene 
gesserit '),  was  included.  From  this  time  for- 
ward until  Bramston's  death  persistent  at- 
tempts were  made  to  induce  him  to  declare 
definitely  in  favour  of  the  parliament,  but 
without  success.  In  1644  he  was  consulted 
by  the  leaders  of  the  party  as  to  the  evidence 
necessary  for  the  prosecution  of  Macguire  and 
MacMahon,  two  prisoners  who  had  made  their 
escape  from  the  Tower  and  been  retaken.  In 
1647  it  was  proposed  to  make  him  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  great  seal,  and  it  was 
voted  that  he  should  sit  as  an  assistant  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  '  which,'  says  his  son,  *  he 
did  not  absolutely  deny,  but  avoided  attend- 
ing by  the  help  of  friends.'  In  the  same  year 
a  resolution  was  come  to  that  he  should  be 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the  common 
pleas.  Even  in  the  last  year  of  his  life  Crom- 
well, then  protector,  sent  for  him  privately, 
and  was  very  urgent  that  he  should  again 
accept  office  as  chief  justice.  Bramston,  how- 
ever, excused  himself  on  the  ground  of  his 
advanced  age.  He  died,  after  a  short  illness, 
in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  his  age,  22  Sept. 
1654,  at  his  manor  of  Skreens,  in  the  parish 
of  Roxwell,  Essex,  which  he  had  bought  in 
1635  from  Thomas  Weston,  the  second  son 
of  Weston  the  lord  treasurer.  He  was  buried 
in  Roxwell  church.  In  person  he  is  described 
as  of  middle  height,  in  youth  slight  and  ac- 
tive, in  later  years  stout  without  being  cor- 
pulent. Fuller  characterises  him  as  '  one  of 
deep  learning,  solid  judgment,  integrity  of 
life,  and  gravity  of  behaviour  ;  in  a  word,  ac- 
complished with  all  the  qualities  requisite  for 
a  person  of  his  place  and  profession.'  His  son 
adds  that  he  was  *  a  very  patient  hearer  of 
cases,  free  from  passion  and  partiality,  very 
modest  in  giving  his  opinion  and  judgment ' 
(he  seems  to  have  shown  a  little  too  much  of 
this  quality  on  the  occasion  of  the  opinion 
on  ship-money),  '  which  he  usually  did  with 
such  reasons  as  often  convinced  those  that 
differed  from  him  and  the  auditory.  Even 
the  learned  lawyers  learned  of  him,  as  I 
have  heard  Twisden,  Wild,  Windham,  and 
the  admired  Hales,  and  others  acknowledge 
often.'  The  following  epitaph,  attributed  to 
Cowley,  was  not  placed  upon  his  tomb  until 
1732  :— 

Ambitione,  ira,  donoque  potentior  omni 

Q,ui  judex  aliis  lex  fait  ipse  sibi ; 
Qui  tanto  obscuras  penetravit  lumine  causas, 

Ut  convicta  simul  pars  quoque  victa  foret; 
Maximus  interpres,  cultor  sanctissimus  aequi, 

Hie  jacet :  heu !  tales  mors  nimis  sequa  rapit : 
Hie  alacri  expectat  supremum  mente  tribunal, 

Nee  metuit  judex  Judicis  ora  sui. 


Bramston 


210 


Bramston 


Bramston  married  in  1606  Bridget,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Moundeford,  M.D.,  son  of  Sir 
Edward  Moundeford,  knight,  of  Feltwell, 
Norfolk,  by  whom  he  had  a  large  family,  of 
whom  six  survived  him,  viz.  three  daughters, 
Dorothy,  Mary,  and  Catherine,  and  as  many 
sons,  John  [see  BKAMSTON,  Sin  JOHN,  the 
younger] ;  Moundeford,  who  was  created  a 
master  in  chancery  at  the  Kestoration ;  and 
Francis  [q.v.]  Sir  John,  the  son,  describes 
his  mother  as  'a  beautiful,  comely  person 
of  middle  stature,  virtuous  and  pious,  a  very 
observant  wife,  a  careful,  tender  mother;' 
'very  charitable  to  the  poor,  kind  to  her 
neighbours,  and  beloved  by  them,'  and  'much 
lamented  by  all  that  knew  her.'  She  died 
in  the  thirty-sixth  year  of  her  age  (whilst 
John  was  still  at  school  at  Blackmore,  Essex) 
in  Phillip  Lane,  Aldermanbury,  and  was 
buried  in  a  vault  in  Milk  Street  church.  Sir 
John  continued  a  widower  for  some  years, 
his  wife's  mother,  Mary  Moundeford,  taking 
charge  of  his  house.  In  1631  he  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Lord  Brabazon,  sister 
of  the  Earl  of  Meath,  and  relict  of  Sir  John 
Brereton,  king's  Serjeant  in  Ireland.  Brereton 
was  her  second  husband,  her  first  having 
been  George  Montgomerie,  bishop  of  Clogher. 
Bramston's  marriage  with  her  was  the  re- 
vival of  an  old  attachment  he  had  formed  as 
a  very  young  man,  but  which  Lord  Brabazon 
had  refused  to  countenance.  The  ceremony 
was  performed  at  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Meath  at  Kilruddery,  near  Dublin.  His  son 
John,  who  accompanied  Bramston  to  Ireland 
on  this  occasion,  was  by  no  means  prepossessed 
by  the  appearance  of  his  stepmother.  '  When 
I  first  saw  her,'  he  says,  '  I  confess  I  won- 
dered at  my  father's  love.  She  was  low,  fat, 
red-faced ;  her  dress,  too,  was  a  hat  and  ruff, 
which  though  she  never  changed  to  her  death. 
But  my  father,  I  believe,  seeing  me  change 
countenance,  told  me  it  was  not  beauty  but 
virtue  he  courted.  I  believe  she  had  been 
handsome  in  her  youth;  she  had  a  delicate 
fine  hand,  white  and  plump,  and  indeed  proved 
a  good  wife  and  mother-in-law  too.'  She  died 
in  1647,  and  was  buried  in  Roxwell  Church. 
[Dugdale's  Orig.  219  ;  Croke's  Reports,  Jac.  I, 
671  ;  Cobbett's  State  Trials,  ii.  1282,  1380, 1447, 
iii.  6-11,  51-59,  770-1,  787-8,  843,  1215,  1243- 
51 ;  Parl.  Hist.  ii.  685-700,  iii.  70  ;  Whitelocke's 
Mem.  100,  104,  108,  234,  238,  240,  245;  Lords' 
Journ.  iv.  57,  115 ;  Cal.  State  Papers  (Dom. 
1625-26)  p.  195,  (1627-28)  p.  445,  (1628-29) 
pp.  555,  556,  566,  (1631-33)  p.  536,  (1633-34) 
pp.  3,  10,  (1634-35)  pp.  218,  239,  414,  610, 
(1635)  pp.  577,  579,  600,  606,  608,  (1635-36) 
pp.  23,  47,  49,  154,  213,  247,  431,  441,  444,  451, 
(1636-37)  pp.  123,  398,  416-18,  (1637)  pp.  107, 
108,  144,  160,  466,  563,  (1637-38)  pp.  165, 182, 
188,  190,  197,  241,  401,  458,  512,  (1638-39)  pp. 


154,  172,  299,  412,  (1639)  pp.  1,  111,  266,  438, 
(1639-40)  pp.  47,  62,  148,  411,  (1640)  p.  284, 
(1640-41)  pp.  249,  344,  (1655)  p.  181 ;  Claren- 
don's History  (1849),  iii.  269,  407  ;  Eymer's 
Foedera  (1st  ed.),  xix.  764  ;  Fuller's  Worthies,  i. 
329;  Morant's  Essex,  ii.  71-73;  Autobiography 
of  Sir  John  Bramston  (Camden  Society),  vi.  6, 
37,  68,  78,  96,  414 ;  Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges.] 

J.  M.  E. 

BRAMSTON,  SIB  JOHN,  the  younger 
(1611-1700),  lawyer  and  autobiographer,  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  Bramston,  justice 
of  the  king's  bench  [q.  v.],  by  Bridget,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Moundeford,  M.D.,  of  Lon- 
don. He  was  born  in  September  1611,  at 
Whitechapel,  Middlesex,  in  a  house  which  for 
several  generations  had  been  in  possession  of 
the  family.  After  attending  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  he  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
where  he  had  as  chamber  fellow  Edward  Hyde, 
afterwards  Earl  of  Clarendon.  Throughout 
life  he  continued  on  terms  of  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Hyde,  who  presented  him  with  his 
portrait,  the  earliest  of  him  now  known  to 
exist,  and  engraved  for  the  edition  of  the 
6  History  of  the  Rebellion  '  published  in  1816. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1635,  and  after 
his  marriage  in  the  same  year  to  Alice, 
eldest  daughter  of  Anthony  Abdy,  alderman 
of  London,  took  a  house  in  Charterhouse 
Yard,  and  began  to  practise  law  with  con- 
siderable success,  until,  in  his  own  words, 
*  the  drums  and  trumpets  blew  his  gown  over 
his  ears.'  In  accordance  with  his  father's 
advice,  he  sold  his  chambers  in  the  Temple 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and  his  wife 
dying  in  1647,  he  removed  with  his  family  to 
his  father's  house  at  Skreens.  At  his  father's 
death  in  1654  he  succeeeded  to  the  property. 
In  the  new  parliament,  after  the  dismissal  of 
Richard  Cromwell,  he  served  as  knight  of  the 
shire  for  Essex,  and  supported  the  motion  for 
the  Restoration.  At  the  coronation  he  was 
created  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  after  refusing  a 
baronetcy  on  account  of  his  dislike  to  here- 
ditary honours.  Subsequently,  he  frequently 
acted  as  chairman  in  committees  of  the 
whole  house.  In  1672  an  accusation  was 
brought  by  Henry  Mildmay,  of  Graces,  before 
the  council  against  him  and  his  brother  of 
being  papists,  and  receiving  payment  from 
the  pope  to  promote  his  interests.  The  chief 
witness  was  a  Portuguese,  Ferdinand  de 
Macedo,  whose  evidence  bore  unmistakable 
signs  of  falsehood.  Charles  II  is  said  to 
have  remarked  concerning  the  affair,  that  it 
was  '  the  greatest  conspiracy  and  greatest 
forgerie  that  ever  he  knew  against  a  pri- 
vate gentleman.'  To  the  first  parliament  of 
James  II  Bramston  was  returned  for  Maldon, 
and  in  several  subsequent  parliaments  he 


Brancastre 


211 


Brancker 


represented   Chelmsford.     He   died   4  Feb. 
1699-1700. 

[The  Autobiography  of  Sir  John  Bramston,  pre- 
served in  the  archives  at  Skreens,  was  published  by 
the  Camden  Society  in  1845.  It  begins  with  an 
account  of  his  early  years,  and  is  continued  to 
within  a  few  weeks  before  his  death.  Although 
it  casts  no  important  light  on  historical  events, 
it  is  of  great  interest  as  a  record  of  the  social 
and  domestic  life  of  the  period.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRANCASTRE  or  BRAMCESTRE, 
JOHN  DE  (d.  1218),  is  included  among  the 
keepers  of  the  great  seal  by  Sir  T.  D.  Hardy, 
under  the  dates  of  1203  and  1205 ;  but  Mr. 
Foss  gives  reasons  for  believing  that  the 
subscriptions  to  charters  supposed  to  be  at- 
tached by  him  as  keeper  were  only  affixed 
in  the  capacity  of  a  deputy,  or  a  clerk  in 
the  exchequer  or  in  the  chancery.  His  signa- 
ture is  found  attesting  documents  from  1200 
to  1208.  In  1200  or  the  following  year  he 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Worcester,  in  No- 
vember 1204  was  sent  to  Flanders  on  the 
king's  service,  and  on  13  Jan.  1207  was  com- 
missioned by  King  John  to  take  charge  of 
the  abbey  of  Ramsey  during  a  vacancy  in 
the  abbacy,  and  in  his  capacity  of  adminis- 
trator paid  thence,  in  May  of  the  same  year, 
97/.  into  the  exchequer.  In  the  following 
October  he  was  rewarded  by  the  king  (who 
exercised  the  right  of  presentation  during 
the  vacancy  in  the  abbacy)  with  the  vicarage 
of  the  parish  which  was  doubtless  his  birth- 
place, Brancaster  in  Norfolk,  and  on  29  May 
1208  was  appointed  prebendary  of  Lidington 
in  the  church  of  Lincoln.  He  died  in  1218. 
One  of  his  name,  probably  the  same,  appears 
as  party  in  several  lawsuits  in  Hertfordshire 
and  Sussex  in  1199. 

[Hardy's  List  of  Lord  Chancellors,  &c.,  1843; 
Foss's  Judges  of  England,  ii.  43-5  ;  Foss's  Ta- 
bulae Curiales,  1865,  p.  9;  Hardy's  Le  Neve's 
Fasti,  iii.  73  ;  Eot.  Pat.  1835,  i.  11,  58,  76,  84; 
Eot.  Claus.  1833,  i.  14,  83;  Eot.  Curia  Eegis, 
1835.]  W.  D.  M. 

BRANCH,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1753),  was 
author  of  '  Thoughts  on  Dreaming '  (1738), 
and  '  Principia  Legis  et  ^Equitatis '  (1753). 
The  latter  work,  which  presents  in  alpha- 
betical order  a  collection  of  maxims,  defini- 
tions, and  remarkable  sayings  in  law  and 
equity,  has  been  highly  commended  as  a 
student's  text-book ;  it  has  found  editors  both 
in  this  country  and  in  the  United  States. 
Nothing  is  known  of  Branch's  personal  his- 
tory, but  if  the  'lady  of  Thomas  Branch, 
Esq.'  in  the  obituary  of  the  ( Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  December  1769,  was  his  wife,  it 
may  be  presumed  that  he  was  then  alive. 

[Lowndes's  Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn),  254 ;  Gent. 
Mag.  xxxix.  608.]  J.  M.  S. 


BRANCKER  or  BRANKER,THOM  AS 

(1633-1676),  mathematician,  born  at  Barn- 
staple  in  August  1633,  was  the  son  of  another 
Thomas  Brancker,  a  graduate  of  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  who  was  in  1626  a  schoolmaster 
near  Ilchester,  and  about  1630  head-master 
of  the  Barnstaple  High  School.  The  family 
|  originally  bore  the  name  of  Brouncker  [see 
BROTTNCKEK,  SIR  WILLIAM].  Young  Branc- 
ker matriculated  at  his  father's  college  8  Nov. 
1652;  proceeded  B.A.  15  June  1655,  and 
was  elected  a  probationer  fellow  of  Exeter 
30  June  1655,  and  full  fellow  10  July  1656. 
After  taking  his  master's  degree  (22  April 
1658),  he  took  to  preaching,  but  he  refused  to 
conform  to  the  ceremonies  of  the  church  of 
England,  and  was  deprived  of  his  fellowship 
4  June  1663.  He  then  retired  to  Cheshire, 
changed  his  views,  and  applied  for  and  ob- 
tained episcopal  ordination.  He  became  a 
'minister'  at  Whitegate,  Cheshire,  but  his 
fame  as  a  mathematician  reached  William, 
lord  Brereton,  who  gave  him  the  rectory  of 
Tilston,  near  Malpas,  in  1668.  He  resigned  the 
benefice  (after  a  very  few  months'  occupa- 
tion) and  became  head-master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Macclesfield,  where  he  died  in  No- 
vember 1676.  He  was  buried  in  Macclesfield 
church,  and  the  inscription  on  his  monument 
states  that  he  was  a  linguist  as  well  as  a  mathe- 
matician, chemist,  and  natural  philosopher, 
and  that  he  pursued  his  studies  '  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle.' 

Brancker  gained  his  first  knowledge  of 
mathematics  and  chemistry  from  Peter 
Sthael  of  Strasburg, '  a  noted  chimist  and  Ro- 
sicrucian,'  who  before  1660  settled  in  Ox- 
ford as  a  private  tutor,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Robert  Boyle,  and  numbered  Ralph  Bathurst, 
Christopher  Wren,  with  Brancker,  Wood,  and 
other  less  eminent  men,  among  his  pupils 
(WOOD'S  Autobiog.  in  Athence,  Bliss,  i.  liii). 
Brancker's  earliest  publication  was  'Doctrinaa 
Sphaericae  Adumbratio  una  cum  usu  Glo- 
borum  Artificialium,'  Oxford,  1662.  In  1668 
he  published  a  translation  of  an  introduction 
to  algebra  from  the  High  Dutch  of  Rhenanus, 
and  added  a  '  Table  of  odd  numbers  less  than 
one  hundred  thousand,  shewing  those  that  are 
incomposit,  and  resolving  the  rest  into  their 
factors  or  coefficients.'  The  book  was  licensed 
18  May  1665,  but  the  publication  was  de- 
layed to  enable  Dr.  John  Peel  to  add  notes 
and  corrections.  John  Collins,  another  mathe- 
matician, also  gave  Brancker  some  assistance 
over  the  book,  and  praised  it  highly  in  a  letter 
to  James  Gregory  in  1668.  The  value  of  the 
table  and  translation  is  acknowledged  in  an 
early  paper  in  the  '  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions'  (No.  35,  pp.  688-9),  and  the  table  and 
preface  were  reprinted  by  Francis  Maseres 

p2 


Brand 


212 


Brand 


translations  of  several  of  the  sonnets  of 
Petrarch.  Some  of  these  had  been  privately 
printed  at  an  earlier  date — in  1815  (?),  1818, 
and  1819.  In  1823,  when  Ugo  Foscolo  pro- 
duced his  '  Essays  on  Petrarch/  he  dedicated 
them  to  Lady  Dacre,  and  the  last  forty-five 
pages  of  the  work  are  occupied  by  her  lady- 
ship's translations  from  Petrarch.  Her  'Trans- 
lations from  the  Italian,'  principally  from 
Petrarch,  were  privately  printed  at  London ' 
in  1836,  8vo.  In  addition  to  her  other  ac- 
complishments, Lady  Dacre  was  an  excellent 
amateur  artist,  and  excelled  in  modelling  ani- 
mals, particularly  the  horse.,  She  edited  in 
1831  '  Recollections  of  a  Chaperon,'  and  in 
1835  'Tales  of  the  Peerage  and  Peasantry/ 
both  written  by  her  only  daughter,  Mrs.  Ara- 
bella Sullivan,  wife  of  the  Rev.  Frederick 
Sullivan,  vicar  of  Kimpton,  Hertfordshire. 

[Gent.  Mag.  N.S.  xlii.  296 ;  Cat.  of  Printed 
Books  in  Brit.  Mus. ;  Martin's  Privately  Printed 
Books,  276,  466;  Quarterly  Beview,  xlix.  228, 
231.]  T.  C. 

BRAND,  HANNAH  (d.  1821),  actress 
and  dramatist,  younger  sister  of  John  Brand, 
d.  1808  [q.  v.],  kept  a  school  at  Norwich  in 

and  coheir  of  John  Thomas,  D.D.,  bishop  of  i  conjunction  with  an  elder  sister  Mary.    But 
Winchester.    She  was  married  first  to  Valen-  |  Hannah  soon  abandoned   teaching  for  the 


in  a  volume  of  mathematical  tracts  (1795), 
together  with  James  Bernouilli's  *  Doctrine 
of  Permutations '  and  other  papers.  Maseres 
states  that  Dr.  Wallis  thought  well  of 
Brancker's  table,  and  corrected  a  few  errors 
in  it.  In  the  Rawlinson  MSS.  (A  45,  f.  9) 
there  is  '  A  Breviat  and  relation  of  Thomas 
Branker  against  Dame  Appollin  Hall,  alias 
Appolin  Potter,  of  London,  once  marryed  to 
•William  Churchey '  (July  1656).  A  curious 
manuscript  key  to  an  elaborate  cipher  in  the 
possession  of  J.  H.  Cooke,  F.S.A.,  is  attri- 
buted to  Brancker  and  is  fully  described  in  the 
'  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries' 
for  1877. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  1086; 
Fasti  (Bliss),  ii.  186, 214 ;  Boase'sRegistrum  Coll. 
Exon.  72,  74,  229  ;  Button's  Mathematical  Dic- 
tionary ;  Correspondence  of  Scientific  Men  (1841), 
ii.  177 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  xi.  41,  170, 
345,  where  Mr.  J.  E.  Bailey's  notes  are  of  es- 
pecial value.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRAND,  BARBARINA,  LADY  DACEE 
(1768-1854),  poet  and  dramatist,  was  the 
third  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  Chaloner 
Ogle,  bart.,  by  Hester,  youngest  daughter 


tine  Henry  Wilmot  of  Farnborough,  Hamp- 
shire, an  officer  in  the  guards,  and  secondly, 
on  4  Dec.  1819,  to  Thomas  Brand,  twenty- 
first  Lord  Dacre,  who  died  without  issue  on 
21  March  1851.  She  died  in  Chesterfield 
Street,  Mayfair,  London,  on  17  May  1854,  in 
her  eighty-seventh  year. 

Lady  Dacre  was  on'e  of  the  most  accom- 
plished women  of  her  time.  In  1821  her 
poetical  works  were  privately  printed  in  two 
octavo  volumes,  under  the  title  of  '  Dramas, 
Translations,  and  Occasional  Poems.'  Some 
of  these  are  dated  in  the  last  century.  They 
include  four  dramas,  the  first  of  which,  '  Gon- 
zalvo  of  Cordova/  was  written  in  1810.  In 
the  character  of  the  great  captain  the  author 
followed  the  novel  of  Monsieur  de  Florian. 
The  next,  'Pedarias,  a  tragic  drama/  was 
written  in  1811;  its  story  being  derived  from 
<Les  Incas'  of  Marmontel.  Her  third  dra- 
matic work  was  '  Ina/  a  tragedy  in  five  acts, 
the  plot  of  which  was  laid  in  Saxon  times  in 
England.  It  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
22  April  1815,  under  the  management  of  She- 
ridan, to  whose  second  wife,  the  daughter  of 
Dr.  Ogle,  dean  of  Winchester,  the  author  was 
related.  It  was  not  sufficiently  successful  to 
induce  its  repetition.  It  was  printed  in  1815, 
as  produced  on  the  stage,  but  in  Lady  Dacre's 
collected  works  she  restored  'the  original 
catastrophe,  and  some  other  parts  which  had 
been  cut  out.'  The  fourth  drama  is  entitled 
*  Xarifa.'  Lady  Dacre's  book  contains  also 


stage,  and  on  18  Jan.  1792  appeared  with  the 
Drury  Lane  Company  at  the  King's  Theatre 
(Opera  House)  in  the  Haymarket,  in  her  own 
tragedy  of  '  Huniades.'  This  piece,  not  with- 
out merit,  was  received  during  its  progress 
with  much  favour.  It  proved  too  long,  how- 
ever, and  the  performance  of  Miss  Brand, 
who  was  announced  as  making  '  her  first 
appearance  upon  any  stage/  deprived  it  of 
what  chance  it  might  have  had  with  an 
actress  of  more  experience  as  the  heroine. 
After  the  first  representation  it  was  with- 
drawn, but  was  reproduced  on  2  Feb.  with  the 
title  of  '  Agmunda/  and  writh  the  omission  of 
the  character  of  Huniades,  originally  played 
by  John  Kemble.  This  curious  experiment 
proved  no  more  successful  than  the  first, 
and  piece  and  author  vanished  from  London. 
Two  years  later,  20  March  1794,  she  appeared 
at  the  York  Theatre,  playing  Lady  Townly 
in  the  'Provoked  Husband.'  Formality  of 
manner,  a  rigour  in  dress  entirely  out  of 
keeping  with  the  notions  then  prevalent,  and 
it  may  have  been  a  provincialism  of  pronun- 
ciation of  which  her  manager,  Tate  Wilkin- 
son, complains,  stirred  against  her  the  femi- 
nine portion  of  the  audience,  and  her  first 
appearance,  '  so  far  from  being  well  received, 
met  with  rude  marks  of  disgustful  behaviour, 
and  that  from  ladies  who  did  not  add  by  such 
demeanour  addition  to  their  politeness  or 
good  understanding'  (TATE  WILKINSON,  The 
Wandering  Patentee,*?.  158).  She  remained 


Brand 


213 


Brand 


in  York  till  the  last  night  of  the  season, 
21  May  1794,  when  she  appeared  in  her  own 
play  of t  Agmunda/in  which  she  was  derided. 
In  the  summer  she  played  in  Liverpool  with 
no  greater  success.  Starched  in  manner,  vir- 
tuous in  conduct,  and  resolute  in  her  objection 
to  a  low-cut  dress,  she  seems,  according  to 
Tate  Wilkinson,  to  have  had  little  chance  of 
succeeding  on  the  stage.  Her  defeat  she  at- 
tributed to  the  jealousy  of  Mrs.  Siddons  and 
the  Kembles.  Of  her  play  she  thought  so 
highly  that  she  would  not  for  fear  of  theft 
trust  the  whole  manuscript  to  the  prompter, 
but  copied  out  with  her  own  hand  the  entire 
play,  except  her  own  part,  which  she  reserved. 
Many  curious  stories  show  how  high  was  her 
estimate  of  her  own  capacity.  Wilkinson 
says  that,  apart  from  her  tragedy  airs,  she 
possessed  many  good  qualities,  that  she  was 
estimable  in  her  private  character,  and  en- 
dowed with  a  good  understanding.  The  edi- 
tors of  the  '  Biographia  Dramatica,'  who  saw 
her  performance  in  'Huniades,'  find  fault 
with  her  deportment,  but  say  that  her  acting 
was  marked  by  discrimination.  In  1798  she 
published  in  Norwich,  in  8vo,  a  volume  of 
'  Dramatic  and  Poetical  Works,'  containing : 
(1)  '  Adelinda,'  a  comedy  founded  on  i  La 
Force  du  Naturel '  of  Destouches  ;  (2)  '  The 
Conflict,  or  Love,  Honour,  and  Pride/  an  he- 
roic comedy  adapted  from  '  Don  Sanche  d'Ar- 
ragon,'  by  Pierre  Corneille;  and  (3)  '  Hu- 
niades,  or  the  Siege  of  Belgrade,'  a  tragedy, 
with  some  miscellaneous  poems.  After  her 
failure  on  the  stage,  Miss  Brand  again  be- 
came a  governess.  Her  pupil  was  a  married 
lady,  and  her  eccentric  conduct  was  the  cause 
of  much  unpleasantness  between  husband 
and  wife.  Miss  Brand  died  in  March  1821. 

[G-enest's  History  of  the  Stage  ;  Tate  Wilkin- 
son's Wandering  Patentee;  Baker,  Keed,  arid 
Jones's  Biographia  Dramatica;  History  of  the 
Theatres  of  London  from  the  year  1771  to  1795, 
2  vols.  (Oulton) ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustrations,  vi. 
534-7 ;  Beloe's  Sexagenarian.]  J.  K. 

BRAND,  JOHN  (1668P-1738),  minister 
of  the  church  of  Scotland,  author  of i  A  Brief 
Description  of  Orkney,'  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated 
M.  A.  on  9  July  1688.  After  completing  his 
divinity  course,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
the  presbytery  of  Edinburgh,  and  on  3  Jan. 
1694-5  was  ordained  minister  of  the  parish 
of  Borrowstouness,  Linlithgowshire.  In  Fe- 
bruary 1700-1  he  was  appointed  by  the  gene- 
ral assembly  one  of  a  deputation  to  visit 

QV»  ^-*-l  rt  i^  ,rl  ^-^3  ^J?          ,.  *_      _  J_  /~\       1  I 


an  account  of  his  experiences  under  the  title, 


1  A  Brief  Description  of  Orkney,  Zetland, 
Pightland-Firth,  and  Caithness ;  wherein, 
after  a  short  journal  of  the  author's  voyage 
thither,  these  northern  places  are  first  more 
generally  described,  then  a  particular  view  is 
given  of  the  several  isles  thereto  belonging  ; 
together  with  an  account  of  what  is  most  rare 
and  remarkable  therein,  with  the  author's 
observations  thereupon.'  The  book  was  re- 
printed in  vol.  iii.  of  Pinkerton's  '  Voyages 
and  Travels,'  and  was  also  republished  sepa- 
rately in  1883.  Although,  as  may  be  sup- 
posed, of  no  special  value  in  reference  either 
to  the  antiquities  or  natural  history  of  the 
islands,  there  is  considerable  interest  in  its 
descriptions  of  their  condition,  and  of  the 
mode  of  life  of  the  inhabitants  at  a  period 
when  intercourse  with  the  south  was  of  the 
most  limited  kind.  He  died  on  14  July  1738, 
aged  about  seventy.  By  his  wife,  Elizabeth 
Mitchell,  whom  he  married  in  1700,  he  had 
a  large  family,  and  he  was  succeeded  in  the 
parish  by  his  son  William. 

[Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccl.  Scot.  vol.  i.  pt.  i.  170; 
List  of  Edinburgh  Graduates.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRAND,  JOHN  (1744-1806),  antiquary 
and  topographer,  was  born  on  19  Aug.  1744 
at  Washington,  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
where  his  father,  Alexander  Brand,  was 
parish  clerk.  His  mother  dying  immediately 
after  his  birth,  and  his  father  having  married 
again,  he  was  taken,  when  a  child,  under  the 
protection  of  his  maternal  uncle,  Anthony 
Wheatley,  cordwainer,  residing  in  Back  Row, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,to  whom  he  was  bound 
apprentice  on  4  Sept.  1758.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Royal  Grammar  School  in  that 
town  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Hugh 
Moises,  where  he  acquired  a  taste  for  classi- 
cal studies  ;  and  after  leaving  the  school  he 
was  so  indefatigable  in  the  acquisition  of 
learning  as  to  secure  the  esteem  and  friend- 
ship of  his  former  master,  Mr.  Moises,  who 
interested  some  opulent  friends  in  his  behalf 
and  assisted  in  sending  him  to  Oxford.  He 
was  entered  at  Lincoln  College,  and  gra- 
duated B.  A.  in  1775.  Previously  to  this  he 
had  been  ordained  to  the  curacy  of  Bolam 
in  Northumberland ;  in  June  1773  he  was 
appointed  curate  of  St.  Andrew's,  Newcastle ; 
on  6  Oct.  1774  he  was  presented  to  the  per- 
petual curacy  of  Cramlington,  a  chapel  .of 
ease  to  St.  Nicholas  at  Newcastle,  from  which 
town  it  is  distant  about  eight  miles.  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
29  May  1777.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
under-usher  of  the  grammar  school  at  New- 
castle (BRAND,  Hist,  of  Newcastle,  i.  99),  but 
he  does  not  appear  to  have  held  that  situation 
very  long.  In  1784  he  was  presented  by  his 


i 


Brand 


214 


Brand 


early  friend  and  patron,  the  Duke  of  North- 
umberland, to  the  rectory  of  the  united 
parishes  of  St.  Mary-at-Hill  and  St.  Mary 
Hubbard,  in  the  city  of  London  ;  and  two 
years  later  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
duke's  domestic  chaplains. 

In  1784  he  was  elected  resident  secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  was  annu- 
ally re-elected  to  that  office  until  his  death, 
which  took  place  very  suddenly  in  his  rectory 
house  on  11  Sept.  1806.  He  was  buried  in 
the  chancel  of  his  church. 

We  are  told  that  '  his  manners,  somewhat 
repulsive  to  a  stranger,  became  easy  on  closer 
acquaintance  ;  and  he  loved  to  communicate 
to  men  of  literary  and  antiquarian  taste  the 
result  of  his  researches  on  any  subject  in 
which  they  might  require  information.  Many 
of  his  books  were  supplied  with  portraits 
drawn  by  himself  in  a  style  not  inferior  to 
the  originals,  of  which  they  were  at  the  same 
time  perfect  imitations'  (NiCHOLS,  Literary 
Anecdotes,  ix.  653).  Brand,  it  may  be  added, 
was  never  married.  There  is  a  small  sil- 
houette likeness  of  him  in  the  frontispiece  to 
his  '  History  of  Newcastle.'  An  account  of 
some  of  the  rarer  tracts  in  his  library,  which 
was  sold  by  auction  in  1807-8,  is  given  in 
Dibdin's  <  Bibliomania,'  605-611. 

His  works  are  :  1.  A  poem  '  On  Illicit 
l^ove.  Written  among  the  ruins  of  Godstow 
Nunnery,  near  Oxford,'  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  1775,  4to,  pp.  20.  Godstow  was  the 
burial-place  of  Fair  Rosamond,  the  paramour 
of  Henry  II.  2.  '  Observations  on  Popular 
Antiquities  :  including  the  whole  of  Mr. 
Bourne's  "  Antiquitates  Vulgares,"  with  Ad- 
denda to  every  chapter  of  that  work ;  as 
also  an  Appendix,  containing  such  articles  on 
the  subject  as  have  been  omitted  by  that 
author,'  London,  1777,  8vo.  Brand  left  an 
immense  mass  of  manuscript  collections  for 
the  augmentation  of  this  work.  These  were 
purchased  by  some  booksellers  and  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Henry) 
Ellis,  who  incorporated  them  in  a  new  edition 
published  at  London  in  2  vols.  1813,  4to, 
under  the  title  of  '  Observations  on  Popular 
Antiquities :  chiefly  illustrating  the  origin  of 
our  Vulgar  Customs,  Ceremonies,  and  Super- 
stitions.' Among  the  printed  books  in  the 
British  Museum  is  a  copy  of  this  edition 
with  numerous  interleaved  additions;  and 
in  the  manuscript  department  there  is  another 
copy  annotated  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter, 
F.S.A.  (Addit.  MSS.  24544,  24545).  Other 
editions  appeared  in  Knight's  '  Miscellanies,' 
3  vols.  London,  1841-2,  4to,  and  in  Bohn's 
'  Antiquarian  Library,'  3  vols.  London,  1849. 
This  work  contains  much  interesting  informa- 
tion, but  the  author  takes  no  general  view  of 


his  subject;  his  desultory  collections  are  made 
with  little  care,  and  the  notes  and  text  are 
frequently  at  variance  with  each  other.  Mr. 
William  Carew  Hazlitt  made  an  attempt 
to  remedy  some  of  these  defects  in  his  new 
edition,  entitled  '  Popular  Antiquities  of 
Great  Britain,  comprising  notices  of  the 
movable  and  immovable  feasts,  customs, 
superstitions,  and  amusements,  past  and 
present,'  3  vols.  London,  1870, 8vo.  3.  '  The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Town  and 
County  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,'  2  vols. 
London,  1789,  4to ;  a  very  elaborate  work, 
embellished  with  views  of  the  public  build- 
ings, engraved  by  Fittler  at  a  cost  of  500/. 
An  index,  compiled  by  William  Dodd,  trea- 
surer to  the  Newcastle  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries, was  printed  by  that  society  in  1881. 
4.  Papers  in  the  l  Archeeologia/  vols.  viii.  x. 
xiii.  xiv.  xv.  5.  '  Letters  to  Mr.  Ralph  Beilby 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,'  Newcastle,  1825, 
8vo. 

[MSS.  Addit.  6391,  ff.  36,  45,  99,  144, 146, 182, 
237 ;  22838,  if.  61,  77,  82,  86 ;  22901,  if.  51, 
135;  26776,  if.  103,  105;  Brand's  Newcastle,  i. 
99,  196,  323  ;  Cat.  of  Oxford  Graduates  (1851), 
80;  MS.  Egerton,  2372  f.  180,  2374  if.  283,  285, 
2425  ;  European  Mag.  1.  247  ;  Gent.  Mag.  Ixxvi. 
(ii.)  881,  Ixxxii.  (i.)  239  ;  Literary  Memoirs  of 
Living  Authois  (1798)  i.  67;  Lowndes's  Bibl. 
Man.  ed.  Bohn,  i.  254 ;  Malcolm's  Lives  of  To- 
pographers and  Antiquaries ;  Nichols's  Illustr.  of 
Lit.  ii.  435,  660,  iii.  648,  vi.  300 ;  Nichols's  Lit. 
Anecd.  viii.  695,  696, 739, ix.  651-653;  Quarterly 
Review,  xi.  259;  Reuss's  Register  of  Authors, 
i.  131,  Supp.  46  ;  Richardson's  Local  Historian's 
Table-Book  (Historical  division),  i.  156,  iii.  59 ; 
Sjkes's  Local  Records,  (1824)  227.]  T.  C. 

BRAND,  JOHN  (d.  1808),  clergyman  and 
writer  on  politics  and  political  economy,  was  a 
native  of  Norwich,  where  his  father  was  a 
tanner.  Entering  at  Caius  College,  Oxford,  he 
distinguished  himself  in  mathematics,  taking 
his  B. A.  degree  in  1766,  and  proceeding  M.A. 
in  1772.  In  1772  he  published  '  Conscience, 
an  ethical  essay,'  a  poem  which  he  had 
written  in  a  competition  for  the  Seatonian 
prize.  Having  taken  orders  and  held  a 
curacy  he  was  appointed  reader  at  St.  Peter's 
Mancroft,  Norwich,  and  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  vicarage  of  Wickham  Skeith  in 
Suffolk.  To  eke  out  his  scanty  income  he 
contributed  to  the  periodical  press,  particu- 
larly to  the  '  British  Critic,'  papers  on  i  Poli- 
tical Arithmetic.'  Some  of  these  attracted 
the  notice  of  Lord-chancellor  Loughborough, 
and  he  presented  Brand  in  1797  to  the  rec- 
tory of  St.  George's,  Southwark,  which  he 
held  until  his  death  on  23  Dec.  1808. 

Brand  was  a  staunch  tory,  and  his  toryism 
coloured  all  his  disquisitions.  In  his  first 


Brand 


215 


Brand 


pamphlet,  '  Observations  on  some  of  the  pro-  j      [Brand's   Pamphlets;    Beloe's   Sexagenarian 

'Kf.'Ul^  nfP^^.4-r,  ^f  AT*,   n:n i.»~  "Dm    j.. i_*    T_ .:—    .    XT:.T--I_>_  Tii     _<     _i-  •     - 


bable  effects  of  Mr.  Gilbert's  Bill,  to  which  are 
added  Remarks  on  Dr.  Price's  account  of  the 
National  Debt '  (1776),  his  object  was  to  reply 
to  the  economists  who  bewailed  the  increase 
of  local  taxation  and  of  the  national  debt. 


cxxiv. ;  Nichols's  Illustrations,  vi.  528-34;  Cat. 
Brit.  Mus.  Lib.]  F.  E. 

BRAND,  THOMAS   (1635-1691),  non- 
conformist divine,  born  in  1635,  was  the  son 


He  drew  a  rather  ingenious  distinction  be-  !  of  the  rector  of  Leaden  Roothing,  Essex.  He 

tween  fiscal  charge  and  fiscal  burden.     A     "'""  ^""" ^  "*  "D:~u~- '~  °*— "— J  TT ----  "    " 

long  as  prices  steadily  rose  he  argued  tha 

though  more  money  might  be  taken  out  o 

the  taxpayer's  pocket,  the  quantity  of  com 

modities  which  the  sum  levied  by  taxation 

would  purchase  steadily  decreased,  and  that 

thus  if  '  burden  '  were  interpreted  to  be  the 

amount  of  commodities  of  the  power  of  pur- 
chasing which  the  community  was  deprivec 

by  taxation,  its  increase  need  not  be  and  had 

not  been  at  all  proportionate  to  the  increase 

of  charge.     In  this  way  he  proved  to  his  own 

satisfaction  that  the  burden  of  the  amount 

paid  to  the  creditors  of  the  nation  at  the 

peace  of  Utrecht  was  nearly  the  same  as 

when  he  wrote,  and  that  the  alarm  of  Dr, 

Price  and  others  at  the  increase  of  the  na- 
tional debt  was  wholly  baseless.      Of  such 

other   of  Brand's    pamphlets    on    economic 

subjects  as  are  in  the  library  of  the  British 

Museum,  the  most  interesting  is  his  '  Deter- 
mination of  the  average  price  of  wheat  in 

war  below  that  of  the  preceding  peace,  and 

of  its  readvance  in  the  following.'      Here 

he  sought  to  prove  on  theoretical  grounds 
that  war  lowers  while  peace  raises  the  price 
of  wheat,  and  he  then  proceeded  to  endeavour 
to  confirm  the  soundness  of  this  position  by 
an  appeal  to  statistics.  Of  Brand's  political 
pamphlets  the  chief  appears  to  be  his  '  His- 
torical Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Political 
Associations  in  a  State,  chiefly  deduced  from 
the  English  and  Jewish  histories,  with  an  ap- 
plication of  those  principles  in  a  comparative 
view  of  the  Association  of  the  year  1792  and 
of  that  recently  instituted  by  the  Whig  Club ' 
(1796).  The  intended  drift  of  this  elaborate 
disquisition  was  that  the  existing  tory  asso- 
ciations were  praiseworthy  and  useful. 

The  main  authority  for  Brand's  meagre 
biography  is  chapter  xxiv.  of  Beloe's  '  Sexa- 
genarian/ which  is  devoted  to  him,  but  in 
which,  as  usual  in  that  work,  the  name  of 
the  subject  of  the  notice  is  not  mentioned. 
Brand's  name  is,  however,  supplied  together 
with  what  appears  to  be  a  complete  list  of 
his  separate  publications  (the  library  of  the 
British  Museum  is  without  several  of  them), 
in  the  memoir  of  him  in  Nichols's  l  Illus- 
trations of  the  Literary  History  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,'  vi.  528-34,  which  is  an 
expansion  of  the  chapter  in  the  '  Sexagena- 


Nichols 
phlets  in  all. 


enumerates   thirteen   pam- 


was  educated  at  Bishop's  Stortford,  Hertford- 
shire, and  Merton  College,  Oxford.    There  he 
specially  studied  law,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  Temple.     An  acquaintance  formed  with 
Dr.  Samuel  Annesley  [q.  v.]  led  to  a  resolution 
to  join  the  ministry.     He  entered  the  family 
of  the  Lady  Dowager  Roberts  of  Glassenbury, 
Kent,  the  education  of  whose  four  children 
he  superintended.     He  caused  the  whole  of 
his  salary  to  be  devoted  to  charity.    He  soon 
preached  twice  every  Sunday,  and  frequently 
a  third  time  in  the  evening,  at  a  place  two 
miles  distant.     He  established  weekly  lec- 
tures at  several  places,  and  monthly  fasts.  On 
the  death  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Poyntel  of  Staple- 
hurst,  he  left  Lady  Roberts,  went  to  Staple- 
hurst,  and  was  ordained.  About  two  years  after 
he  married  a  widow,  by  whom  he  had  several 
children,  who  all  died  young.  He  continued  at 
Staplehurst  till  driven  away  by  persecution. 
After  many  wanderings  he  settled  near  Lon- 
don.     He  built  many  meeting-houses,  and 
contributed  to  their  ministers'  salaries.  Cate- 
chising the  young  was  also  a  favourite  occu- 
pation, in  which  he  was  very  successful.    He 
gave  away  thousands  of  catechisms  and  other 
books,  and  even  went  to  the  expense  of  re- 
printing twenty  thousand  of  Joseph  Alleine's 
'  Treatise  on  Conversion  '  to  be  given  away, 
altering  the  title  to  a  '  Guide  to  Heaven.'    A 
portion  of  this  expense  was  defrayed  by  some 
of  his  friends.     Many  other  small  books  were 
given  away  by  him,  and  he  and  his  friends 
sold  bibles  much  under  cost  price  to  all  who 
desired  them,  provided  they  would  not  sell 
:hem  again.     Brand  maintained  children  of 
ndigent  parents,  and  put  them  to  trades. 
Dr.  Earle,  many  years  a  distinguished  mi- 
nister of  the  presbyterian  congregation  in 
rlanover   Street,  London,  was   one   of  his 
)rote'ge's.      Brand  spent   little   on   himself. 
lis  charities  were  computed  to  amount  to 
above  300/.  a  year.     He  said  he  { would  not 
ell  his  estate  because  it  was  entailed,  but  he 
would  squeeze  it  as  long  as  he  lived.'     Brand 
lied  1  Dec.  1691,  and  was  buried  in  Bunhill 
ields.     The  inscription  on  his  gravestone  is 
ecorded  in  '  Bunhill  Memorials,'  by  J.  A. 
ones. 

[Memoirs  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Brand  (with  a 
sermon  preached  on  the  occasion  of  his  death), 
by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Annesley,  LL.D.  1692  pre- 
printed with  additions,  and  dedicated  to  Thomas 
Brand,  Lord  Dacre,  by  William  Chaplin),  Bishop's 


Brandard 


216 


Brande 


Stortford,  1822  ;  Nonconformist  Memorial,  iii., 
1803  ;  Jones's  Bunhill  Memorials,  1849.] 

J.  H.  T. 

BRANDARD,  ROBERT  (1805-1862), 
engraver,  was  born  at  Birmingham.  He 
came  to  London  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and 
after  studying  for  a  short  time  with  Edward 
Goodall,  the  eminent  landscape-engraver, 
practised  with  much  ability  in  the  same 
branch  of  the  art.  His  earliest  efforts  were 
plates  for  Brockedon's  '  Scenery  of  the  Alps,' 
Captain  Batty's '  Saxony,'  and  Turner's  '  Eng- 
land '  and  '  Rivers  of  England.'  He  also  en- 
graved after  Stanfield,  Herring,  Callcott,  and 
others  for  the  '  Art  Journal,'  and  produced 
some  etchings  from  his  own  designs,  one 
series  of  which  was  published  by  the  Art 
Union  in  1864.  Amongst  his  best  works 
were  two  plates  after  Turner  entitled  '  Cross- 
ing the  Brook '  and '  The  Snow-storm,'  which 
were  exhibited  after  his  death  at  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1862.  Brandard  also 
practised  painting  both  in  oils  and  water- 
colours,  and  exhibited  frequently  at  the  Bri- 
tish Institution,  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
Suffolk  Street,  between  1831  and  1858.  He 
died  at  his  residence,  Campden  Hill,  Ken- 
sington, on  7  Jan.  1862.  One  of  his  oil- 
paintings,  entitled  '  The  Forge,'  was  pur- 
chased by  the  second  Earl  of  Ellesmere,  and 
three  others,  views  of  Hastings,  are  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  forming  part  of 
the  Sheepshanks  Collection. 

[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  Eng- 
lish School,  London,  1878,  8vo.]  L.  F. 

BRANDE,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1788- 
1866),  chemist,  and  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary 
of  Science  and  Art,'  was  born  in  Arlington 
Street,  St.  James's,  on  11  Feb.  1788,  his  father 
being  an  apothecary.  He  was  educated  in 
private  schools  at  Kensington  and  at  West- 
minster. It  was  his  father's  wish  that  his 
son  William  should  enter  the  church ;  but  the 
boy  expressed  so  strong  an  inclination  for  the 
medical  profession  that  he  was,  on  2  Feb. 
1802,  apprenticed  to  his  brother,  who  was  a 
licentiate  of  the  Company  of  Apothecaries. 
About  this  period  the  family  removed  from 
Arlington  Street  to  Chiswick.  The  young 
Brande  here  became  acquainted  with  Mr. 
Charles  Hatchett,  who  was  devoting  his  at- 
tention to  chemical  investigations,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  analysis  of  minerals.  Mr.  Hat- 
chett allowed  him  to  assist  in  his  laboratory 
and  he  encouraged  him  in  the  study  of  the 
classification  of  ores  and  rocks,  supplying 
him  with  duplicates  from  his  own  cabinets 
This  formed  the  foundation  of  the  minera- 
logical  series  which  were  in  future  years 


ised  in  the  lectures  and  classes  of  the  Royal 
institution.  Mr.  Charles  Hatchett,  whose 
daughter  Brande  subsequently  married,  sedu- 
ously  encouraged  his  love  of  science. 

In  1802  Brande  visited  his  uncle  at  Han- 
over, and  in  1803  was  in  Brunswick  and 
jfbttingen.  The  breaking  out  of  the  war, 
and  the  advance  of  the  French  on  Hanover, 
interfered  with  his  linguistic  and  scientific 
studies,  and  he  had  much  difficulty  in  es- 
caping to  Hamburg,  where  he  embarked  in 
a  Dutch  merchant-vessel  for  London,  which 
tie  reached  after  passing  a  month  at  sea. 
Brande  re-entered  his  brother's  employment 
in  1804.  He  became  a  pupil  at  the  Ana- 
tomical School  in  Windmill  Street,  and 
studied  chemistry  under  Dr.  George  Pearson 
at  St.  George's  Hospital.  He  also  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Benjamin) 
Brodie,  and  formed  friendships  with  Sir  Eve- 
rard  Home,  Dr.  Pemberton,  and  other  men  of 
eminence. 

Brande  has  left  us  an  interesting  note  of 
this  date.  He  says :  *  I  was  now  full  of 
ardour  in  the  prosecution  of  chemistry ;  and 
although  my  brother — with  whom  I  still 
lived,  whose  apprentice  I  was,  and  in  whose 
shop,  notwithstanding  all  other  associations, 
I  still  worked,  and  passed  a  large  part  of  my 
time — threw  every  obstacle  in  the  way  of 
my  chemical  progress  that  was  decently  in 
his  power,  I  found  time,  however,  to  read, 
and  often  to  experiment,  in  my  bedroom  late 
in  the  evening.  I  thus  collected  a  series  of 
notes  and  observations  which  I  fondly  hoped 
might  at  some  future  period  serve  as  the  basis 
of  a  course  of  lectures,  and  this  in  time  they 
actually  did.  It  was  at  this  period  that,  in 
imitation  of  Mr.  Hatchett's  researches,  I 
made  some  experiments  on  benzoin,  the  re- 
sults of  which  were  published  in  "  Nicholson's 
Journal "  for  February  1805.'  This,  his  first 
contribution  to  scientific  literature,  appeared 
when  he  was  only  a  little  more  than  sixteen 
years  of  age.  In  1805  Brande  became  a 
member  of  the  Westminster  Medical  Society, 
and  in  June  of  that  year  he  read  before 
the  members  a  paper  on  '  Respiration,'  which 
he  contributed  afterwards  to  '  Nicholson's 
Journal.' 

Early  in  life  Brande  appears  to  have  been 
introduced  to  Davy,  and  shortly  after  the 
return  of  the  latter  from  Germany  he  renewed 
the  acquaintance  and  attended  his  lectures 
at  the  Royal  Institution. 

In  1805  Mr.  Hatchett  presented  to  the 
Royal  Society  a  paper  by  Brande  '  On  some 
Experiments  on  Guaiacum  Resin,'  which  was 
printed  in  the  *  Philosophical  Transactions  ' 
for  1806.  Sir  Everard  Home  entrusted 
Brande  with  the  analysis  of  calculi  selected 


Brande 


217 


Brande 


from  the  collection  in  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons. The  results  were  communicated  to 
the  Royal  Society  on  19  May  1808,  and 
published — with  some  observations  by  Sir 
Everard  Home — in  the  '  Transactions.'  Two 
other  important  papers  by  him  were  published 
by  the  Royal  Society  in  1811  and  1813. 
These  were  '  On  the  State  and  Quantity  of 
Alcohol  in  Fermented  Liquids,'  and  for  them 
Brande  received  the  Copley  medal. 

In  1808  Brande  commenced  lecturing,  giv- 
ing two  courses  on  pharmaceutical  chemistry 
at  Dr.  Hooper's  Medical  Theatre  in  Cork 
Street,  Burlington  Gardens.  He  subse- 
quently lectured  at  the  New  Medico-Chemical 
School  in  Windmill  Street,  on  physics  and 
chemistry,  and  gave  a  course  of  lectures 
on  'Materia  Medica'  at  the  house  of  Dr. 
Pearson. 

In  1809  Brande  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  In  1812  he  accepted  the 
appointment  of  professor  of  chemistry  and 
superintending  chemical  operator  to  the 
Apothecaries'  Company.  He  soon  after  be- 
came professor  of  materia  medica,  and  de- 
livered annually  a  course  of  lectures  on  that 
subject.  In  the  spring  of  this  year  Sir  Hum- 
phry Davy  '  could  not  pledge  himself  to  con- 
tinue the  lectures  which  he  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  deliver  to  the  Royal  Institution  ; ' 
but  he  was  willing  to  accept  the  offices  of 

Erofessor  of  chemistry  and  director  of  the 
iboratory  and  mineralogical  collection  with- 
out salary,  and  on  1  June  he  was,  at  a  special 
general  meeting,  appointed  to  these  offices. 
Under  this  arrangement  with  Sir  Humphry 
Davy,  Brande  was  elected  in  December  of  the 
same  year  to  lecture  on  l  Chemical  Philo- 
sophy.' In  April  1813  Davy  '  begged  leave 
to  resign  his  situation  of  honorary  professor.' 
Brande  was  then  elected  to  the  professorship 
of  chemistry.  The  rooms  in  the  Royal  In- 
stitution building  which  had  been  occupied 
by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  were  prepared  for 
him,  and  a  few  months  later  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  house,  and  was  allowed 
to  transfer  his  chemical  class  of  medical 
students  from  Windmill  Street  to  the  labo- 
ratory of  that  establishment. 

Brande  delivered,  for  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  a 
course  of  lectures  on '  Agricultural  Chemistry ' 
before  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Pearson  the  chemical  lectures 
were  transferred  from  St.  George's  Hospital 
to  the  Royal  Institution,  and  Brande,  now 
assisted  by  Faraday,  devoted  himself  entirely 
to  chemical  investigations  and  to  lectures 
on  the  science.  For  several  years  Brande's 
position  was  a  responsible  one.  Officially 
he  must  be  regarded  as  the  leading  chemist 
of  the  metropolis  at  the  time  ;  his  assistant 


Faraday  was  travelling  with  Davy  on  the 
continent. 

In  1823  the  government  consulted  Brande 
on  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel,  the 
object  of  the  proposed  inquiry  being  to  obtain 
a  more  coherent  metal  for  the  dies  used  in 
the  coinage.  The  report,  which  was  of  an 
especially  practical  character,  led  to  consider- 
able improvement  and  much  economy  in  the 
Mint.  As  soon  as  it  became  possible  Brande 
was  appointed  by  the  crown  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  die  department.  This  appoint- 
ment he  held  conjointly  with  his  other  posts 
for  many  years.  In  1854  he  was  appointed 
the- chief  officer  of  the  coinage  department 
at  the  Royal  Mint,  when  he  resigned  the 
professorship  at  the  Royal  Institution. 

On  the  return  of  Faraday  from  the  con- 
tinent in  1825  he  was  associated  with  Brande 
in  the  lectures  delivered  in  the  theatre  of 
the  Royal  Institution,  and  in  editing  the 
'  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science  and  Art,' 
which  had  been  published  since  1816.  From 
1816  to  1826  Brande  was  one  of  the  secre- 
taries of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1836  he  was 
named  one  of  the  original  fellows  of  the 
University  of  London  and  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  that  body.  In  1846  he  became  ex- 
aminer in  chemistry,  which  office  he  retained 
until  1858.  He  died  in  1866. 

Brande  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
doctor  of  civil  law  in  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford. He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh,  and  a  member  of  several 
foreign  societies. 

Brande  published  in  the  l  Transactions  of 
j  the  Royal  Society,'  and  in  several  scientific 
journals,  twenty-seven  papers,  all  of  them 
the  result  of  close  investigation.  Among 
the  more  important  were  '  Chemical  Re- 
searches on  the  Blood  and  some  other  Ani- 
mal Fluids,'  in  1811 ;  '  On  some  Electro- 
chemical Phenomena,'  which  was  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Bakerian  lecture  for  1813;  'On 
Electro-magnetic  Clocks,'  in  1817;  several 
papers  on  the  '  Destructive  Distillation  of 
Coal,'  and  on  'Coal  Gas  as  an  Illuminant,' 
between  1816  and  1819.  '  The  Outlines  of 
Geology '  were  published  in  the  '  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Science '  in  1825  to  1827.  The 
other  papers  were  connected  with  his  position 
as  chemist  to  the  Apothecaries'  Company, 
and  related  mainly  to  pharmaceutical  in- 
quiries. The '  London  Pharmacopoeia/  which 
was  an  ill-arranged  collection  of  recipes,  was 
greatly  improved  by  Brande,  especially  in  its 
chemistry.  Brande's  ( Manual  of  Chemistry,' 
which  went  through  six  editions,  was  the 
text-book  of  the  day.  His  'Dictionary  of 
Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica'  was  one  of 
the  most  useful  books  ever  placed  in  the 


Brander 


218 


Brandon 


hands  of  a  medical  student.  His  '  Dictionary 
of  Science  and  Art/  of  which  he  became  the 
editor  in  1842,  was  a  laborious  undertaking, 
supplying  a  serious  want.  He  was  engaged 
in  revising  a  new  edition  of  this  work  when 
death  brought  his  active  life  to  a  close. 

During  forty-six  years  Brande  laboured 
most  industriously  in  the  front  ranks  of 
science.  Although,  unlike  his  friends  Davy 
and  Faraday,  he  failed  to  connect  his  name 
with  any  important  discovery,  he  aided  in 
the  development  of  several  branches  of 
science,  and  by  his  earnest  truthfulness — pre- 
ferring demonstration  to  speculation — he 
fitted  himself  for  an  important  position  at  a 
time  when  science  was  undergoing  remark- 
able changes. 

[Dr.  Bence- Jones  in  Proceedings  of  Eoyal  In- 
stitution ;  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  vol. 
xvi.  pt.  ii.  and  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers,  i. 
564;  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science,  iv.  1818- 
1822 ;  Nicholson's  Journal  of  Natural  Philo- 
sophy.] R.  H-T. 

BRANDER,  GUSTAVUS  (1720-1787), 
merchant  and  antiquary,  descended  from  a 
Swedish  family,  was  born  in  London  in  1720, 
and  brought  up  to  trade,  which  he  carried  on 
with  great  success  in  the  City.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land. Having  inherited  the  fortune  of  his 
uncle,  Mr.  Spicker,  he  employed  much  of  his 
wealth  in  forming  collections  of  literary 
interest.  Among  his  principal  curiosities 
was  the  magnificent  chair  in  which  the  first 
emperor  of  Germany  was  said  to  have  been 
crowned.  Engraved  upon  it  in  polished  iron 
were  scenes  from  Roman  history,  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  foundation  of  the  em- 
pire. Brander  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  a  curator  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  one  of  the  first  supporters  of  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts.  While 
he  lived  in  London  in  partnership  with  Mr. 
Spalding,  his  library  and  pictures  narrowly  es- 
caped the  flames  which  destroyed  their  house 
in  White  Lion  Court,  Cornhill,  on  7  Nov.  1766. 
Thence  he  removed  to  Westminster,  and  at 
length  into  Hampshire,  where  he  purchased 
the  site  of  the  old  priory  at  Christchurch. 
Having  completed  his  villa  and  gardens  in 
this  beautiful  spot,  he  married,  in  1780,  Eliza- 
beth, widow  of  John  Lloyd,  vice-admiral  of 
the  blue,  daughter  of  Mr.  Gulston  of  Widdial, 
Hertfordshire.  In  the  winter  of  1786  he  had 
just  completed  the  purchase  of  a  house  in 
St.  Alban's  Street,  London,  when  he  was 
seized  with  an  illness  which  carried  him  off 
on  21  Jan.  1787. 

To  him  the  British  Museum  is  indebted 
for  a  collection  of  fossils  found  in  the  cliffs 
about  Christchurch  and  the  coast  of  Hamp- 


shire. Copper-plate  engravings  of  them,  ex- 
ecuted by  Green,  and  accompanied  by  a 
scientific  Latin  description  by  Dr.  Solander, 
were  published  in  a  volume  entitled  *  Fossilia 
Hantoniensia  collecta,  et  in  Museo  Britan- 
nico  deposita,  a  Gustavo  Brander,'  1766. 
Brander  communicated  an  account  of  the 
effect  of  lightning  on  the  Danish  church  in 
Wellclose  Square  to  the  'Philosophical Trans- 
actions '  (xliv.  298)  ;  and  from  a  manuscript 
in  his  possession  Dr.  Pegge  printed  in  1780, 
for  private  circulation, '  The  Forme  of  Cury. 
A  Roll  of  antient  English  Cookery,  compiled 
about  the  year  1390.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  vi.  260  and  index; 
Addit.  MS.  29533,  f.  55  ;  Ayscough's  Cat.  of  the 
Sloane  and  Birch  MSS.  743,  908.]  T.  C. 

BRANDON,  CHARLES,  DUKE  or  SUF- 
FOLK (d.  1545),  was  the  son  and  heir  of  Wil- 
liam Brandon,  who  was  Henry  VII's  standard- 
bearer  at  Bosworth  Field,  and  was  on  that 
account  singled  out  by  Richard  III,  and 
killed  by  him  in  personal  encounter.  This 
William,  who  with  his  brother  Thomas  had 
come  with  Henry  out  of  Brittany,  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  a  knight,  though  called 
Sir  William  by  Hall  the  chronicler,  and  thus 
some  confusion  has  arisen  between  him  and 
his  father,  Sir  William  Brandon,  who  sur- 
vived him. 

It  is  quite  uncertain  when  Charles  Brandon 
was  born,  except  that  (unless  he  was  a  posthu- 
mous child)  it  must  of  course  have  been  before 
the  battle  of  Bosworth.  It  is  not  likely,  how- 
ever, to  have  been  many  years  earlier.  No 
mention  of  him  has  been  found  before  the 
accession  of  Henry  VIII,  with  whom  he 
appears  to  have  been  a  favourite  from  the 
first.  In  personal  qualities,  indeed,  he  was 
not  unlike  his  sovereign  ;  tall,  sturdy,  and  va- 
liant, with  rather  a  tendency  to  corpulence, 
and  also  with  a  strong  animal  nature,  not 
very  much  restrained  at  any  time  by  conside- 
rations of  morality,  delicacy,  or  gratitude. 
In  1509,  the  first  year  of  Henry's  reign,  he 
was  squire  of  the  royal  body,  and  was  ap- 
pointed chamberlain  of  the  principality  of 
North  Wales  (Calendar  of  Henry  VIII,  i. 
695).  On  6  Feb.  1510  he  was  made  marshal 
of  the  king's  bench,  in  the  room  of  his  uncle, 
Sir  Thomas  Brandon  [q.  v.],  recently  deceased 
(ib.  859).  On  23  Nov.  1511  the  office  of  mar- 
shal of  the  royal  household  was  granted  to 
him  and  Sir  John  Care  we  in  survivorship  (ib. 
1989).  On  29  March  1512  he  was  appointed 
keeper  of  the  royal  manor  and  park  of  Wan- 
stead,  and  on  2  May  following  ranger  of  the 
New  Forest  (ib.  3103,  3176).  By  this  time 
he  was  no  longer  esquire,  but  knight  of  the 
royal  body.  On  3  Dec.  the  same  year  he  re- 


Brandon 


219 


Brandon 


ceived  a  grant  of  the  wardship  of  Elizabeth, 
daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  John  Grey,  vis- 
count Lisle  (ib.  3561),  of  which  he  very  soon 
took  advantage  in  a  rather  questionable  way, 
by  making  a  contract  of  marriage  with  her ; 
and  next  year,  on  15  May,  he  was  created 
Viscount  Lisle,  with  succession  to  the  heirs 
male  of  himself  and  Elizabeth  Grey,  vis- 
countess Lisle,  his  wife,  as  she  is  called  in 
the  patent  (ib.  4072).  But  in  point  of  fact 
she  was  not  his  wife,  for  when  she  came  of 
age  she  refused  to  marry  him,  and  the  patent 
was  cancelled. 

Other  grants  he  continued  to  receive  in 
abundance ;  stewardships  of  various  lands  in 
Warwickshire  or  in  Wales,  either  tempora- 
rily or  permanently  in  the  hands  of  the  crown 
(ib.  3841,  3880,  3920-1).  But  his  first  con- 
spicuous actions  were  in  the  year  1513,  when, 
under  the  title  of  Lord  Lisle,  he  was  appointed 
marshal  of  the  army  that  went  over  to  invade 
France.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
operations  against  Terouenne,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Tournay  he  first  of  all  obtained  pos- 
session of  one  of  the  city  gates  (ib.  4459). 
While  before  Terouenne  he  sent  a  message 
to  Margaret  of  Savoy,  the  regent  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, through  her  agent  in  the  camp 
Philippe  de  Br6gilles,  who,  in  communicating 
it,  said  he  was  aware  that  Brandon  was  a 
second  king,  and  he  advised  her  to  write  to  him 
a  kind  letter,  '  for  it  is  he,'  wrote  BrSgilles, 
'  who  does  and  undoes '  (ib.  4405).  Early  in 
the  following  year  (1514)  the  king  deter- 
mined to  send  him  to  Margaret  to  arrange 
about  a  new  campaign  (ib.  4736,  4831).  On 
1  Feb.  he  was  created  Duke  of  Suffolk,  and, 
adorned  with  that  new  title,  he  went  over  to 
the  Low  Countries.  On  4  March  Henry  VIII 
wrote  to  Margaret's  father,  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian, that  a  report  had  reached  England 
that  Suffolk  was  to  marry  his  daughter,  at 
which  the  king  affected  to  be  extremely  dis- 
pleased. Henry  pretended  that  the  rumour 
had  been  got  up  to  create  differences  between 
them.  In  point  of  fact  Henry  was  not  only 
fully  cognisant  of  Suffolk's  aspirations,  but 
had  already  pleaded  his  favourite's  cause  with 
Margaret  personally  at  Tournay;  and  this 
notwithstanding  the  engagement  he  was  still 
under  to  Lady  Lisle.  Some  curious  flirtation 
scenes  had  actually  taken  place  between  them 
at  Lille,  of  which  Margaret  seems  afterwards 
to  have  drawn  up  a  report  in  her  own  hand 
(ib.  4850-1). 

In  October  following,  immediately  after 
the  marriage  of  Louis  XII  to  Henry  VIII's 
sister  Mary,  Suffolk  was  sent  over  to  France 
to  witness  the  new  queen's  coronation  at  St. 
Denis,  and  to  take  part  in  the  jousts  to  be 
held  at  Paris  in  honour  of  the  event.  This 


at  least  seemed  to  be  the  principal  object  of 
his  mission,  and  as  regards  the  tourney  he 
certainly  acquitted  himself  well,  overthrowing 
his  opponent,  horse  and  man.  But  another 
object  was  to  make  some  arrangements  for  a 
personal  interview  between  the  English  and 
French  kings  in  the  following  spring  (ib. 
5560),  and  also  to  convey  a  still  more  secret 
proposal  for  expelling  Ferdinand  of  Arragon 
from  Navarre  (ib.  5637) ;  both  which  projects 
were  nipped  in  the  bud  by  the  death  of 
Louis  XII  on  1  Jan.  following. 

When  the  news  of  this  event  reached  Eng- 
land, it  was  determined  at  once  to  send  an 
embassy  to  the  young  king,  Francis  I,  who 
had  just  succeeded  to  the  throne ;  and  Suffolk, 
who  had  not  long  returned  from  France,  was 
appointed  the  principal  ambassador.  They  had 
a  formal  audience  of  the  king  at  Noyon  on 
2  Feb.,  after  which  Francis  sent  for  the  duke 
to  see  him  in  private,  and  to  his  consternation 
said  to  him,  '  My  lord  of  Suffolk,  there  is  a 
bruit  in  this  my  realm  that  you  are  come  to 
marry  with  the  queen,  your  master's  sister.' 
Suffolk  in  vain  attempted  to  deny  the  charge, 
for  Francis  had  extracted  the  confession  from 
Mary  herself — by  what  dishonourable  over- 
tures we  need  not  inquire — and  Francis,  to 
put  him  at  his  ease,  promised  to  write  to 
Henry  in  his  favour.  The  truth  was  that 
Henry  himself  secretly  favoured  the  project, 
and  only  wished  for  some  such  letter  from 
Francis  to  make  it  more  acceptable  to  the  old 
nobility,  who  regarded  Suffolk  as  an  upstart. 
Wolsey,  too,  then  at  the  commencement  of 
his  career  as  a  statesman,  was  doing  his  best 
to  smooth  down  all  obstacles.  But  the  pre- 
cipitancy of  the  two  lovers  nearly  forfeited 
all  their  advantages.  Mary  was  by  no  means 
satisfied  that,  although  Henry  favoured  her 
wishes  to  some  extent,  he  might  not  be  in- 
duced by  his  council  to  break  faith  with  her 
and  sacrifice  her  to  political  considerations 
again.  Suffolk's  discretion  was  not  able  to 
subdue  his  own  ardour  and  hers  as  well,  and 
they  were  secretly  married  at  Paris. 

So  daring  and  presumptuous  an  act  on  the 
part  of  an  upstart  nobleman  was  not  easily 
forgiven.  Many  of  the  king's  council  would 
have  put  Suffolk  to  death  ;  the  king  himself 
was  extremely  displeased.  But  there  was  a 
way  of  mitigating  the  king's  displeasure  to 
some  extent,  and  the  king  was  satisfied  in  the 
end  with  the  gift  of  Mary's  plate  and  jewels 
and  a  bond  of  24,000£,  to  repay  by  yearly 
instalments  the  expenses  the  king  had  in- 
curred for  her  marriage  with  Louis.  Suffolk 
and  his  wife — the  French  queen  as  she  was 
continually  called — lived  for  a  time  in  com- 
parative retirement  as  persons  under  a  cloud  ; 
but  after  a  while  they  were  seen  more  fre- 


Brandon 


220 


Brandon 


quently  at  court,  and  Suffolk  rose  again  into 
favour.  But  the  most  marvellous  thing  is  that 
he  should  have  escaped  so  easily  when  other 
circumstances  are  taken  into  account,  to  which 
little  or  no  allusion  seems  to  have  been  made 
at  the  time,  even  by  his  enemies.  Either  the 
facts  were  unknown,  or,  what  is  more  probable, 
they  were  not  severely  censured  by  the  spirit 
of  the  times.  Whatever  be  the  explanation,  it 
is  certain  that  Suffolk  when  he  married  Mary 
had  already  had  two  wives,  and  that  the  first 
was  still  alive.  Some  years  later  he  applied 
to  Clement  VII  for  a  bull  to  remove  all  ob- 
jections to  the  validity  of  his  marriage  with 
Mary,  and  from  the  statements  in  this  docu- 
ment it  appears  that  his  early  history  was  as 
follows  :  As  a  young  man  during  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII  he  had  made  a  contract  of  mar- 
riage with  a  certain  Ann  Brown ;  but  before 
marrying  her  he  obtained  a  dispensation  and 
married  a  widow  named  Margaret  Mortymer, 
alias  Brandon,  who  lived  in  the  diocese  of 
London.  Some  time  afterwards  he  separated 
from  her,  and  obtained  from  a  church  court 
a  declaration  of  the  invalidity  of  the  marriage, 
on  the  grounds,  first,  that  he  and  his  wife 
were  in  the  second  and  third  degrees  of  af- 
finity ;  secondly,  that  his  wife  and  his  first 
betrothed  were  within  the  prohibited  degrees 
of  consanguinity ;  and  thirdly,  that  he  was 
first  cousin  once  removed  of  his  wife's  former 
husband.  These  grounds  being  held  suffi- 
cient to  annul  the  marriage,  he  actually  mar- 
ried the  lady  to  whom  he  had  been  betrothed, 
Ann  Brown,  and  had  by  her  a  daughter, 
whom,  after  his  marriage  with  Mary,  he  for 
some  time  placed  under  the  care  of  his  other 
love,  Margaret  of  Savoy.  Years  afterwards 
the  bull  of  Clement  was  required  to  defeat 
any  attempt  on  the  part  of  Margaret  Mor- 
tymer to  call  in  question  either  of  his  succeed- 
ing marriages.  When  all  this  is  considered, 
together  with  the  fact  that  he  had  the  same 
entanglements  even  at  the  time  he  proposed 
to  make  Lady  Lisle  his  wife,  we  can  under- 
stand pretty  well  what  a  feeble  bond  matri- 
mony was  then  considered  to  be.  .Suffolk's 
father  had  been  a  grossly  licentious  man  (Pas- 
ton  Letters,  iii.  235).  So  were  most  of 
Henry  VIII's  courtiers,  and  so,  we  need  not 
say,  was  Henry  himself.  The  laxity  of  Suf- 
folk's morality  was  certainly  no  bar  to  his 
progress  in  the  king's  favour.  He  went  with 
Henry  in  1520  to  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of 
Gold.  He  was  one  of  the  peers  who  sat  in 
the  year  following  as  judges  upon  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  In  1 522,  when  Charles  V  visited 
England,  he  received  both  the  king  and  the 
emperor  at  his  house  in  Southwark,  and  they 
dined  and  hunted  with  him.  In  1523  he 
commanded  the  army  which  invaded  France. 


From  Calais  he  passed  through  Picardy,  took 
Ancre  and  Bray,  and  crossed  the  Somme, 
meeting  with  little  resistance.  His  progress 
created  serious  alarm  at  Paris  ;  but  the  end 
of  the  campaign  was  disgraceful.  As  winter 
came  on,  the  troops  suffered  severely.  Suf- 
folk, though  brave  and  valiant,  was  no  general, 
and  he  actually,  without  waiting  for  orders, 
allowed  them  to  disband  and  return  home. 

On  the  arrival  of  Cardinal  Campeggio  in 
England  in  1528,  Suffolk's  house  in  the  suburbs 
(probably  the  house  in  Southwark  already 
mentioned)  was  assigned  him  as  a  temporary 
lodging.  Suffolk  undoubtedly  was  heartily 
devoted  to  the  object  for  which  Campeggio 
came,  or  was  supposed  to  come — the  king's 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon.  Nor  did 
he  scruple  to  insinuate  that  it  was  another 
cardinal,  his  old  benefactor  Wolsey,  who  was 
the  real  obstacle  to  the  gratification  of  the 
king's  wishes.  With  an  ingratitude  which 
shrank  from  no  degree  of  baseness  he  had  been 
carefully  nourishing  the  suspicions  entertained 
by  the  king  of  his  old  minister  upon  this  subject, 
and  being  sent  to  France  in  embassy  while  the 
divorce  cause  was  before  the  legates,  he  ac- 
tually inquired  of  the  French  king  whether 
he  could  not  give  evidence  to  the  same  effect. 
So  also,  being  present  when  Campeggio  ad- 
journed the  legatine  court  in  England  from 
July  to  October,  and  probably  when  everyone 
was  convinced  even  at  that  date  that  it  would 
not  sit  again,  Suffolk,  according  to  the  graphic 
account  in  Hall,  '  gave  a  great  clap  on  the 
|  table  with  his  hand,  and  said  :  "  By  the  mass, 
|  now  I  see  that  the  old  said  saw  is  true,  that 
there  was  never  legate  nor  cardinal  that  did 
good  in  England  ! "  '  But  Hall  does  not  give 
us  the  conclusion  of  the  story,  which  is  sup- 
plied by  Cavendish.  '  Sir,'  said  Wolsey  to 
the  duke  in  answer,  '  of  all  men  in  this  realm 
ye  have  least  cause  to  dispraise  or  be  offended 
with  cardinals  ;  for  if  I,  simple  cardinal,  had 
not  been,  you  should  have  had  at  this  present 
no  head  upon  your  shoulders  wherein  you 
should  have  had  a  tongue  to  make  any  such 
report  in  despite  of  us,  who  intend  you  no 
manner  of  displeasure.'  And  after  some  al- 
lusions, of  which  Suffolk  well  understood  the 
meaning,  he  concluded :  'Wherefore,  my  lord, 
hold  your  peace  and  frame  your  tongue  like 
a  man  of  honour  and  wisdom,  and  speak  not  so 
quickly  and  so  reproachfully  by  your  friends  ; 
for  ye  know  best  what  friendship  ye  have  re- 
ceived at  my  hands,  the  which  I  yet  never 
revealed  to  no  person  alive  before  now,  neither 
to  my  glory  ne  to  your  dishonour.' 

But  Suffolk  rose  upon  Wolsey's  fall.  The 
old  nobility,  which  had  once  been  jealous  both 
of  him  and  Wolsey  as  upstarts  promoted  by 
the  king,  had  now  freer  access  to  the  council 


Brandon 


221 


Brandon 


board,  at  which  Suffolk  took  a  position  second 
only  to  that  of  Norfolk.  The  readers  of 
Shakespeare  know  how  he  and  Norfolk  went 
together  from  the  king  to  demand  the  great 
seal  from  Wolsey  without  any  commission 
in  writing.  The  fact  is  derived  from  Caven- 
dish, who  tells  us  that  they  endeavoured  to 
extort  its  surrender  to  them  by  threats ;  but 
Wolsey's  refusal  compelled  them  to  go  back 
to  the  king  at  Windsor  and  procure  the 
written  warrant  that  he  required.  Soon 
after  this  (1  Dec.  1529)  we  find  Suffolk 
signing,  along  with  the  other  lords,  the  bill 
of  articles  drawn  up  against  Wolsey  in  par- 
liament, and  a  few  months  later  he  signed 
with  the  other  lords  a  letter  to  the  pope,  to 
warn  him  of  the  dangers  of  delaying  to  accede 
to  Henry  VIII's  wishes  for  a  divorce. 

In  1532  Suffolk  was  one  of  the  noblemen 
who  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  Calais  to 
the  new  meeting  between  him  and  Francis  I. 
This  was  designed  to  show  the  world  the  en- 
tire cordiality  of  the  two  kings,  who  became 
in  turn  each  other's  guests  at  Calais  and  Bou- 
logne, and  at  the  latter  place,  on  25  Oct.,  the 
Dukes  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  were  elected 
and  received  into  the  order  of  St.  Michael  at 
a  chapter  called  by  Francis  for  the  purpose. 
In  the  beginning  of  April  1533  he  was  sent 
with  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  to  Queen  Cathe- 
rine, to  tell  her  that  the  king  had  now  mar- 
ried Anne  Boleyn,  and  that  she  must  not 
pretend  to  the  name  of  queen  any  longer. 
Not  long  afterwards  he  was  appointed  high 
steward  for  the  day  at  the  coronation  of 
Anne  Boleyn.  On  24  June,  little  more  than 
three  weeks  later,  his  wife,  'the  French 
queen,'  died ;  and  after  the  fashion  of  the 
times  he  immediately  repaired  his  loss  by 
marrying,  early  in  September,  Katharine, 
daughter  of  the  widowed  Lady  Willoughby, 
an  heiress,  whose  wardship  had  been  granted 
to  him  four  years  before  (Calendar  of  Henry 
VIII,  iv.  5336  (12),  vi.  1069).  That  same 
month  he  was  present  at  the  christening  of 
the  Princess  Elizabeth  at  Greenwich.  At  the 
close  of  the  year  he  was  sent,  along  with  the 
Earl  of  Sussex  and  some  others,  to  Buckden, 
where  the  divorced  Queen  Catherine  was 
staying,  to  execute  a  commission  which,  it  is 
somewhat  to  his  credit  to  say,  he  himself  re- 
garded with  dislike.  They  were  to  dismiss 
the  greater  part  of  Catherine's  household, 
imprison  those  of  her  servants  who  refused 
to  be  sworn  to  her  anew  as  'Princess  of 
Wales '  and  no  longer  queen,  and  make  her 
remove  to  a  less  healthy  situation — Somers- 
ham,  in  the  Isle  of  Ely.  He  and  the  others 
did  their  best,  or  rather  their  worst,  to  fulfil 
their  instructions ;  but  they  did  not  give  the 
king  satisfaction.  They  deprived  Catherine 


of  almost  all  her  servants,  but  though  they 
remained  six  days  they  did  not  succeed  in  re- 
moving her.  Suffolk  himself,  as  he  declared 
to  his  mother-in-law,  devoutly  wished  before 
setting  out  that  some  accident  might  happen 
to  him  to  excuse  him  from  carrying  out  the 
king's  instructions  (ib.  vi.  1541-3, 1508,1571). 

In  1534  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  to  take  the  oaths  of  the  people  in 
accordance  with  the  new  Act  of  Succession, 
binding  them  to  accept  the  issue  of  Anne 
Boleyn  as  their  future  sovereigns  (ib.  vii.  392). 
Later  in  the  year  he  was  appointed  warden 
and  chief  justice  of  all  the  royal  forests  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Trent  (ib.  1498  (37)  ). 
But  his  next  conspicuous  employment  was  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  year  1536,  when  he  was 
sent  against  the  rebels  of  Lincolnshire  and 
afterwards  of  Yorkshire,  whom,  however,  he 
did  not  subdue  by  force  of  arms,  but  rather 
by  a  message  of  pardon  from  the  king,  who 
promised  at  that  time  to  hear  their  grievances, 
though  he  shamefully  broke  faith  with  them 
afterwards.  Within  the  next '  two  or  three 
years  took  place  the  suppression  of  the  greater 
monasteries,  and  Suffolk  got  a  large  share  of 
the  abbey  lands.  It  is  curious  that  he  ob- 
tained livery  of  his  wife's  inheritance  only  in 
the  thirty-second  year  of  Henry  VIII,  seven 
years  after  he  had  married  her ;  but  the  grant 
seems  to  apply  mainly  to  reversionary  inte- 
rests on  her  mother's  death. 

For  some  years  after  the  rebellion  he  took 
no  important  part  in  public  affairs.  He  was 
present  at  the  christening  of  the  young  prince, 
afterwards  Edward  VI, .and  at  the  burning 
of  the  Welsh  image  called  Darvell  Gadarn, 
in  Smithfield.  He  was  a  spectator  of  the 
great  muster  in  London  in  1539,  and  was  one 
of  the  judges  who  tried  the  accomplices  of 
Catherine  Howard  in  1541.  On  10  Feb.  1542 
he  and  others  conveyed  that  unhappy  queen 
by  water  from  Sion  House  to  the  Tower  of 
London  prior  to  her  execution.  That  same 
year  he  was  appointed  warden  of  the  marches 
against  Scotland  (  Undated  Commission  on  the 
Patent  Rolls,  34  Hen.  VIII).  In  1544,  the 
king  being  then  in  alliance  with  the  emperor 
against  France,  Suffolk  was  again  put  in  com- 
mand of  an  invading  army.  He  made  his 
will  on  20  June  before  crossing  the  sea.  He 
was  then  great  master  or  steward  of  the  king's 
household,  an  office  he  had  filled  for  some 
years  previously.  He  crossed,  and  on  19  July 
sat  down  before  Boulogne,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  town.  After  several  skirmishes  he  ob- 
tained possession  of  a  fortress  called  the  Old 
Man,  and  afterwards  of  the  lower  town,  called 
Basse  Boulogne.  The  king  afterwards  came 
in  person  and  encamped  on  the  north  side  of 
the  town,  which,  being  terribly  battered,  after 


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222 


Brandon 


a  time  surrendered,  and  the  Duke  of  Suffolk 
rode  into  it  in  triumph. 

Early  next  year  (1545)  he  sat  at  Baynard's 
Castle  in  London  on  a  commission  for  a  '  be- 
nevolence '  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  king's 
wars  in  France  and  Scotland.  On  St.  George's 
day  he  stood  as  second  godfather  to  the  infant 
Henry  Wriothesley,  afterwards  Earl  of  South- 
ampton, the  father  of  Shakespeare's  friend ; 
but  he  was  now  near  his  end.  On  24  Aug.  he 
died  at  Guildford.  In  his  will  he  had  desired 
to  be  buried  at  Tattershall  in  Lincolnshire ; 
but  the  king  caused  him  to  be  buried  at 
Windsor  at  his  own  charge. 

[Besides  the  Calendar  above  mentioned  the 
original  authorities  are  Hall  and  Wriothesley's 
Chronicles,  Cavendish's  Life  of  Wolsey,  and  Dug- 
dale's  Peerage  and  the  documentary  authorities 
there  referred  to.]  J.  Gr. 

BRANDON,  HENRY  (1535-1551)  and 
CHARLES  (1537  P-1551),  DUKES  OF  SUF- 
FOLK, were  the  sons  of  Charles,  duke  of  Suf- 
folk fq.  v.],  by  his  last  wife,  Katharine  Wil- 
loughby.  Henry  was  born  on  18  Sept.  1535, 
and  Charles,  the  younger,  probably  two  years 
later.  The  date'in  the  former  case  is  fixed 
by  the  inquisitio  post  mortem  held  after  the 
father's  death  (1545).  Henry  succeeded  to 
the  dukedom,  and  held  it  for  nearly  six  years. 
Their  mother  seems  to  have  been  very  careful 
of  their  education,  and  appointed  Thomas  Wil- 
son, afterwards  the  celebrated  Sir  Thomas, 
secretary  of  state  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  their 
tutor.  The  elder,  Henry,  was  then  sent  to 
be  educated  with  Prince  Edward,  afterwards 
King  Edward  VI,  by  Sir  J  ohn  Cheke.  In  1 550 
we  find  Henry  named  as  a  hostage  on  the  peace 
with  France  (RYMEE,  xv.  214)  ;  but  he  does 
not  seem  to  have  been  required  to  go  thither. 
By  this  time  he  and  his  brother  were  pur- 
suing their  studies  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  place,  after  the  sweating 
sickness  broke  out  in  July  1551,  they  were 
hastily  removed  to  the  bishop  of  Lincoln's 
palace  at  Buckden  in  Huntingdonshire  ;  but 
there  they  both  caught  the  infection  and  died 
in  one  day,  1 6  July.  As  the  younger  survived 
the  elder  for  about  half  an  hour,  they  were  both 
considered  to  have  been  dukes  of  Suffolk ;  and 
their  fate  made  a  remarkable  impression  on 
the  world  at  the  time.  They  seem  to  have 
attained  to  a  wonderful  proficiency  in  learn- 
ing, and  a  brief  memoir  of  the  two — a  work 
now  of  extreme  rarity — published  the  same 
year  by  their  old  tutor,  Wilson,  contains 
epistles,  epitaphs,  and  other  tributes  to  their 
praise  from  Walter  Haddon  and  other  learned 
men  both  of  Cambridge  and  of  Oxford.  Of 
the  elder  it  was  said  by  Peter  Martyr  that 
he  was  the  most  promising  youth  of  bis  day, 


except   King  Edward.     Their  portraits  by 
Holbein  were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi. 

[Vita  etobitus  duorumfratruniSuffolcensium, 
1551  ;  Machyn's  Diary,  8,  318;  Dugdale's  Ba- 
ronage ;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantabrigienses,  i. 
105,  541 ;  Original  Letters  (Parker  Soc.),  ii.  496.1 

J.  GK 

BRANDON,  JOHN  (/.  1687),  divine, 
son  of  Charles  Brandon,  a  doctor  of  Maiden- 
head, was  apparently  born  at  Bray,  near  that 
town,  about  1644.  He  entered  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  as  a  commoner  on  15  Feb.  1661-2, 
and  proceeded  B.A.  on  11  Nov.  1665.  Wood 
says  that  '  he  entertained  "for  some  time  cer- 
tain heterodox  opinions,  but  afterwards  being 
orthodox,'  took  holy  orders.  He  became  rec- 
tor of  Finchamstead,  and  for  some  years 
preached  a  weekly  lecture  on  Tuesdays  at 
Reading.  He  was  the  author  of  '  To  irvp  TO 
altoviov,  or  Everlasting  Fire  no  Fancy ;  being 
an  answer  to  a  late  Pamphlet  entit.  "The 
Foundations  of  Hell-Torments  shaken  and  re- 
moved,"' London,  1678.  The  book  was  dedi- 
cated to  Henry,  earl  of  Starlin,  from  'War- 
grave  (Berks),  20  July  1676.'  The  pamphlet 
to  which  Brandon  replied  here  was  '  The  Tor- 
ments of  Hell '  (London,  1658),  by  an  ana- 
baptist, named  Samuel  Richardson.  Nicholas 
Chewney  had  anticipated  Brandon  in  answer- 
ing the  work  in  1660.  Brandon  also  pub- 
lished, besides  a  number  of  sermons, '  Happi- 
ness at  Hand,  or  a  plain  and  practical  dis- 
course of  the  Joy  of  just  men's  souls  in  the 
State  of  Separation  from  the  Body,'  London, 
1687.  This  was  dedicated  to  Dr.  Robert 
Woodward,  chancellor  of  the  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury's court. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  iv.  505;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRANDON,  JOHN  RAPHAEL  (1817- 
1877),  architect,  and  joint  author  with  his 
brother,  Joshua  Arthur  Brandon,  of  several 
architectural  works,  received  his  early  pro- 
fessional training  from  Mr.  W.  Parkinson, 
architect,  to  whom  he  was  articled  in  1836. 
Although  fairly  successful  in  private  practice, 
which  he  carried  on  along  with  his  brother 
at  Beaufort  Buildings,  Strand,  the  brothers 
Brandon  are  best  known  as  authors.  They 
were  both  ardent  students  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture, and  directed  their  studies  entirely  to 
English  examples.  The  result  of  their  labours 
is  a  series  of  three  works  ably  illustrative  of 
the  purest  specimens  of  Early  English  eccle- 
siastical architecture.  The  most  important 
of  these  is  their  work  on  '  Parish  Churches ' 
(Lond.  1848),  which  consists  of  a  series  of 
perspective  views  of  sixty-three  churches  se- 
lected from  most  of  the  counties  of  England, 


Brandon 


223 


Brandon 


accompanied  by  plans  of  each  drawn  to  a 
uniform  scale  and  a  short  letterpress  descrip- 
tion. It  was  first  published  in  parts  between 
March  1846  and  December  1847.  The  work 
is  a  faithful  record  of  antiquities  which  few 
can  visit  for  themselves.  Their  'Analysis 
of  Gothic  Architecture'  (London,  1847), 
which  the  authors  say  aims  at  being  a  prac- 
tical rather  than  an  historical  work  on  Eng- 
lish church  architecture,  consists  of  a  col- 
lection of  upwards  of  700  examples  of  doors, 
windows,  and  other  details  of  existing  eccle- 
siastical architecture  industriously  compiled 
from  actual  measurements  taken  from  little 
known  parish  churches  throughout  the  coun- 
try, with  illustrative  remarks  on  the  various 
classes  of  items.  The  last  of  the  series,  and 
probably  the  most  useful  to  the  profession,  is  j 
their l  Open  Timber  Roofs  of  the  Middle  Ages ' 
(London,  1849),  a  collection  of  perspective  [ 
and  geometric  and  detail  drawings  of  thirty-  j 
five  of  the  best  roofs  found  in  different  parish 
churches  in  eleven  different  English  counties, 
with  an  introduction  containing  some  useful 
hints  and  information  as  to  the  timber  roofing 
of  the  middle  ages.  The  drawings  given 
show  at  a  glance  the  form  and  principle  of 
construction  of  each  roof,  and  the  letterpress 
proves  how  fully  the  authors  appreciated  the 
spirit  of  the  mediaeval  builders.  The  work 
'  serves  the  one  useful  and  necessary  purpose 
of  showing  practically  and  constructively 
what  the  builders  of  the  middle  ages  really 
did  with  the  materials  they  had  at  hand,  and 
how  all  those  materials,  whatever  they  were, 
were  made  to  harmonise'  (Builder,  xxxv. 
1051).  Of  Brandon's  original  professional 
labours  the  best  known  are  the  large  church 
in  Gordon  Square,  London,  executed  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Ritchie  for  the  members 
of  the  catholic  apostolic  church ;  the  small 
church  of  St.  Peter's  in  Great  Windmill 
Street,  close  to  the  Haymarket ;  and  a  third 
in  Knightsbridge,  unfortunately  not  favour- 
ably situated  for  architectural  display.  In 
these  he  faithfully  endeavoured  to  carry  out 
the  mediaeval  spirit  and  mode  of  work,  and 
no  doubt  in  the  first  case  he  has  to  a  great 
extent  succeeded.  But  he  failed  to  become 
a  successful  architect.  His  temperament  was 
over-sensitive,  and  he  latterly  fell  into  ex- 
treme mental  dejection ;  on  8  Oct.  1877  he 
committed  suicide  by  shooting  himself  in  his 
chambers,  17  Clement's  Inn.  His  wife  and 
one  child  predeceased  him. 

BRANDON,  JOSHUA  ARTHUR  (1802-1847), 
architect  and  joint  author  with  his  brother, 
John  Raphael  Brandon,  prosecuted  his  pro- 
fession with  zeal  and  ability,  and  had  before 
his  early  death  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  at- 
tained what  promised  to  become  a  consider- 


able practice,  particularly  in  church  archi- 
tecture, for  which  his  studies  along  with  his 
brother  and  the  fame  of  their  joint  publica- 
tions so  well  fitted  him.  The  'brothers  were 
most  intimately  associated  in  their  profes- 
sional studies  and  labours,  and  their  names 
cannot  be  separated. 

[Builder,  vol.  v.  1847,  xxxv.  1041  and  1051; 
Times,  12  Oct.  1877,]  G-.  W.  B. 

BRANDON,  RICHARD  (d.  1649),  exe- 
cutioner of  Charles  I,  was  the  son  of  Gregory 
Brandon,  common  hangman  of  London  in 
the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  the  successor  of  Derrick.  Anstis  tells 
the  story  that  Sir  William  Segar,  Garter  king 
of  arms,  ignorant  of  the  elder  Brandon's 
occupation,  was  led  by  Ralph  Brooke,  York 
herald,  to  grant  him  a  coat  of  arms  in  De- 
cember 1616  (Register  of  the  Garter,  ii.  399). 
Both  father  and  son  were  notorious  charac- 
ters in  London,  the  former  being  commonly 
called  '  Gregory,'  and  the  latter '  Young  Gre- 
gory,' on  account  of  the  elder  Brandon's  long 
tenure  of  office.  From  an  early  age  '  Young 
Gregory '  is  said  to  have  prepared  himself  for 
his  calling  by  decapitating  cats  and  dogs. 
He  succeeded  his  father  shortly  before  1640 
(Old  Newes  Newly  Revived,  1640).  In  1641 
he  was  a  prisoner  in  Newgate  on  a  charge  of 
bigamy,  from  which  he  seems  to  have  cleared 
himself  (The  Organ's  Eccho,  1641).  He  was 
the  executioner  of  Straffbrd  (12  May  1641) 
and  of  Laud  (10  Jan.  1644-5)  (cf.  Canter- 
bury's Will,  1641).  Brandon  asserted,  after 
judgment  had  been  passed  on  Charles  I 
(27  Jan.  1648-9),  that  he  would  not  carry 
out  the  sentence.  On  30  Jan.,  however,  he 
was  '  fetched  out  of  bed  by  a  troop  of  horse,' 
and  decapitated  the  king.  He  <  received 
30  pounds  for  his  pains,  all  paid  in  half- 
crowns,  within  an  hour  after  the  blow  was 
given,'  and  obtained  an  orange  '  stuck  full  of 
cloves '  and  a  handkerchief  out  of  the  king's 
pocket ;  he  ultimately  sold  the  orange  for 
10*.  in  Rosemary  Lane,  where  he  lived.  He 
executed  the  Earl  of  Holland,  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton,  and  Lord  Capel  in  the  following 
March,  with  the  same  axe  as  he  had  used  on 
the  king,  suffered  much  from  remorse,  died 
on  20  June  1 649,  and  was  buried  the  next  day 
in  Whitechapel  churchyard.  On  15  Oct. 
1660  William  Hulett,  or  Hewlett,  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  having  been  Charles's 
executioner;  bnt  three  witnesses  asserted 
positively  that  Brandon  was  the  guilty  per- 
son, and  their  statement  is  corroborated  by 
three  tracts,  published  at  the  time  of  Bran- 
don's death— i  The  Last  Will  and  Testament 
of  Richard  Brandon,  Esquire,  headsman  and 
hangman  to  the  Pretended  Parliament,'  1649 ; 


Brandon 


224 


Brandreth 


'  The  Confession  of  Richard  Brandon,  the 
Hangman,'  1649  ;  '  A  Dialogue,  or  a  Dispute 
between  the  Late  Hangman  and  Death,'  1649. 
Other  persons  who  have  been  credited  with 
executing  Charles  I  are  the  Earl  of  Stair 
(HoNE,  Sixty  Curious  Narratives,  pp.  138- 
140),  Lieutenant-colonel  Joyce  (LiLLT,  Life 
and  Times},  and  Henry  Porter  (Cal.  State 
Papers,  Dom.  29  April  1663 ;  Lords1  Journal, 
xi.  104),  but  all  the  evidence  points  to  Bran- 
don as  the  real  culprit.  Very  many  references 
to  Brandon  and  his  father  are  met  with  in 
contemporary  dramatic  and  popular  litera- 
ture. 

[Cat.  of  Satirical  Prints  in  Brit.  Mus.,  Div.  I ; 
Ellis's  Orig.  Letters,  2nd  ser.  iii.  340-41  ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  1st  ser.  ii.  v.  vi.,  2nd  ser.  ix.  xi., 
3rd  ser.  vii.s  4th  ser.  iii.,  oth  ser.  v.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRANDON,  SAMUEL  (16th  cent.),  is 

the  author  of  '  The  Tragi-comcedi  of  the  Vir- 
tuous Octavia,'  1598, 12mo.  Concerning  his 
life  no  particulars  whatever  are  preserved.  His 
solitary  play  is  a  work  of  some  merit  and  of 
considerable  value  and  rarity.  The  plot,  taken 
from  the  life  of  Augustus  by  Suetonius,  and 
that  of  Mark  Antony  by  Plutarch,  follows 
to  some  extent  classical  models.  Its  scene 
is  Rome,  and  its  catastrophe  the  death  of 
Mark  Antony.  The  fact  that  at  the  close 
the  heroine,  who  oscillates  between  love  for 
her  husband  and  jealousy  of  Cleopatra,  is  still 
alive,  is  the  excuse  for  calling  it  a  tragi- 
comedy. Weak  in  structure  and  deficient 
in  interest,  the ( Virtuous  Octavia '  has  claims 
to  attention  as  poetry.  It  is  written  in  de- 
casyllabic verse  with  rhymes  to  alternate 
lines,  and  includes  choruses  lyrical  in  form 
and  fairly  spirited.  Two  epistles  between 
Octavia  and  Mark  Antony,  '  in  imitation  of 
Ovid's  style,  but  writ  in  long  Alexandrins ' 
(LANGBAINE,  p.  30,  ed.  1691),  are  added.  These 
epistles  'are  dedicated  to  the  honourable, 
virtuous,  and  excellent  Mrs.  Mary  Thin '  (ib^) 
The  play  itself  is  dedicated  to  Lady  Lucia 
Audelay.  At  the  close  of  the  work  are  the 
Italian  words :  '  L'  acq ua  non  temo  dell'  eterno 
oblio.' 

[Langbaine'sDramaticPoets ;  Baker,  Reed,  and 
Jones's  Biographia  Dramatica ;  Collier's  History 
of  English  Dramatic  Poetry,  1879;  Lowndes's 
Bibliographer's  Manual.]  J.  K. 

BRANDON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1509), 
diplomatist,  was  the  son  of  William  Bran- 
don and  Elizabeth  Wynfyld,  and  uncle  to 
the  celebrated  Charles  Brandon  [q.v.],  duke 
of  Suffolk.  His  family  were  staunch  sup- 
porters of  the  Lancastrian  cause.  His  brother, 
William,  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Bos- 
worth  gallantly  defending  the  standard  of 


Henry  VII.  A  contemporary  manuscript 
speaks  of  Sir  Thomas  as  having  'greatly 
favoured  and  followed  the  party  of  Henry, 
earl  of  Richmond.'  He  married  Anne,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Fiennes,  Lord  Dacre,  and 
widow  of  the  Marquis  of  Berkeley.  She  died 
in  1497  without  issue.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  embassy  charged  with  concluding 
peace  with  France  in  1492,  and  again  in- 
1500  he  formed  one  of  the  suite  which  ac- 
companied Henry  VII  to  Calais  to  meet 
the  Archduke  Philip  of  Austria.  In  1503, 
together  with  Nicholas  West,  subsequently 
bishop  of  Ely,  he  was  entrusted  with  the 
important  mission  of  concluding  a  treaty  with 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  at  Antwerp.  The 
principal  object  of  this  treaty  was  to  induce 
Maximilian  to  withdraw  his  support  from 
Edmund  de  la  Pole,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and 
banish  him  and  the  other  English  rebels 
from  his  dominions.  Other  points  touched 
upon  were  the  treatment  of  Milan  and  the 
question  of  Maximilian  receiving  the  garter. 
Maximilian,  according  to  his  custom,  behaved 
with  much  indecision,  and,  after  solemnly 
ratifying  the  treaty,  allowed  the  English 
ambassadors  to  leave,  'marvailing  of  this 
soden  defection  seyng  divers  matters  as  un- 
determyned.'  On  his  return  to  England, 
Brandon  was  treated  with  much  considera- 
tion by  Henry  VII,  and  we  find  him  holding 
such  offices  as  those  of  master  of  the  king's 
horse,  keeper  of  Freemantill  Park,  and  mar- 
shal of  the  King's  Bench.  He  was  noted 
for  his  prowess  as  a  knight  and  skill  in  mili- 
tary affairs.  In  the  records  of  a  tournament 
held  in  1494  to  celebrate  the  creation  of  the 
king's  second  son  as  knight  of  the  Bath  and 
Duke  of  York,  Thomas  Brandon  is  mentioned 
as  having  distinguished  himself.  For  his 
prowess  in  arms  he  was  made  a  knight  of 
the  Garter.  In  October  1507  he  was  sent 
to  meet  Sir  Balthasar  de  Castiglione,  am- 
bassador to  the  Duke  of  Urbino,  who  came  to 
England  to  receive  the  order  of  the  Garter 
in  his  master's  name.  Brandon  died  in  1509. 
[Add.  MS.  6298 ;  The  Order  of  the  Garter  (Ash-, 
mole),  1672 ;  Anstis's  Order  of  the  Garter,  1724  ; 
Rymer's  Fcedera,  xiii.  35  ;  G-airdner's  Letters  and 
Papers  illustrative  of  the  reigns  of  Rich.  Ill  and 
Henry  VII ;  Collins's  Peerage  of  England,  1812  ; 
Brewer's  Letters  and  Papers,  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic, of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.]  N.  G. 

BRANDRETH,  JEREMIAH,  otherwise 
styled  JEREMIAH  COKE  (d.  1817),  leader  of 
an  attempted  rising  against  the  government 
in  the  midland  counties,  was,  according  to 
three  several  accounts,  a  native  of  Ireland,  of 
Exeter,  and — the  most  probable — of  Wilford, 
Nottingham,  but  nothing  is  known  regarding 
his  parentage  and  very  little  regarding  his 


Brandreth 


225 


Brandreth 


early  life.  For  some  time  he  was  in  the  army, 
but  shortly  before  the  attempted  rising  he 
lived  with  his  wife  and  three  children  at 
Sutton-in-Ashfield,  where  he  was  occupied 
as  a  framework  knitter.  His  striking  per- 
sonal appearance  and  his  daring  and  reckless 
energy  seem  to  have  exercised  an  extraor- 
dinary influence  over  his  associates,  by  whom 
lie  was  known  merely  as  the  '  Nottingham 
Captain.'  In  reality  he  was  the  tool  and 
dupe  of  a  person  of  the  name  of  Oliver,  who 
encouraged  him  to  undertake  his  quixotic 
enterprise,  by  asserting  that  he  was  acting 
in  concert  with  others,  who  were  fomenting 
a  general  insurrection  thoughout  England. 
Acting  on  the  instructions  and  assurances  of 
Oliver,  Brandreth,  on  9  June  1817,  assembled 
about  fifty  associates,  collected  from  adjoin- 
ing districts,  in  Wingfield  Park.  Having 
made  a  number  of  calls  at  farmhouses  for 
guns,  in  the  course  of  which  they  shot  a 
farm-servant  dead,  the  insurgents  were  pro- 
ceeding on  their  march  towards  Nottingham, 
which  they  supposed  was  already  in  the  hands 
•of  their  friends,  when  they  were  suddenly  con- 
fronted by  a  company  of  hussars.  Brandreth 
attempted  to  rally  his  straggling  followers 
to  meet  the  threatened  attack  of  the  cavalry, 
Imt  they  at  once  threw  down  their  arms  and 
iled  in  all  directions.  Brandreth  remained 
in  concealment  till  50/.  was  offered  for  his 
capture,  upon  which  a  friend  betrayed  him 
to  the  government.  He  was  tried  by  a 
special  commission  at  Derby  in  October  fol- 
lowing, and  along  with  two  of  his  associates 
was  executed  at  Nuns  Green,  Derby,  7  Nov. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  about  twenty-five 
years  of  age.  He  refused  to  make  any  con- 
fession or  to  give  any  particulars  regarding 
his  past  life. 

[Button's  Nottingham  Date  Book,  pp.  335-42  • 
Bailey's  Annals  of  Nottingham,  iii.  292-9 ; 
Howell's  State  Trials  (1817),  xxxii.  755-955; 
Trial  of  Jeremiah  Brandreth  for  High  Treason, 
1817  ;  Hunt's  Green  Bag  Plot,  1819 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
Ixxxvii.  pt.  ii.  358-60,  459-62.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRANDRETH,  JOSEPH,  M.D.  (1746- 
1815),  physician,  was  born  at  Ormskirk, 
Lancashire,  in  1746.  After  graduating  M.D. 
at  Edinburgh  in  1770,  where  his  thesis,  '  De 
Febribus  intermittentibus,'  was  published, 
he  exercised  his  profession  in  his  native  town 
until  about  1776,  when  he  succeeded  to  the 
practice  of  Dr.  Matthew  Dobson,  at  Liver- 
pool, on  the  retirement  of  that  gentleman  to 
Bath.  He  remained  at  Liverpool  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  and  became  an  emi- 
nently successful  and  popular  practitioner. 
He  was  a  man  of  wide  and  various  reading, 
and  possessed  a  most  accurate  and  tenacious 

VOL.   VI. 


memory,  which  he  attributed  to  his  habit  of 
depending  on  it  without  referring  to  notes. 
He  established  the  Dispensary  at  Liverpool 
in  1778,  and  for  thirty  years  gave  great  at- 
tention to  the  Infirmary.  The  discovery  of 
the  utility  of  applying  cold  in  fever  is  as- 
cribed to  him.  This  remedy  he  described  in 
a  paper  '  On  the  Advantages  arising  from  the 
Topical  Application  of  Cold  Water  and 
Vinegar  in  Typhus,  and  on  the  Use  of  Large 
Doses  of  Opium  in  certain  Cases'  (Med. 
Commentaries,  xvi.  p.  382,  1791).  He  died 
at  Liverpool,  10  April  1815. 

[Monthly  Repository,  1815,  p.  254;  Gent. 
Mag.  Ixxxv.  pt.  i.  472  (taken  from  Liverpool 
Mercury,  14  April  1815)  ;  Picton's  Memorials  of 
Liverpool,  2nd  ed.  1875,  pp.  133,  147,  355; 
Evans's  Cat.  of  Portraits,  ii.  49  ;  Watt's  Bibl. 
Brit.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRANDRETH,      THOMAS      SHAW 

(1788-1873),  mathematician,  classical  scho- 
lar, and  barrister-at-law,  descended  from  a 
family  that  has  been  in  possession  of  Lees  in 
Cheshire  from  the  time  of  the  civil  war,  was 
born  24  July  1788,  the  son  of  Joseph  Bran- 
dreth, M.D.  [q.  v.]  He  was  sent  to  Eton, 
and  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Maltby,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Durham,  for  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  B.  A.  degree  in  1810, 
with  the  distinctions  of  second  wrangler, 
second  Smith's  prizeman,  and  chancellor's 
medallist,  and  his  degree  of  M.A.  in  1813. 
He  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at  his  col- 
lege, was  called  to  the  bar,  and  practised 
at  Liverpool,  but  his  taste  for  scientific 
inventions  interfered  not  a  little  with  his 
success  as  a  barrister.  He  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1821  for  his 
'  distinguished  mathematical  attainments.' 
He  had  previously  invented  his  logometer, 
or  ten-foot  gunter.  He  also  invented  a 
friction  wheel  and  a  double-check  clock  es- 
capement, all  of  which  he  patented.  His 
scientific  tastes  drew  him  into  close  friend- 
ship with  George  Stephenson,  and  he  was  one 
of  the  directors  of  the  original  Manchester 
and  Liverpool  railway,  but  resigned  shortly 
before  its  completion. "  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  survey  of  the  line,  especially  of  the  part 
across  Chatmoss.  The  famous  House  of  Com- 
mons limitation  of  railway  speed  to  ten  miles 
an  hour,  which  threatened  to  destroy  the  hopes 
of  the  promoters  of  steam  locomotion,  led 
Brandreth  to  invent  a  machine  in  which  the 
weight  of  a  horse  was  utilised  on  a  moving 
platform,  and  a  speed  of  fifteen  miles  an  hour 
was  expected ;  but  the  success  of  the '  Rocket' 
soon  established  the  supremacy  of  steam,  and 
Brandreth's  invention  was  only  used  where 
steam  power  proved  too  expensive,  as  in  Lorn- 


Brandt 


226 


Brandwood 


bardy  and  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States, 
where  it  is  still  employed.  These  scientific 
pursuits  and  his  removal  to  London,  where 
he  had  no  longer  the  legal  connection,  con- 
siderably reduced  his  practice,  and  though  he 
was  offered  a  judgeship  at  Jamaica,  he  decided 
to  retire  to  Worthing  and  devote  himself  to 
the  education  of  his  children.  He  had  mar-  j 
ried  in  1822  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Ashton  Byrom 
of  Fairview,  near  Liverpool,  and  had,  besides 
two  daughters,  five  sons,  who  all  distin- 
guished themselves  in  the  navy,  at  Cambridge, 
or  in  India.  At  Worthing  he  resumed  his 
classical  studies,  and  pursued  a  learned  and 
difficult  inquiry  into  the  use  of  the  digamma 
in  the  Homeric  poems,  and  published  the  re- 
sults in  a  treatise  entitled  '  A  Dissertation  on 
the  Metre  of  Homer '  (Pickering,  1844),  and 
also  a  text  of  the  '  Iliad '  with  the  digamma 
inserted  and  Latin  notes  ('OMHPOY  /IAIA2, 
littera  digamma  restituta,  Pickering,  2  vols. 
1841).  This  was  followed  by  a  translation  of 
the  'Iliad '  into  blank  verse,  line  for  line  (Pick- 
ering, 2  vols.  1846),  which  was  well  received 
as  an  accurate  and  scholarly  version.  He 
also  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the 
town,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in  per- 
fecting the  extensive  water  and  drainage  im- 
provements of  Worthing,  where  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  first  local  board,  and  a  justice  of 
the  peace  for  West  Sussex.  He  died  in  1873. 
[Private  information.]  S.  L.-P. 

BRANDT,    FRANCIS    FREDERICK 

(1819-1874),  barrister  and  author,  eldest  son 
of  the  Rev.  Francis  Brandt,  rector  of  Aid- 
ford,  Cheshire,  1843-50,  who  died  1870,  by 
Ellinor,  second  daughter  of  Nicholas  Grim- 
shaw  of  Preston,  Lancashire,  was  born  at 
Gawsworth  Rectory,  Cheshire,  in  1819.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Macclesfield  grammar 
school,  entered  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1839, 
and  practised  for  some  years  as  a  special 
pleader.  Called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner 
Temple  on  30  April  1847,  he  took  the  North 
Wales  and  Chester  circuit.  He  was  a  suc- 
cessful and  popular  leader  of  the  Chester  and 
Knutsford  sessions,  had  a  fair  business  in 
London,  especially  as  an  arbitrator  or  referee, 
was  one  of  the  revising  barristers  on  his  cir- 
cuit, and  was  employed  for  many  years  as  a 
reporter  for  the  'Times'  in  the  common 
pleas.  About  1864  he  was  offered  and  de- 
clined an  Indian  judgeship.  In  his  earlier 
days  he  was  a  writer  in  magazines  and  in 
1  Bell's  Life.'  The  first  of  his  books  appeared 
in  1857,  and  was  entitled  *  Habet !  a  Short 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  the  Land  as  it  affects 
Pugilism,'  in  which  he  attempted  to  show 
that  prize-fighting  was  not  of  itself  illegal. 
His  next  work  was  a  novel  called  '  Frank 


Morland's  Manuscripts,  or  Memoirs  of  a 
Modern  Templar,'  1859,  which  was  followed 
by  '  Fur  and  Feathers,  the  Law  of  the  Land 
relating  to  Game,  &c.,'  1859, ( Suggestions  for 
the  Amendment  of  the  Game  Laws,'  1862, 
and  '  Games,  Gaming,  and  Gamesters'  Law,y 
1871,  a  book  of  considerable  legal  and  anti- 
quarian research,  which  reached  a  second 
edition.  He  died  at  his  chambers,  8  Fi'g- 
tree  Court,  Temple,  London,  on  Sunday, 
6  Dec.  1874,  having  suffered  much  from  a 
neuralgic  complaint,  and  was  buried  at  Christ 
Church,  Todmorden.  He  was  a  zealous  and 
efficient  member  of  the  Inns  of  Court  Rifle 
Corps.  Brandt  was  never  married. 

[Law  Times  (1874),  Iviii.  125.]         G.  C.  B. 

BRANDWOOD,  JAMES  (1739-1826), 
quaker,  was  born  at  New  House  in  Entwisle, 
near  Rochdale,  on  11  Nov.  1739,  where  his 
parents  were  of  yeoman  stock.  After  a  visit 
to  the  Friends'  meeting  at  Crawshawbooth, 
Brandwood  ceased  to  attend  the  services  at 
Turton  chapel.  He  never  married,  and  prac- 
tised as  a  land  surveyor  and  conveyancer,  and 
is  also  said  to  have  acted  as  the  steward  of 
the  Turton  estate.  He  had  the  character  of 
a  plain,  conscientious  countryman,  and  after 
his  death  a  selection  from  his  letters  on 
religious  subjects  was  published.  Brandwood 
joined  the  quakers  in  1761,  and  a  meeting 
was  shortly  afterwards  settled  at  Edgworth, 
where  he  resided  many  years.  His  religious 
views  deprived  him  of  his  fair  share  in  the 
patrimonial  inheritance,  and  he  received  only 
an  annuity  of  25/.  As  a  recognised  minister 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  he  visited  various 
parts  of  England,  and  in  1787  went  to  Wales 
in  company  with  James  Birch.  In  the  '  testi- 
mony '  respecting  him  we  are  told :  '  About 
the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age,  this,  our  dear 
friend,  through  a  combination  of  circum- 
stances, appeared  to  be  in  some  degree  under 
a  cloud  ;  he  became  less  diligent  in  attending 
meetings,  and  in  1813  was  discontinued  as 
an  acknowledged  minister.'  In  1824,  when 
he  settled  at  Westhoughton,  he  was  rein- 
stated as  a  minister,  and  visited  many  of  the 
southern  meetings.  He  died  on  23  March 
1826.  He  was  buried  in  the  Friends'  burial- 
ground  at  Westhoughton.  A  selection  was 
made  from  his  letters  and  papers.  These 
were  edited  by  JohnBradshaw  of  Manchester, 
and  deal  with  matters  of  religious  experi- 
ence, ranging  in  date  from  1782  to  1823.  The 
earliest  is  an  essay  '  On  War,  Oaths,  and 
Gospel  Ministry,'  and  the  latest  is  a  letter 
to  a  clergyman  of  the  church  of  England, 
written  when  the  author  was  in  his  eighty- 
fourth  year.  They  were  published  in  1828, 
two  years  after  Brand  wood's  death. 


Branker 


227 


Branston 


[Letters  and  Extracts  of  Letters  of  the  late 
James  Brandwood  (a  minister  of  the  Society  of 
Friends),  of  Westhoughton,  formerly  of  Edg- 
worth,  Manchester,  1828  ;  Scholes's  Biographical 
Sketch  of  James  Brandwood,  Manchester,  1882  ; 
Smith's  Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books,  London, 
1867.]  W.  E.  A.  A. 


BRANKER, 

BRANCKEK.] 


THOMAS. 


[See 


BRANSBY,  JAMES  HEWS  (1783- 
1847),  Unitarian  minister,  was  a  native  of 
Ipswich.  His  father,  John  Bransby  (d. 
17  March  1837,  aged  seventy-five),  was  an 
instrument  maker,  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical Society,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
1  The  Use  of  the  Globes,  &c.,'  1791,  8vo,  and 
editor  of  the '  Ipswich  Magazine,'  1799.  The 
son  became  heterodox  in  opinion,  and  was 
educated  for  the  Unitarian  ministry,  in  the 
academy  maintained  at  Exeter  from  1799  to 
1804  by  Timothy  Kenrick  and  Joseph  Bret- 
land.  On  1  May  1803  (Letter,  p.  15)  he 
was  invited  to  become  minister  at  the  *  new 
meeting'  (opened  31  Oct.  1802)  to  the  old 
presbyterian  congregation  at  Moreton  Hamp- 
stead,  Devonshire.  Here  he  kept  a  school, 
and  among  his  pupils  was  John  Bowring, 
afterwards  Sir  John  Bowring,  in  whose  au- 
tobiography are  some  amusing  particulars  of 
his  master.  In  1805  Bransby  removed  to 
Dudley.  He  continued  to  keep  a  preparatory 
school  for  boys.  He  was  by  no  means  un- 
popular, but  his  eccentricities  gradually  ex- 
cited considerable  remark,  particularly  as  he 
developed  a  tendency  which  is  perhaps  best 
described  as  kleptomania.  At  length  he  com- 
mitted a  breach  of  trust,  involving  forgery, 
which  was  condoned  on  condition  of  his 
quitting  Dudley  in  1828  for  ever.  He  was 
succeeded,  on  1  July  1829,  by  Samuel  Bache 
[q.  v.]  Bransby  retired  to  Wales,  and  sup- 
ported himself  by  teaching,<by  editing  a  paper, 
and  by  odd  jobs  of  literary  work.  His  peculiari- 
ties accompanied  him  in  this  department,  for 
he  would  borrow  a  manuscript  and,  after  im- 
provements, send  it  to  a  magazine  as  his  own. 
An  irresistible  impulse  led  him  on  one  occa- 
sion to  revisit  Dudley  for  a  few  hours ;  as  he 
stood  gazing  at  his  old  meeting-house  he  was 
recognised,  but  spared.  Late  in  life  he  occa- 
sionally preached  again.  He  died  very  sud- 
denly at  Bron'r  Hendref,  near  Carnarvon,  on 
4  Nov.  1847,  aged  64  years.  His  wife,  Sarah, 
daughter  of  J.  Isaac,  general  baptist  minister 
at  Moreton  Hampstead,  predeceased  him  on 
28  Oct.  1841.  Bransby  left  behind  him  a 
mass  of  very  compromising  papers,  which 
fell  accidentally  into  the  hands  of  Franklin 
Baker  [q.  v.],  and  were  probably  destroyed. 
Besides  many  addresses,  sermons,  and 


pamphlets,  Bransby  published :  1.  'Maxims, 
Reflections,  and  Biographical  Anecdotes/ 
1813, 12mo.  2.  'Selections  for  Reading  and 
Recitation,'  1814,  8vo,  2nd  edit.  1831,  with 
title 'The  School  Anthology.'  3.  'A  Sketch 
of  the  History  of  Carnarvon  Castle,'  1829, 
8vo,  3rd  edit.  1832,  8vo  (plate).  4.  'An  Ac- 
count of  the  ...  Wreck  of  the  Newry,'  1830 
(not  published ;  reprinted  '  Christian  Re- 
former,' 1830,  pp.  486  sq.)  5.  'A  Narrative 
of  the  ...  Wreck  of  the  Rothsay  Castle/ 
1831,  12mo  (chart ;  reprinted  '  Christian  Re- 
former/ 1831,  pp.  405  sq. ;  this  and  the  fore- 
going are  full  of  details  derived  from  per- 
sonal knowledge,  and  are  admirably  written). 
6.  'Brief  Notices  of  the  late  Rev.  G.  Crabbe/ 
Carnarvon,  1832, 12mo.  7.  'The  Port  Folio 
.  .  .  anecdotes/  1832,  12mo.  8.  'A  Brief 
Account  of  the  remarkable  Fanaticism  pre- 
vailing at  Water  Stratford  .  .  .  1694,'  Car- 
narvon, 1835,  12mo.  9.  '  Description  and 
Historical  Sketch  of  Beddgelert,'  Carnarvon, 
1840,  8vo.  10.  'Evans'  Sketch  .  .  .  eigh- 
teenth edition  .  .  .  with  an  account  of  seve- 
ral new  sects/  1842,  16mo  (best  edition  of 
this  useful  compendium  of  '  all  religions/ 
first  published  1794,  12mo  ;  Bransby  in- 
cludes '  Puseyites/  and  works  in,  without 
acknowledgment,  the  contributions  of  several 
friends).  11.  'A  Description  of  Carnarvon, 
&c./  Carnarvon,  1845,  12mo.  12.  'A  De- 
scription of  Llanberis,  &c./  Carnarvon,  1845, 
8vo.  In  1834  Bransby  printed  in  the  '  Chris- 
tian Reformer '  (p.  837)  a  letter  from  S.  T. 
Coleridge,  19  Jan.  1798,  explaining  his  with- 
drawal from  '  the  candidateship  for  the  mi- 
nisterial office  at  Shrewsbury.'  In  1835  he 
reprinted  in  the  same  magazine  (p.  12)  a  for- 
gotten letter  of  John  Locke  ;  and  in  1841  a 
series  of  papers,  signed '  Monticola/  contained 
most  of  his  additions  to  Evans. 

[Monthly  Repos.  1818,  229,  1822,  434,  1837, 
452  ;  Murch's  Hist,  of  Presb.  and  Gen.  Bapt, 
Churches  in  W.  of  Eng.  1835,  473,  479,  568; 
Chr.  Reformer,  1842,  12,  1847,760;  Autobio- 
graphical Recollections  of  Sir  J.  Bowring,  1877, 
p.  44  sq. ;  Extracts  from  Trustees'  Mimites, 
Wolverhampton  Street  Chapel,  Dudley ;  private 
information.]  A.  Or. 

BRANSTON,  ALLEN  ROBERT  (1778- 

1827),  wood-engraver,  the  son  of  a  general 
copper-plate  engraver  and  heraldic  painter, 
was  born  at  Lynn  in  Norfolk  in  1778.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  his  father,  and  when  in 
his  nineteenth  year  settled  at  Bath,  where 
he  practised  both  as  a  painter  and  engraver. 
He  came  to  London  in  1799,  and  after  a  while 
devoted  himself  to  wood-engraving,  in  which 
branch  of  the  art  of  engraving  he  was  self- 
taught.  He  was  employed  chiefly  in  book- 
illustration,  after  the  designs  of  Thurston  and 

Q  2 


Branthwaite 


228 


Branwhite 


others.  He  soon  became  the  head  of  his  profes- 
sion in  London,  where  nothing  equal  to  Bewick 
and  his  pupils  had  been  produced  before  his  ar- 
rival. With  Bewick  he  was  always  in  hopeless 
rivalry,  yet,  though  he  was  no  designer  and 
some  twenty-three  years  the  junior  of  theNew- 
castle  master,  he  may  claim  to  be  the  founder 
of  the  *  London  school'  of  wood-engraving, 
and  to  some  extent  to  share  with  Bewick  the 
credit  of  raising  the  character  of  his  art  in 
England.  He  specially  excelled  in  engraving 
figures  and  interiors,  but  was  less  successful 
in  outdoor  scenes.  The '  Cave  of  Despair/after 
Thurston,  in  Savage's  'Practical  Hints  on 
Decorative  Printing,'  1822,  is  generally  con- 
sidered his  best  plate,  and  shows  his  skill  both 
in  *  white '  and  '  black '  line.  Amongst  the 
works  illustrated  in  whole  or  in  part  by  him 
were  *  The  History  of  England '  published  by 
Wallis  andScholey,  1804-10;  Bloomfield's 
4  Wild  Flowers,'  1806 ;  and  poems  by  George 
Marshall,  1812.  He  had  many  pupils,  the  most 
celebrated  of  whom  was  John  Thompson.  The 
work  of  Branston  and  Thompson  can  be  com- 
pared in  the  illustrations  to  Puckle's  '  Club,' 
1817.  Branston  projected  a  volume  of  fables 
in  rivalry  with  those  of  Bewick  after  designs 
by  Thurston,  but  after  a  few  of  them  were 
cut  he  abandoned  the  enterprise.  He  also 
engraved  a  few  cuts  of  birds  to  show  his 
superiority  to  the  Newcastle  engraver  ;  but 
though  beautifully  cut,  they  were  essenti- 
ally inferior  to  Bewick's.  Branston  died  at 
Brompton  in  1827.  He  is  generally  called 
Robert  Branston. 

[Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1878  ;  Bryan's 
Diet.  (Graves)  ;  Chatto's  Treatise  on  Wood-en- 
graving;  Linton's  Wood-engraving ;  Lang  and 
Dobson's  The  Library.]  C.  M. 

BRANTHWAITE,   WILLIAM,    D.D. 

(d.  1620),  translator  of  the  Bible,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  an  ancient  family  possessed  of  some 
property  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  and  one 
branch  of  which  was  settled  at  Hethel,  near 
Wymondham.  He  was  entered  at  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1578,  and  there  took 
his  B.A.  degree  in  1582.  Two  years  after- 
wards, in  1584,  he  was  admitted  a  fellow  of 
Emmanuel  College,  which  had  been  founded 
in  the  earlier  part  of  that  year.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  .the  usual  degrees — M.A.  in  1586, 
B.D.  in  1593,  and  D.D.  in  1598— and  in  1607 
was  elected  master  of  Gonville  and  Caius 
College.  In  1607-11  he  was  on  one  of  the 
two  Cambridge  committees  appointed  by 
James  I  to  revise  the  translation  of  the 
Bible ;  the  part  of  the  work  which  fell  to  his 
committee  being  the  Apocrypha,  for  which  he 
was  especially  fitted  by  an  extensive  know- 
ledge of  Hebrew.  He  died  during  his  vice- 


chancellorship  in  February  1619-20,  leaving 
his  books  and  considerable  property  to  Caius 
College.  There  is  a  portrait  of  him  in  the 
Lodge  of  Caius,  and  in  the  gallery  of  Em- 
manuel College,  to  which  foundation  also  he 
was  a  benefactor. 

[Documents  relating  to  the  University  and 
Colleges  of  Cambridge,  ii.  389  ;  Fuller's  History 
of  Cambridge,  p.  226  ;  Westcott's  History  of  the 
English  Bible,  p.  116;  references  to  property, 
church  preferments,  &c.,  held  by  various  members 
of  the  family  will  be  found  in  Blomefield's  Nor- 
folk.] E.  S.  S. 

BRANWHITE,  CHARLES  (1817- 
1880),  landscape  painter,  son  of  Nathan 
Branwhite  [q.v.],  was  born  at  Bristol  in  1817, 
and  there  studied  art  under  his  father,  begin- 
ning as  a  sculptor.  His  association  and  friend- 
ship, however,  with  William  John  Muller, 
also  a  native  of  Bristol,  induced  him  to  give 
his  undivided  attention  to  water-colour  paint- 
ing, and  his  pictures,  from  the  year  1849, 
formed  no  small  attraction  in  the  gallery  in 
Pall  Mall  East.  He  adopted  this  change  of 
art  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  he  had 
gained  silver  medals  for  bas-reliefs  in  1837 
and  1838  at  the  Society  of  Arts.  His  style 
of  painting  shows  much  of  Muller's  influence. 
Some  of  his  most  striking  landscapes  repre- 
sent frost  scenes.  Among  his  works  are : 
'  Post  Haste,' '  April  Showers  on  the  Eastern 
Coast,' '  An  old  Lime-kiln,'  *  Kilgarren  Castle/ 
'Winter  Sunset,'  '  Old  Salmon  Trap  on  the 
Conway,'  '  The  Environs  of  an  Ancient  Gar- 
den,' 1852,  '  A  Frozen  Ferry,'  1853  (this  and 
the  previous  picture  received  prizes  from 
the  Glasgow  Art  Union),  l  Ferry  on  the 
Thames '  (at  the  London  International  Exhi- 
bition, 1862), '  A  Black  Frost/ '  Snow  Storm, 
North  Wales,'  'Salmon  Poaching,'  'On  the 
River  Dee,  North  Wales.' 

[Art  Journal  (N.S.),  xix.  208 ;  Bryan's  Diet, 
of  Painters  and  Engravers  (ed.  Graves),  178.] 

T.  C. 

BRANWHITE,  NATHAN  (ft.  1825), 
miniature  painter  and  engraver,  eldest  son  of 
Peregrine  Branwhite,  the  minor  poet  [q.  v.], 
was  probably  a  native  of  Lakenham  in  Suffolk. 
Devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  art,  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Isaac  Taylor's,  and  settled  at 
No.  1  College  Green,  Bristol,  where  he  prac- 
tised painting  with  considerable  success.  He 
exhibited  thirteen  miniatures  at  the  Royal 
Academy  between  the  years  1802  and  1825. 
He  was  also  a  very  good  stipple  engraver. 
Branwhite  made  an  excellent  engraving  of 
Medley's  picture  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
London.  A  curious  fact  about  this  work  was 
that  Jenner  came  into  great  notice  during  the 
painting  of  the  picture,  and  after  it  was 
finished  it  was  decided  to  add  his  portrait. 


Branwhite 


229 


Braose 


The  plate  was  partially  engraved  before  the 
decision  to  put  him  in  was  arrived  at,  and  a 
piece  of  copper  had  to  be  let  in,  as  background 
details  had  been  worked  over  the  spot  upon 
which  Jenner's  head  and  shoulders  were  sub- 
sequently placed. 

[MS.  Addit.  19166,  f.  234;  Redgrave's  Diet, 
of  Artists  (1878),  52  ;  Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists, 
29.]  T.  C. 

BRANWHITE,  PEREGRINE  (1745- 
1795  ?),  minor  poet,  was  son  of  Rowland 
Branwhite  and  Sarah  (Brooke)  his  wife,  and 
was  baptised  at  Lavenham  in  Suffolk  22  July 
1745.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  bombazine 
trade,  which  he  carried  on  for  some  time  at 
Norwich.  He  was  not  very  successful,  how- 
ever, as  he  seems  to  have  paid  more  attention 
to  books  than  to  the  shop.  He  afterwards 
established  a  branch  of  the  St.  Anne's  School 
(London)  at  Lavenham,  and  conducted  it 
personally  for  some  years.  A  year  or  two 
before  his  death  he  removed  to  Hackney, 
and  died,  in  or  about  1795,  at  32  Primrose 
Street,  Bishopsgate  Street,  London.  He 
wrote:  1.  'Thoughts  on  the  Death  of  Mr. 
Woodmason's  children,  destroyed  by  fire 
18  Jan.  1782'  (anon.)  2.  'An  Elegy  on 
the  lamented  Death  of  Mrs.  Hickman,  wife 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hickman  of  Bildeston, 
Suffolk,  who  died  7  Sept,  1789,  when  but 
just  turned  of  19,'  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  1790, 
4to.  3.  '  Astronomy,  or  a  description  of  the 
Solar  System,'  Sudbury,  1791.  4.  <  The 
Lottery,  or  the  Effects  of  Sudden  Affluence,' 
manuscript. 

[MS.  Addit.  19166,  f.  234,  in  Brit.  Mus.] 

T.  C. 

BRAOSE,  PHILIP  DE  (fi.  1172),  war- 
rior, was  a  younger  son  of  Philip  de  Braose, 
lord  of  Bramber,  and  an  uncle  of  William 
de  Braose  [q.  v.]  He  was  one  of  the  three 
captains  of  adventurers  left  in  charge  of 
Wexford  at  Henry's  departure  in  1172,  and 
later  in  the  same  year  he  received  a  grant  of 
North  Munster  ('  Limericense  videlicet  reg- 
num').  Supported  by  Robert  Fitz-Stephen  and 
Miles  de  Cogan,  he  set  out  to  take  possession 
of  it,  but,  on  approaching  Limerick,  turned 
back  in  a  panic.  He  was  presumably  dead 
on  12  Jan.  1201,  when  North  Munster  was 
granted  to  his  nephew  William.  His  widow, 
Eva  (Fin.  4  Hen.  Ill,  p.  1,  m.  2),  or  Maud 
(Claus.  11  Hen.  Ill,  p.  1),  married  Philip, 
the  baron  of  Naas,  and  survived  him. 

[Giraldus  Cambrensis'  Expugnatio  (ed.  Di- 
mock).]  J.  H.  K. 

BRAOSE,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1211),  rebel 
baron,  was  the  descendant  and  heir  of  Wil- 
liam de  Braose  (alias  Braiose,  Breause, 


Brehus,  &c.),  lord  of  Braose,  near  Falaise  in 
Normandy,  who  had  received  great  estates 
in  England  at  the  Conquest.  The  family 
fixed  their  seat  at  Bramber  in  Sussex,  and 
were  lords  of  its  appendant  rape.  Through 
his  grandmother,  a  daughter  of  Judhael  de 
Totnes,  lord  of  Totnes  and  Barnstaple,  Wil- 
liam had  also  a  claim  to  one  of  those  fiefs 
and  through  his  mother,  Bertha,  second 
daughter  of  Miles  and  sister  of  Roger,  earls 
of  Hereford,  he  inherited  the  vast  Welsh 
dominions  of  her  grandfather,  Bernard  de 
Neufmarche  [q.  v.]  He  has  been  confused 
by  Dugdale  and  Foss  with  his  father  and 
namesake  ;  it  was,  however,  as  f  William 
de  Braiose,  junior,'  that  he  made  (as  lord  of 
the  honour  of  Brecon)  a  grant  to  Walter 
de  Clifford  (Reports,  xxxv.  2,  but  there 
wrongly  dated),  and  that  he  tested  a  charter 
at  Gloucester  in  1179  (Mon.  Angl.  vi.  457), 
so  that  his  father  must  have  been  then 
alive.  It  was  probably,  however,  he,  and  not 
his  father,  who  in  1176  invited  the  Welsh- 
men to  Abergavenny  Castle,  and  there  slew 
them,  nominally  in  revenge  for  the  death  of 
his  uncle  Henry  de  Hereford  the  previous 
Easter  (MATT.  PARIS,  ii.  297),  a  crime  avenged 
on  Braose's  grandson  by  Llewelyn  in  1230 
(Ann.  Marg.  38).  Under  Richard  I,  though 
withstanding  the  royal  officers  on  his  own 
estates  in  Wales,  he  was  sheriff  of  Hereford- 
shire in  1192-9  (Rot.  Pip.},  and  a  justice 
itinerant  for  Staffordshire  in  1196.  In  1195 
he  was  with  Richard  in  Normandy,  and  in 
1196  he  secured  both  Barnstaple  and  Totnes 
for  himself  by  an  agreement  with  the  other 
coheir.  In  1198  he  was  beleaguered  by  the 
Welsh  in  Castle  Maud  (alias  Colwyn)  in 
Radnorshire,  but  relieved  by  the  justiciary, 
Geoffrey  Fitz  Piers,  who  defeated  the  Welsh 
in  Elvael  (Roa.  Hov.  iv.  53 ;  MATT.  PARIS, 
ii.  447).  According,  however,  to  the  Welsh 
authorities,  Castle  Maud  was  taken,  and  he 
fell  back  on  Pains  Castle,  where  he  had  to 
save  himself  by  a  compromise  (Brut  y  Tyiuy- 
sogion). 

On  John's  accession,  William  was  foremost 
in  urging  that  he  should  be  crowned  (Ann. 
Marg.  24).  High  in  the  king's  favour,  he 
accompanied  him  into  Normandy  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1200  (Cart.  2  John,  m.  31),  and  there 
had  a  grant  of  all  such  lands  as  he  should 
conquer  from  the  Welsh  in  increase  of  his 
barony  of  Radnor,  and  was  made  sheriff  of 
Herefordshire  for  1206-7  (Rot.  Pip.  2  John). 
On  12  Jan.  1201  he  obtained  the  honour  of 
Limerick  (without  the  city),  as  his  uncle 
Philip  had  received  it  in  1172  from  Henry  II 
(Cart.  2  John,  m.  15),  for  which  he  agreed 
to  pay  5,000  marks  at  the  rate  of  500  a 
year  (Obi.  2  John,  m.  15).  This  was  the  origin 


Braose 


230 


Braose 


of  the  misleading  statement  [see  BUTLEK, 
THEOBALD]  that  John  sold  him  all  the  land 
of  Philip  de  Worcester  and  Theobald  Walter 
(Roe.  Hov.  iv.  152-3 ;  WALT.  Cov.  ii.  179-80). 
He  next  received  (23  Oct.  1202)  the  custody 
of  Glamorgan  Castle  (Pat.  4  John,  m.  8),  and 
four  months  later  (24  Feb.  1203)  he  had  a 
grant  of  Gowerland,  which  he  claimed  as  his 
inheritance  (Plac.  Parl.  30  Ed.  I,  234).  He 
was  in  close  attendance  on  John  at  the  time 
of  Arthur's  death,  being  at  Rouen  on  1  April 
(Cart.  Ant.  [Chancery]  20, 26),  and  at  Falaise 
on  11  April  1203  (Cart.  4  John,  m.  1),  but  he 
publicly  refused  to  retain  charge  of  the  prince, 
suspecting  that  his  life  was  in  danger  (Botr- 
QTJET,  xvii.  192),  and  it  may  have  been  in 
order  to  silence  him  that  he  received  on 
8  July  1203  a  grant  of  the  city  of  Limerick  at 
ferm.  He  was  still  at  the  king's  court  on 
18 Nov.  (Cart.  5  John,  m.  18).  Three  years 
later  (16  Dec.  1206)  he  was  placed  in  posses- 
sion of  Grosmont,  Llantilio  (or  White  Castle), 
and  Skenfrith  Castles  (  Cart.  7  John,  m.  3),  but 
shortly  after  his  fall  began.  Its  causes  and 
details  have  always  been  obscure.  The  chief 
authority  on  the  subject  is  an  ex-parte  state- 
ment put  forward  by  John  after  William's 
ruin  (i.e.  circ.  1211),  entered  in  the  '  Red 
Book '  of  the  exchequer  and  printed  in  Ry- 
mer's  'Fcedera'  (i.  162-3).  From  this  it 
would  appear  that  the  quarrel  was  pecuni- 
ary in  its  origin.  Checking  the  king's  asser- 
tions by  the  evidence  of  the  'Pipe  Rolls/ 
it  is  clear  that  in  1207  (i.e.  six  years  after 
obtaining  the  honour  of  Limerick),  he  had 
only  paid  up  700  marks  in  all  (Pip.  8  John, 
rot.  6),  instead  of  500  a  year.  He  was  also  in 
arrear  for  the  ferm  of  Limerick  itself,  and  Mr. 
Pearson  (England  in  the  Middle  Ages,  ii.  49), 
on  the  evidence  of  the  Worcester  Annals, 
holds  him  to  have  been  suspected  of  conni- 
ving at  the  capture  of  the  town  in  Geoffrey 
Marsh's  rebellion :  but  that  rebellion  did  not 
take  place  till  later.  On  his  becoming  five 
years  in  arrear,  the  crown  had  recourse  to 
distraint  on  his  English  estates.  He  had, 
however,  removed  his  stock,  and  the  king's 
bailiff  was  then  ordered  to  distrain  him  in 
Wales.  His  friends,  however,  met  the  king 
at  Gloucester  (i.e.  in  November  1207),  and 
on  their  intercession  William  was  allowed  to 
come  to  him  at  Hereford,  and  to  surrender 
his  castles  of  Hay,  Brecknock,  and  Radnor 
in  pledge  for  his  arrears.  But  he  still  paid 
nothing  further  (Pip.  9  John,  rot.  4,  dors.), 
and  upon  the  interdict  being  laid  on  England 
on  26  April  1208,  his  younger  son  Giles, 
bishop  of  Hereford  (since  1200),  was  one  of 
the  five  bishops  who  withdrew  to  France 
with  the  primate  (MATT.  PARIS,  ii.  522; 
Ann.  Wig.  396).  John,  suspecting  the  con- 


duct of  the  family,  sent  to  demand  hostages 
of  William,  but  his  wife  (it  is  said  against 
his  advice)  refused  them  (MATT.  PAEIS,  ii. 
523-524).  Thus  committed  to  resistance,  he 
strove  to  regain  his  three  castles  by  surprise, 
and,  failing  in  this,  stormed  and  sacked  Leo- 
minster.  On  the  approach  of  the  royal  forces 
he  fled  with  his  family  into  Ireland  (ib. ;  Ann. 
Wav.  261-2  ;  Mon.  Angl.  i.  557),  whereupon 
his  estates  were  seized  into  the  king's  hands. 

In  Ireland  he  was  harboured  by  William 
Marshall  and  the  Lacys,  who  promised  to  sur- 
render him  within  a  certain  time,  but  failed 
to  do  so  till  John's  invasion  of  Ireland  be- 
came imminent,  when  he  was  sent  over  with 
a  safe-conduct  to  the  court.  He  came,  how- 
ever, no  nearer  than  Wales,  where  he  har- 
ried the  country  till  John's  arrival  at  Pem- 
broke in  June  1210  ;  he  then  offered  40,000 
marks  for  peace  and  the  restoration  of  his 
lands.  But  John  declared  he  must  treat 
with  his  wife,  as  the  principal,  in  Ireland. 
William,  refusing  to  accompany  him,  re- 
mained in  Wales  in  rebellion.  His  wife,  be- 
sieged by  John  in  Heath  (MATT.  PARIS,  ii.530), 
fled  to  Scotland,  but  was  captured  in  Gallo- 
way, with  her  son  and  his  wife,  by  Duncan 
of  Carrick,  and  brought  back  to  John  at  Car- 
rickfergus  by  the  end  of  July.  John  extorted 
from  her  a  confirmation  of  her  husband's 
offer,  and  took  her  with  him  to  England. 
William  met  them  at  Bristol  on  20  Sept. 
1210,  and  finally  agreed  to  pay  the  40,000 
marks  ;  but  as  neither  he  nor  his  wife  would 
pay  anything,  he  was  outlawed  in  default, 
and  fled  from  his  port  of  Shoreham  in  dis- 
guise ('  quasi  mendicus ')  to  France  (Ann. 
Wav.  265 ;  Ann.  Osn.  54).  He  died  at  Cor- 
beuil  the  following  year  (9  Aug.  1211),  and 
was  buried  the  next  day  in  St.  Victor's  Abbey, 
Paris  (MATT.  PARIS,  ii.  532),  by  Stephen  Lang- 
ton,  the  exiled  primate  (Ann.  Marg.  31). 

His  wife,  Maud  de  St.  Valerie,  or  De  Haye, 
to  whose  arrogance  his  fall  was  largely  attri- 
buted, was  imprisoned,  with  her  eldest  son, 
by  John  in  Windsor  Castle,  where  they  are 
said  to  have  been  starved  to  death  (Ann.  Wav. 
265  ;  Ann.  Osn.  54).  Matthew  Paris  (ii.  531) 
states,  but  erroneously,  that  the  son's  wife 
shared  their  fate,  while  Mr.  Pearson  (Eng- 
land in  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  53,  n.}  denies  even 
the  mother's  death,  on  the  ground  that  she 
appears  as  living  in  1220  (Royal  Letters,  i. 
136)  ;  but  the  Maud  there  mentioned  was 
clearly  her  son's  wife  (as  is  proved  by  Coram 
rege  roll  Mich.  3  Hen.  Ill,  No.  1,  m.  2,  Sus- 
sex), who,  with  the  third  son  Reginald,  had 
escaped  capture. 

The  second  son,  the  bishop  of  Hereford, 
returned  to  England  with  the  primate  on 
16  July  1214,  and  paid  a  fine  of  9,000  marks 


Brasbridge 


231 


Brass 


for  his  father's  lands  on  21  Oct.  1215  (Pat. 
VI  John,  m.  14).  As  he  died  very  soon  after, 
John  allowed  the  lands  to  pass  without  further 
fine  to  the  third  son  Reginald  on  26  May 
1216  (Pat.  18  John,  m.  9),  who  also,  under 
Henry  III,  recovered  the  Irish  estates. 

William's  daughter,  Margaret,  married 
Walter  de  Lacy,  and  on  10  Oct.  1216  re- 
ceived a  license'  to  found  a  religious  house 
for  the  souls  of  her  mother  Maud  and  her 
brother  William,  the  victims  of  John's  re- 
venge. 

[Matthew  Paris  (ed.  Luard) ;  Annales  Monas- 
tici  (Rolls  Series)  ;  Chronica  R.  Hovedeni  (ib.)  ; 
Brut  y  Ty  wysogion  (ib.) ;  Shirley's  Royal  Letters 
(ib.);  Pipe  Rolls  temp.  John;  Charter  and  Patent 
Rolls  ;  Reports  of  the  Deputy-keeper ;  Rymer's 
Fcedera;  Monasticon  Anglieanum ;  JJugdale's  Ba- 
ronage; Genealogist,  vol.  iv.]  J.  H.  R. 

BRASBRIDGE,  JOSEPH  (1743-1832), 
.autobiographer,  began  business  as  a  silver- 
smith, with  a  good  capital,  in  Fleet  Street, 
London.  Pleasure  continually  seduced  him 
from  his  shop,  and  bankruptcy  followed  as  a 
matter  of  course ;  but  eventually  he  was  re- 
established in  business  through  the  kindness 
of  friends.  In  the  hope  that  his  own  indis- 
cretions might  prove  a  warning  to  others,  he 
published,  when  in  his  eightieth  year,  his 
memoirs  under  the  title  of  '  The  Fruits  of 
Experience/  which  passed  through  two  edi- 
tions in  1824.  His  portrait  is  prefixed.  He 
died  at  Highgate  on  28  Feb.  1832. 

[Gent.  Mag.  xciv.  (i.)  234,  cii.  (i.)  567; 
Blackwood's Edinburgh  Mag.  xvi.  428 ;  Lowndes's 
Bibl.  Man.  (Bohn),  256 ;  Evans's  Cat.  of  En- 
graved Portraits,  ii.  50.]  T.  C. 

BRASBRIDGE,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1590), 
divine  and  author,  born  in  1547,  was  of  a 
Northamptonshire  family,  but  lived  at  Ban- 
bury  in  his  childhood.  He  was  elected  a 
demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  in  1553, 
a  probationer  fellow  of  All  Souls'  in  1558, 
when  he  graduated  B.A.  (18  Nov.),  and  a 
fellow  of  Magdalen  in  1562.  He  proceeded 
M.A.  on  20  Oct.  1564.  At  Oxford  he  studied 
both  divinity  and  medicine,  and  remained  to 
tend  the  plague-stricken  during  the  severe 
epidemic  of  1563-4.  He  supplicated  for  the 
degree  of  B.D.  on  27  May  1574,  but  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  granted  it.  About  1578 
he  resigned  his  fellowship.  He  describes 
himself  as  an  inhabitant  of  London  in  that 
year,  and  engaged  in  tuition  there.  He 
subsequently  obtained  a  living  at  Banbury, 
where  he  also  opened  a  school  and  practised 
medicine.  At  Christmas-time  1558  he  was 
seriously  assaulted  by  a  number  of  his  pa- 
rishioners belonging  to  the  hamlet  of  Wick- 


ham,  who  refused  to  come  to  church.     His 

assailants,  who  preferred  l  dancing,  or  some 

other  like  pastime,'  to   church-going,  were 

charged   with    recusancy  before   the   privy 

[  council  in  March  1588-9  (Cal.  State  Papers, 

\  Dom.  1581-90). 

Brasbridge  was  the  author  of:  1.  '  Abdias 
1  the  Prophet.     Interpreted  by  T.  B.,  Fellow 
,  of  Magdalen   College  in   Oxford,'   London, 
[  1574,  dedicated  to  Henry  Hastings,  earl  of 
!  Huntingdon.     2.  '  The  Poore  Man's  levvel, 
!  that  is  to  say,  a  Treatise  of  the  Pestilence. 
1  Unto  the  which  is  annexed  a  declaration  of 
;  the  Vertues  of  the  Heart's  Carduus  Bene- 
i  dictus  and  Angelica  ;  which  are  very  medi- 
cinable,  both  against  the  Plague  and  also 
against  many  other  diseases,'  London,  1578, 
dedicated  to  Sir  Thomas  Ramsey,  lord  mayor 
of  London.     Other   impressions   are   dated 
1579  and  1580.     A  second  enlarged  edition 
was  issued  by  Brasbridge  in  1592,  with  a 
dedication  (dated  '  Banburie,  the  20  of  lanu- 
arie,  1592 ')  to  Anthony  Cope  and  his  wife 
Frances.    In  both  editions  Turner's  *  Herball ' 
is  laid  under  frequent  contribution.   3. '  Quaes- 
tiones  in  Officia  M.  T.  Ciceronis,  compendia- 
riam  totius  opusculi  Epitomen  continentes,' 
Oxford,  1615,  dedicated  to  Lawrence  Hum- 
phrey, president  of  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1586.     The  date  of  Brasbridge's  death 
is  not  known. 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  526 ;  Wood's 
Fasti,  i.  154,  165,  196;  Brasbridge's  works; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRASBRIGG  or  BRACEBRIGGE, 
JOHN  (Jl.  1428),  appears  as  a  priest  of  the 
convent  of  Syon  in  1428  (AUSTGIER).  He  is 
said  to  have  given  a  large  number  of  books 
to  the  convent,  and  to  have  written  a  treatise 
entitled  i  Catholicon  continens  quatuor  partes 
grammaticse,'  which,  with  other  manuscripts 
belonging  to  Syon  monastery,  passed  to 
Corpus  Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  its  place 
in  the  old  catalogue  being  0.  16,  and  in  Na- 
smith  CXLII.  The  name  of  Brasbrigg  is  not 
to  be  found  in  Nasmith's  catalogue. 

[Aungier's  History  of  Syon  Monastery,  52  ; 
Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  118;  Nasmith,  Catalogue 
Librorum  MSS.  in  Academia  Cantab.]  W.  H. 

BRASS  or  BR ASSE,  JOHN  (1790-1833), 
educational  writer,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
fellowship  in  1811.  He  graduated  B.A.  as 
sixth  wrangler  in  the  same  year,  proceeded 
M.A.  in  1814,  B.D.  in  1824,  and  D.D.  in 
1829.  He  was  presented  by  his  college  to 
the  living  of  Stotfold,  Bedfordshire,  in  1824, 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  in  1833.  He 
edited  Euclid's '  Elements  of  Geometry,'  Lon- 


Brassey 


232 


Brassey 


don,  1825  (?),  and  the  '  (Edipus  Rex  '  (1829  | 
and  1834),  the  '(Edipus  Coloneus' (1829), the 
1  TrachiniEe '  (1830),  and  the  'Antigone '  (1830) 
of  Sophocles.     He  published  a  Greek  Gradus  j 
in  1828,  which  was  reissued,  in  two  volumes,  ' 
at  Gottingen,  under  the  editorship  of  C.  F.  G.  I 
Siedhof,  in  1839-40,  and  in  England  in  1847,  | 
under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev.  F.  E.  J.  Valpy.  \ 
He  spelt  his  name  Brass  in  early  life,  and 
Brasse  in  later  years. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1833,  i.  473-4  ;  Brit,  Mus.  Cat.] 

S.  Li.  L. 

BRASSEY,  THOMAS  (1805-1 870),  rail- 
way contractor,  was  born  on  7  Nov.  1805  at 
Buerton,  Aldford,  Cheshire.  The  Brasseys 
claimed  to  have  lived  for  '  nearly  six  cen- 
turies '  at  Bulkeley,  near  Malpas,  Cheshire, 
whence  they  had  moved  to  Buerton  by  1663. 
They  retained  a  property  of  three  or  four 
hundred  acres  at  Bulkeley,  which  still  be- 
longs to  the  family.  Brassey's  father  farmed 
land  of  his  own  at  Buerton,  besides  holding  a 
neighbouring  farm  under  the  Duke  of  West- 
minster at  a  rent  of  850/.  a  year.  Brassey 
was  sent  to  school  at  Chester,  and  when  six- 
teen was  articled  to  a  land  surveyor  named 
Lawton,  agent  to  F.  R.  Price  of  Bryn-y-pys. 
Lawton  took  him  into  partnership,  and  placed 
him  about  1826  at  the  head  of  a  new  busi- 
ness in  Birkenhead.  On  Lawton's  death, 
Brassey  became  Price's  agent.  In  1834  he 
made  acquaintance  with  George  Stephenson, 
and,  through  him,  obtained  a  contract  for 
the  Penkridge  viaduct  on  the  '  Grand  Junc- 
tion line,'  then  in  course  of  construction. 
Locke  succeeded  Stephenson  as  engineer  in 
chief  to  this  line,  and,  upon  its  completion, 
was  employed  on  the  London  and  South- 
ampton railway.  Brassey,  at  his  request, 
contracted  for  various  works  upon  this  line, 
and  moved  to  London  in  1836.  He  had  mar- 
ried (27  Dec.  1831)  Maria,  second  daughter 
of  Joseph  Harrison,  a  '  forwarding  agent  in 
Liverpool,  and  the  first  resident  in  the  new 
town  of  Birkenhead.'  Mrs.  Brassey  encour- 
aged her  husband  to  take  up  the  career  of 
railway  contractor,  though  it  involved  con- 
stant absence  from  home  and  frequent  changes 
of  residence.  Large  contractors  had  already 
been  required  for  canals,  harbours,  and  other 
works,  but  the  rapid  development  of  rail- 
ways now  caused  an  opening,  of  which  Bras- 
sey's extraordinary  business  faculties  enabled 
him  to  take  full  advantage.  He  extended 
his  operations,  until  he  was  interested  in  en- 
terprises in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  Locke, 
on  becoming  engineer  to  the  Paris  and  Rouen 
railway  in  1841,  introduced  Brassey  as  con- 
tractor, and  on  the  completion  of  that  line  in 
1843  he  undertook  the  works  for  the  Rouen 


and  Havre  railway,  which  was  completed  in 
two  years,  according  to  the  agreement,  in 
spite  of  the  fall  of  the  Barentin  viaduct,  which 
had  cost  50,000/.  His  sphere  of  action  now 
rapidly  extended.  From  1847  to  1851  he  was 
contractor  for  the  Great  Northern  railway, 
employing  from  five  to  six  thousand  men, 
who  presented  him  with  a  silver-gilt  shield, 
shown  at  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851,  be- 
sides portraits  of  himself  and  family.  A  list 
of  his  numerous  contracts  is  given  in  Sir  A. 
Helps's  'Life  and  Labours  of  T.  Brassey/ 
pp.  161-6.  Amongst  his  chief  undertakings 
were :  Italian  railways  (1850-3),  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  of  Canada  (1852-9),  the  Cri- 
mean railway  (carried  out  with  Sir  Morton 
Peto  and  Mr.  Betts  in  1854),  Australian, 
railways  (1859-63),  the  Argentine  railway 
(1864),  several  Indian  railways  (1858-65), 
and  Moldavian  railways  (1862-8).  In  1866 
Brassey  had  to  surmount  great  financial  diffi- 
culties, and  showed  remarkable  energy  in 
completing  at  the  same  time  a  line  in  Aus- 
tria, in  spite  of  the  war  with  Prussia.  The 
anxiety  probably  affected  his  health.  In 
1867  he  made  a  business  tour  abroad.  A 
breakdown  at  the  opening  of  the  Fell 
railway  over  Mont  Cenis  caused  him  much 
anxiety,  and  he  exposed  himself  in  witnessing 
the  experiments.  He  had  a  serious  illness- 
and  a  paralytic  stroke,  which,  though  he  re- 
covered at  the  time,  was  followed  by  another 
in  September  1868.  He  refused  to  allow  him- 
self relaxation,  and  his  health  soon  declined. 
He  spent  his  last  days  at  Hastings,  and  died 
on  8  Dec.  1870.  He  was  buried  at  Catsfield, 
Sussex.  He  left  a  widow  and  three  sons, 
Thomas  (now  Sir  Thomas),  Henry  Arthur, 
and  Albert. 

Brassey  is  described  by  his  biographer  as 
a  man  almost  without  faults.  The  only  de- 
fect mentioned  was  a  difficulty  in  saying  no, 
which  led  to  involvement  in  some  disastrous- 
undertakings.  His  ruling  passion  was  the 
execution  of  great  works  of  the  highest  utility 
with  punctuality  and  thoroughness.  He  pos- 
sessed the  highest  business  talent,  power  of 
calculation,  and  skill  in  organisation.  He 
knew  how  to  trust  subordinates  and  distri- 
bute responsibility.  He  was  beloved  by  the 
men  he  employed,  and  made  the  fortunes  of 
many  subordinates  who  rose  by  his  help.  He 
was  liberal,  and  indifferent  to  honours  and 
to  money,  though  he  made  a  large  fortune 
without  suspicion  of  unfair  dealing.  His 
domestic  life  was  perfect.  Although  his  edu- 
cation had  been  scanty,  and  he  never  acquired 
any  command  of  foreign  languages,  he  was  a 
man  of  great  natural  refinement,  with  a  keen 
taste  for  art  and  for  natural  beauty.  His 
courtesy  and  shrewdness  made  him  an  excel- 


Brathwaite 


233 


Brathwaite 


lent  diplomatist,  and  in  all  his  undertakings 
lie  was  on  the  most  cordial  terms  with  his 
associates.  Brassey's  experience  in  the  em- 
ployment of  labourers  of  different  races  was 
enormous,  and  he  made  many  interesting  ob- 
servations, of  which  some  account  is  given  in 
his  life.  Sir  T.  Brassey's  <  Work  and  Wages ' 
(1872)  embodies  some  information  derived 
from  this  and  other  sources. 

[Life  and  Labours  of  Mr.  Brassey,  by  Arthur 
Helps,  1872,  with  full  information  from  <  the 
family  and  many  of  Brassey's  assistants  and 
friends.] 

BRATHWAITE,  RICHARD  (1588?- 
1673),  poet,  belonged  to  a  Westmoreland  fa- 
mily who  variously  spelt  their  name  Brath- 
waite, Brathwait,  Brathwayte,  Braithwaite, 
Braythwait,  and  Braythwayte.  The  poet 
uses  indifferently  the  first  three  of  these 
forms.  His  great-grandfather,  also  Richard, 
the  squire  of  Ambleside,  had  one  son,  Robert, 
who  had  two  sons,  Thomas  and  James,  and  five 
daughters.  Thomas,  the  poet's  father,  was 
a  barrister  and  recorder  of  Kendal,  and  pur- 
chased the  manor  of  Warcop,  near  Appleby, 
where  he  lived  until  his  father's  death  put 
him  in  possession  of  an  estate  at  Burneshead 
or  Burneside,  in  the  parish  of  Kendal.  He 
married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Robert  Bind- 
loss  of  Haulston,  Westmoreland.  Richard 
Brathwaite  was  their  second  surviving  son. 
He  was  born  about  1588,  and  it  is  supposed 
at  Burneside,  since  in  two  of  his  pieces  he 
speaks  of  Kendal  as  his '  native  place.'  That 
1588  was  the  year  of  his  birth  is  clear  from 
the  inscription  on  his  portrait,  'An0  1626, 
M\.  38,'  and  from  the  statement  of  Anthony 
a  Wood  that  he  '  became  a  commoner  of 
Oriel  College  A.D.  1604,  aged  16.'  '  He  was 
matriculated,'  Wood  adds, '  as  a  gentleman's 
son.'  He  remained  at  Oxford  for  several  years, 
enjoying  a  scholarly  life,  until  his  father 
desired  him  to  take  up  the  law  as  a  profes- 
sion. To  prepare  for  this  he  was  sent  to 
Cambridge,  probably  to  Pembroke,  since  he 
was  under  the  authority  of  Lancelot  An- 
drewes,  who  was  master  of  that  college.  On 
leaving  this  university  he  went  up  to  Lon- 
don, and  according  to  his  own  account  in 
1  Spiritual  Spicerie :  containing  sundrie  sweet 
tractates  of  Devotion  and  Piety, '1638,  devoted 
himself  at  once  to  poetry,  and  particularly  to 
dramatic  writing.  These  early  plays,  how- 
ever, are  entirely  lost,  and  probably  were 
never  printed.  Thomas  Brathwaite  died  in 
1610,  soon  after  his  son  came  up  to  London, 
and  the  latter  seems  soon  after  this  to  have 
gone  down  to  live  in  Westmoreland  on  the 
estates  his  father  had  left  him. 

In  1611  he  published  his  first  volume,  a 


collection  of  poems  entitled  '  The  Golden 
Fleece,'  in  which  he  refers  to  family  bicker- 
ings, caused  by  his  father's  will,  all  which  are 
by  this  time  happily  concluded.  This  book  is 
dedicated  to  his  uncle,  Robert  Bindlosse,  and 
to  his  own  elder  brother,  Sir  Thomas  Brath- 
waite. An  appendix  contains  some '  Sonnets 
or  Madrigals,'  but  an  essay  on  the  '  Art  of 
Poesy,'  which  appears  on  a  subsidiary  title- 
page,  does  not  occur  in  any  known  copy  of 
the  very  rare  volume.  In  1614  Brathwaite 
published  three  works :  a  book  of  pastorals, 
entitled  '  The  Poet's  Willow  ;  '  a  moral 
treatise,  l  The  Prodigals  Teares ; '  and  « The 
Schollers  Medley,'  afterwards  reprinted  as 
'A  Survey  of  History,  or  a  Nursery  for 
Gentry,'  1638  and  1651.  In  1615  he  began 
to  emulate  Decker,  Rowlands,  and  Wither, 
with  a  collection  of  satires  entitled '  A  Strap- 
pado for  the  Devil'— a  volume  founded  di- 
rectly on  '  The  Abuses  Whipt  and  Stript '  of 
George  Wither,  whom  Brathwaite  calls  i  my 
bonnie  brother.'  The  second  part  of  the 
volume  is  entitled  '  Love's  Labyrinth,'  an 
adaptation  of  the  story  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe.  He  continued  for  many  years  after 
this  to  pour  forth  volumes  from  the  press, 
few  of  them  of  much  merit.  The  most  in- 
teresting of  his  early  works  is  '  Nature's 
Embassie :  or  the  Wilde-mans  Measvres : 
Danced  naked  by  twelve  Satyres,'  a  collec- 
tion of  his  odes  and  pastorals,  published  in 
1621.  The  titles  of  his  other  works  are  given 
below. 

In  May  1617  he  was  married  at  Hurworth, 
near  Darlington,  to  Frances,  daughter  of 
James  Lawson  of  Nesham.  This  lady  bore 
him  nine  children,  five  of  them  sons.  His 
elder  brother,  Sir  Thomas  Brathwaite,  died  in 
1618,  leaving  a  son,  George,  who  matriculated 
at  St.  John's  College  6  July  1631  (MATCH'S 
Admissions,  p.  7),  but  Richard  was  henceforth 
regarded  as  the  head  of  the  family.  He  lived 
at  Burneside,  and  became  captain  of  a  com- 
pany of  foot  in  the  trained  bands,  deputy- 
lieutenant  of  the  county  of  Westmoreland, 
and  justice  of  the  peace.  His  wife  died  on 
7  March  1633,  and  the  pathetic  terms  in 
which  he  speaks  of  her  merit  and  his  loss 
prove  that  he  was  sincerely  attached  to  her. 
On  27  June  1639  he  married  a  widow,  the 
daughter  of  Roger  Crofts  of  Kirtlington  in 
Yorkshire.  He  was  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Catterick,  and  drew  up  a  conveyance  at  the 
time  of  his  second  marriage  making  the  pro- 
perty over  to  his  wife  in  the  event  of  his 
death.  They  had  one  son,  afterwards  the 
gallant  Sir  Strafford  Brathwaite,  who  was 
killed  in  a  sea-fight  with  Algerine  pirates. 

The  most  famous  of  Brathwaite's  works 
appeared  in  1638  with  the  title  of '  Barnabs9 


Brathwaite 


234 


Bray 


Itinerarium,  or  Barnabee's  Journal/  under 
the  pseudonym  '  Corymbaeus.'  This  is  a 
sprightly  record  of  English  travel,  in  Latin 
and  English  doggerel  verse;  it  was  neglected 
in  its  own  age,  but  being  reprinted  under  j 
the  title  of  '  Drunken  Barnaby's  Four  Jour-  | 
neys,'  achieved  a  considerable  success  during 
the  eighteenth  century,  and  is  still  in  some 
vogue.  The  eleventh  edition  appeared  in 
1876.  The  authorship  was  not  ascertained 
until  the  publication  of  the  seventh  edition 
by  Joseph  Haslewood  in  1818.  Southey 
pronounced  the  original  the  best  piece  of 
rhymed  Latin  in  modern  literature.  The 
English  part  is  best  remembered  by  the 
often-quoted  lines — 

To  Bambury  came  I,  0  profane  one  ! 
Where  I  saw  a  puritane  one 
Hanging  of  his  cat  on  Monday 
For  killing  of  a  mouse  on  Sunday.  , 

Brathwaite  is  said  to  have  served  on  the 
royalist  side  in  the  civil  war.  He  was  a  short 
man,  well  proportioned  and  singularly  hand- 
some.    He  removed  to  Catterick,  and  seems 
to  have  retained  his  strength  up  to  old  age,  I 
for  he  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  a  free  I 
school  there,  and   is  spoken  of  as  in   full  • 
possession  of  his  authority  and  powers  on  ! 
12  April  1673.     He  was,  however,  at  that  j 
time  near  his  end,  for  he  died  on  4  May  fol-  ! 
lowing,  at  East  Appleton,  near  Catterick, 
being   eighty-five   years  of  age.      He  was 
buried  three  days  later  on  the  north  side  of  j 
the  chancel  of  the  parish  church  of  Catterick.  j 

The  writings  of  Brathwaite  not  yet  men- 
tioned are  the  following: — 1.  'A.  Solemne 
loviall  Disputation,'  1617,  a  prose  description 
of  '  The  Laws  of  Drinking.'  A  second  part  ! 
bears  the  title  '  The  Smoaking  Age,  or  the 
man  in  the  mist :  with  the  life  and  death  of 
Tobacco,'  1617  and  1703.  This  is  anonymous. 
A  Latin  version,  under  the  pseudonym  'Bla- 
sius  Multibibus,'  appeared  in  1626.  2.  '  A 
New  Spring  Shadowed '  (under  the  pseudo- 
nym of  Mvsophilvs),  1619,  verse.  3.  '  Es- 
saies  upon  the  Five  Senses,'  1620,  1635, 
1815.  4.  'The  Shepheards  Tales,'  1621,  a 
collection  of  pastorals,  5.  '  Times  Cvrtaine 
Drawne,'  1621,  verse.  6.  <  Britain's  Bath,' 
1625,  which  included  an  elegy  on  the  Earl 
of  Southampton ;  of  this  no  copy  is  now  known 
to  be  extant.  7.  '  The  English  Gentleman,' 
1630,  1641,  1652.  8.  '  The  English  Gentle- 
woman/ 1631,  1641.  9.  'Whimzies,  or  a 
new  cast  of  characters/ 1631.  10.  'Novissima 
Tuba/  1632,  a  religious  poem  in  Latin.  A 
translation  by  John  Vicars  appeared  in  1635. 

11.  '  Anniversaries  upon  his  Panarete/ 1634, 
1635,  a  poem  in  memory  of  his  first  wife. 

12.  '  Ragland's  Niobe/  1635,  a  poem  in  me- 


mory of  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Edward  Somerset, 
lord  Herbert.  13.  '  The  Arcadian  Princess/ 
1635,  a  novel  from  the  Italian  in  prose  and 
verse.  14.  '  The  Lives  of  all  the  Roman 
Emperors/  1636  (the  dedication  is  signed 
R.  B.)  15.  '  A  Spiritual  Spicerie/  1638,  in 
prose  and  verse.  16.  '  The  Psalmes  of  David/ 
(by  K.  B.),  1638.  17.  'Ar't  asleepe  Hus- 
band?' 1640,  a  collection  of  'bolster  lec- 
tures/ in  prose,  on  moral  themes,  with  the 
history  of  Philocles  and  Doriclea,  by  Philo- 
genes  Panedonius.  18.  '  The  Two  Lancashire 
Lovers,  or  the  Excellent  History  of  Philocles 
and  Doriclea/  by  Musaeus  Palatinus,  1640,  a 
novel  in  prose.  19.  '  Astreea's  Tears/  1641, 
an  elegy  on  the  judge,  Sir  Richard  Hutton, 
Brathwaite's  godfather  and  kinsman.  20.  '  A 
Mustur  Roll  of  the  Evill  Angels/ 1655, 1659, 
an  account,  in  prose,  of  the  most  noted  here- 
tics, by  '  R.  B.  Gent.'  Some  copies  bore  the 
title  '  Capitall  Hereticks.'  21.  '  Lignum 
Vitas/  1658,  a  Latin  poem.  22.  <  The  Honest 
Ghost/  1658,  an  anonymous  satire  in  verse. 
23.  '  The  Captive  Captain/  1665,  a  medley, 
by  '  R.  B./in  prose  and  verse.  24.  'A  Com- 
ment upon  Two  Tales  of  our  Ancient  .  .  . 
Poet  Sr  Jeffray  Chavcer,  knight/  by  <R.  B./ 
1665.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether  this  long 
list  is  by  any  means  complete.  He  contri- 
buted the  '  Good  Wife,  together  with  an  ex- 
quisite discourse  of  Epitaphs/  to  Patrick 
Hannay's  'A  Happy  Husband/  1619.  In 
the  marginal  note  to  the  '  English  Gentle- 
man '  (1630),  p.  198,  Brathwaite  mentions  a 
work  by  himself  entitled  the  l  Huntsman's 
Raunge/  which  is  now  lost. 

[The  principal  authority  for  the  life  of  Brath- 
waite is  Joseph  Haslewood,  who  published  a  very 
elaborate  memoir  and  bibliography  in  1820,  as  a 
preface  to  the  ninth  edition  of  Barnabee's  Jour- 
nal. Some  genealogical  information  has  been 
supplied  by  Mr.  W.  Wiper  of  Manchester.] 

E.  G. 

BRAXFIELD,  LOKD.     [See  MACQTJEEN, 

ROBERT.] 

BRAY,  ANNA  ELIZA  (1790-1883), 
novelist,  daughter  of  John  Kempe,  bullion 
porter  in  the  Mint,  and  Ann,  daughter  of 
James  Arrow  of  Westminster,  was  born  in 
the  parish  of  Newington,  Surrey,  on  25  Dec. 
1790.  It  was  at  one  time  intended  that  Miss 
Kempe  should  adopt  the  stage  as  her  pro- 
fession, and  her  public  appearance  at  the 
Bath  Theatre  was  duly  announced  for  27  May 
1815  ;  but  a  severe  cold,  which  she  caught 
on  her  journey,  prevented  her  appearance, 
and  the  opportunity  was  lost  for  ever.  In 
February  1818  she  was  married  to  Charles 
Alfred  Stothard,  the  son  of  the  distinguished 
royal  academician  and  an  artist  himself, 


Bray 


235 


Bray 


whose  talents  were  devoted  to  the  illus- 
tration of  the  sculptured  monuments  of 
Great  Britain.  With  him  she  journeyed 
in  France,  and  her  first  work  consisted  of 

*  Letters   written  during   a   Tour    in    Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  &c.,  in  1818.'     Her  hus- 
band was  unfortunately  killed  through  a  fall 
from  a  ladder  in  Beer  Ferrers  church,  Devon- 
shire, on   28   May  1821,  while  he  was  en- 
gaged in  collecting  materials  for  his  work, 

*  The  Monumental  Effigies  of  Great  Britain.' 
By  Stothard  she  had  one  child,  a  daughter, 
born  posthumously  29  June  1821,  who  died 
2  Feb.  1822.  Mrs.  Stothard  undertook  to  com- 
plete the  book  her  husband  left  unfinished, 
with  the  aid  of  her  brother,  Mr.  Alfred  John 
Kempe,  F.S.A.     When  Stothard  died  it  had 
advanced  as  far  as  the  ninth  number,  and  the 
entire  volume,  which  was  published  in  1832, 
proved   a   severe   strain    upon   his  widow's 
resources.     She  subsequently  (1823)  brought 
out  a  memoir  of  her  late  husband.     Many 
years  later  she  communicated  to  the  <  Gen- 
tleman's   Magazine '   and    to    f  Blackwood's 
Magazine '  reminiscences  of  her  father-in-law, 
Thomas    Stothard,    R.A.,    and   these   were 
afterwards  (1851)  expanded  into  a  life  of 
that  admirable  artist.    At  her  death  she  left 
to  the  British  Museum  the  original  drawings 
of  her  husband's  great  work. 

A  year  or  two  after  the  decease  of  Stot- 
hard his  widow  married  the  liev.  Edward 
Atkyns  Bray  [q.  v.],  the  vicar  of  Tavistock. 
She  then  entered  upon  novel  writing,  and 
from  1826  to  1874  she  issued  at  least  a  dozen 
works  of  fiction.  Some  of  these,  such  as 

*  The  Talba,  or  the  Moor  of  Portugal ' — on 
the   publication   of  which   she   became   ac- 
quainted with  Southey,  and  worshipped  him 
throughout  her  career — dealt  with  foreign 
life ;    but  the  most   popular  of  her  novels 
were  those  which  were  based  on  the  history 
of  the  principal  families  (the  Trelawneys  of 
Trelawne,  the  Pomeroys,  and  the  Courtenays 
of  Walreddon)  of  the  counties  of  Devon  and 
Cornwall.     They  were  all  of  them  of  an  his- 
torical character,  and  proved  so  popular  that 
they  were  issued  in  a  set  of  ten  volumes 
by  Longmans  in  1845-6,  and  were  reprinted 
by  Chapman  &  Hall   so  recently  as  1884. 
Her  second  husband  died  in  1857,  and  Mrs. 
Bray  then  removed  to  London,  where  she 
employed  herself  at  first  with  selecting  and 
editing  some  of  his  poetry  and  sermons,  and 
afterwards  again  betook  herself  to  original 
work.     Her  last  years  were  embittered  by 
the  report  that  during  a  visit  to  Bayeux  in 
1816  she  had  stolen  a  piece  of  the  tapestry 
for  which  that  city  is  famous :  but  her  cha- 
racter was  cleared  by  the  correspondence  and 
leading  articles  which  appeared  in  the  columns 


of  the  'Times'  on  the  subject.  After  a  long 
life  spent  in  literary  labours,  she  died  in 
London  on  21  Jan.  1883.  Her  autobiography 
to  1843  was  published  by  her  nephew,  Mr. 
John  A.  Kempe,  in  1884 :  but  it  is  neither 
so  complete  nor  so  accurate  as  might  have 
been  expected.  It  discloses  an  accomplished 
and  kindly  woman,  proud  of  her  own  crea- 
tions, and  enthusiastic  in  praise  of  the  literary 
characters  with  whom  she  had  come  in  con- 
tact. 

Mrs.  Bray  was  the  author  of  many  works 
in  addition  to  those  which  have  been  already 
enumerated.  The  most  entertaining  and  the 
most  valuable  of  all  was  '  The  Borders  of  the 
Tamar  and  the  Tavy '  (1836,  3  vols.),  describ- 
ing, in  a  series  of  letters  to  Robert  Southey, 
the  traditions  and  the  superstitions  which 
surround  the  town  of  Tavistock.  It  was 
reviewed  by  Southey  in  the  '  Quarterly  Re- 
view.' The  remainder  copies  were  issued  with 
a  new  title-page  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Bohn  in  1838, 
and  a  new  edition,  compressed  by  Mrs.  Bray 
herself  into  two  volumes,  appeared  in  1879. 
With  this  may  be  read  a  series  of  tales  for 
'  young  people  '  on  the  romantic  legends  con- 
nected with  Dartmoor  and  North  Cornwall, 
entitled,  '  A  Peep  at  the  Pixies,  or  Legends 
of  the  West '  (1854).  The  interest  of  her 
travels,  l  The  Mountains  and  Lakes  of  Swit- 
zerland, with  Notes  on  the  Route  there  and 
back '  (1841),  may  be  said  to  have  evaporated 
by  this  time,  though  their  value  at  a  time 
when  the  continent  was  less  explored  than 
it  is  now  was  generally  recognised.  When 
after  a  silence  of  some  years  she  again  in 
1870  appeared  as  an  author,  she  issued  three 
compilations  in  French  history,  '  The  Good 
St.  Louis  and  his  Times,'  '  The  Revolt  of  the 
Protestants  of  the  Cevennes,'  and  'Joan  of 
Arc.'  All  of  them  were  pleasantly  written, 
but  they  lacked  that  historical  research  which 
could  make  them  of  permanent  value.  Of 
all  Mrs.  Bray's  works,  the  most  lasting  will 
probably  prove  to  be  her  letters  to  Southey 
on  the  legends  and  superstitions  on  the 
borders  of  the  twin-streams  of  the  Tamar 
and  the  Tavy. 

[Maclean's  Trigg  Minor,  i.  78  ;  Southey's  Life 
and  Correspondence ;  Mrs.  Bray's  Autobio- 
graphy, 1884;  Library  Chronicle,  i.  126-9.] 

W.  P.  C. 

BRAY,  CHARLES  (1811-1884),  author 
of  various  works  on  philosophy  and  educa- 
tion, was  born  in  Coventry  on  31  Jan.  1811. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  ribbon  manufacturer  in 
that  city,  to  whose  business  he  succeeded  in 
1835.  From  this  he  retired  in  1856.  While 
yet  a  young  man,  he  established  an  infants' 
school  in  one  of  the  poorest  neighbourhoods 


Bray 


236 


Bray 


in  Coventry,  and,  in  opposition  to  a  church, 
movement  conceived  on  straiter  lines,  took 
an  active  part  in  promoting  an  unsectarian 
school  which  should  be  available  for  dissen- 
ters. His  first  publication  was  an  'Address 
to  the  Working  Classes  on  the  Education  of 
the  Body '  (1837).  This  was  followed  by  the 
'  Education  of  the  Feelings'  (1838),  of  which 
there  have  been  several  editions,  the  last  of 
them  taking  the  form  of  a  school  manual 
('  The  Education  of  the  Feelings :  a  Moral 
System  for  secular  schools,'  1872).'  In  1841 
he  published  the  '  Philosophy  of  Necessity, 
or  the  Law  of  Consequences  as  applicable  to 
Mental,  Moral,  and  Social  Science ; '  this  work 
contained  an  appendix  (afterwards  separately 
published)  by  the  author's  sister-in-law,  Mary 
Hennell,  giving  an  historical  outline  of  com- 
munities founded  on  the  principle  of  co- 
operation. The  socialistic  theories  at  this 
time  in  the  air  specially  attracted  him,  and  in 
1842  he  attended  Robert  Owen's  '  Opening  of 
the  Millennium  '  at  Queenwood,  Hampshire. 
The  failure  of  this  experiment  limited  his 
social  aspirations  to  more  practicable  objects. 
He  helped  to  establish  (1843)  the  Coventry 
Labourers'  and  Artisans'  Society,  which  de- 
veloped into  a  co-operative  society,  of  which 
he  was  president ;  he  started  (1845)  a  work- 
ing man's  club,  which  failed  owing  to  the 
rival  attractions  of  the  public-house ;  and  h,e 
took  an  active  share  in  the  management  of 
the  Coventry  Mechanics'  Institute  and  the 
Coventry  Provident  Dispensary.  In  addition 
to  the  works  already  named,  he  published 
the  '  Philosophy  of  Necessity,'  2nd.  ed.  1861 
(in  great  part  re-written)  ;  '  On  Force  and 
its  Mental  Correlates,'  1866;  'A  Manual  of 
Anthropology,  or  Science  of  Man  based  upon 
Modern  Research  (1st  ed.  1871, 2nd  ed.  1883) ; 
*  Psychological  and  Ethical  Definitions  on  a 
Physiological  Basis,'  1879  ;  and  a  number 
of  pamphlets  on  speculative  and  practical 
subjects.  The  possession  of  a  local  paper 
(1846-74)  gave  him  an  additional  field  for 
his  opinions,  which  at  all  times,  and  on  all 
subjects,  he  stated  with  a  candour  that  took 
no  account  of  consequences.  Converted  to 
phrenology  by  George  Combe,  with  whom 
he  formed  an  intimate  association,  he  never 
abandoned  it.  Phrenology  and  the  doctrine 
of  necessity  form  the  groundwork  of  all  his 
writings.  Among  his  early  friends  was  Mary 
Ann  Evans  (George  Eliot),  who  while  young 
and  uncelebrated  was  for  some  time  a  mem- 
ber of  his  household.  In  his  autobiography 
('  Phases  of  Opinion  and  Experience  during 
a  Long  Life,'  1884)  he  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  her,  and  George  Eliot's  '  Life  as 
related  in  her  Letters  and  Journals  '  (1885) 
is  largely  based  on  correspondence  with  e  the 


Brays '  (i.e.  Bray,  his  wife,  and  his  sister-in- 
law,  Miss  Sara  Hennell).  A  postscript  to 
the  '  Phases  of  Opinion  and  Experience,'  dic- 
tated rather  less  than  three  weeks  before'his 
death,  which  took  place  on  5  Oct.  1884,  c'on- 
tains  the  following :  '  My  time  is  come,  and 
in  about  a  month,  in  all  probability,  it  will 
be  finished.  .  .  .  For  fifty  years  and  more  I 
have  been  an  unbiassed  and  an  unprejudiced 
seeker  after  truth,  and  the  opinions  I  have 
come  to,  however  different  from  those  usually 
held,  I  am  not  now,  at  the  last  hour,  disposed 
to  change.  They  have  done  to  live  by,  they 
will  do  to  die  by.' 

[Bray's  Phases  of  Opinion  and  Experience 
during  a  Long  Life,  1884;  Mathilde  Blind's 
George  Eliot  (Eminent  Women  Ser.),  1883 ; 
George  Eliot's  Life,  by  J.  W.  Cross,  1885;  Life 
and  Letters  of  Professor  W.  B.  Hodgson,  1884, 
p.  364.]  J.  M.  S. 

BRAY,  EDWARD  ATKYNS  (1778- 
1857),  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  the 
only  son  of  Edward  Bray,  solicitor,  and 
manager  of  the  Devonshire  estates  of  the 
Duke  of  Bedford,  was  born  at  the  Abbey 
House,  Tavistock,  18  Dec.  1778.  His  mother, 
Mary,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Brandreth  of  Hough- 
ton  Regis,  and  the  widow  of  Arthur  Turner, 
would  not  allow  her  son  to  be  sent  to  a  pub- 
lic school,  and  he  was  educated  by  himself,  a 
circumstance  which  engendered  in  him  habits 
of  isolation  and  restraint.  At  an  early  age  he 
cultivated  poetry,  two  small  selections  from 
his  effusions  circulating  among  his  friends 
before  he  was  twenty-three.  Bray  became  a 
student  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1801  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1806.  For  some 
time  he  went  the  western  circuit,  but  the 
profession  of  the  law  had  from  the  first  ill 
accorded  with  his  disposition,  and  after  five 
years  of  trial  he  abandoned  it  for  the  church. 
He  was  ordained  by  the  Bishop  of  Norwich 
about  1811,  and  in  the  following  year,  by 
the  favour  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  became 
the  vicar  of  Tavistock  and  the  perpetual 
curate  of  Brent  Tor.  Almost  immediately 
after  his  ordination  he  entered  himself  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  took  the 
degree  of  B.D.  as  a  ten-year  man  in  1822. 
In  Tavistock  he  resided  for  the  rest  of  his 
life,  and  if  he  differed  from  his  parishioners 
on  politics  or  preached  over  their  heads,  he 
retained  their  respect.  He  married  the  widow 
of  0.  A.  Stothard  [see  BEAT,  ANNA  ELIZA], 
and  an  amusing  account  of  the  habits  of  the 
worthy  vicar  and  his  wife  is  embodied  in 
the  latter's  autobiography.  Bray  died  at 
Tavistock  17  July  1857.  During  his  lifetime 
he  published  several  selections  of  sermons : 
1.  l  Sermons  from  the  Works  of  the  most 


Bray 


237 


Bray 


eminent  Divines  of  the  16th,  17th,  and  18th 
Centuries,' 1818.  2.  <  Discourses  from  Tracts 
and  Treatises  of  eminent  Divines,'  1821. 
3.  ( Select  Sermons  by  Thomas  Wilson, 
Bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,'  and  a  volume  of 
his  own, '  Discourses  on  Protestantism,'  1829. 
His  poetical  productions  were  for  the  most 
part  circulated  privately.  After  Bray's  death 
his  widow  collected  and  published  his '  Poeti- 
cal Remains'  (1859,  2  vols.),  and  also  'A 
Selection  from  the  Sermons,  General  and  Oc- 
casional, of  Rev.  E.  A.  Bray '  (1860,  2  vols.) 
At  one  time  he  projected  a  history  of  his 
native  town  of  Tavistock,  and  made  con- 
siderable collections  for  it,  but  the  under- 
taking was  never  completed.  Many  extracts 
from  his  journals  describing  the  curiosities 
of  Dartmoor  and  many  of  his  poems  are 
inserted  in  Mrs.  Bray's  '  Tamar  and  Tavy.' 
When  she  published  her  work  on  Switzerland 
she  embodied  with  it  many  passages  in  the 
diary  which  her  husband  kept  whilst  on  the 
tour. 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  Poetical  Kemains  ; 
Mrs.  Bray's  Tamar  and  Tavy  (1879  ed.).  ii.  304- 
373.]  W.  P.  C. 

BRAY,  JOHN  (fi.  1377),  physician  and 
botanist,  received  a  pension  of  100s.  a  year 
from  William,  earl  of  Salisbury,  which  was 
confirmed  by  Richard  II.  He  wrote  a  list 
of  herbs  in  Latin,  French,  and  English, 
*  Synonyma  de  nominibus  herbarum.'  This 
manuscript  was  formerly  part  of  the  collec- 
tion of  F.  Bernard  ;  it  is  now  in  the  Sloane 
Collection  in  the  British  Museum. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  122 ;  Catal.  Sloane  MSS. 
232,  32.]  W.  H. 

BRAY,  SiKREGINALD(^.  1503),states- 
man  and  architect,  was  the  second  son  of  Sir 
Richard  Bray,  one  of  the  privy  council  to 
Henry  VI,  by  his  wife  Joan  Troughton.  The 
father  was  of  Eaton-Bray  in  Bedfordshire,  and 
lies  buried  in  the  north  aisle  of  Worcester  ca- 
thedral; Leland  speaks  of  him  as  having  been, 
by  the  report  of  some,  physician  to  Henry  VI 
(Itinerary,  113  a).  The  son  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  John  Bedwardine,  near  Wor- 
cester (NASH,  Worcestershire,  ii.  309).  He 
held  the  situation  of  receiver-general  and 
steward  of  the  household  to  Sir  Henry 
Stafford,  the  second  husband  of  Margaret, 
countess  of  Richmond  (mother  of  the  Earl 
of  Richmond,  afterwards  King  Henry  VII), 
and  he  continued  in  her  service  during  her 
subsequent  marriage  with  Thomas,  lord 
Stanley  (afterwards  Earl  of  Derby),  by  whom 
he  was  appointed  a  trustee  for  her  dower  of 
600  marks  per  annum.  In  1  Richard  III 
(1483)  he  had  a  general  pardon  granted  to 


him,  probably  for  having  taken   part  with 
Henry  VI. 

When  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  had  con- 
certed with  Morton,  bishop  of  Ely  (then  his 
prisoner  at  Brecknock  in  Wales),  the  mar- 
riage of  the  Earl  of  Richmond  with  the 
Princess  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward IV,  and  the  earl's  advancement  to  the 
throne,  the  bishop  recommended  Bray  for  the 
communication  of  the  affair  to  the  countess, 
telling  the  duke  that  he  had  an  old  friend 
who  was  in  her  service,  a  man  sober,  secret, 
and  well  witted,  called  Reginald  Bray,  whose 
prudent  policy  he  had  known  to  have  com- 
passed matters  of  great  importance ;  and  ac- 
cordingly he  wrote  to  Bray,  then  in  Lancashire 
with  the  countess,  to  come  to  Brecknock 
with  all  speed.  Bray  readily  obeyed  the 
summons,  entered  heartily  into  the  design, 
and  was  very  active  in  carrying  it  into  effect, 
having  engaged  Sir  Giles  Daubeney  (after- 
wards Lord  Daubeney),  Sir  John  Cheney, 
Richard  Guilford,  and  many  other  gentlemen 
of  note,  to  take  part  with  Henry  (HALL, 
Chronicle,  f.  37).  After  the  defeat  of  Rich- 
ard III  at  Bosworth  he  became  a  great 
favourite  with  Henry  VII,  who  liberally  re- 
warded his  services  ;  and  he  retained  the 
king's  confidence  until  his  death.  He  was 
created  a  knight  of  the  Bath  at  the  king's 
coronation,  and  afterwards  a  knight  of  the 
Garter.  In  the  first  year  of  the  king's  reign 
he  had  a  grant  of  the  constableship  of  the 
castle  of  Oakham  in  Rutland,  and  was  ap- 
pointed joint  chief  justice,  with  Lord  Fitz- 
walter,  of  all  the  forests  south  of  Trent,  and 
chosen  of  the  privy  council.  After  this  he 
was  appointed  high-treasurer  and  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster. 

In  3  Henry  VII  he  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  parks  of  Guilford  and  Henley,  with 
the  manor  of  Claygate  in  Ash  for  life ;  and 
the  year  following,  by  letters  patent  dated  at 
Maidstone  23  Dec.  1488,  a  commissioner  for 
raising  the  quota  of  archers  to  be  furnished 
by  the  counties  of  Surrey,  Hampshire,  and 
Middlesex  for  the  relief  of  Brittany.  By 
indenture  dated  9  May  1492  he  was  retained 
to  serve  one  whole  year  in  parts  beyond 
|  the  seas,  with  twelve  men  of  arms,  includ- 
ing himself,  each  having  his  custrel  (shield- 
bearer)  and  page,  twenty-four  half-lances, 
seventy-seven  archers  on  horseback,  and  two 
hundred  and  thirty-one  archers  and  twenty- 
four  bill-men  on  foot;  being  at  the  same 
!  time  made  paymaster  of  the  forces  destined 
;  for  this  expedition  (RYMEE,  Foedera,ed.  1711, 
xii.  480).  On  the  king's  intended  journey  to 
France,  Sir  Reginald  was  one  of  those  in 
whom  the  king  vested  his  estates  belonging 
to  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  for  the  purpose  of 


Bray 


238 


Bray 


fulfilling  his  will.  In  the  tenth  year  of  the 
king  he  had  a  grant  for  life  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  castle  of  Carisbrook,  and  the  manors 
of  Swainston,  Brixton,  Thorley,  and  Welow 
in  that  isle,  at  the  rent  of  308/.  6*.  8d. 
(KYMEK,  xii.  480).  In  October  1494  he  was 
made  high  steward  of  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, and  he  is  believed  to  have  also  held  the 
same  office  in  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
In  11  Henry  VII  he  was  in  the  parliament 
then  summoned,  but,  the  returns  being  lost, 
it  is  not  known  for  what  place  he  served. 

In  June  1497  he  was  at  the  battle  of 
Blackheath  when  Lord  Audley,  who  had 
joined  the  Cornish  rebels,  was  taken  prisoner. 
On  this  occasion  Bray  was  made  a  knight 
banneret  (HousrsHED,  Chronicles,  iii.  1254), 
and  after  the  execution  and  attainder  of  Lord 
Audley,  that  nobleman's  manor  of  Shire,  with 
Vacherie  and  Cranley  in  Surrey,  and  a  large 
estate  there,  was  given  to  Sir  Reginald.  On 
the  marriage  of  Prince  Arthur  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  persons  of  high  rank  in  the  church 
and  state  as  a  trustee  for  the  dower  assigned 
to  the  Princess  Catherine  of  Arragon. 

The  chapel  of  St.  George  at  Windsor,  and 
that  of  his  royal  master  King  Henry  VII  at 
Westminster,  are  standing  monuments  of  his 
liberality  and  of  his  skill  in  architecture.  To 
the  former  of  these  he  was  a  considerable 
benefactor  as  well  by  his  attention  in  con- 
ducting the  improvements  made  upon  that 
structure  by  the  king,  as  by  his  contributions 
to  the  support  of  it  after  his  death.  He 
built  also,  at  his  own  expense,  in  the  middle 
of  the  south  aisle,  a  chapel  which  still  bears 
his  name,  and  in  various  parts  of  which,  as 
well  as  on  the  ceiling  of  the  church,  his  arms, 
crest,  and  the  initial  letters  of  his  name  may 
still  be  seen,  as  may  also  a  device  of  his  fre- 
quently repeated  both  on  the  outer  and  inner 
side  of  the  cornice  dividing  this  chapel  from 
the  south  aisle  of  the  church,  representing 
an  instrument  used  by  the  manufacturers  of 
hemp,  and  called  a  hemp-bray.  The  design 
of  Henry  VII's  chapel  at  Westminster  is 
supposed  to  have  been  his  ;  and  the  first 
stone  was  laid  by  him,  in  conjunction  with 
the  Abbot  Islip  and  others,  on  24  Jan.  1502-3. 
Sir  Reginald  did  not  live  to  see  the  comple- 
tion of  the  edifice,  for  on  5  Aug.  1503  he 
died,  and  was  interred  in  the  chapel  of  his 
own  foundation  at  Windsor.  On  opening  a 
vault  in  this  place  for  the  interment  of  Dr. 
Waterland  in  1740,  a  leaden  coffin  of  an 
ancient  form  was  discovered  which  was  sup- 
posed to  be  Sir  Reginald's,  and  by  order  of 
the  dean  it  was  immediately  arched  over. 
Sir  Reginald  is  said  to  have  been  the  archi- 
tect of  the  nave  and  aisles  of  St.  Mary's, 
Oxford,  and  it  has  been  conjectured  that  he 


also  designed  St.  Mary's  Tower  at  Taunton. 
He  was  a  munificent  benefactor  to  churches, 
monasteries,  and  colleges. 

Bray  married  Catharine,  daughter  of  Ni- 
cholas Husee,  a  descendant  of  the  ancient 
barons  of  that  name  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  He  had  no  issue,  and  his  elder 
brother  John  having  only  one  daughter, 
married  to  Sir  William  Sandes,  afterwards 
Lord  Sandes  of  the  Vine,  he  left  the  bulk  of 
his  fortune  to  Edmund,  eldest  son  of  his 
younger  brother  John  (for  he  had  two 
brothers  of  that  name).  This  Edmund  was 
summoned  to  parliament  in  1 530,  as  Baron 
of  Eaton-Bray  ;  but  his  son  John,  lord  Bray, 
dying  without  issue  in  1557,  the  estate  was 
divided  among  six  daughters  of  Edmund. 
Sir  Reginald  left  very  considerable  estates  to 
Edward  and  Reginald,  younger  brothers  of 
Edmund. 

His  portrait  was  in  a  window  of  the  Priory 
church  of  Great  Malvern  in  Worcestershire, 
and  is  engraved  in  Strutt's  'View  of  the 
Manners,  Customs,  &c.  of  the  Inhabitants  of 
England,'  ii.  pi.  60,  and  more  accurately  in 
Carter's  '  Ancient  Sculpture  and  Painting.' 

Bray  is  represented  as  being  '  a  very  father 
of  his  country,  a  sage  and  a  graue  person,  and 
a  feruent  louer  of  iustice.  In  so  muche  that 
if  any  thinge  had  bene  done  against  good 
law  or  equitie,  he  would,  after  an  humble 
fassion,  plainly  reprehende  the  king,  and  geue 
him  good  aduertisement  how  to  reforme  that 
offence,  and  to  be  more  circumspect  in  another 
lyke  case'  (HALL,  Vnion  of  the  twofamelies 
of  Lancastre  and  Yorke,  ed.  1548,  Hen.  VII, 
fol.  55  £).  Bacon  says  of  him,  however, 
'  that  he  was  noted  to  have  had  with  the 
king  the  greatest  freedom  of  any  counsellor, 
but  it  was  but  a  freedom  the  better  to  set  off 
flattery.' 

In  the  library  at  Westminster  are  many 
original  letters  addressed  to  Bray  by  Smyth, 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  other  prelates  and  no- 
blemen, and  many  other  letters  relating  to 
his  own  private  business. 

[William  Bray,  F.S.A.,  in  Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis) ; 
Brayley's  Surrey,  v.  181,  186,  187;  Chambers's 
Malvern  (1820),  42,  243  ;  Chambers's  Worcester- 
shire Biography,  38  ;  Churton's  Lives  of  Bishop 
Smyth  and  Sir  E.  Sutton ;  Cooper's  Athena& 
Cantab,  i.  6  ;  Cooper's  Memoir  of  Margaret, 
Countess  of  Richmond  and  Derby,  ed.  Mayor ; 
Cooper's  Memorials  of  Cambridge,  i.  368;  Evans's 
Cat.  of  Engraved  Portraits,  1271  ;  Gent.  Mag. 
1827,  ii.  304,  1835,  i.  181  ;  Manning's  Lives  of  the 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Commons,  138-50  ; 
Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey,  i.  514,  517;  Addit. 
MSS.  5833  f.  67  b,  21505  f.  10  ;  Lansd.  MS.  978 
f.  23  b  ;  Nicolas's  Testamenta  Vetusta,  446  ; 
Shermanni  Hist.  Coll.  Jesu  Cantab.  (Halliwell), 


Bray 


239 


Bray 


28  ;  Proceedings  of  the  Somersetshire  Archaeo- 
logical  and   Natural   Hist.   Soc.   viii.   133-48 ; 
Strutt's  Manners,  Customs,  &c.  of  the  Inhabit-  j 
ants  of  England,  ii.  127  ;  Three  Books  of  Poly-  I 
dore  Vergil's  Engl.  Hist.  ed.  Ellis  (Camden  Soc.),  | 
195,  196;  Willement's  Account  of  the  Kestora-  i 
tions  of  the  Collegiate  Chapel  of  St.  George,  I 
Windsor,  25,    27,    28,    42;    Wood's   Annals  of  j 
Oxford  (Gutch),  i.  651.]  T.  C. 

BRAY,  THOMAS  (1656-1730),  divine,  j 
was  born  at  Marton  in  Shropshire,  and  edu-  | 
cated  at  Oswestry  School,  whence  he  pro-  | 
ceeded  to  Oxford.     He  took  his  B.A.  degree  , 
(All  Souls,  11  Nov.  1678),  and  that  of  MA.  j 
(Hart  Hall,  12  Dec.  1693).    Having  received  I 
holy  orders  he  served  for  a  short  time  a  cu-  j 
racy  near  Bridgnorth,  and  then  became  chap-  | 
lain  in  the  family  of  Sir  T.  Price  of  Park  Hall 
in  Warwickshire.    Sir  Thomas  presented  him  j 
to  the  donative  of  LeaMarston  orMarson,and  ; 
his  diligence  in  this  post  introduced  him  to  j 
John  Kettlewell,  vicar  of  Coleshill,  and  also  to 
Kettlewell's  patron,  Simon,  Lord  Digby,  and  j 
Sir  Charles  Holt.    He  also  made  a  favourable 
impression  by  an  assize  sermon   which  he  j 
preached  at  Warwick  while  quite  a  young 
man.     Lord  Digby  was  one  of  the  congrega-  [ 
tion,  and  afterwards  recommended  him  to  his  '• 
brother  and  successor  to  the  title,  William, 
lord    Digby,    who    presented    him   to    the 
vicarage  of  Over-Whitacre,  and  subsequently 
endowed  it  with  the  great  tithes.     In  1690 
Bray  was  presented  by  the  same  patron  to 
the  rectory  of  Sheldon,  vacant  by  the  refusal 
of  the  rector,  Mr.  Digby  Bull,  to  take  the 
oaths  at  the  Revolution.     At  Sheldon,  Bray 
composed  the  first  volume  of  his  '  Catechetical 
Lectures,'  which  were  published  by  the  '  au- 
thoritative injunctions'  of  Dr.  Lloyd,  bishop 
of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  to  whom  the  vo- 
lume was  dedicated.     The  work  at  once  be- 
came popular,  and  made  Bray's  name  well 
known  in  London.     About  the  year  1691  the 
governor  and  assembly  of  "Maryland  deter- 
mined to  divide  that  province  into  parishes, 
and  to  appoint  a  legal  maintenance  for  the 
ministers  in  each  parish.     In  1695  they  wrote 
to  request  the  bishop  of  London  to  send  them 
over  some  clergyman  to  act  as  his  commissary, 
and  Bishop  Compton  selected  Bray  for  the 
post.     Bray  accepted  it,  but  was  unable  to 
set   out  for  Maryland   until   the   return  of 
a  new   act  thence  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
sovereign ;  the  first  act  for  the  establishment 
of  the  church  being  rejected,  because  it  was 
wrongly  stated  in  it  that  the  laws  of  England 
were  in  force  in  Maryland.     Meanwhile  he 
was  employed  under  Bishop  Compton  in  seek- 
ing out  missionaries  to  be  sent  abroad  as  soon 
as  the  new  act  could  be  obtained.     He  found 
that  he  could  only  enlist  poor  men  unable  to 


buy  books,  and  he  seems  to  have  made  the 
help  of  the  bishops  in  providing  libraries  a 
condition  of  his  going  to  Maryland.  From  a 
paper  still  extant  in  Lambeth  library  it  ap- 
pears that  the  two  archbishops  and  five  bishops 
agreed  to  'contribute  cheerfully  towards  these 
parochial  libraries.'  Meanwhile  Bray  had  ex- 
tended his  plans,  and  set  himself  to  provide 
libraries  for  the  clergy  at  home  as  well  as 
abroad.  He  projected  a  scheme  for  esta- 
blishing parochial  libraries  in  every  deanery 
throughout  England  and  Wales,  and  so  far 
succeeded  that  before  his  death  he  saw  up- 
wards of  eighty  established.  No  less  than 
thirty-nine  libraries,  some  containing  more 
than  a  thousand  volumes,  were  established  in 
North  America,  besides  many  in  other  foreign 
lands  during  Bray's  lifetime.  His  t  premier 
library 'was  founded  at  Annapolis,  the  capital 
of  Maryland,  called  after  Anne,  Princess  of 
Denmark,  who  gave  a  '  noble  benefaction ' 
towards  the  valuable  library  there.  The 
library  scheme  soon  became  part  of  a  larger 
scheme  which  took  shape  in  the  f  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge.'  In  1697  a 
bill  was  brought  into  parliament  to  alienate 
lands  given  to  superstitious  uses,  and  vest 
them  in  Greenwich  Hospital.  Bray  petitioned 
that  a  share  of  them  should  be  appropriated  ta 
the ( propagation  of  true  religion  in  our  foreign 
plantations.'  The  petition  was  well  received 
in  the  house,  but  the  bill  fell  through ;  so  he 
received  no  help  from  that  quarter.  In  1698 
he  addressed  the  king  for  a  grant  of  some  ar- 
rears of  taxes  due  to  the  crown,  and  actually 
followed  the  king  to  Holland  to  get  the  grant 
completed  ;  but  it  was  found  that  the  arrears 
were  all  but  valueless.  He  drew  up  a  plan 
'for  having  a  protestant  congregation  pro 
propaganda  fide  by  charter  from  the  king ;  * 
but  '  things  were  not  yet  ripe  for  the  charter 
society,'  so  to  prepare  the  way  he  tried  to 
form  a  voluntary  society,  laid  the  plan  of  it 
before  the  bishop  of  London,  and  found '  seve- 
ral worthy  persons  willing  to  unite.'  The- 
first  sketch  of  the  objects  of  the  society,  which 
included  the  libraries  at  home  and  abroad, 
charity  schools,  and  missions  both  to  colo- 
nists and  the  heathen,  was  prepared  by  Bray, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  first  five  members,  and 
the  only  clergyman  among  them,  who  com- 
posed the  first  meeting  on  8  March  1698-9. 
All  this  while  Bray  was  entirely  without  any 
provision  to  support  him.  Two  preferments 
were  offered  him  at  home,  the  office  of  sub- 
almoner  and  the  living  of  St.  Botolph,  Aid- 
gate;  but  he  was  not  the  man  to  be  so 
diverted.  Having  waited  for  more  than  two 
years,  he  determined  to  set  forth.  He  had 
previously,  at  the  request  of  the  governor  of 
Mary  land,  taken  the  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D. 


Bray 


240 


Bray 


at  Oxford  (Magdalen,  17  Dec.  1696),  though 
he  could  ill  afford  to  pay  the  fees.  No  allow- 
ance was  made  him  for  expenses,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  dispose  of  his  own  small  effects  and 
raise  money  on  credit.  On  16  Dec.  1699  he  set 
sail  for  Maryland.  Knowing  that  missionaries 
were  often  detained  in  the  seaports,  he  deter- 
mined to  found  seaport  libraries  ;  he  was  able 
himself  to  deposit  books  on  his  way  at  Graves- 
end,  Deal,  and  Plymouth.  Arriving  in  Mary- 
land in  March,  he '  at  once  set  about  repairing 
the  breach  made  in  the  settlement  of  the  pa- 
rochial clergy,'  and  was  well  backed  up  by  the 
governor  Nicholson.  But  it  was  felt  on  all 
sides  that  Bray  would  do  better  service  to 
the  church  in  Maryland  by  returning  home 
and  endeavouring  to  get  the  law,  which  had 
been  twice  rejected  there,  re-enacted  with  the 
royal  assent.  If  Bray  had  consulted  his  own 
interests,  he  would  have  remained  in  Mary- 
land, for  the  commissary's  office  would  yield 
him  no  profits  if  he  left  the  country ;  but  he 
returned  to  England  at  once,  and  found  that 
the  quakers  had  raised  prejudices  against  the 
establishment  of  the  church  in  Maryland. 
Bray  refuted  these  in  a  printed  memorial, 
and  the  bill  was  at  last  approved.  Before  he 
resigned  his  office  of  commissary  he  made  a 
vigorous  effort  to  obtain  a  bishop  for  Mary- 
land. Bray  had  borne  all  the  cost  of  his 
voyage  and  outfit ;  it  was  rightly  thought 
unfair  to  allow  him  to  impoverish  himself  for 
the  public  good.  Viscount  Weymouth  there- 
fore presented  him  with  300 /.,  and  two  other 
friends  with  50/.  each  ;  but  he  characteristi- 
cally devoted  it  all  to  public  purposes.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  found  the  work  of 
the  society  so  largely  increased  that  it  was 
necessary  to  make  one  of  its  departments  the 
work  of  a  separate  society.  Bray  therefore 
obtained  from  King  William  a  charter  for  the 
incorporation  of  a  society  for  propagating  the 
gospel  throughout  our  plantations,  June  1701. 
Thus  Bray  may  almost  be  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  our  two  oldest  church  societies. 
The  living  of  St.  Botolph  Without,  Aldgate, 
which  he  had  refused  before  he  went  to 
Maryland,  was  again  offered  to  him  in  1706. 
He  accepted  it,  and  set  himself  with  charac- 
teristic energy  to  work  the  parish  thoroughly. 
Meanwhile  he  never  forgot  his  earliest  project 
of  erecting  libraries,  and  in  1709  he  had  the 
gratification  of  seeing  an  act  passed,  through 
the  instrumentality  of  Sir  Peter  King,  after- 
wards lord  chancellor,  '  for  the  better  preser- 
vation of  parochial  libraries  in  England.'  He 
took  a  deep  interest  in  the  condition  of  the 
negroes  in  the  West  Indies  and  North  Ame- 
rica. When  he  was  in  Holland  he  had  con- 
versed much  on  the  subject  with  Mr.  D'Allone, 
King  William's  secretary,  at  the  Hague,  and 


this  gentleman  gave  him  900/.,  to  be  devoted 
to  the  instruction  of  the  negroes.  In  1723 
Bray  was  attacked  with  a  dangerous  illness, 
and,  feeling  that  his  life  was  very  insecure, 
he  nominated  certain  persons  to  carry  out  his 
work  with  him  and  after  him.  These  were 
called  'Dr.  Bray's  associates  for  founding 
clerical  libraries  and  supporting  negro  schools.' 
A  decree  of  chancery  confirmed  their  authority 
soon  after  Bray's  death.  The  association  still 
exists,  and  publishes  a  report  of  its  labours 
every  year,  to  which  is  always  attached  a 
memoir  of  Bray.  He  continued  to  work  dili- 
gently in  his  parish.  In  1723  Ralph  Thoresby 
records  in  his  diary  that  he  '  walked  to 
the  pious  and  charitable  Dr.  Bray's  in  Aid- 
gate,  and  was  extremely  pleased  with  his 
many  pious,  useful,  and  charitable  works.'  A 
week  later  he  'heard  the  charity  children 
catechised  at  Dr.  Bray's  church,'  and  remarks 
on  '  the  prodigious  pains  so  aged  a  man  takes.' 
1  He  is/  Thoresby  adds,  '  very  mortified  to  the 
world,  and  takes  abundant  trouble  to  have  a 
new  church,  though  he  would  lose  100/.  per 
annum.'  The  ( aged  man  '  was  not  content 
with  the  work  of  his  own  parish.  So  late  as 
1727  '  an  acquaintance  made  a  casual  visit  to 
Whitechapel  prison,  and  his  representation 
of  the  miserable  state  of  the  prisoners  had 
such  an  effect  on  the  doctor  that  he  applied 
himself  to  solicit  benefactions  to  relieve 
them  ; '  and  he  also  employed  intended  mis- 
sionaries to  read  and  preach  to  the  prisoners. 
This  work  brought  him  into  connection  with 
the  benevolent  General  Oglethorpe,  who 
joined  the ( associates'  of  Bray,  and  persuaded 
others  to  do  so.  And  it  was  probably  owing 
to  his  acquaintance  with  Oglethorpe  that  to 
the  two  designs  of  founding  libraries  and  in- 
structing negroes  he  added  a  third,  viz.  the 
establishing  a  colony  in  America  to  provide 
for  the  necessitous  poor  who  could  not  find 
employment  at  home.  He  died  on  15  Feb. 
1730. 

Bray  is  a  striking  instance  of  what  a  man 
may  effect  without  any  extraordinary  genius, 
and  without  special  influence.  It  would  be 
difficult  to  point  to  any  one  who  has  done 
more  real  and  enduring  service  to  the  church. 
His  various  appeals  are  plain,  forcible,  and 
racy.  He  cannot  be  reckoned  among  our 
great  divines,  but  his  writings  produced  more 
immediate  practical  results  than  those  of 
greater  divines  have  done.  His  first  publi- 
cation was  entitled  '  A  Course  of  Lectures 
upon  the  Church  Catechism,  in  4  volumes, 
by  a  Divine  of  the  Church  of  England/ 
Oxford,  1696.  The  first  volume  only,  <  Upon 
the  Preliminary  Questions  and  Answers/ 
was  published ;  it  contains  303  folio  pages, 
and  consists  of  26  lectures.  In  1697  he 


Bray 


241 


Bray 


published  '  An  Essay  towards  promoting 
all  Necessary  and  Useful  Knowledge,  both 
Divine  and  Human,  in  all  parts  of  his 
Majesty's  Dominions.'  The  essay  with  this 
ambitious  title  is  of  course  connected  with 
his  library  scheme.  In  the  same  year  he 
published  another  work  on  the  same  design, 
entitled '  Bibliotheca  Parochialis,  or  a  Scheme 
of  such  Theological  Heads  as  are  requisite  to 
be  studied  by  every  Pastor  of  a  Parish.'  In 
1700-1  he  published  his  circular  letters  to 
the  clergy  of  Maryland,  '  A  Memorial  repre- 
senting the  Present  State  of  Religion  on  the 
Continent  of  North  America,'  and  '  Acts  of 
Visitation  at  Annapolis;'  in  1702  l Biblio- 
theca Catechetica,  or  the  Country  Curates' Li- 
brary ; '  in  1708  a  single  sermon  entitled  '  For 
God  or  Satan,'  preached  before  the  Society 
for  the  Reformation  of  Manners  at  St.  Mary- 
le-Bow.  In  1712  he  appeared  in  print  in  a 
new  light.  He  had  always  been  a  strong 
anti-Romanist,  and  on  this  ground  he  ex- 
pressed two  years  later  his  intense  satisfac- 
tion at  the l  protestant  succession '  of  George  I 
in  an  interesting  letter  still  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum.  During  the  last  four  years 
of  Queen  Anne's  reign  it  is  well  known  that 
there  was  great  alarm  about  the  return  of 
popery.  Bray  issued  a  seasonable  publica- 
tion, entitled  '  A  Martyrology,  or  History  of 
the  Papal  Usurpation,'  consisting  of  '  choice 
and  learned  treatises  of  celebrated  authors, 
ranged  and  digested  into  a  regular  history.' 
Only  one  volume  of  this  work  was  published 
in  Bray's  lifetime  ;  but  he  left  materials  for 
the  remainder,  which  he  bequeathed  to  Sion 
College.  In  1726  he  published  his  ^Direc- 
torium  Missionarium.'  This  was  quickly 
followed  by  a  work  entitled  l  Primordia  Bi- 
bliothecaria,'  in  which  are  given  '  several 
schemes  of  parochial  libraries,  and  a  method 
laid  down  to  proceed  by  a  gradual  progression 
from  strength  to  strength,  from  a  collection 
not  much  exceeding  in  value  II.  to  100/.'  In 
1728  he  reprinted  the  '  Life  of  Bernard  Gil- 
pin,'  and  then  Erasmus's  '  Ecclesiastes,'  a 
treatise  on  the  pastoral  care,  the  separate  pub- 
lication of  which  he  thought  would  be  of 
great  use,  as  it  was  not  likely  to  be  much 
read  when  it  was  '  mixed  up,'  as  it  had 
hitherto  been,  in  Erasmus's  voluminous  works. 
Finally,  Bray  published  '  A  Brief  Account 
of  the  Life  of  Mr.  John  Rawlet,'  a  clergy- 
man of  like  mind  with  himself,  and  author 
of  the  once  famous  work,  'The  Christian 
Monitor.' 

[Kawlinson  MSS.,  J.  folio,  in  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary, Oxford  ;  Eeport  of  the  Association  of  the 
late  Kev.  Dr.  Bray  and  his  Associates,  &c.,  pub- 
lished annually  ;  Public  Spirit  illustrated  in  the 
Life  and  Designs  of  Dr.  Bray  (1746);  An  Ac- 

VOL.   VI. 


count  of  the  Designs  of  the  Associates  of  the  late 
Dr.  Bray,  &c.  (1769) ;  Anderson's  History  of  the 
Colonial  Church  ;  and  Bray's  Works,  passim.] 

J.  H.  0. 

BRAY,  THOMAS,  D.D.  (1759-1820), 
an  Irish  catholic  prelate,  was  born  in  the 
diocese  of  Cashel  on  5  March  1759.  He  be- 
came archbishop  of  Cashel  in  1792,  and  died 
in  1820.  He  was  author  of  the  following 
privately  printed  work  :  '  Statuta  Synodalia 
pro  unitis  Dioecesibus  Cassel.  et  Imelac. 
lecta,  approbata,  edita,  et  promulgata  in 
Synodo  Dioecesana ;  cui  interfuit  clerus  utri- 
usque  Dioeceseos,  habita  prima  hebdomada 
mensis  Septembris,  anno  M.DCCC.x.,'  2  vols., 
Dublin,  1813,  12mo.  This  rare  book  con- 
tains a  papal  bull  against  freemasonry;  a 
decree  of  the  council  of  Trent  against  duel- 
lists, with  an  explanation  of  it  in  English  to 
be  given  by  each  priest  to  his  flock ;  and 
short  memoirs  of  the  archbishops  of  Cashel 
and  the  bishops  of  Emly.  The  second  volume 
bears  the  following  title :  '  Regulations,  In- 
structions, Exhortations,  and  Prayers,  &c., 
&c.,  in  English  and  Irish  :  with  the  manner 
of  absolving  heretics,  in  Latin  and  English  : 
for  the  united  dioceses  of  Cashel  and  Emly.' 

[Martin's  Privately  Printed  Books,  570,  571 
Brady's  Episcopal  Succession,  ii.  29  ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  2nd  ser.,  xi.  197.]  T.  C. 

BRAY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1644),  chaplain 
to  Archbishop  Laud,  was  educated  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  B.A. 
in  1616-17,  M.A.  in  1620,  and  B.D.  in  1631. 
At  the  outset  of  his  clerical  career  he  was 
a  popular  lecturer  in  puritan  London,  but 
changing  his  views  he  became  one  of  Arch- 
bishop Laud's  chaplains  in  ordinary,  and  ob- 
tained considerable  church  preferment.  He 
was  rector  of  St.  Ethelburga  in  London,  5  May 
1632 ;  prebendary  of  Mapesbury  in  the  church 
of  St.  Paul,  12  June  following;  and  vicar 
of  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields,  2  March  1632-3. 
The  king  presented  him,  on  7  May  1634,  to 
the  vicarage  of  Chaldon-Herring  in  Dorset- 
shire, and  by  letters  patent,  dated  15  Jan. 
1637-8,  bestowed  on  him  a  canonry  in  the 
church  of  Canterbury. 

Having  licensed  two  obnoxious  books  by 
Dr.  John  Pocklington,  the  Long  parliament 
enjoined  him  to  preach  a  recantation  sermon 
at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster.  On  12  Jan. 
1642-3  the  house  proceeded  to  sequester  him 
from  the  vicarage  of  St.  Martin's,  and  in  the 
latter  end  of  March  following  his  books  were 
seized;  he  was  also  imprisoned,  plundered, 
and  forced  to  fly  into  remote  parts,  where, 
it  is  said,  he  died  in  1644. 

His  recantation  sermon  was  published  with 
the  title  :  '  A  Sermon  of  the  Blessed  Sacra- 

E 


Bray 


242 


Braybroc 


i 


ment  of  the  Lord's  Supper;  proving  that  there 
is  therein  no  proper  sacrifice  now  offered ;  To- 
gether with  the  disaproving  of  sundry  passages 
in  2  Bookes  set  forth  by  Dr.  Pocklington;  the 
one  called  Altare  Christianum,  the  other  Sun- 
day no  Sabbath :  Formerly  printed  with  Li- 
cence. Now  published  by  Command/  Lon- 
don, 1641,  4to. 

[Newcourt's  Kepertorium  Ecclesiasticum,  i. 
176,  346,  692  ;  Heylyn's  Life  of  Abp.  Laud,  441 
et  passim ;  Troubles  and  Tryal  of  Abp.  Laud, 
367  ;  MS.  Addit.  5863,  f.  103  b ;  Lloyd's  Memoires 
(1677),  512  ;  Hutchins's  Dorset,  i.  209.]  T.  C. 

BRAY,  WILLIAM  (1736-1832),  anti- 
quary, the  fourth  and  youngest  son  of  Ed- 
ward Bray  of  Shere  in  Surrey,  who  married 
Ann,  daughter  of  Rev.  George  Duncomb,  was 
born  in  1736.  When  only  ten  years  old  he 
was  entered  at  Rugby,  and  cultivated  litera- 
ture by  means  of  occasional  purchases  from 
an  itinerant  bookseller  from  Daventry.  On 
one  occasion,  having  ordered  a  single  number 
of  the  'Rambler,' the  bookseller,  to  his  amaze- 
ment, ordered  all  the  copies  which  had  then 
appeared,  a  proceeding  which,  as  Bray  was 
wont  to  declare,  nearly  ruined  him.  On 
leaving  school  he  was  placed  with  an  attorney, 
Mr.  Martyr,  at  Guildford,  but  not  long  after- 
wards obtained  a  position  in  the  board  of 
green  cloth,  which  he  held  for  nearly  fifty 
years  and  was  then  superannuated.  On  the 
death  of  his  elder  brother,  the  Rev.  George 
Bray,  on  1  March  1803,  he  inherited  the 
family  estates  in  Shere  and  Gomshall.  In 
1758  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
Stephens  of  Wipley,  in  Worplesdon,  who 
died  14  Dec.  1796,  aged  62,  having  had 
numerous  children,  though  only  three,  one 
son  and  two  daughters,  lived  to  maturity, 
and  the  son  predeceased  his  father.  Bray 
was  an  incessant  worker.  His  position  in 
the  county  and  his  legal  training  caused  him 
to  be  associated  in  many  charitable  and  civil 
trusts  in  Surrey.  He  died  at  Shere  21  Dec. 
1832,  aged  96,  and  a  mural  monument  is 
erected  to  his  memory  in  its  church.  Bray 
was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1771,  became  the 
treasurer  of  the  society  in  1803,  and  contri- 
buted frequently  to  the  '  Archaeologia.'  His 
first  publication  was  the  '  Sketch  of  a  Tour 
into  Derbyshire  and  Yorkshire  ; '  originally 
published  anonymously  in  1777,  the  second 
edition  appearing  with  the  author's  name  in 
1783,  and  though  its  pages  were  somewhat 
overburdened  with  antiquarian  lore,  it  was 
frequently  reprinted  and  included  in  Pinker- 
ton's  '  Travels.'  His  next  work,  which  was 
printed  privately,  was  '  Collections  relating 
to  Henry  Smith,  sometime  Alderman  of  Lon- 
don.' When  the  Rev.  Owen  Manning,  who 


had  begun  a  history  of  Surrey,  died  in  1801, 
Bray  undertook  to  complete  the  work,  and 
in  its  prosecution  visited  every  parish  and 
church  within  the  county's  borders.  The 
first  volume  was  issued  in  1804,  the  second 
in  1809,  and  the  third  in  1814 ;  it  still  remains 
one  of  the  best  county  histories  that  England 
can  boast  of.  In  the  British  Museum  there 
exists  a  duplicate  of  this  work  in  thirty  folio 
volumes,  with  a  special  title-page  dated  1847, 
and  with  over  6,000  prints  and  drawings  col- 
lected by  Mr.  R.  Percival.  Bray's  last  literary 
labour  was  the  printing  and  editing  of  the 
'  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  John 
Evelyn,  comprising  his  Diary,  &c.,'  which  was 
first  published  in  1818  in  two  volumes,  ap- 
peared in  1827  in  five  volumes,  and  has  been 
often  reissued. 

[Manning  and  Bray's  Surrey,  i.  495,  523,  iii. 
687 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1833,  pp.  87,  88 ;  Rugby  School 
Eegister,  i.  34 ;  Anderson's  British  Topography, 
268.]  W.  P.  C. 

BRAYBROC,  HENRY  DE  (d.  1234  ?), 
judge,  was  undersheriff  of  Rutlandshire,  Buck- 
inghamshire, and  Northamptonshire,  in  1210- 
1219,  and  of  Bedfordshire  1211,  and  sheriff  of 
the  same  three  counties  in  the  next  and  three 
succeeding  years.  He  is  included  by  Roger 
of  Wendover  (1211)  with  his  father,  Robert 
Braybroc,  in  the  list  of  the  evil  counsellors 
of  John  in  his  struggle  with  the  pope.  He 
remained  loyal  until  1215,  when  the  insurgent 
barons  induced  him  to  join  their  party.  His 
estates,  which  were  extensive,  were  immedi- 
ately confiscated,  and  on  John's  making  his 
peace  with  the  pope,  Braybroc  was  one  of 
those  who  were  excommunicated  as  enemies 
to  the  king  (ROGER  BE  WEKDOVEE,  ed.  Coxe, 
iii.  237).  In  1217  he  defended  the  castle  of 
Montsorel,  near  Dunstable,  against  the  pro- 
tector, William  Marshall,  until  relieved  by 
Louis ;  but  after  the  battle  of  Lincoln  he  did 
homage,  and  was  reinstated  in  his  lands.  In 
1224  he  was  sent  to  Dunstable  with  two  col- 
leagues to  hold  assizes  of  novel  disseisin  for 
the  counties  of  Bedford  and  Buckingham, 
when  Falkes  de  Breaute"  [q.  v.]  was  so  in- 
censed by  being  fined  100/.  upon  each  of 
thirty  verdicts  found  against  him  for  forcible 
disturbance  of  his  neighbours,  that  he  ordered 
his  brother  William,  who  was  in  command 
of  Bedford  Castle,  to  seize  the  offending 
justices  and  confine  them  in  the  dungeon. 
They  were  warned  of  the  impending  danger, 
and  quitted  the  town.  His  colleagues  made 
good  their  escape,  but  Braybroc  was  taken, 
roughly  handled,  and  imprisoned  in  the 
castle.  His  wife  carried  the  news  to  the 
king,  then  in  parliament  at  Northampton, 
who  immediately  marched  upon  the  town. 


Braybroke 


243 


Braybroke 


William  de  Breaute,  refusing  to  surrender  on 
the  king's  summons,  was  promptly  excommu- 
nicated by  the  archbishop,  and  the  castle  was 
reduced  by  a  regular  siege,  after  a  stubborn  re- 
sistance lasting  sixty  days  (16  June-15  Aug.), 
the  commandant  and  the  garrison,  with  the 
exception  of  three  templars,  being  hanged  on 
the  spot.  The  king  ordered  the  tower  and  outer 
battlements  to  be  razed  to  the  ground,  the 
inner  works  to  be  dismantled  and  the  moats 
filled  up,  and  appointed  Braybroc  to  superin- 
tend the  execution  of  this  work.  The  ruins 
of  that  portion  of  the  building  which  was  left 
standing  were  extant  in  Camden's  time. 
Braybroc  was  justice  itinerant  for  the  same 
counties  next  year  (1225),  and  in  the  year 
following  (1226)  justice  itinerant  for  Lincoln- 
shire and  Yorkshire.  In  an  exchequer  record 
of  the  year  1227  he  is  described  as  justice  of 
the  bench.  The  last  mention  of  him  is  in 
1228,  when  Dugdale  notices  a  fine  as  having 
been  levied  before  him.  That  he  was  dead  in 
1334  appears  from  the  record  of  a  fine  which 
his  widow  Christiana  in  that  year  paid  to  the 
king  for  the  privilege  of  marrying  whom  she 
pleased.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Wischard 
Ledet,  a  rebel,  part  of  whose  estates  had  been 
confiscated  by  John,  and  granted  to  Master 
Michael  Belet  in  1216.  The  portion  which 
remained  unforfeited  devolved  upon  his  daugh- 
ter on  his  death  in  1221-2,  Braybroc  then 
paying  a  fine  of  100/.  upon  the  succession. 
It  was  situate  in  Northamptonshire,  where 
he  had  estates,  as  also  in  Bedfordshire,  Buck- 
inghamshire, Leicestershire,  Lincolnshire,  and 
Cambridgeshire.  Braybroc  had  two  sons, 
(1)  Wischard,  who  took  his  mother's  name  of 
Ledet ;  (2)  John,  a  descendant  of  whom,  Sir 
Reginald  Braybroc,  knight,  married  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV  a  granddaughter  of  John 
de  Cobham,  whose  only  child  Joan  married 
Sir  Thomas  Brooke,  father  of  Sir  Edward 
Brooke  of  Cobham,  ancestor  of  the  noble 
family  of  Cobham. 

[Fuller's  Worthies,  i.  121,  ii.  294,  350  ;  Roger 
de  Wendover  (ed.  Coxe),  iii.  237,  301,  356,  iv. 
14,  94  ;  Kymer's  Fcedera  (ed.  Clarke),  i.  175 ; 
Matt.  Paris,  Chron.  Mat.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  533, 
587,  644,  iii.  87  n.  •  Dugdale's  Chron.  Ser.  8,  9; 
Dugdale's  Baronage,  i.  67,  728 ;  Courthope's 
Historic  Peerage  (Cobham  title) ;  Rot.  Glaus,  i. 
200  a,  243  a,  321  a,  631  a,  655  a,  ii.  77,  151; 
Madox's  Exch.  ii.  335  ;  Cal.  I.  P.  M.  i.  45 ;  Cam- 
den's  Brit.  (ed.  Gough),  i.  324  ;  Excerpta  e  Rot. 
Fin.  i.  80,  258.]  J.  M.  R. 

BRAYBROKE,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1404), 
ecclesiastic  and  judge,  son  of  Sir  Gerard 
Braybroke,  knight  of  Braybroke  Castle  in 
Northamptonshire,  a  descendant  of  Henry  de 
Braybroc  [q.  v.],  studied  civil  law  at  Oxford, 
taking  the  degree  of  licentiate  therein.  After 


taking  holy  orders  he  obtained  (1360),  by 
papal  provision,  the  rectory  of  Hinton,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, which,  in  1379,  he  surrendered 
for  the  rectory  of  Girton,  Lincolnshire,  and 
this  again  for  that  of  Horsenden  soon  after- 
wards. He  was  appointed  to  the  prebend  of 
Fenton,  in  the  church  of  York,  9  Nov.  1366 ; 
to  that  of  Fridaythorpe,  in  the  same  church, 
19  Oct.  1370  ;  to  that  of  All  Saints  in  Hun- 
gate,  in  the  church  of  Lincoln,  about  1378  ; 
and  to  that  of  Colwich,  in  the  church  of  Lich- 
field,  in  the  following  year.  He  became  dean 
of  Salisbury  in  1379-80 ;  archdeacon  of  Corn- 
wall July  1381 ;  bishop  of  London,  by  bull  of 
Pope  Urban,  9  Sept.  of  the  same  year,  to 
which  he  was  consecrated  at  Lambeth  5  Jan. 
1381-2.  The  same  year  (9  Sept.)  he  was 
created  chancellor  at  Bristol,  receiving  the 
seal  on  the  20th  following,  but  he  resigned 
the  office  10  March  1382-3.  In  1382  he  gave 
great  offence  to  the  Londoners,  then  much 
under  the  influence  of  Wycliffe,  by  refusing 
to  proclaim  the  nullity  of  the  statute  against 
preachers  of  heresy  passed  in  the  previous 
year.  His  laxity  in  enforcing  the  laws  against 
prostitutes  also  produced  disturbances.  In 
1385  he  made  a  vigorous  attempt  to  vindicate 
the  sanctity  of  St.  Paul's  by  denouncing  ex- 
communication against  all  who  were  guilty  of 
buying  and  selling,  or  playing  at  ball,  within 
the  precincts  of  the  cathedral,  or  of  shooting 
the  birds  which  made  the  roof  of  the  edifice 
their  home.  In  the  following  year  he  esta- 
blished the  festival  of  St.  Erkenwald,  in  com- 
memoration of  St.  Paul.  In  1387  Richard  II, 
having  been  forced  by  the  barons,  headed  by 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  to  dismiss  the  chan- 
cellor Michael  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk,  and 
to  vest  the  executive  power  in  a  '  continual 
council,'  sought  to  regain  his  former  po- 
sition by  compelling  the  judges  to  declare  the 
ordinances  by  which  the  revolution  had  been 
carried  into  effect  null  and  void.  At  this 
juncture  Braybroke  attempted,  at  the  instance 
of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  to  mediate  between 
the  king  and  the  barons,  and  at  first  with 
some  effect ;  but  on  Pole,  who  was  present  at 
the  interview,  breaking  out  into  abuse  of  the 
duke,  the  bishop  rejoined  with  more  energy 
than  the  king  deemed  respectful,  bidding  the 
late  chancellor  remember  that  as  he  owed  his 
life  to  the  favour  of  the  king,  it  was  unseemly 
in  him  to  speak  evil  of  others.  Braybroke 
was  forthwith  dismissed  the  king's  presence, 
and  the  barons  impeached  and  executed  or 
banished  the  chiefs  of  the  king's  party.  In  1 392  i 
Braybroke  tried  to  induce  the  London  cobblers  *s 
to  give  up  work  on  Sunday  by  a  threat  of  -h 
excommunication.  In  1394  he  made  a  jour-  >ir 
ney  to  Ireland,  to  represent  to  the  king,  then  -ce 
engaged  in  attempting  to  reform  the  adminis- 

E  2 


Braybroke 


244 


Brayley 


tration  of  that  country,  the  necessity  of  taking 
steps  to  curb  the  insolence  of  the  Lollards, 
who  had  nailed  the  principal  articles  of  their 
creed  to  the  door  of  St.  Paul's.  Braybroke  was 
so  far  successful  that  Richard,  on  his  return  to 
England,  compelled  the  principal  offenders, 
Thomas  Latimer  and  Richard  Story,  under 
pain  of  death,  to  take  an  oath  of  recantation. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed,  with 
the  archbishop  of  York,  to  levy  a  contribution 
of  4d.  per  pound  upon  the  value  of  all  bene- 
fices in  the  kingdom,  imposed  by  the  pope  for 
the  benefit  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
The  death  of  the  archbishop  (Courtney)  soon 
relieved  him  from  this  unpopular  duty.     The 
bishop's  last  important  public  act  was  the  re- 
form of  the  chapter  of  St.  Paul's.     The  canons 
residentiary  had  for  some  time  past  steadily 
refused  to  fill  up  any  vacancies  in  their  body 
unless  the  candidate  for  election  would  give 
security  that  he  would  expend  in  the  first 
year  after  his  election,  in  eatables  and  drink- 
ables and  other  creature  comforts,  at  least 
seven  hundred  marcs,  a  sum  many  times  ex- 
ceeding the  annual  value  of  the  richest  pre- 
bend.    As  a  result  the  number  of  canons  in 
residence  had  dwindled  down  from  thirty,  the 
full  complement,  to  two,  who  divided  between 
themselves  the  whole  revenue  of  the  church, 
and,  not  content  with  that,  engrossed  even  the 
bread  and  ale,  which  from  time  immemorial 
had  been  the  due  of  the  non-resident  canons. 
To  put  an  end  to  this  fraud  the  bishop  obtained 
from  the  king  a  writ,  dated  26  April  1398, 
addressed  to  himself  and  the  dean  and  chapter, 
commanding  them  upon  their  allegiance,  and 
under  pain  of  a  fine  of  4,000/.,  to  make  by 
Michaelmas,  at  the  latest,  statutes  regulating 
the  mode  of  election  modelled  on  those  in 
force  at  Salisbury,  and  to  observe  them  faith- 
fully for  the  future.     Braybroke  was  a  trier 
of  petitions  in  most  of  Richard  II's  parlia- 
ments ;  he  celebrated  high  mass  in  the  lady 
chapel  at  St.  Paul's,  on  occasion  of  a  convo- 
cation of  the  clergy  there  in  1399,  and  was  a 
member  of  Henry  IVs  privy  council  for  the 
first  three  years  of  his  reign.     As  to  the 
precise  date  of  his  death  there  was  formerly 
much  doubt,  five    several   dates    being  as- 
signed by  different  writers,  viz.  8  Dec.  1401 
17  Aug.  1404,  27  Aug.  1404,  28  Aug.  1404, 
and  27  Aug.  1405.     That  the  first  date  is  er- 
roneous is  proved  by  a  deed  of  grant  of  the 
manor  of  Crendon  in  Bedfordshire,  preserved 
in  the  archives  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford 
to  which  he  was  party,  and  which  bears  date 
16  Feb.  1403-4.     He  was  buried  in  the  lady 
chapel  at  St.  Paul's,  and  a  fine  brass  above 
his  tomb  remained  intact  as  late  as  1641,  when 
Dugdale,  who  gives  an  engraving  of  it,  saw  it 
The  inscription  on  the  plate  assigns  27  Aug 


1404  as  the  date  of  death,  and  with  this  God- 
win (De  Prcesul.  186)  agrees.  Braybroke  was 
hroughout  his  life  a  close  friend  of  William 
of  Wykeham.  The  brass  was  destroyed  during 
he  civil  war.  Dugdale  relates  that  on  the 
burning  of  the  church  in  1666  Braybroke's 
coffin  was  shattered  by  the.  fall  of  a  portion  of 
the  ruins,  and  the  body  was  taken  out  in  a 
state  of  perfect  preservation,  'the  flesh,  sinews, 
and  skin  cleaving  fast  to  the  bones,'  so  '  that 
being  set  upon  the  feet  it  stood  as  stiff  as  a 
plank,  the  skin  being  tough  like  leather,  and 
not  at  all  inclined  to  putrefaction,  which  some 
attributed  to  the  sanctity  of  the  person,  of- 
fering much  money  for  it.' 

[Le  Neve's  Fasti,  i.  398,  591,  ii.  99,  293,  6-15, 
iii.  184,  186;  Hardy's  Cat.  Lord  Chancs.  43,  44; 
Walsingham  (Eolls  Series),  ii.  49,  65,  70,  162  ; 
Dugdale's  Hist,  of  St.  Paul's  (ed.  Ellis),  16,  27,  33, 
57,  124,  219,  358  ;  Chrcmicon  a  Mon.  St.  Albani, 
1328-88  (Rolls  Series),  383;  Holinshed  anno 
1387;  Wilkins's  Concilia,  iii.  194,  196,.  218; 
Wharton's  Hist,  de  Episc.  Londin. ;  Cat.  of  Ar- 
chives of  All  Souls'  Coll.  27  ;  Foss's  Lives  of  the 
Judges.  E.  W.  Brabrook,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  M.R.S.L., 
contributed  an  elaborate  paper  on  Braybroke  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  London  and  Middlesex 
Archaeological  Society,  vol.  iii.  pt.  x.  in  1869.] 

J.  M.  R. 

BRAYBROOKE,LoEDs.  [See NEVILLE.] 

<BRAYLEY,    EDWARD   WEDLAKE, 

the  elder  (1773-1854),  topographer  and  ar- 
chaeologist, born  in  the  parish  of  Lambeth, 
Surrey,  in  1773,  was  apprenticed  to  one  of 
the  most  eminent  practitioners  of  the  art  of 
enamelling  in  the  metropolis.  Before  the  term 
of  his  indentures  had  expired  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  John  Britton,  1771-1857  [q.v.], 
whom  he  used  to  meet  at  the  shop  of  Mr.  Essex 
in  Clerkenwell.  Both  the  young  men  had 
literary  and  artistic  tastes  and  aspirations,  and 
longed  to  emancipate  themselves  from  the  me- 
chanical pursuits  in  which  they  were  engaged. 
They  formed  a  close  friendship,  which  was 
maintained  for  the  long  period  of  sixty-five 
years,  and  they  produced  together  many  beau- 
tifully illustrated  volumes  on  topographical 
subjects.  They  began  their  literary  partner- 
ship in  a  very  humble  way.  Their  first  joint 
speculation  was  a  song  called  '  The  Powder 
Tax,  or  a  Puff  at  the  Guinea  Pigs,'  written 
by  Brayley  and  sung  by  Britton  publicly  at 
a  discussion  club  meeting  at  the  Jacob's  Well,, 
Barbican.  The  ditty  was  very  popular,  and 
seventy  or  eighty  thousand  copies  of  it  were 
sold.  Soon  afterwards  Brayley  wrote  'A 
History  of  the  White  Elephant '  for  Mr.  Fair- 
burn  in  the  Minories.  In  1801  Brayley  as- 
sisted Britton  in  producing  the  '  Beauties  of 
Wiltshire.' 


Brayley 


245 


Brayley 


About  the  same  time  the  two  friends  en- 
tered into  a  mutual  copartnership  as  joint  edi- 
tors of  the  '  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales.' 
Having  concluded  arrangements  with  a  pub- 
lisher, they  made  in  1800  a  pedestrian  tour 
from  London  through  several  of  the  western 
and  midland  counties,  and  visited  every  county 
of  North  Wales  in  search  of  materials  for  the 
work.  They  soon  discovered  that  they  pos- 
sessed but  few  qualifications  for  the  adequate 
execution  of  their  self-imposed  task  ;  but  as 
the  work  progressed  they  gradually  extended 
the  sphere  of  their  studies,  and  finally  they 
acquired  a  fair,  if  not  a  profound,  knowledge 
of  the  essential  branches  of  topography  and  ar- 
chaeology. The  first  volume  appeared  in  1801, 
and  contained  descriptions  of  Bedfordshire, 
Berkshire,  and  Buckinghamshire.  Accounts 
followed  of  the  other  counties  in  their  alpha- 
betical order.  The  first  six  volumes,  ending 
with  Herefordshire,  were  jointly  executed  by 
Brayley  and  Britton,  the  greater  part  of  the 
letterpress  being  supplied  by  Brayley,  while 
most  of  the  travelling,  correspondence,  labour 
of  collecting  books  and  documents,  and  the 
direction  of  draughtsmen  and  engravers  de- 
volved on  his  partner.  Although  it  had  been 
at  first  announced  that  the  work  would  be 
comprised  in  about  six  volumes,  and  finished 
in  the  space  of  three  years,  it  extended  to  no 
fewer  than  twenty-five  large  volumes,  and  was 
in  progress  of  publication  for  nearly  twenty 
years.  This  once  famous  and  highly  popular 
work  was  beautifully  embellished  with  cop- 
per-plate engravings.  Dissensions  arose,  how- 
ever, between  the  two  authors  and  their  pub- 
lishers. At  length  the  former  practically 
withdrew  from  the  undertaking  (1814),  and 
other  writers  filled  their  places.  Brayley 
produced  the  accounts  of  Hertfordshire,  Hun- 
tingdonshire, Kent,  and  part  of  the  description 
of  London  (vols.  vi.-x.  pt.  2)  ;  but  his  name 
does  not  appear  in  any  subsequent  volume, 
and  Britton  was  only  responsible  later  for 
parts  of  vols.  xi.  and  xv.  The  other  volumes 
were  compiled  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Nightin- 
gale, Mr.  James  Norris  Brewer,  and  others. 
The  '  Beauties '  were  completed  in  1816.  Up- 
wards of  50,000/.  had  been  expended  on  the 
work,  and  the  number  of  illustrations  ex- 
ceeded seven  hundred. 

After  the  termination  of  his  apprenticeship 
Brayley  had  been  employed  by  Henry  Bone 
[q.  v.]  (afterwards  a  Royal  Academician)  to 
prepare  and  fire  enamelled  plates  for  small 
fancy  pictures  in  rings  and  trinkets.  Subse- 
quently, when  that  artist  was  endeavouring 
to  elevate  painting  in  enamel  to  the  position 
it  eventually  acquired  in  his  hands  as  a  le- 
gitimate branch  of  pictorial  art,  Brayley  pre- 
pared enamel  plates  for  Bone's  use,  and  he 


continued  to  do  so  for  some  years  after  he 
had  become  eminent  as  a  topographer.  The 
plates  for  the  largest  paintings  in  enamel 
which  Bone  executed — the  largest  ever  pro- 
duced until  they  were  exceeded  in  several 
j  instances  by  those  of  Charles  Muss — were 
j  not  only  made  by  Brayley,  but  the  pictures 
also  were  conducted  by  him  throughout  the 
subsequent  process  of  'firing,'  or  incipient 
fusion  on  the  plate,  in  the  muffle  of  an  air- 
furnace,  requisite  for  their  completion. 

After  as  well  as  during  the  publication  of 
the  'Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,'  Brayley 
wrote  a  number  of  other  popular  topo- 
graphical works.  His  literary  activity  was 
most  remarkable.  '  Mr.  Brayley,'  remarks 
Britton,  '  was  constitutionally  of  a  healthy 
and  hardy  frame,  and  was  thus  enabled  to 
endure  and  surmount  great  bodily  as  well  as 
mental  exertion.  I  have  known  him  to  walk 
fifty  miles  in  one  day,  and  continue  the  same 
for  three  successive  days.  After  complet- 
ing this  labour,  from  Chester  to  London,  he 
dressed  and  spent  the  evening  at  a  party. 
At  the  end  of  a  month,  and  when  pressed 
hard  to  supply  copy  for  the  printer,  he  has 
continued  writing  for  fourteen  and  for  six- 
teen hours  without  sleep  or  respite,  and  with 
a  wet  handkerchief  tied  round  a  throbbing 
head.'  Brayley  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1823,  and  in  1825 
he  was  appointed  librarian  and  secretary  of 
the  Russell  Institution  in  Great  Corain 
Street,  which  offices  he  held  until  his  death. 
He  continued  his  topographical  labours,  in 
addition  to  discharging  his  official  duties,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  his  most  extensive 
work,  the  l  Topographical  History  of  the 
County  of  Surrey,'  was  written  by  him  be- 
tween* the  ages  of  sixty-eight  and  seventy- 
six.  His  death  occurred  on  23  Sept.  1854. 
Subjoined  is  a  list  of  his  publications  : 

1.  'Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  or  De- 
lineations   Topographical,    Historical,    and 
descriptive  of  each  County,'  1801-14.     We 
have  already  indicated  the  portions  of  this 
great  work  that  were  written  by  Brayley. 

2.  '  Sir  Reginalde,  or  the  Black  Tower.     A 
Romance   of  the  Twelfth  Century.     With 
Tales   and   other  Poems,'  1803   (conjointly 
with  William  Herbert).     3.  '  The  Works  of 
the  late  Edward  Dayes,  edited  with  Illustra- 
tive Notes,'  1805.    The  topographical  portion 
of  this  volume  was  reprinted  in  1825  under 
the  title  of  '  A  Picturesque  Tour  through  the 
Principal   Parts   of  Yorkshire   and   Derby- 
shire.'    4.  '  Views  in  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and 
Northamptonshire,  illustrative  of  the  Works 
of  Robert  Bloomfield;    accompanied   with 
descriptions ;  to  which  is  annexed  a  Memoir 
of  the  Poet's  Life,'  1806.   5.  '  Lambeth  Palace 


Brayley 


246 


Brayley 


illustrated  by  a  series  of  Views  represent- 
ing its  most  interesting  Antiquities,'  1806. 
6.  '  The  British  Atlas  ;  comprising  a  series 
of  maps  of  all  the  English  and  Welsh  coun- 
ies ;  also  plans  of  the  Cities  and  principal 


ties 


Towns,'  1810.  7.  '  Cowper :  illustrated  by 
a  series  of  views  accompanied  with  copious 
descriptions,  and  a  brief  sketch  of  the  Poet's 
Life,'  1810.  8.  Descriptions  of  places  repre- 
sented in  '  Middiman's  Views  of  Antiquities 
of  Great  Britain,'  1813.  9.  'Popular  Pas- 
times :  a  selection  of  Picturesque  Represen- 
tations, accompanied  with  Historical  Descrip- 
tions,' 1816.  10.  '  Delineations,  Historical 
and  Topographical,  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet  and 
the  Cinque  Ports,'  1817.  11.  'The  History 
and  Antiquities  of  the  Abbey  Church  of  St. 
Peter,  "Westminster :  including  Notices  and 
Biographical  Memoirs  of  the  Abbots  and 
Deans  of  that  Foundation;  illustrated  by 
J.  P.  Neale/  2  vols.  1818.  12.  Article  on 
'  Enamelling '  in  vol.  xiii.  of  Rees's  '  Cyclo- 
paedia,' 1819.  13.  'The  Ambulator,  or 
Pocket  Companion  for  the  Tour  of  London 
and  its  Environs ;  twelfth  edition,  with  an 
appendix  containing  lists  of  pictures  in  all  the 
royal  palaces  and  principal  mansions  round 
London,'  1819.  14.  ' A  Series  of  Views  in 
Islington  and  Pentonville  by  A.  Pugin,  with 
a  description  of  each  subject  by  E.  W.  Bray- 
ley,' 1819.  15.  'Topographical  Sketches  of 
Brighthelmstone  and  its  neighbourhood ; 
with  engravings,'  1825.  16.  '  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Genuineness  of  Prynne's  "  Defence 
of  Stage  Plays,"  &c.,  together  with  a  reprint 
of  the  said  tract,  and  also  of  Prynne's  "  Vin- 
dication," '  1825.  17.  'The  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
Exeter,'  in  Britton's'  Cathedral  Antiquities,' 
1826-7.  18.  'Historical  and  Descriptive  Ac- 
counts of  the  Theatres  of  London.  Illus- 
trated by  a  view  of  each  theatre  drawn  and 
engraved  by  D.  Havell,'  1826.  19.  'Cata- 
logue of  the  Library  of  the  Russell  Institu- 
tion,' 1826,  1849.  20.  'Devonshire  illus- 
trated in  a  series  of  views  of  Towns,  Docks, 
Churches,  Antiquities,  Abbeys,  Picturesque 
Scenery,  Castles,  Seats  of  the  Nobility,  &c.' 
1829.  21.  'Londiniana,  or  Reminiscences 
of  the  British  Metropolis,'  4  vols.,  1829. 
22.  '  Outlines  of  the  Geology,  Physical  Geo- 
graphy, and  Natural  History  of  Devonshire.' 
In  Moore's  '  History  of  Devonshire,'  vol.  i. 
1829.  23.  '  Memories  of  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don,'1830  (conjointly  with  Britton).  24.  'De- 
vonshire and  Cornwall  illustrated ;  with 
Historical  and  Topographical  descriptions,' 
1832  (conjointly  with  Britton).  25.  'The 
Graphic  and  Historical  Illustrator :  an  Origi- 
nal Miscellany  of  Literary,  Antiquarian,  and 
Topographical  Information,'  4to.  This  peri- 


odical contained  a  variety  of  essays,  criticisms, 
biographical  and  archaeological  papers,  with 
woodcut  illustrations.  It  was  carried  on 
from  July  1832  to  November  1834,  when  it 
was  discontinued.  26.  '  The  Antiquities  of 
the  Priory  of  Christchurch,  Hants,  con- 
sisting of  plates,  sections,  &c.,  accompanied 
by  historical  and  descriptive  accounts  of  the 
Priory  Church,  &c.,  by  B.  Ferrey.  The  lite- 
rary part  by  E.  W.  Brayley,'  1834.  There 
is  a  copy  printed  on  vellum  in  the  British 
Museum.  27.  A  revised  edition  of  De  Foe's 
'  Journal  of  the  Plague  Year,'  1835,  reprinted 
1872  and  1882.  28.  'The  History  of  the 
Ancient  Palace  and  late  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment at  Westminster,'  1836.  29.  '  Illustra- 
tions of  Her  Majesty's  Palace  at  Brighton, 
formerly  the  Pavilion ;  executed  under  the 
superintendence  of  John  Nash,  architect : 
to  which  is  prefixed  a  History  of  the  Palace/ 
1838.  30.  '  A  Topographical  History  of  the 
County  of  Surrey.  The  geological  section 
by  G.  Mantell,'  5  vols.,  Dorking  and  London, 
1841-8,  4to ;  new  edition  by  Edward  Wai- 
ford,  4  vols.,  London,  1878-81,  4to. 

[Memoir  by  Britton  (privately  printed),  Lon- 
don, 1855;  Gent.  Mag.  N.S.  xlii.  538,  582; 
Brewer's  introductory  volume  to  the  Beauties  of 
England  and  Wales  ;  Britton's  Autobiography; 
English  Cyclopaedia;  Athenaeum,  30  Sept.  1854, 
p.  1170;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  ed.  Bohn,  i.  139, 
261  ;  Proceedings  of  the  Soc.  of  Antiquaries,  iii. 
181  ;  Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  iv.  284,  420.1 

T.  C. 

BRAYLEY,  EDWARD  WILLIAM,  the 

younger  ( 1 802-1 870) ,  wri ter  on  science,  eldest 
son  of  Edward  Wedlake  Brayley  the  elder 
[q.  v.],  was  born  in  London  in  1802.  He  was 
educated,  together  with  his  brothers  Henry 
and  Horatio,  under  an  austere  system.  Se- 
cluded from  all  society  except  that  of  their 
tutors,  the  boys  led  a  cheerless  and  monoto- 
nous life.  The  solace  of  pocket-money  was 
denied  them,  and  they  were  not  allowed 
to  take  a  walk  unaccompanied  by  a  tutor. 
Henry  and  Horatio  both  died  of  consumption. 
Edward  William,  who  survived,  studied 
science  both  in  the  London  and  the  Royal 
Institution,  where  he  attended  Professor 
Brande's  lectures  on  chemistry.  Early  in 
life,  following  in  his  father's  footsteps,  he 
gave  some  attention  to  topographical  litera- 
ture, and  wrote  the  historical  descriptions 
in  a  work  on  the  '  Ancient  Castles  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales '  (2  vols.  1825),  the  views 
being  engraved  by  William  Woolnoth  from 
original  drawings.  However,  he  soon  aban- 
doned antiquarian  studies  and  devoted  his 
attention  exclusively  to  scientific  investi- 
gation. He  had  already  published  in  the 
'  Philosophical  Magazine '  (1824)  a  paper  on 


Bray  ley 


247 


Breaute 


luminous  meteors,  a  subject  which  occupied 
his  attention  to  nearly  the  close  of  his  life ; 
and  he  afterwards  published  a  work  (  On  the 
Rationale  of  the  Formation  of  the  Filamen- 
tous and  Mamillary  Varieties  of  Carbon,  and 
on  the  probable  existence  of  but  two  distinct 
states  of  aggregation  in  ponderable  matter/ 
London,  1826,  8vo.  For  some  years  he  held 
the  office  of  joint-librarian  of  the  London 
Institution  in  Finsbury  Circus.  He  was  one 
of  the.  editors  (between  1822  and  1845)  of 
the  '  Annals  of  Philosophy,'  the  '  Zoological 
Journal,'  and  the  '  Philosophical  Magazine.' 
To  all  these  he  contributed  original  papers 
and  notices,  chiefly  on  subjects  of  mine- 
ralogical  chemistry,  geology,  and  zoology, 
together  with  special  communications  on 
igneous  meteors  and  meteorites,  and  a  few 
articles  of  scientific  biography.  His  prin- 
cipal contribution  to  geological  science  was 
a  paper  on  the  formation  of  rock-basins,  pub- 
lished in  the  i  Philosophical  Magazine '  in 
1830.  In  1829  and  1830  he  was  engaged  by 
Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Rowland  Hill,  and  the 
father  and  brother  of  that  gentleman,  to  take 
charge,  as  lecturer  and  tutor,  of  a  depart- 
ment of  instruction  in  physical  science  which 
they  were  desirous  of  making  a  permanent 
part  of  the  system  of  education  carried  on  in 
their  schools  of  Hazelwood  near  Birmingham, 
and  Bruce  Castle,  Tottenham,  near  London. 
The  scheme,  however,  did  not  receive  ade- 
quate encouragement  from  the  public.  The 
original  views  on  this  subject  of  the  Messrs. 
Hill  and  Brayley  were  explained  and  advo- 
cated by  the  latter  in  a  work  entitled  l  The 
Utility  of  the  Knowledge  of  Nature  con- 
sidered ;  with  reference  to  the  General  Edu- 
cation of  Youth,'  London,  1831,  8vo. 

At  the  London  Institution  he  took  part  in 
the  system  of  lectures,  both  illustrative  and 
educational.  He  occasionally  delivered  dis- 
courses on  special  subjects  at  the  Friday- 
evening  meetings  of  the  Royal  Institution ; 
in  one,  11  May  1838  (Phil.  Mag.  S.  3,  xii. 
533),'  On  the  Theory  of  Volcanoes,'  he  showed 
that  the  thermotic  theory  of  plutonic  and 
volcanic  action,  indicated  by  Mr.  George 
Poulett  Scrope,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  and  explicitly 
proposed  and  developed  by  Mr.  Babbage  and 
Sir  John  F.  W.  Herschel,  necessarily  included, 
as  an  integrant  part,  contrary  to  Herschel's 
opinion,  the  chemical  theory  on  the  same  sub- 
ject of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  founded  on  his 
discovery  of  the  metallic  bases  of  alkalies 
and  alkaline  earths.  This  subject  was  re- 
sumed in  a  course  of  lectures  on  '  Igneous 
Geology,'  also  delivered  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution, in  1842,  on  the  state  of  the  interior 
of  the  earth  and  the  effective  thickness  of  its 
crust. 


Brayley  prepared  the  last  genuine  edition 
of  Parkes's  <  Chemical  Catechism '  (1834). 
To  the  biographical  division  of  the  ( English 
Cyclopaedia'  he  contributed  the  lives  of 
several  men  of  science ;  and  to  the  arts  and 
sciences  division  of  the  same  work  the  articles 
Meteors,  Correlation  of  Physical  Forces,  Re- 
frigeration of  the  Globe,  Seismology,  Waves 
and  Tides,  Winds,  and  others  on  cognate 
branches  of  physics.  He  also  wrote  the  ela- 
borate papers  on  the  'Physical  Constitution 
and  Functions  of  the  Sun,'  in  the  '  Companion 
to  the  Almanac'  for  the  years  1864,  1865, 
and  1866,  and  that  on  the  '  Periodical  Me- 
teors of  November'  in  the  volume  for  1868. 
Brayley  gave  assistance  to  several  men  of 
science  in  conducting  their  works  through 
the  press,  and  assisting  them  to  give  perfect 
expression  to  their  own  views,  confided  to 
him.  Among  these  works  may  be  particu- 
larised the  '  Origines  Biblicae  '  of  Dr.  Charles 
Beke,  F.S.A. ;  the  '  Correlation  of  Physical 
Forces '  of  Mr.  (now  Sir)  William  Robert 
Grove,  F.R.S.  (the  first  and  second  editions) ; 
and  the  '  Barometrographia '  of  Mr.  Luke 
Howard,  F.R.S.  It  is  deserving  of  note  that 
when  SirWilliam  Grove  first  achieved  the  de- 
composition of  water  by  heat  there  were  only 
three  persons  present  besides  the  discoverer, 
namely,  Faraday,  Gassiot,  and  Brayley. 

Brayley  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1854 ;  he  was  an  original  member 
of  the  Zoological  and  Chemical  Societies,  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  Societas  Naturae 
Scrutatorum  at  Basle,  and  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  Brayley 
died  on  1  Feb.  1870,  at  his  residence  in  Lon- 
don, of  heart  disease.  He  was  in  the  library 
of  the  London  Institution  forty-eight  hours 
before  his  death. 

[Private  information ;  English  Cyclopaedia, 
Biography,  vi.  982,  Suppl.  311 ;  Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  xxvi. 
p.  xli.]  T.  C. 

BREAD  ALBANE,  EARLS.  [See  CAMP- 
BELL.] 

BREAKSPEAR,  NICHOLAS.  [See 
ADRIAN  IV.] 

BREARCLIFFE,  JOHN.    [See  BRIER- 

CLIFFE.] 

BREAUTE,  FALKES  BE  (d.  1226), 
military  adventurer,  a  Norman  of  mean  and 
illegitimate  birth,  was  appointed  sheriff"  of 
Glamorgan  by  King  John  about  1211.  He 
soon  gained  a  high  place  in  his  master's  fa- 
vour, for  he  was  an  able,  unscrupulous,  and 
godless  man.  The  disturbed  state  of  the 
Welsh  border  must  have  invested  his  office 


Breautd 


248 


Breautd 


with  special  importance ;  he  became  one  of 
the  chief  of  the  king's  evil  counsellors,  and 
was  made  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire.  In  the  copy 
of  the  great  charter  given  by  Matthew  Paris 
his  name  occurs  in  the  list  of  those  alien  dis- 
turbers of  the  peace  whom  the  king  swore  to 
banish  from  the  kingdom.  At  the  same  time 
Paris  mentions  him  as  one  of  those  who  joined 
themselves  to  the  twenty-five  guardians  of 
the  charter.  A  St.  Albans  historian  certainly 
had  good  reason  to  write  him  down  as  a  dis- 
turber of  the  peace,  even  if  his  name  was  not  in 
the  original  document  (MATT.  PAEIS,  ii.  604, 
n.  1,  ed.  Luard ;  ROG.  WEND.  iv.  10 ;  Gesta  Ab- 
batum,  i.  267).  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
between  the  king  and  the  barons  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1215  Falkes  was  appointed  one  of  i 
the  leaders  of  the  army  which  was  left  by 
John  to  watch  London  and  cut  off  the  barons'  j 
supplies  while  he  marched  northward.  The  | 
royal  forces  wasted  the  eastern  counties,  de-  ! 
stroyed  the  castles  and  parks  of  the  barons,  j 
and  set  fire  to  the  suburbs  of  London.  Falkes 
took  the  town  of  Hanslape  from  William 
Mauduit  and  destroyed  it,  and  soon  after  re- 
duced the  castle  of  Bedford.  Greatly  pleased 
at  his  success,  John  gave  him  to  wife  Mar- 
garet, the  widow  of  Baldwin,  earl  of  Albe- 
marle,  son  of  William  of  Redvers  (de  Ripariis), 
earl  of  Devon,  and  the  daughter  and  heiress 
of  Warin  Fitzgerald.  He  also  gave  him  the 
custody  of  the  castles  of  Windsor,  Oxford, 
Northampton,  Bedford,  and  Cambridge. 
From  these  castles  Falkes  drew  a  large  num- 
ber of  men  as  unscrupulous  as  himself.  In 
1216,  in  company  with  Randulph  de  Blunde- 
vill  [q.  v.],earl  of  Chester,  he  took  Worcester 
for  the  king  after  a  stout  resistance,  plundered 
the  abbey,  and  put  the  citizens  to  the  torture, 
to  compel  them  to  give  up  their  wealth.  His 
men  ill-treated  the  monks  of  Warden  (Bed- 
fordshire), for  Falkes  had  a  dispute  with  them 
about  a  certain  wood ;  one  monk  was  slain 
and  some  thirty  were  dragged  off  as  prisoners 
to  Bedford.  In  this  case,  however,  Falkes 
showed  a  better  spirit  than  was  usual  with 
him,  for  he  submitted  to  discipline,  made  re- 
stitution, and  took  the  house  under  his  pro- 
tection (Ann.  de  Dunstaplia).  Late  in  the 
year  he  joined  forces  with  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury and  Savaric  de  Mauleon,  and  invaded 
the  isle  of  Ely.  He  destroyed  a  tower  that 
guarded  the  island  and  made  a  new  fortifica- 
tion. He  depopulated  the  country,  spoiled 
the  churches,  and  exacted  209  marks  of  silver 
from  the  prior  as  the  ransom  of  the  cathedral 
church.  The  next  year,  on  St.  Vincent's  day 
(22  Jan.  1217).  he  made  a  sudden  attack  on 
St.  Albans  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  and 
sacked  the  town.  He  then  entered  the  abbey. 
The  abbot's  cook  was  slain  as  he  ran  for  re- 


fuge to  the  church,  for  Falkes  would  not  give 
the  monks  the  advantage  of  treating  with 
him  from  a  place  of  security.  He  demanded 
100  pounds  of  silver  of  the  abbot,  bidding  him 
give  the  money  at  once,  or  he  would  burn  the 
town,  the  monastery,  and  all  its  buildings, 
and  the  abbot  was  forced  to  comply  with  the 
demand.  He  then  marched  off,  taking  many 
captives  with  him.  In  the  forest  of  Wa- 
bridge  he  took  Roger  of  Colville,  and  more 
than  sixty  men,  clerks  and  laymen,  with  him, 
who  had  betaken  themselves  to  the  forest  and 
formed  a  band  of  robbers.  Falkes  remembered 
the  wrong  he  had  done  the  great  abbey  with 
uneasiness,  for  men  deemed  that  St.  Alban 
was  not  to  be  offended  with  impunity.  One 
night  when  he  and  his  wife  were  at  Luton 
he  dreamed  that  a  huge  stone  fell  from  the 
abbey  church  and  ground  him  to  powder. 
He  woke  in  terror  and  told  his  dream  to  his 
wife,  who  bade  him  hasten  to  St.  Albans  and 

|  make  his  peace.  He  took  her  counsel  and 
went  off  early  the  next  day  to  the  abbey. 

;  There  he  kneeled  before  the  "abbot,  made  his 

|  confession,  and  prayed  that  he  might  ask  par- 
don of  the  brethren.  He  entered  the  chapter- 

;  house  with  his  knights  ;  they  held  rods  in 
their  hands,  and  bared  their  backs.  He  con- 
fessed his  sin,  and  he  at  least  received  a 
whipping  from  each  monk.  Then  he  put  on 
his  clothes  and  advanced  to  the  abbot's  seat. 
'  My  wife,'  he  said,  '  has  made  me  do  this  for 
a  dream  ;  but  if  you  want  me  to  restore  you 
what  I  took  from  you  I  will  not  listen  to 
you,'  and  so  he  turned  and  went  out  (MATT. 
PARIS,  iii.  12,  v.  324 ;  Gesta  Abbatum,  i.  267- 
269). 

By  the  spring  of  1217  the  party  of  Henry  III, 
who  had  been  crowned  in  the  autumn  of  the 
year  before,  had  won  many  advantages  over 
Louis,  the  French  claimant.  Mountsorel  was 
besieged  on  Henry's  behalf  by  the  Earl  of 
Chester,  and  Falkes  led  the  men  of  his  castles 
to  help  the  earl.  The  siege  was  raised  by 
Robert  Fitz Walter,  and  Falkes  marched  to 
Newark  to  join  the  king's  army,  which  was 
gathered  under  the  Earl  Marshall  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  castle  of  Lincoln.  When  the  royal 
army  came  before  the  city,  the  leaders  said 
that  it  was  most  important  for  them  to  intro- 
duce a  force  into  the  castle,  so  as  to  attack 
Louis's  men  in  front  and  rear  at  the  same 
time.  There  was  some  hesitation  about  un- 

|  dertaking  this  dangerous  duty.  Finally  they 
sent  Falkes,  who  succeeded  in  entering  the 

,  castle  with  all  his  band.  From  the  parapets  of 
the  castle  and  the  roofs  of  the  houses  he  rained 
down  missiles  on  the  enemy's  chargers,  and 
when  he  saw  that  he  had  thrown  them  into 
confusion  with  his  artillery  he  made  a  furious 
sally  into  the  streets.  He  was  taken  and 


Breaute 


249 


Breaute 


rescued.  Meanwhile  the  king's  troops  broke 
into  the  city,  and  Louis's  men,  thus  hemmed 
in  by  Falkes  on  the  one  side  and  the  main 
body  of  the  army  on  the  other,  were  cut  to 
pieces  in  the  streets.  The  victory  of  the  royal 
army,  which  virtually  ended  the  war,  was  in 
no  small  degree  due  to  the  desperate  courage 
of  Falkes  and  his  men.  During  the  Christmas 
festival  1217-18  he  entertained  the  king  and 
all  his  court  at  Northampton.  He  obtained 
livery  of  the  manor  of  Plympton,  his  wife's 
dower,  and  of  all  the  lands  she  inherited 
from  her  father,  and  was  also  made  guardian 
of  the  young  Earl  of  Devon,  his  stepson,  and 
of  his  lands.  His  power  was  now  great. 
Keeper  of  several  strong  castles  which  were 
garrisoned  by  his  own  men,  and  commanded 
by  his  own  castellans,  sheriff  of  six  counties, 
lord  of  vast  estates,  and  executor  of  the  late 
king's  will,  he  is  described  as  being  at  this 
period  '  something  more  than  the  king  in 
England '  (Ann.  de  Theok.  p.  68 ;  STUBBS, 
Const.  Hist.  ii.  35). 

The  policy  of  Hubert  de  Burgh,  who  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  king's  demesne, 
was  highly  distasteful  to  Falkes  and  the  rest 
of  John's  foreign  favourites.  Although  out- 
wardly acting  for  the  king,  Falkes  abetted 
the  revolt  of  the  Earl  of  Albemarle  in  1220, 
and  secretly  supplied  him  with  forces.  The 
failure  of  the  revolt  was  evidently  a  severe 
blow  to  his  hopes,  for  the  next  year  he  and 
Peter  des  Roches,  bishop  of  Winchester,  who 
upheld  the  foreign  party  in  the  kingdom,  de- 
termined to  go  on  the  crusade.  He  was,  how- 
ever, prevented  from  carrying  out  this  design 
by  the  news  of  the  fall  of  Damietta.  He  con- 
tinued, therefore,  for  a  little  longer  to  act  as 
one  of  the  king's  officers  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  justiciar,  Hubert  de  Burgh.  As 
sheriff  he  caused  a  deacon,  who  had  aposta- 
tised to  Judaism,  and  who  was  condemned 
by  the  council  held  at  Osney  and  delivered 
over  to  the  secular  arm,  to  be  burnt  at  Oxford 
in  1222.  In  the  same  year  a  dangerous  in- 
surrection broke  out  in  London  under  the 
leadership  of  Constantine  FitzAthulf,  one  of 
the  principal  citizens.  This  was  more  than 
a  local  riot,  for  Constantine  was  a  partisan  of 
Louis  of  France,  and  led  the  citizens  with 
the  cry  l  Montjoie !  Montjoie  !  God  and  our 
Lord  Louis  to  the  rescue  ! '  He  and  two 
others  were  taken.  The  justiciar  was  afraid 
to  put  them  to  death  openly,  because  of  the 
people.  Falkes,  however,  came  to  his  help. 
Foreigner  as  he  was,  he  had  no  desire  for 
a  French  king.  What  he  and  his  party  aimed 
at  was  not  a  change  of  dynasty,  but  the 
establishment  of  their  own  power  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  royal  authority.  Besides,  he 
probably  had  little  sympathy  with  a  citizen 


movement.  Early  in  the  morning  he  took  the 
prisoners  across  the  Thames  to  hang  them. 
W'hen  the  rope  was  round  his  neck,  Constan- 
tine, who  up  to  the  last  had  hoped  for  a 
rescue,  offered  15,000  marks  as  a  ransom  for 
his  life.  Falkes,  however,  would  not  hearken 
to  him,  and  hanged  all  three.  Then  at  the  head 
of  his  men  he  rode  into  the  city  along  with 
the  justiciar,  and  seized  all  who  had  taken 
part  in  the  sedition.  At  the  same  time  he  was 
by  no  means  prepared  to  submit  without  a 
j  struggle  to  the  justiciar's  policy  of  resump- 
j  tion.  He  may  have  carried  on  some  nego- 
j  tiations  with  France,  though  the  part  he  took 
I  in  quelling  the  rising  of  the  Londoners  shows 
i  that  at  that  time  at  least  he  had  little  expec- 
I  tation  of  help  from  that  quarter.  It  is  tole- 
j  rably  certain  that  he  and  the  Earl  of  Chester 
were  at  least  in  sympathy  with  the  rising  of 
the  Welsh  under  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth  and 
Hugh  of  Lacy  in  1223.  Even  after  the  insur- 
rection was  quelled  the  danger  was  still  great, 
and  Pope  Honorius  III,  who  as  guardian  of 
the  kingdom  pressed  the  resumption  of  the 
castles,  urged  the  bishops  to  do  all  they  could 
to  maintain  peace.  Falkes  joined  the  Earl 
of  Chester  and  other  lords  in  a  scheme  for 
seizing  the  Tower.  Finding  themselves  un- 
able to  carry  out  their  design,  the  conspirators 
sent  to  the  king,  demanding  the  dismissal  of 
the  justiciar.  Henry,  however,  held  firmly 
to  his  minister.  At  Christmas  1223-4  a 
great  council  was  held  at  Northampton,  and 
there  the  archbishop  and  bishops  pronounced 
a  general  excommunication  against  the  dis- 
turbers of  the  peace.  Falkes  and  the  other 
malcontents  assembled  at  Leicester  were  in- 
formed that  unless  they  submitted  to  the  king 
on  the  morrow  sentence  of  excommunication 
would  be  pronounced  against  them  by  name. 
This  threat  and  the  consciousness  of  the  in- 
feriority of  their  forces  brought  them  to  sub- 
mission. Falkes  and  his  castellans,  together 
with  the  other  rebel  lords,  appeared  before 
the  king  at  Northampton,  and  surrendered 
into  his  hands  the  castles,  honours,  and  ward- 
ships that  pertained  to  the  crown. 

The  justiciar  lost  no  time  in  following  up 
the  victory  gained  at  Northampton.  In  June 
the  king's  justices  itinerant  held  an  assize 
of  novel  disseisin  at  Dunstable.  Falkes  was 
found  guilty  of  more  than  thirty  (Roe. 
WEND.  iv.  94,  and  Chron.  Maj.  iii.  84;  thirty- 
five,  Ann.  Dunst.  p.  90 ;  sixteen,  Royal  Let- 
ters, i.  225 ;  and  Rot.  Claris,  i.  619, 655 ;  see 
STTJBBS,  Const.  Hist.  ii.  35)  acts  of  wrongful 
disseisin.  He  was  adjudged  to  lie  at  the  king's 
mercy,  and  a  fine  of  immense  amount  was  laid 
on  him.  In  revenge  he  ordered  his  garrison 
at  Bedford  Castle  to  sei/e  the  justices.  The 
justices  heard  of  their  danger  and  fled.  One 


Breautd 


250 


Breaut£ 


of  them,  however,  Henry  de  Braybroc  [q.  v.] 
was  captured,  ill-treated  by  the  soldiers,  and 
imprisoned  at  Bedford.  Falkes  provisioned  the 
castle,  which  was  commanded  by  his  brother 
William.  He  was  excommunicated  by  the 
archbishop,  and  retreated  to  Wales,  taking 
shelter  in  the  earldom  of  Chester.  The  king 
demanded  the  release  of  his  judge.  William 
returned  answer  that  he  would  not  let  him 
go  without  the  order  of  his  lord  Falkes,  and 
'  for  this  above  all,  that  he  and  the  garrison 
were  not  bound  to  the  king  by  homage  or 
fealty '  (Roa.  WEND.  iv.  95).  The  answer 
expressed  the  very  essence  of  feudal  anarchy, 
and  should  be  compared  with  the  plea  urged 
by  the  barons  in  Stephen's  reign  on  behalf  of 
the  garrison  of  Exeter  (  Gesta  Stephani,  27 ; 
see  under  BALDWIN  OF  REDVEKS).  A  large 
force,  including  clergy  as  well  as  laymen, 
gathered  at  the  king's  summon,  and  the  siege 
of  Bedford  was  formed  20  June.  The  siege 
was  a  matter  of  national  importance,  for  the 
land  could  have  no  rest  so  long  as  Falkes  was 
in  a  position  to  defy  the  law.  The  king  swore 
by  the  soul  of  his  father  (surely  a  strange 
oath)  that  he  would  hang  the  garrison.  For 
the  purposes  of  the  siege  the  assembled  mag- 
nates granted  a  carucage  of  £  mark  on  their 
demesnes,  of  2s.  on  the  lands  of  their  tenants, 
and  two  days'  work  at  making  military  en- 
gines. Still  Falkes  was  not  frightened,  for 
he  reckoned  that  the  castle  could  be  held  for 
a  year.  The  Earl  of  Chester,  however,  at  last 
joined  the  king's  side.  He  was  forced  to  leave 
the  earldom,  and  took  refuge  at  Northampton. 
The  pope  wrote  earnestly  on  his  behalf.  The 
garrison  at  Bedford  made  a  desperate  defence. 
The  castle  was  surrendered  on  14  Aug.,  and 
William  de  Breaute  and  some  eighty  of  the 
garrison  were  hanged.  Soon  after  the  surren- 
der Falkes  was  taken  in  the  church  of  Coven- 
try. He  was  not  held  captive,  for  men  feared 
to  violate  the  right  of  sanctuary.  Seeing,  how- 
ever, that  he  had  no  other  hope,  he  placed  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  the  bishop  (Alex- 
ander Stavensby),  and  in  his  company  went 
to  the  king  at  Bedford.  He  threw  himself  at 
Henry's  feet  and  asked  for  mercy,  reminding 
him  how  well  and  at  what  cost  he  had  served 
him  and  his  father  in  time  of  war.  By  the  ad- 
vice of  his  council  the  king  pronounced  all  his 
possessions  forfeited,  and  committed  him  to 
the  keeping  of  the  bishop  of  London  until  it 
should  be  decided  what  should  be  done  with 
him.  His  fall  was  looked  on  as  a  judgment  for 
a  special  act  of  impiety,  for  in  past  days  he  had 
destroyed  the  church  of  St.  Paul  at  Bedford, 
and  used  the  materials  for  the  construction 
of  the  castle  in  which  he  now  found  himself 
a  prisoner.  When  the  abbess  of  Elstow  heard 
how  he  destroyed  St.  Paul's  church,  and  saw 


that  the  offence  remained  unavenged,  she 
taunted  the  apostle  by  taking  away  the  sword 
from  the  hand  of  his  image  which  stood  in 
her  convent.  After  the  fall  of  Falkes  she 
gave  the  apostle  back  his  sword,  for  he  had 
at  last  shown  that  he  knew  how  to  use 
it  (Chron.  Maj.  iii.  87).  When  Falkes  was 
in  prison,  his  wife  Margaret  came  before  the 
king  and  the  archbishop,  and  prayed  for  a  di- 
vorce, for  she  said  that  she  had  been  taken  in 
time  of  war  and  married  against  her  will.  A 
day  was  fixed  for  hearing  her  case,  and  the 
king  granted  her  all  her  own  estates,  on  con- 
dition that  she  paid  300  marks  a  year  towards 
extinguishing  her  husband's  debts  to  the 
crown,  placing  her  and  her  lands  under  the 
wardship  of  William  of  Warenne. 

Falkes's  case  was  laid  before  the  great  coun- 
cil held  at  Westminster  in  March  1225.  The 
nobles  decided  that,  forasmuch  as  he  had  faith- 
fully served  the  king  and  his  father  for  many 
years,  he  should  not  suffer  in  life  or  limb,  but 
all  agreed  that  he  should  be  banished  from 
England  for  ever.  Accordingly  the  king  bade 
William  of  Warenne  see  him  safely  out  of  the 
land.  Falkes  was  then  absolved  from  his  ex- 
communication, and,  wearing  the  cross  which 
he  had  assumed  when  he  contemplated  going 
on  the  crusade,  was  put  on  board  a  vessel  with 
five  of  his  attendants  by  the  Earl  of  Warenne. 
As  he  parted  from  the  earl  he  bade  him  with 
many  tears  carry  his  salutation  to  the  king, 
and  tell  him  that,  whatever  troubles  he  had 
wrought  in  his  kingdom,  he  had  acted  through- 
out at  the  prompting  of  the  nobles  of  England. 
On  his  landing  in  Normandy  he  was  seized 
and  carried  before  the  French  king.  Louis 
was  minded  to  hang  him  for  all  the  ill  he  had 
done  the  French  in  England,  and  Falkes 
scarcely  saved  himself  by  swearing,  as  he  had 
sworn  to  the  earl,  that  he  had  been  simply 
the  tool  of  others.  As,  however,  he  wore  the 
cross,  the  king  let  him  go.  He  went  on  to 
Rome,  bearing  letters  to  the  pope,  whom  he 
hoped  to  prevail  on  to  interfere  on  his  behalf. 
Meanwhile  the  legate  Otho  prayed  the  king 
in  the  pope's  name  to  give  Falkes  back  his 
wife  and  his  lands,  of  mere  charity  to  one  that 
had  served  him  and  his  father  so  well.  Henry 
replied  that  he  had  been  banished  by  the 
judgment  of  his  peers,  and  that  for  open  trea- 
son, of  which  he  had  been  convicted  by  all 
the  clergy  and  people  of  England,  and  that, 
king  as  he  was,  it  behoved  him  to  obey  the 
laws  and  good  customs  of  the  kingdom.  At 
Rome  he  had  to  spend  much  to  forward  his 
cause.  He  obtained  an  interview  with  the 
pope,  who,  it  appears,  made  one  more  attempt 
on  his  behalf.  The  legate,  however,  met  with 
the  same  answer  as  before.  Meanwhile  Falkes 
was  allowed  by  the  king  of  France  to  stay 


Breaute 


251 


Brechin 


at  Troyes.     He  went  on  his  way  again  to- 
wards Rome,  and  was  hoping  to  be  allowed 
to  return  to  England,  for  it  may  be  that  he 
had  not  heard  of  the  second  repulse  of  the  re- 
quest made  on  his  behalf,  when  he  died  sud- 
denly at  St.  Cyriac  in  1226.  His  death  was  put 
down  to  poison,  and  Hubert  de  Burgh  [q.v.] 
was  afterwards  accused  of  having  caused  it. 
When  at  the  same  time  the  justiciar  was  ac- 
cused of  haA'ing  caused  the  loss  of  Poitou,  his 
counsel  answered  that  the  rebellion  of  Falkes 
was  the  true  cause  of  the  loss  of  Rochelle. 
Falkes  was  certainly  a  greedy,  cruel,  and 
overbearing  man.  For  greediness  and  cruelty, 
however,  he  was  surpassed  by  many  men  of 
the  same  time — by  John,  for  example,  and,  to 
make  a  less  hateful  comparison,  probably  by 
Richard  also ;  nor,  to  quote  men  more  nearly 
of  his  own  rank,  was  he  more  greedy  than  Wil- 
liam Brewer,  or  more  cruel  than  the  Earl  of 
Chester.     That  he  was  not  wholly  without 
some  religious  feelings  is  shown  by  his  repent- 
ance and  penances  for  the  wrongs  done  to  the 
monks  of  Warden  and  St.  Albans,  and  per- 
haps also  by  his  assumption  of  the  cross.     At 
St.  Albans,  however,  his  love  of  mockery  and 
his  habit  of  insolence  broke  through  his  pro- 
bably sincere  expression  of  penitence.     This 
insolence  made  a  strong  impression  on  the 
men  of  his  age ;  it  rendered  the  injuries  he 
inflicted  on  others  doubly  hard  to  bear.     The 
abbot  of  St.  Albans,  for  example,  complained 
of  the  injury  done  to  the  crops  of  his  house 
by  the  overflow  of  water  from  a  pool  Falkes 
had  made  at  Luton.     '  I  wish,'  he  answered, 
1 1  had  waited  until  your  grain  had  been  gar- 
nered, and  then  the  water  would  have  de- 
stroyed it  all.'     His  evil  doings  were  charac- 
teristic of  the  class  of  military  adventurers 
to   which  he   belonged.     In  common  with 
others  of  that  class  he  was  brave,  and  indeed 
his  courage  seems  to  have  been  of  no  ordinary 
sort.     The  foremost  part  he  played  in  the  his- 
tory of  his  time  shows  that  he  was  not  a  mere 
leader  of  men-at-arms.     He  was,  however,  no 
match  for  the  wary  politicians  with  whom  he 
had  to  do,  and  his  statement  that  he  had 
simply  carried  out  the  devices  of  others  was 
doubtless  to  some  extent  true.     The  Earl  of 
Chester,  for  example,  seems  to  have  used  him 
for  a  while,  and  then  left  him  in  his  time  of 
need.     His  fall  was  a  crushing  blow  to  the 
hopes  of  the  malcontent  party,  and  put  an 
end  to  the  importance  of  the  foreign  faction. 
Unlike  most  other  adventurers,  Falkes  was 
faithful  to  his  masters.     His  revolt  was  not 
against  the  king,  but  against  orderly  adminis- 
trative government,  which  was  hateful  and 
ruinous  to  him.     He  left  one  daughter,  Eva, 
married  to  Llewelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  prince  of 
North  Wales. 


[Eoger  of  Wendover  (Eng.  Hist.  Soc.),  iii,  iv, 
passim ;  Matt.  Paris,  ChronicaMajora,  passim,  ed. 
Luard,  Eolls  Ser. ;  Annales  de  Theokesberia,  Bur- 
tonia,  Waverleia,  Dunstaplia,  Oseneia,  Wigornia, 
in  Annales  Monastic!,  passim,  Eolls  Ser. ;  Eoyal 
Letters  Henry  III,  passim,  Eolls  Ser. ;  Walter 
of  Coventry,  ii.  253,  259-74,  Eolls  Ser. ;  Gesta 
Abbatum  Mon.  S.  Albani,  i.  267,  296,  Eolls  Ser. ; 
Dugdale's  Baronage;  Stubbs's  Constitutional  His- 
tory, ii.  7-36.]  W.  H. 

BRECHIN,  SIR  DAVID  (d.  1321),  lord 
of  Brechin,  a  royal  burgh  in  Angusshire,  was 
eldest  son  of  Sir  David  of  Brechin,  one  of  the 
barons  of  Scotland  who  attended  Edward  I 
into  France  1297 :  his  mother,  whose  Christian 
name  is  not  known,  was  one  of  the  seven 
sisters  of  King  Robert  Bruce,  but  his  father 
seems  to  have  favoured  the  English  side  up  to 
the  king's  victory  at  Inverary  in  1308,  when 
he  retired  to  his  castle  of  Brechin.  Being  be- 
sieged, however,  he  made  his  peace  and  ranged 
himself  under  the  standard  of  his  brother-in- 
law.  We  do  not  know  when  and  where  the 
younger  Sir  David  was  born,  or  what  were 
those  feats  of  arms  in  the  Holy  Land  said  to 
have  won  him  the  poetical  title  of '  The  Flower 
of  Chivalry.'  Like  his  father,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  English,  and  in  1312  was  made 
warden  of  the  town  and  castle  of  Dundee, 
then  in  English  hands.  He  received  at  this 
time  a  pension  out  of  the  customs  duties  on 
hides  and  wool  at  the  port  of  Berwick-on- 
Tweed,  through  Piers  Gaveston,  the  king's 
favourite.  At  the  battle  of  Bannockburn 
(1314)  he  was  taken  prisoner,  but  afterwards 
came  into  great  favour  with  King  Robert. 
It  is  said,  however,  that  he  still  received  pay 
from  Edward,  and  held  special  letters  of  pro- 
tection from  him.  Brechin  was  one  of  the 
nobles  who  signed  the  letter  of  6  April  1320, 
soliciting  the  pope's  interference.  De  Brechin 
was  implicated  in  Lord  Soulis's  conspiracy 
against  King  Robert.  The  plans  were  re- 
vealed to  him  on  an  oath  of  secrecy.  He 
refused  co-operation,  but  kept  silence.  The 
plot  was  divulged,  and  Bruce  instantly  ar- 
rested Soulis,  Brechin,  and  others,  and  called 
a  parliament  at  Perth  (August  1320)  to  try 
them.  Brechin  and  others  were  executed. 
The  records  of  the  trial  are  lost,  but  Tytler, 
without  giving  references,  says  there  is  evi- 
dence in  the  archives  of  the  Tower  of  Brechin's 
complicity  in  the  treason.  Other  writers 


doubt  his  guilt.  The  old  Scottish  poets  com- 
memorate him  in  their  historical  poems  as 
'  the  gud  Schir  David  the  Brechyn,'  and  his 
death  left  a  stain  on  his  uncle's  character. 
He  is  called  '  the  flower  of  chivalrie,'  t  the 
prime  young  man  of  his  age  for  all  arts  of  both 
peace  and  war.'  All  speak  of  his  connection 
with  the  crusades,  but  if  there  is  truth  in 


Bree 


252 


Breeks 


this  part  of  his  little-known  history,  he  could 
not  have  been  a  young  man  at  the  time  of 
his  execution. 

His  lands  of  Brechin,  Rothernay,  Kinloch, 
and  Knoegy  were  given  by  the  king  to  David 
of  Barclay,  who,  in  1315,  had  married  his 
sister  Margaret,  and  from  whom  the  present 
possessors,  the  earls  of  Panmure,  are  de- 
scended. 

[Tytler's  Scotland,  i.  170  ;  Wright's  Scotland, 
i.  112;  Buchanan,  i.  46;  Boece  in  Holinshed, 
223  ;  Fordun's  Chron.  i.  348,  ii.  341  ;  Barbour, 
'  the  Brus,'  b.  xix  ;  Scott's  Minstrelsy,  iii.  254  ; 
Dalrymple's  Annals,  ii.  96;  Gibbon,  c.  lix. ; 
Rymer's  Feed.  iii.  311 ;  Rot.  Scot.  temp.  Edw.  II ; 
Mills'  Crusades,  ii.  276  ;  Anderson's  Dipl.  Scot. 
pi.  51  ;  Douglas's  Peer.  Scot.  i.  243.] 

J.W.-G. 

BREE,  ROBERT,  M.D.  (1759-1839), 
physician,  was  born  at  Solihull,  Warwick- 
shire, in  1759.  He  was  educated  at  Co- 
ventry and  at  University  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  matriculated  on  6  April  1775,  and 
took  his  B.A.  degree  on  10  Nov.  1778,  and, 
having  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  pro- 
ceeded M.A.  on  10  July  1781.  He  was  ad- 
mitted, 31  July  1781,  an  extra-licentiate  of 
the  College  of  Physicians ;  took  his  bachelor's 
degree  in  medicine  on  4  July  1782,  and  that 
of  M.D.  on  12  July  1791.  He  had  first  settled 
at  Northampton,  and  was  appointed  physician 
to  the  general  infirmary  in  that  town,  which 
after  a  short  stay  he  left  for  Leicester,  to  the 
infirmary  of  which  he  became  physician.  An 
obstinate  attack  of  asthma  caused  in  1793  a 
temporary  retirement  from  his  profession.  In 
1794  he  accepted  the  command  of  a  company 
in  a  regiment  of  militia,  and  in  1796  settled 
at  Birmingham,  where  he  was  appointed  in 
March  1801  physician  to  the  General  Hospital. 
Bree  published  'A  Practical  Inquiry  into 
Disordered  Respiration,  distinguishing  the 
Species  of  Convulsive  Asthma,  their  Causes, 
and  Indications  of  Cure,'  8vo,  London,  1797. 
It  reached  a  fifth  edition  in  1815,  and  was 
translated  into  several  languages.  '  In  this 
work,'  says  Dr.  Munk,  the  author  ( embodied 
the  numerous  experiments  in  his  own  case, 
gave  a  more  full  and  complete  view  of  asthma 
and  dyspnosa  than  had  hitherto  appeared,  and 
laid  down  some  important  therapeutic  rules, 
the  practical  value  of  which  has  been  univer- 
sally acknowledged.'  Bree  was  consulted 
for  asthma  by  the  Duke  of  Sussex,  by  whose 
advice  Bree  removed  in  1804  to  Hanover 
Square,  London.  He  was  admitted  a  candi- 
date of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  on 
31  March  1806,  and  a  fellow  on  23  March  of 
the  following  year.  He  was  censor  in  the 
years  1810, 1819,  and  1830,  and  on  2  July  in 


he  last-mentioned  year  was  named  an  elect. 

In  1827  Bree  was  chosen  Harveian  lecturer, 

and  published  the  lecture  course  he  delivered. 

Bree  withdrew  from  practice  in  1833,  and, 

fter  suffering  from  renewed  asthma,  died  in 
Park  Square  West,  Regent's  Park,  on  6  Oct. 
L839.  He  contributed  two  papers  '  On  the 
Use  of  Digitalis  in  Consumption'  to  the 

Medical  and  Physical  Journal,'  1799.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  a  paper  '  On  Painful 
Affections  of  the  Side  from  Tumid  Spleen,' 
read  1  Jan.  1811  before  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
rurgical  Society,  of  which  Bree,  who  had  some 


:ars  before  been  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 


Society,  became  a  member  of  council  and  a 
vice-president  in  March  following ;  and  of  a 
second  paper  on  the  same  subject,  read  26  May 
1812,  '  A  Case  of  Splenitis,  with  further  Re- 
marks on  that  Disease.'  These  papers  were 
afterwards  published  in  the  first  and  second 
volumes  of  the  i  Medico-Chirurgical  Transac- 
tions.' Bree  was  further  the  author  of  a  small 
tract  on  'Cholera  Asphyxia,'  8vo,  London, 
1832. 

[Introduction  to  the  various  editions  of  Bree's 
Practical  Inquiry  into  Disordered  Respiration  ; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit.  1824  ;  Gent.  Mag.  November 
1839  ;  Catalogue  of  Oxford  Graduates,  1851 ; 
Munk's  College  of  Physicians,  1878.]  A.  H.  G. 

BREEKS,  JAMES  WILKINSON  (1830- 
1872),  Indian  civil  servant  and  author  of 
1  An  Account  of  the  Primitive  Tribes  and 
Monuments  in  the  Nilagiris,'  was  born  at 
Warcop,  Westmoreland,  on  5  March  1830, 
and  entered  the  Madras  civil  service  in  1849. 
After  filling  various  subordinate  offices  in 
the  revenue  and  financial  departments,  he 
was  appointed  private  secretary  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Denison,  governor  of  Madras,  in  1861, 
holding  that  appointment  until  the  latter 
part  of  1864,  when,  owing  to  ill-health,  he 
left  India  and  joined  a  mercantile  firm  in 
London,  with  the  intention  of  retiring  from 
the  public  service ;  but  this  arrangement  not 
proving  satisfactory,  he  returned  to  Madras 
in  the  autumn  of  1867,  and  was  shortly  after- 
wards appointed  to  the  newly  constituted 
office  of  commissioner  of  the  Nilagiris,  the 
principal  sanatorium  of  the  south  of  India. 
While  thus  employed,  Breeks,  in  common 
with  other  heads  of  districts  in  the  Madras 
presidency,  was,  in  1871,  called  upon  by  the 
government,  at  the  instance  of  the  trustees 
of  the  Indian  Museum  at  Calcutta,  to  make 
a  collection  of  arms,  ornaments,  dresses, 
household  utensils,  tools,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, &c.,  which  would  serve  to  illustrate 
the  habits  and  modes  of  life  of  the  aboriginal 
tribes  in  the  district,  as  well  as  a  collection 
of  objects  found  in  ancient  cairns  and  monu- 
ments. 


Breen 


253 


Bregwin 


The  discharge  of  this  duty,  which  he  per- 
formed in  a  very  thorough  and  satisfactory 
manner,  cost  him  his  life ;  for  having  occa- 
sion, towards  the  close  of  his  investigation, 
to  visit  a  feverish  locality  in  a  low  part  of 
the  mountain  range,  he  there  laid  the  seeds 
of  an  illness  which  a  few  months  later  caused 
his  death.  In  the  meantime  he  had  made  a 
complete  collection  of  the  utensils,  arms,  &c., 
in  use  among  the  four  aboriginal  tribes  of 
the  Nilagiris,  the  Todas,  Kotas,  Kurumbas, 
and  Irulas,  and  of  the  contents  of  many 
cairns  and  cromlechs,  and  had  written  the 
greater  part  of  the  rough  draft  of  a  report, 
which,  completed  and  edited  by  his  widow, 
who  had  been  closely  associated  with  him 
in  his  inquiries,  was  published  in  London  by 
order  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

This  report  contains  a  very  full  account 
of  each  of  the  four  tribes  above  mentioned,  il- 
lustrated by  drawings  and  photographs,  and 
supplemented  by  a  brief  notice  of  some  similar 
remains  in  other  parts  of  India.  Photographs 
of  the  men  and  women  of  the  several  tribes, 
of  their  villages,  houses,  temples,  &c.,  are  also 
given  ;  as  well  as  a  vocabulary  of  the  tribes, 
and  descriptive  catalogues  of  the  ornaments, 
implements,  £c.,  now  in  use.  The  book  is  a 
valuable  record  of  intelligent  and  accurate 
research. 

The  Breeks  Memorial  School  at  Ootaca- 
mund,  for  the  children  of  poor  Europeans  and 
Eurasians,  was  erected  by  public  subscription 
shortly  after  his  death  as  a  memorial  of  his 
services  to  the  Nilagiri  community. 

Breeks  married  in  1863  Susan  Maria,  the 
eldest  surviving  daughter  of  Colonel  Sir  Wil- 
liam Thomas  Denison,  R.E.,  K.C.B.,  at  that 
time  governor  of  Madras.  He  left  three  sons 
and  one  daughter. 

[Madras  Civil  List ;  South  of  India  Observer 
newspaper,  13  and  20  June  1872  ;  Breeks's  Ac- 
count of  the  Primitive  Tribes  and  Monuments  of 
the  Nilagiris ;  personal  recollections.] 

A.  J.  A. 

BREEN,  JAMES  (1826-1866),  astrono- 
mer, was  the  second  son  of  Hugh  Breen, 
senior,  who  superintended  the  lunar  reduc- 
tions at  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich. 
He  was  born  at  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  5  July 
1826,  was  engaged  at  the  age  of  sixteen  as  a 
calculator  at  Greenwich,  and  exchanged  the 
post  for  that  of  assistant  in  the  Cambridge 
Observatory  in  August  1846.  In  1854  he 
published  'The  Planetary  Worlds:  the  Topo- 
graphy and  Telescopic  Appearance  of  the 
Sun,  Planets,  Moon,  and  Comets,'  a  useful 
little  we  k  suggested  by  discussions  on  the 
pluralit^  of  worlds,  showing  considerable  ac- 
quaintance with  the  history  of  the  subject, 


as  well  as  the  practical  familiarity  conferred 
by  the  use  of  one  of  the  finest  refractors  then 
in  existence.  After  twelve  years'  zealous  co- 
operation with  Challis,  he  resigned  his  ap- 
pointment towards  the  close  of  1858,  and  cul- 
tivated literature  in  Paris  until  1860,  when  he 
went  to  Spain,  and  observed  the  total  eclipse 
of  the  sun  (18  July)  at  Camuesa,  with  Messrs. 
Wray  and  Buckingham  of  the  Himalaya  ex- 
pedition. In  the  following  year,  after  some 
months  in  Switzerland,  he  settled  in  London, 
and  devoted  himself  to  literary  and  lin- 
guistic studies,  reading  much  at  the  British 
Museum,  and  contributing  regularly,  but  for 
the  most  part  anonymously,  to  the  '  Popular 
Science  Review '  and  other  periodicals.  He 
had  made  arrangements  for  the  publication 
of  a  work  on  stars,  nebulae,  and  clusters,  of 
which  two  sheets  were  already  printed,  when 
his  strength  finally  gave  way  before  the 
ravages  of  slow  consumption.  He  died  at 
noon,  25  Aug.  1866,  aged  40,  and  was  buried 
with  his  father  at  Nunhead.  He  had  been 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  10  June  1862.  Extracts  from  his 
observations  at  Cambridge  1851-8  appeared 
in  the  '  Astronomische  Nachrichten '  and 
'  Monthly  Notices.'  He  calculated  the  orbits 
of  the  double  star  £  Ursee  Majoris,  assigning 
a  period  of  63-14  years ;  of  Petersen's  third 
(1850),  and  Brorsen's  (1851,  iii.)  comets 
(Monthly  Notices,  x.  155,  xxii.  158;  Astr. 
Nach.  No.  786).  His  observations  of  Donati's 
comet  with  the  Northumberland  equatorial 
were  printed  in  the  '  Memoirs  of  the  R.  A. 
Soc.'  xxx.  68. 

[Monthly  Notices,  xxvii.  104 ;  R.  Soc.  Cat.  Sc. 
Papers,  i.  594.]  A.  M.  C. 

BREGWIN  or  BREGOWINE  (d.  765), 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the  son  of  noble 
parents  dwelling  in  the  old  Saxon  land,  came 
to  England  for  the  sake  of  the  learning  spread 
abroad  here  by  Theodore  and  Hadrian.  In 
this  learning  he  is  said  to  have  excelled.  He 
was  elected  archbishop  in  the  presence  of  a 
large  and  rejoicing  crowd,  and  was  consecrated 
on  or  about  St.  Michael's  day  759  (FLOE. WIG-. 
i.  57,  ed.  Thorpe ;  Anglo-Saxon  Chron. ;  Eccl. 
Documents,  iii.  397).  In  the  account  of  the 
synod  held  at  Clovesho  in  798  there  is  a  notice 
of  a  synod  held  by  Bregwin,  in  which  com- 
plaint was  made  of  the  unjust  detention  of 
an  estate  granted  to  Christ  Church  by  ^Ethel- 
bald  of  Mercia  (Eccl.  Documents,  iii.  399, 512). 
A  letter  is  extant  addressed  by  Bregwin  to 
Lullus,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  informing  him 
of  the  death  of  the  Abbess  Bugge,  or  Eadburh 
(Epp.  Bonif.  ed.  Jaffe,  No.  113).  From  this 
letter  it  appears  that  Bregwin  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Lullus  during  a  visit  to  Rome, 


Brekell 


254 


Brekell 


where  lie  had  much  friendly  converse  with  [ 
him.     The  duration  of  Bregwin's  archiepi- 
scopate  is  variously  stated ;  by  the  '  Anglo- 
Saxon   Chronicle '   as  four,  by   Eadmer   as  | 
three,  and  by  Osbern  as  seven 'years.    As  he  • 
signs   charters   in   764   {Codex    Dipl.   civ.,  | 
cxi.),  the  date  of  his  death  given  by  Osbern 
(25   Aug.    765)   may   be   accepted   as   cor- 
rect.    The  place  of  his  burial  was  a  matter  of  i 
interest.    His  predecessor,  Cuthberht,  caused  j 
the  custom  of  making  St.  Augustine's  the  ; 
burying-place  of  the  archbishops  to  be  bro-  j 
ken  through,  and  was  laid  in  his  cathedral  \ 
church.     This  greatly  angered  the  monks  of  I 
St.  Augustine's ;  for  the  miracles  and  offer-  ! 
ings  at  the  tombs  of  archbishops  brought 
them  both  honour  and  profit.     In  order  to 
secure  the  new  privilege  of  their  church,  the 
clergy  of  Christ  Church  observed  the  same 
secrecy  on  the  death  of  Bregwin  as  they  had 
done  in  the  case,  and  by  the  order,  of  Cuth- 
berht.     They  concealed  the  illness   of  the 
archbishop,  and  on  his  death  buried  him  before 
they  rang  the  bell  for  him.   When  Jaenberht, 
abbot  of  St.  Augustine's,  heard  of  the  death, 
he  came  down  with  a  band  of  armed  men  to 
claim  the  body,  but  found  that  he  was  too 
late   (THORN,   1772-4).      An   attempt  was 
made  in  aftertimes  to  deprive  Christ  Church 
of  Bregwin's  body.     After  the  marriage  of 
Henry  I  and  Adeliza  of  Louvain  a  monk 
named  Lambert  came  from  the  queen's  old 
home  to  see  her,  and  was  lodged  at  Canter- 
bury.    He  begged  the  body  of  Bregwin  of 
Archbishop  Ralph,  who  promised  to  allow  him 
to  have  it  to  carry  back  with  him.     Finding 
that  the  archbishop  repented  of  his  weakness, 
Lambert  set  out  for  Woodstock  to  lay  his 
case  before  the  queen.     On  his  way  he  died 
at   London.     This   attempt   to   despoil  the 
church  of  Canterbury  was  naturally  followed 
by  a  vision,  in  which  the  departed  archbishop 
expressed  his  indignation. 

[Osbern  De  Vita  Bregwini,  Eadmer  De  Vita 
Bregwini,  Anglia  Sacra,  ii. ;  Florence  'of  Wor- 
cester; Acta  SS.  Bolland.  Aug.  v.  827;  Epp. 
Bonif.,  ed.  Jaife ;  Haddan  and  Stubbs's  Eccles. 
Documents,  iii.  397-99  ;  Kemble's  Codex  Dipl. 
i.  129-35,  137,  HO ;  Chron.  W.  Thorn,  ed.  Twys- 
den,  1772-4  ;  Hook's  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury,  i.  234.1  W.  H. 

BREKELL,  JOHN  (1697-1769),  pres- 
byterian  minister,  born  at  North  Meols, 
Lancashire,  in  1697,  was  educated  for  the 
ministry  at  Nottingham.  His  first  known 
settlement  was  at  Stamford,  apparently  as 
assistant,  but  he  did  not  stay  long.  He 
went  to  assist  Christopher  Bassnett  [q.  v.]  at 
Kaye  Street,  Liverpool,  1729  (so  Dr.  EVANS'S 
manuscript;  HENRY  WINDER,  D.D.,  in  his 


manuscript  funeral  sermon  (2  Tim.  iv.  7,  8) 
for  Brekell,  preached  on  7  Jan.  1770,  says  he 
was  minister  in  Liverpool  '  for  upwards  of 
forty  years ;'  a  manuscript  letter  of  WINDER'S, 
2  June  1730,  mentions  Brekell  as  a  Liverpool 
minister).  Toulmin  prints  a  letter  (dated 
Liverpool,  3  Dec.  1730)  from  Brekell  to  Rev. 
Thomas  Pickard  of  Birmingham,  showing 
that  Brekell  had  been  asked  to  Birmingham, 
but  had  ( handsome  encouragement  to  con- 
tinue '  where  he  was.  The  date,  April  1732, 
given  by  Dr.  Martineau,  maybe  that  of  Bre- 
kell's  admission  to  the  status  of  a  colleague 
after  ordination.  On  Bassnett's  death  on 
22  July  1744  Brekell  became  sole  pastor.  His 
ministry  covers  the  period  between  the  rise  of 
the  evangelical  liberalism  of  Doddridge  (his 
correspondent,  and  the  patron  of  his  first  pub- 
lication), and  the  avowal  of  Socinianism  by 
Priestley,  to  whose  '  Theological  Repository ' 
he  contributed  in  the  last  year  of  his  life. 
Brekell,  though  his  later  treatment  of  the 
atonement  shows  Socinian  influence,  stood 
firm  on  the  person  of  Christ.  In  his  sermons 
he  makes  considerable  use  of  his  classic  litera- 
ture. Lardner  quotes  him  (Hist,  of  'Heretics, 
bk.  i.)  as  a  critic  of  the  ante-Nicene  writers. 
His  first  publication  was '  The  Christian  War- 
fare ...  a  Discourse  on  making  our  Calling 
and  Election  sure;  with  an  Appendix  con- 
cerning the  Persons  proper  to  be  admitted  to 
the  Lord's  Supper,'  1742, 8vo.  Following  the 
example  of  his  predecessor,  he  preached  and 
published  a  sermon  to  sailors,  *  Euroclydon, 
or  the  Dangers  of  the  Sea  considered  and 
improved,'  &c.  (Acts  xxvii.),  1744,  12mo. 
Then  came  *  Liberty  and  Loyalty,'  1746,  8vo 
(a  Hanoverian  pamphlet).  More  important 
is  '  The  Divine  Oracles,  or  the  Sufficiency 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,'  &c.,  1749,  8vo,  in 
reply  to  a  work  by  Thomas  Deacon,  M.D., 
of  Manchester,  a  nonjuring  bishop  of  the  ir- 
regular line.  At  this  date  (see  pp.  72,  74) 
Brekell  sides  with  Athanasius  against  the 
Arians.  He  published  also  on  '  Holy  Orders,' 
1752,  and  two  tracts  in  vindication  of  '  Pae- 
dobaptism,'  1753  and  1755.  BrekelTs  name 
appears  among  the  subscribers  to  a  work  by 
Whitfield,  a  Liverpool  printer  and  sugar  re- 
finer, who  had  left  the  presbyterians,  entitled 
'A  Dissertation  on  Hebrew  Vowel-points.' 
After  Whitfield's  lapse,  Brekell  wrote  '  An 
Essay  on  theHebrewTongue,  being  an  attempt 
to  shew  that  the  Hebrew  Bible  might  be  ori- 
ginally read  by  Vowel  Letters  without  the 
Vowel  Points,'  1758,  8vo,  2  pts.,  in  which  he 
is  generally  admitted  to  have  had  the  best  of 
the  argument.  Brekell  wrote  tracts  on  '  Bap- 
tizing sick  and  dying  Infants,'  Glasgow,  1760, 
and  on  t  Regeneration,'  1761.  Soon  arose  a 
burning  question  among  Liverpool  presby- 


Brembre 


255 


Brembre 


terians  in  reference  to  a  form  of  prayer.  At 
length  a  section  of  the  Liverpool  laity,  holding 
what  they  termed  '  free  '  views  in  theology, 
built  a  chapel  in  Temple  Court,  printed  a 
'Form  of  Prayer  and  a  new  Collection  of 
Psalms/  1763,  and  secured  a  minister  from 
London.  The  leading  spirit  in  this  movement 
was  Thomas  Bentley  (1731-1780)  [q.  v.], 
"Wedgwood's  partner.  His  manuscript  cor- 
respondence deals  pretty  freely  with  Brekell, 
whom  he  treats  as  representing  '  the  presby- 
terian  hierarchy.'  Brekell  did  all  he  could  by 
pamphlets  in  1762  to  show  the  inexpediency 
of  forms  of  prayer.  The  new  chapel  '  was 
sold  to  a  Liverpool  clergyman  on  25  Feb. 
1776.'  Meantime  Brekell  was  publishing  a 
dissertation  on '  Circumcision,'  1763,  a  volume 
of  sermons,  '  The  Grounds  and  Principles  of 
the  Christian  Revelation/  1765, 8vo,  and  'A 
Discourse  on  Music/  1766.  He  died  on 
28  Dec.  1769.  He  married,  on  11  Nov.  1736, 

Elizabeth    ,    and    had    five    children. 

Toulmin  gives  the  titles  of  sixteen  of  his 
publications.  To  complete  it  should  be 
added :  '  All  at  Stake :  or  an  Earnest  Per- 
suasive to  a  Vigorous  Self-defence,  &c.  By 
J.  B.,  author  of  the  Christian  Warfare,  &c./ 
Liverpool,  1745,  16mo  (a  sermon  (  Luke  xxii. 
36)  dedicated  'more  especially  to  the  Gentle- 
men Volunteers  of  Liverpool,  and  the  Regi- 
ment of  Blues  raised  at  their  own  expence 
by  that  Loyal  Town  and  Corporation.'  At 
the  end  is  a  warlike  *  Hymn  suitable  to  the 
Occasion  of  the  general  Fast  to  be  observed 
with  a  view  to  the  present  War,  both  Foreign 
and  Domestic')  ;  also  a  'Sermon  (Phil.  i.  11) 
on  the  Liverpool  Infirmary/  1769,  8vo  (his 
last  publication).  The  signature  to  his  papers 
in  the  'Theol.  Repos./  vol.  i.  1769,  and  vol.  ii. 
1771,  is  '  Verus.' 

[Thorn's  Liverpool  Churches  and  Chapels, 
1854,  pp.  2,  7,  69,  71  ;  Carpenter's  Presby- 
terianism  in  Nottingham  (1861?),  p.  126  seq. ; 
Jones's  Hist.  Presb.  Chapels  and  Charities, 
1867,  pp.  664,  669  ;  Toulmin's  Mem.  of  Eev.  S. 
Bourn,  1808,  pp.  177,  182;  Lathbury's  Hist,  of 
the  Nonjurors,  1845,  p.  390;  Halley's  Lanca- 
shire, its  Puritanism  and  Nonconformity,  1869, 
ii.  324,  410;  Eutt's  Memo,  and  Corresp.  of 
Priestley,  183 1 ,  i.  60;  Armstrong's  Ordination  Ser- 
vice for  James  Martineau,  1829,  p.  83 ;  Monthly 
Repository,  1822,  p.  21,  1831,  p.  789;  Winder's 
Manuscripts,  Manuscripts  relating  to  Octagon 
Chapel,  and  Family  Register  in  Brekell's  Bible, 
all  in  Renshaw  Street  Chapel  Library,  Liver- 
pool.] A.  G. 

BREMBRE,  SIB  NICHOLAS  (d.  1388), 
lord  mayor  of  London,  was  the  chief  sup- 
porter among  the  citizens  of  Richard  II.  The 
'  worthie  and  puissant  man  of  the  city '  of 
Grafton  (who  wrongly  terms  him  a  draper), 


and  '  the  stout  mayor '  of  Pennant,  he  was 
a  son  of  Sir  John  Brembre  (HASTED,  ii.  258), 
and,  becoming  a  citizen  and  grocer  of  London, 
purchased  in  1372-3  (46  Ed.  Ill)  from  the 
Malmains  family  the  estates  of  Mereworth, 
Maplescomb,  and  West  Peckham,  in  Kent, 
(ibid.  i.  290,  ii.  258,  264).  He  first  appears  as 
an  alderman  in  1376  (Letter-book  H,  f.  xliv), 
sitting  for  Bread  Street  Ward,  in  which  he 
resided  (HEKBERT,  i.  328).  The  citizens  were 
at  this  time  divided  into  two  factions,  the 
party  under  John  of  Northampton  supporting 
John  of  Gaunt  and  Wycliffe,  while  that 
headed  by  Walworth  and  Philipot  supported 
the  opposition  and  Courtenay.  On  the  fall 
of  John  of  Gaunt  and  his  partisans  at  the 
close  of  Edward  Ill's  reign  (1377),  Staple, 
the  then  lord  mayor,  was  deposed  and  re- 
placed by  Brembre,  who  belonged  to  the  op- 
posite party.  He  took  his  oath  at  the  Tower 
29  March  1377  (STOW,  Annals),  and  was  also 
re-elected  for  the  succeeding  year  (1377-8). 
His  '  Proclamacio  ....  ex  parte  .... 
Regis  Ricardi '  in  this  mayoralty  (as  shown 
by  the  sheriffs'  names)  is  given  in  the  '  Cot- 
tonian  MSS.'  (Nero,  D.  vi.  fos.  1776-9).  In 
the  parliament  of  Gloucester  (1378)  Thomas 
of  Woodstock,  the  king's  uncle,  demanded 
his  impeachment  as  mayor  for  an  outrage 
by  a  citizen  on  one  of  his  followers,  but  the 
matter  was  compromised  (RiLEY.).  He  now 
became  for  several  years  (at  least  from  1379 
to  1386)  one  of  the  two  collectors  of  customs 
for  the  port  of  London,  with  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
for  his  comptroller,  his  accounts  being  still 
preserved  (Q.  R.  Customs  Bundle,  247).  The 
party  to  which  Brembre  belonged  had  its 
strength  among  the  greater  companies,  espe- 
cially the  grocers,  then  dominant,  and  the 
fishmongers,  whose  monopoly  it  upheld 
against  the  clamours  of  the  populace  (ibid.) 
It  was  oligarchical  in  its  aims,  striving  to 
deprive  the  lesser  companies  of  any  voice 
in  the  city  (NOKTON),  and  was  consequently 
favourable  to  Richard's  policy.  At  the 
crisis  of  the  rising  of  the  commons  (15  Jan. 
1381)  Brembre,  with  his  allies  Walworth 
and  Philipot,  accompanied  the  king  to  Smith- 
field,  and  was  knighted  with  them  for  his 
services  on  that  occasion  (Letter-book  H, 
f.  cxxxii ;  FKOISSART,  cap.  108).  He  is  men- 
tioned as  the  king's  financial  agent  on  21  Dec. 
1381  (Issues  of  Exchequer),  and  as  one  of  the 
leading  merchants  summoned  '  a  treter  and 
communer'  with  parliament  on  supplies, 
10  May  1382  (Rot.  Parl.  iii.  123).  His 
foremost  opponent,  John  of  Northampton 
(T.  WALS.  ii.  Ill),  held  the  mayoralty  for 
two  years  (1381-3)  in  succession  to  Wal- 
worth, but  at  the  election  of  1383  Brembre, 
who  had  been  returned  to  parliament  for  the 


Brembre 


256 


Bremer 


city  at  the  beginning  of  this  year  (Jfotum,  i. 
215),  and  who  was  one  of  the  sixteen  alder- 
men then  belonging  to  the  great  Grocers' 
Company  (HERBERT,  i.  207),  'ove  forte  main 
.  .  .  et  gnt  multitude  des  gentz  .  .  .  feust 
fait  maire '  (Hot.  Parl  iii.  226).  Dr.  Stubbs 
calls  attention  to  this  forcible  election  as  pos- 
sessing '  the  importance  of  a  constitutional 
episode'  (Const.  Hist.  iii.  575),  but  wrongly 
assigns  it  to  1386  (ibid.)  On  the  outbreak  of 
John  of  Northampton's  riot  in  February  1384, 
Brembre  arrested  and  beheaded  a  ringleader, 
John  Constantyn,  cordwainer  (T.  WALS.  ii. 
110-1).  Our  main  knowledge  of  Brembre's 
conduct  is  derived  from  a  bundle  of  petitions 

Presented  to  parliament  in  October-November 
386  by  ten  companies  of  the  rival  faction, 
of  which  two  (those  of  the  mercers  and  cord- 
wainers)  are  printed  in '  Rot.  Parl.'  iii.  225-7. 
In  these  he  is  accused  of  tyrannous  conduct 
during  his  mayoralty  of  1383-4,  especially 
of  beheading  the  cordwainer  for  the  riot  in 
Cheapside,  and  of  securing  his  re-election  in 
1384  by  increased  violence.  Forbidding  his 
opponents  to  take  part  in  the  election,  he 
filled  the  Guildhall  with  armed  men,  who, 
at  their  approach,  'sailleront  sur  eux  ove 
gunt  noise,  criantz  tuwez,  tuwez,  lour  pur- 
suivantz  hydousement.'  In  1386  he  secured 
the  election  of  his  accomplice,  Nicholas  Ex- 
ton,  who  was  thus  mayor  at  the  time  of  the 
petition,  so  that  the  mayoralty  was  still, 
it  urged,  'tenuz  par  conquest  et  maistrie.' 
While  mayor  (1384),  Brembre  had  effected 
the  ruin  of  his  rival,  John  of  Northampton 
(who  had  appealed  in  vain  to  John  of  Gaunt), 
by  his  favourite  device  of  a  charge  of  treason 
(T.  WALS.  ii.  116) ;  and  though  Gloucester 
('  Thomas  of  Woodstock ')  and  the  opposition 
accused  him  of  plotting  (T.  WALS.  ii.  150)  in 
favour  of  Suffolk  (the  chancellor),  who  was 
impeached  in  the  parliament  of  1386,  and  of 
compassing  their  death,  he  not  only  escaped  for 
the  time,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  (1386)  was, 
with  Burley  and  others  of  the  party  of  resist- 
ance, summoned  by  Richard  into  his  council. 
Through  the  year  1387  he  supported  Richard 
in  London  in  his  struggle  for  absolute  power, 
but  was  again  accused  by  Gloucester  and  the 
opposition  of  inciting  the  mayor  and  citizens 
against  them,  when  the  former  (Exton)  shrank 
from  such  a  plot  (T.  WALS.  ii.  165 ;  Rot .  Parl. 
iii.  234).  He  was  therefore  among  the  five 
councillors  charged  with  treason  by  the  lords 
appellant  on  14  Nov.  1387,  and,  on  the  citi- 
zens refusing  to  rise  for  him,  fled,  but  was 
captured  (in  Wales,  says  FROISSART)  and 
imprisoned  at  Gloucester  (writ  of  4  Jan.  1388 
in  RYMER'S  Feeder  a),  whence  on  28  Jan.  1388 
he  was  removed  to  the  Tower  (Issue  Rolls, 
11  Rich.  II).  The  f  merciless '  parliament 


met  on  3  Feb.,  and  the  five  councillors 
were  formally  impeached  by  Gloucester  and 
the  lords  appellant  (Rot.  Parl.  iii.  229-36). 
Brembre,  who  was  styled  '  faulx  Chivaler  de 
Londres,'  and  who  was  hated  by  York  and 
Gloucester  (FROISSART), was  specially  charged 
with  taking  twenty-two  prisoners  out  of  New- 
gate and  beheading  them  without  trial  at  the 
'  Foul  Oke '  in  Kent  (Rot.  Parl.  p.  231).  On 
17  Feb.  he  was  brought  from  the  Tower  to 
Westminster  and  put  on  his  trial.  He  claimed 
trial  by  battle  as  a  knight,  but  it  was  refused, 
and  being  again  brought  up  on  the  20th,  he  re- 
ceived sentence,  and  was  ordered  to  be  taken 
back  to  the  Tower,  whence  the  marshal 
should  <lui  treyner  parmye  la  dite  cite  de 
Loundres,  et  avant  tan  q'as  ditz  Fourches 
[Tyburn],  et  illeoqs  lui  pendre  par  le  cool' 
(ib.  iii.  237-8).  This  sentence  was  carried 
into  effect,  though  he  had  <  many  interces- 
sors'  among  the  citizens  (T.WALS.  ii.  173-4), 
but  was  reversed  by  Richard  in  his  last 
struggle,  25  March  1399  (Glaus.  22  Rich.  II, 
p.  2,  m.  6,  dors.)  Stow  (Annals)  wrongly 
believed  that  he  was  beheaded  (<  with  the 
same  axe  he  had  prepared  for  other').  He 
was  buried  in  the  choir  of  the  Grey  Friars, 
afterwards  Christ  Church  (STRYPE,  iii.  133, 
where  the  date  is  wrongly  given).  Froissart 
(cap.  108)  says  that  he  was  bewailed  by  the 
citizens,  but  this  must  have  applied  to  his 
partisans.  Walsingham  (ii.  173-4)  narrates 
the  absurd  charges  brought  against  him  at 
his  fall. 

[Rolls  of  Parliament,  vol.  iii. ;  Ry  mer's  Foedera ; 
Thomas  of  Walsingham's  Historia  Anglicana 
(Rolls  Series) ;  Stow's  Annals  ;  Strype's  Stow's 
Survey ;  Cottonian  MSS. ;  Documents  (ut  supra) 
in  Public  Record  Office ;  Riley's  Memorials  of 
London  ;  Norton's  Commentaries  on  the  History 
of  London ;  Devon's  Rolls  of  the  Exchequer ; 
Froissart's  Chronicles;  Stubbs's  Constitutional 
History;  Herbert's  Twelve  Great  Companies; 
Heath's  Grocers'  Company ;  Hasted's  History  of 
Kent;  Return  of  Members  of  Parliament.] 

J.  H.  R. 

BREMER,  SIR  JAMES  JOHN  GOR- 
DON (1786-1850),  rear-admiral,  the  son 
and  grandson  of  naval  officers,  was  entered 
as  a  first-class  volunteer  on  board  the  Sand- 
wich guardship  at  the  Nore  in  1794.  This 
was  only  for  a  few  months ;  in  October 
1797  he  was  appointed  to  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Portsmouth,  and  was  not  again 
embarked  till  1802,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  the  Endymion  as  a  midshipman  under 
Captain  Philip  Durham.  For  the  next 
fourteen  years  he  was  actively  and  con- 
tinuously serving  in  different  parts  of  the 
world.  He  was  made  lieutenant  on  3  Aug. 
1805,  commander  on  13  Oct.  1807,  and 


Bremner 


257 


Bremner 


captain  on  7  June  1814,  but  had  no  oppor- 
tunities of  achieving  any  special  distinction. 
On  4  June  1815  he  was  nominated  a  C.B. ; 
and  on  24  Oct.  1816,  whilst  in  command  of 
the  Comus  frigate,  he  was  wrecked  on  the 
coast  of  Newfoundland.  In  February  1824 
he  was  sent,  in  command  of  the  Tamar,  to 
establish  a  colony  on  Melville  Island,  Aus- 
tralia ;  after  which  he  went  to  India  and  took 
part  in  the  first  Burmese  war.  On  25  Jan. 
1836  he  was  made  a  K.C.H.,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  appointed  to  the  Alligator, 
and  again  went  out  to  Australia,  where,  the 
colonising  of  Melville  Island  having  failed, 
he  formed  a  settlement  at  Port  Essington. 
Thence  he  again  went  to  India,  where,  by  the 
death  of  Sir  Frederick  Maitland,  in  Decem- 
ber 1839,  he  was  left  senior  officer  for  a  few 
months,  till  superseded  by  Rear-admiral  El- 
liot in  July  ;  and  again  in  the  following  No- 
vember, when  Admiral  Elliot  invalided,  till 
the  arrival  of  Sir  William  Parker  in  August 
1841.  Sir  Gordon  Bremer  had  thus  the  naval 
command  of  the  expedition  to  China  during 
a  great  part  of  the  years  1840-1,  for  which 
services  he  received  the  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment, and  was  made  K.C.B.  on  29  July  1841. 
In  April  1846  he  was  appointed  second  in 
command  of  the  Channel  squadron,  with  his 
broad  pennant  in  the  Queen  ;  and  in  the 
following  November  to  be  commodore-su- 
perintendent of  Woolwich  dockyard,  which 
post  he  held  for  the  next  two  years.  He 
attained  his  flag  on  15  Sept.  1849,  but  died 
a  few  months  later,  on  14  Feb.  1850. 

He  married,  in  1811,  Harriet,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Wheeler,  and  widow  of  the  Rev. 
George  Henry  Glasse,  and  left  a  family  of 
two  sons  and  four  daughters,  the  eldest  of 
whom  married  Captain  (afterwards  Admi- 
ral) Sir  Leopold  Kuper. 

[O'Byrne's  Nav.  Biog.  Diet.;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1850),  N.S.  xxxiii.  534.]  J.  K.  L. 

BREMNER,  JAMES  (1784-1856),  engi- 
neer and  ship-raiser,  was  born  at  Keiss,  parish 
of  Wick,  county  of  Caithness,  on  25  Sept. 
1784,  being  the  son  of  a  soldier.  He  received 
such  education  at  Keiss  as  his  mother's 
means  could  afford  until  1798,  when  he  was 
apprenticed  to  Robert  Steele  &  Sons,  ship- 
builders of  Greenock,  whose  establishment 
afforded  every  opportunity  for  both  theo- 
retical and  practical  instruction.  He  re- 
mained at  Messrs.  Steele's  for  about  six  years 
and  a  half.  At  the  age  of  twenty-five,  after 
having  made  two  voyages  to  North  America, 
he  settled  at  Pulteney  Town  in  his  native 
parish,  where  he  eventually  occupied  the 
shipbuilding  yard  for  nearly  half  a  century. 
During  that  time  he  built  fifty-six  vessels, 

VOL.   VI. 


from  a  ship  of  510  tons  to  a  small  sloop  of 
45  tons.  He  was  also  engaged  in  designing 
and  constructing  harbours  and  piers  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Scotland.  His  works  of 
this  kind  included  the  reconstruction  of  the 
old  harbour  of  Pulteney  Town,  the  construc- 
tion of  Keiss  harbour  (1818),  the  recon- 
struction of  Sarclet  harbour  near  the  bay  of 
Wick  (1835-6),  the  construction  of  Lossie- 
mouth  harbour,  and  the  harbour  of  Pitullie, 
near  Fraserburgh,  besides  surveying  and  pre- 
paring working  plans  for  many  other  ports 
in  Scotland. 

Bremner  evinced  great  ingenuity  in  the 
raising  and  recovering  of  wrecked  vessels  -t 
and  in  the  wide  circuit  between  Aberdeen- 
shire  and  the  isle  of  Skye,  comprehending 
the  islands  of  Orkney,  Shetland,  and  Lewis, 
and  the  critical  navigation  of  the  Pentland 
Firth,  he  raised  no  less  than  236  vessels. 
With  one  of  his  sons  he  was  employed  in 
assisting  to  take  the  Great  Britain  off  the 
strand  at  Dundrum  Bay  in  August  and  Sep- 
tember 1847.  Bremner  was  elected  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  on  12  Feb.  1833,  and  received  a 
Telford  medal  in  1844  for  his  papers  on 
1  Pulteney  Town  Harbour,'  <  Sarclet  Harbour/' 
1  A  New  Piling  Engine,'  and  '  An  Apparatus 
for  Floating  Large  Stones  for  Harbour  Works/ 
For  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life  he  acted 
as  agent  at  Wick  for  the  Aberdeen,  Leith,  and 
Clyde  Shipping  Company.  He  died  suddenly 
at  Harbour  Place,  Pulteney  Town,  on  20  Aug. 
1856.  Bremner  was  the  author  of  a  tract, 
entitled  '  Treatise  on  the  Planning  and  Con- 
structing of  Harbours  in  Deep  Water,  on 
Submarine  Pile  Driving,  the  Preservation  of 
Ships  Stranded  and  Raising  of  those  Sunk 
at  Sea,  on  Principles  of  lately  patented  In- 
ventions,' 1845,  8vo. 

Of  his  numerous  family  the  sons  were  all 
brought  up  as  engineers ;  one  of  them,  DAVID 
BKEMNEK,  engineer  for  the  Clyde  trustees, 
died  in  1852. 

[Minutes  of  Proceedings  of  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  (1857),  xri.  113-20.]  G.  C.  B. 

BREMNER,  ROBERT  (d.  1789),  music 
publisher,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He  began  life 
as  a  teacher  of  singing,  but  about  1748  set  up 
in  business  in  Edinburgh  as  a  music  printer 
and  publisher,  at  the  sign  of  the  Harp  and 
Hautboy,  in  High  Street.  Here  he  published, 
in  1756,  a  work  entitled  '  The  Rudiments  of 
Music  ;  or,  a  Short  and  Easy  Treatise  on  that 
Subject.  To  which  is  added,  A  Collection  of 
the  best  Church  tunes,  Canons,  and  Anthems.' 
This  book,  which  is  characterised  by  its  sen- 
sible directions  for  church  singing  at  a  time 


Brenan 


258 


Brenan 


when  ecclesiastical  music  was  in  a  very  corrupt 
state,  was  reissued  in  a  second  edition,  pub- 
lished in  1763  at  London,  whither  Bremner 
had  in  the  meantime  removed.  His  shop  in 
London  was  at  the  sign  of  the  Harp  and 
Hautboy,  opposite  Somerset  House  in  the 
Strand.  Here  he  continued  his  publishing 
business  with  great  success,  besides  bringing 
out  several  collections  of t  Scots  Songs,'  the 
words  of  which  were  by  Allan  Ramsay,  an 
instruction  book  for  the  guitar.  '  Thoughts 
on  the  Performance  of  Concert  Music,'  l  The 
Harpsichord  or  Spinnet  Miscellany.  Being 
a  Gradation  of  Proper  Lessons  from  the  Be- 
ginner to  the  tollerable  (sic)  Performer. 
Chiefly  intended  to  save  Masters  the  trouble 
of  writing  for  their  Pupils,'  and  '  Select  Con- 
cert Pieces  fitted  for  the  Harpsichord  or 
Pianoforte,  with  an  Accompaniment  for  the 
Violin.'  The  last  publication,  of  which 
several  numbers  appeared,  contains  a  valu- 
able collection  of  classical  music.  In  the  pre- 
face to  it,  Bremner  mentions  his  having 
bought  the  celebrated  manuscript  wrongly 
known  as  l  Queen  Elizabeth's  Virginal  Book ' 
at  the  sale  of  Dr.  Pepusch's  library.  For  this 
he  gave  ten  guineas :  the  manuscript  passed 
from  his  hands  into  those  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam, 
and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Li- 
brary at  Cambridge.  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  Bremner  lived  at  Kensington  Gore, 
where  he  died  12  May  1789. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Musicians,  i.  273  b,  iv.  307  b  • 
Gent.  Mag.  1789,  i.  471  ;  Bremner's  works  men- 
tioned above.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRENAN,  —  (jl  1756),  is  the  author 
of  the  '  Painter's  Breakfast ; '  a  dramatic 
satire,  Dublin,  1756,  12mo.  He  is  also  cre- 
dited with  the  production  of  a  comedy,  en- 
titled 'The  Lawsuit,'  which  Burke  is  said 
to  have  intended  to  publish  by  subscription, 
but  which  never  saw  the  light.  Of  his  life 
nothing  whatever,  is  known,  except  that  he 
was  a  painter  in  Dublin.  The  *  Painter's 
Breakfast '  is  a  clever  work.  Pallat,  a  painter, 
asks  to  breakfast  some  known  patrons  of  art. 
He  then,  with  the  aid  of  Dactyl,  a  poet,  and 
Friendly,  a  comedian,  sells  by  auction  as  ori- 
ginal works  some  copies  of  paintings  executed 
by  his  acquaintance.  The  proceeds  of  the 
sale,  after  the  deduction  of  the  cost  of  the 
breakfast  and  the  true  value  of  the  paintings, 
are  to  be  devoted  to  a  fund  for  the  relief  of 
lunatics.  The  intention  is  of  course  to  ridi- 
cule would-be  connoisseurs  of  art,who  neglect 
modern  work,  and  will  hear  only  of  the  an- 
tique. The  characters  of  Sir  Bubble  Buyall, 
Formal  (a  connoisseur),  Lady  Squeeze,  Bow 
and  Scrape  (two  hookers-in),  and  others  are 
well  drawn,  and  the  piece  has  some  humour. 


[Biographia  Dramatica ;  The  Painter's  Break- 
I  fast.]  J.  K 

BRENAN,  JOHN  (1768  P-1830),  phy- 
sician, born  at  Ballaghide,  Carlow,  Ireland, 
about  1768,  was  the  youngest  of  six  children. 
His  father,  a  Roman  catholic,  possessed  some 
property.  Brenan's  earliest  literary  produc- 
tions appear  to  have  been  epigrams  and  short 
poems,  which  he  contributed  to  Dublin  peri- 
odicals in  1793.  He  graduated  as  doctor  of 
medicine  in  Glasgow,  and  established  himself 
in  that  profession  in  Dublin  about  1801.  For 
some  time  he  was  a  contributor  of  verses  in 
i  the  '  Irish  Magazine,'  commenced  in  Dublin 
in  1807  by  Walter  Cox.  Cox  was  tried  in 
Dublin  in  1812  for  publishing  a  production 
in  favour  of  a  repeal  of  the  union  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  condemned  to 
stand  in  the  pillory  and  to  be  imprisoned  for 
twelve  months.  While  Cox  was  in  gaol  under 
this  sentence,  Brenan  quarrelled  with  him, 
went  over  to  the  opposite  party,  and  started 
the  'Milesian  Magazine,  or  Irish  Monthly 
Gleaner.'  The  first  number  appeared  in  April 
1812,  and  in  it  and  subsequent  issues  he  as- 
sailed Cox  with  great  acerbity.  Brenan  was 
ardently  devoted  to  gymnastics,  an  expert 
wrestler,  and  occasionally  showed  symptoms 
of  mental  disorder.  About  1812  puerperal 
fever  and  internal  inflammation  prevailed  to 
a  vast  extent  in  Dublin.  Brenan  discovered 
a  valuable  remedy  in  preparations  of  turpen- 
tine, with  which  he  successfully  treated  many 
cases.  The  greater  part  of  the  medical  prac- 
tice in  Dublin  at  that  time  was  in  the  hands 
of  the  College  of  Physicians.  An  old  bylaw 
of  the  college  forbidding  members  to  hold  con- 
sultations with  non-members  was,  according 
to  Brenan,  put  in  operation  to  curtail  his  prac- 
tice. Brenan  stated  that  the  Dublin  physicians 
declined  to  use  his  remedy  from  personal  jea- 
lousy. It  was,  however,  adopted  by  practi- 
tioners with  success  in  the  country  parts  of 
Ireland,  as  well  as  in  England  and  Scotland. 
In  1813  Brenan  published  at  Dublin  a  pam- 
phlet entitled  '  Essay  on  Child-bed  Fever, with 
remarks  on  it,  as  it  appeared  in  the  Lying-in 
Hospital  of  Dublin,  in  January  1813,  &c.' 
In  this  publication  he  attacked  the  College 
of  Physicians.  He  followed  up  the  attack 
by  a  series  of  articles,  both  in  verse  and  prose, 
in  the  '  Milesian  Magazine,'  in  which  he  sati- 
rised the  prominent  members  of  that  college. 
Brenan  also  attacked  persons  agitating  for  ca- 
tholic emancipation.  A  government  pension 
was  alleged  to  have  been  given  for  these  pro- 
ductions. Many  of  Brenan's  satires  were  in 
the  form  of  adaptations  in  verse  of  passages 
from  the  Latin  classics,  which  he  applied  with 
much  poignancy.  Among  these  was  an  ela- 


Brendan 


259 


Brendan 


berate  piece  on  Daniel  O'Connell,  then  in  the 
early  stages  of  his  career.  The l  Milesian  Ma- 
gazine '  was  published  at  long  intervals.  The 
last  number,  which  appears  to  have  been  that 
printed  in  1825,  contained  a  letter  which 
Brenan  addressed  to  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley, 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  advocating  an  in- 
quiry into  the  administration  of  the  Lying-in 
Hospital  at  Dublin,  and  stating  the  circum- 
stances of  his  discovery  in  connection  with 
turpentine.  Brenan's  death  took  place  at 
Dublin  in  July  1830. 

[Anthologia  Hibernica,  1793-4;  Masonic  Ma- 
gazine, 1793-4;  Cox's  Irish  Magazine,  1812; 
Reflections  upon  Oil  of  Turpentine,  and  upon  the 
present  Condition  of  the  Medical  Profession  in 
Ireland,  1817  ;  Madden's  United  Irishmen,  1858.1 

J.  T.  G. 

BRENDAN  or  BRENAINN,  SAINT 
(490P-573),  of  Birr,  which  was  so  called  from 
the  abundance  of  wells  there  (birr,  birra, 
water),  now  Parsonstown,  in  the  King's 
County,  was  born  about  A.D.  490.  He  was 
son  of  Neman,  a  poet,  and  Mansenna,  and 
belonged  to  the  race  of  Corb  Aulam,  great- 
grandson  of  Rudhraighe,  from  whom  were 
the  Clanna  Rudhraighe.  A  disciple  of  St. 
Finnian  of  Clonard,  he  is  described  in  the  Life 
of  St.  Finnian  as  '  a  prophet  in  those  schools.' 
He  belonged,  like  the  other  Brendan  (of  Clon- 
fert),  to  the  second  order  of  Irish  saints,  and 
is  sometimes  distinguished  as  Brendan  the 
Senior.  He  was  present  at  the  council  in 
which  St.  Columba  was  excommunicated,  but 
was  his  intimate  friend,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  consulted  by  him  as  to  the  place  he  should 
choose  for  his  exile,  on  which  occasion  he 
recommended  Hy.  The  foundation  of  his 
monastery  of  Birr  is  placed  by  some  imme- 
diately before  563,  but  by  others  somewhat 
earlier.  In  the  '  Felire  '  of  Oengus  Cele  De" 
he  is  referred  to  at  Nov.  29  as  follows : — 

The  royal  feast  of  Brenann  of  Birr, 
Against  whom  burst  the  sea-level. 
Fair  diadem,  much  enduring, 
White  head  of  Ireland's  prophets. 

*  Much  enduring '  is  explained  '  very  great 
was  he  in  enduring  tribulations  and  troubles, 
or,  in  supporting  the  poor  and  needy  for  God's 
sake.'  The  note  from  the  '  Lebar  Brecc ' 
explains  the  incident  in  the  second  line  thus : 
'  The  surge  of  the  sea  rose  against  him  when 
he  went  thereon,  and  Brenainn,  son  of  Find- 
loga,  caught  him  by  the  hand.'  The  term 
1  white  head  '  seems  to  refer  to  the  meaning 
of  his  name,  for  it  may  be  observed  that  in  the 
popular  form  of  the  name  (Brendan)  the  ter- 
mination is  not  the  word  an,  '  noble,'  usually 
the  suffix  to  Irish  ecclesiastical  names,  as 
Colm-an,  Aid-an,  for  the  correct  form  in  all 


Irish  authorities  is  Brenann  or  Brenainn,  of 
which  Brenaind  is  a  later  form ;  this  is  in- 
terpreted J$r&en-fhind,  or  Braen  the  Fair 
(Felire,  Ixxxvi). 

His  death,  which  took  place  in  the  eightieth 
year  of  his  age,  the  night  before  29  Nov., 
has  been  assigned  by  Ussher  to  571,  but  by 
Tighernach  to  573,  which  Dean  Reeves  thinks 
more  likely.  St.  Columba  is  represented  as 
having  been  aware  of  his  death  at  the  time 
of  its  occurrence,  and  to  have  seen  his  soul 
entering  heaven  accompanied  by  angels.  ( Get 
ready  the  sacred  service  of  the  eucharist  im- 
mediately '  (he  said  to  his  attendant), '  for  this 
is  the  natal  day  of  Brendan.'  '  Why,'  said 
the  attendant,  *  do  you  order  the  sacred  rites 
to-day,  for  no  messenger  has  come  from  Ire- 
land with  tidings  of  that  holy  man's  death  ?  ' 
'  Go,'  said  Columba,  '  and  obey  my  orders,  for 
last  night  I  saw  heaven  open  and  choirs  of 
angels  descending  to  meet  the  soul  of  St. 
Brendan,  and  the  whole  world  was  illumi- 
nated by  their  brilliant  and  surpassing  ra- 
diance.' His  day  in  the  calendar  is  29  Nov. 

[Reeves's  Adamnan,  pp.  209,  210,  Dublin, 
1857;  Martyrology  of  Donegal,  Dublin,  1864; 
Felire  of  Oengus  Cele  De,  Transactions  of  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  pp.  Ixxxvi,  clxvi,  clxxiii ;  Us- 
sher's  Works,  vi.  594,  595.]  T.  0. 

BRENDAN  or  BRENAINN,  SAINT 
(484-577),  of  Clonfert,  was  born  in  484,  at 
Littus  li,  or  Stagnum  li,  now  Tralee,  co.  Kerry. 
He  is  termed  son  of  Finnloga,  to  distinguish 
him  from  his  contemporary,  St.  Brendan  of 
Birr  [q.  v.],  and  Mocu  Alta,  from  his  great- 
grandfather, Alta,  who  was  of  the  race  of 
Ciar,  descendant  of  Rudraighe,  from  whom 
were  the  Ciarraighe,  who  have  given  their 
name  to  Kerry.  His  parents,  though  free  and 
well  born,  were  in  a  relation  of  dependence, 
and  under  the  rule  of  their  relative,  Bishop 
Ere.  Some  have  thought  this  was  the  well- 
known  bishop  of  Slane,  co.  Meath ;  but  there 
were  many  of  the  name,  and  he  seems  to 
have  been  rather  the  head  of  a  local  monas- 
tery, and  permanently  resident  in  Kerry. 
Here  Brendan  was  born,  and  when  a  year 
old  was  taken  by  Ere  and  placed  in  charge 
of  St.  Ita  of  Cluain  Credhail,  in  the  south- 
west of  the  county  of  Limerick.  Remaining 
five  years  with  her,  he  returned  to  Ere  to 
begin  his  studies,  and  in  course  of  time, 
when  he  had  '  read  through  the  canon  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,'  he  wished  also  to 
study  the  rules  of  the  saints  of  Ireland. 
Having  obtained  Erc's  permission  to  go  to 
St.  Jarlath  of  Tuam  for  the  purpose,  with 
the  injunction  to  return  to  him  for  holy 
orders,  he  first  paid  a  visit  to  St.  Ita,  '  his 
nurse.'  She  approved  of  his  design,  but 

s  2 


Brendan 


260 


Brendan 


cautioned  him  '  not  to  study  with  women  or 
virgins,  for  fear  of  scandal/  and  he  then 
pursued  his  journey,  and  arrived  in  due 
time  at  Tuam.  On  the  completion  of  his 
studies  there  he  returned  to  Bishop  Ere,  and 
was  ordained  by  him,  but  never  proceeded 
beyond  the  order  of  presbyter,  such  being  the 
usage  of  the  second  order  of  Irish  saints  to 
which  he  belonged. 

It  seems  to  have  been  at  this  period  that 
the  desire  took  possession  of  him  to  go  forth 
on  the  expedition  which  formed  the  basis  of 
the  'Navigation  of  St.  Brendan/  the  most 
popular  legend  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Some 
difficulty  has  always  been  felt  with  regard 
to  the  date  usually  assigned  to  it,  as  he  must 
have  been  then  sixty  years  of  age,  and  it  is 
not  easy  to  reconcile  it  with  the  other  facts  of 
his  life  (LANIGAN)  ;  but  this  difficulty  seems 
to  arise  from  the  belief  that  there  was  but  one 
voyage,  as  stated  in  the  versions  current 
abroad.  The  unpublished  Irish  life,  in  the 
'Book  of  Lismore'  (A.D.  1400),  removes  much 
of  the  difficulty  by  describing  two  voyages, 
one  early  in  life  and  the  other  later  on.  It 
states  that  at  his  ordination  the  words  of 
Scripture  (St.  Luke  xviii.  29,  30)  produced 
a  profound  impression  on  him,  and  he  resolved 
to  forsake  his  country  and  inheritance,  be- 
seeching his  Heavenly  Father  to  grant  him 
'the  mysterious  land  far  from  human  ken.' 
In  his  sleep  an  angel  appeared  to  him,  and 
said,  '  Rise,  0  Brendan,  and  God  will  grant 
you  the  land  you  seek.'  Rejoiced  at  the 
message  he  rises,  and  goes  forth  'alone  on 
the  mountain  in  the  night,  and  beholds  the 
vast  and  dim  ocean  stretching  away  on  all 
sides  from  him'  (such  is  exactly  the  view 
from  Brandon  Hill),  and  far  in  the  distance 
he  seems  to  behold  '  the  fair  and  excellent 
land,  with  angels  hovering  over  it.'  After 
another  vision,  and  the  promise  of  the  angel's 
presence  with  him,  he  goes  forth  on  his 
navigation,  but,  after  seven  years'  wandering 
without  success,  is  advised  to  return  to  his 
country,  where  many  were  waiting  for  him, 
and  there  was  work  for  him  to  do.  That 
Brendan  may  have  undertaken  some  such 
expedition,  and  visited  some  of  the  western 
and  northern  islands,  is  quite  possible;  for 
it  is  certain  that  Irish  hermits  found  their 
way  to  the  Hebrides,  the  Shetland  and  Faroe 
Islands,  and  even  to  Iceland  (DicuiL). 

Somewhere  about  this  time  may  be  placed 
his  visit  to  Brittany,  which  is  not  noticed  in 
the  Irish  life.  He  is  said  to  have  gone  thither 
between  620  and  530.  After  a  considerable 
stay  he  returned  home.  But  the  desire  to 
reach  the  undiscovered  land  was  not  extinct, 
and  now  it  revived  with  new  vigour,  and 
once  more,  after  consulting  Bishop  Ere,  he 


her  'what  he 
'  My  dear  son/ 


went  to  St.  Ita  and  asked 
should  do  about  his  voyage.'  .^j  ^^  w**, 
she  replied, '  why  did  you  go  on  your  [former] 
expedition  without  consulting  me?  That 
land  you  are  seeking  from  God  you  shall  not 
find  in  those  perishable  leaky  boats  of  hides ; 
but,  however,  build  a  ship  of  wood,  and  you 
shall  find  "the  far  land.'"  The  vessel  of 
the  first  voyage  is  described  in  the  'Navi- 
gation '  as  covered  with  hides  (SCHRODER). 
He  then  proceeded  to  Connaught,  and  built 
'  a  large  wonderful  ship/  and  engaging  arti- 
ficers and  smiths,  and  putting  on  board  many 
kinds  of  herbs  and  seeds,  the  party,  sixty  in 
all,  embarked  on  their  voyage,  and,  after  many 
adventures,  reached  '  that  paradise  amid  the 
waves  of  the  sea.' 

The  story  of  the  '  Navigation '  had  '  taken 
root  in  France  as  early  as  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, was  popular  in  Spain  and  Holland,  and 
at  least  known  in  Italy,  and  was  the  favour- 
ite reading,  not  only  of  monks,  but  of  the 
widest  circle  of  readers '  (SCHRODER)  ;  but  it 
had  been  altered  from  its  original  form,  the 
two  voyages  compressed  into  one,  and  the 
adventures  of  other  Irish  voyagers  worked 

!  into  it.  The  legend  in  this  form  is  traced  by 
Schroder  to  the  Lower  Rhine ;  but  he  is  un- 
able to  conjecture  why  it  was  connected 

!  with  Brendan's   name.     It  was,    however, 

I  only  one  of  a  class  of  Irish  tales,  known  as 

(  '  Imramas,'  or  expeditions,  of  which  several 
are  still  extant ;  and  the  popularity  of  this 
particular  legend  abroad  may  be  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  when  it  was  taken  to 
the  continent  in  the  general  exodus  of  Irish 
clergy  in  the  ninth  and  following  centuries, 
owing  to  the  Danish  invasions,  the  monks  of 
Brendan's  order  in  one  of  the  numerous  Irish 

.  foundations  on  the  Rhine  thought  fit  to  exalt 
their  patron  by  dressing  up  the  legend  in  a 

!  manner  suited  to  the  popular  taste. 

Some  of  the  adventures  have  been  sup- 

i  posed  to  be  derived  from  the  ( Arabian 
Nights  ; '  but  there  is  reason  to  think  that 
the  converse  is  more  likely  (WRIGHT).  There 
is  proof  of  the  intercourse  of  Irish  monks 
with  the  East  in  the  ninth  century  (DicuiL)  ; 
and  some  of  the  stories,  as  that  of  the  great 
fish,  called  in  the  'Navigation'  lasconiua 
(Ir.  iasCj  a  fish),  which  Sinbad  took  for  an 
island,  are  essentially  of  northern  origin. 

It  seems  to  have  been  after  his  return  from 
this  voyage  that  he  founded,  in  553  (A.  F.  M.)> 
the  monastery  of  Cluain  Fearta,  '  the  lawn 
of  the  grave/  now  Clonfert,  in  the  barony 
and  county  of  Longford,  which  afterwards- 
became  a  bishop's  see. 

He  subsequently  visited  St.  Columba  at 
Hy,  in  company  with  two  other  saints.  This 
must  have  been  after  563,  when  he  was  in 


Brent 


261 


Brent 


his  seventy-ninth,  year.  On  this  occasion  he 
may  have  founded  the  two  churches  in  Scot- 
land of  which  he  was  patron  (REEVES). 

The  last  time  we  hear  of  him  is  at  the  in- 
auguration of  Aedh  Caemh,  the  first  Christian 
king  of  Cashel,  in  570,  when  he  took  the 
place  of  the  official  bard,  MacLenini,  who 
was  a  heathen.  On  this  occasion  Brendan 
was  the  means  of  the  bard's  conversion,  when 
he  gave  him  the  name  of  Colman.  He  is  since 
known  as  St.  Colman  of  Cloyne.  Brendan 
died  in  577,  in  the  ninety-fourth  year  of  his 
age.  His  day  in  the  calendar  is  16  May. 

[Bollandists'  Acta  Sanctorum,  Maii,  torn,  iii , 
Antverpiae,  1680 ;  Colgan's  Egressio  Familise 
Brendani,  i.  72  ;  Wright's  Early  English  Ballads 
(Percy  Society),  vol.  xiv.,  1844 ;  Schroder's 
Sanct  Brandan,  Erlangen,  1871 ;  Eeeves's  Adam- 
nan's  Life  of  Columba,  1857,  pp.  55,  220,  223; 
Lanigan's  Eccl.  Hist.  ii.  22,  &c. ;  Dirndl,  De 
Mensura  Orbis,  Paris,  1814;  O'Curry's  MS.  Ma- 
terials of  Irish  History,  p.  288,  Dublin,  1861; 
Beatha  Breanainn,  MS.,  in  the  Book  of  Lismore, 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  Dublin ;  the  Book  of 
Munster,  MS.  23,  E  26,  in  Eoyal  Irish  Aca- 
demy.] T.  0. 

BRENT,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1802),  after- 
wards MKS.  PINTO,  singer,  was  the  daughter 
of  a  fencing-master  and  alto  singer,  who 
sang  in  Handel's  '  Jephtha '  in  1752.  Miss 
Brent  was  a  favourite  pupil  of  Dr.  Arne,  and 
for  her  he  composed  much  of  his  later  and 
more  florid  music,  after  his  wife  had  retired 
from  public  life.  Miss  Brent's  first  ap- 
pearance took  place  in  February  1758  at  a 
concert.  On  3  March  of  the  same  year  she 
sang  at  Drury  Lane  in  Arne's  '  Eliza,'  per- 
formed as  an  oratorio  for  the  composer's 
benefit.  Her  voice  at  this  time  had  not  at- 
tained its  full  strength,  and  Garrick  (who 
was  no  musician)  refused  to  give  her  an  en- 
gagement. However,  she  was  more  fortunate 
at  Covent  Garden,  where  she  appeared  as 
Polly  in  the 'Beggar's  Opera' on  10  Oct.  1759, 
and  repeated  the  same  part  for  thirty-seven 
consecutive  nights.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  principal  parts  which  she  played  at 
Covent  Garden  during  her  ten  years'  con- 
nection with  it.  Rachel  in  the '  Jovial  Crew' 
(14Feb.  1760),  Sabrina  in  '  Comus '  (27  March 
1760),  the  Fine  Lady  in  '  Lethe '  (8  April 
1760),  Sally  in  'Thomas  and  Sally  (28  Oct. 
1760),  Mandane  in  '  Artaxerxes  '  (2  Feb. 
1762),  Margery  in  the  '  Dragon  of  Wantley ' 
(4  May  1762),  Rosetta  in  'Love  in  a  Vil- 
lage '  (8  Dec.  1762),  Flirtilla  in  the  '  Guar- 
dian Outwitted '  (12  Dec.  1764),  Patty  in  the 
1  Maid  of  the  Mill '  (31  Jan.  1765),  Miss  Biddy 
in  '  Miss  in  her  Teens '  (22  March  1766), 
Lady  Lucy  in  the  '  Accomplished  Maid  ' 
(3  Dec.  1766),  Rosamund  in  the  opera  of  that 


name  (21  April  1767),  Jacqueline  in  the 
'  Royal  Merchant '  (14  Dec.  1767),  Sophia  in 
'Tom  Jones  '  (14  Jan.  1768),  and  Thais  in  the 
'  Court  of  Alexander '  (1770).  She  was  the 
original  Sally,  Mandane,  Flirtilla,  Rosetta, 
and  Patty,  most  of  which  parts  were  written 
to  display  her  perfect  execution  and  good 
style.  In  1764-5  Tenducci  and  Miss  Brent 
performed  in  '  Samson '  and  other  Handelian 
selections  at  Ranelagh.  She  sang  at  the 
Hereford  festival  in  1765,  at  Gloucester  in 
1766,  and  at  Worcester  in  1767.  In  the  au- 
tumn of  1766  she  became  the  second  wife  of 
Thomas  Pinto  ;  her  marriage  is  said  to  have 
so  disgusted  Dr.  Arne  that  on  hearing  her  men- 
tioned he  exclaimed, '  Oh,  sir,  pray  don't  name 
her ;  she  has  married  a  fiddler.'  About  1770 
she  left  Covent  Garden,  where  Miss  Catley 
was  beginning  to  occupy  the  place  she  had 
hitherto  filled,  and  for  the  next  ten  years  she 
went  a  succession  of  tours  with  her  husband 
in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  appearing  at  Dub- 
lin in  1773  as  Urganda  in  Michael  Arne's 
'  Cymon.'  Although  she  had  acquired  large 
sums  of  money,  she  was  embarrassed  in  her 
old  age.  In  1784  she  was  living  in  Black- 
moor  Street,  Clare  Market.  On  22  April  of 
this  year  she  reappeared  at  Covent  Garden  for 
one  night  in  '  Comus,'  singing  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Hull,  the  stage-manager.  It  was  said 
that  her  voice  still  '  possessed  the  remains  of 
those  qualities  for  which  it  had  been  so  much 
celebrated — power,  flexibility,  and  sweetness.' 
After  her  husband's  death  she  devoted  her- 
self to  the  education  of  her  talented  step- 
grandson,  G.  F.  Pinto  [q.  v.],  whose  prema- 
ture decease  she  survived.  In  the  latter  part 
of  her  life  Mrs.  Pinto  lived  at  6  Vauxhall 
Walk,  and  was  so  poor  that  Fawcett,  the  ac- 
tor, used  to  give  her  a  dinner  every  Sunday, 
and  '  sometimes  a  bit  of  finery,  of  which  she 
was  very  fond.'  Here  she  died  10  April  1802, 
and  was  buried  (in  the  same  grave  as  G.  F. 
Pinto)  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Margaret's, 
Westminster,  011  the  15th  of  the  same  month. 
The  only  portrait  of  her  seems  to  be  a  small 
medallion  with  Beard  in  'Thomas  and  Sally,' 
printed  for  Robert  Sawyer. 

[Information  from  Mr.  W.  H.  Husk ;  Thespian 
Dictionary,  2nd  ed.  1805;  European  Magazine, 
xli.  335  ;  Grenest's  History  of  the  Stage,  vol.  iv.; 
Busby's  Anecdotes,  i.  119;  Parke's  Musical  Me- 
moirs, i.  57,  150;  Pohl's  Mozart  in  London,  43  ; 
Annals  of  the  Three  Choirs,  41,  43.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRENT,  JOHN  (1808-1882),  antiquary 
and  novelist,  was  born  at  Rotherhithe  on 
21  Aug.  1808,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  a 
father  of  the  same  name,  a  shipbuilder  there, 
who  about  the  year  1821  removed  to  Canter- 
bury, and  became  thrice  mayor  of  the  city 


Brent 


262 


Brent 


and  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  county.  His 
mother  was  Susannah,  third  daughter  of^the 
Rev.  Sampson  Kingsford  of  Sturry,  near  Can- 
terbury (Gent.  Mag.  vol.  Ixxvii.  pt.  ii.  1074). 
In  his  early  days  he  carried  on  the  business  of 
a  miller,  occupied  for  many  years  a  seat  on  the 
council  of  the  Canterbury  corporation,  and 
was  elected  an  alderman,  but  resigned  that  po- 
sition on  being  appointed  city  treasurer.  Brent 
died  at  his  house  on  the  Dane  John,  Canter- 
bury, 23  April  1882.  During  the  course  of  a 
long  life,  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  attempts 
to  throw  light  on  the  past  history  of  the  city 
and  county  in  which  he  dwelt.  He  became 
a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  April 
1853,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association  and  of  the  Kent 
Archaeological  Society.  His  contributions  to 
antiquarian  literature  are  mostly  to  be  found 
in  the  various  publications  of  these  societies. 
To  the  forty-first  volume  of  the '  Archseologia ' 
(pp.  409-20)  he  communicated  a  paper  of  value 
to  ethnological  science,  being  an  account  of  his 
'  Researches  in  an  Anglo-Saxon  Cemetery  at 
Stowting,  in  Kent,  during  the  autumn  of  I860.' 
In  1855  he  had  published  a  revised  edition  of 
Felix  Summerly's  'Handbook  for  Canterbury,' 
and  in  1875  there  appeared  his  '  Catalogue  of 
the  Antiquities  in  the  Canterbury  Museum,' 
of  which  he  was  honorary  curator.  His  work 
Canterbury  in  the  Olden  Time,'  8vo, 


1860  (enlarged  edition  in  1879),  from  its  re- 
search and  originality,  bears  testimony  to  his 
unwearied  industry  and  his  ability  as  an  an- 
tiquarian topographer.  Brent  also  claims 
notice  as  a  poet  and  novelist,  having  published 
1.  '  The  Sea  Wolf,  a  Romance,'  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1834.  2.  <  Lays  of  Poland,'  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1836.  3.  '  Lays  and  Legends  of  Kent," 
12mo,  Canterbury,  1840 ;  second  edition,  1851. 
4. '  Guillemette  La  Delanasse,'  a  poem,  12mo, 
Canterbury,  1840.  5.  '  The  Battle  Cross.  A 
Romance  of  the  Fourteenth  Century,'  3  vols 
12mo,  London,  1845.  6.  '  Ellie  Forestere,  a 
novel,'  3  vols.  12mo,  London,  1850.  7.  '  Sun- 
beams and  Shadows,'  poems,  printed  for  pri- 
vate circulation,  1853.  8.  'Village  Bells, 
Lady  Gwendoline,  and  other  Poems,'  8vo 
London,  1865;  second  edition,  1868.  9. '  Ata- 
lanta,  Winnie,  and  other  Poems,'  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1873.  10.  '  Justine,'  a  poem,  12mo,  Lon- 
don, 1881.  A  collected  edition  of  his  poems 
was  published  in  2  vols.  8vo,  London,  1884 
Numerous  tales,  poems,  and  miscellaneous 
articles  from  his  pen  are  also  to  be  found  in 
the  various  magazines  devoted  to  light  lite- 
rature. At  the  time  of  the  insurrection  in 
Poland,  Brent  became  the  local  secretary  o 
the  Polish  Association. 

[Information  from  Mr.  Cecil  Brent,  F.S.A. 
Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Associa- 


ion,  xxxviii.  235-6 ;  Gruillaumet's  Tablettes 
3iographiques;  Kentish  Chronicle,  29  April 
882;  Times,  29  April  1882;  Koach  Smith's 
Retrospections,  i.  159.]  Gr.  G-. 

BRENT,  SIR  NATHANIEL  (1573?- 
L652),  warden  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
was  the  son  of  Anchor  Brent  of  Little  Wol- 
brd,  Warwickshire,  where  he  was  born  about 
L573.  His  grandfather's  name  was  Richard, 
and  his  great-grandfather  was  John  Brent 
of  Cosington,  Somersetshire.  He  became 
portionist,'  or  postmaster,  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  1589;  proceeded  B.A.  on 
20  June  1593  ;  was  admitted  probationer  fel- 
,ow  there  in  1594,  and  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  on  31  Oct.  1598.  He  was  proctor  of 
the  university  in  1607,  and  admitted  bachelor 
of  law  on  11  Oct.  1623.  In  1613  and  1614 
tie  travelled  abroad '  into  several  parts  of  the 
Learned  world,  and  underwent  dangerous  ad- 
ventures in  Italy  to  procure  the  "  History  of 
the  Council  of  Trent,"  which  he  translated 
into  English'  (WOOD).  In  1616  Carleton, 
ambassador  at  the  Hague,  writes  to  Win- 
wood  that  he  leaves  Brent,  *'  one  not  un- 
known to  your  honour,'  to  conduct  the  busi- 
ness of  the  embassy  during  his  temporary 
absence  at  Spa.  On  31  Oct.  of  the  same 
year  Carleton  writes  again  to  Winwood  that 
Brent  is  bringing  home  despatches,  and 
hopes  to  secure  an  office  in  Ireland,  for  which 
Carleton  recommends  him  highly.  On  26  Nov. 
Winwood  replied  that  the  post  in  question, 
that  of '  secretary  of  Ireland,'  had  been  con- 
ferred on  Sir  Francis  Annesley  before  Brent's 
arrival  in  England.  Soon  after  the  close  of 
his  foreign  tour  Brent  married  Martha,  the 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Robert  Abbot,  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  and  niece  of  George  Abbot, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

The  influence  of  the  Abbots  secured  Brent's 
election  in  1622  to  the  wardenship  of  Merton 
College,  in  succession  to  Sir  Henry  Savile. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  commissary  of 
the  diocese  of  Canterbury,  and  vicar-general 
to  the  archbishop,  and  on  Sir  Henry  Marten's 
death  became  judge  of  the  prerogative  court. 
During  the  early  years  of  Laud's  primacy 
(1634-7),  Brent  made  a  tour  through  the 
length  and  breadth  of  England  south  of  the 
Trent,  reporting  upon  and  correcting  eccle- 
siastical abuses  (GAKDINEK,  Hist.  1884,  viii. 
108-17;  cf.  Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  4th  Rep.  131- 
147).  But  Brent  chiefly  owed  his  fame  to  his 
connection  with  Merton  College.  Wood,  who 
was  largely  indebted  to  Brent,  refers  to  him 
as  one  who, '  minding  wealth  and  the  settling1 
a  family  more  than  generous  actions,'  al- 
lowed the  college  to  lose  much  of  the  re- 
putation it  had  acquired  under  Sir  Henry 
Savile  (WooD,  Athena,  ed.  Bliss,  ii.  316). 


Brent 


263 


Brent 


Complaints  were  frequently  made  of  Brent's 
long  sojourns  in  London,  where  he  had  a 
house  of  his  own  in  Little  Britain.  On 
23  Aug.  1629  he  was  knighted  at  Woodstock 
by  the  king,  who  was  preparing  to  pay  a 
state  visit  to  Oxford.  On  24  Aug.  Brent 
entertained  the  French  and  Dutch  ambas- 
sadors at  Merton,  and  on  27  Aug.  gave  a 
dinner  to  the  king  and  queen.  In  1629-30 
he  was  admitted  to  the  freedom  of  the  city 
of  Canterbury  honoris  causa,  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  9th  Rep.  163  £).  In  August  1636 
Brent  presented  Prince  Charles  and  Prince 
Rupert  for  degrees,  when  Laud,  who  had 
become  chancellor  in  1639,  was  entertain- 
ing the  royal  family.  In  1638  Laud  held 
a  visitation  of  Merton  College,  and  in- 
sisted on  many  radical  reforms.  Laud  stayed 
at  the  college  for  many  weeks,  and  found 
Brent  an  obstinate  opponent.  Laud  complains 
in  his  'Diary'  that  'the  warden  appeared 
very  foul.'  Some  outrageous  charges  of  mal- 
administration were  indeed  brought  against 
Brent  by  some  of  those  whom  Laud  examined, 
but  the  visitor  took  no  public  proceedings 
against  Brent  on  these  grounds.  His  let- 
ters to  the  warden  are,  however,  couched  in 
very  haughty  and  decisive  language.  Brent 
ultimately  gained  the  victory  over  Laud. 
The  tenth  charge  in  the  indictment  drawn 
up  against  the  archbishop  in  1641  treats  of 
the  unlawful  authority  exercised  by  him  at 
Merton  in  1638.  The  warden  came  forward 
as  a  hostile  witness  at  Laud's  trial.  His  testi- 
mony as  to  Laud's  intimacy  with  papists  and 
the  like  was  very  damaging  to  the  archbishop, 
but  it  does  not  add  much  to  his  own  reputa- 
tion. Laud  replied  to  Brent's  accusations 
in  his  '  History  of  the  Troubles  and  Trial ' 
(Anglo-Cath.  Libr.  iv.  194).  On  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  wars  Brent  sided  with  the 
parliament.  Before  Charles  I  entered  Ox- 
ford (29  Oct.  1642),  the  warden  had  aban- 
doned Oxford  for  London.  On  27  Jan.  1644- 
1645  Charles  I  wrote  to  the  loyal  fellows  at 
Merton  that  Brent  was  deposed  from  his 
office  on  the  grounds  of  his  having  absented 
himself  for  three  years  from  the  college,  of 
having  adhered  to  the  rebels,  and  of  having 
accepted  the  office  of  judge-marshal  in  their 
ranks.  He  had  also  signed  the  covenant. 
The  petition  for  the  formal  removal  of  Brent, 
to  which  the  king's  letter  was  an  answer, 
was  drawn  up  by  John  Greaves,  Savilian 
professor  of  geometry.  On  9  April  the  great 
William  Harvey  was  elected  to  fill  Brent's 

Elace ;  but  as  soon  as  Oxford  fell  into  the 
ands  of  Fairfax,  the  parliamentary  general 
(24  June  1646),  Brent  returned  to  Merton, 
and  apparently  resumed  his  post  there  with- 
out any  opposition  being  offered  him.     In 


1647  Brent  was  appointed  president  of  the 
famous  parliamentary  commission,  or  visita- 
tion, ordered  by  the  parliament  'for  the  due 
;  correction  of  offences,  abuses,  and  disorders  ' 
in  the  university.  The  proceedings  began 
I  on  3  June,  but  it  was  not  until  30  Sept. 
1  that  the  colleges  were  directed  to  forward 
to  Merton  their  statutes,  registers,  and  ac- 
counts to  enable  Brent  and  his  colleague 
to  really  set  to  work.  On  12  April  1648 
Brent  presented  four  of  the  visitors  for  the 
degree  of  M.A.  Early  in  May  of  the  same 
year  Brent  showed  more  mercy  than  his 
colleagues  approved  by  '  conniving '  at  An- 
thony a  Wood's  retention  of  his  postmaster- 
ship  in  spite  of  his  avowed  royalism.  Wood 
tells  us  that  he  owed  this  favour  to  the  in- 
tercession of  his  mother,  whom  Brent  had 
known  from  a  girl.  On  17  May  1649  Fairfax 
and  Cromwell  paid  the  university  a  threaten- 
ing visit,  and  malcontents  were  thenceforth 
proceeded  against  by  the  commission  with  the 
utmost  rigour.  But  Brent  grew  dissatisfied 
with  its  proceedings.  The  visitors  claimed  to 
rule  Merton  College  as  they  pleased,  and,  with- 
out consulting  the  warden,  they  admitted  fel- 
lows, masters,  and  bachelors  of  arts.  On 
13  Feb.  1650-1  he  sent  a  petition  of  protest 
against  the  conduct  of  the  visitors  to  parlia- 
ment. The  commissioners  were  ordered  to 
answer  Brent's  complaint,  but  there  is  no 
evidence  that  they  did  so,  and  in  October 
1651  Brent  retired  from  the  commission.  On 
27  Nov.  following  he  resigned  his  office  of 
warden,  nominally  in  obedience  to  an  order 
forbidding  pluralities,  but  his  refusal  to  sign 
'  the  engagement,'  which  would  have  bound 
him  to  support  a  commonwealth  without  a 
king  or  a  house  of  lords,  was  probably  the 
more  direct  cause  of  his  resignation.  Brent 
afterwards  withdrew  to  his  house  in  Little 
Britain,  London,  and  died  there  on  6  Nov. 
1652.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew the  Less  on  17  Nov.  Wood  states 
that  he  had  seen  an  epitaph  in  print  on  Brent 
by  one  'John  Sictar,  a  Bohemian  exile,  whom 
Brent  had  provisioned '  in  his  lifetime. 

Brent's  daughter  Margaret  married  Ed- 
ward Corbet  of  Merton  College,  a  presbyte- 
rian,  on  whom  Laud  repeatedly  refused  to 
confer  the  living  of  Chartham.  Brent's  lite- 
rary work  was  small.  In  1620  he  translated 
into  English  the  '  History  of  the  Council  of 
Trent '  by  Pietro  Soane  Polano  (i.e.  Pietro 
Sarpi).  A  second  edition  appeared  in  1629, 
and  another  in  1676.  Archbishop  Abbot  had 
caused  the  Latin  original  to  be  published  for 
the  first  time  in  1619  in  London.  In  1625, 
'  at  the  importunity  of  George  [Abbot],  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,'  Brent  edited  and  re- 
published  the  elaborate  defence  of  the  church 


Brentford 


264 


Brenton 


of  England  *  Vindicise  Ecclesiee  Anglicanse,' 
first  published  in  1613  by  Francis  Mason, 
archdeacon  of  Norfolk  (STRYPE,  Parker,  i. 
117).  He  did '  review  it,'  says  Wood  (Athena 
Oxon.,  Bliss,  ii.  307),  '  examine  the  quota- 
tions, compare  them  with  the  originals,  and 
at  length  printed  the  copy  as  he  found  it 
under  the  author's  hands.' 

[Brodrick's  Memorials  of  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford; Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  332-6, 
and  passim  ;  Wood's  Fasti  (Bliss),  i.  iii. ;  Laud's 
Works;  Oal.  State  Papers  (Dom.),  1615-50; 
Burrow's  Parliamentary  Visitation  of  Oxford 
(Camden  Soc.)].  S.  L.  L. 

BRENTFORD,  EAEL  or.  [See  RUTH- 
TEN.] 

BRENTON,      EDWARD      PELHAM 

(1774-1839),   captain    in    the    royal   navy, 
younger  brother  of  Vice-admiral  Sir  Jahleel 
Brenton  [q.  v.],  was  born  at  Rhode  Island  on 
20  July  1774.    He  entered  the  navy  in  1788, 
and,  after  serving  in  the  East  Indies  and  in 
the  Channel  fleet,  was  made  lieutenant  on 
27  May  1795.     His  services  in  that  rank  in 
the  North  Sea,  on  the  Newfoundland  station, 
and  in  the  West  Indies,  call  for  no  special 
notice.     On   29   April  1802  he   was   made 
commander,  and  on  the  renewal  of  the  war 
in  1803  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Merlin,  and  employed  in  the  blockade 
of  the  north  coast  of  France.     On  16  Dec. 
1803  he  succeeded  in  a  gallant  attempt  to 
destroy  the  Shannon  frigate,  which  had  got 
on  shore  not  far  from  Cape  Barfleur,  and 
had  been  taken  possession  of  by  the  French. 
In  January  1805  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Amaranthe  brig,  in  which  he  cruised  with 
some  success  in  the  North  Sea ;  and  in  1808 
he  was  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  where,  for  his 
distinguished  gallantry  in  the  attack  on  a 
small  French  squadron  under  the  batteries  of 
St.  Pierre  of  Martinique,  he  was  advanced  to 
post  rank,  his  commission  being  dated  back 
to  13  Dec.  1808,  the  day  of  the  action.    An- 
ticipating  his   promotion,  the    admiral,  Sir 
Alexander  Cochrane,  had  appointed  him  act- 
ing captain  of  the  Pomp6e  (74),  bearing  the 
broad  pennant  of  Commodore  Cockburn,  under 
whose  immediate  command  he  served  with 
the  brigade  of  seamen  landed  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique.    He  afterwards  returned 
to  Europe,  with  the  commodore,  in  the  Belle- 
isle,  in  charge  of  the  garrison,  who,  according 
to  the  capitulation,  were  to  be  conveyed  to 
France  and  there  exchanged.     As,  however, 
the  French  government  refused  to  restore  an 
equivalent  number  of  English,  the  prisoners, 
to   the  number   of  2,400,  were   carried  to 
Portsmouth  and  detained  there  till  the  end 
of  the  war.     Captain   Brenton   was   after- 


wards employed  in  convoy  service,  and  in 
August  1810  was  appointed  to  command  the 
Spartan  frigate,  in  succession  to  his  brother 
[see  BRENTON,  Sm  JAHLEEL].  In  the  course 
of  1811  the  Spartan  was  sent  to  North 
America,  and  continued  on  that  station 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  war  with  the 
United  States,  but  met  with  no  opportunity 
of  distinguished  service.  She  returned  to 
England  in  the  autumn  of  1813,  when 
Brenton  went  on  half-pay  ;  nor  did  he  ever 
serve  again,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
months  in  the  summer  of  1815,  when  he 
acted  as  flag-captain  to  Rear-admiral  Sir 
Benjamin  Hallowell. 

Brenton  now  devoted  a  large  portion  of 
his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  and  published 
in  1823  a  l  Naval  History  of  Great  Britain 
from  the  year  1783  to  1822,'  5  vols.  8vo ; 
and  in  1838  the  '  Life  and  Correspondence 
of  John,  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,'  2  vols.  8vo. 
As  an  officer  of  rank,  who  had  been  actively 
employed  during  all  the  important  part  of 
the  period  of  his  history,  his  opportunities 
of  gaining  information  were  almost  un- 
equalled; but  he  seems  to  have  been  con- 
stitutionally incapable  of  sifting  such  evidence 
as  came  before  him,  and  to  have  been  guided 
more  frequently  by  prejudice  than  by  judg- 
ment. The  plan  of  his  work  is  good  and 
comprehensive,  but  the  execution  is  feeble, 
and  its  authority  as  to  matter  of  fact  is  of 
the  slenderest  possible.  In  addition  to  these 
more  important  literary  labours,  he  took  an 
active,  and  latterly  an  absorbing,  part  in 
the  promotion  of  temperance  societies,  in 
the  establishment  and  conduct  of  the  Society 
for  the  Relief  of  Shipwrecked  Mariners, 
and  more  especially  of  the  Children's  Friend 
Society,  the  intention  of  which  was,  in 
many  respects,  better  than  the  results. 
These,  in  fact,  drew  down  on  him  and  his 
management  much  harsh  criticism,  which 
he  felt  severely,  and  which  to  a  serious 
extent  embittered  the  closing  years  of  his 
life.  He  died  suddenly  on  6  April  1839. 
He  married,  in  March  1803,  Margaret  Diana, 
daughter  of  General  Cox,  by  whom  he  had 
a  large  family. 

In  addition  to  the  more  bulky  works 
already  mentioned,  he  was  also  the  author 
of  '  The  Bible  and  Spade  :  an  Account  of 
the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Children's 
Friend  Society,'  1837,  12mo;  and  of  several 
pamphlets  on  'Suppression  of  Mendicity,' 
'  Poor  Laws,'  '  Juvenile  Vagrancy,'  and 
similar  subjects. 

[Marshall's Royal  Nav.  Eiog.v.  (suppl.  parti.) 
411;  Memoir  of  Captain  Edward  Pelham  Bren- 
ton, with  Sketches  of  his  Professional  Life  and 
Exertions  in  the  Cause  of  Humanity  as  con- 


Brenton 


265 


Brenton 


nected  with  the  Children's  Friend  Society,  &c. ; 
Observations  upon  Brenton's  Naval  History  and 
Life  of  the  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,  by  his  brother, 
Vice-admiral  Sir  Jahleel  Brenton,  1842,  8vo,  a 
very  one-sided  view  of  Captain  Brenton's  great 
merits  as  an  historian  and  as  a  philanthropist ; 
Quarterly  Eeview,  Ixii.  424,  a  severe,  but  not 
too  severe,  article  on  the  Life  of  Lord  St.  Vincent.] 

J.  K.  L. 

BRENTON,  SIK  JAHLEEL  (1770- 
1844),  vice-admiral,  eldest  son  of  Rear- 
admiral  Jahleel  Brenton,  the  head  of  a  family 
which  had  emigrated  to  America  early  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  was  born  in  Rhode 
Island  on  22  Aug.  1770.  When  the  war  of 
independence  broke  out,  Mr.  Brenton,  then 
a  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  adhered  to  the 
royalist  party,  and  his  wife  and  children 
were  sent  to  England.  He  himself  was  in 
1781  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  Queen, 
armed  ship,  on  board  which  ship  his  son 
Jahleel  was  entered  as  a  midshipman.  For 
two  years  the  boy  served  under  his  father's 
immediate  command,  and  on  the  peace  in 
1783  was  sent  to  school  at  Chelsea,  where, 
and  afterwards  in  France,  he  continued  till 
1787,  when  he  again  entered  the  navy  as  a 
midshipman.  In  1790,  having  passed  his 
examination,  and  seeing  no  chance  of  either 
employment  or  promotion,  he  accepted  a  com- 
mission in  the  Swedish  navy,  and  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Biorkosund  on  3  and  4  June, 
and  of  Svenskasund  on  9  July.  In  later  life, 
when  deeply  impressed  by  religious  ideas,  he 
'felt  and  acknowledged  the  guilt  of  this 
step.'  On  20  Nov.  1790  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  English  navy, 
and  returned  home  in  consequence.  His 
service  during  the  succeeding  years,  mostly 
in  the  Mediterranean,  does  not  require  any 
special  notice.  In  the  battle  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent  he  was,  still  a  lieutenant,  on  board 
the  Barfleur,  and  in  the  course  of  1798  he 
obtained  from  the  commander-in-chief  an 
acting  order  to  command  the  Speedy  brig, 
though  he  was  not  confirmed  in  the  rank  till 
3  July  1799.  His  conduct  on  several  occa- 
sions in  action  with  the  enemy's  gunboats 
won  for  him  the  approval  of  the  admiralty 
and  his  post  rank,  25  April  1800,  when  he 
was  appointed  temporarily  to  the  Genereux 
prize,  giving  up  the  command  of  the  Speedy 
to  Lord  Cochrane,  who  rendered  her  name 
immortal  in  the  history  of  our  navy.  In  the 
following  January  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Caesar,  as  flag-captain  to  Sir  James  Saumarez, 
and  had  thus  an  important  part  in  the  un- 
fortunate battle  of  Algeziras  on  6  July,  and 
in  the  brilliant  defeat  of  the  allied  squadron 
in  the  Straits  on  12  July  1801.  He  con- 
tinued in  the  Caesar,  after  the  peace,  till 


March  1 802,  when  he  obtained  leave  to  re- 
:  turn  to  England,  chiefly,  it  would  seem,  in 
order  to  be  married  to  Miss  Isabella  Stewart, 
an  American  lady  to  whom  he  had  been  long 
engaged. 

In  March  1803  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Minerve  frigate,  but  had  only  just  joined  her 
j  when  a  severe  wound,  given  by  a  block  fall- 
I  ing  on  his  head,  compelled  him  to  go  on 
I  shore  ;  he  was  not  able  to  resume  the  com- 
!  mand  till  June,  and  in  his  first  cruise,  having 
!  chased  some  vessels  in  towards  Cherbourg 
I  in  a  thick  fog,  the  ship  got  aground  under 
|  the  guns  of  the  heaviest  batteries  (2  July 
I  1803).  After  sustaining  the  enemy's  fire 
for  ten  hours,  and  failing  in  all  attempts  to 
!  get  her  off,  Brenton  was  compelled  to  sur- 
render. He  and  the  whole  ship's  company 
were  made  prisoners  of  war,  and  so  the 
greater  number  of  them  continued  till  the 
peace  in  1814 ;  but  Brenton  himself  was  for- 
tunate in  being  exchanged  in  December  1806 
for  a  nephew  of  MassSna,  who  had  been  taken 
prisoner  at  Trafalgar.  He  was  shortly  after- 
wards tried  for  the  loss  of  the  Minerve,  and 
on  his  honourable  acquittal  was  at  once  ap- 
pointed to  the  Spartan,  a  new  frigate  of  38 
guns,  ordered  to  the  Mediterranean.  The 
service  there  was  arduous  and  honourable, 
but  years  passed  away  without  leading  to 
any  especial  distinction.  In  October  1809 
the  Spartan  was  part  of  the  force  engaged  in 
the  reduction  of  the  Ionian  Isles,  and  in  May 
1810,  whilst  cruising  in  company  with  the 
Success,  of  32  guns,  and  the  Espoir  brig, 
chased  a  small  French  squadron  into  Naples. 
This  consisted  of  the  Ceres  frigate  of  the 
same  force  as  the  Spartan,  though  with  about 
one-fourth  more  men,  the  Fama  frigate  of 
28  guns,  a  brig,  a  cutter,  and  seven  gunboats. 
Brenton,  feeling  certain  that  the  French  ships 
would  not  come  out  in  the  face  of  two  fri- 
gates, despatched  the  Success  to  the  south- 
ward, and  on  the  morning  of  3  May  stood 
back  towards  Naples,  hoping  to  tempt  the 
enemy  to  come  out.  They  had  anticipated 
his  wish,  and  having  taken  on  board  some 
400  soldiers,  in  addition  to  their  already 
large  complements,  met  the  Spartan  in  the 
very  entrance  of  the  bay,  about  midway  be- 
tween Ischia  and  Capri.  The  action  that 
ensued  was  extremely  bloody,  for  the  Spar- 
tan's broadsides  told"  with  terrible  effect  on 
the  crowded  decks  of  the  Ceres  and  her 
consorts,  while  on  the  other  hand  the  heavy 
fire  of  the  gunboats  inflicted  severe  loss 
on  the  Spartan.  Brenton  himself  was  badly 
wounded  in  the  hip  by  a  grapeshot,  and 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  fight  the  Spar- 
tan was  commanded  by  her  first-lieutenant, 
Willes,  the  father  of  the  present  Admiral 


Brenton 


266 


Brereley 


Sir  George  Ommanney  Willes.  The  brig  was 
captured,  but,  the  Spartan's  rigging  being 
much  cut,  the  Ceres  and  Fama  succeeded  in 
getting  under  some  batteries  in  Baia  Bay 
(JAMES,  Naval  History,  edit.  1859,  v.  115). 
For  his  gallant  and  skilful  conduct  of  the 
action  Willes  was  deservedly  promoted ;  and 
Captain  Brenton's  bravery,  his  tactical  skill, 
and  the  severity  of  his  wound  won  for  him 
sympathy  and  admiration  which  forgot  to 
remark  on  his  mistaken  judgment  in  sending 
the  Success  away — mistaken,  for  the  resolve 
of  the  enemy  to  come  out  was  formed  quite 
independently  of  the  Success's  absence.  The 
Patriotic  Fund  at  Lloyd's  voted  him  a  sword, 
value  one  hundred  guineas ;  the  king  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  presented  him  with  the  Grand 
Cross  of  St.  Ferdinand ;  he  was  made  a  baronet 
on  3  Nov.  1812,  and  aK.C.B.  on  2  Jan.  1815. 

Brenton's  wound  made  it  necessary  for 
him  to  return  to  England,  which  he  was  per- 
mitted to  do  in  the  Spartan  ;  and  for  nearly 
two  years  he  was  on  shore,  suffering  much 
pain,  aggravated  by  the  loss  of  all  his  pro- 
perty by  the  failure  of  his  agents,  and  by  the 
loss  of  a  prize  appeal  which  involved  him 
to  the  extent  of  3,000£  This  liability,  how- 
ever, some  friends  took  on  themselves,  trust- 
ing to  have  it  made  good  from  the  bankrupt's 
estate  ;  and  a  pension  of  300/.  in  considera- 
tion of  his  wound  relieved  him  of  this  pressing 
pecuniary  anxiety.  In  March  1812,  having 
partly  recovered  from  his  wound,  he  ac- 
cepted the  command  of  the  Stirling  Castle, 
74  guns,  in  the  Channel ;  but  feeling  that  his 
lameness  and  the  occasional  pain  incapacitated 
him  for  active  service,  he  soon  resigned  the 
appointment.  Towards  the  close  of  1813  he 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  dockyard 
at  Port  Mahon,  and  on  the  abolition  of  that 
establishment  at  the  peace  he  was  sent  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  same  capacity.  The 
establishment  there  was  also  reduced  on  the 
death  of  Napoleon  in  1821,  and  Brenton  re- 
turned to  England  in  January  1822.  He  then 
for  some  time  had  the  command  of  the  royal 
yacht,  and  afterwards  of  the  guardship  at 
Sheerness.  He  attained  his  flag  in  1830,  and 
in  1831,  on  the  death  of  Captain  Browell, 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Green- 
wich Hospital.  In  course  of  seniority  he 
would  have  been  included  in  the  promotion 
on  the  queen's  coronation,  and  have  been 
made  a  vice-admiral ;  but  that  being  incom- 
patible with  his  office  at  Greenwich,  the  rank 
was  held  in  abeyance,  though  given  him,  with 
his  original  seniority,  on  his  retirement  in 
1840.  His  health  had  during  all  these  years 
been  very  broken,  and  he  died  on  3  April 
1844. 

During  a  great  part  of  his  life  he  devoted 


much  time  and  energy  to  business  connected 
with  religious  or  charitable  organisations, 
and  in  assisting  his  brother  [see  BRENTON", 
EDWARD  PELHAM],  of  whom  he  wrote  a  me- 
moir referring  chiefly  to  these  pursuits.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  '  The  Hope  of  the 
Navy,  or  the  True  Source  of  Discipline  and 
Efficiency '  (cr.  8vo,  1839),  a  religious  essay  ; 
'An  Appeal  to  the  British  Nation  on  be- 
half of  her  Sailors '  (12mo,  1838)  ;  and  some 
pamphlets.  He  was  twice  married  :  his  first 
wife  died  in  1817,  and  in  1822  he  married  a 
cousin,  Miss  Harriet  Brenton,  who  survived 
him.  He  left  only  one  son,  Lancelot  Charles 
Lee  Brenton,  who,  after  taking  his  degree  at 
Oxford,  became  a  nonconformist  minister; 
on  his  death,  without  issue,  the  baronetcy 
became  extinct. 

[Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Services  of  Vice- 
admiral  Sir  Jahleel  Brenton,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  edited 
by  the  Kev.  Henry  Kaikes,  Chancellor  of  the 
Diocese  of  Chester,  8vo,  1846 — a  ponderous 
work,  smothered  in  a  confused  mass  of  religious 
meditation  ;  a  somewhat  abridged  edition,  edited 
by  Sir  L.  Charles  L.  Brenton,  was  published  in 
1855;  some  of  Sir  Jahleel's  official  correspon- 
dence, whilst  at  the  Cape,  with  Colonel  (after- 
wards Sir  Hudson)  Lowe  is  in  Brit.  Mus.  Add. 
MSS.  20139,  20189-91,  20233.]  J.  K.  L. 

BRERELEY,  JOHN.     [See  ANDERTON, 

JAMES.] 

BRERELEY  or  BRIERLEY,  ROGER 

(1586-1637),  divine  and  poet,  was  born  on 
4  Aug.  1586,  at  Mar  land,  then  a  hamlet  in 
the  parish  of  Rochdale,  where  Thomas  Brere- 
ley, his  father,  and  Roger,  his  grandfather, 
were  farmers.  The  name  is  spelled  in  many 
ways,  but  it  seems  best  to  adhere  to  the 
form  which  constantly  recurs  in  the  Roch- 
dale baptismal  register,  as  this  undoubtedly 
represents  the  right  pronunciation.  From 
his  father's  brother  Richard  the  Brearleys  of 
Handworth,  Yorkshire,  are  descended.  He 
had  three  brothers  and  two  sisters  younger 
than  himself.  Brereley  himself  began  life  as  a 
puritan.  He  took  orders  and  became  perpetual 
curate  of  Grindleton  Chapel,  in  the  parish  of 
Mitton  in  Craven.  The  stipend  (in  1654) 
was  worth  51.  He  held  (in  1626)  a  close  in 
Castleton,  in  the  manor  of  Rochdale,  which 
had  belonged  to  his  grandfather.  His  preach- 
ing was  simple  and  spiritual,  and  his  followers 
soon  became  distinguished  as  a  party.  As 
early  as  1618  Nicholas  Assheton,  recording 
the  burial  of  one  John  Swinglehurst,  adds 
'he  died  distract;  he  was  a  great  follower 
of  Brierley.'  J.  C.,  the  writer  of  the  first 
notice  of  his  life,  says :  '  Because  they  could 
not  well  stile  them  by  the  name  of  Breirlists, 
finding  no  fault  in  his  doctrine,  they  then 


Brereley 


267 


Brereton 


styled  his  hearers  by  the  name  of  Grinde- 
tonians  (sic),  by  the  name  of  a  town  in  Cra- 
van,  called  Grindleton,  where  this  author  did 
at  that  time  exercise  his  ministry,  thinking 
by  his  name  to  render  them  odious,  and  brand 
them  for  some  kind  of  sectaries ;  but  they 
could  not  tell  what  sect  to  parallel  them  to, 
hence  rose  the  name  Grindletonism.'  And 
Brereley  himself,  in  his  piece  '  Of  True  Chris- 
tian Liberty,'  writes : — 

I  was  sometime  (as  then  a  stricter  man) 
By  some  good  fellows  tearm'd  a  puritan. 

And  now  men  say,  I'm  deeply  drown'd  in  schism, 
Retyr'd  from  God's  grace  unto  G-rindletonism. 
In  a  sermon  preached  at  Paul's  Cross  on 

II  Feb.  1627,  and  published  under  the  title 
of  'The  White  Wolfe,'  1627,  Stephen  Deni- 
son,  minister  of  St.  Catherine  Cree,  charges 
the  '  Gringltonian   familists '   with   holding 
nine  points  of  an  antinomian  tendency.  These 
nine  points  are  repeated  from   Denison  by 
Ephraim  Pagitt  in  his  '  Heresiography '  (2nd 
ed.  1645,  p.  89),  and  glanced  at  by  Alexander 
Koss,  Havo-cpcia  (2nd  ed.  1655,  p.  365).  Pagitt 
is  the  authority  Sir  Walter  Scott  gives  for 
the   extraordinary    collocation   ( Woodstock, 
1826,  iii.    205):    'Those   Grindletonians   or 
Muggletonians  in  whom  is  the  perfection  of 
every  foul  and  blasphemous  heresy,  united 
with  such-  an   universal  practice  of  hypo- 
critical assentuation,  as  would  deceive  their 
master,  even  Satan  himself.'   The  nine  points 
may  perhaps  be  a  caricature  of  positions  ad- 
vanced by  some  of  Brereley's  hearers,  but 
they  bear  no  resemblance  to  his  own  teaching. 
If  Denison  derived  them  from  the  '  fifty  ar- 
ticles '  mentioned  by  J.  C.,  as  exhibited  against 
Brereley  at  York  by  direction  of  the  high 
commission,  we  can  easily  understand  that 
*  when  he  came  to  his  trial  not  one  of  them 
[was]  directly  proved  against  him.'   This  trial 
must  have  been  prior  to  1628,  for  it  was  held 
before  Archbishop  Tobias  Matthew,  who  died 
29  March  in  that  year.     Matthew,  a  strict 
and  exemplary  prelate,  sustained  Brereley  in 
the  exercise  of  his  ministry,  and  before  leav- 
ing York  he  preached  in  the  cathedral.     It  is 
certain  that  Brereley  was  not  conscious  of  any 
deflection  from  Calvinistic  orthodoxy.     He 
expressly  censures  Arminius  (Serm.  21),  'who 
will  needs  set  rules  and  laws  to  God.'     He 
calls  the  heresies  of  Nestorius,  Eutyches,  &c., 
'  little  holes  in  Christ's  ship '  (Poems,  p.  46). 
Although    his   language   about   the   second 
Person  of  the  Trinity  may  be  thought   to 
show  traces  of  Socinian  influence,  no  anti- 
trinitarian  heresy  seems  to  have  been  charged 
upon  him.     Denison's  most  damaging  point 
is  clean  contrary  to  Brereley's  own  language. 
He  quaintly  owns  that  '  men  no  angels  are,' 


and  he  doubts  the  possibility  of  perfection  in 
the  saints  on  earth.  He  is  very  strong  against 
mere  forms ;  for  instance,  he  calls '  bread  and 
wine  a  silly  thing,  where  the  heart  is  not  led 
further'  (Serm.  9).  But  he  was  the  very 
opposite  of  a  sectary,  and  desired  to  remain 
a  humble  son  of  the  church.  In  1631  Brereley 
was  instituted  to  the  living  of  Burnley,  Lan- 
cashire. He  died  in  June  1637,  the  Burnley 
register  recording  that  '  Roger  Brearley, 
minister,'  was  buried  13  June.  He  was  mar- 
ried, and  had  a  daughter  Alice,  living  in  1636. 

His  literary  remains  are :  1.  (  A  Bundle  of 
Soul-convincing,  directing,  and  comforting 
Truths;  clearly  deduced  from  divers  select 
texts  of  Holy  Scripture.  .  .  .  Being  a  brief 
summary  of  several  sermons  preached  at  large 
by  ...  M.  Rodger  Breirly  .  .  .  Edinburgh, 
printed  for  James  Brown,  bookseller  in  Glas- 
gow, 1670,  sm.  8vo  (this,  which  can  hardly 
be  the  first  edition,  consists  of  twenty-seven 
sermons,  and  the  biographical  f  Epistle  to  the 
Reader,'  by  J.  C.,  who  says  of  the  origin  of 
the  volume :  'After  his  death  a  few  headnotes 
of  some  of  his  sermons  came  to  my  view,'  per- 
haps implying  that  the  notes  were  Brereley's 
own).  2.  Another  edition,  London,  printed 
by  J.  R.  for  Samuel  Sprunt,  1677,  18mo,  is 
probably  a  reprint  from  an  earlier  issue ;  it 
reckons  the  sermons  as  twenty-six  in  number, 
what  is  Sermon  22  in  the  1670  edition  being 
not  numbered,  but  headed  '  Exposition,'  &c. 
(it  is  on  the  beatitudes).  It  contains  also, 
after  the  sermons,  the  following  pieces  in 
verse:  'The  Preface  of  Mr.  Brierly ; '  'Of 
True  Christian  Liberty  ; '  '  The  Lord's  Reply/ 
four  pieces  thus  headed,  alternated  with  three 
pieces  headed  'The  Soul's  Answer,'  'The 
Song  of  the  Soul's  Freedom,'  '  Self  Civil 
War.'  The  spelling  of  the  poems  is  often  in- 
teresting, as  indicating  a  northern  pronuncia- 
tion, and  there  are  a  few  Lancashire  words ; 
the  punctuation  is  atrocious.  There  is  often 
much  pathos  in  Brereley's  rude  lines :  his 
spirit  reminds  one  of  Juan  de  Vald6s,  none 
of  whose  writings  were  translated  in  his  time. 

[Eaine's  Journal  of  Nicholas  Assheton,  Chet. 
Soc.  vol.  xiv.  1848,  4to,  pp.  89-96  (including  ex- 
tracts from  Brereley's  poems) ;  Halley's  Lanca- 
shire, its  Puritanism  and  Nonconformity,  1869, 
i.  159-64;  Whitaker's  Craven  (ed.  Morant), 
1878,  p.  34  ;  Whitaker's  Whalley  (ed.  Nichols  and 
Lyons),  ii.  169;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  vi. 
388,  517  (more  extracts  fmm  the  poems) ;  certi- 
fied extracts  from  Eochdale  parish  register; 
works  cited  above.]  A.  Gr. 

BREHETON,  JOHN  (/.1603),  voyager 
to  New  England,  has  left  few  records  of  his 
life.  His  birthplace  is  unknown,  and  to  which 
branch  of  the  Breretons  of  Brereton,  Cheshire, 
he  belonged  is  uncertain,  although  he  was 


Brereton 


268 


Brereton 


probably  a  relative  of  Sir  William  Brereton 
(1604-1661)  [q.v.],  major-general  of  Cheshire,  j 
who,  before  his  military  career,  was  interested  j 
in  American  colonisation,  grants  of  land  along  ! 
the  north-eastern  coast  of  Massachusetts  Bay  i 
having  been  made  to  him  by  Sir  Ferdinando  j 
Gorges  at  a  time  when  he  intended  to  settle  j 
there.  John  Brereton  was  admitted  sizar  at 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1587,  and  was  B.  A. 
1592-3.  Hejoined  Captain  Bartholomew  Gos- 
nold,  Bartholomew  Gilbert,  Gabriel  Archer, 
and  others  to  make  the  first  English  attempt 
to  settle  in  the  land  since  called  New  England. 
Twenty-four  gentlemen  and  eight  sailors  left 
Falmouth  in  a  small  bark,  the  Concord,  on 
26  March  1603,  twelve  of  them  intending 
to  settle,  while  twelve  "others  returned  home 
with  the  produce  of  the  land  and  of  their 
trading  with  the  natives.  The  voyage  was 
sanctioned  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  had 
an  exclusive  crown  grant  of  the  whole  coast. 
Instead  of  making  the  circuitous  route  by 
the  Canaries,  Gosnold  steered,  as  the  winds 
permitted,  due  west,  only  southing  towards 
the  Azores,  and  was  the  first  to  accomplish 
a  direct  course  to  America,  saving '  the  better 
part  of  a  thousand  leagues.'  By  15  May  the 
voyagers  made  the  headland  which  they 
named  Cape  Cod.  Here  Gosnold,  Brereton, 
and  two  others  went  ashore  on  '  the  white 
sands,'  the  first  spot  in  New  England  ever 
trodden  by  English  feet.  Doubling  the  Cape 
and  passing  Nantucket,  they  touched  at 
Martha's  Vineyard,  and  passing  round  Dover 
Cliff  entered  Buzzard's  Bay,  which  they 
called  Gosnold's  Hope,  reached  the  island 
of  Cuttyhuiik,  which  they  named  Elizabeth's 
Island.  Here  they  determined  to  settle ; 
in  nineteen  days  they  built  a  fort  and  store- 
house in  an  islet  in  the  centre  of  a  lake  of  three 
miles  compass,  and  began  to  trade  with  the 
natives  in  furs,  skins,  and  the  sassafras  plant. 
They  sowed  wheat,  barley,  and  peas,  and  in 
fourteen  days  the  young  plants  had  sprung 
nine  inches  and  more.  The  country  was  fruit- 
ful in  the  extreme.  It  was  decided,  however, 
that  so  small  a  company  would  be  useless  for 
colonisation ;  their  provisions,  after  division, 
would  have  lasted  only  six  weeks.  The  whole 
company  therefore  sailed  for  England,  making 
a  very  short  voyage  of  five  weeks,  and  landed 
at  Exmouth  on  23  July.  Their  freight  real- 
ised a  great  profit,  the  sassafras  alone  selling 
for  336Z.  a  ton. 

Brereton  wrote  '  A  Briefe  Relation  of  the 
Description  of  Elizabeth's  He,  and  some  others 
towards  the  North  Part  of  Virginie  .  .  . 
written  by  John  Brierton,  one  of  the  Voyage,' 
London,  1602, 8vo.  A  second  impression  was 
published  the  same  year  entitled  '  A  brief  and 
true  Relation  of  the  Discovery  of  the  North 


Part  of  Virginia  .  .  .  written  by  John  Brere- 
ton, one  of  the  Voyage,'  London,  1602,  8vo. 
To  this  edition  is  added  '  A  Treatise  of  M. 
Edward  Hayes,  containing  important  induce- 
ments for  the  planting  in  these  parts,'  &c. 
Purchas  gives  a  chapter  headed  '  Notes  taken 
out  of  a  Tractate  written  by  James  Rosier 
to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh ; '  but  this  is  signed 
1  John  Brereton,'  and  is  evidently  part  of  a 
letter  written  by  him.  Rosier  was  not  with 
Brereton,  but  was  a  fellow-voyager  in  Wey- 
mouth's  expedition  five  years  afterwards.  Of 
Brereton  nothing  more  is  known.  Captain 
John  Smith,  in  his  '  Adventures  and  Dis- 
courses,' speaks  of '  Master  John  Brereton  and 
his  account  of  his  voyage '  as  fairly  turning 
his  brains,  and  impelling  him  to  cast  in  his 
lot  with  Gosnold  and  Wingfield,  and  make 
that  subsequent  voyage  which  resulted  in  the 
planting  and  colonisation  of  Virginia  in  1607. 
[Stith's  Hist,  of  Virginia,  p.  30,  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Collections,  3rd.  ser.  viii. 
83-123;  Purchas  His  Pilgrimes,  '  the  4th  part.' 
pp.1646,  1656;  Belknap's  American Biog.  (Hub- 
bard's),  1844,  ii.  206  ;  Anderson's  Hist,  of  Com- 
merce, A.D.  1602;  Hakluyt,  iii.  246;  Pinkerton's 
Voy.  and  Trav.  xii.  219,  xiii.  19  ;  Bancroft's 
United  States,  i.  88  ;  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  iii.  51 ; 
Holmes's  Annals  of  America,  i.  117;  Beverley's 
Hist,  of  Virginia,  p.  19  ;  the  Adventures  and  Dis- 
courses of  Capt.  John  Smith  (Ashton's  reprint, 
1883),  p.  69;  Biogr.  Brit,  under  '  Greenville,' 
p.  2284,  note/.]  J.  W.-GK 

BRERETON,  OWEN  SALUSBURY 
(1715-1798),  antiquary ,was  born  in  1715.  His 
father  was  Thomas  Brereton,  afterwards  of 
Shotwick  Park,  Cheshire,  who  came  into  the 
possession  of  that  estate  thro  ugh  marriage  with 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Mr.  Salusbury  Lloyd. 
Owen  Brereton  was  the  son  of  a  former  mar- 
riage with  a  Trelawney,  and  added  the  name 
of  Salusbury  on  succeeding  to  estates  in  the 
counties  of  Chester,  Denbigh,  and  Flint  on 
his  father's  death  about  the  year  1756.  He 
was  admitted  a  scholar  of  Westminster 
School  in  1729,  and  was  elected  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1734.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1738,  and  in  that  year  held  the 
post  of  a  lottery  commissioner.  In  Septem- 
ber 1742  he  was  appointed  recorder  of  Liver- 
pool, an  office  he  retained  till  his  death, 
a  period  of  fifty-six  years.  When  he  pro- 
posed to  resign  in  1796,  he  was  requested 
by  the  corporation  to  retain  the  situation, 
and  they  appointed  a  deputy  to  relieve  him 
of  the  pressure  of  its  duties.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Arts  in  1762,  and 
was  vice-president  from  1765  to  1798,  in 
which  capacity  he  rendered  great  service  to 
the  society.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  and  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 


Brereton 


269 


Brereton 


quaries  (elected  1763),  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  treasurer  of  that  body,  and  keeper  of 
the  Black  Book.  He  was  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Ilchester  in  Somerset  from  1775  to 
1780,  and  constable  of  Flint  Castle  from 
1775.  He  died  at  his  residence  at  Windsor, 
on  8  Sept.  1798,  in  his  eighty-fourth  year,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
on  22  Sept. 

To  the '  Philosophical  Transactions '  of  1781 
he  contributed  an  account  of  a  storm  at  East- 
bourne, and  to  the  l  Archseologia '  he  sent 
several  papers:  1.  ( Round  Towers  in  Ire- 
land,' ii.  80.  2.  '  Observations  in  a  Tour 
through  North  Wales,  Shropshire,  &c.,'  iii. 
111.  3.  '  Extracts  from  a  MS.  relating  to 
the  Household  of  Henry  VIII,'  iii.  145. 
4.  l  Particulars  of  a  Discovery  of  Gold  Coins 
at  Fenwick  Castle,'  v.  166.  5.  '  Description 
of  third  unpublished  Seal  of  Henrietta  Maria, 
daughter  of  Henry  IV  of  France,'  v.  280. 

6.  'Brereton    Church  Window/    ix.    368. 

7.  '  Silver  Coin  of  Philip  of  France,'  x.  465. 
In  vols.  viii.  x.  xi.  and  xii.  of  the  same  work 
are  particulars  of  various  objects  of  antiquity 
exhibited  by  him.     The  paper  on  Brereton 
Church  contains  several  unaccountable  in- 
accuracies, which  have  been  commented  upon 
by  Mr.  Ormerod  in  his  '  History  of  Cheshire.' 

[John  Holliday  in  Trans,  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  xix.  4-8,  with  portrait ;  same  article  in 
Chalmers's  Biog.  Diet. ;  Q-ent.  Mag.  1798,  Ixviii. 
part  ii.  p.  816  ;  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  ed.  Helsby, 
1882,  ii.  573;  Welch's  Westminster  Scholars, 
1788;  Return  of  Members  of  Parliament,  1878, 
ii.  154.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRERETON,    THOMAS    (1691-1722), 

dramatist,  was  descended  from  a  younger 
branch  of  the  noble  family  of  Brereton  in 
Cheshire,  his  father  being  Major  Thomas 
Brereton  of  the  queen's  dragoons.  He  was 
born  in  1691,  and  after  attending  the  free 
school  of  Chester,  and  a  boarding  school 
in  the  same  city,  kept  by  a  Mr.  Dennis, 
a  French  refugee,  he  matriculated  at  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  16  April  1709,  pro- 
ceeding B.A.  14  Oct.  1712.  His  father  died 
before  he  reached  his  majority,  leaving  him 
a  considerable  fortune,  which,  however,  he 
soon  dissipated,  his  wife  and  family  being 
compelled  by  destitution  to  retire  to  their 
relations  in  Wales  in  1721.  The  same  year 
he  received  from  the  government  a  small  office 
connected  with  the  customs  at  Chester.  In 
connection  with  the  election  of  a  relative 
as  member  of  parliament  for  Liverpool  he 
wrote  a  libellous  attack  on  the  rival  candi- 
date, and  to  escape  prosecution  was  advised 
to  abscond.  To  baffle  pursuit  he  determined 
to  cross  the  Saltney  when  the  tide  was  coming 


in.  In  the  middle  of  the  stream  he  quitted 
his  horse,  resolving  to  trust  to  his  remarkable 
powers  as  a  swimmer,  but  he  was  unable  to 
reach  the  shore.  His  death  took  place  in 
February  1722.  Brereton  was  the  author  of 
two  tragedies,  or  rather  English  adaptations 
of  French  plays,  but  they  were  never  acted 
and  do  not  possess  much  merit.  They  are  : 

1.  '  Esther,  or  Faith  Triumphant,  a  sacred 
Tragedy  in  Rhyme,  with  a  chorus  after  the 
manner  of  the  ancient  Greeks;  translated 
with  improvements  from  Racine,'  1715 ;  and 

2.  '  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  or  Love  and  Zeal,  a 
Tragedy,'  1717,  founded  on  the  'Polyeucte' 
of  Corneille.  To  '  Esther'  he  prefixed  a  'large 
dedication  to  the  Lord  Archbishop  of  York, 
in  defence  of  such  compositions  against  the 
rants   of  Tertullian  and  Mr.  Collier.'      He 
also  published  '  A  Day's  Journey  from  the 
Vale  of  Evesham  to  Oxford,  to  which  are 
added  two  Town  Eclogues,'  no  date ;  '  An 
English  Psalm  ...  on  the  late  Thanksgiving 
Day,'  1716 ;   '  George,  a  poem,  humbly  in- 
scribed to  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of 
Warrington,'  1715  ;  and  '  Charnock  Junior, 
or  the  Coronation,  being  a  Parody  on  Mack 

Flecknoe,  occasioned  by  Dr.   S 1's   late 

exploit  at   St.  Andrews,'  1719.     This  had 
been  published  in  1710,  badly  printed  and 
without   the   author's  knowledge.     It  is  a 
burlesque  on  Dr.  Sacheverell's  progress  after 
his  trial.   He  married  Jane  (b.  1685),  daughter 
of  Thomas  Hughes  of  Bryn  Griffith,  Mold, 
Flintshire,  on  29  Jan.  1711.     Two  daughters 
survived  him.     His  wife  died  at  Wrexham 
on  7  Aug.  1740.    She  wrote  a  good  deal  of 
verse  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  and 
elsewhere,  which  was   collected   after  her 
death  and  published,  together  with  some  of 
her  letters  (1744). 

[Rawlinson  MSS.  4to,i.  379;  Jacob's  Poetical 
Register  (ed.  1723),  i.  283  ;  Biogr.  Dramatica 
(ed.  Baker),  i.  63-4 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue  ;  Mrs. 
Jane  Brereton's  Poems.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRERETON,  THOMAS  (1782-1832), 
lieutenant-colonel,  was  born  in  King's  County, 
Ireland,  on  4  May  1782.  He  went  as  a 
volunteer  to  the  West  Indies  with  his  uncle, 
Captain  Coghlan,  in  1797,  and  received  his 
commission  as  ensign  in  the  8th  West  India 
regiment  in  1798,  being  promoted  lieutenant 
1800,  and  captain  1804.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  short  term  of  service  in  Jersey  in 
1803-4,  he  appears  to  have  remained  in  the 
West  Indies  until  1813,  acting  for  a  time  as 
brigade-major  to  his  relative,  General  Brere- 
ton, governor  of  St.  Lucia,  and  being  present 
at  the  capture  of  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe. 
In  consequence  of  ill-health  and  of  inju- 
ries received  during  a  hurricane  in  1813,  he 


Brereton 


270 


Brereton 


returned  that  year  to  England  invalided.  In 
1814  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor 
of  Senegal  and  Goree,  and  the  next  year  was  ! 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Royal  African 
corps.  In  December  1816  he  was  again  in- 
valided,  and  returned  to  England.  He  was  ; 
appointed  to  a  command  on  the  frontier  of 
the  Cape  Colony  in  1818,  visited  England  in  j 
1819,  and  commanded  the  Cape  Town  garri- 
son until  1823.  In  the  meanwhile  he  had  , 
exchanged  first  into  the  53rd  regiment,  after- 
wards into  the  Royal  York  Rangers,  and  in 
1821  into  the  49th  regiment.  On  his  final  re- 
turn to  England  he  was  appointed  inspecting 
field  officer  of  the  Bristol  recruiting  district. 
As  senior  officer  on  the  spot  he  had  command 
of  the  troops  quartered  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Bristol  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Reform  riots 
in  that  city  on  Saturday,  29  Oct.  1831.  These 
troops  were  composed  of  a  squadron  of  the 
14th  light  dragoons  and  a  troop  of  the  3rd  j 
dragoon  guards.  About  five  p.m.  of  29  Oct.  j 
the  mayor  was  forced  to  read  the  Riot  Act,  j 
and  Brereton  was  called  on  to  bring  his  force  j 
at  once  into  Bristol.  During  the  half-hour  j 
that  passed  before  his  arrival  the  lower  part 
of  the  mansion  house  was  sacked.  Brereton  ; 
appears  to  have  been  ordered  by  the  magis- 
trates to  clear  the  streets.  Their  orders, 
however,  did  not  seem  to  him  to  warrant 
any  forcible  measures,  and  he  ordered  Cap- 
tain Gage  to  disperse  the  mob  without  draw- 
ing swords  or  using  any  violence.  Brereton 
endeavoured  to  bring  the  people  to  good  hu- 
mour, and  came  in  from  time  to  time  to  tell 
the  magistrates  that  he  had  been  shaking 
hands  with  them,  and  that  they  were  gradu- 
ally dispersing.  As,  on  the  contrary,  the 
numbers  and  threatening  aspect  of  the  mob 
increased,  at  eleven  p.m.  he  ordered  Gage  to 
clear  the  streets  by  force.  The  soldiers  were 
badly  pelted,  and  Gage  asked  the  mayor  to 
allow  them  to  use  their  carbines  to  dislodge 
those  who  were  pelting  them  from  a  dis- 
tance. Brereton,  however,  thought  this  was 
unnecessary,  and  the  request  was  refused.  A 
soldier  belonging  to  a  troop  of  the  14th,  de- 
tailed to  protect  the  council  house,  shot  a 
rioter  who  had  struck  him  with  a  stone,  and 
this  added  to  the  rage  of  the  mob.  The 
streets  were,  however,  cleared  by  the  sabres 
of  the  dragoons,  and  were  kept  free  during 
the  remainder  of  the  night.  On  Sunday  the 
riot  broke  out  afresh,  and  the  sack  of  the 
mansion  house  was  completed.  The  14th 
were  fiercely  attacked,  and,  as  they  had  no 
orders  to  retaliate,  the  men  suffered  se- 
verely. Brereton  ordered  that  they  should 
leave  Queen's  Square,  in  which  the  mansion 
house  stood,  and  that  the  3rd  dragoons  should 
take  their  place.  In  obeying  the  order  they 


were  so  pressed  by  the  rioters  that  they  were 
forced  to  fire  on  them.  Brereton,  however, 
rode  down  from  College  Green  to  the  square, 
and,  it  is  said,  assured  the  rioters  that  there 
should  be  no  more  firing,  and  that  the  14th 
should  be  sent  out  of  the  city.  On  his  ap- 
plying to  the  magistrates  to  allow  him  to  re- 
move the  14th  he  was  told  that  they  would 
not  agree  to  his  doing  so.  Brereton,  how- 
ever, ordered  them  to  Keynsham,  declaring 
that  if  they  were  kept  in  Bristol  every  man 
would  be  sacrificed,  and  the  troop  of  the 
3rd  dragoons  was  left  alone  to  protect  the 
city.  The  mob  then  broke  open  and  set  fire 
to  the  bridewell,  the  gaol,  and  the  Glouces- 
ter county  gaol,  and  released  the  prisoners. 
Meanwhile,  Brereton  ordered  Cornet  Kelson 
to  go  down  to  the  city  gaol,  but  on  Kelson 
asking  for  orders  said  he  had  none  to  give, 
that  he  could  find  no  magistrates  to  give 
him  the  authority  he  needed,  and  that  no 
violence  was  to  be  used.  During  these  pro- 
ceedings the  soldiers  were  in  too  small  force 
to  interfere  with  any  effect,  and  it  is  said 
that  Brereton  went  to  bed  for  some  hours. 
By  midnight  the  bishop's  palace,  the  mansion 
house,  the  custom  house,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  other  buildings  were  destroyed.  In 
the  course  of  the  night  the  Doddington 
yeomanry  were  brought  into  Bristol;  but 
some  difficulty  having  arisen  as  to  their 
I  billets,  Brereton  told  their  captain  that  they 
could  be  of  no  use,  and  that  if  the  people  were 
let  alone  they  would  be  peaceable.  Accord- 
ingly the  yeomanry  returned  to  Doddington. 
Early  in  the  morning  of  Monday  Brereton 
went  down  to  Queen's  Square  in  company 
with  Major  Mackworth,  and  in  his  presence 
Mackworth  and  the  3rd  dragoons  charged  and 
dispersed  the  crowd.  Major  Beckwith,  of 
the  14th,  now  arrived  from  Gloucester,  and, 
having  brought  back  the  division  of  the  14th 
previously  sent  away  by  Brereton,  took  the 
command  of  the  cavalry,  made  repeated 
charges  on  the  rioters,  and  restored  some 
measure  of  security.  On  4  Nov.  the  magis- 
trates sent  documents  to  Lord  Melbourne 
and  Lord  Hill  defending  their  own  conduct 
during  the  riots,  and  laying  much  blame 
on  Brereton,  whom  they  accused  of  dis- 
regarding their  orders,  of  forsaking  his  post, 
and  of  withdrawing  the  14th  from  the 
city.  In  consequence  of  these  charges  a 
military  commission  was  held  to  inquire  into 
Brereton's  conduct.  This  was  followed  by 
a  court-martial  on  him,  which  was  opened 
at  Bristol  on  9  Jan.  1832  by  Sir  Henry  Fane 
as  president.  The  substance  of  the  eleven 
charges  made  against  him  was  that  he  had 
been  negligent  and  inactive;  that  he  had 
not  obeyed  or  supported  the  civil  authority ; 


Brereton 


271 


Brereton 


that  lie  had  improperly  withdrawn  the  14th ; 
that  he  had  refused  to  give  Cornet  Kelson  the 
needful  orders,  and  had  neglected  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  arrival  of  the  yeomanry.  On 
Friday,  the  fifth  day  of  the  trial,  the  proceed- 
ings were  stopped  by  the  news  of  Brereton's 
death  :  he  had  shot  himself  in  his  bed  early 
that  morning.  The  verdict  at  the  inquest 
was  that  '  he  died  from  a  pistol-wound,  in- 
flicted on  himself  while  under  a  fit  of  tem- 
porary derangement.'  His  unfortunate  errors 
seem  to  have  been  the  fruit  of  undecided 
character  rather  than  of  any  deliberate  neg- 
lect. On  4  May  1782  he  had  married  Olivia 
Ross,  daughter  of  Hamilton  Ross,  formerly 
of  the  81st  regiment  and  then  a  merchant  at 
the  Cape.  Mrs.  Brereton  died  on  14  Jan. 
1829,  leaving  two  daughters,  who  survived 
their  father. 

[Colburn's  United  Service  Journal,  1831,  pt. 
iii.  433,  1832,  pt.  i.  257  ;  Monthly  Repository 
(new  series),  v.  840,  vi.  130;  Somerton's  Narra- 
tive of  the  Bristol  Riots ;  Court-martial  on 
Lieutenant-colonel  Brereton  in  Somerton's  Bristol 
Riots  Tracts ;  Trial  of  C.  Pinney,  late  Mayor  of 
Bristol;  Gent.  Mag.  1832,  i.  84.]  W.  H. 

BRERETON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1604- 
1661),  parliamentary  commander,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Brereton  of  Handforth,  Cheshire,  and 
Margaret,  daughter  and  coheiress  of  Richard 
Holland  of  Dent  on,  Lancashire,  was  baptised 
at  the  collegiate  church,  Manchester,  in  1604. 
On  10  March  1626-7  he  was  created  a  baro- 
net. In  1634-5  he  travelled  through  a  large 
part  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  crossed 
over  into  Holland  and  the  United  Provinces. 
He  kept  a  *  Diary'  of  his  travels,  which  was 
published  by  the  Chetham  Society  in  1844, 
and  affords  various  interesting  information 
regarding  the  social  condition  of  Scotland 
and  England ;  it  also  manifests  a  serious  and 
religious  cast  of  thought.  Brereton's  natural 
bias  towards  puritanism  was  doubtless  further 
confirmed  by  his  marriage  to  Susanna,  fourth 
daughter  of  Sir  George  Booth  of  Dunham  Mas- 
sey,  and  by  intercourse  with  his  near  neigh- 
bours, Henry  Bradshaw  and  Colonel  Duken- 
field.  He  was  elected  to  represent  his  native 
county  in  parliament  in  1627-8  and  1639-40. 
The  name  of  William  Brereton  occurs  in  the 
parish  register  of  Wanstead,  Essex,  attached 
to  a  document  signed  by  fifty  of  the  principal 
inhabitants,  expressive  of  their  attachment  to 
the  church  of  England  and  abhorrence  of  papal 
innovations,  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  sup- 
port the  supposition  of  Lysons  (Environs  of 
London,  iv.  243)  that  the  name  was  that  of  Sir 
William  Brereton  of  Handforth.  According 
to  Clarendon,  he  was  '  most  considerable  for 
a  known  averseness  to  the  government  of  the 


church'  (History,  vi.  270).  On  the  first 
symptoms  of  the  approaching  civil  war  he 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  movement  in 
Cheshire.  In  August  1642  the  houses  of 
parliament  drew  up  instructions  to  him  as 
one  of  the  deputy-lieutenants  of  the  county 
(Advice  and  Directions  of  both  Houses  of 
Parliament  to  Sir  William  Brereton  and  the 
rest  of  the  Deputy-lieutenants  of  the  County 
of  Chester,  published  at  London  on  19  Aug. 
1642).  Subsequently  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Cheshire  and 
the  neighbouring  counties  to  the  south.  Hav- 
ing entered  Cheshire  from  London  with  one 
troop  of  horse  and  a  regiment  of  dragoons, 
Brereton,  after  a  severe  conflict,  completely 
defeated  Sir  Thomas  Aston  near  Nantwich 
on  28  Jan.  1642-3,  the  accidental  explosion  of 
a  piece  of  the  royalists'  cannon  greatly  aiding 
his  victory.  This  enabled  him  to  occupy  Nant- 
wich, which  became  the  headquarters  of  the 
parliamentary  party,  while  Chester  was  for- 
tified by  the  royalists.  From  these  places 
the  two  parties  'contended,'  in  the  words  of 
Clarendon, '  which  should  most  prevail  upon, 
that  is,  most  subdue,  the  affections  of  the 
county  to  declare  for  and  join  them '  (History, 
vi.  270).  Clarendon  states  that  the  lower 
orders  were  specially  devoted  to  Brereton,  and 
that  he  obtained  much  advantage  from  their 
readiness  to  supply  him  with  intelligence.  For 
a  considerable  time  it  required  his  utmost 
energy  to  enable  him  to  hold  his  own.  He  again 
inflicted  a  severe  defeat,  13  March  1642-3,  on 
Sir  Thomas  Aston,  who  attempted  to  hold 
Middlewich  on  behalf  of  the  king,  but  after  the 
royalists  had  been  strengthened  by  troops  from 
Ireland,  Brereton  was  himself  worsted  at  the 
same  place.  Meanwhile,  in  the  summer  of 
1643,  he  captured  successively  Stafford,  Wol- 
verhampton,  and  Whitchurch,  besides  various 
strongholds.  During  his  absence  Nantwich, 
while  held  by  Sir  George  Booth,  was  closely 
besieged  by  Lord  Byron,  but,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  Brereton,  on 
14  Feb.  1643-4,  totally  routed  the  besieging 
forces,  the  greater  part  of  them  escaping  to 
Chester,  while  large  numbers  surrendered. 
Having  parted  from  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  he 

?roceeded  towards  Chester,  and  in  August 
644  defeated  at  Tarvin  Prince  Rupert,  who 
was  marching  to  its  relief.  Following  on  this 
came  the  capture  of  the  town  and  castle  of 
Liverpool,  and  the  town  and  castle  of  Shrews- 
bury. After  their  defeat  at  Rowton  Heath  in 
September  1645,  the  royalists  could  make  no 
further  stand  in  Cheshire,  and  Beeston  Castle 
and  Chester  were  closely  invested.  Brereton 
obtained  a  complete  victory  over  the  king's 
forces  under  Sir  William  Vaughan  on  1  Nov. 
at  Denbigh,  and  all  hope  of  succour  being  cut 


Brereton 


272 


Brereton 


off,  the  garrison  at  Beeston  Castle  surrendered 
the  same  month,  and  that  of  Chester  in  Febru- 
ary 1645-6.  Immediately  advancing  south- 
wards against  Prince  Maurice  with  1,000  foot, 
Brereton  found  that  the  enemy  had  disap- 
peared. On  6  March  he  captured  Lichfield, 
and  on  12  May  Dudley  Castle.  On  the  22nd 
of  the  latter  month  he  dispersed  near  Stow- 
in-the-Wold  the  forces  of  Lord  Ashley,  the 
last  important  body  of  the  royalists  in  arms. 
After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  received 
the  chief  forestership  of  Macclesfield  forest, 
and  the  seneschalship  of  the  hundred  of 
Macclesfield.  He  also  obtained  various 
grants  of  moneys  and  lands,  among  other 
properties  which  came  into  his  possession 
being  that  of  the  archiepiscopal  palace  of 
Croydon.  In  an  old  pamphlet, '  The  Myste- 
ries of  the  Good  Old  Cause  '  (1663),  which 
mentions  his  possession  of  the  palace,  he  is 
described  as  '  a  notable  man  at  a  thanks- 
giving dinner,  having  terrible  long  teeth  and 
a  prodigious  stomach,  to  turn  the  arch- 
bishop's chapel  at  Croydon  into  a  kitchen ; 
also  to  swallow  up  that  palace  and  lands  at 
a  morsel.'  He  died  at  Croydon  on  7  April 
1661.  His  body  was  removed  thence  to  be 
interred  in  the  Handforth  chapel  in  Cheadle 
church,  but  there  is  a  tradition  that  in  cross- 
ing a  river  the  coffin  was  swept  away  by  a 
flood,  and  this  is  confirmed  by  the  fact  that 
there  is  no  entry  of  the  burial,  but  only  of  the 
death,  in  the  Cheadle  registers.  By  his  first 
wife  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters, 
and  by  his  second  wife  two  daughters. 
There  are  rude  portraits  of  Brereton  in  Ri- 
craft's  '  England's  Champions  '  and  Vicars's 
'  England's  Worthies.'  In  the  Sutherland 
collection  of  portraits  in  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary there  is  an  illustration  of  him  on  horse- 
back drawn  by  Robert  Cooper. 

[Ricraft's  -Survey  of  England's  Champions, 
1647;  Vicars's  England's  Worthies,  1647;  Cla- 
rendon's History ;  Binghall's  Providence  Im- 
proved, written  1 628-73,  published  at  Chester  in 
1778,  containing  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Nant- 
wich ;  Cheshire  Successes,  1642;  Magnalia  Dei, 
a  Relation  of  some  of  the  many  remarkable 
Passages  in  Cheshire  before  the  Siege  of  Nampt- 
wich  .  .  .  and  at  the  happy  Raising  of  it  by  ... 
Sir  Tho.  Fairfax  and  Sir  William  Brereton,  &c., 
London,  1643  ;  History  of  the  Siege  of  Chester, 
1793;  Sir  William  Brereton's  Letter  sent  to  the 
Hon,  William  Lenthall,  Esq.,  Speaker  of  the  Hon. 
House  of  Commons,  concerning  ...  the  Siege 
...  of  Chester,  5  March  1645  ;  Chester's  En- 
largement after  Three  Years'  Bondage,  1645; 
the  various  contemporary  accounts  which  were 
published  of  his  more  remarkable  victories.  Dr. 
Gower,  in  Account  of  Cheshire  Collections  (p.  43), 
mentions  the  Journals  of  Sir  Wm.  Breret  on  in  five 
folio  volumes,  written  in  a  small  hand,  describing 


every  circumstance  that  occurred  during  the  four 
years  he  was  general.  The  only  document  now 
known  to  be  in  existence,  corresponding  in  any 
degree  to  this  description,  is  his  letter-book  from 
April  to  June  1642,  and  from  December  1644  to 
December  1646  ;  Add.  MSS.  11331-3.  Detailed 
accounts  of  Brereton's  career  are  contained  in 
Archseologia,  vol.  xxxiii.,  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  and 
Earwaker's  East  Cheshire.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRERETON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1789-  7* 
1864),  lieutenant-general  and  colonel-corn- 
|  mandant  4th  brigade  royal  artillery,  was  de-  '* 
i  scendedfrom  the  very  ancient  Cheshire  family 
i  of  Brereton  of  Brereton  Hall,  through  its 
!  Irish  branch,  the  Breretons  of  Carrigslaney, 
i  co.  Carlow,  of  whom  some  particulars  are 
given  by  Sir  F.  Dwarris  in  '  Archaeologia,' 
vol.  xxxiii.,  and  in  Mervyn  Archdall's  edition 
of  l  Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ireland,'  ii.  251.  In. 
the  only  biographical  notice  wherein  his 
parentage  is  given  he  is  described  as  a  son 
of  Major  Robert  Brereton,  who  fought  at 
Culloden,  and  younger  half-brother  of  Major- 
general  Robert  Brereton  of  New  Abbey,  co. 
Kildare  (formerly  of  30th  and  63rd  regi- 
ments), and  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  Lucia, 
who  died  in  1818.  He  was  born  in  1789,  and 
entered  the  Royal  Military  Academy  as  a 
cadet  in  1803,  whence  he  passed  out  in  May 
1805  as  a  second  lieutenant  royal  artillery. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  and  Waterloo 
campaigns  from  December  1809  to  June 
1815,  including  the  defence  of  Cadiz,  where 
he  commanded  the  guns  at  Fort  Matagorda, 
the  battle  of  Barossa,  where  he  was  wounded, 
the  Burgos  retreat,  the  battles  of  Vittoria 
and  the  Pyrenees,  the  siege  of  San  Sebastian, 
where  he  was  temporarily  attached  to  the 
breaching  batteries,  the  battles  of  Orthez, 
Toulouse,  QuatreBras,  and  Waterloo.  During 
the  greater  part  of  the  time  he  was  one  of- 
the  subalterns  of  the  famous  troop  of  the 
royal  horse  artillery  commanded  by  Major 
Norman  Ramsay,  with  which  he  was  severely 
wounded  at  Waterloo.  He  became  a  second 
captain  in  1816,  and  was  placed  on  half  pay 
the  year  after.  He  was  brought  on  full  pay 
again  in  1823,  and,  after  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury of  further  varied  service  at  home  and  in 
the  colonies,  was  sent  to  China,  where  he  was 
second  in  command  under  General  d'Aguilar 
in  the  expedition  to  the  Bocca  Tigris,  and  at 
the  capture  of  the  city  of  Canton  in  1848. 
During  the  early  part  of  the  Crimean  war,, 
Colonel  Brereton,  who  was  then  on  the 
strength  of  the  horse  brigade  at  Woolwich,, 
was  present  with  the  Black  Sea  fleet,  as  a 
guest  on  board  H.M.S.  Britannia,  carrying  the 
flag  of  his  relative,  Vice-admiral  Sir  J.  D. 
Dundas,  and  directed  the  fire  of  her  rockets 
in  the  attack  upon  the  forts  of  Sevastopol  on 


a>  f 
alw 


Brerewood 


273 


Brerewood 


17  Oct.  1854.  He  became  a  major-general 
in  December  1854,  and  was  made  K.C.B.  in 
1861.  For  a  short  period  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  Irish  constabulary.  Brereton, 
who  had  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-general a  few  days  before,  died  at  his 
chambers  in  the  Albany,  London,  on  27  July 
1864,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
He  wrote  a  brief  narrative  entitled  'The 
British  Fleet  in  the  Black  Sea,'  which  was 
privately  printed  (1857  ?  see  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.} 
Selections  from  Paixhans'  '  Constitution  Mi- 
litaire  de  France,'  translated  by  him  in  1850, 
appear  in  '  Proceedings  Royal  Art.  Inst.,' 
vol.  i.  (1857).  By  his  will,  executed  10  April 
1850,  and  proved  16  Aug.  1864  (personalty 
sworn  under  25,000/.),  he  left  the  sum  of 
1,000£,  whereof  the  interest  is  to  be  applied 
in  perpetuity  to  encouraging  the  game  of 
cricket  among  the  non-commissioned  officers 
of  horse  and  foot  artillery  stationed  at  Wool- 
wich. 

[Archseologia,  vol.  xxxiii. ;  Lodge's  Peerage  of 
Ireland,  ed.  Archdall,  ii.  251 ;  Burke's  Landed 
Gentry  (1868)  ;  Kane's  List  Off.  Eoyal  Art.  (re- 
vised ed.  Woolwich,  1869);  Hart's  Army  Lists; 
Duncan's  Hist.  E.  Art.  i.  223,  ii.  362,  364,  385, 
430,  432,  434,  437 ;  Proc.  E.  Art.  Inst,  vol.  i. ; 
Ann.  Eeg.  1864;  Illust.  Lond.  News,  xlv.  154, 
299  (will).]  H.  M.  C. 

BREREWOOD  or  BRYERWOOD, 
EDWARD  (1565  P-1613),  antiquary  and  ma- 
thematician, son  of  Robert  Brerewood,  a  wet- 
glover  ,who  had  thrice  been  mayor  of  Chester, 
was  born  and  educated  in  that  city.  In  1581 
he  was  sent  to  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  had  the  character  of  a  very  hard 
student,  He  graduated  B.  A.  15  Feb.  1586-7, 
M.A.  9  July  1590,  and  '  being  candidate  for 
a  fellowship,  he  lost  it  without  loss  of  credit, 
for  where  preferment  goes  more  by  favour 
than  merit,  the  rejected  have  more  honour 
than  the  elected'  (FULLER,  Worthies,  ed.  1662, 
Cheshire,  190).  Then  he  migrated  to  St.  Mary 
Hall,  and  on  26  Sept,  1592,  when  Queen 
Elizabeth  was  at  Oxford,  he  replied  at  a  dis- 
putation in  natural  philosophy.  In  March 
1596  he  was  chosen  the  first  professor  of  as- 
tronomy in  Gresham  College,  London,  where, 
as  at  Oxford,  '  he  led  a  retired  and  private 
course  of  life,  delighting  with  profound  spe- 
culations, and  the  diligent  searching  out  of 
hidden  verities.'  Brerewood,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Old  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
died  on  4  Nov.  1613,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  Great  St.  Helen.  His  large  and 
valuable  library  he  bequeathed  with  his  other 
effects  to  his  nephew  Robert  [q.v.]  (afterwards 
knight  and  a  justice  of  the  common  pleas),  a 
son  of  his  elder  brother,  John  Brerewood. 

VOL.  VI. 


His  works  are:  1.  'De  ponderibus  et  pretiis 
veterum  nummorum,  eorumque  cum  recentio- 
ribus  collatione,'  London,  1614, 4to.  This  was 
first  published  by  his  nephew,  and  afterwards 
inserted  in  the  '  Apparatus'  of  the  'Biblia 
Polyglotta,'  by  Brian  Walton,  and  also  in  the 
'  Critici  Sacri,'  vol.  viii.  2.  '  Enquiries  touch- 
ing the  Diversities  of  Languages  and  Religions 
through  the  chief  parts  of  the  world,'  London, 

1614,  1622,  1635,  4to,  1647,  &c.  8vo.     This 
was  likewise  published  by  his  nephew,  and 
afterwards  translated  into  French  by  J.  de 
la  Montagne,  Paris,  1640,  8vo,  and  into  Latin 
by  John  Johnston.     Father  Richard  Simon 
made  some  remarks  on  Brerewood's  work, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  le  Sieur  de  Moni,  in 
a  treatise  entitled  '  Histoire  critique  de  la 
creance  et  des  coutumes  des  nations  du  Le- 
vant,' Frankfort  (really  printed  at  Amster- 
dam), 1684.     In  1693  it  was  reprinted,  and 
again  since  that  date  with  the  following  al- 
terations  in   the   title: — 'Histoire   critique 
des  dogmes,  des  controverses,  des  coutumes, 
et  des  ceremonies  des  Chretiens  orientaux/ 
3.  '  Elementa  Logicse,  in  gratiam  studiosse  j  u- 
ventutis  in  academia  Oxoniensi,'  London,1614t 

1615,  &c.  8vo.     4.  '  Tractatus  quidam  logici 
de  praedicabilibus,  et  preedicamentis,'  Oxford, 
1628, 1637,  &c.  8vo.    This  book  was  first  pub- 
lished by  Thomas  Sixesmith,  M. A.,  fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford.    A  manuscript  of 
it  is  preserved  in  Queen's  College  library  in 
that  university.  The  work  is  sometimes  quoted 
as  'Brerewood  de  moribus.'     5.  'Tractatus 
duo :  quorum  primus  est  de  meteoris,  secundus 
de  oculo,'  Oxford,  1631,  1638,  8vo.     These 
two  tracts  were  also  published  by  Sixesmith. 

6.  'A  Treatise  of  the  Sabbath,'  Oxford,  1630, 
1631,  4to.    This  book  was  written  as  a  letter 
to  Nicholas  Byfield  [q.  v.],  preacher  at  Chester, 
having  been  occasioned  by  a  sermon  of  his 
relating  to  the  morality  of  the  Sabbath.     It 
is  dated  from  Gresham  House  15  July  1611. 
The  original  manuscript  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum (Addit.  MS.  21207).    Richard  Byfield 
f  q.  v.],  Nicholas's  brother,  wrote  a  reply  to  it. 

7.  '  Mr.  Byfield's  Answer,  with  Mr.  Brere- 
wood's Reply,'  Oxford,  1631, 4to.   These  were 
both  printed  together,  with  the  second  edition 
of  the  former.     8.  '  A  second  Treatise  of  the 
Sabbath,  or  an  Explication  of  the  Fourth  Com- 
mandment,' Oxford,  1632, 4to.   9.  'Commen- 
tarii  in  Ethica  Aristotelis,'  Oxford,  1640,  4to. 
These  commentaries  relate  only  to  the  first 
four  books,  and  were  published  by  Sixesmith. 
The  original  manuscript,  which  was  finished 
27  Oct.  1586,  is  in  the  library  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.     It  is  written,  says  Wood,  '  in 
the  smallest  and  neatest  character  that  mine 
eyes  ever  yet  beheld.'     10.  '  A  Declaration  of 
the  Patriarchal  Government  of  the  antient 


Brerewood 


274 


Bretland 


Church/  Oxford,  1641,  4to,  London,  1647, 
Bremen,  1701,  8vo.  The  Oxford  edition  is 
subjoined  to  a  treatise  called  '  The  original 
of  Bishops  and  Metropolitans,  briefly  laid 
down  by  Archbishop  Ussher,'  &c. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  139,  Fasti, 
i.  236,  251 ;  Ward's  Gresham  Professors,  74,  336, 
with  the  author's  manuscript  notes ;  Archaeologia, 
i.  p.  xix;  Gent.  Mag.  Ixi.  (ii.)  714.]  T.  C. 

BREREWOOD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1588- 
1654),  judge,  belonged  to  a  family  of  re- 
spectable citizens  of  Chester,  who  had  held 
municipal  office.  His  grandfather,  Robert, 
is  called  a  wet-glover  by  trade,  and  was  once 
sheriff,  in  1566,  and  thrice  mayor,  in  1584, 
1587,  and  1600,  in  which  last  year  he  died 
in  office.  His  father,  John,  the  eldest  son  of 
Robert  the  elder,  was  sheriff  of  Chester,  and 
his  uncle  Edward  [q.  v.]  was  a  scholar  of  emi- 
nence, the  first  Gresham  professor  of  astro- 
nomy. Two  of  Edward  Brerewood's  treatises 
were  published  by  his  nephew  in  1614,  on 
the  author's  death.  Robert  Brerewood  was 
born  hi  Chester  in  1588.  In  1605,  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  and  ma- 
triculated at  Brasenose  College,  and  two  years 
later  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Middle 
Temple.  Probably  he  was  his  uncle's  heir, 
for  in  dedicating  one  of  Edward  Brerewood's 
posthumous  works  to  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, he  says  of  him,  '  Succeeding  him  in 
his  temporall  blessings  I  doe  endevour  to  suc- 
cede  him  in  his  virtues.'  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  on  13  Nov.  1615,  and  continued  to 
practise  for  two-and-twenty  years.  He  also 
turned  his  attention  to  literature,  and  pub- 
lished some  of  the  works  of  his  uncle  Ed- 
ward. In  1637  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
North  Wales,  probably  through  the  local  in- 
fluence of  his  family,  as  he  had  constantly 
maintained  his  connection  with  Cheshire,  and 
in  1639*he  was  elected  recorder  of  his  native 
town.  *He  had  been  appointed  reader  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  Lent  term  1638,  and  in 
1640  was  raised  to  the  degree  of  serjeant-at- 
law.  In  Hilary  term  1641  he  was  appointed 
king's  serjeant,  was  knighted  in  1643,  and 
raised  to  the  bench  about  a  month  after,  on 
31  Jan.  1644.  The  king  being  then  at  Oxford, 
he  was  sworn  in  there.  Though  he  continued 
to  sit  until  the  end  of  the  civil  war,  he  never 
sat  in  Westminster  Hall,  and  after  the  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I  he  retired  into  private  life. 
He  died  on  8  Sept.  1654,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Chester.  He  was  twice 
married :  first  to  Anna,  daughter  of  Sir  Ran- 
dle  Mainwaring  of  Over  Peover,  Cheshire, 
and  second  to  Katherine,  daughter  of  Sir 
Richard  Lea  of  Lea  and  Dernhall,  Cheshire, 
and  had  several  children  by  each  of  his  wives. 


[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges ;  Dugdale's  Orig. 
220;  Wood's  Athenae  (Bliss),  ii.  139-40;  Gent. 
Mag.  Ixi.  714;  Books  of  the  Middle  Temple;  The 
Vale  Royal  of  England  (Smith  and  Webb),  p.  85 ; 
Ormerod's  Cheshire,  i.  181,  182;  Archseologia 
(Soc.  Antiquaries),  i.  xx  n.]  J.  A.  H. 

BREREWOOD,  THOMAS  (d.  1748), 
poetical  writer,  was  son  of  Thomas  Brere- 
wood of  Horton,  Cheshire,  and  grandson  of 
Sir  Robert  Brerewood  [q.  v.],  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  Ho  led  the  life  of  a 
country  gentleman  at  Horton,  and  died  in 
1748.  Some  pieces  of  poetry  by  him  were 
printed  in  the  earlier  numbers  of  the  (  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine  ; '  after  his  death  there 
appeared  a  work  by  him  in  rhymed  verse 
of  little  merit  (with  a  eulogistic  preface  by 
an  anonymous  editor),  entitled  f  Galfred  and 
Juetta,  or  the  Road  of  Nature,  a  Tale  in 
three  cantos,'  London,  1772,  4to,  pp.  56. 

[Gent.  Mag.  vii.  760,  xiv.  46,  xvi.  157,  265, 
xxiv.  428,  Ixi.  714;  Universal  Catalogue  for 
1772,  art.  78  ;  Lipscomb's  Buckinghamshire,  iv. 
511.]  T.  C. 

BRETLAND,  JOSEPH  (1742-1819), 
dissenting  minister,  son  of  Joseph  Bretland, 
an  Exeter  tradesman,  was  born  at  Exeter 
22  May  1742.  He  was  for  several  years  a 
day  scholar  at  the  Exeter  grammar  school, 
and  was  placed  in  business  in  1757,  but  shortly 
after  left  it  for  the  ministry.  For  this  work 
he  received  a  special  education,  his  course  of 
study  being  finished  in  1766.  From  1770  to 
1772  he  was  minister  of  the  Mint  Chapel,  and 
from  the  latter  year  until  1790  kept  a  classical 
school  at  Exeter.  He  resumed  his  duties  at 
the  Mint  Chapel  in  1789,  and  continued  there 
until  1793.  For  three  years,  1794-7,  he  acted 
as  minister  at  the  George's  meeting-house  in 
Exeter,  and  on  the  establishment  in  1799  of 
an  academy  in  the  West  of  England  for 
educating  ministers  among  the  protestant 
dissenters,  he  was  appointed  one  of  its  tutors. 
This  position  he  retained  down  to  its  dis- 
solution in  1805,  and  he  then  retired  into 
private  life.  In  1795  Bretland  married  Miss 
Sarah  Moffatt.  He  died  at  Exeter  8  July 
1819.  He  is  described  as  a  believer  in  the 
unity  of  the  Deity  and  in  the  simple  hu- 
manity of  Jesus  Christ,  and  he  is  styled  a 
scholar  of  'extensive  and  solid  learning.' 
Many  of  his  theological  papers  are  in  Dr. 
Priestley's '  Theological  Repository '  and  in  the 
'  Monthly  Repository.'  He  composed  seve- 
ral sermons  and  many  prayers  for  the  use  of 
Unitarians,  including  a  '  Liturgy  for  the  Use 
of  the  Mint  Meeting  in  Exeter,'  1792.  After 
his  death  there  were  printed  at  Exeter  two 
volumes  of  '  Sermons  by  the  late  Rev.  Joseph 
Bretland,  to  which  are  prefixed  Memoirs  of 


Bretnor 


275 


Breton 


his  Life,  by  Wm.  Benjamin  Kennaway,  1820.' 
He  was  much  attached  to  Dr.  Priestley,  and 
edited  a  new  edition  of  his  '  Rudiments  of 
English  Grammar : '  many  of  his  letters  to 
the  doctor  are  printed  in  J.  T.  Rutt's  me- 
moirs of  Priestley. 

[Life  by  Kennaway;  Rutt's  Priestley,  passim; 
Monthly  Repository,  1819,  pp.  445,  473,  494, 
559.]  *  W.  P.  C. 

BRETNOR,  THOMAS  (fl.  1607-1618), 
almanac  maker,  calls  himself  on  the  title- 
page  of  one  of  his  almanacs  *  student  in 
astronomic  and  physicke,'  and  on  that  of 
another,  '  professor  of  the  mathematicks  and 
student  in  -physicke  in  Cow  Lane,  London.' 
His  extant  works  are  as  follows :  1.  '  A. 
Prognostication  for  this  Present  Yeere  .  .  . 
M.DC.VII.  .  .  .  Imprinted  at  London  for  the 
Companie  of  Stationers '  (a  copy  is  in  the 
British  Museum).  '  Necessary  observations 
in  Phlebotomie'  and  'Advertisements  in 
Husbandrie '  are  introduced  into  the  work. 
2.  '  A  Newe  Almanacke  and  Prognostication 
for  .  .  .  1615 '  (copies  are  in  the  Huth  Li- 
brary and  the  Bodleian).  3.  '  Opiologia,  or 
a  Treatise  concerning  the  nature,  properties, 
true  preparation,  and  safe  vse  and  administra- 
tion of  Opium.  By  Angelus  Sala  Vincen- 
tines  Venatis,  and  done  into  English  and 
something  enlarged  by  Tho.  Bretnor,  M.M.,' 
London,  1618.  This  translation,  which  is 
made  from  the  French,  is  dedicated  '  to  the 
learned  and  my  worthily  respected  friends 
D.  Bonham  and  Maister  Nicholas  Carter, 
physitians.'  In  an  address  to  the  reader 
Bretnor  defends  the  use  of  laudanum  in 
medicine,  promises  to  prepare  for  his  readers 
•*  the  chiefest  physicke  I  vse  my  selfe/  and 
mentions  his  friends  '  Herbert  Whitfield  in 
Newgate  Market,'  and  '  Maister  Bromhall,'  as 
good  druggists.  Bretnor  was  a  notorious 
character  in  London,  and  is  noticed  by  Ben 
Jonson  in  his  '  Devil  is  an  Ass  '  (1616),  i.  2, 
and  by  Thomas  Middleton  in  his  '  Fair 
Quarrel '  (1617),  vi. 

[Nares's  Glossary  (ed.  Halliwell),  s.v.  '  Bret- 
nor ; '  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Middleton's  Works  (ed. 
A.  H.  Bullen),  iv.  263.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRETON,  JOHN  LE  (d.  1275),  bishop  of 
Hereford,  was  chosen  bishop  about  Christmas 
1268,  being  then  a  canon  of  Hereford,  and  was 
consecrated  2  June  1269.  For  about  two 
years  before  this  he  was  a  justice  of  the  king's 
court.  He  died  12  May  1275.  Some  fifty 
years  after  his  death,  perhaps  sooner,  the  be- 
lief was  current  that  he  wrote  the  book  now 
known  to  lawyers  as  '  Britton.'  That  book 
(first  printed  without  date  about  1540,  re- 
printed in  1640,  and  carefully  edited  by  F.  M. 


Nichols  in  1865)  is  in  the  main  Bracton's 
treatise  on  English  law  condensed,  re- 
arranged on  a  new  plan,  purged  of  speculative 
jurisprudence,  turned  from  Latin  into  French, 
and  put  into  the  mouth  of  Edward  I,  so 
that  the  whole  law  appears  as  the  king's 
command.  Seemingly,  it  is  an  unfinished 
work,  but  it  became  very  popular,  and  was 
often  copied  in  manuscript.  Frequent  refe- 
rence is  made  in  it  to  statutes  passed  after 
the  bishop's  death,  and  from  the  internal 
evidence  we  must  suppose  it  written  shortly 
after  1290.  Possibly  we  have  but  the  bishop's 
book  as  altered  by  a  later  hand,  or  possibly, 
as  Selden  suggested,  there  has  been  some  con- 
fusion between  the  bishop  and  the  contem- 
porary judge  whom  we  call  Bracton  [q.  v.], 
but  whose  name  seems  really  to  have  been 
Bratton.  The  book  '  Britton '  might  fairly  be 
called  a  Bracton  for  practising  lawyers,  and 
in  fourteenth-century  manuscripts  the  two 
books  are  indiscriminately  called  Bretoun, 
Brettoune,  and  the  like. 

[For  election,  consecration,  and  death,  see  the 
following  Chronicles  under  years  1268-9,  1275  : 
Gervase  of  Canterbury  (ed.  Stubbs) ;  Annals  of 
Winchester,  Waverley,  Osney.  Wykes,  and 
Worcester  (all  in  Annales  Monastici,  ed.  Luard, 
who,  vol.  ii.  p.  xxxvii,  discusses  date  of  conse- 
cration) ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  Ecclesise  Anglican*, 
ed.  Hardy,  i.  459-60.  For  judicial  employment : 
Excerpta  e  Rotulis  Finium  (Record  Commission), 
ii.  444-82  ;  Liber  de  Antiquis  Legibus  (Camden 
Society),  year  1267.  Judge  and  bishop  same 
man:  Ann.  Osney,  year  1268.  The  statement 
that  he  wrote  a  law  book  is  in  the  following, 
under  year  1275:  F.  Nicolai  Triveti  Annales 
(ed.  Hog.)  ;  Chronicle  of  Rishanger  (ed.  Riley)  ; 
Flores  Historiarum  Matth.  Westm.  (ed.  1570, 
but  it  is  not  in  the  first  edition,  nor  in  many 
manuscripts — see  Hardy,  Catalogue  of  Materials 
for  British  History,  iii.  209).  The  authorship 
of  Britton  is  discussed  by  Selden,  Notes  to 
Hengham,  ed.  1616,  pp.  129-31  and  Dissertation 
suffixed  to  Fleta,  pp.  458-9,  also  in  F.  M. 
Nichols's  preface  to  edition  (1865)  of  Britton; 
Foss's  Judges  of  England.]  F.  W.  M. 

BRETON,  NICHOLAS  (1545  P-1626  ?), 
poet,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family 
originally  settled  at  Layer-Breton,  Essex. 
His  grandfather,  William  Breton  of  Col- 
chester, died  in  1499,  and  was  buried  there  in 
the  monastery  of  St.  John.  His  father,  also 
William  Breton,  was  a  younger  son,  came  to 
London  and  amassed  a  fortune  in  trade.  His 
'  capitall  mansion  house '  was  in  Red  Cross 
Street,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles  Without 
Cripplegate,  and  he  owned  tenements  in  other 
parts  of  London,  besides  land  in  Essex  and  Lin- 
colnshire. His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  John  Bacon,  and  by  her  he  had  two  sons, 

T2 


Breton 


276 


Breton 


Richard  and  Nicholas,  and  three  daughters, 
Thamar,  Anne,  and  Mary.  He  died  12  Jan. 
1558-9,  while  his  sons  were  still  boys,  and  left 
by  will  to  Nicholas  the  manor  of  Burgh-in- 
the-Marsh,  nearWainfleet,  Lincolnshire,  forty 
pounds  in  money,  l  one  salt,  all  gilte,  w*  a 
cover  .  .  .  vj  silver  sppnes,  and  the  gilte 
bedsted  and  bedd  that  I  lye  in  at  London/ 
with  all  its  furniture  (will  printed  in  Dr.  Gro- 
sart's  pref.  to  BRETON'S  Works,  pp.  xii-xvii). 
This  property  was  to  be  applied  by  the  child's 
mother  to  his  '  mayntenaunce  and  fynding ' 
until  he  was  twenty-four  years  old,  when  he 
was  to  enter  into  full  possession.  William 
Breton  left  much  to  his  wife  on  the  condi- 
tion that  she  should  remain  unmarried,  but 
before  1568  she  had  become  the  wife  of 
George  Gascoigne,  the  poet,  who  died  7  Oct. 
1577,  and  was  thus  for  more  than  nine  years 
Nicholas  Breton's  stepfather. 

From  the  fact  that  Breton  was  a  boy  in 
1559,  the  year  of  his  father's  death,  the  date 
of  his  birth  may  be  conjecturally  placed  in 
1545,  but  no  sure  information  is  at  present 
accessible.  From  his  '  Floorish  vpon  Fancie ' 
we  know  that  in  1577  Breton  was  settled  in 
London  and  had  lodgings  in  Holborn.  The 
Rev.  Richard  Madox,  chaplain  to  a  naval  ex- 
pedition in  1 582,  whose  unpublished  diary  is  in 
Sloane  MS.  1008,  records  under  date  14  March 
1582[-3]  that  while  on  the  continent,  appa- 
rently at  Antwerp,  he  met l  Mr.  Brytten,  once 
of  Oriel  Colledge,  wch  made  wyts  will  [i.e. 
the  prose  tract, '  The  Wil  of  Wit,  Wit's  Will, 
or  Wil's  Wit,'  entered  on  the  Stationers' 
Register  7  Sept.  1580].  He  speaketh  the 
Italian  well/  No  university  document  sup- 
ports the  statement  that  Breton  was  edu- 
cated at  Oriel  College,  but  in  l  The  Toyes  of 
an  Idle  Head,'  the  appendix  to  his  first  pub- 
lished book,  '  A  Floorish  vpon  Fancie,'  he 
refers  to  himself  as  '  a  yong  gentleman  who 
.  .  .  had  spent  some  years  at  Oxford.'  He 
also  dedicates  the  l  Pilgrimage  to  Paradise ' 
(1592)  '  to  the  gentlemen  studients  and 
scholers  of  Oxforde.'  On  14  Jan.  1592-3  he 
married  Ann  Sutton  at  St.  Giles's  Church, 
Cripplegate,  the  church  of  the  parish  in 
which  stood  his  father's  'capitall  mansion 
house.'  On  14  May  1603,  according  to  the 
St.  Giles's  parish  register,  a  son  Nicholas 
was  born  ;  on  16  March  1605-6  another  son, 
Edward;  and  on  7  May  1607  a  daughter, 
Matilda.  In  the  burial  register  of  the  same 
church  are  recorded  the  deaths  of  Mary, 
daughter  of  '  Nicholas  Brittaine,  gent.,'  on 
2  Oct.  1603,  and  of  Matilda,  daughter  of 
'  Nicholas  Brittaine,  gent.,'  on  27  July  1625. 
But  of  Breton's  own  death  no  record  has  yet 
been  found.  His  last  published  work  bears 
the  date  1626.  The  Captain  Nicholas  Bre- 


I  ton,  son  of  John  Breton  of  Tamworth,  who 

!  served  under  Leicester  in  the  Low  Countries 

\  in  1586,  purchased  an  estate  at  Norton,  North- 

|  amptonshire,  and  died  there  in   1624,  has 

often  been  erroneously  identified  with  the 

j  poet  (SHAW,  Staffordshire,  i.  422 ;  BRIDGES, 

Northamptonshire,  i.  78 ;  PHILLIPPS,   Thea- 

trum  Poetarum,  1800,  p.  321). 

These  scanty  facts  are  all  that  is  known 
of  the  poet's  life.  His  voluminous  works 
in  prose  and  verse  were  issued  in  rapid  suc- 
cession between  1577  and  1626.  Among  his 
early  patrons,  the  chief  was  Mary,  countess 
of  Pembroke ;  he  dedicated  to  her  the 
'  Pilgrimage  to  Paradise,'  1592,  to  which  is 
added  the  '  Countesse  of  Pembrooke's  Love/ 
where  he  speaks  of  himself  as  '  Your  Ladi- 
shipp's  unworthy  named  Poet.'  He  also 
wrote  for  her  his  '  Auspicante  Jehoua/  1597, 
and  the  Countess  of  Pembroke's  *  Passion.' 
Passages  in  '  Wit's  Trenchmour '  (1597)  re- 
fer to  the  rejection  of  the  poet's  love-suit 
by  a  lady  of  high  station,  and  it  seems  not 
improbable  that  Breton's  intimacy  with  the 
Countess  of  Pembroke  passed  beyond  the 
bounds  of  patron  and  poet.  Whatever  the 
character  of  the  relationship,  it  ceased  after 
1601. 

As  a  literary  man  Breton  impresses  us  most 
by  his  versatility  and  his  habitual  refinement. 
He  is  a  satirical,  religious,  romance,  and  pas- 
toral writer  in  both  prose  and  verse.  But  he 
wrote  with  exceptional  facility,  and  as  a  con- 
sequence he  wrote  too  much.  His  fertile 
fancy  often  led  him  into  fantastic  pueri- 
lities. It  is  in  his  pastoral  lyrics  that  he  is 
seen  at  his  best.  The  pathos  here  is  always 
sincere ;  the  gaiety  never  falls  into  grossness, 
the  melody  is  fresh  and  the  style  clear.  His 
finest  lyrics  are  in  '  England's  Helicon '  and 
the  collection  of  poems  published  by  him- 
self under  the  title  of  the  '  Passionate  Shep- 
heard.'  'Wit's  Trenchmour/  an  angling  idyll, 
is  the  best  of  his  prose  tracts,  and  had  the 
author  not  yielded  to  the  temptation  of  di- 
gressing from  his  subject  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  book,  he  might  have  equalled  Izaak 
Walton  on  his  own  ground.  Throughout 
his  works  runs  a  thorough  sympathy  with 
country  life  and  rural  scenery ;  the  pic- 
turesque descriptions  of  country  customs  in 
his  '  Fantasticks '  and  the  '  Town  and  Coun- 
try '  are  of  value  to  the  social  historian.  Bre- 
ton's satire,  most  of  which  appeared  under 
the  pseudonym  of  Pasquil,  is  not  very  im- 
pressive ;  he  attacks  the  dishonest  prac- 
tices and  artificiality  of  town  society,  but 
writes,  as  a  rule,  like  a  disappointed  man. 
Of  the  coarseness  of  contemporary  satirists 
he  knows  nothing.  He  lacks  the  drastic 
power  of  Nash,  who  wrote  under  the  same 


Breton 


277 


Breton 


pseudonym,  and  his  refinement  brought  down 
on  him  N ash's  censure.  Nash  speaks  of  Bre- 
ton, in  allusion  to  his  '  Bower  of  Delights,' 
as  '  Pan  sitting  in  his  Bower  of  Delights,  and 
a  number  of  Midases  to  admire  his  mise- 
rable hornpipes.'  In  his  religious  poems 
and  tracts  there  is  a  passionate  yearning 
and  rich  imagery  which  often  suggest  South- 
well, or  even  Crashaw,  but  they  are  defaced 
by  wire-drawn  conceits  and  mystical  subtle- 
ties. He  was  probably  an  earnest  student  of 
Spenser,  for  whom  he  wrote  a  sympathetic 
epitaph. 

The  enthusiasm  for  the  Virgin  Mary  ex- 
hibited in  a  few  poems,  very  generally  attri- 
buted to  Breton,  has  led  to  the  belief  that  the 
poet  was  an  ardent  catholic.  But  it  is  almost 
certain — as  we  state  below — that  the  un- 
doubtedly catholic  poems  ascribed  to  Breton 
were  by  another  hand ;  his  long  intimacy 
with  the  protestant  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
which  probably  rested  mainly  on  common 
religious  sentiments,  the  direct  attacks  on 
Romanism  which  figure  in  many  of  Breton's 
prose  tracts,  and  his  sympathetic  references 
to  the  practices  of  the  English  reformed 
church,  point  in  quite  the  opposite  direction. 
His  description  of  the  Virgin,  saints,  and 
angels,  only  noticed  by  him  as  part  of  the 
acknowledged  host  of  heaven,  and  his  con- 
stantly recurring  comparison  of  his  own  spi- 
ritual condition  to  that  of  Mary  Magdalen, 
merely  illustrate  the  strength  of  his  religious 
fervour  (see  Dr.  BBJNSLEY  NICHOLSON'S  notes 
in  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  series,  i.  501-2). 

Breton's  popularity  lasted  through  the  first 
half  of  the  seventeenth  century.  A  highly 
eulogistic  sonnet '  in  authorem '  is  prefixed  by 
Ben  Jonson  to  Breton's  '  Melancolike  Hu- 
mours,' 1600,  and  Francis  Meres  in  his  '  Pal- 
ladis  Tamia,'  1598,  classes  him  with  the 
greatest  writers  of  the  time.  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling, in  '  The  Goblins,'  iv.  i.  (DODSLEY,  Old 
Plays,  1826,  x.  143),  joined  his  name  with 
that  of  Shakespeare : — 

The  last  a  well-writ  piece,  I  assure  you, 

A  Breton  I  take  it,  and  Shakespeare's  very  way. 

Less  respectful  reference  to  the  poet's  vo- 
luminousness  is  made  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  '  Scornful  Lady  '  (ii.  3),  and 
'  Wit  without  Money '  (iii.  4).  At  a  later 
date,  Richard  Brome,  in  his  'Jovial  Crew' 
(  Works,  iii.  372),  speaks  of  'fetching  sweet- 
meats' for  ladies  and  courting  them  'in  a 
set  speech  taken  out  of  old  Britain's  works.' 
At  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  Bre- 
ton seems  to  have  completely  dropped  out 
of  notice,  but  his  reputation  was  restored  by 
Bishop  Percy,  who  printed  his  '  Phillida  and 
Corydon'  and  'The  Shepherd's  Address  to 


his  Muse  '  (both  from  '  England's  Helicon  ') 
in  his  'Reliques  of  Ancient  Poetry.'  In 
most  of  the  subsequent  poetical  collections 
Breton  has  been  represented. 

I.  Breton's  POETICAL  productions,  all  biblio- 
graphical rarities,  are  as  follows : — 

1.  'The  Workes  of  a  young  Wit  trust 
up  with  a  Fardell  of  prettie  fancies,  profit- 
able to  young  Poetes,  prejudicial  to  no  man, 
and  pleasant  to  every  man  to  passe  away 
idle  time  withall.  Whereunto  is  joined  an 
odde  kinde  of  wooing  with  a  bouquet  of 
comfittes  to  make  an  end  withall.  Done  by 
N.  B.,  Gent.,'  1577.  Only  one  copy  of  this 
work  (entered  on  the  Stationers'  Register 
under  date  June  1577)  is  now  extant;  it 
belongs  to  Mr.  Christie-Miller  of  Britwell. 
George  Ellis  printed  two  poems  from  it  in 
his  '  Specimens  of  Early  English  Poets ' 
(3rd  edition,  1803),  ii.  270-8;  and  Mr.  W. 
C.  Hazlitt  has  reprinted  'The  Letter  Dedi- 
catorie  to  the  Reader'  (dated  14  May  1577) 
in  his  '  Prefaces  &c.  from  Early  Books,'  1874. 
2.  '  A  Floorish  vpon  Fancie.  As  gallant  a 
glose  vpon  so  trifling  a  text  as  ever  was 
written.  Compiled  by  N.  B.,  Gent.  To 
which  are  annexed  The  Toyes  of  an  Idle 
Head ;  containing  many  pretie  Pamphlets 
for  pleasaunt  heads  to  passe  away  Idle  time 
withall.  By  the  same Authour,' London,  'im- 
printed by  Richard  Jhones,'  1577  and  1582. 
This  work  was  entered  on  the  Stationers' 
Register  2  April  1577 ;  the  only  extant  copy 
of  the  edition  published  in  1577  is  now  at 
Britwell ;  that  of  1582  is  carelessly  reprinted 
in  Park's  '  Heliconia '  (cf.  W.  C.  HAZLITT'S 
Prefaces, $c.  (1874), p. 55).  3*.  'The  Pilgrim- 
age to  Paradise,  coyned  with  the  Countesse 
of  Penbrooke's  love,  compiled  in  verse  by 
Nicholas  Breton,  Gentleman,'  Oxford,  by 
Joseph  Barnes,  1592,  entered  on  the  Sta- 
tioners' Register  23  Jan.  1590-1,  with 
the  dedication  to  Mary,  countess  of  Pem- 
broke. John  Case,  M.D.,  prefixes  a  letter, 
addressed  in  high  praise  of  the  author, '  to  my 
honest  trve  friend,  Master  Nicholas  Breton/ 
and  William  Gager,  doctor  of  laws,  and  Henry 
Price  add  Latin  verses  (cf.  Addit.  MS.  22583, 
f.  86).  4.  '  The  Countess  of  Penbrook's  Pas- 
sion,' first  privately  printed  by  Mr.  Halli- 
well-Phillipps,  from  a  manuscript  preserved 
in  the  Public  Library  at  Plymouth  in  his 
'  Brief  Description  of  the  Plymouth  Manu- 
scripts'  (1853),  pp.  177-210.  An  anonymous 
writer  in  'Notes  and  Queries'  (1st  series,  v. 
487)  described  another  manuscript  of  this 
poem  in  his  possession.  A  manuscript  older 
than  either  of  these  is  in  the  British  Museum 
(Sloane  MS.  1303),  and  this  was  printed  for 
the  first  time  in  1862,  under  the  title  of '  A 
Poem  on  our  Saviour's  Passion/  as  the  work  of 


Breton 


278 


Breton 


Mary  Sidney,  countess  of  Pembroke.  Horace 
Walpole,  in  his  '  Royal  and  Noble  Authors/ 
similarly  attributed  the  poem  to  the  Countess 
of  Pembroke,  but  George  Steevens,  to  whom 
the  Plymouth  manuscript  at  one  time  pro- 
bably belonged,  describes  it  as  Breton's  work 
(STEEVENS'S  Sale  Catalogue,  997)  ;  its  iden- 
tity of  style  with  the  '  Countesse  of  Pem- 
brooke's  Love/  mentioned  above,  removes 
almost  all  doubt  as  to  its  authorship.  Dr. 
Brinsley  Nicholson  discussed  the  question 
in  the  '  Athenaeum '  (9  March  1878),  and, 
while  arriving  at  this  conclusion,  pointed  out 
that  the  author  was  somewhat  indebted  to 
Thomas  Watson's  'Tears  of  Fancie.'  The 
title  may  be  compared  with  '  The  Countess 
of  Pembroke's  Arcadia/  by  Sidney,  'The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Emanuel '  (1591), 
and  'The  Countess  of  Pembroke's  Yuy 
Church'  (1591-2),  by  Abraham  Fraunce. 
5*.  'Pasquil's  Mad-cappe,  Throwne  at  the 
Corruptions  of  these  Times,  with  his  Message 
to  Men  of  all  Estates/  1626.  It  was  en- 
tered on  the  Stationers'  Register  20  March 
1599-1600,  and  again  on  29  July  1605,  but 
no  earlier  copy  than  that  of  1626  is  extant. 

6.  'Pasquil's  Fooles-cap  sent  to   svch   (to 
keepe  their  weake  braines  warme)  as  are  not 
able  to  conceive  aright  of  his  Mad-cap.  With 
Pasquil's  Passion  for  the  World's  wayward- 
nesse,  begun  by  himselfe  and  finished  by  his 
friend   Morpherius/  1600   (entered  on  Sta- 
tioners' Register  10  May  1600).     The  only 
copy  known  is  in  the  Bodleian.     The  dedica- 
tion, addressed  'to  my  very  good  friende, 
Master  Edward  Conquest/  is  signed  '  N.  B.' 

7.  'Pasquil's  Mistresse,  or  the  Worthie  and 
Vnworthie  Woman;    with   his  Description 
and  Passion  of  that  Furie,  Jealousie/  1600. 
The  dedicatory  epistle  is  signed  '  Salohcin 
Treboun/  apparently  an  anagram  upon  Nicho- 
las Breton.     A  unique  copy  is  at  Britwell. 
8*.  '  Pasquil's  Passe   and  Passeth  Not,  set 
downe  in  three  pees,  his  Passe,  Precession, 
and    Prognostication/   London,    1600   (en- 
tered on  Stationers'  Register  29  May  1600). 
The    dedication,    signed    '  N.  B./    is     ad- 
dressed '  to  my  .  .  .  good  friend  M.  Griffith 
Pen.'  9. '  Melancholike  Humours,  in  verses  of 
Diverse  Natures  set  downe  by  Nich.  Breton, 
Gent./  London,  1600.     This  was  reprinted 
privately  at  the  Lee  Priory  Press  by  Sir  S. 
Egerton  Brydges.     It  is  dedicated  to '  Master 
Thomas  Blunt/  and  '  Ben.  lohnson '  prefixes 
a  sonnet  '  in  authorem.     Copies  are  in  the 
Huth  Library  and  the  Bodleian.     10.  '  Marie 
Magdalen's  Love :  a  Solemne  Passion  of  the 
Sovles  Love,  by  Nicholas  Breton/  London, 
by  John  Danter,  1595.     The  first  part  is  a 
prose  commentary  on  St.  John  x.  1-18.  The  j 
second  is  a  poem  in  six-line  stanzas,  and  was  I 


republished  separately  in  1598  and  *1623. 
It  was  entered  on  the  Stationers'  Register 
20  Sept.  1595.  It  is  almost  certain  that 
'  Marie  Magdalen's  Love/  a  catholic  treatise, 
was  by  another  hand,  and  bound  up  by  the 
publisher — who  leaned  towards  Catholicism 
himself — with  Breton's  undoubted  work,  to 
secure  a  sale  for  it.  11*.  'A  Diuine  Poeme 
diuided  into  two  partes :  The  Ravisht  Soule 
and  the  Blessed  Weeper.  Compiled  by  Nicho- 
las Breton,  Gentleman/  London,  1601,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Countess  of  Pembroke.  A  copy 
is  in  the  Huth  Library.  It  was  reprinted  in 
'  Excerpta  Tudoriana.'  12*.  '  An  Excellent 
Poeme,  vpon  the  Longing  of  a  Blessed  Heart, 
which,  loathing  the  world,  doth  long  to  be 
with  Christ ;  with  an  addition  vpon  the  defi- 
nition of  love.  Compiled  by  Nicholas  Breton, 
Gentleman/  London,  1601.  It  was  privately 
reprinted  by  Sir  Egerton  Brydges  in  1814. 
The  dedication  is  addressed  to  Lord  North, 
and  '  H.  T.,  Gent./  contributes  a  sonnet  in 
praise  of  the  author.  A  copy  is  in  the  Huth 
Library.  13. '  The  Soules  Heavenly  Exercise, 
set  down  in  diverse  godly  meditations,  both 
prose  and  verse,  by  Nicholas  Breton,  Gent./ 
London,  1601,  dedicated  to  William  Rider, 
lord  mayor  of  London.  This  little  quarto  is 
not  mentioned  by  any  of  the  bibliographers  or 
writers  on  Breton.  A  copy  which  is  believed 
to  be  unique  is  in  private  hands ;  it  is  bound 
in  old  vellum,  with  Queen  Elizabeth's  crest 
stamped  upon  it  in  gold.  14*.  '  The  Soules 
Harmony.  Written  by  Nicholas  Breton/ 
London,  1602.  Dedicated  to  Lady  Sara 
Hastings.  15.  '  Olde  Madcapps  newe  Gally- 
mawfrey,  by  Ni.  Breton/  London  (Richard 
lohnes),  1602,  and  dedicated  to  Mistress 
Anne  Breton  of  Little  Calthorpe,  Leicester- 
shire, entered  on  the  Stationers'  Register 
4  June  1602.  A  unique  copy  is  in  Mr.  Christie- 
Miller's  library  at  Britwell.  16. 'The Mother's 
Blessing/  London,  1602,  with  a  dedication 
signed  Nich.  Breton,  addressed  to '  M.  Thomas 
Rowe,  sonne  to  the  Lady  Bartley  of  Stoke/ 
The  only  complete  copy  known  is  in  the  li- 
brary of  Sir  Charles  Isham  of  Lamport  Hall, 
Northampton.  17.  'The  Passionate  Shep- 
heard,  or  the  Shepheardes  Love ;  set  downe 
in  Passions  to  his  Shepherdesse  Aglaia/  Lon- 
don, 1604.  Breton  here  writes  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Bonerto.  The  only  perfect 
copy  known  belonged  to  Mr.  Frederic  Ouvry, 
and  was  reprinted  by  him  in  1877.  18*.  'The 
Soules  Immortall  Crowne,  consisting  of 
Seaven  Glorious  Graces/  London,  1605,  de- 
dicated to  James  I.  A  manuscript  of  the 
work,  signed  by  Breton,  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum (MS.  Royal,  18  A,  Ivii.)  19.  '  A  Trve 
Description  of  Vnthankfulnesse,  or  an  Enemie 
to  Ingratitude.  Compiled  by  Nicholas  Breton, 


Breton 


279 


Breton 


Gent./  London,  1602 ;  dedicated  to  '  Mistris 
Mary  Gate,'  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Gate  of 
Seamer,  Yorkshire.  Acopyis  in  the  Bodleian. 
20. '  The  Honovr  of  Valovr.  By  Nicholas  Bre- 
ton, Gent., 'London,  1605.  A  unique  copy  is  in 
the  Huth  Library ;  it  is  dedicated  to  Charles 
Blount,  earl  of  Devon.  21.  l  An  Invective 
against  Treason/  printed  by  Dr.  Grosart  from 
the  Koyal  MS.  (17  C,  xxxiv.)  in  the  British 
Museum,  with  a  dedication,  signed  '  Nich. 
Breton/  to  the  Duke  of  Lennox.  An  edition 
entitled  'The  State  of  Treason  with  a  Touch 
of  the  late  Treason/  was  published  in  1616, 
but  no  copy  is  now  known.  The  poem  refers 
to  the  Gunpowder  Plot.  22.  '  I  would  and 
I  would  not/  London,  1614.  The  address  to 
the  reader  is  signed  '  B.  N./  but  the  style 
of  the  poem  and  the  initials  (probably  re- 
versed) give  the  poem  a  title  to  be  connected 
with  Breton's  name. 

Breton  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
poetical  collections  of  his  age,  and  his  poeti- 
cal fame  induced  an  enterprising  publisher, 
Richard  Jones,  to  put  forth  two  miscellanies 
under  his  name.  In  the  Stationers'  Re- 
gister, under  date  3  May  1591,  '  Bryton's 
Bowre  of  Delights'  was  entered  to  Jones, 
and  published  in  the  same  year  as  *  contayn- 
ing  many  most  delectable  and  fine  deuices 
of  rare  epitaphes,  pleasant  poems,  pastorals, 
and  sonets,  by  N.  B.,  Gent.'  Of  this  publica- 
tion Mr.  Christie-Miller  owns  a  unique  copy. 
Breton  says  in  an  epistle  (12  April  1592)  pre- 
fixed to  his  'Pilgrimage  to  Paradise:'  'There 
hath  beene  of  late  printed  in  London  by  one 
Richarde  Joanes,  a  printer,  a  booke  of  English 
verse,  entituled  "  Breton's  Bower  of  Delights." 
I  protest  it  was  done  altogether  without  my 
consent  or  knowledge,  and  many  things  of 
other  men  mingled  with  a  few  of  mine,  for  ex- 
cept "Amoris  Lachrimse,"  an  epitaph  vpon  Sir 
Phillip  Sydney,  and  one  or  two  other  toies, 
which  I  know  not  how  he  vnhappily  came  by, 
I  have  no  part  of  any  of  them.'  George  Ellis 
printed  in  his '  Specimens  of  the  Early  English 
Poets/  3rd  edition,  1803  (ii.  286-8),  '  a  sweet 
contention  between  love,  his  mistress,  and 
beauty '  from  a  copy  of  '  The  Bowre  of  De- 
lights/dated  1597.  A  similar  story  may  be  told 
of 'The  Arbor  of  Amorous  Deuices  :  Wherein 
young  Gentlemen  may  reade  many  pleasant 
fancies  and  fine  Deuices :  And  thereon  me- 
ditate diuers  sweete  Conceites  to  court  the 
loue  of  faire  Ladies  and  Gentlewomen.  By 
N.  B.,  Gent./  London,  1597  (cf.  BEATJCLERC'S 
Sale  Catalogue,  1781;  W.  C.  HAZLITT'S 
Handbook}.  Only  one  copy  of  this  book  is  still 
extant,  and  that  has  lost  its  title-page  and  is 
otherwise  defective  ;  it  is  in  the  Capell  collec- 
tion at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  There 
is  an  entry  on  the  Stationers'  Register  of 


'  The  Arbour  of  Amorus  Delightes,  by  N.  B., 
Gent./  under  date  7  Jan.  1593-4.  This  book 
is  only  in  part  Breton's ;  it  contains  poems 
by  other  hands,  collected  together  by  the 
printer,  Richard  Jones.  Two  pieces  are  from 
Tottel's  '  Miscellany/  a  third  is  from  Sidney's 
'  Arcadia.'  The  most  beautiful  poem  in  the  col- 
lection is  the  well-known  *  A  Sweete  Lullabie/ 
beginning, '  Come  little  babe,  come  silly  soule/ 
and  it  has  been  assumed  by  many  to  be  by 
Breton,  but  '  Britton's  Divinitie '  is  Breton's 
sole  undoubted  contribution  to  the  volume. 
In  the  '  Phoenix  Nest/  published  in  1593,  five 
poems  are  described  as  '  by  N.  B.,  Gent.'  In 
'  England's  Helicon/ published  in  1600,  eight 
poems  are  signed  l  N.  Breton/  among  them 
being  the  far-famed  '  Phillida  and  Corydon ' 
(originally  printed  anonymously  in  1591  in 
'  The  .  .  .  Entertainment  gieven  to  the  Queen 
.  .  .  by  the  Earle  of  Hertford '),  and  several  of 
Breton's  most  delicate  pastorals.  Some  songs 
set  to  music  in  Morley's  'New  Book  of  Tabla- 
ture/  1596,  and  Dowland's  '  Third  Book  of 
Songs/  1603  (see  COLLIEE'S  Lyrical  Poems, 
published  by  Percy  Society),  have  on  internal 
grounds  been  ascribed  to  Breton.  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges  printed  in  his  '  Censura  Literaria'  as 
a  poem  of  Breton's  a  few  verses  beginning 
'  Among  the  groves,  the  woods,  the  thickets/ 
described  in  John  Hynd's '  Eliosto  Libidinoso/ 
1606,  as  '  a  fancie  which  that  learned  author, 
N.  B.,  hath  dignified  with  respect.'  Part  of 
the  poem  was  printed  anonymously  from 
Brit.  Mus.  MS.  Harl.  6910,  in  'Excerpta 
Tudoriana.'  To  '  The  Scvller/  1612,  by  John 
Taylor,  the  Water  Poet,  'thy  loving  friend 
Nicholas  Breton'  contributed  a  poem  'in 
laudem  authoris.'  A  seventeenth-century 
manuscript  collection  of  verse  by  various 
authors  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  seventeenth 
centuries  (in  the  possession  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Co- 
sens)  contains  transcripts  of  many  of  Breton's 
poems,  some  of  which  were  printed  in  '  Eng- 
land's Helicon/  others  in  'The  Arbor  of 
Amorous  Devices/  1597 ;  and  one,  '  Amoris 
Lachrimsefor  the  Death  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney/ 
in  '  Britton's  Bowre  of  Delights/  1591 ;  there 
are  also  some  thirty  short  pieces,  fairly  at- 
tributable to  Breton,  which  do  not  appear 
to  have  been  printed  in  the  poet's  lifetime  ; 
they  were  published  for  the  first  time  by 
Dr.  Grosart.  Among  the  Tanner  MSS.  at  the 
Bodleian  are  five  short  poems  by  Breton  of  no 
particular  literary  interest. 

II.  Breton's  PROSE  works  are  : — 
1  *.  '  Auspicante  Jehoua,  Marie's  Exercise/ 
London  (by  T.  Este),  1597.  There  is  a  dedi- 
cation, signed  '  Nich.  Breton/  addressed  to 
Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke,  and  another 
'  to  the  Ladies  and  Gentlewomen  Readers/ 
One  copy  is  in  the  Cambridge  University 


Breton 


280 


Breton 


Library.  2.  *  Wits  Trenchmour,  in  a  con- 
ference betwixt  a  Scholler  and  an  Angler. 
Written  by  Nicli.  Breton,  Gentleman/  Lon- 
don, 1597  (Trenchmour  is  the  name  of  a 
boisterous  dance).  A  unique  copy  is  in  Mr. 
Huth's  library.  The  dedication  is  addressed 
to  '  William  Harbert  of  the  Red  Castle  in 
Montgomery-shire.'  Izaak  Walton  is  usually 
said,  without  much  reason,  to  have  been  in- 
debted to  this  work  for  the  suggestion  of 
his  '  Angler.'  3**.  '  The  Wil  of  Wit,  Wit's 
Will  or  Wil's  Wit,  Chuse  you  whether.  Com- 
piled by  Nicholas  Breton,  Gentleman,'  Lon- 
don (by  Thomas  Creede),  1599.  The  book  is 
entered  on  the  Stationers'  Register  7  Sept. 
1580.  The  Rev.  Richard  Madox  refers  to  the 
book  as  its  author's  chief  work  in  his '  Diary,' 
under  date  14  March  1582-3.  There  is  a  dedi- 
cation *  To  Gentlemen  Schollers  and  Students, 
whatsoever,'  and  two  copies  of  unsigned 
verses,  'ad  lectorem,  de  authore,'  together 
with  some  stanzas  by  W[illiam]  S[mith]. 
The  book  contains :  (1)  '  A  Pretie  and  Wittie 
Discourse  betwixt  Wit  and  Will,  in  which 
several  songs  appear.'  (2)  '  The  Author's 
Dreame  of  strange  effects  as  followeth.' 
(3)  'The  Scholler  and  the  Soldiour  .  .  . 
the  one  defending  Learning,  the  other  Mar- 
tiall  Discipline,  in  which  the  Soldier  gets  the 
better  of  the  argument.'  (4)  'The  Miseries 
of  Manillia,  the  most  unfortunate  Ladie  that 
ever  lived,'  a  romance.  (5)  'The  Praise 
of  Vertuous  Ladies,  an  invective  written 
against  the  discourteous  discourses  of  certaine 
malicious  persons,  written  against  women 
whom  Nature,  Wit,  and  Wisedom  (well  con- 
sidered) would  us  rather  honour  than  disgrace.' 
This  piece  was  reprinted  by  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges  in  1815.  (6)  '  A  Dialogue  between 
Anger  and  Patience.'  (7)  'A  Phisitions 
Letter,'  with  practical  directions  for  healthy 
living.  (8)  '  A  Farewell.'  The  whole  work 
was  republished  in  1606*,  and  a  very  limited 
reprint  was  issued  by  Mr.  J.  O.  Halliwell- 
PhiUipps  in  1860.  4.  '  The  Strange  Fvtvres 
of  Two  Excellent  Princes  [Fantiro  and 
Penillo],  in  their  Lives  and  Loves  to  their 
equall  Ladies  in  all  the  titles  of  true  honour,' 
1600,  a  story  from  the  Italian.  A  unique  copy 
is  in  the  Bodleian,  dedicated  to  '  lohn  Line- 
wray,  Esquire,  clerk  of  the  deliueries,  and  the 
deliuerance  of  all  her  Maiestie's  ordenance.' 
5.  'Crossing  of  Proverbs,  Crosse  Answeres 
and  Crosse  Humours,  by  N.  B.,  Gent.,'  Lon- 
don, 1616,  pts.  i.  and  *ii.  6.  '  The  Figvre 
of  Foure'  was  first  entered  on  the  Sta- 
tioners' Register  10  Oct.  1597,  and  again 
19  Nov.  1607.  Ames  notes  an  edition  of 
1631.  But  all  that  seems  to  have  survived 
of  this  book  is  an  edition  of  '  the  second  part,' 
issued  in  1636  (of  which  a  unique  copy  is  in 


the  Bodleian).  The  address  to  the  reader  is 
signed  '  N.  B.'  *A  reprint  of  this  part,  dated 
1654,  consists  of  104  fantastic  paragraphs, 
each  describing  four  things  of  similar  quality. 
7**.  '  Wonders  Worth  the  Hearing,  which 
being  read  or  heard  in  a  Winter's  evening 
by  a  good  fire,  or  a  Summer's  morning  in  the 
greene  fields,  may  serve  both  to  purge  me- 
!  lancholy  from  the  minde  &  grosse  humours 
I  from  the  body,'  London,  1602.  The  dedica- 
tion, signed  'Nich.  Breton,'  and  dated  22  Dec. 
1602,  is  addressed  '  to  my  honest  and  loving 
friend,  Mr.  lohn  Cradocke,  cutler,  at  his 
house  without  Temple  Barre.'  The  book  con- 
tains quaint  descriptions  of  Elizabethan 
manners.  8.  'A  Poste  with  a  Packet  of 
Mad  Letters,'  was  published  first  in  1603 
|  (entered  on  Stationers'  Register  18  May 
1602),  of  which  a  copy  is  in  the  Advocates' 
Library,  Edinburgh.  *An  edition,  '  the 
fourth  time  enlarged,'  appeared  in  1609,  and 
it  appeared  again  in  a  much  enlarged  shape 
(two  parts)*  in  1637.  Frequent  editions 
were  issued  down  to  1685.  It  is  dedicated  to 
'  Maximillion  Dallison,  of  Hawlin,'  Kent.  It 
consists  of  letters  from  persons  in  a  variety 
of  situations,  several  of  which  are  signed 
'  N.  B.,'  and  read  like  extracts  from  the  author's 
actual  correspondence.  One  letter  (Let.  ii. 
19)  of  this  kind, '  To  my  dearest  beloved  friend 
on  earth,  H.  WT.,'  tells  the  story  of  a  life  of 
sorrows,  which  has  been  assumed  to  be  auto- 
biographical. 9. '  A  Mad  World,  my  Masters, 
a  merry  dialogue  betweene  two  travellers 
[Dorindo  and  Lorenzo],'  London,  1603  and 
1635.  The  first  edition  is  dedicated  to  John 
Florio.  Both  editions  are  in  the  Bodleian. 
Middleton's  play  with  the  same  title  was 
published  in  1608.  10*.  'A  Dialogue  full 
of  Pithe  and  Pleasure :  between  three  Phy- 
losophers  :  Antonio,  Meondro,  and  Dinarco  : 
Vpon  the  Dignitie  or  Indignitie  of  Man. 
Partly  translated  out  of  Italian  and  partly 
set  down  by  way  of  observation.  By  Nicholas 
Breton,  Gentleman,'  London,  1603,  dedicated 
to  '  lohn  Linewray,  Esquier,  Marster  Sur- 
veior  Generall  of  all  her  Maiesties  Ordinance.' 
11*.  Grimello's  Fortunes,  with  his  Entertain- 
ment in  his  Travaile,'  London,  1604.  Two 
copies  are  in  the  Bodleian  and  one  in  the 
Huth  Library.  The  address  '  to  the  reader ' 
is  signed  'B.  N.'  12*. '  An  Olde  Man's  Lesson 
and  a  Yovng  Man's  Love,  by  Nicholas  Bre- 
ton,'London,  1605.  One  copy  is  in  the  Huth 
Library,  dedicated  to  Sir  John  Linwraye, 
knight  .  .  .  of  his  Maiesties  Ordinance.'  13. 'I 
pray  you  be  not  Angrie :  A  pleasant  and 
merry  Dialogue  betweene  two  Travellers  as 
they  met  on  the  Highway  [touching  their 
crosses,  and  of  the  vertue  of  patience].  By 
N.  B.,'  London,  1605  and  (with  a  slightly 


Breton 


281 


Brett 


different  title-page)  1624.  In  the  Bodleian 
Library  copy  of  the  first  edition  the  signa- 
ture of  the  address  to  the  reader  is  '  Nicho- 
las Breton.'  14*.  'A  Murmurer,'  written 
'  against  murmurers  and  murmuring/  Lon- 
don, 1607.  The  dedication,  to  '  the  Lords  of 
his  Maiesties  most  Honorable  privie  Coun- 
sel,' is  signed  '  Nicholas  Breton.'  One  copy 
is  at  Bridgewater  House.  15**.  '  Divine 
Considerations  of  the  Soule  ...  By  N.  B., 
G.,'  London,  1608.  It  is  dedicated  to  '  Sir 
Thomas  Lake,  one  of  the  Clarkes  of  his 
Maiesties  Signet,  health,  happinesse,  and 
Heaven,'  with  the  signature  of '  Nich.  Bre- 
ton.' 16.  '  Wits  Private  Wealth  stored  with 
Choice  of  Commodities  to  content  the  Minde,' 
1612*  and  1639— a  collection  of  proverbial 
remarks — dedicated  to  '  lohn  Crooke,  son  and 
heire  to  Sir  lohn  Crooke,  knight,'  with  the 
signature  of  *  N.  Britton.'  17*.  '  Characters 
upon  Essaies,  Morall  and  Diuine,'  London, 
1615,  dedicated  by  'Nich.  Breton'  to  Sir 
Francis  Bacon.  18.  'The  Good  and  the 
Badde,  a  Description  of  the  Worthies  and 
Vnworthies  of  this  Age,'  London,  *1616  and 
1643,  dedicated  by  'Nicholas  Breton'  to 
Sir  Gilbert  Houghton.  19**. '  Strange  Newes 
ovt  of  Divers  Countries,'  London,  1622, 
with  an  address  to  the  reader  signed  '  B.  N.' 
20*.  '  Fantasticks,  serving  for  a  perpetuall 
Prognostication,'  London,  1626.  Copies  are 
in  Mr.  Huth's  and  Dr.  Grosart's  libraries. 
There  is  a  dedication  to  '  Sir  Marke  Ive,  of 
Riuers  Hall  in  Essex,'  signed '  N.  B.'  Extracts 
appear  in  J.  O.  Halliwell's  *  Books  of  Cha- 
racters,' 1857.  21.  'The  Court  and  Country, 
or  a  briefe  Discourse  betweene  the  Courtier 
and  Countryman,  of  the  Manner,  Nature,  and 
Condition  of  their  lives.  Dialoguewise  set 
downe.  .  .  .  Written  by  N.  B.,  Gent.,'  Lon- 
don, 1618.  A  unique  copy  belongs  to  Mr. 
Christie-Miller  of  Britwell.  '  Nich.  Breton ' 
signs  the  dedication  to  '  Sir  Stephen  Poll  of 
Blaikmoore  in  Essex.'  Mr.  W.  C.  Hazlitt 
reprinted  this  book  in  his  '  Inedited  Tracts ' 
(Roxburghe  Club,  1868).  22.  '  An  Eulogistic 
Character  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  dedicated  by 
the  author,  Nicholas  Breton,  to  Robert  Cecil, 
earl  of  Salisbury,'  is  extant  in  Breton's  hand- 
writing, in  the  Brit.  Mus.  MS.  Harl.  6207 
ff.  14-22.  It  was  printed  by  Dr.  Grosart  for 
the  first  time. 

The  most  serious  mistake  made  by  Breton's 
bibliographers  has  been  the  ascription  to  | 
him  of  '  Sir  Philip  Sydney's  Ourania  ...  by 
N.  B.'  1606.  The  author  of  this  work  is  Na- 
thaniel Baxter  [q.  v.]  In  the  British  Museum 
Catalogue  '  Mary  Magdalen's  Lamentations 
for  the  Losse  of  Her  Maister  Jesus,  London, 
1604,  and  '  The  Passion  of  a  Discontented 
Mind,'  London,  1601, 1602, 1621,  are  errone- 


ously ascribed  to  Breton.  Robert  Southwell 
was  more  probably  the  author  of  the  latter. 
A  unique  copy  of  the  first  edition  is  in  the 
Huth  Library,  and  the  second  edition  (in  the 
Bodleian)  is  reprinted  in  J.  P.  Collier's  '  Il- 
lustrations,' vol.  i.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Corser 
ascribes  '  The  Case  is  Altered.  How  ?  Aske 
Dalio  and  Millo,'  London,  1604  and  1635,  to 
Breton ;  Mr.  J.  P.  Collier  assigns  it  to  Francis 
Thynne,  although  internal  evidence  fails  to 
support  this  conclusion. 

Breton's  name  was  pronounced  Britton. 

[Dr.  Grosart  has  collected  most  of  Breton's 
works  in  his  edition,  privately  published,  in  the 
Chertsey  Worthies  Library  (1877).  The  poeti- 
cal works  numbered  above  1,  7,  13,  and  15  do 
not  appear  there.  The  editions  marked  *  and 
**  are  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  latter 
are  believed  to  be  unique.  See  also  Corser's  Col- 
lectanea ;  Kitson's  Anglo-Poetica ;  Ellis's  Speci- 
mens of  the  Early  EnglishPoets  (1803)  and  Hun- 
ters MS.  Chorus  Vatum  in  Brit.  Mus.  Addit.  MS. 
24487,  if.  307  et  seq.,  which  is  especially  valu- 
able.] S.  L.  L. 

BRETON,  WILLIAM.     [See  BRITON.] 

BRETT,  ARTHUR  (d.  1677  ?),  poet,  was, 
Wood  believes, '  descended  of  a  genteel  family.' 
Having  been  a  scholar  of  Westminster,  he 
was  elected  to  a  studentship  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  in  1653.  He  proceeded  B.A.  in 
1656  and  M.A.  in  1659.  He  was  one  of  the 
'  Terras  filii '  in  the  act  held  in  St.  Mary's 
Church,  1661, '  at  which  time  he  showed  him- 
self sufficiently  ridiculous.'  Having  taken 
orders,  he  became  vicar  of  Market  Lavington, 
Wiltshire,  but  he  seems  after  a  while  to  have 
given  up  the  living.  He  came  up  to  London, 
and  there  fell  into  poverty,  begging  from 
gentlemen  in  the  streets,  and  especially  from 
Oxford  men.  He  was  somewhat  crazed,  ac- 
cording to  Wood,  who  met  him  by  chance 
in  1675,  and  was  perhaps  annoyed  by  his 
importunity,  for  he  writes  with  some  bitter- 
ness of  him.  Brett  was  '  a  great  pretender  to 
poetry.'  He  wrote :  1.  '  A  Poem  on  the  Re- 
storation of  King  Charles  II,'  1660,  included 
in  '  Britannia  rediviva.'  2.  '  Threnodia,  on 
the  Death  of  Henry,  Duke  of  Gloucester,' 
1660.  3.  '  Poem  on  the  Death  of  the  Prin- 
cess of  Orange,'  1660.  4.  '  Patientia  victrix, 
or  the  Book  of  Job  in  Lyric  Verse,'  1661 ; 
and  is  also  said  to  have  written  an  essay  on 
poetry.  He  died  in  his  mother's  house  in 
the  Strand  '  about  1677.'  Wood  knows  not 
'  where  his  lean  and  macerated  carcase  was 
buried,  unless  in  the  yard  of  St.  Clement's 
church,  without  Temple  Bar.' 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  iii.  col.  1144;  Fasti,  ii. 
192,  220  (Bliss);  Welch's  Alumni  Westmon. 
(1852),  141.]  W.  H. 


Brett 


282 


Brett 


BRETT,  HENRY  (d.  1724),  colonel,  of 
Sandywell  Park,  Gloucestershire,  the  asso- 
ciate of  Addison  and  Steele,  was  eldest  son 
of  Henry  Brett  of  Cowley,  Gloucestershire, 
the  descendant  of  the  old  Warwickshire 
family  of  Brett  of  Brett's  Hall  (see  AT- 
KYNS'S  Gloucestershire,  p.  400 ;  DUGDALE'S 
Warwickshire,  ii.  1039).  Colley  Gibber,  who 
was  intimate  with  him,  says  that  young 
Brett  was  sent  to  Oxford  and  entered  at  the 
Temple,  but  was  an  idler  about  town  in  1700, 
when  he  married  Ann,  the  divorced  wife  of 
Charles  Gerard,  second  earl  of  Macclesfield, 
who  succeeded  to  the  title  in  1693.  She  was 
daughter  of  a  Sir  Richard  Mason,  knight, 
of  Sutton,  Surrey,  and  married  the  Earl  of 
Macclesfield,  then  Lord  Brandon,  in  1683, 
but  separated  from  him  soon  after.  She  had 
afterwards  two  illegitimate  children,  one  of 
whom,  by  Richard  Savage,  fourth  and  last 
earl  Rivers,  was  popularly  identified  with 
the  unfortunate  poet,  Richard  Savage  (see 
Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  vi.  361  et  seq.) 
The  countess  was  divorced  in  1698,  when 
her  fortune  of  12,000/.  (or,  as  some  accounts 
have  it,  25,000/.)  was  returned  to  her,  and 
two  years  later  she  married  Henry  Brett.  He 
was  a  very  handsome  young  fellow,  and  the 
lady's  sympathy  is  said  to  have  been  evoked 
by  an  assault  committed  upon  him  by  bailiffs 
opposite  her  windows.  After  his  marriage 
Henry  Brett  was  for  a  short  time  member  for 
the  borough  of  Bishop's  Castle,  Salop.  He 
also  obtained  in  1705  the  lieutenant-colonelcy 
of  a  regiment  of  foot  newly  raised  by  Sir 
Charles  Hotham,  but  parted  with  it  soon  after. 
Brett  was  a  well-known  member  of  the  little 
circle  of  which  Addison  was  the  head,  and 
which  held  its  social  gatherings  at  Will's 
and  afterwards  at  Button's.  He  is  supposed 
to  be  the  Colonel  Rambler  of  the  'Tatler* 
(No.  7).  He  rebuilt  Sandywell  Park,  which 
he  sold  to  Lord  Conway,  and  at  one  time 
had  a  share  in  the  patent  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  (CiBBEK,  Apology,  p.  212).  He  sur- 
vived his  friend  Addison,  and  died,  rather 
suddenly,  in  1724.  His  will,  wherein  he  is 
simply  described  as  Henry  Brett,  and  be- 
queaths all  his  real  and  personal  property  to 
his  loving  spouse  Ann  Brett,  except  his  lottery 
tickets,  half  the  proceeds  of  which,  in  the  event 
of  their  drawing  prizes,  are  to  go  to  his  sister 
Miller,  was  dated  14  Sept.  1724,  and  proved 
by  his  widow  two  days  later.  After  her  father's 
death,  his  daughter,  Anna  Margharetta  Brett, 
who  appears  to  have  been  the  sole  issue  of 
the  marriage,  and  who  is  described  as  a  dark, 
Spanish-looking  beauty,  became  the  recog- 
nised mistress — the  first  English  one — of 
King  George  I,  then  in  his  sixty-fifth  year, 
by  whom  she  is  believed  to  have  had  no 


children.  The  young  lady's  ambition  and 
prospects  of  a  coronet  were  disappointed 
through  the  death  of  the  king  in  1727,  and 
she  subsequently  married  Sir  William  Lemanr 
second  baronet,  of  Northaw  or  Northall,  Hert- 
fordshire, and  died  without  issue  in  1743, 
Mrs.  Brett  lived  to  the  age  of  eighty.  She 
died  at  her  residence  in  Old  Bond  Street, 
London,  on  11  Oct.  1753.  She  is  said  to 
have  been  a  woman  of  literary  tastes,  and 
Colley  Cibber  is  stated  to  have  esteemed  her 
judgment  so  highly  as  to  have  submitted  to 
her  revision  the  manuscript  of  his  best  play, 
the  '  Careless  Husband,'  which  was  first  put 
on  the  boards  in  1704. 

Colonel  Arthur  Brett  (whose  daughter 
married  Thomas  Carte,  the  historian)  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  Henry  Brett. 

[Collins's  Peerage  (1812),  ix.  400,  404;  Col- 
lins's  Baronetage,  iii.  (ii.)  461,  iv.  406;  Walpole's 
Letters,  i.  p.  cv ;  Apology  for  Life  of  Colley 
Cibber  (1740,  4to),  pp.  212,  214;  Gloucester- 
shire Notes  and  Queries,  clxxxvi.  (March  1881), 
dccxcvii.  (July  1882),  where  some  of  the  details 
given  are  incorrect;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser. 
vi.  361  et  seq.,  5th  ser.  xi.  295,  xii.  196  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  xxiii.  541.]  H.  M.  C. 

BRETT,  GEORGE.     [See  KEYNES.] 

BRETT,  JOHN  (d.  1785),  captain  in  the 
royal  navy,  was  probably  the  son  or  near 
kinsman  of  Captain  Timothy  Brett,  with 
whom  he  went  to  sea  in  the  Ferret  sloop 
about  the  year  1722,  with  the  rating  of  cap- 
tain's servant.  In  May  1727  he  followed 
Timothy  Brett  to  the  Deal  Castle,  and  in  the 
following  November  to  the  William  and 
Mary  yacht.  On  2  March  1733-4  he  was 
promoted  to  be  lieutenant ;  in  1740  he  com- 
manded the  Grampus  sloop  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  and  on  25  March  1741  was  posted 
into  the  Roebuck  of  40  guns  by  Vice-admiral 
Haddock,  whom  he  brought  home  a  passenger, 
invalided,  in  May  1742.  In  November  1742 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Anglesea,  and  in 
April  1744  to  the  Sunderland  of  60  guns. 
He  was  still  in  the  Sunderland  and  in  com- 
pany with  the  Captain,  Hampton  Court  .and 
Dreadnought,  when,  on  6  Jan.  1744-5,  they 
fell  in  with,  and  did  not  capture,  the  two 
French  ships,  Neptune  and  Fleuron  [see 
GRIFFIN,  THOMAS  ;  MOSTYN,  SAVAGE].  For- 
tunately for  Captain  Brett's  reputation,  the 
Sunderland  had  her  mainmast  carried  away  at 
an  early  period  of  the  chase,  and  he  thus  es- 
caped a  share  of  the  obloquy  which  attached 
to  the  others.  He  was  afterwards  sent  out 
to  join  Commodore  Warren  at  Cape  Breton, 
and  took  part  in  the  operations  which  re- 
sulted in  the  capture  of  Louisburg.  In 
1755  he  commanded  the  Chichester  in  the 


Brett 


283 


Brett 


squadron  sent  under  Rear-admiral  Holburne 
to  reinforce  Boscawen  on  the  coast  of  North 
America.  On  19  May  1756  he  was  appointed 
to  the  St.  George,  and  on  1  June  was  ordered 
to  turn  over  to  the  Namur.  Three  days 
afterwards  a  promotion  of  admirals  came 
out,  in  which  Brett  was  included,  with  his 
proper  seniority,  as  rear-admiral  of  the  white. 
He  refused  to  take  up  the  commission,  and 
it  was  accordingly  cancelled  (Admiralty 
Minutes,  4  and  15  June  1756).  No  reason 
for  this  refusal  appears  on  record,  and  the 
correspondence  that  must  have  taken  place 
between  Brett  and  the  admiralty  or  Lord 
Anson  has  not  been  preserved.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  there  had  been  some  question 
as  to  whether  his  name  should  or  should  not 
be  included  in  the  promotion,  and  that  this 
had  come  to  Brett's  knowledge;  but  the 
story,  as  told  by  Oharnock,  of  his  name 
having  been  in  the  first  instance  omitted,  is 
contradicted  by  the  official  list. 

From  this  time  Brett  lived  in  retire- 
ment, occupying  himself,  to  some  extent, 
in  literary  pursuits.  In  1777-9  he  published 
1 '  Translations  of  Father  Feyjoo's  Discourses' 
(4  vols.  8vo)  ;  and  in  1780  i  Essays  or  Dis- 
courses selected  from  the  Works  of  Feyjoo, 
and  translated  from  the  Spanish'  (2  vols. 
8vo).  A  letter,  dated  Gosport,  3  July  1772 
(Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS.  30871,  f.  138),  shows 
that  he  corresponded  with  Wilkes  on  friendly 
terms,  and  ranked  himself  with  him  as  '  a 
friend  of  liberty.'  He  speaks  also  of  his 
wife  and  children,  of  whom  nothing  further 
seems  to  be  known.  He  died  in  1785. 

[Official  Documents  in  the  Public  Eecord 
Office ;  Charnock's  Biog.  Nav.  v.  67  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  li.  34.  Iv.  223.]  J.  K.  L. 

BRETT,  JOHN  WATKINS  (1805-1863), 
telegraphic  engineer,  was  the  son  of  a  cabinet- 
maker, William  Brett  of  Bristol,  and  was 
born  in  that  city  in  1805.  Brett  has  been 
styled,  with  apparent  justice,  the  founder  of 
submarine  telegraphy.  The  idea  of  trans- 
mitting electricity  through  submerged  cables 
is  said  to  have  been  originated  by  him  in 
conjunction  with  his  younger  brother.  After 
some  years  spent  in  perfecting  his  plans  he 
sought  and  obtained  permission  from  Louis- 
Philippe  in  1847  to  establish  telegraphic 
communication  between  France  and  England, 
but  the  project  did  not  gain  the  public  at- 
tention, being  regarded  as  too  hazardous  for 
general  support.  The  attempt  was,  however, 
made  in  1850,  and  met  with  success,  and  the 
construction  of  numerous  other  submarine 
lines  followed.  Brett  always  expressed  him- 
self confident  as  to  the  ultimate  union  of 
England  and  America  by  means  of  electri- 


city, but  he  did  not  live  to  see  it  accom- 
plished. He  died  on  3  Dec.  1863  at  the  age 
of  58,  and  was  buried  in  the  family  vault  in 
the  churchyard  of  Westbury-on-Trim,  near 
Bristol.  Brett  published  a  work  of  104  pages, 
'  On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Oceanic 
Telegraph,  with  a  few  brief  facts  and  opinions 
of  the  press '  (London,  8vo,  1858),  and  con- 
tributed several  papers  on  the  same  subject 
to  the  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  A  list  of  these  contribu- 
tions will  be  found  in  the  index  of  the  *  Pro- 
ceedings '  of  that  society. 

[Notes  and  Queries.  3rd  ser.  viii.  203,  &c. ; 
Catalogue  of  the  Konalds  Library.]  K.  H. 

BRETT,  SIB  PEIRCY  (1709-1781),  ad- 
miral, was  the  son  of  Peircy  Brett,  a  master 
in  the  navy,  and  afterwards  master  attendant 
of  the  dockyards  at  Sheerness  and  at  Chat- 
ham. After  serving  his  time  as  volunteer 
and  midshipman,  he  was,  on  6  Dec.  1734, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  and  ap- 
pointed to  the  Falkland  with  Captain  the 
Hon.  Fitzroy  Lee.  In  her  he  continued  till 
July  1738,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Adventure,  and  a  few  months  later  to  the 
Gloucester,  one  of  the  ships  which  sailed 
under  Commodore  Anson  for  the  Pacific  in 
September  1740.  On  18  Feb.  following  Brett 
was  transferred  to  Anson's  own  ship,  the 
Centurion,  as  second-lieutenant,  and  in  this 
capacity  he  commanded  the  landing  party 
which  sacked  and  burned  the  town  of  Paita 
on  13  Nov.  1741.  After  the  capture  of  the 
great  Acapulco  ship,  Brett  became  first-lieu- 
tenant, by  the  promotion  of  Saumarez,  and 
was  appointed  by  Anson  to  be  captain  of  the 
Centurion  on  30  Sept.  1743,  when  he  himself 
left  the  ship  on  his  visit  to  Canton.  On  the 
arrival  of  the  Centurion  in  England  the  ad- 
miralty refused  to  confirm  this  promotion, 
although  they  gave  Brett  a  new  commission 
as  captain  dated  the  day  the  ship  anchored 
at  Spithead,  and  a  few  months  later,  under 
a  new  admiralty  of  which  Anson  was  a 
member,  the  original  commission  wras  con- 
firmed, 29  Dec.  1744  [see  ANSON,  GEORGE, 
LORD]. 

In  April  1745  Brett  was  appointed  to 
command  the  Lion,  60  guns,  in  the  Chan- 
nel ;  and  on  9  July,  being  then  off"  Ushant, 
he  fell  in  with  the  French  ship  Elisabeth  ot 
64  gun's,  a  king's  ship,  nominally  in  private 
employ,  and  actually  engaged  in  convoying 
the  small  frigate  on  board  which  Prince 
Charles  Edward  was  taking  a  passage  to 
Scotland.  Between  the  Lion  and  Elisabeth 
a  severe  action  ensued,  which  lasted  from 
5  p.m.  till  9  p.m.,  by  which  time  the  Lion 
was  a  wreck,  with  45  killed  and  107 


Brett 


284 


Brett 


wounded  out  of  a  complement  of  400  ;  and 
the  Elisabeth,  taking  advantage  of  her 
enemy's  condition,  drew  off,  too  much  in- 
jured to  pursue  the  voyage.  The  drawn 
battle  was  thus  as  fatal  to  the  Stuart 
cause  as  the  capture  of  the  Elisabeth  would 
have  been ;  for  all  the  stores,  arms,  and 
money  for  the  intended  campaign  were  on 
board  her,  and  the  young  prince  landed  in 
Scotland  a  needy  and  impoverished  adven- 
turer. 

Early  in  1747  Brett  was  appointed  to  the 
Yarmouth,  64  guns,  which  he  commanded  in 
the  action  off  Cape  Finisterre  on  3  May ;  he 
was  shortly  afterwards  temporarily  super- 
seded by  Captain  Saunders,  but  was  reap- 
pointed  in  the  autumn,  and  continued  in  the 
same  ship  till  the  end  of  1750,  during  the 
latter  part  of  which  time  she  was  guardship 
at  Chatham.  In  1752  Brett  was  appointed 
to  the  Royal  Caroline  yacht,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing January,  having  taken  the  king  over 
to  Germany,  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. In  February  1754  he  was  one  of  a 
commission  appointed  to  examine  into  the 
condition  of  the  port  of  Harwich,  which  was 
found  to  be  silting  up  by  the  waste  of  the 
cliff.  He  continued  in  command  of  the  yacht 
till  the  end  of  1757,  and  in  January  1758 
was  appointed  to  the  Norfolk  as  commodore 
in  the  Downs.  During  Anson's  cruise  off 
Brest  in  the  summer  of  1758  he  acted  as  first 
captain  of  the  Royal  George,  in  the  capacity 
now  known  as  captain  of  the  fleet.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  the  Norfolk  and  the  Downs, 
and  held  that  command  till  December  1761, 
during  which  period,  in  the  summer  of  1759, 
he  was  employed  on  a  commission  for  ex- 
amining the  coasts  of  Essex,  Kent,  and  Sussex, 
with  a  view  to  their  defence  against  any 
possible  landing  of  the  enemy.  His  report 
(15  June  1759)  is  curious  and  interesting  as 
showing  the  extraordinary  ignorance  of  the 
government  as  to  the  nature  of  the  country 
within  a  hundred  miles  of  London.  Early 
in  1762  he  \\as  sent  out  to  the  Mediterranean 
as  second  in  command,  and  was  soon  after 
promoted  to  be  rear-admiral.  He  came  home 
the  following  year,  after  the  peace,  and  did 
not  serve  again  at  sea,  though  from  1766 
to  1770  he  was  one  of  the  lords  commissioners 
of  the  admiralty  under  Sir  Edward  Hawke. 
He  became  a  vice-admiral  on  24  Oct.  1770, 
admiral  on  29  Jan.  1778,  and  died  on  14  Oct. 
1781.  He  was  buried  at  Beckenham  in  Kent, 
where  there  is  a  tablet  to  his  memory  in  the 
church. 

He  married  in  1745  Henrietta,  daughter 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Colby,  clerk  of  the  cheque  at 
Chatham,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  who 
died  in  infancy,  and  a  daughter,  who  mar- 


ried Sir  George  Bowyer.  The  Peircy  Brett 
whose  name  appears  in  later  navy  lists  as  a 
captain  of  1787  was  a  nephew,  the  son  of 
William  Brett,  also  a  captain  in  the  navy, 
who  died  in  1769.  Lady  Brett  survived  her 
husband  but  a  few  years  ;  she  died  in  August 
1788,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  her  age,  and 
was  buried  in  the  same  vault  in  the  church 
at  Beckenham. 

[Charnock's  Biog.  Nav.  v.  239  ;  Gent.  Mag. 
li.  517,  623  ;  Official  Letters,  &c.,  in  the  Public 
Eecord  Office.]  J.  K.  L. 

BRETT,  RICHARD  (1560  P-1637),  a 
learned  divine,  was  descended  from  a  family 
which  had  been  settled  at  Whitestanton, 
Somersetshire,  in  the  time  of  Henry  I  (CoL- 
LINSON,  Somersetshire,  iii.  127).  He  was 
entered  a  commoner  of  Hart  Hall  in  Oxford 
University  in  1582,  took  one  degree  in  arts, 
and  was  then  elected  a  fellow  of  Lincoln 
College,  where  he  set  himself  to  perfect  his 
acquaintance  with  the  classical  and  eastern 
languages.  According  to  Wood,  '  he  was  a 
person  famous  in  his  time  for  learning  as 
well  as  piety,  skill'd  and  versed  to  a  criti- 
cism in  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Chaldaic, 
Arabic,  and  Ethiopic  tongues.'  In  1597  he 
was  admitted  bachelor  of  divinity,  and  he 
proceeded  in  divinity  in  1605.  In  February 
1595  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Quainton,  near  Aylesbury,  Buckinghamshire. 
On  account  of  his  special  knowledge  of  the 
biblical  languages  he  was  appointed  by 
James  I  one  of  the  translators  of  the  Bible 
into  English.  He  published  two  translations 
from  Greek  into  Latin  :  l  Vitse  sanctorum 
Evangelistarum  Johannis  et  Lucae  a  Simeone 
Metaphraste  concinnatse,'  Oxford,  1597,  and 
'  Agatharchidis  et  Memnonis  historicorum 
qu£e  supersunt  omnia,'  Oxford,  1597.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  '  Iconum  sacrarum 
Decas  in  qua  e  subjectis  typis  compluscula 
sanse  doctrinae  capita  eruuntur,'  1603.  He 
died  on  15  April  1637,  aged  70,  and  was  buried 
in  the  chancel  of  his  church  at  Quainton. 
Over  his  grave  a  monument  with  his  effigies 
and  a  Latin  and  English  epitaph  was  erected 
by  his  widow.  By  his  wife  Alice,  daughter 
of  Richard  Brown,  sometime  mayor  of  Ox- 
ford, he  left  four  daughters. 

[Wood's  Athenae  (Bliss),  ii.  611-2;  Lips- 
comb's  Buckinghamshire,  i.  422,  434,  436 ;  Col- 
linson's  Somersetshire,  iii.  127.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRETT,  ROBERT  (1808-1874),  surgeon, 
was  born  on  11  Sept.  1808,  it  is  believed  at 
or  near  Luton,  Bedfordshire.  As  soon  as  he 
was  old  enough,  he  entered  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital, London,  as  a  medical  pupil,  and  passed 
his  examinations,  both  as  M.R.C.S.E.  and 


Brett 


285 


Brett 


L.S.A.L.,  in  1830.  He  then  probably  filled 
some  hospital  posts,  and  most  certainly 
married ;  and  at  this  time  he  was  so  deeply 
imbued  with  religious  feeling  that  he  wished 
to  take  holy  orders,  and  go  abroad  as  a  mis- 
sionary. But  he  was  dissuaded  from  such  a  ! 
step,  and  continued  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. On  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  went  as 
assistant  to  Mr.  Samuel  Reynolds,  a  surgeon 
at  Stoke  Newington,  whose  sister  he  married, 
and  with  whom  he  entered  into  a  partnership 
which  lasted  fourteen  years.  He  continued 
to  practise  at  Stoke  Newington  until  his 
death,  on  3  Feb.  1874. 

He  entered  heart  and  soul  into  the  tracta- 
rian  movement  from  its  commencement,  doing 
all  in  his  power  as  a  layman  to  forward  it ; 
he  was  honoured  with  the  friendship  of  most 
of  the  leaders,  especially  Dr.  Pusey,  and  his 
whole  life  and  means  were  spent  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  this  section  of  the  Church  of 
England.  Even  the  motto  on  his  carriage 
was  (  Pro  Ecclesia  Dei.'  It  was  owing  to  his 
calling  the  attention  of  Edward  Coleridge,  | 
of  Eton,  to  the  deplorable  condition  of  the 
ruins  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  that  a 
scheme  was  set  on  foot  which  resulted, 
through  the  munificence  of  Mr.  Beresford 
Hope,  in  the  establishment  of  St.  Augus- 
tine's Missionary  College.  He  parcelled  out 
the  parish  of  St.  Matthias,  Stoke  Newington, 
and  was  the  chief  agent  in  the  building  of  its 
church,  as  he  also  was  subsequently  in  the 
erection  of  two  churches  at  Haggerston  and 
St.  Faith's,  Stoke  Newington.  He  did  other 
practical  good  work  in  founding  the  Guild  of 
St.  Luke,  which  consists  of  a  band  of  medical 
men  who  co-operate  with  the  clergy.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  first  church 
union  that  was  started,  and  was  at  the  time 
of  his  death  a  vice-president  of  the  English 
Church  Union. 

Although,  as  may  be  imagined,  his  time 
was  well  occupied,  yet  he  found  leisure  to 
write  many  devotional  books  (sixteen  in 
number),  such  as  'Devotions  for  the  Sick 
Room,'  (  Companion  for  the  Sick  Room,' 
'  Thoughts  during  Sickness,'  &c. 

He  was  buried  on  7  Feb.  1874  at  Totten- 
ham cemetery.  A  large  number  of  clergy- 
men, noblemen,  physicians,  and  barristers 
attended  his  funeral. 


[Private  information.] 


J.  A. 


BRETT,  THOMAS  (1667-1743),  non- 
juring  divine,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Brett  of 
Spring  Grove,  Wye,  Kent.  His  father  de- 
scended from  a  family  long  settled  at  Wye ; 
his  mother  was  Letitia,  daughter  of  John 
Boys  of  Betshanger,  Sandwich,  where  Brett 
was  born.  He  was  educated  at  the  Wye  gram- 


mar school,  under  John  Paris  and  Samuel 
Pratt  (afterwards  dean  of  Rochester),  and  on 
20  March  1684  admitted  pensioner  of  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  removed  by 
his  father  for  extravagance,  but  permitted 
to  return.  He  then  found  that  his  books 
had  been  '  embezzled  by  an  idle  scholar,'  and 
migrated  to  Corpus  on  17  Jan.  1689.  He 
took  the  LL.B.  degree  on  the  St.  Barna- 
bas day  following.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
on  21  Dec.  1690.  After  holding  a  curacy  at 
Folkestone  for  a  year  he  was  ordained  priest, 
and  chosen  lecturer  at  Islington.  The  vicar, 
Mr.  Gery,  encouraged  him  to  exchange  his 
early  whiggism  for  tory  and  high-church 
principles.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  his 
mother  persuaded  him  to  return  (May  1696) 
to  Spring  Grove,  where  he  undertook  the 
cure  of  Great  Chart.  Here  he  married 
Bridget,  daughter  of  Sir  Nicholas  Toke.  In 
1697  he  became  LL.D.,  and  soon  afterwards 
exchanged  Great  Chart  for  Wye.  He  became 
rector  of  Betshanger  on  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  Thomas  Boys ;  and  on  12  April  1705 
Archbishop  Tenison  made  him  rector  of 
Ruckinge,  having  previously  allowed  him  to 
hold  the  small  vicarage  of  Chislet  '  in  seques- 
tration.' He  had  hitherto  taken  the  oaths 
without  scruple  ;  but  the  attempts  of  his  re- 
lation, Chief-baron  Gilbert,  to  bring  him  back 
to  whiggism  had  the  reverse  of  the  effect  in- 
tended ;  and  Sacheverell's  trial  induced  him 
to  resolve  never  to  take  the  oath  again.  He 
published  a  sermon  '  on  the  remission  of  sins/ 
in  1711,  which  gave  offence  by  its  high  view 
of  sacerdotal  absolution,  and  was  attacked 
by  Dr.  Robert  Cannon  [q.  v.]  in  convocation 
(22  Feb.  1712).  The  proposed  censure  was 
dropped  apparently  by  the  action  of  Atterbury 
as  prolocutor  (Letter  about  a  Motion  in  Con- 
vocation, fyc.  1712).  In  a  later  sermon  'On 
the  Honour  of  the  Cnristian  Priesthood '  he 
disavowed  a  belief  in  auricular  confession. 
On  the  accession  of  George  I,  Brett  declined 
to  take  the  oaths,  resigned  his  living,  and 
was  received  into  communion  by  the  nonjur-  / 
ing  bishop  Hickes.  He  afterwards  officiated-  ' 
in  his  own  house.  He  was  presented  at  the 
assizes  for  keeping  a  conventicle,  and  in  1718 
and  1729  complaints  were  made  against  him 
to  Archbishop  Wake  for  interfering  with  the 
duties  of  the  parish  clergyman.  He  was, 
however,  let  off  with  a  reproof. 

Brett  was  consecrated  bishop  by  the  non- 
juring  bishops  Collier,  Spinckes,  and  Howes, 
in  1716.  He  took  part  in  a  negotiation 
which  they  opened  in  1716  with  the  Greek 
archbishop  of  Thebais,  then  in  London,  and 
which  continued  till  1725,  when  it  was 
allowed  to  drop.  Brett's  account,  with  copies 
of  a  proposed  *  concordate,'  and  letters  to  the 


Brett 


286 


Brettargh 


Czar  of  Moscovy  and  his  ministers,  is  given 
by  Lathbury  (History  of  Nonjurors,  1845, 
p.  309),  from  the  manuscripts  of  Bishop 
Jolly.  Before  a  definitive  reply  had  been  re- 
ceived from  the  Greek  prelates,  the  church 
which  made  the  overture  had  split  into  two 
in  consequence  of  a  controversy.  Brett  sup- 
ported Collier  in  proposing  to  return  to  the  use 
of  the  first  liturgy  of  Edward  VI,  as  nearer 
the  use  of  the  primitive  church.  He  defended 
his  view  in  a  postscript  to  his  work  on  '  Tra- 
dition.' He  took  part  in  various  contro- 
versies connected  with  the  nonjuring  question, 
and  joined  in  consecrating  bishops  with  Col- 
lier and  the  Scotch  bishop,  Campbell.  In 
1727  he  consecrated  Thomas  Brett,  junior. 
He  also  contributed  some  notes  to  Zachary 
Grey's  edition  of  Hudibras '  (published  1744). 
Brett  was  an  amiable  man,  of  pleasant  con- 
versation, and  lived  quietly  in  his  own  house, 
where  he  died  on  5  March  1743.  He  had 
twelve  children.  His  wife  died  on  7  May 
1765 ;  his  son,  Nicholas,  chaplain  to  Sir 
Kobert  Cotton,  on  20  Aug.  1776. 

Brett  published  many  books  of  which  full 
titles  are  given  in  Nichols's  '  Anecdotes,'  i. 
411.  They  are  as  follows  :  1.  'An  Account 
of  Church  Government,'  1707,  answered 
by  Nokes  in  the  'Beautiful  Pattern;'  and 
enlarged  edition  1710,  answered  by  John 
Lewis,  1711,  in  '  Presbyters  not  always  an 
authoritative  part  of  Provincial  Synods  ;'  to 
which  Brett  replied.  2. l  Two  Letters  on  the 
Times  wherein  Marriage  is  said  to  be  pro- 
hibited,' 1708.  3.  '  Letter  to  the  Author  of 
"  Lay  Baptism  Invited," '  &c.  (condemning  lay 
baptism).  This  led  to  a  controversy  with 
Joseph  Bingham,  who  replied  in  *  Scholasti- 
cal  History  of  Lay  Baptism,'  1712.  4.  Ser- 
mons on  f  Remission  of  Sins,'  1711,  reprinted 
with  five  others  in  1715.  5.  'Review  of 
Lutheran  Principles,'  1714,  answered  by 
John  Lewis.  6.  'Vindication  of  Himself 
from  Calumnies'  (charging  him  with  po- 
pery), 1715.  7. '  Independency  of  the  Church 
upon  the  State,'  1717.  8.  '  The  Divine  Right 
of  Episcopacy,'  1718.  9.  '  Tradition  neces- 
sary, &c.,'  1718,  with  answer  to  Toland's 
*  Nazarenus.'  10.  '  The  Necessity  of  discern- 
ing Christ's  Body  in  the  Holy  Communion,' 
1720.  11.  '  Collection  of  the  Principal  Li- 
turgies used  by  the  Christian  Church,  &c.,' 
1720;  this  was  in  reference  to  the  schism 
of  the  nonjuring  body.  12.  'Discourses 
concerning  the  ever  blessed  Trinity,'  1720. 
13.  Contributions  to  the  '  Bibliotheca  Litera- 
ria,'  Nos.  1,  2,  4,  and  8,  upon  '  University 
Degrees,' '  English  Translations  of  the  Bible,' 
and  'Arithmetical  Figures.'  14.  'Instruc- 
tion to  a  Person  newly  Confirmed,'  1725. 
15.  l  Chronological  Essay  on  the  Sacred 


History,'  1729.  16.  'General  History  of 
the  World,'  1732.  17.  'Answer  to  (Hoad- 
ly's)  "Plain  Account  of  the  Sacrament,'" 
1735.  18.  'Remarks  on  Dr.  Waterland's 
"Review  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Eucha- 
rist," '  1741.  19.  '  Four  Letters  on  Necessity 
of  Episcopal  Communion,'  1743.  20.  '  Life 
of  John  Johnson,'  prefixed  to  his  posthumous 
tracts  in  1748.  There  are  also  several  ser- 
mons and  tracts.  There  is  a  letter  of  his  to 
Dr.  Warren,  of  Trinity  Hall,  in  Peck's  '  De- 
siderata Curiosa '  (lib.  vii.  p.  13).  Three 
letters  of  his  on  the  difference  between  An- 
glican and  Romish  tenets  were  published 
from  the  manuscripts  of  Thomas  Bowdler  in 
1850;  and  a  short  essay  on  suffragan  bishops 
and  rural  deans  was  edited  by  J.  Fendall 
from  the  manuscript  in  1858. 

[Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes,  i.  407-12; 
Masters's  Corpus  Coll.  Cambr.  (1753),  245-8  ; 
Appendix,  p.  87 ;  Lathbury's  Nonjurors,  passim.] 

L.  S. 

BRETTARGH,  KATHARINE  (1579- 
1601),  puritan,  was  daughter  of  a  Cheshire 
squire,  John  Bruen  of  Bruen  Stapleford,  father 
of  John  Bruen  [q.  v.]  She  was  baptised  on 
13  Feb.  1579,  and  from  an  early  age  she  was 
distinguished  by  earnest  religious  feeling. 
When  she  was  about  twenty  she  was  married 
to  William  Brettargh  or  Brettergh,  of '  Brel- 
lerghoult  '—Brettargh  Holt— near  Liverpool, 
who  shared  her  puritan  sentiments.  The 
couple  were  said  to  have  had  some  persecu- 
tion at  the  hands  of  their  Roman  catholic 
neighbours.  '  It  is  not  unknowne  to  Lanca- 
shire what  horses  and  cattell  of  her  husband's 
were  killed  upon  his  grounds  in  the  night 
most  barbarously  at  two  seuerall  times  by 
seminarie  priests  (no  question)  and  recusants 
that  lurked  thereabouts.'  Her  piety,  how- 
ever, was  such  as  to  impress  them  in  spite  of 
her  dislike  of  their  creed.  '  Once  a  tenant  of 
her  husband's  being  behinde  with  his  rent, 
she  desired  him  to  beare  yet  with  him  a 
quarter  of  a  yeare,  which  he  did ;  and  when 
the  man  brought  his  money,  with  teares  she 
said  to  her  husband, "  I  feare  you  doe  not  well 
to  take  it  of  him,  though  it  be  your  right,  for 
I  doubt  he  is  not  well  able  to  pay  it,  and  then 
you  oppresse  the  poore." '  It  is  perhaps  cha- 
racteristic of  the  times  that  her  biographer 
insists  upon  the  circumstance  that '  she  never 
used  to  swear  an  oath  great  or  small.'  After 
a  little  more  than  two  years  of  married  life 
she  was  attacked  by  '  a  hot  burning  ague,'  of 
which  she  died  on  Whit  Sunday,  31  May 
1601.  She  was  encouraged  by  a  visit  from 
her  brother,  John  Bruen,  and  by  the  conso- 
lations of  William  Harrison  and  other  puri- 
tans. Her  biographers  are  indignant  at  the 


Brettell 


287 


Brettingham 


imputation  that  she   died  despairing.     She 
was  buried  at  Childwall  Church  on  Wednes- 
day, 3  June,  as  appears  from  the  title  of  the 
little  book  which  forms  the  chief  authority  | 
as  to  her  life :  '  Death's  Advantage  little  Re- 
garded, or  the  Soule's  Solace  against  Sorrow, 
preached  in  two  funerall  sermons  at  Child- 
wall,  in  Lancashire,  at  the  buriall  of  Mistris 
Katherine  Brettergh,  3  June  1601.     The  one 
by  William  Harrison,  the  other  by  William 
Leygh,  B.D.,  whereunto  is  annexed  the  chris-  | 
tian  life  and  godly  death  of  the  said  gentle-  [ 
woman,'  London,  1601.     There  is  a  portrait  : 
of  her  in  Clarke's  second  part  of  the l  Marrow 
of  Ecclesiastical  History,'  book  ii.,  London, 
1675,  p.  52,  from  which  it  seems  that  her  pu- 
ritanism  did  not  forbid  a  very  elaborate  ruff.  ! 
The  face  is  oval,  the  features  refined,  the  hair 
closely  confined  by  a  sort  of  skull-cap,  over 
which  towers  a  sugarloaf  hat. 

[Ormerod's  History  of  Cheshire,  ed.  Helsby, 
ii.  317-23  ;  Morton's  Memorials  of  the  Fathers; 
and  the  two  works  cited  above.]  W.  E.  A.  A. 

BRETTELL,  JACOB  (1793-1862),  uni- 
tarian  minister,  was  born  at  Sutton-in-Ash- 
field,  Nottinghamshire,  on  16  April  1793. 
His  grandfather  was  an  independent  minis- 
ter at  Wolverhampton,  and  afterwards  assis- 
tant to  James  Wheatley  at  the  Norwich  Cal- 
vinistic  methodist  tabernacle.  His  father, 
Jacob  Brettell,  became  a  Calvinistic  preacher 
at  the  age  of  seventeen,  and  after  serving  va- 
rious chapels  became  an  independent  minister 
at  Sutton-in-Ashfield  in  1788.  Here  he  re- 
nounced Calvinism,  and  in  1791  opened  a 
separate  meeting-house.  In  1795  he  became 
assistant  to  Jeremiah  Gill,  minister  of  the 
1  presbyterian  or  independent'  congregation 
at  Gainsborough,  and  on  Gill's  death,  1796, 
he  became  sole  minister.  He  also  kept  a  school 
(see  notice  by  a  pupil,  E.  S.  Peacock,  in  Notes 
and  Queries,  2nd  series,  xi.  378).  He  died 
19  March  1810.  His  only  son,  Jacob,  had 
been  placed  at  Manchester  College,  York, 
in  1809.  A  public  subscription,  aided  by 
the  vicar  of  Gainsborough,  provided  for  his 
continuance  at  York  till  1814.  He  became 
Unitarian  minister  at  Cockey  Moor  (now 
called  Ainsworth),  Lancashire,  in  July  1814, 
and  removed  to  Rotherham  in  September 
1816.  He  resigned  in  June  1859  from  failing 
health.  Brettell  is  described  as  a  good  scho- 
lar and  effective  public  speaker.  He  was  a 
strong  liberal,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
anti-corn-law  agitation,  being  an  intimate 
friend  of  Ebenezer  Elliott  (1781-1849),  the 
corn-law  rhymester.  His  poetry  shows  taste 
and  feeling.  His  later  years  were  tried  by 
adverse  circumstances.  He  died  12  Jan.  1862. 
He  had  married,  on  29  Dec.  1815,  Martha, 


daughter  of  James  Morris  of  Bolton,  Lanca- 
shire, and  had  four  sons  and  two  daughters. 
His  eldest  son,  JACOB  CHARLES  GATES  BRET- 
TELL,  born  6  March  1817,  was  partly  educated 
for  the  Unitarian  ministry  at  York,  became  a 
Roman  catholic,  and  went  to  America,  where 
he  was  successively  classical  tutor  at  New 
York,  minister  of  a  German  church,  and 
successful  member  of  the  American  bar  in 
Virginia  and  Texas  ;  he  died  at  Owensville, 
Texas,  17  Jan.  1867.  Brettell  published: 
1.  '  Strictures  on  Parkhurst's  Theory  of  the 
Cherubim'  (presumably his).  2.  ''The  Country 
Minister,  a  Poem,  in  four  cantos,  with  other 
Poems,'  1821, 12mo  (dedicated,  12  July  1821, 
to  Viscount  Milton,  afterwards  fifth  Earl 
Fitzwilliam).  3. '  The  Country  Minister  (Part 
Second).  A  Poem,  in  three  cantos,  with  other 
Poems,'  1825,  12mo.  4.  <  The  Country  Mi- 
nister ;  a  poem,  in  seven  cantos :  containing  the 
first  and  second  parts  of  the  Original  Work : 
with  additional  Poems  and  Notes/ 1827, 12mo 
(called  2nd  edit. ;  Brettell's  minor  pieces  are 
chiefly  translations).  5.  '  Sketches  in  Verse, 
from  the  Historical  Books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment,' 1628,  12mo  (one  of  these,  on  Balak 
and  Balaam,  was  printed  in  'Monthly  Re- 
pository,' 1826,  pp.  360-7).  6.  '  Staneage 
Pole'  (poem,  dated  Sheffield  24  Feb.  1834, 
printed  in  f  Christian  Reformer,'  1834,  pp. 
182-4).  7.  '  The  First  Unitarian,'  1848, 8vo 
(controverting  the  opinion  that '  Cain  was  the 
first  Unitarian ; '  Brettell  thinks  Cain  was  '  the 
third  Unitarian  in  strict  chronological  order '). 
Some  of  his  hymns  are  in  Unitarian  collections. 
A  harvest  hymn,  1837,  in  which  he  calls  the 
Almighty  ( bright  Regent  of  the  Skies,'  is  in 
Martineau's  collections  of  1840  and  1874 
(altered  in  this  latter  to '  0  Lord  of  earth  and 
skies  ').  Besides  these,  he  contributed  some 
hundreds  of  uncollected  pieces,  being  hymns 
and  political  and  patriotic  pieces,  several  of 
considerable  length,  to  the  '  Christian  Re- 
former,' 'Sheffield  Iris,'  'Wolverhampton 
Herald,'  and  other  periodicals. 

[Monthly  Repos.  1810,  p.  598,  1818,  p.  368; 
Christian  Reformer,  1862,  p.  191;  Rotherham 
and  Masbro'  Advertiser,  16  March  1867;  Browne's 
History  of  Congregationalism  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  1877,  pp.  189,  348  ;  information  from 
Mr.  Morris  Brettell.]  A.  G-. 

BRETTINGHAM,     MATTHEW,    the 

elder  (1699-1769),  architect,  was  born  at 
Norwich.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  better 
known  William  Kent,  along  with  whom 
he  was  engaged  in  the  erection  of  Hoik- 
ham,  the  Earl  of  Leicester's  seat  in  Norfolk. 
As  a  youth  he  travelled  on  the  continent 
of  Europe,  and  in  1723,  1725,  1728,  and 
1738  published  l  Remarks  on  several  Parts 


Brettingham 


288 


Brettingham 


of  Europe,  viz.  France,  the  Low  Countries, 
Alsatia,  Germany,  Savoy,  Tyrol,  Switzer- 
land, Italy,  and  Spain,  collected  upon  the 
spot  since  the  year  1723,'  in  4  vols.  fol.  The 
works  at  Holkham  were  commenced  in  1729 
from  the  plans  of  Kent,  upon  whose  death  in 
1748  they  were  carried  on  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Brettingham  till  their  comple- 
tion in  1764.  In  1761  he  published  '  Plans, 
Elevations,  and  Sections  of  Holkham  in  Nor- 
folk, the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,'  Lon- 
don, atlas  fol.,  of  which  another  edition  was 
published  a  few  years  later  by  his  nephew, 
Robert  Furze  Brettingham  [q.  v.]  It  is  cu- 
rious that  in  neither  of  these  publications  is 
the  real  authorship  of  the  plans  acknowledged, 
although  the  fact  that  Kent  designed  them 
is  beyond  dispute.  It  is  impossible  now  to 
ascertain  the  share  of  credit  for  the  completed 
work  to  which  Brettingham  is  entitled.  As 
the  construction  of  the  house  extended  over  so 
long  a  period  after  Kent's  death,  Brettingham 
no  doubt  modified  the  latter's  original  de- 
signs ;  but  the  drawings  published  by  him  do 
not  differ  in  any  way  from  the  prevailing 
heaviness  and  regularity  of  the  then  fashion- 
able 'Vitruvian'  style  of  which  Kent  was 
master,  and  suggest  at  best  but  successful 
imitation  on  the  part  of  his  follower.  Bret- 
tingham's  other  known  works  were  Norfolk 
House  (now  21  St.  James's  Square),  London, 
erected  in  1742;  Langley  Park,  Norfolk, 
in  1740-4;  the  north  and  east  fronts  of 
Charlton  House,  Wiltshire ;  and  a  house 
in  Pall  Mall,  afterwards  known  as  Cumber- 
land House,  and  subsequently  used  as  the 
ordnance  office,  erected  in  1760-7  for  the 
Duke  of  York,  brother  to  George  III.  In 
1748-50  he  again  visited  Italy,  and  in  the 
first  of  these  years  travelled  for  some  time  in 
company  with  the  well-known  architects, 
Hamilton,  '  Athenian  Stuart,'  and  Nicholas 
Revett.  Brettingham  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  influenced  by  the  investigations 
made  by  these  architects  into  the  architec- 
ture of  Greece.  He  always  confined  him- 
self to  the  heavy  Palladian  style  in  which 
he  had  been  educated,  and  in  which,  while 
exhibiting  no  great  novelty  of  conception, 
it  must  be  admitted  he  displayed  knowledge 
and  skill  equal  to  those  of  any  architect  of 
his  time.  He  died  at  Norwich  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  seventy,  and  is  buried  in  St. 
Augustine's  Church  there. 

BRETTIISTGHAM,  MATTHEW,  the  younger 
(1725-1803),  architect,  son  of  the  preceding, 
worked  also  in  Palladian  style  (REDGRAVE). 

[Views  of  the  Seats  of  Noblemen  and  Gentle- 
men in  England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
1st  ser.  vol.  Hi.  London,  1818-23 ;  Stuart  and 


Eevett's  Antiquities  of  Athens  measured  and 
delineated,  vol.  iv.,  London,  1816  ;  Vitruvius  Bri- 
tannicus,  vol.  iv.,  plates  64-9  incl. ;  Lowndes's 
Bibl.  Manual ;  Gwilt's  Encyc.  of  Architecture, 
ed.  Wyatt  Papworth,  London,  1867;  Gould's 
Biogr.  Sketches,  London,  1834.]  G.  W.  B. 

BRETTINGHAM,   ROBERT    FURZE 

(1750-1806  ?),  architect,  nephew  of  Matthew 
Brettingham  the  elder  [q.  v.],  practised  in 
London  with  great  success,  and  erected  many 
mansion  houses  throughout  the  country.  Like 
his  uncle,  and  in  common  with  all  students 
of  architecture  of  his  time,  he  spent  a  part  of 
his  early  life  in  Italy,  from  which  he  returned 
in  1781.  Architecture  as  then  understood 
consisted  in  correctly  imitating  so-called 
classical  models,  and  the  skill  of  the  archi- 
tect was  chiefly  exercised  in  adapting  the  re- 
quirements of  his  patron  to  the  hard  and  fast 
rules  of  his  art.  To  gain  familiarity  with  the 
latter  constituted  his  education,  and  Bret- 
tingham's  subsequent  works,  as  well  as  the 
drawings  which  he  exhibited  on  his  return  at 
the  exhibitions  of  the  then  lately  founded 
Royal  Academy,  showed  that  he  did  not 
neglect  his  opportunities  in  Italy.  Among 
them  may  be  noted  in  1783  a  drawing  of  a 
sepulchral  chapel  from  the  Villa  Medici  at 
Rome,  in  1790  the  design  for  a  bridge  which 
he  had  erected  in  the  preceding  year  at  Ben- 
ham  Place,  in  Berkshire,  and  the  entrance 
porch  of  the  church  at  Saffron  Walden  re- 
stored by  him  in  1792.  In  1773  he  published 
another  edition  of  his  uncle's  '  Plans,  &c.  of 
Holkham,'  also,  like  it,  in  atlas  folio, '  to  which 
are  added  the  ceilings  and  chimney-pieces, 
and  also  a  descriptive  account  of  the  statues, 
pictures,  and  drawings,  not  in  the  former 
edition.'  Of  the  *  Descriptive  Account '  Bret- 
tingham was  the  author;  but,  again,  the  plans 
are  ascribed  to  Matthew  Brettingham,  and 
Kent  is  ignored  as  in  the  former  edition.  The 
sudden  death  in  1790  of  William  Blackburn, 
the  prison  architect,  was  the  opportunity  of 
Brettingham's  life,  and  he  soon  gained  a 
lucrative  practice.  Blackburn  left  many 
designs  incomplete,  several  of  which  Bret- 
tingham subsequently  carried  into  execution. 
He  erected  gaols  at  Reading,  Hertford,  Poole, 
Downpatrick,  Northampton,  and  elsewhere. 
In  1771  his  name  appears  associated  with 
those  of  the  foremost  architects  of  the  time 
in  the  foundation  of  an  *  Architects'  Club/  to 
meet  at  the  Thatched  House  Tavern  to  dinner 
on  the  first  Thursday  in  every  month.  Among 
the  original  members  of  this  club  besides  Bret- 
tingham were  Sir  W.  ChamberSjRobert  Adam, 
John  Soane,  James  Wyatt,  and  S.  P.  Cocke- 
rell,  all  of  whom  have  made  for  themselves 
names  in  their  profession.  About  this  time 
Brettingham  also  held  the  post  of  resident 


Breval 


289 


Breval 


clerk  in  the  board  of  works,  which  he  resigned 
in  1805.  Among  his  chief  works  for  private 
patrons  are  a  temple  in  the  grounds  at  Saffron 
Walden  in  Essex  for  Lord  Braybrooke,  and  a 
mausoleum  in  Scotland  for  the  Fraser  family ; 
Winchester  House,  St.  James'  Square,  erected 
originally  for  the  Duke  of  Leeds ;  9  Berkeley 
Square,  afterwards  sold  to  the  Marquis  of 
Buckingham;  Buckingham  House,  91  Pall 
Mall,  rebuilt  in  1794  by  Sir  John  Soane ; 
Lansdowne  House,  Berkeley  Square  ;  80  Pic- 
cadilly, for  Sir  Francis  Burdett ;  Charlton, 
Wiltshire,  for  the  Earl  of  Suffolk ;  Walders- 
ham,Kent,  for  the  Earl  of  Guilford  ;  Felbrigg 
Hall,  Norfolk,  for  the  Hon.  W.  Wyndham; 
Longleat,  Wiltshire ;  and  Roehampton,  Sur- 
rey, and  Hillsborough  House  in  Ireland,  both 
for  the  Marquis  of  Downshire.  He  is  also  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  designed  Maidenhead 
Bridge,  on  the  Thames ;  but  this  is  believed 
to  be  a  mistake,  the  authorship  of  that  design, 
which  was  executed  in  1772,  being  invariably 
ascribed  by  the  best  authorities  to  Sir  Robert 
Taylor.  Brettingham  was  held  in  much  re- 
gard by  his  professional  brethren,  and  was 
the  esteemed  master  of  many  who  have  since 
attained  eminence  in  the  architectural  pro- 
fession. The  exact  date  of  his  death  is  not 
known. 

[Authorities  given  under  MATTHEW  BRETTING- 
HAM ;  publications  of  Architectural  Society  ;  Ly- 
sons's  Magn.  Brit.  vol.  i. ;  Boydell's  Thames.] 

GK  W.  B. 

BREVAL,  JOHN  DURANT  (1680?- 

1738),  miscellaneous  writer,  was  descended 
from  a  French  refugee  protestant  family,  and 
was  the  son  of  Francis  Durant  de  Breval,  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  where  he  was  pro- 
bably born  about  1680.  Sir  John  Bramston, 
in  his  '  Autobiography,'  p.  157,  describes  the 
elder  Breval  in  1672  as  '  formerly  a  priest  of 
the  Romish  church,  and  of  the  companie  of 
those  in  Somerset  House,  but  now  a  convert 
to  the  protestant  religion  and  a  preacher  at 
the  Savoy.'  Bramston  gives  1666  as  the  date 
of  his  conversion.  The  younger  Breval  was 
admitted  a  queen's  scholar  of  Westminster 
School  1693,  was  elected  to  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1697,  and  was  one  of  the  Cam- 
bridge poets  who  celebrated  in  that  year  the 
return  of  William  III  after  the  peace  of 
Ryswick.  Breval  proceeded  B.  A.  1700,  and 
M.A.  1704.  In  1702  he  was  made  fellow 
of  Trinity  ('  of  my  own  electing,'  said  Bent- 
ley).  In  1708  he  was  involved  in  a  private 
scandal,  which  led  to  his  removal  from  the 
fellowship.  He  engaged  in  an  intrigue  with 
a  married  lady  in  Berkshire,  and  cudgelled 
her  husband,  who  illtreated  his  wife.  The 
husband  brought  an  action  against  Breval, 

VOL.   VI. 


who  was  held  to  bail  for  the  assault,  '  but, 
conceiving  that  there  was  an  informality  in 
the  proceedings  against  him,'  did  not  appear 
at  the  assizes,  and  was  outlawed.  There- 
upon Bentley  took  the  matter  up,  and  on 
5  April  1708  expelled  Breval  from  the  college. 
Bentley  admitted  that  Breval  was  *  a  man  of 
good  learning  and  excellent  parts,'  but  said 
his  '  crime  was  so  notorious  as  to  admit  of  no, 
evasion  or  palliation '  (State  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, p.  29  et  seq.  1710).  Breval,  however, 
declared  on  oath  that  he  was  not  guilty  of 
immoral  conduct  in  the  matter,  and  bitterly 
resented  the  interposition  of  Bentley,  who, 
he  declared,  had  a  private  grudge  both  against 
his  father  and  himself.  His  friends  said '  that 
the  alleged  offence  rested  on  mere  rumour  and 
suspicion,'  and  that  the  expelled  fellow  would 
have  good  grounds  for  an  action  against  the 
college.  Such  an  action,  however,  was  never 
brought,  probably  on  account  of  Breval's 
poverty.  As  Bentley  wrote, '  his  father  was 
just  dead  [Francis  Breval  d.  February  1707] 
in  poor  circumstances,  and  all  his  family  were 
beggars.'  Breval,  in  want  and  with  his  cha- 
racter ruined,  enlisted  in  despair  as  a  volun- 
teer in  our  army  in  Flanders,  where  he  soon 
rose  to  be  an  ensign.  Here  what  Nichols  calls 
'  his  exquisite  pencil  and  genteel  behaviour,' 
as  well  as  his  skill  in  acquiring  languages,  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Marlborough.  The 
general  appointed  him  captain,  and  sent  him 
on  diplomatic  missions  to  various  German 
courts,  which  he  accomplished  very  credit- 
ably. The  peace  of  Utrecht  closed  the  war 
|  in  1713,  and  a  few  years  after  we  find  Breval 
busily  writing  for  the  London  booksellers, 
chiefly  under  the  name  of  Joseph  Gay.  He 
then  wrote  '  The  Petticoat,'  a  poem  in  two 
j  books  (1716),  of  which  the  third  edition  was 
|  published  under  the  name  of  f  The  Hoop 
Petticoat'  (1720):  'The  Art  of  Dress/  a 
poem  (1717) ;  *  Calpe  or  Gibraltar,'  a  poem 
(1717)  ;  '  A  Compleat  Key  to  the  Nonjuror ' 
(1718),  in  which  he  accuses  Colley  Gibber 
of  stealing  his  characters,  &c.,  from  various 
sources,  but  chiefly  from  Moliere's  '  Tartuffe,' 
for  the  revival  of  which  Breval  wrote  a  pro- 
logue ;  '  MacDermot,  or  the  Irish  Fortune 
Hunter,'  a  poem  (1719),  a  witty  but  extremely 
gross  piece ;  and '  Ovid  in  Masquerade'  (1719). 
He  also  wrote  a  comedy,  '  The  Play  is  the 
Plot '  (1718),  which  was  acted,  though  not 
very  successfully,  at  Drury  Lane.  When 
altered  and  reprinted  afterwards  as  a  farce, 
called  'The  Strollers'  (second  impression 
1727),  it  had  better  fortune. 

About  1720  Breval  went  abroad  with 
George,  lord  viscount  Malpas,  as  travelling 
tutor.  It  was  probably  during  this  journey 
that  he  met  with  the  romantic  adventure  that 

U 


Breval 


290 


Brevint 


gave  occasion  for  Pope's  sneer  about  being 
'  followed  by  a  nun  '  (Dunciad,  iv.  327).  A 
nun  confined  against  her  will,  in  a  convent 
at  Milan,  fell  in  love  with  and  'escaped 
to  him.'  The  lady  afterwards  went  to  Rome, 
where,  according  to  Horace  Walpole,  she 
'  pleaded  her  cause  and  was  acquitted  there, 
and  married  Breval ; '  but  she  is  not  noticed 
in  the  account  which  Breval  published  of  his 
travels,  under  the  title  of '  Remarks  on  several 
Parts  of  Europe,7  two  vols.  (vol.  i.  1723,  vol. 
ii.  1728,  reprinted  1726;  two  additional  in 
1738),  though  we  have  a  somewhat  elaborate 
description  of  Milan,  and  an  account  of 
Milanese  Lady  of  great  Beauty,  who  be- 
queathed her  Skeleton  to  the  Publick  as  a 
memento  mori.'  The  cause  of  Pope's  quarrel 
with  Breval  is  to  be  sought  elsewhere.  The 
well-known  poet  Gay,  with  the  help  of  Pope 
and  Arbuthnot,  produced  the  farce  entitled 
'  Three  Hours  after  Marriage/  which  was  de- 
servedly damned.  At  this  time  (1717)  Bre- 
val, who  was  writing  a  good  deal  for  Curll, 
wrote  for  him,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
1  Joseph  Gay,'  a  farce  called  the  (  Confede- 
rates,' in  which '  the  late  famous  comedy '  and 
its  three  authors  were  unsparingly  ridiculed. 
Pope  is  described  in  the  prologue  as  one 

On  whom  Dame  Nature  nothing  good  bestowed : 
In  Form  a  Monkey ;  but  for  spite  a  Toad, 

and  he  is  represented  (scene  1)  as  saying, 
'  And  from  My  Self  my  own  Thersites  drew,' 
and  then  Thersites  is  explained  as  '  A  Cha- 
racter in  Homer,  of  an  Ill-natur'd,  Deform'd 
Villain.'  In  the  same  year  Breval  published, 
under  similar  auspices,  Pope's  *  Miscellany.' 
The  second  part  consisted  of  five  brief  coarse 
and  worthless  poems,  in  one  of  which  espe- 
cially, called  the  '  Court  Ballad,'  Pope  is 
mercilessly  ridiculed.  Revenge  for  these  was 
taken  in  the  '  Dunciad,'  and  Breval's  name 
occurs  twice  in  the  second  book  (1728). 

In  the  notes  (1729)affixed  to  the  first  passage 
Pope  says  that  some  account  must  be  given 
of  Breval  owing  to  his  obscurity,  and  declares 
that  Curll  put  f  Joseph  Gay '  on  such  pamph- 
lets that  they  might  pass  for  Mr.  Gay's  (viz. 
John  Gay's).  In  1742,  when  Breval  had  been 
dead  four  years,  the  fourth  book  of  the  '  Dun- 
ciad '  was  published.  In  line  272  a  '  lac'd 
Governor  from  France '  is  introduced  with  his 
pupil,  and  their  adventures  abroad  are  nar- 
rated at  some  length  (273-336).  Pope,  though, 
as  he  states,  giving  him  no  particular  name, 
chiefly  had  Breval  in  his  mind  when  he  wrote 
the  lines  (HoKACE  WALPOLE,  Notes  to  Pope, 
p.  101,  contributed  by  Sir  W.  Fraser,  1876). 

After  the  publication  of  his '  Travels '  Breval 
was  probably  again  engaged  as  travelling  go- 
vernor to  young  gentlemen  of  position.  In  the 


account  of  Paris  given  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  second  issue  of  his  '  Remarks '  he  says 
that  he  has  collected  the  information  '  in  ten 
several  tours  thither '  (p.  262).  In  the  latter 
period  of  his  life  he  wrote  '  The  Harlot's  Pro- 
gress,' an  illustrated  poem  in  six  cantos,  sug- 
gested by  Hogarth's  well-known  prints,  and 
said  by  Ambrose  Philips,  in  a  prefatory  letter, 
to  be  '  a  true  Key  and  lively  Explanation 
of  the  Painter's  Hieroglyphicks '  (1732); 
'  The  History  of  the  most  Illustrious  House 
of  Nassau,  with  regard  to  that  branch  of  it 
more  particularly  that  came  into  the  succes- 
sion of  Orange'  (1734)  ;  '  The  Rape  of  Helen, 
a  mock  opera'  (acted  at  Co  vent  Garden), 
(1737).  Shortly  after  the  publication  of  this 
last  piece  Breval  died  at  Paris,  January  1738. 
[Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.  (1852)  ;  Nichols's 
Lit.  Anecd.  vols.  i.  and  viii.  (1812  and  1814)  ; 
Monk's  Life  of  Bentley  (1830) ;  London  Maga- 
zine, vii.  49  ;  some  information  as  to  the  family 
is  given  in  a  (not  quite  correct)  manuscript  note 
on  the  title-page  of  one  of  the  copies  of  the  House 
of  Nassau  in  the  British  Museum,  and  also  in  the 
manuscript  letters  of  his  father  to  Lord  Hatton 
and  J.  Ellis  in  the  Addit.  MS.  (1854-75)  (List 
in  Index,  p.  460).]  F.  W-T. 

BREVINT  or  BREVIN,  DANIEL, 
D.D.  (1616-1695),  dean  of  Lincoln,  polemi- 
cal and  devotional  writer,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  John's  in  the  island  of  Jersey, 
of  which  his  father  was  the  minister,  and 
baptised  in  the  parish  church  11  May  1616. 
He  proceeded  to  the  protestant  university  of 
Saumur  on  the  Loire,  and  studied  logic  and 
philosophy  with  great  success,  and  took  there 
the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1624.  In  1636  three 
fellowships  were  founded  by  Charles  I  at  Ox- 
ford, at  the  colleges  of  Exeter,  Pembroke,  and 
Jesus,  at  the  instance  of  Archbishop  Laud,  for 
scholars  from  Guernsey  and  Jersey  (HEYLTN, 
Life  of  Laud,  p.  336 ;  LAUD,  Works,  Anglo- 
Cath.  Lib.,  vol.  v.  part  i.  p.  140),  and  Brevint 
was  appointed  in  1637  to  that  at  Jesus,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  ministers  and  chief 
inhabitants  of  his  native  island  (WiLKiNS, 
Concilia,  iv.  534).  On  becoming  resident  at 
Oxford  he  requested  the  confirmation  of  his 
foreign  degree.  This  was  opposed  by  Laud, 
'  things  being  at  Saumur  as  they  were  re- 
ported.' Writing  to  the  vice-chancellor,  on 
19  May  and  3  Nov.  1637,  he  expresses  his 
satisfaction  at  hearing  that  'the  Guernsey 
[Jersey]  man  is  so  well  a  deserver  in  Jesus 
College,'  but  wishes  '  that  he  should  be  made 
to  know  the  difference  of  a  master  of  art  at 
Oxford  and  Saumur/  and  'the  ill  conse- 
quences '  which  might  follow  if  his  degree 
were  confirmed,  and  begs  the  vice-chancellor 
to  l  persuade  the  young  man  to  stay,  and  then 
give  him  his  degree  with  as  much  honour  as 


Brevint 


291 


Brevint 


he  pleases '  (LAUD,  Works,  Anglo-Oath.  Lib. 
pp.  170,  186).  Laud's  objections,  however, 
were  overruled,  and  Brevint  was  incorporated 
M.A.  on  12  Oct.  1638  (WooD,  Fasti  Oxon. 
i.  503),  the  authorities  of  the  university  hav- 
ing decided,  upon  due  consideration,  that 
there  was  no  statutable  bar  to  exclude  him 
(LAT7D,  Works,  210).  On  the  visitation  of 
the  university  by  the  parliamentary  commis- 
sioners Brevint  was  deprived  of  his  fellow- 
ship, and  retired  to  Jersey,  whence,  on  the 
reduction  of  the  island  by  the  parliamentary 
forces,  he  took  refuge  in  France,  and  offi- 
ciated as  minister  of  a  protestant  congre- 
gation in  Normandy.  On  Trinity  Sunday, 
22  June  1651,  he  was  ordained  deacon  and 
priest,  '  in  reguard  of  the  necessitie  of  the 
time/  writes  Evelyn,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Sydserf, 
bishop  of  Galloway,  in  Paris,  in  the  private 
chapel  of  Sir  Richard  Browne,  in  the  Fau- 
bourg St.  Germain,  at  the  same  time  as  his 
fellow-islander,  Dr.  John  Durell,  afterwards 
dean  of  Windsor.  Both  were  presented  by 
Oosin,  then  dean  of  Peterborough  (EVELYN, 
Diary,  i.  244,  ed.  1819 ;  Baker  MSS.  xxxvi. 
329;  Smith  MSS.,  Bodl.  xxxiii.  7,  p.  29). 
Brevint  secured  the  confidence  of  Cosin  and 
the  other  principal  English  churchmen,  both 
lay  and  clerical,  then  living  in  exile  in  Paris, 
and  became  known  to  Charles  II.  At  this 
time  Turenne  was  perhaps  the  most  influen- 
tial person  in  France,  and  Brevint  received 
the  high  honour  of  being  appointed  his  chap- 
lain. Turenne's  wife  was  a  zealous  protestant, 
and  Brevint  became  her  spiritual  director, 
and  for  her  use,  and  that  of  the  Duchesse  de 
Bouillon,  he  composed  some  of  his  devotional 
tracts,  especially  his  'Christian  Sacrament 
and  Sacrifice.'  He  was  employed  by  Madame 
Turenne  and  the  duchess  in  many  of  their 
religious  undertakings,  and  he  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  vain  endeavour  to  compromise 
the  differences  between  the  church  of  Rome 
and  the  protestant  church  (see  Preface  to 
Saul  and  Samuel).  Upon  the  Restoration 
Brevint  returned  to  this  country.  On  Cosin's 
elevation  to  the  see  of  Durham  he  succeeded 
him,  on  the  nomination  of  the  crown,  in 
his  stall  in  that  cathedral  (17  Dec.  1660) 
and  in  his  rectory  of  Brancepeth,  both  of 
which  he  held  till  his  death.  These  prefer- 
ments were  in  some  measure  due  to  Cosin's 
influence  with  the  king.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.D,  at  Oxford  on  27  Feb.  1662-3. 
From  a  letter  printed  in  the  '  Granville  Cor- 
respondence '  (part  ii.  p.  92,  Surtees  Soc.,  vol. 
xlvii.),  drawn  up  to  be  laid  before  the  dean 
and  chapter,  it  is  evident  that  he  earnestly 
supported  Granville  in  his  endeavour  to  re- 
store the  weekly  communion  in  the  cathedral. 
On  the  death  of  Dr.  Michael  Honywood,  dean 


of  Lincoln,  in  1681,  Charles  II  signified  his 
desire  to  Archbishop  Sancroft,  through  Sir 
Leoline  Jenkins,  that  Brevint  should  have 
the  vacant  preferment  (  Tanner  MSS.  xxxvi. 
17).  He  was  installed  dean  and  prebendary 
of  Welton  Paynshall  on  7  Jan.  1681-2.  As 
he  continued  to  hold  his  stall  at  Durham,  his 
name  occurs  pretty  frequently  in  the  Gran- 
ville and  Cosin  Correspondences,  which  have 
been  published  by  the  Surtees  Society  (vols. 
xxxvii.  xlvii.  lii.  lv.),  but  chiefly  on  matters 
of  chapter  business  or  chapter  news.  His 
tenure  of  the  deanery  of  Lincoln  was  un- 
eventful. He  died  in  the  deanery  house,  on 
Sunday,  5  May  1695,  in  the  seventy-ninth 
year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  retro- 
choir  of  his  cathedral.  His  wife,  Anne 
Brevint,  survived  him  thirteen  years.  She 
died  on  9  Nov.  1708,  also  in  her  seventy-ninth 
year,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  grave. 
Brevint's  writings  are  chiefly  directed  against 
the  church  of  Rome,  which  he  attacked  with 
much  virulence  and  no  little  coarseness.  He 
professes  to  speak  from  intimate  personal 
knowledge,  having  had '  such  an  access  given 
him  into  every  corner  of  the  church  '  when 
engaged  on  the  design  of  reconciliation  with 
the  protestants,  that  he  had  a  perfect  ac- 
quaintance l  with  all  that  is  within  its  en- 
trails '  (Preface  to  Saul  and  Samuel).  His 
works  manifest  a  thorough  acquaintance  with 
the  points  at  issue  between  the  church  of 
England  and  that  of  Rome,  and  his  language 
is  nervous  and  his  arguments  powerful ;  but 
he  cannot  be  acquitted  of  gross  irreverence, 
both  of  words  and  conception,  when  dealing 
with  the  eucharistic  tenets  of  his  opponents. 
His  '  Missale  Romanum '  was  printed  at  the 
Sheldonian  Theatre,  and  we  can  hardly  be 
surprised  that  his  Romish  antagonist,  who, 
under  the  initials  R.  F.,  published  *  Missale 
Romanum  vindicatum '  (London,  1674), 
should  express  his  surprise  that l  such  an  un- 
seemly imp '  as  Dr.  Brevint's  calumnious  and 
scandalous  tract  should  have  been  '  hatched 
under  the  roof  of  Sheldon's  trophy  and 
triumph.'  Brevint's  published  works  were : 

1.  '  Missale  Romanum ;  or  the  Depth  and 
Mystery  of  the  Roman  Mass  laid  open  and 
explained,  for  the  use  both  of  Reformed  and 
Unreformed  Christians,'  Oxford,  1672,  8vo. 

2.  f  Saul  and  Samuel  at  Endor :    the  new 
Waies  of  Salvation  and  Service  which  usually 
temt  (sic)  men  to  Rome  and  detain  them 
there,  truly  represented  and  refuted,'  Oxford, 
1674,   8vo.     3.   'The   Christian   Sacrament 
and  Sacrifice ;  by  way  of  Discourse,  Medita- 
tion, and  Prayer,  upon  the  Nature,  Parts, 
and  Blessing  of  the  Holy  Communion/  Ox- 
ford, 1673, 12mo.   The '  Christian  Sacrament 
and  Sacrifice'  is  a  devotional  work,  originally 

TJ  2 


Brewer 


292 


Brewer 


'  one  of  many  tracts  made  at  Paris  at  the 
instance'  of  his  noble  patronesses  for  their 
private  use,  and  intended  for  the  reading  of 
such  as  may  be '  desirous  to  contemplate  and 
embrace  the  Christian  religion  in  its  original 
beauty,  freed  of  the  encumbrance  of  contro- 
versy.' The  view  of  the  Eucharist  put  forth 
in  this  beautiful  little  work  is,  in  the  main, 
that  expressed  by  the  church  of  England  in 
her  Catechism  and  Liturgy.  This  devotional 
treatise  was  so  highly  esteemed  by  John  and 
Charles  Wesley  that  they  published  an 
abridgment  of  it  for  the  use  of  communicants, 
as  an  introduction  to  their  collection  of 
Sacramental  Hymns,  pitched  in  a  somewhat 
higher  key  in  point  of  eucharistic  doctrine 
than  Brevint's  works.  Of  this  many  suc- 
cessive editions  have  been  published. 

In  addition  to  these  English  works,  Anthony 
a  Wood  enumerates :  1.  '  Ecclesise  Primi- 
tive Sacramentum  et  Sacrificium,  a  pontificiis 
corruptelis  et  exinde  natis  controversiis  libe- 
rum ' — the  Latin  original  of  the  last-named 
work.  2.  '  Eucharistise  Christianas  pree- 
sentia  realis,  et  Pontificia  ficta,  .  .  .  hsec  ex- 
plosa,  ilia  suffulta  et  asserta.'  3.  '  Pro 
serenissima  Principe  Weimariensi  [the  Prin- 
cess of  Weimar]  ad  Theses  Jenenses  accurate 
responsio.'  4.  '  Ducentae  plus  minus  preelec- 
tiones  in  S.  Matthsei  xxv.  capita,'  &c.  Bre- 
vint  is  more  deserving  of  admiration  as  a 
devotional  writer  than  as  a  controversialist. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  iv.  426-7 ;  Kippis's 
"Bibg.  Brit. ;  Laud's  Chancellorship,  Ang.-Cath.  L., 
vol.  v. ;  Evelyn's  Diary,  i.  244  ;  Walker's  Suf- 
ferings of  the  Clergy,  p.  120  ;  Hunt's  Eeligious 
Thought  in  England,  iii.  402.]  E.  V. 

BREWER,  ANTONY  (  fl.  1655),  dramatic 

writer,  wrote  '  The  Love-sick  King,  an  Eng- 
lish Tragical  History,  with  the  Life  and  Death 
of  Cartesmunda,the  Fair  Nun  of  Winchester, 
by  Anth.  Brewer,'  1655,  4to  ;  revived  at  the 
King's  Theatre  in  1680,  and  reprinted  in  that 
year  under  the  title  of  '  The  Perjured  Nun,' 
4to.  Chetwood  included  the  ( Love-sick 
King'  in  his  '  Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays,' 
published  at  Dublin  in  1750,  but  he  made  no 
attempt  to  correct  the  text  of  the  old  edition, 
which  was  printed  with  the  grossest  careless- 
ness. The  play  was  written  in  verse,  but  it 
is  printed  almost  throughout  as  prose.  Yet 
after  all  allowance  has  been  made  for  textual 
corruptions,  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  '  Love- 
sick King '  is  a  work  of  much  ability ;  and  it 
is  rash  to  follow  Kirkman,  Baker,  and  Halli- 
well  in  identifying  Antony  Brewer  with  the 
'  T.  B.'  whose  name  is  on  the  title-page  of 
the  '  Country  Girl,'  1647,  4to,  a  well-written 
comedy,  which  in  parts  (notably  in  the  third 
act)  closely  recalls  the  diction  and  versifica- 


tion of  Massinger.  There  is  no  known  dra- 
matist of  the  time  to  whom  the  initials  T.  B. 
could  belong.  There  was  a  versatile  writer 
named  Thomas  Brewer  [q.  v.],  and  the  title- 
pages  to  his  tracts  are  usually  signed  with  his 
initials,  not  with  the  full  name.  His  claim 
to  the  ( Country  Girl '  would  be  quite  as 
reasonable  as  Antony  [Tony]  Brewer's.  In 
1677  John  Leanerd,  whom  Langbaine  calls '  a 
confident  plagiarist,'  reprinted  the  '  Country 
Girl,' with  a  few  slight  alterations,  as  his  own, 
under  the  title  of  '  Country  Innocence.'  To 
Antony  Brewer  was  formerly  ascribed  '  Lin- 
gua, or  the  Combat  of  the  Five  Senses  for  Su- 
periority,' 1607,  4to,  a  well-known  dramatic 
piece  (included  in  the  various  editions  of 
Dodsley),  constructed  partly  in  the  style  of 
a  morality  and  partly  of  a  masque.  The  mis- 
take arose  thus.  Kirkman,  the  bookseller 
and  publisher,  in  printing  his  catalogues  of 
plays,  left  blanks  where  the  names  of  the 
writers  were  unknown  to  him.  Annexed  to 
the  '  Love-sick  King '  was  the  name  Antony 
Brewer ;  then  came  the  plays  '  Landgartha/ 
'  Love's  Loadstone,'  '  Lingua,'  and  '  Love's 
Dominion.'  Phillips,  who  was  followed  by 
Winstanley,  misunderstanding  the  use  of 
Kirkman's  blanks,  promptly  assigned  all 
these  pieces  to  Brewer.  One  other  play, 
<  The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,'  1608,  4to, 
has  been  with  similar  carelessness  pronounced 
to  be  Antony  Brewer's  on  the  strength  of  an 
entry  in  the  Stationers'  Registry  which  refers 
to  the  prose  tract  of  the  '  Merry  Devil '  [see 
BREWER,  THOMAS].  The  play  was  entered 
in  the  registers  on  22  Oct.  1607  (ARBER'S 
Transcripts,  iii.  362). 

[Langbaine's  English  Dramatic  Poets ;  Bio- 
graphia  Dramatica,  ed.  Stephen  Jones ;  Halli- 
well's  Dictionary  of  Old  Plays.]  A.  H.  B. 

BREWER,  GEORGE  (b.  1766),  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  a  son  of  John  Brewer, 
well  known  as  a  connoisseur  of  art,  and 
was  born  in  1766.  In  his  youth  he  served 
as  a  midshipman  under  Lord  Hugh  Seymour, 
Rowland  Cotton,  and  others  (Biog.  Dram.  i. 
67),  and  visited  America,  India,  China,  and 
North  Europe.  In  1791  he  was  made  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Swedish  navy.  Afterwards 
abandoning  the  sea,  he  read  for  law  in  Lon- 
don, and  established  himself  as  an  attorney. 
He  is  believed  to  have  written  a  novel, '  Tom 
Weston/whenin  the  navy,  but  his  first  appeal 
to  the  public  of  which  there  is  evidence  was 
a  comedy,  (  How  to  be  Happy,'  acted  at  the 
Haymarket  in  August  1794.  After  three 
nights,  '  owing  to  the  shaft  of  malevolence/ 
this  comedy  was  withdrawn,  and  it  was  never 
printed.  In  1795  Brewer  wrote  *  The  Motto, 
or  the  History  of  Bill  Woodcock,'  2  vols. ; 


Brewer 


293 


Brewer 


and  he  wrote  '  Bannian  Day,'  a  musical  en- 
tertainment in  two  acts,  which  was  published 
and  performed  at  the  Haymarket  in  the  same 
year  for  seven  or  eight  nights,  though  but '  a 
poor  piece.'  In  1799  the  '  Man  in  the  Moon,' 
one  act,  attributed  to  Brewer,  was  announced 
for  the  opening  night  of  the  season  at  the  Hay- 
market,  but  its  production  was  evaded,  and 
it  disappeared  from  the  bills.  The  next  year 
(1800)  Brewer  published  a  pamphlet,  '  The 
Eights  of  the  Poor,'  &c.,  dedicating  it  to 
'Men  who  have  great  power,  by  one  with- 
out any,'  and  this  received  copious  notice  in 
the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  (Ixx.  1168  et 
seq.)  He  was  writing  at  this  time  also  in 
the  '  European  Magazine,'  some  of  his  contri- 
butions being  '  Siamese  Tales '  and  '  Tales 
of  the  12  Soubahs  of  Indostan ; '  and  some 
essays,  announced  as  after  the  manner  of 
Goldsmith,  which  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  1806  as  '  Hours  of 
Leisure.'  In  1808  Brewer  produced  another 
two- volume  tale,  '  The  Witch  of  Havens- 
worth  ; '  and  about  the  same  time  he  published 
'  The  Juvenile  Lavater,'  stories  for  the  young 
to  illustrate  Le  Brun's '  Passions,'  which  bears 
no  date,  but  of  which  there  were  two  or  more 
issues,  with  slightly  varying  title-pages.  A 
periodical, '  The  Town,'  attempted  by  Brewer 
after  this,  and  stated  by  the  authors  of  the 
'  Biog.  Dram.'  in  1812  to  be '  now  publishing,' 
would  appear  to  have  had  but  a  short  ex- 
istence. The  date  of  Brewer's  death  is  not 
known.  In  his  allusions  to  himself  he  speaks 
of  having  been  'misplaced  or  displaced  in  life,' 
of  having  had  Vicissitude  for  his  tutor,  and  of 
being  luckless  altogether. 

Another  work,  '  The  Law  of  Creditor  and 
Debtor,'  is  set  down  in  '  Biographica  Drama- 
tica,'  and  in  Allibone,  as  by  Brewer ;  and 
Allibone  gives  in  addition  '  Maxims  of  Gal- 
lantry,' 1793,  and  states  1791  as  the  date  of 
publication  of  '  Tom  Weston,'  but  there  is  no 
trace  of  either  of  these  works  in  the  British 
Museum. 

[Baker's  Biog.  Dram.  i.  67,  ii.  48,  311,  iii.  13  ; 
Introd.  to  Brewer's  The  Motto,  pp.  v-vii ;  Introd. 
to  Brewer's  Hours  of  Leisure,  pp.  xiv,  xvi ; 
Genest's  Hist,  of  Engl.  Stage,  vii.  275  ;  Biog. 
Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  p.  37.]  J.  H. 

BREWER,  JAMES  NORRIS  (/.  1799- 
1829),  topographer  and  novelist,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  a  merchant  of  London.  He 
wrote  many  romances  and  topographical 
compilations,  the  best  of  the  latter  being 
his  contributions  to  the  series  called  the 
*  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales.'  All  the 
former  are  now  forgotten.  The  titles  of  his 
works  are  as  follows :  1.  '  A  Winter's  Tale, 
a  romance,'  1799,  4  vols.  12mo ;  2nd  edit., 


1811.  2.    '  Some  Thoughts  on  the  Present 
State  of  the  English  Peasantry,'  1807,  8vo. 
3.  '  Secrets  made  Public,  a  novel,'  4  vols., 
1808,   12mo.      4.    'The  Witch   of  Ravens- 
worth,'  2  vols.,  1808,  12mo.    5.  '  Mountville 
Castle,  a  Village  Story,'  3  vols.,  1808, 12mo. 
6.  '  A  Descriptive  and  Historical  Account  of 
various  Palaces  and  Public  Buildings,  Eng- 
lish and  Foreign ;  with  Biographical  Notices 
of  their  Founders   or   Builders,  and   other 
eminent   persons,'  1810,  4to.      7.  '  An  Old 
Family  Legend,'  4  vols.,  1811, 12mo.  8.  '  Sir 
Ferdinand  of  England,  a  romance,'  4  vols., 

1812,  12mo.     9.  'Sir  Gilbert  Easterling,  a 
romance,'  4  vols.  12mo,  1813.     10.  '  History 
of  Oxfordshire  '  ('  Beauties  of  England  and 
Wales'),   1813,   8vo.      11.  'Warwickshire,' 
1814.     12.    'Middlesex,'  1816.     13.   'Intro- 
duction to   the   Beauties   of  England   and 
Wales,  comprising  observations  on  the  Bri- 
tons,  the   Romans  in   Britain,  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  the  Anglo-Danes,  and  the  Normans,' 
1818,  8vo.     14.  '  Histrionic  Topography,  or 
the   Birthplaces,   Residences,    and   Funeral 
Monuments  of  the  most  distinguished  Ac- 
tors,' 1818,  8vo.     15.  '  The  Picture  of  Eng- 
land, or  Historical  and  Descriptive  Delinea- 
tions of  the  most  curious  Works  of  Nature 
and  Art  in  each  County,'  1820,  8vo.  16.  '  The 
Delineations    of  Gloucestershire,'  4to.     17. 
'The  Beauties  of  Ireland,'  1826,^2  vols.  8vo. 
18.  '  The  Fitzwalters,  Barons  of  Chesterton ; 
or  Ancient  Times  in  England,'  1829,  4  vols. 
12mo.     Brewer  was   a   contributor  to   the 
'Universal,'  ' Monthly,'  and  'Gentleman's' 
magazines. 

[Biog.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816  ;  Walt's 
Bibl.  Brit. ;  Monthly  Eeview,  2nd  ser.,  Iviii.  217.] 

C.  W.  S. 

BREWER,  JEHOIADA  (1752  P-1817), 
dissenting  minister,  was  born  at  Newport  in 
Monmouthshire  about  1752.  Influenced  by 
a  minister  of  Lady  Huntingdon's  connection, 
he  took  to  preaching  in  the  villages  around 
Bath,  and  afterwards  preached  with  remark- 
able popularity  throughout  Monmouthshire. 
Intending  to  enter  the  national  church,  he 
applied  for  ordination,  but  was  refused  by 
the  bishop.  Brewer  persisted  in  preaching, 
whether  ordained  or  not,  and  for  some  years 
he  settled  at  Rodborough  in  Gloucestershire. 
He  afterwards  attracted  a  large  congregation 
at  Sheffield,  where  he  spent  thirteen  years, 
and  ultimately  settled  at  Birmingham,  where 
his  ministry  at  Livery  Street  was  numerously 
attended  to  the  close  of  his  life.  He  died 
24  Aug.  1817.  A  spacious  chapel  was  being 
built  for  him  at  the  time  he  died,  and  he 
was  buried  in  the  grounds  adjoining  the  un- 
finished edifice.  A  specimen  of  Brewer's 


Brewer 


294 


Brewer 


preaching  is  printed  as  part  of  the  service  at 
the  ordination  of  Jonathan  Evans  at  Foles- 
hill  in  1797,  and  Brewer's  oration  at  the 
burial  of  Samuel  Pearce  at  Birmingham  was 
printed  with  Dr.  Rylands's  sermon  on  the 
same  occasion  in  1799.  Brewer  is  now  re- 
membered only  by  a  single  hymn,  printed 
with  the  signature  of  '  Sylvestris '  in  the 
'  Gospel  Magazine/  1776.  A  portrait  of  him 
was  inserted  in  the  '  Christian's  Magazine,' 
1791.  A  different  portrait  of  him  appeared 
in  the  '  Evangelical  Magazine '  in  1799. 

[Evangelical  Magazine,  October  1817 ;  Bishop's 
Christian  Memorials  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
1826  ;  G-adsby's  Hymn  Writers,  1855.] 

J.  H.  T. 

BREWER,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1744-1822), 
an  English  Benedictine  monk,  who  assumed 
in  religion  the  Christian  name  of  Bede,  was 
born  in  1744.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  to 
the  mission  at  Bath.  He  built  a  new  chapel 
in  St.  James's  Parade  in  that  city,  and  it  was 
to  have  been  opened  on  11  June  1780,  but 
the  delegates  from  Lord  George  Gordon's 
'  No  Popery '  association  so  inflamed  the 
fanaticism  of  the  mob  that  on  9  June  the 
edifice  was  demolished,  as  well  as  the  pres- 
bytery in  Bell-tree  Lane.  The  registers, 
diocesan  archives,  and  Bishop  Walmesley's 
library  and  manuscripts  perished  in  the 
flames ;  and  Dr.  Brewer  had  a  narrow  escape 
from  the  fury  of  the  rioters.  The  ringleader 
was  tried  and  executed,  and  Dr.  Brewer  re- 
covered 3,7361.  damages  from  the  hundred 
of  Bath. 

In  1781  the  duties  of  president  of  his 
brethren  called  Dr.  Brewer  away  from  Bath. 
Subsequently  Woolton,  near  Liverpool,  be- 
came his  principal  place  of  residence,  and 
there  he  died  on  18  April  1822. 

He  brought  out  the  second  edition  of  the 
Abb6  Luke  Joseph  Hooke's  '  Religio  Natu- 
ralis  et  Revelata,'  3  vols.,  Paris,  1774,  8vo, 
to  which  he  added  several  dissertations. 

[Oliver's  Hist,  of  the  Catholic  Eeligion  in 
Cornwall,  56,  508  ;  Biog.  Univ.  Suppl.  Ixvii. 
291.]  T.  C. 

BREWER,  JOHN  SHERREN  (1810- 
1879),  historical  writer,  was  the  son  of  a 
Norwich  schoolmaster  who  bore  the  same 
Christian  names.  His  family  originally  be- 
longed to  Kent.  His  father  was  brought  up 
in  the  church  of  England,  but  became  a  bap- 
tist. He  was  a  good  biblical  scholar,  and 
devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  Hebrew. 
He  had  a  large  family,  but  only  four  sons 
grew  up,  of  whom  John  Sherren,  the  eldest, 
notwithstanding  his  father's  nonconformist 
leanings,  was  sent  to  Oxford,  where,  having 


joined  the  church  of  England,  he  entered 
Queen's  College,  and  obtained  a  first  class  in 
literis  humanionbus  in  1832.  In  his  Oxford 
years  every  one  seems  to  have  been  struck 
with  the  extraordinary  range  of  his  reading. 
For  a  short  time  he  remained  at  the  university 
as  a  private  tutor,  but  he  shut  himself  out 
from  a  fellowship  by  an  early  marriage.  In 
1870  he  was  elected  honorary  fellow  of  Queen's 
College.  During  this  time  (1836)  he  brought 
out  an  edition  of  Aristotle's  '  Ethics.'  His 
domestic  life  was  soon  clouded,  first  by  a 
great  change  of  circumstances,  his  father-in- 
law  having  lost  a  fortune ;  afterwards  by  the 
death  and  infirmity  of  some  of  his  children. 
He  removed  to  London,  where  he  took  deacon's 
orders  in  1837,  and  was  the  same  day  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  the  workhouse  of  the 
united  parishes  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields  and 
St.  George,  Bloomsbury. 

He  had  been  strongly  influenced  by  the 
Oxford  movement  of  those  days,  and  retained 
to  the  last,  notwithstanding  differences,  a 
very  warm  regard  for  its  leader,  Cardinal 
Newman.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  duties 
of  his  chaplaincy  with  a  zeal  which  was 
gratefully  remembered  by  old  persons  forty 
years  after.  One  result  of  his  experience  was 
a  lecture  on  workhouse  visiting,  which  is  in- 
cluded in  a  volume  entitled  '  Lectures  to 
Ladies  on  Practical  Subjects,'  published  in 
1855.  He  valued  highly,  but  not  fantasti- 
cally, the  artistic  element  in  religious  wor- 
ship, and  from  the  first  taught  the  boys,  and 
even  some  of  the  older  inmates,  of  the  work- 
house to  sing  the  psalms  to  the  Gregorian 
chants.  When  the  church  adjoining  the 
workhouse  in  Endell  Street  was  built,  it  was 
proposed  that  the  chaplaincy  should  be  united 
with  the  incumbency,  and  that  Brewer  should 
be  the  first  incumbent.  He  took  great  inte- 
rest in  the  architecture,  making  models  with 
his  own  hand  in  cardboard  and  bark.  But 
a  difference  of  opinion  with  the  rector  of  St. 
Giles  prevented  his  appointment,  and  made 
him  resign  the  chaplaincy,  after  which,  though 
he  assisted  other  clergymen  at  times,  he  for 
many  years  held  no  cure. 

Meanwhile,  for  a  short  time  he  found  some 
employment  in  the  British  Museum.  Before 
leaving  Oxford,  he  had  drawn  up  for  the 
Record  Commission  a  catalogue  of  the  manu- 
scripts in  some  of  the  colleges  there.  In  1839 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  in  classical  litera- 
ture at  King's  College,  London.  His  friend, 
the  Rev.  F.  D.  Maurice,  became  professor  of 
English  literature  and  modern  history  the  year 
after  ;  and  from  that  time,  notwithstanding 
some  differences  in  their  views,  he  most  cor- 
dially co-operated  with  him  in  many  things. 
After  the  removal  of  Mr.  Maurice  from  King's 


Brewer 


295 


Brewer 


College,  Brewer,  in  1855,  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  the  English  language  and  literature 
and  lecturer  in  modern  history.  An  ardent 
lover  of  the  classics,  he  was  not  less  devoted 
to  English  literature,  the  study  of  which  he 
invariably  combined  with  that  of  modern  his- 
tory as  the  only  mode  of  making  either  study 
fruitful ;  and  his  method  of  teaching  was 
highly  calculated  to  awaken  the  best  thinking 
power  in  his  hearers.  His  classes  both  at 
King's  College  and  afterwards  in  the  Work- 
ing Men's  College,  where  he  for  some  years  as- 
sisted Mr.  Maurice,  and  ultimately  succeeded 
him  as  principal,  were  always  numerously 
attended  by  a  highly  interested  audience. 

He  was  also  busy  with  his  pen — at  first 
mainly  as  a  journalist.  From  about  the  year 
1854  he  continued  for  six  years  to  write  in 
the  columns  of  the  '  Morning  Post/  the 

*  Morning  Herald,'  and  the   '  Standard,'   of 
which  last  paper  he  became  the  editor.     He 
resigned  in  consequence  of  a  dispute  with 
the  manager   about   the   employment   of  a 
Roman   catholic  contributor,  whose  claims 
he   supported.     Thoroughly  liberal-minded, 
he  appreciated  every  man's  capacity,  what- 
ever his  leanings  might  be,  and  strove   to 
give  every  one  a  fair  field  for  his  talents. 
But  he  soon  became  absorbed  in  other  work, 
far  less  remunerative,  though  in  his  eyes  of 
very  high  importance  ;  and  after  quitting  the 

*  Standard '  he  wrote  little  in  any  newspaper 
except  a  number  of  very  strong  letters  in  the 
'  Globe '  against  the  policy  of  disestablishing 
the  Irish  Church.      In  1856  he  was  com- 
missioned by  the  master  of  the  rolls,  Sir  John 
Romilly,  to  prepare  a  calendar  of  the  state 
papers  of  Henry  VIII — a  work  of  peculiar 
labour,  involving  concurrent  investigations 
at  the  Record  Office  and  the  British  Museum, 
as  well  as  at  Lambeth  and   other  public 
libraries  ;  and  in  this  he  continued  to  be  en- 
gaged till  the  day  of  his  death.     His  advice 
was  for  a  long  time  continually  sought  by 
Sir  Thomas  Hardy,  the  deputy-keeper  of  the 
public  records,  on  matters  connected  with 
the  literary  work  of  the  office.    He  was  also 
appointed  by  Lord  Romilly  reader  at  the 
Rolls,  and  afterwards  preacher  there — a  post 
of  greater  name  than  emolument.    Some  years 
later  he  was  consulted  by  the  delegates  of 
the  Clarendon  Press  as  to  a  projected  series 
of  English  classics,  of  which  several  volumes 
have  now  been  published.     The  plan  of  the 
series  was  drawn  up  by  Brewer,  and  it  was 
intended  that  he  should  write  a  general  in- 
troduction to  it ;  but  he  died  before  the  scheme 
was  sufficiently  advanced  to  enable  him  to 
do  so. 

In  1877  the  crown  living  of  Toppesfield  in 
Essex  was  given  to  him  by  Mr.  Disraeli,  who 


was  then  prime  minister.  He  gave  up  his  pro- 
fessorship at  King's  College,  but  still  remained 
editor  of  the  calendar  of  Henry  VIII,  though 
he  endeavoured  to  take  his  editorial  work 
more  lightly,  while  he  threw  himself  into  his 
parochial  duties  with  the  zeal  and  energy  he 
had  displayed  in  everything  else.  For  some 
time  his  usually  robust  health  had  been 
slightly  impaired.  In  February  1879  he 
caught  cold  after  a  long  walk  to  visit  a  sick 
parishioner.  The  illness  soon  affected  his 
heart,  and  in  three  days  he  died. 

His  principal  works  are  those  which 'he 
produced  for  the  Record  Office,  among  which 
the  calendar  of  '  Letters  and  Papers  of  the 
Reign  of  Henry  VIII '  holds  the  first  place. 
The  prefaces  to  the  volumes  of  this  calendar 
have  been  collected  and  published  in  a  sepa- 
rate form  with  the  title  of  'the  Reign  of 
Henry  VIII,'  1884,  under  the  editorship  of 
J.  Gairdner.  And  besides  some  other  calen- 
dars and  official  reports,  his  '  Monumenta 
Franciscana,'and  his  editions  of  certain  works 
of  Roger  Bacon  and  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  also 
published  for  the  master  of  the  rolls,  deserve 
particular  mention.  Besides  these  he  pub- 
lished, through  ordinary  channels,  Bishop 
Goodman's  account  of  the  '  Court  of  King 
James  I.,'  an  admirable  edition  of  Fuller's 
*  Church  History,'  another  of  Bacon's '  Novum 
Organum,'  '  An  Elementary  Atlas  of  History 
and  Geography,'  and  the  '  Student's  Hume/ 
revised  edition  1878.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  some  treatises  published  by  the  Chris- 
tian Knowledge  Society  on  the  'Athanasian 
Creed'  and  the  '  Endowments  and  Establish- 
ment of  the  Church  of  England.'  Early  in 
his  career  he  had  also  undertaken  an  edition 
of  Field's  l  Book  of  the  Church/  of  which, 
however,  only  one  volume  was  issued,  in 
1843.  Dr.  Wace  edited  in  1881  his  '  English 
Studies/  reprinted  from  the  '  Quarterly  Re- 
view.' 

[Memoir  prefixed  to  Brewer's  English  Studies 
by  Dr.  Wace,  supplemented  by  personal  know- 
ledge and  information  derived  from  the  family.] 

J.GK 

BREWER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1743  ?),  bota- 
nist, was  a  native  of  Trowbridge  in  Wiltshire, 
where  he  possessed  a  small  estate,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  woollen  manufacture,  but  seems 
bo  have  been  unsuccessful  in  business.  He 
communicated  some  plants  to  Dillenius  for  the 
third  edition  of  Ray's  '  Synopsis/  published 
in  1724,  and  accompanied  the  editor  in  1726 
from  Trowbridge  to  the  Mendips,  and  thence 
to  Bristol,  passing  onward  to  North  Wales 
and  Anglesey.  Brewer  remained  in  Bangor 
for  more  than  a  twelvemonth,  botanising 
with  Rev.  W.  Green  and  W.  Jones,  and 
sending  dried  plants  to  Dillenius,  particularly 


Brewer 


296 


Brewer 


mosses,  thus  clearing  up  many  doubtful 
points.  In  the  autumn  of  1727  he  went 
into  Yorkshire,  living  at  Bingley,  and  after- 
wards at  Bierley,  near  Dr.  Richardson,  who 
befriended  him.  The  loss  of  20,000/.  of 
his  own  earnings,  and  of  a  large  estate 
left  to  him  by  his  father,  which  was  taken 
by  his  elder  brother,  gave  a  morbid  tone 
to  his  letters.  His  son  was  sent  to  India 
through  the  influence  of  Dr.  James  Sherard 
of  Eltham,  but  the  father  quarrelled  with 
the  doctor  in  1731  about  some  plants.  His 
daughter  also  seems  to  have  acted  ( unduti- 
fully '  towards  him.  He  had  a  small  house 
and  garden  at  Bierley,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  culture  of  plants ;  afterwards  he  be- 
came head-gardener  to  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
at  Badminton,  and  died  at  Bierley,  at  Mr. 
John  Pollard's  house  ;  he  was  buried  close  to 
the  east  wall  of  Cleckheaton  chapel.  Although 
unfortunate  in  business,  he  was  a  good  col- 
lector of  plants,  insects,  and  birds ;  the  bota- 
nical genus  Breweria  was  founded  by  Robert 
Brown  in  his  honour,  and  a  species  of  rock- 
rose,  a  native  of  North  Wales,  discovered 
by  him,  bears  the  name  of  '  Helianthemum 
Breweri.'  He  is  mentioned  in  the  Richard- 
son correspondence  in  1742,  but  the  dates  of 
his  birth  and  death  are  uncertain. 

[Pulteney's  Biog.  Sketches  of  Botany  (1790), 
ii.  188-90;  Richardson  Correspondence,  252, 
270,  273,  276-88,  298,  313,  &c. ;  Dillenius's 
Hist.  Muse.  viii. ;  Nichols's  Illustr.  of  Lit.  i. 
288,  &c. ;  Sloane  MS.  4039.]  B.  D.  J. 

BREWER,  THOMAS  (f.  1624),  miscel- 
laneous writer,  of  whose  life  no  particulars 
are  known,  was  the  author  of  some  tracts  in 
prose  and  verse.  The  first  is  a  prose  tract 
entitled  '  The  Life  and  Death  of  the  Merry 
Deuill  of  Edmonton.  With  the  Pleasant 
Pranks  of  Smug  the  Smith,  Sir  John  and 
mine  Host  of  the  George  about  the  Stealing 
of  Venison.  By  T.  B.,'  London,  1631,  4to, 
black  letter  ;  reprinted  in  1819.  The  author's 
name,  '  Tho.  Brewer,'  is  inscribed  on  the  last 
leaf.  This  piece  was  written  and  probably 

frinted  at  a  much  earlier  date,  for  on  5  April 
608  '  a  booke  called  the  lyfe  and  deathe  of 
the  Merry  Devill  of  Edmonton,  &c.,  by  T.  B., 
was  entered  in  the  Stationers'  Registers  (  An- 
BEK'S  Transcripts,  iii.  374).  Mr.  A.  H.  Huth 
possesses  a  unique  exemplar,  printed  in  1657, 
with  the  name  '  T.  Brewer,  Gent.,'  on  the 
title-page.  The  popularity  of  the  comedy  oJ 
the  '  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton '  doubtless 
suggested  the  title  of  this  droll  tract,  which 
tells  us  little  about  Peter  Fabell,  and  deals 
mainly  with  the  adventures  of  Smug.  In 
1624  Brewer  published  a  small  collection  o: 
satirical  verses,  under  the  title  of 


A  Knot  of  Fooles.     But 
Fooles  or  Knaves  or  both  I  care  not, 
Here  they  are  ;  come  laugh  and  spare  not, 
4to,  14  leaves,  2nd  ed.  1658.    The  stanzas  to 
;he  reader  are  signed '  Tho.  Brewer ; '  they  are 
followed  by  a  dialogue  between  fools  of  va- 
rious sorts.     The  body  of  the  work  consists 
of  satirical  couplets,  under  separate  titles, 
on  the  vices  of  the  day.      '  Pride  teaching 
Humility,'  the  concluding  piece,  is  in  seven- 
ine  stanzas.     Brewer's  next  production  was 
a  series  of  poems  descriptive  of  the  plague, 
entitled  '  The  Weeping  Lady,  or  London  like 
Nlnivie  in  sack-cloth.    Describing  the  Mappe 
of  her  owne  Miserie  in  this  time  of  Her  heavy 
Visitation  .  .  .  Written  by  T.  B.,'  1625,  4to, 
14  leaves.     The  dedication  to  Walter  Leigh, 
esq.,  and  the  Epistle  to  the  Reader  are  signed 
'  Tho.  Brewer.'     On  the  title-page  is  a  wood- 
cut (repeated  on  the  verso  of  A  3)  repre- 
senting a  preacher  addressing  a  crowd  from 
St.  Paul's  Cross  ;  a  scroll  issuing  from  his 
mouth  bears  the   inscription,  '  Lorde,  haue 
mercy  on  vs.     Weepe,  fast,  and  pray.'    Each 
page,  both  at  top  and  bottom,  has  a  mourning- 
border  of  deep  black.     The  most  striking  part 
of  the  tract  is  a  description  of  the  flight  of 
citizens  from  the  metropolis,  and  of  the  suf- 
ferings which  they  underwent  in  their  at- 
tempts to  reach  a  place  of  safety.     Two  other 
tracts  by  Brewer  relating  to  the  plague  were 
published  by  H.  Gosson  in  1636  :  (1)  <  Lord 
have  Mercy  upon  us.     The  World,  a  Sea,  a 
Pest  House,'  4to,  12  leaves ;  (2)  '  A  Dialogue 
betwixt  a  Cittizen  and  a  poore  Countrey-man 
and  his  Wife.     London  Trumpet  sounding 
into  the  country.      When  death   drives  the 
grave  thrives?  A  copy  of  the  last-named  tract 
(or  tracts?)  was  in  Heber's  library  (Bibl. 
Heber.  pt.  viii.  No.  234).   In  1637  Brewer  con- 
tributed to  a  collection  of  verse,  entitled '  The 
Phoenix  of  these  late  times,  or  the  Life  of  Mr. 
Henry  Welby,  Esq.,'  4to.     Lemon  ascribes 
to  Brewer  a  broadside  by  T.  B.  (preserved 
in  the  library  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries), 
entitled '  Mistress  Turner's  Repentance,  who, 
about  the  poysoning  of  the  Ho.  Knight  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,  was  executed  the  four- 
teenth day  of  November  last,'  1615.     '  Lon- 
don's Triumph,'  1656,  by  T.  B.,  a  descrip- 
tive pamphlet  of  the  lord  mayor's  show  for 
that  year,  is  probably  by  Brewer.     Brewer 
has  commendatory  verses  in  Taylor's '  Works ' 
(1630),  and  in  Heywood's  '  Exemplary  Lives 
.  .  .  of  Nine  the  most  worthy  Women  of 
the  World '  (1640). 

[Corser's  Collectanea ;  Collier's  Bibliographical 
Catalogue ;  Hazlitt's  Handbook ;  Arber's  Tran- 
scripts, iii.  165  ;  Bibliotheca  Heberiana,  pt.  viii. 
No.  234  ;  Catalogue  of  Huth  Library  ;  Fairholt's 
Lord  Mayors'  Pageants,  ii.  282.]  A.  H.  B. 


Brewer 


297 


Brewer 


BREWER,  THOMAS  (b.  1611),  a  cele- 
brated performer  on  the  viol,  was  born  (pro- 
bably in  the  parish  of  Christchurch,  Newgate 
Street)  in  1611.  His  father,  Thomas  Brewer, 
was  a  poulterer,  and  his  mother's  Christian 
name  was  True.  On  9  Dec.  1614  Brewer 
was  admitted  to  Christ's  Hospital,  although 
he  was  only  three  years  old.  Here  he  re- 
mained until  20  June  1626,  when  he  left 
school,  and  was  apprenticed  to  one  Thomas 
Warner.  He  learnt  the  viol  at  Christ's 
Hospital  from  the  school  music-master,  but 
although  his  compositions  are  met  with  in 
most  of  the  printed  collections  of  Playford 
and  Hilton,  published  in  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  nothing  is  known  as 
to  his  biography.  His  printed  works  con- 
sist chiefly  of  rounds,  catches,  and  part-songs, 
but  in  the  Music  School  Collection  at  Oxford 
are  preserved  three  instrumental  pieces,  con- 
sisting of  airs,  pavins,  corrantos,  &c.,  for 
which  kind  of  composition  he  seems  to  have 
been  noted.  Two  pieces  by  him  are  in  Eliza- 
beth Rogers's  Virginal  Book  (Add.  MS. 
10337).  In  a  collection  of  anecdotes  (Harl. 
MS.  6395),  formed  by  one  of  the  L'Estrange 
family  in  the  seventeenth  century,  the  follow- 
ing story  is  told  on  the  authority  of  a  Mr. 
Jenkins:  'Thorn:  Brewer,  my  Mus:  seruant, 
through  his  Pronenesse  togood-Fellowshippe, 
hauing  attaind  to  a  very  Rich  and  Rubicund 
Nose ;  being  reproued  by  a  Friend  for  his  too 
frequent  vse  of  strong  Drinkes  and  Sacke ; 
as  very  Pernicious  to  that  Distemper  and 
Inflamation  in  his  Nose.  Nay — Faith,  sayes 
he,  if  it  will  not  endure  sack,  it's  no  Nose 
for  me.'  The  date  of  Brewer's  death  is  un- 
known. 

[Bodl.  Lib.  MSS.  Wood,  19  D  (4),  No.  106; 
Records  of  Christ's  Hospital  (communicated  by 
Mr.  R.  Little)  ;  Hawkins's  Hist,  of  Music  (ed. 
1853),  ii.  569  ;  Burney's  Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  478  ; 
Catalogue  of  Music  School  Collection ;  Harl. 
MS.  6395  ;  Grove's  Diet,  of  Music,  i.  275  a.] 

W.  B.  S. 

BREWER,  BRIWERE,  or  BRUER, 
WILLIAM  (d.  1226),  baron  and  judge,  the 
son  of  Henry  Brewer  (DTJGDALE,  Baronage), 
was  sheriff'  of  Devon  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  reign  of  Henry  II,  and  was  a  jus- 
tice itinerant  in  1187.  He  bought  land  at 
Ilesham  in  Devon,  and  received  from  the 
king  the  office  of  forester  of  the  forest  of 
Bere  in  Hampshire.  A  story  told  by  Roger 
of  Wendover  (iv.  238),  which  represents 
Richard  as  whispering  to  Geoffrey  FitzPeter 
and  William  Brewer  his  reverence  for  the 
bishops  who  were  consulting  together  before 
him,  tends  to  show,  if  indeed  the  king  were 
not  merely  acting,  that  he  treated  Brewer 


as  a  familiar  friend.  When  Richard  left  Eng- 
land, in  December  1189,  he  appointed  Brewer 
to  be  one  of  the  four  justices  to  whom  he 
committed  the  charge  of  the  kingdom.  Brewer 
was  at  first  a  subordinate  colleague  of  Hugh, 
bishop  of  Durham,  the  chief  justiciar.  Before 
long,  however,  Bishop  Hugh  was  displaced  by 
the  chancellor,  William  Longchamp,  bishop 
of  Ely.  When  the  king  heard  of  the  insolence 
and  unpopularity  of  the  chancellor,  he  wrote 
to  Brewer  and  his  companions,  telling  them 
i  that  if  he  was  unfaithful  in  his  office  they  were 
|  to  act  as  they  thought  best  as  to  the  grants  of 
escheats  and  castles,  and  wrote  also  to  the 
chancellor,  bidding  him  act  in  conjunction 
j  with  his  colleagues.  At  a  great  council  held 
I  at  St.  Paul's,  on  8  Oct.  1191,  the  Archbishop 
j  of  Rouen  produced  a  letter  from  the  king 
I  appointing  him  justiciar  in  place  of  Long- 
|  champ,  and  naming  Brewer  and  others  as 
|  his  assistants.  Brewer  evidently  was  promi- 
i  nent  in  the  proceedings  taken  against  the 
chancellor;  for  his  name  is  on  the  list  of 
the  bishops  and  barons  whom  the  displaced 
minister  threatened  with  excommunication. 
In  1193  he  left  England  to  assist  the  king, 
then  in  captivity,  at  his  interview  with  the 
Emperor  Henry  VI.  He  arrived  at  Worms 
on  29  July,  the  day  on  which  the  terms  of 
the  king's  release  were  finally  arranged. 
After  this  matter  was  settled,  Richard  sent 
him,  in  company  with  the  Bishop  of  Ely  '  and 
other  wise  men,'  to  arrange  a  peace  with 
Philip  of  France.  The  treaty  was  signed  on 
9  July  at  Nantes.  On  the  king's  return  to 
England  in  the  spring  of  1194,  Brewer  and 
others  who  had  been  concerned  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  the  chancellor  were  deprived 
of  the  sheriffdoms  they  then  held,  but  were 
appointed  to  other  counties,  '  as  if  the  king, 
although  he  could  not  dispense  with  their 
services,  wished  to  show  his  disapproval  of 
their  conduct  in  the  matter '  (STTJBBS,  Const. 
Hist.  i.  503).  A  serious  dispute  having 
arisen  between  Geoffrey,  archbishop  of  York, 
and  his  chapter,  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, who  was  at  that  time  the  justiciar,  sent 
Brewer  with  other  judges  to  York  in  July  to 
settle  the  quarrel.  They  summoned  the  arch- 
bishop, and  on  his  refusing  to  appear  seized 
his  manors,  and  caused  the  canons  whom  he 
had  displaced  to  be  again  installed.  Brewer 
also  appears  as  one  of  the  justices  who  were 
sent  on  the  great  visitation,  or  '  iter,'  in  the 
following  September.  In  1196  he  founded 
the  abbey  of  Torr  in  Devon,  as  a  house  of 
Prsemonstratensian  canons  (DTJGDALE,  Mon. 
vi.  923).  During  the  reign  of  Richard  he  be- 
came lord  of  the  manor  of  Sumburne,  near 
Southampton,  and  held  the  sheriffdoms  of 
Devonshire,  Oxfordshire,  Buckinghamshire, 


Brewer 


298 


Brewer 


Berkshire,  Nottinghamshire,  and  Derbyshire 
(DTJGDALE,  Bar.}  He  married  Beatrice  de 
Valle.  In  1201  Brewer  founded  the  abbey 
of  Motisfont  as  a  house  of  Augustinian  ca- 
nons. This  foundation  has  been  ascribed  to 
his  son  William  {Ann.  de  Osen.},  but  the 
charters  of  the  abbey  prove  that  it  was  the 
work  of  the  father  (Mon.  vi.  480).  On  15  Aug. 
of  the  same  year  he  was  present  as  founder 
at  the  foundation  of  the  Cistercian  abbey  of 
Dunkeswell  in  Devonshire.  He  is  said  also 
to  have  founded  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of 
Polslo  in  that  county  (Ann.  de  Margam ; 
Mon.  iv.  425,  v.  678). 

During  the  reign  of  John,  Brewer  held  a 
prominent  place  among  the  king's  counsel- 
lors. His  name  appears  among  the  witnesses 
of  the  disgraceful  treaty  made  with  Philip 
at  Thouars  in  1206.  When  an  attempt  was 
made  to  reconcile  the  king  to  Archbishop 
Langton  in  1209,  he  joined  Geoffrey  Fitz- 
Peter  and  others  in  guaranteeing  the  arch- 
bishop's safety  during  his  visit  to  England, 
and  saw  him  safely  out  of  the  kingdom. 
During  the  period  of  the  interdict  he  strongly 
upheld  the  king,  and  is  mentioned  by  Wen- 
dover  (iii.  238)  as  one  of  John's  evil  advisers, 
who  cared  for  nothing  else  save  to  please  their 
master.  The  king's  extortions  from  the  clergy, 
the  monks,  and  especially  the  Cistercians, 
were  in  obedience  to  Brewer's  advice,  and  in 
1210  he  caused  the  king  to  forbid  the  Cister- 
cian monks  to  attend  the  annual  chapter  of 
their  order — a  sin  which,  according  to  Paris, 
brought  him  and  others  concerned  to  a  sor- 
rowful end.  He  signed  the  treaty  made  by 
John  with  the  Count  of  Boulogne  in  May 
1212.  On  15  May  1213  he  signed  the  charter 
by  which  John  surrendered  the  crown  and 
kingdom  of  England  to  Innocent  III,  and  on 
21  Nov.  1214  the  charter  granting  freedom  of 
election  to  sees  and  abbeys,  by  which  the  king 
hoped  to  win  the  English  church  to  his  side. 
WThen  the  barons  made  a  confederation  against 
the  king  at  Brackley  in  1215,  and  drew  up 
the  list  of  their  demands,  Brewer  refused  to 
join  them.  After  their  entry  into  London, 
however,  he  and  other  ministers  of  the  king 
were  compelled  to  act  with  the  baronial 
party,  and  his  name  appears  among  the  signa- 
tures subscribed  to  the  great  charter.  His 
heart,  however,  was  by  no  means  in  the 
work,  and  when  war  broke  out  he  became 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  army  left  by  John 
to  watch  the  baronial  forces,  cut  off  their 
supplies,  and  ravage  their  lands.  On  the 
death  of  John  he  assisted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  at  Gloucester  on  28  Oct.  1216. 
He  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  young 
king  against  the  French,  and  joined  with 
other  barons  in  pledging  himself  to  ransom 


all  prisoners  belonging  to  the  king's  party. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  guaranteed  the 
observance  of  the  treaty  of  Lambeth  on 
11  Sept.  1217,  though  he  did  not  approve  of 
the  moderate  terms  granted  to  Louis  (Ann. 
Wav.}  The  next  year  he  was  present  with 
the  king  and  court  at  the  dedication  of  the 
cathedral  church  of  Worcester,  to  which  he 
afterwards  presented  a  chalice  of  gold  of 
four  marks  weight,  '  not  to  be  removed  from 
the  church  save  for  fire,  hunger,  or  necessary 
ransom '  (Ann.  Wig.}  With  the  restlessness 
and  plots  of  the  foreign  party  Brewer  had  no 
sympathy,  and,  indeed,  seems  to  have  acted 
in  full  accord  with  the  justiciar  Hubert  de 
Burgh.  In  1221  he  sat  as  one  of  the  barons 
of  the  exchequer  (Foss,  Biog.  Jurid.}  He 
was  one  of  the  favourite  counsellors  of 
Henry  III,  and  his  influence  with  the  king 
was  not  for  good.  For  example,  when  in 
January  1223  Archbishop  Langton  and  the 
lords  demanded  that  Henry,  who  was  then 
holding  his  Christmas  festival  at  Oxford, 
should  confirm  the  great  charter,  Brewer 
answered  for  the  king,  and  said :  *  The  liber- 
ties you  ask  for  ought  not  to  be  observed ; 
for  they  were  extorted  by  force.'  Indignant 
at  this  declaration,  the  archbishop  rebuked 
him.  '  William,'  he  said,  *  if  you  loved  the 
king  you  would  not  disturb  the  peace  of  the 
kingdom.'  The  king  saw  that  the  archbishop 
was  angry,  and  at  once  yielded  to  his  demand 
(RoG.  WEND.  iv.  84).  Later  in  the  same 
year  Honorius  III  associated  Brewer  with 
the  Bishop  of  Winchester  and  the  justiciar 
in  a  letter  declaring  Henry  to  be  of  full  age. 
He  died  in  1226,  having  assumed,  probably 
when  actually  dying,  as  was  not  infrequently 
done,  the  habit  of  a  monk  at  Dunkeswell, 
and  was  buried  there  in  the  church  he  had 
founded.  During  the  reigns  of  John  and 
Henry  III  he  acquired  great  possessions.  By 
John  he  was  made  guardian  of  Henry  Percy 
and  of  many  other  rich  wards.  He  received 
a  large  number  of  grants  from  the  king,  and 
among  them  the  manor  of  Bridgwater,  with 
an  ample  charter  creating  that  place  a  free 
borough  with  a  market  (DTJGDALE,  Bar.} 
In  this  town  he  founded  the  hospital  of  St. 
John  Baptist,  for  the  maintenance  of  thirteen 
sick  poor,  besides  l  religious '  and  pilgrims 
(Mon.  vi.  662).  In  the  same  reign  he  also 
acquired  half  the  fee  of  the  house  of  Brito  : 
this  acquisition  probably  was  made  unjustly 
('per  potestatem  domini  Willielmi  Bruyere 
veterioris,'  Inq.  p.  m.  49  Sen.  Ill',  Somerset 
Archceol.  Soc.  Proc.  xxi.  ii.  33).  It  included 
the  honour  of  Odcomb,  with  other  places  in 
Somersetshire  and  Devonshire.  The  memory 
of  this  grant  is  preserved  in  the  name  of 
He  Brewers,  a  village  near  Langport,  which 


Brewster 


299 


Brewster 


passed  to  him  along  with.  Odcomb.  One  of 
Brewer's  sons,  Richard,  died  before  him. 
He  left  one  son,  William,  and  five  daughters, 
who  all  married  men  of  wealth  and  impor- 
tance. The  names  of  two  brothers  of  Brewer 
are  preserved,  John  and  Peter  of  Rievaulx. 
Peter  became  a  hermit  at  Motisfont ;  for  a 
document  of  that  house  says  that  he  was 
called  '  The  Holy  Man  in  the  Wall/  and 
that  he  did  many  miracles  (Mon.  vi.  481). 
It  should,  however,  be  noted  that  the  Peter 
of  Rievaulx  who  was  treasurer  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  III  was  the  nephew  or  son  (MATT. 
PARIS,  iii.  220)  of  Peter  des  Roches,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  so,  if  the  Motisfont  docu- 
ment is  of  any  value  at  all,  was  a  different 
man  from  the  hermit  there  spoken  of. 

[Roger  of  Hoveden ;  Roger  of  Wendover,  Eng. 
Hist.  Soc;  Matthew  Paris,  Chron.  Maj.  Rolls 
Ser. ;  R.  of  Diceto,  Twysden ;  Benedictus  Abbas, 
Rolls  Ser. ;  Walter  of  Coventry,  Rolls  Ser. ;  Royal 
Letters,  Henry  III,  Rolls  Ser. ;  Annales  de  Mar- 
gam,  Waverleia,  Oseneia,  Wigornia,  in  Annales 
Monastici,  Rolls  Ser. ;  Dugdale's  Baronage ;  Dug- 
dale's  Monasticon ;  Stubbs's  Constitutional  His- 
tory.] W.  H. 

BREWSTER,  ABRAHAM  (1796-1874), 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  son  of  William 
Bagenal  Brewster  of  Ballinulta,  Wicklow, 
by  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  Thomas  Bates, 
was  born  at  Ballinulta  in  April  1796,  received 
his  earlier  education  at  Kilkenny  College, 
and,  then  proceeding  to  the  university  of  Dub- 
lin in  1812,  took  his  B.  A.  degree  in  1817,  and 
long  after,  in  1847,  his  M.A.  degree.  He  was 
called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1819,  and,  having 
chosen  Leinster  for  his  circuit,  soon  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  sound  lawyer  and  a 
powerful  speaker.  Lord  Plunket  honoured 
him  with  a  silk  gown  on  13  July  1835. 
Notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  Daniel 
O'Connell,  he  was  appointed  legal  adviser  to 
the  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  on  10  Oct. 
1841,  and  was  solicitor-general  of  Ireland 
from  2  Feb.  1846  until  16  July.  By  the  in- 
fluence of  his  friend  Sir  James  Graham,  the 
home  secretary,  he  was  attorney-general  of 
Ireland  from  10  Jan.  1853  until  the  fall  of 
the  Aberdeen  ministry,  10  Feb.  1855. 

Brewster  was  very  active  in  almost  all 
branches  of  his  profession  after  his  resigna- 
tion, and  his  reputation  as  an  advocate  may 
be  gathered  from  the  pages  of  the  '  Irish  Law 
and  Equity  Reports,'  and  in  the  later  series 
of  the  'Irish  Common  Law  Reports,'  the 
*  Irish  Chancery  Reports,'  and  the  '  Irish  Ju- 
rist,' in  all  of  which  his  name  very  frequently 
appears.  Among  the  most  important  cases 
in  which  he  took  part  were  the  Mountgarrett 
case  in  1854,  involving  a  peerage  and  an 


estate  of  10,000/.  a  year ;  the  Carden  abduc- 
tion case  in  July  of  the  same  year ;  the  Yel- 
verton  case,  1861 ;  the  Egmont  will  case, 
1863;  the  Marquis  of  Donegal's  ejectment 
action ;  and  lastly,  the  great  will  cause  of 
Fitzgerald  v.  Fitzgerald,  in  which  Brewster's 
statement  for  the  plaintiff  is  said  to  have 
been  one  of  his  most  successful  efforts. 

On  Lord  Derby  becoming  prime  minister, 
Brewster  succeededFrancis  Blackburne  [q.v.] 
as  lord  justice  of  appeal  in  Ireland  in  July 
1866,  and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  the 
month  of  March  following.  As  lord  chan- 
cellor he  sat  in  his  court  for  the  last  time 
on  17  Dec.  1868,  when  Mr.  Disraeli's  govern- 
ment resigned.  He  then  retired  from  public 
life.  There  are  in  print  only  three  or  four 
judgments  delivered  by  him,  either  in  the  ap- 
pellate court  or  the  court  of  chancery.  As 
far  back  as  January  1853  he  had  been  made 
a  privy  councillor  in  Ireland.  He  died  at 
his  residence,  26  Merrion  Square  South, 
Dublin,  on  26  July  1874,  and  was  buried  at 
Tullow,  co.  Carlow,  on  30  July.  By  his  mar- 
riage in  1819  with  Mary  Ann,  daughter  of 
Robert  Gray  of  Upton  House,  co.  Carlow, 
who  died  in  Dublin  on  24  Nov.  1862,  he 
had  issue  one  son,  Colonel  William  Bagenal 
Brewster,  and  one  daughter,  Elizabeth  Mary, 
wife  of  Mr.  Henry  French,  both  of  whom 
died  in  the  lifetime  of  their  father. 

[Burke'sLord  Chancellors  of  Ireland  (1879), 
pp.  307-14;  Illustrated  London  News  (1874), 
Ixv.  115,  427.]  G.  C.  B. 

BREWSTER,  SIB  DAVID  (1781-1868), 
natural  philosopher,  was  born  at  Jedburgh 
on  11  Dec.  1781.  He  was  the  third  child 
and  second  son  of  James  Brewster,  rector  of 
the  grammar  school  of  Jedburgh,  his  mother 
being  Margaret  Key,  who  is  said  to  have  been 
a  very  accomplished  woman.  She  died  at 
the  age  of  thirty-seven,  when  David  was  only 
nine  years  old,  but  through  his  long  life  he 
retained  a  most  affectionate  memory  of  his 
mother.  The  motherless  family  fell  to  the 
charge  of  Grisel,  the  only  sister,  who  appears 
to  have  discovered  the  genius  of  her  second 
brother,  and,  the  paternal  rule  being  marked 
by  much  severity,  the  sister,  who  was  but 
three  years  older  than  David,  did  her  utmost 
by  fond  indulgence  to  spoil  the  boy. 

It  is  recorded  that  David  was  never  seen 
to  pore  over  his  books,  but  he  always  knew 
his  lessons  and  often  assisted  his  school- 
fellows, keeping  always  a  prominent  place  in 
his  classes.  There  were  four  brothers,  James, 
George,  David,  and  Patrick  [q.  v.],  who  were 
all  remarkable  for  their  intelligence. 

Among  the  citizens  of  Jedburgh  when 
David  Brewster  was  a  boy  were  various  men 


Brewster 


300 


Brewster 


of  original  character,  scientific  tendencies, 
and  inventive  genius.  Chief  among  these 
was  James  Veitch,  a  self-taught  man — as- 
tronomer and  mathematician.  From  this 
man  David  'Brewster  received  his  first  lessons 
in  science.  Veitch  gave  the  boy  many  sug- 
gestive hints  while  he  was  engaged,  when 
but  ten  years  of  age,  in  the  manufacture  of 
a  telescope,  which,  in  writing  to  a  friend  in 
1800,  he  says  had  '  a  greater  resemblance  to 
coffins  or  waterspouts  than  anything  else.' 
In  1793,  at  the  early  age  of  twelve,  David 
went  to  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where 
he  heard  the  lectures  of  Playfair,  Robinson, 
Dugald  Stewart,  and  others.  •  .The  young 
scholar  prepared  for  a  position  in  the  esta- 
blished church  of  Scotland,  of  which  his 
father  was  a  strenuous  supporter.  In  1802 
Brewster,  who  had  been  for  some  time  a 
regular  contributor  to  the  '  Edinburgh  Maga- 
zine,' became  its  editor.  In  1799  he  en- 
gaged in  tuition,  becoming  a  tutor  in  the 
family  of  Captain  Horsbrugh  of  Pirn  in 
Peeblesshire,  which  situation  he  held  until 
1804.  He  wrote  some  love  poetry  to  '  Anna,' 
a  daughter  of  Captain  Horsbrugh,  who  died 
at  an  early  age,  which  was  published  in  the 
'  Edinburgh  Magazine,'  and  also  printed  in 
a  separate  form. 

Having  been  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of 
Edinburgh,  Brewster  preached  his  first  ser-  j 
mon  in  March  1804  in  the  West  Kirk,  before 
a  large  congregation,  amongst  whom  were 
numbers  of  his  fellow-students  and  many 
literary  and  scientific  men.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Paul  says  of  this  effort :  '  He  ascended  the 
pulpit,  and  went  through  the  whole  service, 
for  a  beginner,  evidently  under  excitement, 
most  admirably.'  After  this  he  preached 
frequently  in  Edinburgh,  Leith,  and  else- 
where, and  his  ministrations  were  very  suc- 
cessful, but  they  became  a  source  of  pain 
and  discomfort  to  himself.  He  never  preached 
without  severe  nervousness,  which  sometimes 
produced  faintness.  This  weakness  and  the 
constant  fear  of  failure  led  Brewster  even- 
tually to  decline  a  good  presentation  and  to 
abandon  the  clerical  profession.  In  1800  he 
was  made  an  honorary  M.  A.  of  Edinburgh. 

In  1804  he  entered  the  family  of  General 
Diroon  of  Mount  Annan  in  Dumfriesshire  as 
tutor.  There  he  remained  till  1807,  continuing 
his  scientific  studies  and  literary  pursuits 
with  but  little  interruption,  as  we  find  from 
his  regular  correspondence  with  Mr.  Veitch. 
In  1805,  on  the  resignation  of  Professor 
Playfair,  Brewster  was  spoken  of  as  a  can- 
didate for  the  chair  of  mathematics  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  and  he  received 
promises  of  support  from  Herschel  and  other 
well-known  men  of  science.  Mr.  (after- 


wards Sir  John)  Leslie  had  the  better  claim 
to  the  chair,  and  was  elected  ;  but,  owing  to 
some  unguarded  expression  in  his  work  on 
the  '  Nature  and  Propagation  of  Heat,'  a  cry 
of '  heresy '  was  raised.  '  A  Calm  Observer ' 
published  a  pamphlet  professing  to  adopt 
'  a  mode  of  discussion  remote  from  personal 
invective.'  This  pamphlet,  which  created  an 
intense  excitement,  was  by  David  Brewster. 
In  1807  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  chair  • 
of  mathematics  in  St.  Andrews,  but  without 
success.  He  was,  however,  made  LL.D.  of 
that  university,  and  shortly  after  an  M.A. 
of  Cambridge  ;  he  was  also  elected  a  non- 
resident member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh.  At  this  time  he  was  induced 
to  undertake  the  editorship  of  the  '  Edin- 
burgh Encyclopaedia,'  which  occupied  him  for 
twenty- two  years.  In  1809  he  visited  Lon- 
don, and  he  left  a  diary  minutely  recording 
his  experiences.  Under  31  July  1810  we 
find  '  Married,  set  off  to  the  Trosachs,'  the 
lady  being  Juliet,  the  youngest  daughter  of 
James  Macpherson,  M.P.,  of  Belleville,  better 
known  as  '  Ossian  Macpherson.' 

In   1813  Brewster    sent   his   first    paper 
to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  on  ( Some 
Properties  of  Light.'     In  the  same  year  he 
published  a  '  Treatise  on  New  Philosophical 
Instruments.'     Failing  health  indicated  the 
necessity  of  repose  from  mental  labour,  and 
a  continental  tour  was  ordered  by  his  medi- 
i  cal  advisers.     In  July  1814  he  started  for 
Paris,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
|  Biot,  La  Place,  Poisson,  Berthollet,  Arago, 
,  and  many  other  of  the  French  celebrities  of 
:  science. 

Brewster  also  visited  Switzerland,  esta- 
blished friendships  at  Geneva  with  Pr6vost 
and  Pictet,  and  made  many  important  obser- 
vations on  the  rocks  and  glaciers  of  the  Alps. 
;  In  1814  he  returned  to  work,  with  unabated 
ardour  for  experimental  inquiry.  This  showed 
!  itself  in  a  series  of  papers  contributed  to  the 
Royal  Society,  most  of  them  on  the  'Polari- 
sation  of  Light,'  which  were  continued  through 
several  years.  In  addition  he  published  many 
other  memoirs  in  the  '  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.' 

In  1815  Brewster  became  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  Copley  medal  was 
bestowed  upon  him.  This  was  followed 
three  years  later  by  the  Rumford  medal,  and 
subsequently  by  one  of  the  Royal  medals,  in 
each  case  for  discoveries  in  relation  to  the 
polarisation  of  light.  In  1810  the  French 
Institute  awarded  him  half  of  the  prize  of 
three  thousand  francs  given  for  the  two  most 
important  discoveries  in  physical  science  made 
in  Europe. 

In  this  year  Brewster  invented  the  ka- 


Brewster 


301 


Brewster 


leidoscope,  which  he  patented;  but,  from 
some  defect  in  the  registration  of  the  patent, 
it  was  quickly  pirated,  and  he  never  realised 
anything  by  it.  His  '  Treatise  on  the  Ka- 
leidoscope '  was  published  in  1819. 

The  '  Edinburgh  Magazine '  was  published 
from  1817  under  the  name  of  the  '  Edinburgh 
Philosophical  Journal,'  and  Brewster  edited 
it  in  conjunction  with  Professor  Jameson, 
the  mineralogist,  and  afterwards  alone,  the 
name  being  again  changed  (1819)  to  the 
'Edinburgh  Journal  of  Science.'  Not  only 
was  the  number  of  papers  published  by 
Brewster  at  this  period  of  his  life  remark- 
able, but  the  investigations  which  were  re- 
quired, and  the  discoveries — especially  in  the 
delicate  subject  of  optics — which  they  re- 
corded were  in  every  way  extraordinary.  In 
1813  he  commenced  to  publish  in  the  'Philo- 
sophical Transactions '  a  communication '  On 
some  Properties  of  Light,'  and  in  the  two 
succeeding  years  he  furnished  no  less  than 
nine  papers  on  analogous  subjects.  After  this 
the  phenomena  of  double  refraction  engaged 
his  attention,  and  his  discoveries  occupied 
several  additional  papers. 

In  1820  Brewster  became  a  member  of  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  in  London.  In 
1821  he  was  active  in  founding  the  Royal 
Scottish  Society  of  Arts,  of  which  he  was 
named  director ;  and  in  1822  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  In  this  year  he  edited  a  trans- 
lation of  Legendre's  'Geometry,'  and  also 
four  volumes  of  Professor  Robinson's  '  Essays 
on  Mechanical  Philosophy.'  In  1823  he 
edited  Euler's  'Letters  to  a  German  Prin- 
cess,' writing  copious  notes  and  a  life  of  the 
author.  Between  1819  and  1829  he  appears 
to  have  relaxed  a  little,  but  he  wrote '  On  the 
Periodical  Colours  produced  by  Grooved  Sur- 
faces ; '  he  investigated  '  Elliptic  Polarisation 
by  Metals,'  'The  Optical  Nature  of  the 
Crystalline  Lens,'  'The  Optical  Conditions 
of  the  Diamond,'  and  '  The  Colours  of  Film 
Plates.'  Beyond  these  the  only  paper  com- 
municated to  the  Royal  Society  was  one '  On 
the  Dark  Lines  of  the  Solar  Spectrum,'  in 
which  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  John  Hall 
Gladstone.  In  1825  Brewster  was  made  a 
corresponding  member  of  the  French  Insti- 
tute, and  honours  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
were  crowded  upon  him.  There  was  never 
any  long  intermission  in  his  researches.  In 
1827  he  published  his  account  of  a  new 
system  of  illumination  for  lighthouses,  which 
led  to  a  successful  series  of  experiments  under 
his  direction  in  1833. 

In  1831  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  was  organised,  chiefly 
by  a  few  scientific  men  who  assembled  at  the 


archiepiscopal  palace  near  York,  Brewster 
being  among  them.  The  first  meeting  was 
held  in  York,  when  325  members  enrolled 
their  names.  Brewster  was  especially  active, 
and  he  strove  most  zealously  to  advance 
the  long-neglected  interests  of  science.  In 
this  year  William  IV  sent  to  Brewster  the 
Hanoverian  order  of  the  Guelph,  and  shortly 
afterwards  an  offer  of  ordinary  knighthood 
followed,  the  fees,  amounting  to  1097.,  being 
remitted. 

Sir  David  Brewster's  busy  pen  now  pro- 
duced his  'Treatise  on  Optics'  (1831)  in 
Lardner's  '  Cabinet  Encyclopaedia,'  a  volume 
of  526  pages,  in  which  every  phenomenon 
connected  with  catoptrics  or  dioptrics  known 
up  to  the  time  of  its  publication  was  de- 
scribed with  remarkable  clearness  and  pre- 
cision. About  the  same  time  he  wrote  for 
Murray's  '  Family  Library '  his  '  Life  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,'  and  his  '  Letters  on  Natural 
Magic.'  In  1855  he  proved  the  correspond- 
ence between  Newton  and  Pascal  produced 
by  M.  Chasles  to  be  a  forgery.  An  accident 
arising  through  an  explosion  nearly  robbed 
Brewster  of  his  eyesight ;  but  his  sight  was 
eventually  restored. 

In  1836  Brewster  went  to  Bristol  to  attend 
the  sixth  meeting  of  the  British  Association, 
being  the  guest  of  Mr.  Henry  Fox  Talbot  at 
Laycock  Abbey.  Mr.  Talbot  was  engaged 
on  his  earliest  experiments  on  photography, 
and  his  explanations  of  his  immature  pro- 
cesses, and  the  inspection  of  even  the  imper- 
fect pictures  which  he  produced,  were  suffi- 
cient to  create  in  Brewster's  mind  a  strong 
desire  to  work  on  the  chemistry  of  light.  He 
never  found  the  time  required  for  the  practice 
of  the  art,  but  he  wrote  on  the  subject,  and 
in  1865  received  a  medal  from  the  Photo- 
graphic Society  of  Paris. 

Brewster  was  in  receipt  of  an  annual 
grant  from  the  government  of  100/.  In 
1836  this  was  increased  by  an  additional 
grant  of  200/.  a  year.  In  1838  he  received 
from  the  crown  the  gift  of  the  principalship 
of  the  united  college  of  St.  Salvator  and  St. 
Leonard  in  the  university  of  St.  Andrews. 
This  appointment  relieved  him  from  embar- 
rassments, and  he  was  glad  to  take  possession 
of  his  house  at  St.  Andrews. 

Brewster  had  published  his  'Treatise  on 
Magnetism '  in  the  seventh  edition  of  the '  En- 
cyclopaedia Britannica.'  His  labours  were, 
however,  interrupted  by  the  illness  of  his  wife. 
Her  failing  health  caused  him  to  remove  her 
to  Leamington,  and  leaving  her  in  charge  of 
a  medical  friend,  he,  with  his  daughter,  at- 
tended the  twelfth  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  at  Manchester,  where  he  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Dalton,  which  led 


Brewster 


302 


Brewster 


to  his  investigating  the  conditions  of  the 
eye  on  which  colour-blindness  or  Daltonism 
depended.  He  published  an  article  on  the 
subject  in  the  '  North  British  Review.' 

In  1843  the  conflict  which  had  prevailed 
for  ten  years  in  the  church  of  Scotland  was 
brought  to  a  close  by  474  ministers  retiring 
from  the  old  church  of  Scotland,  protesting 
against  the  grievances  of  church  patronage. 
Brewster  had  taken  part  in  every  step  of  the 
'  long  conflict,'  as  it  was  called ;  he  signed 
the  Act  of  Protest ;  with  his  elder  brother 
he  walked  in  the  solemn  procession  which 
left  St.  Andrews  Church  on  18  May,  and  he 
attended  every  sitting  of  that  first  assembly 
of  the  Free  church  of  Scotland.  The  pro- 
minent position  taken  by  Brewster  in  this 
movement  caused  in  1844  proceedings  to  be 
commenced  against  him  by  the  established 
presbytery  of  St.  Andrews,  aided  by  the  uni- 
versity, to  eject  him  from  his  chair.  The 
case,  however,  was  quashed  in  the  residuary 
assembly  because  he  had  not  signed  the 
formal  deed  of  demission. 

For  Professor  Napier's  'Edinburgh  Review' 
Brewster  wrote  twenty-eight  articles.  In 
1844  the  '  North  British  Review '  was  started 
under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Welsh. 
Brewster  became  a  regular  and  constant  con- 
tributor. Professor  Fraser,  who  was  editor 
of  the  '  North  British  Review '  in  1850  and 
the  seven  following  years,  says :  '  He  con- 
tributed an  article  to  each  number  during  the 
time  I  was  editor,  and  in  each  instance,  after 
we  had  agreed  together  about  the  subject, 
the  manuscript  made  its  appearance  on  the 
appointed  day  with  punctual  regularity ; '  and 
Professor  Blackie,  who  edited  the  '  Review' 
from  1860  to  1863,  writes :  <  Sir  David  Brewster 
was  ever  remarkable  for  the  carefulness  of 
his  work,  the  punctuality  with  which  it  was 
delivered,  never  behind  time,  never  needing 
to  write  to  the  editor  for  more  time  or  more 
space — a  model  contributor  in  every  way.' 

On  27  Jan.  1850  Lady  Brewster  died  and 
was  laid  to  rest  beneath  the  shade  of  the 
abbey  ruins  of  Melrose.  In  April  Brewster, 
with  his  daughter,  went  abroad  for  change 
of  air  and  scene.  He  renewed  his  acquaint- 
ance with  Arago,  which  had  begun  in  1814 ; 
he  visited  M.  Gay-Lussac  just  before  his 
death,  and  met  the  Swiss  philosopher,  M. 
de  la  Rive. 

In  1851  he  was  president  of  the  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  at  Edinburgh.  In 
his  address  he  pleaded  with  much  earnestness 
'  for  summoning  to  the  service  of  the  state 
all  the  theoretical  and  practical  wisdom  of 
the  country,'  and  for  the  extension  of  the 
advantages  of  education.  '  Knowledge  is  at 
once  the  manna  and  the  medicine  of  our 


moral  being.'  The  pen  of  Brewster  was 
singularly  prolific.  Between  1806  and  1868 
he  communicated  no  less  than  315  papers 
on  scientific  subjects — most  of  them  bearing 
upon  optical  investigations — to  the  transac- 
tions of  societies,  and  to  purely  scientific 
journals.  Beyond  these  he  wrote  seventy- 
five  articles  for  the  '  North  British  Review,' 
twenty-eight  articles  for  the  '  Edinburgh  Re- 
view,' and  five  for  the  '  Quarterly  Review.' 
The  most  lasting  monument  to  his  fame, 
however,  will  certainly  be  his  beautiful  in- 
vestigations into  the  phenomena  of  polarised 
light.  He  shared  also  with  Fresnel  the  merit 
of  elaborating  the  dioptric  system  for  the  im- 
provement of  our  lighthouses;  and  he  divided 
with  Wheatstone  the  merit  of  introducing 
the  stereoscope,  the  lenticular  instrument 
belonging  especially  to  Brewster. 

Besides  the  above  he  wrote  in  1841  and 
1846  <  Martyrs  to  Science,'  or  lives  of  Galileo, 
Tycho  Brahe,  and  Kepler ;  and  in  1854  an 
answer  to  Whewell's  '  Plurality  of  Worlds  ' 
entitled  '  More  Worlds  than  One,  the  Creed 
of  the  Philosopher  and  the  Hope  of  the 
Christian.' 

In  1860  he  was  appointed  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  in  that 
capacity  presided  at  the  installation  of  Lord 
Brougham  as  chancellor.  Brewster  in  this 
year  became  an  active  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Social  Science,  and 
was  afterwards  chosen  as  vice-president.  In 
this  year  he  was  made  M.D.  of  the  university 
of  Berlin.  He  was  at  this  time  a  frequent 
visitor  to  London,  taking  the  greatest  in- 
terest in  the  scientific  societies  of  that  city. 
In  1864  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh.  In  the  spring 
of  that  year  he  was  attacked,  while  re- 
siding in  Edinburgh,  with  one  of  his  seizures 
of  prostrating  illness,  from  which,  although 
he  appeared  to  rally,  he  never  entirely  re- 
covered. 

The  '  lighthouse  controversy '  was  to 
Brewster,  in  his  latter  days,  a  source  of  an- 
noyance. It  was  a  great  comfort  to  him 
when  the  council  of  the  Inventors'  Insti- 
tute in  1864,  after  examining  the  merits 
of  the  investigations  made  by  Fresnel  and 
others,  reported  that  the  introduction  of  the 
holophotal  system  into  British  lighthouses 
was  due  to  the  persevering  efforts  of  Brew- 
ster. In  June  of  this  year  a  neglected  cold 
fell  heavily  on  Brewster's  aged  frame,  and 
rendered  him  so  feeble  that  he  could  not 
walk  far,  or  labour  in  his  library,  without 
Teat  fatigue.  This  state  continued  until 
867,  when  '  he  was  unable  to  play  his  quiet 
game  at  croquet.'  Believing  himself  to  be 
a  dying  man,  he  gave  instruction  to  a  young 


Brewster 


303 


Brewster 


scientific  friend,  Mr.  Francis  Deas,  as  to  the 
arrangement  of  his  scientific  instruments,  and 
two  years  later  he  confided  to  this  gentleman 
the  completion  of  a  paper  '  On  the  Motion, 
Equilibrium,  and  Forms  of  Liquid  Films.' 

On  10  Feb.  1868  an  attack  of  pneumonia 
and  bronchitis  exhibited  symptoms  which 
convinced  Sir  James  Simpson  that  he  could 
not  live  over  the  day.  After  a  few  hours 
of  extreme  languor,  knowing  all  his  loving 
watchers,  with  '  an  ineffably  happy,  cheerful 
look,  which  seemed  to  come  from  a  very  ful- 
ness of  content,'  this  bright  intelligence 
passed  quietly  away  at  Allerby,  Montrose. 

In  1857  Brewster  married  for  the  second 
time  Miss  Jane  Kirk  Purnell  of  Scarborough, 
by  whom  he  had  a  daughter,  born  27  Jan. 
1861. 

[Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,  xvii.  Ixix  ; 
Royal  Society  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers ; 
The  Home  Life  of  Sir  David  Brewster,  by  Mrs. 
Gordon ;  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal,  iv. 
1821-31  ;  Edinburgh  Royal  Society's  Transac- 
tions, vii.  1815-49 ;  Gent.  Mag.  1868,  i.  539.] 

R.  H-T. 

BREWSTER,  SIR  FRANCIS  (/.1674- 
1702),  writer  on  trade,  was  a  citizen  and 
alderman  of  Dublin,  and  lord  mayor  of 
that  city  in  1674.  In  February  1692-3  he 
gave  evidence  before  the  House  of  Commons 
on  certain  public  abuses  in  Ireland,  and  in 
1698  was  appointed  one  of  seven  commis- 
sioners to  inquire  into  the  forfeited  estates 
in  Ireland.  The  commissioners  disagreed 
among  themselves,  and  when  the  report  was 
delivered  in  the  following  year  it  was  signed 
by  only  four  of  the  members  of  the  commis- 
sion ;  the  other  three,  the  Earl  of  Drogheda, 
Sir  Richard  Levinge,  and  Sir  F.  Brewster, 
having  refused  to  sign  it  because  they 
thought  it  false  and  ill-grounded  in  several 
particulars.  The  dispute  was  brought  before 
parliament,  and  Sir  R.  Levinge  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  for  spreading  scandalous 
aspersions  against  some  of  his  colleagues. 

Brewster  was  the  author  of  l  Essays  in 
Trade  and  Navigation.  In  Five  Parts,'  Lond. 
1695,  12mo.  The  first  part  only  was  pub- 
lished; but  in  1702  he  issued  'New  Essays 
on  Trade,  wherein  the  present  state  of  our 
Trade,  its  great  decay  in  the  chief  branches 
of  it,  and  the  fatal  consequences  thereof 
to  the  Nation  (unless  timely  remedy'd),  is 
considered  under  the  most  important  heads  of 
Trade  and  Navigation,'  Lond.  12mo.  The 
following  anonymous  book  is  also  ascribed  to 
him :  '  A  Discourse  concerning  Ireland  and 
the  different  Interests  thereof ;  in  answer  to 
the  Exon  and  Barnstaple  Petitions ;  shewing 
that  if  a  Law  were  enacted  to  prevent  the 
exportation  of  Woollen  Manufactures  from 


Ireland  to  Foreign  Parts,  what  the  conse- 
quences thereof  would  be  both  to  England 
and  Ireland,'  Lond.  1698,  4to. 

[Ware's  Ireland  (Harris),  1764,  ii.  262  ; 
Burnet's  State  Tracts,  1706,  ii.  709  seq. ;  Tin- 
dal's  Continuation  of  Rapin's  England,  1740,  iii. 
234,  398.]  C.  W.  S. 

BREWSTER,  JOHN  (1753-1842),  au- 
thor, the  son  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Brewster, 
M.A.,  vicar  of  Heighington  in  the  county 
palatine  of  Durham,  was  born  in  1753,  and 
received  his  education  at  the  grammar  school 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  under  the  Rev.  Hugh 
Moises,  and  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  graduated  B.A.  in  1775,  and  M.A.  in  1778. 
He  was  appointed  curate  of  Stockton-on-Tees 
in  1776,  and  lecturer  there  in  1777.  In  1791 
he  was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Greatham, 
which  benefice  he  held  until  1799,  when  he 
became  vicar  of  Stockton  through  the  patron- 
age of  Bishop  Barrington.  The  same  prelate 
afterwards  successively  preferred  him  to  the 
rectories  of  Redmarshall  in  1805,  Boldon  in 
1809,  and  Egglescliffe  in  1814,  in  which 
charges,  according  to  the  testimony  of  Surtees 
(Hist,  of  Durham,  iii.  139),  he  was  '  long  and 
justly  respected  for  the  exemplary  discharge 
of  his  parochial  duties.'  He  died  at  Eggles- 
cliffe  28  Nov.  1842,  aged  89. 

His  chief  work  was  his  l  Parochial  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Stockton-on-Tees,'  pub- 
lished in  quarto  at  Stockton  in  1 796.  A  second 
and  enlarged  edition  was  printed  in  1829, 
octavo.  His  other  works  were :  2.  '  Sermons 
for  Prisons,' &c.,  1790,  8vo.  3.  *  On  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crimes  and  the  Advantages  of 
Solitary  Confinement,' 1790, 8vo.  4.  'Medi- 
tations of  a  Recluse,  chiefly  on  Religious 
Subjects,' 1800,  12mo.  5.  '  A  Thanksgiving 
Sermon  for  the  Peace,'  1802.  6.  '  A  Secular 
Essay,  containing  a  View  of  Events  connected 
with  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  England 
during  the  18th  Century/ 1802, 8vo.  7.  '  The 
Restoration  of  Family  Worship  recom- 
mended, in  Discourses  selected,  with  altera- 
tions, from  Dr.  Doddridge/  1804,  8vo. 
8.  { Lectures  on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles/ 
1806,  2  vols.  8vo.  9.  <  Of  the  Religious  Im- 
provement of  Prisons,  an  Assize  Sermon/ 
1808.  10.  <  Meditations  for  the  Aged,  adapted 
to  the  Progress  of  Human  Life/  1810,  8vo  ; 
four  editions.  11.  'Meditations  for  Penitents/ 
1813.  12.  <  Reflections  adapted  to  the  Holy 
Seasons  of  the  Christian  and  Ecclesiastical 
Year/  12mo.  13.  'Reflections  upon  the  Or- 
dination Service/ 12mo.  14.  'Contemplations 
on  the  Last  Discourses  of  our  Blessed  Saviour 
with  His  Disciples  as  recorded  in  the  Gospel 
of  St.  John/  1822,  8vo.  15.  '  A  Sketch  of 
the  History  of  Churches  in  England,  applied 


Brewster 


3°4 


Brewster 


to  the  purposes  of  the  Society  for  Promoting 
the  Building  and  Enlargement  of  Churches 
and  Chapels/  1818.  16.  '  An  Abridgment 
of  Cave's  Primitive  Christianity.'  17.  '  Me- 
moir of  the  Rev.  Hugh  Moises,  A.M. ; '  pri- 
vately printed  in  1823,  and  reprinted  in 
Nichols's  'Illustrations of  Literature/ vol.  v. 
[G-ent.  Mag.,  May  1843,  p.  538;  Adamson's 
Newcastle  School,  1846,  p.  27;  Nichols's  Illus- 
trations, v.  92  ;  Nichols's  Topographer  and  Ge- 
nealogist, vol.  ii.  1853  ;  Allibone's  Diet,  of  Lit. ; 
Heavisides's  Annals  of  Stockton,  p.  14,  who  gives 
two  curious  anecdotes  of  Brewster's  simplicity  in 
being  deceived  by  supposititious  relics  of  anti- 
quity.]  C.  W.  S. 

BREWSTER,  PATRICK  (1788-1859), 
Scotch  divine,  born  on  20  Dec.  1788,  was 
the  youngest  of  the  four  sons  of  Mr.  James 
Brewster,  and  younger  brother  of  Sir  David 
Brewster  [q.  v.]  In  accordance  with  the  wishes 
of  his  father,  who  had  destined  all  his  sons  to 
the  ministry  of  the  Scottish  church,  Patrick 
devoted  himself  to  theology,  and  received 
license  as  a  probationer  from  the  presbytery 
of  Fordoun  on  26  March  1817.  In  August 
following  he  was  presented  by  the  Marquis  of 
Abercorn  to  the  second  charge  of  the  Abbey 
Church  of  Paisley,  to  which  he  was  ordained 
on  10  April  1818.  He  continued  to  occupy 
this  preferment  for  nearly  forty-one  years,  and 
died  at  his  residence  at  Craigie  Linn,  near 
Paisley,  on  26  March  1859.  Brewster  was  a 
favourite  of  the  working  classes,  and  received 
a  public  funeral  (4  April  1859).  In  1863  a 
monument  to  his  memory  was  erected  by 
public  subscription  in  Paisley  cemetery. 

Asa  preacher  Brewster  enjoyed  an  almost 
unrivalled  local  fame.  His  political  views 
were  extreme ;  he  was  a '  moral-force  chartist/ 
and  took  an  active  share  in  the  plans  for  carry- 
ing out  the  chartist  programme.  His  whole 
life  was  one  continuous  succession  of  exciting 
disputes  upon  public  questions,  or  with  the 
heritors,  the  parish  authorities,  or  the  presby- 
tery. This  polemical  spirit  may  be  traced  in 
the  volume  of  his  sermons  entitled '  The  Seven 
Chartist  and  Military  Discourses  libelled  by 
the  Marquis  of  Abercorn  and  other  Heritors 
of  the  Abbey  Parish.  To  which  are  added 
four  other  Discourses  formerly  published,  with 
one  or  two  more  as  a  Specimen  of  the  Author's 
mode  of  treating  other  Scripture  Topics. 
With  an  Appendix/  8vo,  Paisley,  &c.,  1843. 
Brewster  advocated  the  abolition  of  the  slave 
trade,  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  tempe- 
rance, and  a  national  system  of  education. 
He  published  three  single  <  Sermons/  8vo,  and 
a  vindication,  in  two  parts,  of  the  rights  of  the 
poor  of  Scotland  '  against  the  misrepresenta- 
tions of  the  editor  of  the  "Glasgow Post  and 


Reformer."'  He  was  also  a  contributor  to 
the  '  Edinburgh  Cyclopsedia/  and  furnished 
a  l  Description  of  a  Fossil  Tree  found  in  a 
Quarry  at  Nitshill '  to  the  ninth  volume  of  the 
1  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh.' He  incurred  some  odium  for  not, 
like  his  brothers,  leaving  the  established 
church  of  Scotland  at  the  time  of  the  disrup- 
tion in  1843,  when  he  was  one  of  'the  Forty.' 

[Glasgow  Herald,  28  and  31  March  and 
5  April  1859  ;  Christian  News  (Glasgow),  2  April 
1859;  Teviotdale  Record,  2  April  1859;  Ren- 
frewshire Independent,  2  and  9  April  1859  ; 
Scott's  Fasti  Ecclesiae  Scoticanse,  1868;  Mrs. 
Gordon's  Home  Life  of  Sir  David 'Brewster,  1881 ; 
Irving's  Book  of  Scotsmen,  1881.]  A.  H.  G. 

BREWSTER,  THOMAS,  M.D.  (b.  1705), 
translator,  was  the  son  of  Benjamin  Brew- 
ster of  Eardisland,  Herefordshire,  and  was 
born  on  18  Sept.  1705.  He  was  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  and  thence 
elected  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  in  1724. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  1727,  M.A.  in  1732, 
B.M.  and  D.M.  in  1738.  He  was  also  elected  a 
fellow  of  his  college.  While  at  Oxford  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  '  Second  Satire 
of  Persius/  in  English  verse  by  itself,  to  see, 
as  he  says  in  the  preface,  how  the  public 
would  appreciate  his  work.  This  was  in 
1733.  The  third  and  fourth  <  Satires'  were 
published  together  in  1742,  the  fifth  in  the 
same  year,  and  the  six  satires  in  one  volume 
in  1784.  Brewster,  after  leaving  the  uni- 
versity, practised  medicine  at  Bath. 

[Robinson's  Merchant  Taylors'  School  Regis- 
ter, ii.  56  ;  Graduates  of  Oxford  ;  Prefaces  to 
different  editions  of  the  Satires  ;  Brit.  Museum 
Catalogue.]  A.  G-N. 

BREWSTER,  WILLIAM  (1560P-1644), 
one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  colony  of 
Plymouth,  New  England,  was  possibly  a 
native  of  Scrooby,  Nottinghamshire.  Ac- 
cording to  the  'Memoir '  by  Bradford,  he  was 
at  the  time  of  his  death  in  his  eightieth 
year,  but  Morton,  secretary  of  the  colony, 
states  that  he  was  eighty-four  at  his  death, 
so  that  he  was  probably  born  in  1560.  It 
has  been  conjectured  that  his  father  was 
either  William  Brewster,  who  was  tenant  at 
Scrooby  of  Archbishop  Sandys,  or  Henry 
Brewster,  vicar  of  Sutton-cum-Lound,  or 
James  Brewster,  who  succeeded  Henry.  The 
coat-of-arms  preserved  in  the  Brewster  family 
in  America  is  identical  with  that  of  the  an- 
cient Suffolk  branch.  Bradford  states  that 
Brewster,  after  obtaining  some  knowledge  of 
Latin  and  some  insight  into  Greek,  spent 
a  short  time  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, but  he  mentions  neither  the  school 
where  he  made  his  preparatory  studies,  nor 


Brewster 


305 


Brewster 


the  college  which  he  entered  at  Cambridge. 
On  leaving  the  university,  Brewster,  probably 
in  1584,  entered  the  service  of  William  Davi- 
son  [q.  v.],  ambassador,  and  afterwards  secre- 
tary of  state  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who,  accord- 
ing to  Bradford,  found  him  '  so  discreet  and 
faithful,  that  he  trusted  him  above  all  others 
that  were  with  him.'  He  accompanied  Davi- 
son  in  his  embassy  to  the  Low  Countries  in 
1585,  and  remained  in  his  service  till  his  fall 
in  1587.  The  information  supplied  by  Brad- 
ford regarding  the  immediately  succeeding 
period  of  his  life  is  comprised  in  the  general 
statement  that  he  '  retired  to  the  country/ 
where  he  interested  himself  'in  promoting 
and  furthering  religion '  by  procuring  good 
preachers  '  in  all  places  thereabouts.'  Pos- 
sibly he  owed  the  bent  towards  ecclesiastical 
matters  to  his  intimacy  with  two  favourite 
pupils  of  Hooker — George  Cranmer,  also 
one  of  Davison's  assistants,  and  Sir  Edwyn 
Sandys,  afterwards  governor  of  Virginia. 
The  part  of  the  country  to  which  Brewster 
retired  was  identified  by  Joseph  Hunter 
(Collections  concerning  the  Early  History  of 
the  Founders  of  New  England}  as  Scrooby, 
Nottinghamshire.  Hunter  has  further  mo- 
dified the  information  of  Bradford  by  dis- 
covering, from  an  examination  of  the  post- 
office  accounts,  that  from  April  1594,  or 
earlier,  to  September  1607,  Brewster  filled 
the  office  of  l  post,'  that  is,  keeper  of  the 
'  post  office,'  at  Scrooby,  a  station  on  the  great 
north  road  between  Doncaster  and  Tuxford. 
Such  an  office  was  then  one  of  considerable  im- 
portance, and  was  not  unfrequently  held  by 
persons  of  good  family.  It  implied  the  super- 
intendence of  the  despatch  of  mails  to  the 
various  side  stations,  the  supplying  of  relays 
of  horses,  and  the  providing  of  entertainment 
for  travellers.  While  holding  this  office 
Brewster  occupied  Scrooby  Manor,  a  posses- 
sion of  the  archbishop  of  York,  where  royal 
personages  had  more  than  once  resided,  and 
Cardinal  Wolsey  after  his  dismissal  had 
passed  several  weeks.  His  salary  was  20d. 
per  diem  until  in  July  1603  it  was  raised 
to  2s.  It  was  at  Scrooby  Manor  that  Brew- 
ster '  on  the  Lord's  day  entertained  with  great 
love '  the  company  of  Brownists  or  Separa- 
tists presided  over  by  Clifton.  Much  of  the 
progress  of  the  movement  was  owing  to  his 
zeal  and  his  influence,  his  social  position 
being  undoubtedly  higher  than  that  of  the 
other  members  of  the  community.  After 
they  'had  been  about  a  year  together,'  the 
threat  of  persecution  made  them  resolve  in 
1607  to  remove  to  Holland,  but  the  skip- 
per in  whose  sloop  they  embarked  at  Boston 
having  betrayed  them,  they  were  appre- 
hended, and  Brewster  as  one  of  the  principal 

VOL.   VI. 


leaders  of  the  movement  was  imprisoned  and 
bound  over  to  the  court  of  assize.  In  the 
summer  of  the  following  year  they  were  more 
successful,  and,  having  set  out, from  Hull, 
reached  Amsterdam  in  safety.  In  1609  they 
removed  to  Leyden,  where  Brewster, '  having 
spent  most  of  his  means,'  employed  himself 
in  '  instructing  students  at  the  university, 
Danes  and  Germans,  in  the  English  lan- 
guage.' He  'prepared  rules  or  a  grammar 
after  the  Latin  manner'  for  the  use  of  his 
scholars.  By  the  help  of  some  friends  he  also 
set  up  a  printing-press,  and  so  '  had  employ- 
ment enough  by  reason  of  many  books  which 
would  not  be  allowed  to  be  printed  in  Eng- 
land '  (for  list  of  principal  works  printed  by 
him  see  STEELE'S  Life  of  Brewster,  pp.  172- 
174).  In  1619  inquiry  was  instituted  by  the 
authorities  regarding  his  publications,  but 
he  was  then  absent  in  London  negotiating 
about  a  grant  of  land  in  Virginia.  Through 
the  assistance  of  his  friend  Sir  Edwyn  Sandys 
a  patent  for  a  tract  of  land  within  that  colony 
was  finally  granted,  and  Brewster,  with  Brad- 
ford [see  BKADFOKD,  WILLIAM,  1590-1657], 
as  the  chief  leaders  of  the  enterprise,  set  sail 
in  September  1620  with  the  first  company  of 
*  pilgrims  '  in  the  Mayflower.  In  the  church 
at  Leyden  he  had  acted  as  ruling  elder,  and 
he  discharged  the  same  duties  in  the  church 
at  New  Plymouth.  As  no  regular  minister 
was  appointed  until  1629,  he  up  to  this  time 
also  acted  as  teacher  and  preacher,  officiating 
twice  every  Lord's  day.  During  the  early 
difficulties  of  the  colony  he  conducted  him- 
self with  untiring  cheerfulness.  He  was 
charitable  to  others,  and  his  own  personal 
habits  were  frugal.  He  drank  nothing  but 
water  until  the  last  five  or  six  years  of  his 
life.  Bradford  gives  the  date  of  his  death 
as  18  April  1643,  but  Morton,  secretary  of 
the  colony,  entered  the  date  in  the  church 
records  as  'April  10th  1644,  and  various 
other  circumstances  confirm  this  entry.  He 
had  four  sons  and  four  daughters.  He  left  a 
library  of  300  books  valued  at  43/.,  the  cata- 
logue of  which  is  preserved  in  the  records  of 
the  colony,  and  an  estate  valued  at  150/. 
His  sword  is  preserved  in  the  cabinet  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

[Bradford's  Memoir  of  Elder  Brewster,  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Alex.  Young  in  Chronicles  of  the 
Pilgrims,  1841,  and  printed  also  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
5th  ser.  iii.  408-14 ;  Hunter's  Collections  con- 
cerning the  History  of  the  Early  Founders  of 
New  Plymouth,  2nd  ed.  1854 ;  Steele's  Life  of 
William  Brewster,  1857;  Savage's  Genealogical 
Dictionary  of  the  First  Settlers  in  New  England, 
i.  245-6 ;  Belknap's  American  Biography,  ii. 
252-6.]  T.  F.  H. 


Brian 


306 


Brian 


BRIAN  (926-1014),  king  of  Ireland, 
known  in  Irish  writings  as  Brian  Boroimhe 
(Cogadh  Gaedhel  re  Gallaibh,  Rolls  Series, 
p.  208),  Boroma  ('  Tigernachi  Annales  '  in 
Bodleian  MS.  Rawlinson  B  488),  most  com- 
monly in  earlier  books  as  Brian  mac  Cenne- 
digh  {Book  of  Leinster,  facsimile,  fol.  309  a; 
TIGERNACH,  ed.  O'Conor,  pp.  266,  268),  and  in 
English  writings  as  Bryan  mac  Kennedy  and 
Brian  Boru,  was  a  native  of  the  northern  part 
of  Munster,  and  was  of  the  royal  descent  of 
Thomond,  of  the  family  known  as  Dal  Cais, 
who  claimed  the  right  of  alternate  succession 
to  the  kingship  of  Cashel,  as  the  chief  king- 
ship of  Munster  is  usually  called  by  the  Irish 
writers.  His  father  was  Cenneide,  son  of 
Lorcan,  and  Brian,  who  was  born  in  926, 
was  the  youngest  of  three  sons.  The  time  of 
Brian's  youth  was  one  of  continued  harrying 
of  Ireland  by  the  Danes,  whose  hold  on  the  sea- 
ports of  the  country  had  been  steadily  increas- 
ing since  their  first  invasion  in  795,  and  from 
Limerick  they  made  many  plundering  ex- 
peditions into  the  country  of  the  Dal  Cais. 
Brian's  elder  brother  Mathgamhain  became 
head  of  the  tribe,  and  under  him  Brian's  life 
as  a  warrior  began ;  but  when  Mathgamhain 
made  peace  Brian  continued  the  war  by  ex- 
peditions from  the  mountains  of  Clare,  but 
was  unable  to  make  way  against  the  Danes, 
and  at  last,  with  only  a  few  followers  left, 
had  to  take  refuge  with  his  brother.  The  war 
soon  began  again,  and  Mathgamhain  suc- 
ceeded in  seizing  Cashel  and  the  vacant 
kingship  of  Munster.  The  Danes  of  Limerick 
with  many  native  Irish  allies  marched  against 
the  king  of  Cashel  and  his  brother,  and  were 
defeated  at  Sulcoit  in  Tipperary.  This  battle, 
fought  about  968,  was  the  first  of  Brian's 
victories  over  the  Danes,  and  was  followed 
by  the  sack  of  Danish  Limerick.  In  976  a 
conspiracy  of  rival  chiefs  in  Munster  led  to 
the  murder  of  Mathgamhain,  and  Brian  be- 
came chief  of  the  Dal  Cais  with  an  abundant 
inheritance  of  wars.  Succession  to  the  king- 
ship of  Cashel  was  alternate  between  the 
Dal  Cais  and  the  Eoghanacht,  that  is  between 
the  tribes  north  of  the  plain  in  the  middle 
of  which  the  rock  of  Cashel  rises  and  those 
south  of  it.  Maelmuadh,  Mathgamhain's 
murderer,  was  the  next  heir  of  the  Eogha- 
nacht, and  became  king  after  the  murder. 
Brian  defeated  and  slew  him  in  a  pitched 
battle  at  Belach  Lechta,  in  the  north  of  the 
present  county  Cork,  in  978,  and  thus  him- 
self became  king  of  Cashel.  He  had,  how- 
ever, much  hard  fighting  before  he  was  able 
to  obtain  hostages,  in  proof  of  submission, 
from  all  the  tribes  of  Munster.  Constant 
warfare  made  the  Dal  Cais  more  and  more 
formidable,  and  having  obtained  recognition 


throughout  Munster,  Brian  first  led  them 
against  Gillapatric,  king  of  Ossory,  and  then 
marching  into  Leinster  was,  in  984,  acknow- 
ledged as  king  by  its  chiefs.  His  successes 
had  evidently  determined  him  to  extend  his 
sway  over  as  much  of  Ireland  as  he  could. 

Brian  sailed  up  the  Shannon  from  his 
stronghold  at  Killaloe,  and  with  varying  suc- 
cess ravaged  Meath,  Connaught,  and  Breifne, 
and  at  length  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
Maelsechlainn  mac  Domhnaill,  chief  king  of 
Ireland.  The  Leinstermen  with  the  Danes 
of  Dublin  rose  against  Brian  in  the  year 
1000,  and,  with  the  help  of  the  king  of  Ire- 
land, he  defeated  them  with  great  slaughter 
at  Glenmama  in  Wicklow,  and  immediately 
after  marched  into  Dublin.  Sitric  the  Danish 
king  submitted  to  Brian,  who  took  a  Danish 
wife  and  gave  an  Irish  one  to  Sitric.  He 
now  thought  himself  powerful  enough  to 
end  his  alliance  with  Maelsechlainn,  and 
sent  a  body  of  Danes  into  Meath  towards 
Tara.  Tara  had  long  been  an  uninhabited  green 
mound,  as  it  is  at  this  day,  and  its  possession 
was  only  important  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
associated  with  the  name  of  sovereignty  and 
with  the  actual  possession  of  the  rich  pas- 
tures by  which  it  is  surrounded.  Mael- 
sechlainn defeated  the  first  force  sent  against 
him,  but  Brian  advanced  at  the  head  of  an 
army  of  Munstermen,  Leinstermen,  Ossory- 
men,  and  Danes,  and  Maelsechlainn  retired 
to  his  stronghold  of  Dun  na  Sciath  on  Loch 
Ennell,  and  sent  for  help  to  his  natural 
allies,  Aedh,  king  of  Ailech,  and  Eochaidh, 
king  of  Uladh,  and  to  Cathal,  king  of  Con- 
naught  ;  but  all  in  vain,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  offer  hostages  to  Brian.  Thus,  in  the  eyes 
of  the  Irish,  Brian  became  chief  king  of  Ire- 
land, and  the  Clonmacnois  historian,  Tiger- 
nach,  has  at  the  end  of  the  year  1001  the 
entry  '  Brian  Borama  regnat '  (Bodleian  MS. 
Rawlinson  B  488,  fol.  15  b,  col.  ii.  line  31). 
He  next  made  war  on  the  west,  received  sub- 
mission from  the  Connaughtmen,  and  was  thus 
actual  lord  of  Ireland  from  the  Fews  moun- 
tains in  Armagh  southwards.  The  men  of 
western  and  central  Ulster  under  the  king  of 
Ailech,  and  those  of  Dalriada  and  Dalna- 
raide  under  the  king  of  Uladh,  still  resisted 
him,  but  they  were  also  at  war  with  one 
another,  and  in  1004  met  in  battle  at  Craebh 
Tulcha  and  were  both  slain.  Brian  at  once 
marched  through  Meath  to  Armagh,  where 
he  made  an  offering  of  gold  upon  the  altar  of 
the  great  church  and  acknowledged  the  eccle- 
siastical supremacy  of  Armagh  in  the  only 
charter  of  his,  the  original  of  which  has 
survived  to  our  day.  The  charter  is  in  the 
handwriting  of  Maolsuthain,  Brian's  con- 
fessor, and  is  on  fol.  16  b  of  the  *  Book  of 


Brian 


307 


Brian 


Armagh.'  The  book  itself,  written  on  vel-  j 
lum  about  807  by  Ferdomnach,  contains  the  j 
gospels,  a  life  of  St.  Patrick,  and  other  com- 
positions, some  in  Latin  and  some  in  Irish,  | 
and  in  1004  was  already  considered  one  of  j 
the  chief  treasures  of  Armagh.  Its  subse- 
quent history  has  been  carefully  traced,  and 
it  is  now  preserved  in  the  library  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  On  the  back  of  the  six- 
teenth leaf  of  the  '  Book  of  Armagh '  is  part 
of  the  life  of  St.  Patrick  with  an  account  of 
grants  of  land  in  Meath  made  to  him  and 
to  his  disciples  and  their  successors  by 
Fedelmid  mac  Loiguire,  king  of  Ireland. 
The  writing  is  in  two  columns,  and  at  the 
foot  of  the  second  the  original  scribe  had  left 
a  blank,  in  which  the  charter  of  Brian  was 
appropriately  written.  Maolsuthain  wrote  in 
Latin,  translating  his  own  name  into  Calvus 
Perennis,  and  Cashel  into  Maceria.  '  St.  Pa- 
trick,'says  the  charter, l  when  going  to  heaven, 
ordained  that  the  entire  produce  of  his  labour 
as  well  as  of  baptism,  and  decisions  as  of  alms, 
was  to  be  delivered  to  the  apostolic  city,  which 
in  the  Scotic  tongue  is  called  Arddmacha. 
Thus  I  have  found  it  in  the  records  of  the 
Scots.  This  is  my  writing,  namely  Calvus 
Perennis,  in  the  presence  of  Brian,  imperator 
of  the  Scots,  and  what  I  have  written  he  de- 
creed for  all  the  kings  of  Maceria.'  This  grant, 
besides  its  intrinsic  interest,  is  of  importance 
as  confirming  the  accuracy  of  the  early 
chronicles  which  mention  Brian's  visit  to 
Armagh.  He  received  hostages  from  all  the 
chief  tribes  of  the  north  except  the  Cinel 
Conaill,  who  remained  unconquered  in  the 
fastnesses  of  Kilmacrenan  and  the  Rosses. 
His  next  action  was  to  make  a  circuit  of 
Ireland  demanding  hostages  of  all  the  terri- 
tories through  which  he  passed.  This  was 
probably  suggested  by  a  similar  act  of  Muir- 
cheartach  na  gcochall  gcroicionn,  king  of 
Ailech,  who  in  941  marched  from  the  north 
through  Munster  taking  hostages  to  secure 
his  own  succession  to  the  chief  kingship  of 
Ireland. 

The  poem  which  Cormacan  mac  Maol- 
brighde,  Muircheartach's  bard,  composed  in 
honour  of  his  exploit  mentions  (ed.  O'Dono- 
van,  line  129)  that  the  king  of  Ailech  on  his 
expedition  passed  a  night  at  Cenn  Coradh, 
Brian's  home,  and  even  if  Brian  did  not  wit- 
ness the  progress  of  the  northern  king,  its 
memory  must  have  been  fresh  in  Munster  in 
his  youth.  Cenn  Coradh  was  near  Killaloe, 
within  the  limits  of  the  present  town,  and 
starting  thence  Brian  marched  up  the  right 
bank  of  the  Shannon  and  northwards  as  far 
as  the  Curlew  mountains,  which  he  crossed 
and  descended  to  the  plain  of  the  river  Sligech, 
which  falls  into  Sligo  Bay,  and  then  marched 


by  the  sea  to  the  river  Drobhais,  then  as  now 
the  boundary  of  Ulster.  Brian  forded  it  and 
followed  the  ancient  road  into  the  north  over 
the  ford  of  Easruadh,  the  present  salmon  leap 
on  the  river  between  Loch  Erne  and  Bally- 
shannon.  From  this  he  marched  to  the  gap 
called  Bearnas  mor,  probably  keeping  to  the 
coast.  He  passed  unattacked  through  the 
long  and  desolate  defile,  and  beyond  it  emerged 
into  Tir  Eoghain,  which  he  crossed,  and  en- 
tered Dalriada  by  the  ford  of  the  Ban  at  Fear- 
tas  Camsa,  near  the  present  Macosquin.  He 
passed  on  into  Darnaraidhe  and  ended  his 
circuit  at  Belach  Duin,  a  place  in  Meath 
three  miles  north  of  Kells. 

He  was  thus,  by  right  of  his  sword  and 
admission  of  all  her  chiefs,  Ardrigh  na 
Erenn,  chief  king  of  Ireland,  and  so  remained 
till  his  death.  After  so  much  war  there  was 
an  interval  of  peace.  Brian  is  said  by  the 
historians  of  his  own  part  of  the  country  to 
have  built  the  church  of  Killaloe  and  that  of 
Inis  Cealtra,  and  the  round  tower  of  Tom- 
graney;  but  the  ruins  on  the  island  in  Loch 
Derg,  and  the  ancient  stone-roofed  church  of 
Killaloe,  are  later  than  the  buildings  erected 
by  him.  He  himself  lived  in  the  Dun  of  Cenn 
Coradh,  probably  in  a  house  resembling  the 
dwellings  of  the  peasantry  of  the  present  day, 
with  an  earthen  floor,  thatched  roof,  and  a 
hearth  big  enough  to  boil  a  huge  cauldron, 
whence  the  king  and  his  guests  drew  out 
lumps  of  meat,  which  they  washed  down  with 
draughts  of  the  beer  which,  tradition  says, 
they  had  learnt  to  brew  from  their  Danish 
friends,  and  of  the  more  ancient  liquor  of  the 
country  made  from  honey.  Senachies,  histo- 
rians who  knew  how  to  turn  history  into 
poetry,  and  who  like  poets  often  excelled  in 
fiction,  were  the  men  of  letters  of  Brian's 
court.  They  feasted  with  the  king  and  his 
warriors,  and  sang  the  glories  of  the  Dal 
Cais  and  the  great  deeds  of  Brian,  son  of 
Cenneide,  in  strains  some  of  which  have 
come  down  to  our  own  times.  It  was  per- 
haps one  of  these  who  first  gave  Brian  the 
name  by  which  in  modern  times  he  has  be- 
come the  best  known  of  all  the  kings  of  Ire- 
land ;  few  Englishmen  can,  indeed,  name  any 
other.  Borama  (Book  ofLeinster,  facs.  294  b) 
na  boromi  (Leabhar  na  Huidri,  facs.  118  b),  a 
word  cognate  with  <popos  (STOKES,  Revue  Cel- 
tigue,  May  1885,  p.  370),  is  an  Irish  word  for 
a  tribute,  resembling  the  indemnity  of  mo- 
dern warfare,  as  distinguished  from  cdin  and 
cis,  or  rightful  dues  and  taxes  payable  ac- 
cording to  fixed  usage.  Thus,  in  the  '  Annals 
of  Ulster '  under  998  A.D.  : '  Indred  loch  necach 
la  haedh  mac  domhnaill  co  tuc  boroma  mor 
as '  (Plundering  of  Loch  Neagh  by  Aedh  mac 
Domhnaill,  and  he  took  a  boroma  thence) ; 

x  2 


Brian 


3o8 


Brian 


and  A.D.  1008 :  '  Creach  la  Flaithbertach  ua 
Neill  co  firu  Breagh  co  tuc  boromamor '  (A 
foray  by  Flaithbertach  O'Neill  on  the  men 
of  Bregia,  and  he  took  a  great  boroma).  Eric 
has  part  of  the  same  meaning,  and  the  state- 
ment of  the  most  famous  borama  begins  : 
Isi  seo  imorro  inneraic,  this  is,  moreover,  the 
eric  (Book  of  Leinster,  facs.  295  b,  line  20). 
This  was  an  annual  tribute  which  the  Lein- 
stermen  had  in  early  times  been  forced  to 
pay  to  the  kings  of  Tara.  It  consisted,  ac- 
cording to  the  '  Book  of  Leinster/  of  1 5,000 
cows,  15,000  pigs,  15,000  linen  cloths,  15,000 
silver  chains,  15,000  wethers,  15,000  copper 
cauldrons,  1  huge  copper  cauldron  capable  of 
holding  12  pigs  and  12  lambs,  30  white 
cows  with  red  ears,  with  calves  of  the  same 
colour  and  trappings,  and  its  payment  was 
often  refused  and  led  to  endless  wars.  It  has 
often  been  supposed  that  Brian  received  his 
cognomen  because  he  put  an  end  to  this 
tribute  by  subduing  the  king  of  Tara ;  but 
there  is  no  passage  in  early  historians  justi- 
fying this  statement.  As  Brian  is  called  Bo- 
roma by  Tigernach  O'Braoin,  a  writer  who 
lived  in  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century 
(the  existing  fragmentary  manuscript  of  his 
history  being  of  about  the  year  1150),  it  is 
clear  that  the  title  was  a  real  one,  given  him 
during  his  life.  But  Brian  was  throughout 
life  a  taker  and  not  a  refuser  of  tributes.  No 
one  who  has  read  the  Irish  chronicles  could 
think  it  likely  that  a  hero  of  the  Dal  Cais 
would  care  to  be  celebrated  as  a  reliever  of 
the  burdens  of  the  Leinstermen,  first  his 
enemies,  and  then  his  subjects.  Brian  was 
called  Boroimhe  or  Brian  of  the  Tribute,  be- 
cause of  the  tribute  which  he  had  levied 
throughout  Ireland,  and  which  brought  plenty 
to  the  Dal  Cais,  but  was  taken  from  the 
Leinstermen,  the  Connaughtmen,  the  men 
of  Meath,  and  of  Ulster,  with  as  firm  a  hand 
as  ever  the  most  famous  borama  was  seized 
from  the  descendants  of  Eochu  mac  Echach 
by  the  kings  of  Tara. 

In  1013  fighting  began  again  between  the 
Danes  of  Dublin,  who  found  allies  in  Ossory 
and  Leinster  and  Maelsechlainn.  The  king 
of  Meath  was  worsted  and  sent  to  ask  help 
from  Brian,  who  ravaged  Ossory  and  Leinster 
and  joined  Maelsechlainn  at  Kilmainham  near 
Dublin,  where  some  remains  of  an  old  earth- 
work at  Garden  Hill  have  been  conjectured 
to  mark  their  encampment.  They  besieged 
the  Danes  from  9  Sept.  till  Christmas,  but 
then  had  to  raise  the  siege.  In  the  spring 
Brian  again  marched  against  the  Danes,  who, 
besides  allies  from  Leinster,  had  obtained 
help  from  Scandinavia.  He  wasted  Leinster 
and  marched  to  the  north  side  of  Dublin. 
On  Good  Friday,  23  April  1014,  at  Cluan- 


tarbh,  on  the  north  side  of  Dublin  Bay,  a  de- 
cisive battle  was  fought,  in  which  the  Danes 
were  routed  with  great  slaughter.     Brian's 
sons,  Murchadh  and  Donchadh,  and  his  grand- 
j  son  led  the  Irish,  and  Brian  himself,  too  old 
:  for  active  fighting,  knelt  in  his  tent,  repeat- 
ing psalms  and  prayers.     Here  he  was  slain 
by  Brodar,  a  Danish  jarl. 

The  victory  was  the  most  important  the 
I  Irish  had  ever  won  over  the  Danes,  and  the 
Danes  were  never  after  powerful  in  Ireland 
beyond  the  walls  of  their  boroughs.  The 
battle  was  celebrated  in  poetic  accounts  full 
of  dramatic  details,  both  by  the  Irish  and  the 
Northmen,  sometimes  natural  as  in  the  saga 
where  a  fugitive  stops  to  fasten  his  shoe: 
1  Why,'  says  a  pursuing  Irishman,  '  do  you 
delay  ?  '  *  1  live,'  answers  the  fugitive, l  away 
in  Iceland,  and  it  is  too  late  to  go  home  to- 
night.' Or  sometimes  supernatural,  as  in 
the  Irish  tale,  where  Aibhell  of  Craig  Liath, 
the  bensidh  of  the  Dal  Cais,  warns  Brian  the 
night  before  the  battle  of  his  approaching 
death.  The  Irish  chronicler  (Cogadh  G.  re 
G.)  describes  the  battle  in  alliterative  prose, 
sometimes  breaking  into  verse,  as  does  the 
English  chronicler  in  celebrating  Brunanburh. 
In  the  case  of  Cluan  Tarbh,  as  probably  in 
that  of  Brunanburh,  it  was  the  nearness  and 
actual  living  fame  of  the  event  that  made 
the  historian  become  a  poet,  and  not  dis- 
tance of  time  that  caused  history  to  become 
inextricably  blended  with  romance.  Brian 
was  carried  to  Armagh  and  there  buried. 
His  tomb  is  forgotten,  and  his  power  died 
with  him.  Two  sons,  Tadhg  and  Donnchadh, 
survived  him,  while  his  son  Murchadh  and  his 
grandsonToirdelbhach  were  slain  in  the  battle. 
His  clansmen  returned  to  Cenn  Coradh,  and 
Maelsechlainn  mac  Domhnaill  again  reigned 
as  chief  king  of  Ireland,  and  so  continued  till 
his  death.  Brian  had  raised  the  power  of  the 
Munstermen  to  a  pitch  it  had  never  reached 
before,  and  his  fifty  years  of  war  wore  out 
the  Danish  strength ;  but  his  efforts  to  ob- 
tain supremacy  in  Ireland  diminished  the 
force  of  hereditary  right  throughout  the 
country,  and  suggested  to  willing  chiefs  that 
submission  should  only  be  yielded  to  him  who 
could  exact  it.  The  last  chief  king  of  Ireland 
of  the  ancient  line  was  the  Maelsechlainn 
whom  Brian  had  for  a  time  dispossessed,  and 
when  he  died  in  1022  no  king  of  Tara  was 
ever  after  able  to  enforce  even  the  slight 
general  control  exercised  in  former  times,  and 
the  king  James,  who  united  the  rule  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotland,  was  the  next  real  king  of 
the  whole  of  Ireland.  The  fame  of  Brian 
Boroimhe  has  been  spread  throughout  Ireland 
by  Dr.  Geoffrey  Keating,  whose  interesting 
'  Forus  feasa  air  Eirinn '  was  the  most  popu- 


Brian 


309 


Briant 


lar  of  all  Irish  histories  from  its  appearance 
in  the  seventeenth  century  till  the  time 
when  Irish  literature  ceased  to  be  read  at 
all  in  the  country  about  the  year  of  the  j 
famine.  The  book  was  written  in  Munster,  j 
and  therefore  praises  the  most  famous  of  her 
heroes.  In  later  days  still,  from  the  time 
of  Daniel  O'Connell  downwards,  the  renown  ; 
of  Brian  has  been  spread  more  and  more. 
'  For  it  was  he  that  released  the  men  of 
Erin  and  its  women  from  the  bondage  and 
iniquity  of  the  foreigners  and  the  pirates.  It  i 
was  he  that  gained  five-and-twenty  battles 
over  the  foreigners,  and  who  killed  and  ba- 
nished them  as  we  have  already  said.'  These 
words  of  the  old  Munster  chronicler,  who 
wrote  all  the  praise  he  could  of  the  popular 
hero  of  the  south,  represent  the  spirit  in  which 
Brian  has  been  extolled  in  modern  times.  He 
has  been  often  praised  in  books  and  speeches 
as  an  enlightened  patriot,  a  compeer  of  King 
Alfred  and  of  Washington.  In  the  chronicles 
of  his  own  times  this  is  not  his  aspect ;  he 
there  appears  as  a  strong  man  and  a  hardy 
warrior,  skilful  in  battle  and  in  plotting, 
proud  of  his  ancestors  and  of  his  tribe,  and 
determined  that  the  Dal  Cais  should  be  the 
greatest  tribe  in  Ireland,  the  tribe  with  the 
most  cattle  and  the  most  tribute.  Such  was 
Brian,  son  of  Cenneide,  for  whom  no  fitter 
title  could  be  found  than  that  of  Boroimhe, 
of  the  tribute,  the  main  object  of  so  many  of 
his  battles. 

[Original  Charter  in  Book  of  Armagh,  16  b, 
reproduced  in  facs.  in  National  Manuscripts  of 
Ireland,  vol.  i. ;  date  of  the  charter  1004.  Ti- 
gernachi  Annales ;  Photograph  of  Bodleian  MS. 
Rawlinson  B  488  ;  and  in  O'Conor's  Reruni  Hi- 
bernicarum  Scriptores,  vol.  i. ;  Tigernach  wrote 
before  1088,  manuscript  in  Bodleian  of  about 
1 1 50.  Cogadh  G-aedhil  re  G-allaibh,  The  War  of 
the  Irish  with  the  Danes,  Rolls  Series,  and  Book  of 
Leinster  facsimile  fol.  309.  The  Book  of  Leinster 
is  a  twelfth-century  manuscript ;  only  a  fragment 
of  the  work  remains  in  it,  the  rest  of  the  Eolls 
text  being  from  late  manuscripts,  the  general 
accuracy  of  which  is  confirmed  by  independent 
evidence.  Annala  Rioghachta  Eirionn,  the  gene- 
ral summary  of  Irish  chronicles,  compiled  by  the 
O'Clerys  and  their  associates  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  commonly  known  as  the  Annals 
of  the  Four  Masters,  printed  in  Dublin,  ed. 
O'Donovan,  1851,  vol.  ii. ;  Reeves's  Ancient 
Churches  of  Armagh,  8vo,  Lusk,  1860,  and  Me- 
moir of  the  Book  of  Armagh,  Lusk,  1861,  and 
Antiquities  of  Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore,  Dub- 
lin, 1854;  O'Donovan's  Circuit  of  Muirchertach 
mac  Neill,  Irish  Archaeological  Society,  1841  ; 
Hardiman's  Irish  Minstrelsy,  London,  1831,  ii. 
360-71  ;  Johnstone's  Antiquitates  Celto-Scan- 
dicse,  Hafn.  1783;  Thormodus  Torfseus,  Historia 
reruni  Norvicarum,  1711,  &c.,  Hafn.  ;  Dasent's 
Burnt  Njal,  1861.]  N.  M. 


BRIANT.     [See 

BRIANT,  ALEXANDER  (1553-1581), 
Jesuit,  was  born  in  Somersetshire  in  1553, 
and  in  1574  became  a  member  of  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford.  Having  been  converted  to  the  ca- 
tholic religion,  he  passed  over  to  the  English 
college  of  Douay,  which  shortly  afterwards 
removed  to  Rheims ;  was  ordained  priest  in 
1578,  and  was  sent  back  to  the  English  mis- 
sion in  1579.  He  laboured  in  his  native 
county,  where  he  reconciled  the  father  of 
Robert  Parsons,  the  Jesuit,  to  the  catholic 
church.  His  career  was  very  brief.  He  was 
seized  by  a  party  of  pursuivants  who  were 
really  in  search  of  Father  Parsons,  on  28  April 
1581,  and  carried  off  to  the  Cornpter  prison  in 
London,  whence  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Tower.  Cardinal  Allen  says  '  he  was  tor- 
mented with  needles  thrust  under  his  nails, 
racked  also  otherwise  in  cruel  sort,  and  speci- 
ally by  two  whole  days  and  nights  with  famine, 
which  they  did  attribute  to  obstinacy,  but  in- 
deed (sustained  in  Christ's  quarrel)  it  was 
most  honourable  constancy '  (Modest  Defence 
of  English  Catholicks,  11).  Briant  was  also 
subjected  to  the  horrible  torture  of  the  instru- 
ment nicknamed  '  the  scavenger's  daughter.' 
Norton,  the  rack-master,  who  boasted  that  he 
would  stretch  Briant  a  foot  longer  than  God 
had  made  him,  was  afterwards  called  to  ac- 
count by  his  employers  for  his  excessive 
cruelty.  From  his  cell  Briant  addressed  a 
Letter  to  the  Jesuit  fathers  in  England  begging 
the  favour  of  admission  to  the  society,  and  his 
request  was  acceded  to.  On  16  Nov.  1581  he 
was  tried  in  the  queen's  bench  at  Westmin- 
ster, with  six  other  priests,  and  condemned  to 
death  for  high  treason  under  the  27th  of 
Elizabeth.  He  suffered  at  Tyburn  with  Father 
Edmund  Campion  and  the  Rev.  Ralph  Sher- 
win,  on  1  Dec.  1581.  He  was  a  young  man 
of  singular  beauty,  and  behaved  with  great 
intrepidity  at  the  execution.  '  His  quarters 
were  hanged  up  for  a  time  in  public  places ' 
(WooD,  Athence  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  480).  There 
is  an  engraved  portrait  of  him.  His  letter  to 
the  English  Jesuits  is  printed  in  Foley's '  Re- 
cords,' iv.  355-358. 

[Aquepontanus,  Concert.  Eccl.  Cathol.  in 
Anglia  (1589-94),  ii.  72,  74,  iii.  407  ;  Chal- 
loner's  Missionary  Priests  (1741),  i.  63-69; 
Oliver's  Collections  S.  J. ;  Foley's  Records,  iv. 
343-67,  vii.  84;  Simpson's  Life  of  Campion; 
G-ranger's  Bio?.  Hist,  of  England  (1824),  i.  274  ; 
Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  479 ;  Dodd's 
Church  Hist.  ii.  114;  Bromley's  Cat.  of  En- 
graved Portraits,  34;  Hist,  del  glorioso  Martirio 
di  diciotto  Sacerdoti  (1585),  111;  Diaries  of 
Douay  College  ;  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Car- 
dinal Allen,  95,  107;  Howell's  State  Trials; 
Bartoli,  Dell'  Istoria  della  Compagnia  di  Griesu, 


Brice 


310 


Brice 


L'  Inghilterra,  151,  228-230  ;  Tanner's  Societas 
Jesu  usque  ad  sanguinis  et  vitse  profusionem 
militans,  14;  Morus,  Historia  Missionis  Angli- 
canse  Soc.  Jesu,  104  et  seq.~|  T.  C. 

BRICE,  ANDREW  (1690-1773),  printer, 
son  of  Andrew  Brice,  shoemaker,  was  born 
at  Exeter  in  1690,  and  was  intended  by  his 
friends  to  be  trained  up  as  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, but  when  he  was  seventeen  years  old 
their  want  of  resources  forced  him  to  think 
of  another  pursuit.   He  became  a  printer,  ap- 
prenticing himself  for  five  years  to  a  tradesman 
in  his  native  city  named  Bliss.    Long  before 
the  term  of  service  expired   the  apprentice 
married,  and  as  he  found  himself  in  a  year 
or  two  unable  to  support  his  family  he  en- 
listed, with  the  object  of  cancelling  his  in- 
dentures.   His  friends  soon  obtained  his  dis- 
charge, and  helped  him  to  commence  business 
on  his  own  account  in  1714,  though  with 
such  slender  materials  that  he  had  but  one 
size  of  type  for  all  his  work,  including  the 
printing  of  a  weekly  newspaper.   About  1722 
the  debtors  in  the  city  and  county  prisons 
induced  him  to  lay  their  grievances  before 
the  public,  with  the  result   that  he  found 
himself  entangled  in   a  lawsuit  and  cast  in 
damages  which  he  could  not  discharge.    For  i 
seven   years  he   remained  under  restraint,  I 
and   was  consequently   supplied  with  sum-  j 
cient  leisure  for  the  composition  of  an  heroi- 
comic  poem  in  six  cantos,  entitled  '  Freedom,  ! 
a  poem  written  in  time  of  recess  from  the  ! 
rapacious    claws    of  bailiffs   and   devouring  i 
fangs  of  gaolers,  by  Andrew  Brice,  printer.  ! 
To    which    is   annexed   the   author's    case,'  ! 
1730,  the  profits  arising  from  which,  it  is 
pleasant  to  learn,  were  sufficient  to  secure 
his  release.     Soon  after  he  published  a  col- 
lection of  stories  and  poems  with  the  title 
of    '  Agreeable   Gallimaufry,    or    Matchless 
Medley.'     About  1740  Brice  set  up  a  print- 
ing business  at  Truro  in  addition  to  that  at 
Exeter,  but  soon  closed  it.     His  disposition 
was  mirthful,  and  he'  was  a  great  patron  of 
the  stage.     In  1745,  when  the  players  were 
being   persecuted   at   Exeter,   he   published 
a  poem  defending  their  conduct  and  attack- 
ing the  methodists,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  'The  Play-house  Church,  or  New 
Actors   of  Devotion.'     His   dramatic   tastes 
and   his   charitable  feelings   constantly  in- 
volved   him    in    pecuniary   difficulties   and 
obliged  him  to  prosecute  his  trade  until  he 
was  the  oldest  master  printer  in  England. 
By  this  time  he  was  left  without  wife  or 
children,  and  he  parted  with  his  business  for 
a  weekly  annuity  and  retired  to  a  country 
house  near  Exeter.     He  died  on  7  Nov.  1773, 
and  his  body  lay  in  state  in  an  inn  at  Exeter, 
every  person  who  came  to  see  it  paying  a 


shilling  to  defray  the  cost  of  the  funeral. 
As  Brice  was  the  oldest  freemason  in  Eng- 
land, three  hundred  members  of  that  body 
followed  him  to  the  grave  in  Bartholomew 
churchyard  on  14  Nov.  His  books  were 
sold  in  the  following  year.  There  are  two 
portraits  of  him,  one  in  quarto  ;  the  other, 
engraved  by  Woodman  from  a  painting  by 
Jackson,  an  oval,  was  published  in  1774. 

Brice's    weekly    newspaper    lasted    from 
about  1715  until  his  death.     In  the  number 
for  2  June  1727  appeared  the  first  part  of  the 
familiar   dialect-dialogue   of  '  The    Exmoor 
Scolding,'  and  the  second  part  was  printed  in 
the  issue  for  25  Aug.  1727.  This  piece  has  often 
been  printed  with  the  addition  of '  An  Exmoor 
Courtship.'    Brice  was  not  its  author,  but  he 
finished  the  t  Courtship '  and  edited  the  first 
and  several  other  editions.     Davidson,  in  his 
|  '  Bibliotheca  Devoniensis,'  assigns  to  him  the 
|  authorship  of  '  A  Humorous  Ironical  Tract ' 
called  '  A  Short  Essay  on  the  Scheme  lately 
set  on  foot  for  lighting  and  keeping  clean 
the  Streets  of  the  City  of  Exeter,  demonstra- 
ting its  pernicious  and  fatal  effects,'  1755. 
In  1738  he  wrote  the  *  Mobiad,  or  Battle  of 
the  Voice,  an  heroi-comic  poem,  being  a  de- 
scription of  an  Exeter  election/  but  it  was 
not  printed  until  1770,  when  he  styled  himself 
on  the  title-page  'Democritus  Juvenal,  Moral 
Professor  of  Ridicule,  and  Plaguy  Pleasant 
Professor   of  Stingtickle   College,   vulgarly 
Andrew  Brice,  Exon.'  His  great  work,  begun 
in  1746  and  finished  in  1757,  was  the '  Grand 
Gazetteer,  or  Topographic  Dictionary,'  pub- 
lished in  1759.   Its  composition  was  a  task  of 
great  labour ;  some  parts,  particularly  the  de- 
scriptions of  Exeter  and  Truro,  are  very  racy. 
Among  the  volumes  issued  from  his  press 
were   the   '  History  of  Cornwall/  by  Hals, 
and  Vo well's  '  Account  of  the  City  of  Exeter.' 
[Western  Antiquary,  February  1885,  p.  196, 
and  January  1886,  p.  164;  Gent.  Mag.  1773,  p. 
582;  Polwhele's  Cornwall,  v.  87-90;  Gomme's 
Gent.  Mag.  Library  (Dialect),  pp.  328-30  ;  Uni- 
versal Mag.  Dec.  1781,  pp.  281-3;  Timperley's 
Printing,  p.  729 ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  iii.  686, 
718  ;  Davidson's  Bibl.  Dev.  pp.  26,  127-8  ;  Bibl. 
Cornub.  i.  42,  204,  268.]  W.  P.  C. 

BRICE  or  BRYCE,  EDWARD  (1569  ?- 
1636),  first  presbyterian  minister  in  Ireland, 
was  born  at  Airth,  Stirlingshire,  about  1569. 
He  is  called  Bryce  in  the  Scottish,  Brice  in 
the  Irish  records.  His  descendants  claim  that 
he  was  a  younger  son  of  Bruce,  the  laird  of 
Airth,  but  there  is  no  confirmation  of  this 
story  in  M.  E.  Gumming  Bruce's  elaborate 
pedigree  of  the  Bruces  of  Airth,  in  'The 
Bruces  and  the  Cumyns/  1870.  He  entered 
the  Edinburgh  University  about  1589,  and 
studied  under  Charles  Ferme  (or  Fairholm). 


Brice 


311 


Brice 


Brice  laureated  12  Aug.  1593 ;  Reid  says  he 
became  a  regent,  but  his  name  is  not  in  the 
Edinburgh  list ;  Hew  Scott,  probably  fol- 
lowing Reid,  makes  him  regent  of  some 
university,  but  leaves  the  place  blank.  On 
30  Dec.  1595  he  was  admitted  by  the  Stirling 
presbytery  to  the  parochial  charge  of  Both- 
kenner.  He  was  translated  to  Drymen  on 
14  May  1602,  and  admitted  on  30  Sept.  by 
the  Dumbarton  presbytery.  At  the  synod 
of  Glasgow  on  18  Aug.  1607  he  bitterly  op- 
posed the  appointment  of  the  archbishop  as 
permanent  moderator,  in  accordance  with  the 
king's  recommendation,  adopted  by  the  ge- 
neral assembly  at  Linlithgow  on  10  Dec.  1606. 
Persecution,  and,  as  it  may  appear,  another 
reason,  drove  him  to  Ulster.  On  29  Dec. 
1613  Archbishop  Spottiswood  and  the  pres- 
bytery of  Glasgow  deposed  him  for  adultery. 
Robert  Echlin,  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor, 
probably  believed  him  innocent,  for  he 
admitted  him  to  the  cure  of  Templecorran 
(otherwise  known  as  Ballycarry  or  Broad- 
island),  near  the  head  of  Lough  Larne,  co. 
Antrim.  The  date  given  is  1613 ;  it  was 
perhaps  1614,  new  style.  Brice  was  at- 
tracted to  this  locality  by  the  circumstance 
that  William  Edmunstone,  laird  of  Duntreath, 
Stirlingshire,  who  had  joined  in  the  planta- 
tion of  the  Ards,  co.  Down,  in  1606,  was  now 
at  Broadisland,  having  obtained  a  perpetual 
lease  of  ( the  lands  of  Braidenisland '  on 
28  May  1609.  The  tradition  is  that  Brice 
preached  alternately  at  Templecorran  and 
Ballykeel,  Islandmagee.  In  September  1619 
Echlin  conferred  on  him  the  prebend  of  Kil- 
root.  The  '  Ulster  Visitation '  of  1622  says 
that  Brice  '  serveth  the  cures  of  Templecorran 
and  Kilroot — church  at  Kilroot  decayed — 
that  at  Ballycarry  has  the  walls  newly  erected, 
but  not  roofed.'  In  1629  Brice,  who  had 
reached  his  sixtieth  year,  is  described  as  t  an 
aged  man,  who  comes  not  much  abroad ; '  and 
in  1630,  though  present  on  a  communion 
Sunday  at  Templepatrick,  he  was  unable  to 
preach  as  appointed.  Accordingly  Henry 
Calvert  (or  Colwort),  an  Englishman,  was 
'  entertained  by  the  godly  and  worthy  Lady 
Duntreath,  of  Broadisland,  as  an  helper '  to 
Brice.  But  the  engagement  was  of  no  long 
continuance,  for  in  June  1630  Calvert  be- 
came minister  of  Muckamore  (or  Oldstone), 
co.  Antrim.  Probably  Brice's  infirm  state 
of  health  saved  him  from  being  deposed, 
with  his  neighbours  of  Larne  and  Temple- 
patrick, in  1632,  for  non-subscription  to  the 
canons.  On  Echlin's  death,  17  July  1635, 
Leslie  was  consecrated  in  his  stead.  He  held 
his  primary  visitation  at  Lisburn  in  July 
1636,  and  required  subscription  from  all  the 
clergy.  Brice  and  Calvert  were  among  the 


five  who  refused  compliance.  A  private  con- 
ference with  the  recreant  five  produced  no 
result,  and  though  on  11  Aug.  Leslie  made 
two  concessions  to  the  presbyterians,  viz. 
that  in  reading  the  common  prayer  they 
might  substitute  for  its  renderings  of  scrip- 
ture '  the  best  translation  ye  can  find,'  and 
might  omit  the  lessons  from  the  Apocrypha, 
and  read  from  Chronicles,  Solomon's  Song, 
and  Revelation,  the  subscription  was  still 
refused.  Accordingly  on  12  Aug.  sentence 
of  perpetual  silence  within  the  diocese  was 
passed,  Brice,  probably  as  the  oldest,  being 
sentenced  first.  Brice  survived  the  silencing 
sentence  but  a  very  short  time.  He  does 
not  seem  to  have  joined  the  Antrim  '  meet- 
ing '  or  presbytery,  and  the  presbyterians  ap- 
pointed no  regular  successor  to  him  till  1646. 
His  tombstone  at  the  ruined  church  of  Bally- 
carry says  that  he  '  began  preaching  of  the 
gospel  in  this  parish  1613,  continuing  with 
quiet  success  while  1636,  in  which  he  dyed, 
aged  67,  and  left  two  sons  and  two  daughters.' 
His  eldest  son,  Robert,  acquired  a  fortune  at 
Castlechester,  then  the  point  of  departure  for 
the  Scottish  mail ;  pennies  are  extant  with 
his  name,  dated  Castlechester,  1671.  For  his 
descendants,  the  Brices  of  Kilroot,  see  Reid, 
and  Burke's  '  Landed  Gentry,'  1863,  p.  169. 
Within  this  century  his  lineal  descendant 
resumed  by  royal  license  the  name  of  Bruce. 
[Hew  Scott's  Fasti  Eccl.  Scot. ;  Edin.  Univ. 
Calendar,  1862,  p.  17 ;  Grub's  Eccl.  Hist,  of  Scot- 
land, 1861,  ii.  290;  Reid's  Hist.  Presb.  Ch.  in 
Ireland  (ed.  Killen),  1867,  i.  98,  115,  188,  196 
seq.,  521  seq. ;  Ware's  Works  (ed.  Harris),  1764, 
i.  208 ;  Adair's  True  Narrative  (ed.  Killen),  1866, 
pp.  1,  20,  58  ;  Porter,  in  Christian  Unitarian, 
1863,  p.  16  seq. ;  Bruce,  in  Christian  Moderator, 
1826,  p.  312.]  A.  G. 

BRICE,  THOMAS  (d.  1570),  martyrolo- 
gist,  was  engaged  early  in  Queen  Mary's 
reign  in  bringing  protestant  books  *  from 
Wesel  into  Kent  and  London.  He  was 
watched  and  dogged  [by  the  government], 
but  escaped  several  times'  (STEYPE,  Cran- 
mer,  511).  On  25  April  1560  he  was  or- 
dained deacon,  and  on  4  June  following 
priest,  by  Edmund  Grindal,  then  bishop  of 
London  (STRYPE,  Grindal,  58,  59).  He  was 
the  author  of  '  A  Compendious  Register  in 
Metre  conteinyng  the  names  and  pacient 
suffrynges  of  the  membres  of  Jesus  Christ, 
afflicted,  tormented,  and  cruelly  burned  here 
in  Englande  since  the  death  of  our  late 
famous  kyng  of  immortall  memorie  Edwarde 
the  sixte,  to  the  entrance  and  beginnyngn  of 
the  reigne  of  our  soveraigne  and  derest  Lady 
Elizabeth  of  England,  France,  and  Ireland, 
quene  defender  of  the  Faithe,  to  whose  high- 
nes  truly  and  properly  apperteineth,  next  and 


Bricie 


312 


Bridell 


immediately  vnder  God,  the  supreme  power 
and  authoritie  of  the  Churches  of  Englande 
and  Ireland.  So  be  it.  Anno  1559.'  The 
dedication  is  addressed  to  the  Marquis  of 
Northampton.  The  'Register  of  Martyrs' 
extends  from  4  Feb.  1555  to  17  Nov.  1558, 
and  consists  of  seventy-seven  six-line  dog- 
gerel stanzas.  Foxe  clearly  found  the  '  Re- 
gister '  of  use  to  him  in  the  compilation  of 
his  *  Acts  and  Monuments.'  A  fine  religious 
poem  entitled  '  The  Wishes  of  the  Wise/  in 
twenty  verses  of  four  lines  each,  concludes 
the  work.  The  original  edition  was  printed 
by  Richard  Adams,  and  he  was  fined  by  the 
Stationers'  Company  for  producing  it  with- 
out license.  Another  surreptitious  edition 
appears  to  have  been  issued  about  the  same 
time,  but  of  that  no  copy  has  survived.  A 
second  edition  was  'newly  imprinted  at  the 
earnest  request  of  divers  godly  and  well- 
disposed  citizens  '  in  1597.  Several  extracts 
from  the  book  appear  in  the  Parker  Society's 
'  Devotional  Poetry  of  the  Reign  of  Eliza- 
beth' (161,  175),  and  the  whole  is  reprinted 
in  Arber's  '  Garner,'  iv.  143  et  seq.  Two 
other  books  are  assigned  to  Brice  in  the  Sta- 
tioners' Registers,  but  nothing  is  now  known 
of  either  of  them.  The  first  is  l  The  Courte 
of  Venus  moralized,'  which  Hugh  Singleton 
received  license  to  print  about  July  1567 ; 
the  second  is  '  Songs  and  Sonnettes,'  licensed 
to  Henry  Bynnemon  in  1568.  In  1570  John 
Allde  had  license  to  print  '  An  Epitaphe  on 
Mr.  Brice,'  who  may  very  probably  be  identi- 
fied with  the  author  of  the  '  Register.' 

[Corser's  Collectanea  Anglo-Poetica  (Chetham 
Sof..) ;  Arber's  Transcripts  of  the  Stationers'  Re 
gisters,  i.  101,  343,  359.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRICIE,     BRICIUS,     or    BRIXIUS 

(d.  1222),  bishop  of  Moray,  was  a  cadet  oi 
the  noble  house  of  Douglas,  his  mother  being 
sister  to  Friskinus  de  Kerdal  of  Kerdal  OK 
the  river  Spey.  He  was  the  second  prior  of 
Lesmahagow,  and  in  1203  was  elevated  to 
the  bishopric  of  Moray.  His  application  to 
Pope  Innocent  III  caused  the  cathedral  of 
the  see  to  be  fixed  at  Spynie.  He  also 
founded  the  College  of  Canons.  He  is  saic 
to  have  attended  a  council  at  Rome  in  1215 
He  died  in  1222  and  was  buried  at  Spynie 
According  to  Dempster  he  was  the  author 
of  '  Super  Sententias '  and  of  *  Homiliee.' 

[Dempster's  Hist.  Eccles.  Gent.  Scot.  ii.  183  ; 
Chronica  de  Mailros  (Bannatyne  Club),  1835; 
Kegistrum  Episcopatus  Moraviensis  (Bannatyne 
Club),  1837  ;  Keith's  Scottish  Bishops.] 

T.  F.  H. 

BRICMORE,      BRICHEMORE,      or 

BRYGEMOORE,  H (14th  cent,),  sur- 

named  SOPHISTA,  an  obscure  scholastic  of  the 


fourteenth  century,  is  stated  to  have  lived 
at  Oxford,  and  to  have  written  commentaries 
on  some  of  the  works  of  Aristotle  (LELAND, 
Commentarii  de  Scriptoribus  Britannicis, 
cap.  ccclvi.  p.  340).  He  is  probably  the  same 
person  with  BEICHEMON,  of  whom  Leland 
rives  a  very  similar  description  (cap.  dxiii. 
p.  429) ;  at  least  the  identification  has  been 
handed  down  from  Bale,  x.  89,  and  Pits,  ap- 
pend. 41,  p.  828,  to  Tanner  (Bibl  Brit.  p.  124). 
That  Bricmore  had  a  certain  celebrity  in  his 
day  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  some  '  Notulse 
secundum  H.  Brygemoore '  appear  in  a  ma- 
nuscript of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
ccxxx.  f.  33  (CoxE,  Catal.  ii.  93  6)  in  con- 
nection with  extracts  from  Walter  Burley 
and  others  of  the  great  schoolmen.  The  only 
account  of  his  life  is  contained  in  Dempster 
(Historia  Ecclesiastica  Gentis  Scotorum,  ii. 
178,  p.  100,  Bologna  1627),  who  states  that 
Bricmore  was  one  of  a  number  of  Scots  sent 
to  the  university  of  Oxford  by  decree  of 
the  council  of  Vienne,  and  that  he  was  a 
canon  of  Holy  Rood,  Edinburgh.  Dempster 
adds  that  he  died  in  England  in  1382,  but 
gives  as  his  authority  for  this  the  continuator 
of  John  of  Fordun,  which  appears,  however, 
to  be  a  false  reference,  and  the  date  is 
scarcely  compatible  with  the  mention  of 
the  council  which  was  held  seventy  years 
earlier. 

[Authorities  quoted  in  text.]  K.  L.  P. 

BRIDE,  SAINT.     [See  BKIGIT.] 

BRIDELL,  FREDERICK  LEE  (1831- 
1863),  landscape  painter,  was  born  at  South- 
ampton 7  Nov.  1831,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
builder  in  that  town.  It  was  intended  that  he 
should  follow  his  father's  business,  but  his  im- 
pulse towards  art  was  irresistible,  and,  with- 
out having  received  any  regular  instruction,  he 
began  to  paint  portraits  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 
His  performances  attracted  the  attention  of 
a  picture  cleaner  and  dealer  visiting  South- 
ampton, who  induced  him  to  become  his 
apprentice  for  seven  years.  During  this 
period  Bridell  continued  to  study  painting 
by  his  own  unaided  efforts,  and  produced  a 
number  of  landscapes  in  the  manner  of  the 
old  masters,  which  became  the  property  of 
his  employer.  In  1851,  his  first  exhibited 
picture,  '  A  Bit  in  Berkshire,'  was  hung  at 
the  Royal  Academy.  In  1853  his  engage- 
ment was  renewed  for  seven  years  on  con- 
dition of  his  being  sent  to  the  continent 
to  study,  his  time  being  jealously  accounted 
for,  and  his  work  remaining  mortgaged  to 
his  master.  After  a  short  stay  at  Paris  he 
established  himself  at  Munich,  where  he  con- 
tracted friendships  with  Piloty  and  other 
eminent  painters.  Here  he  perfected  himself 


Bridell 


313 


Bridecake 


in  the  technique  of  his  art,  painted  and  ex- 
hibited several  pictures  highly  commended 
by  the  German  critics,  and  sent  one,  'The 
Wild  Emperor  Mountains,'  to  the  Royal 
Academy.  In  1857  he  returned  to  England, 
and  unsuccessfully  sought  release  from  his  im- 
prudent contract.  His  first  important  work, 
'  Sunset  on  the  Atlantic,'  was  exhibited  at 
Liverpool  in  November  of  this  year,  and 
excited  great  admiration  from  the  effective 
treatment  of  sea  and  sky.  In  1858  he  pro- 
duced his  '  Temple  of  Venus,'  a  gorgeous 
ideal  composition  painted  in  emulation  of 
Turner ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  this  year  went 
to  Rome  and  painted  his  grand  picture  of  the 
Coliseum,  a  most  impressive  work.  The 
skeleton  of  the  colossal  edifice  rears  itself 
gaunt  and  black  against  the  prevailing  moon- 
light, and  the  barefooted  Capuchins,  who  on 
the  same  spot  inspired  Gibbon  with  the 
thought  of  his  '  Decline  and  Fall/  bearing 
torches  at  the  head  of  a  dim  funeral  pro- 
cession, steal  along  in  the  deep  shadows.  It 
was  intended  to  be  the  final  member  of 
a  series  of  poetical  landscapes  illustrating 
the  rise,  greatness,  and  decline  of  imperial 
Rome,  which,  with  this  exception,  were 
never  painted.  In  February  1859  he  married 
Eliza,  daughter  of  William  Johnson  Fox, 
herself  an  artist  of  distinguished  talent.  His 
health  failing  almost  immediately  afterwards, 
he  returned  to  England,  freed  himself  from 
his  bondage  by  a  heavy  payment,  partly  in 
money  and  partly  in  pictures,  and  in  1860 
was  again  in  Italy,  where  he  made  sketches 
for  numerous  landscapes  subsequently  exe- 
cuted, among  which  '  Under  the  Pine  Trees 
at  Castle  Fusano,  '  On  the  Hills  above  Va- 
renna,'  '  The  Chestnut  Woods  at  Varenna,' 
'  Etruscan  Tombs  at  Civita  Castellana,'  and 
<  The  Villa  d'Este,  Tivoli,'  deserve  especial 
mention.  His  principal  patron  at  this  time 
was  Mr.  James  Wolff"  of  Southampton,  for 
whom  the ( Temple  of  Venus'  had  been  painted, 
and  who  acquired  so  many  of  his  works  as  to 
form  a  '  Bridell  Gallery,'  subsequently  dis- 
persed by  auction,  when  it  produced  nearly 
four  thousand  pounds.  He  also  enjoyed  the 
patronage  of  Sir  Theodore  Martin,  Mr.  John 
Platt,  and  other  collectors  of  discrimination, 
and  seemed  to  have  every  prospect  of  a  brilliant 
career,  when  in  August  1863  he  succumbed 
to  consumption,  originated  by  early  priva- 
tions and  aggravated  by  his  devotion  to  art. 
Notwithstanding  his  youth  and  the  obstacles 
created  by  impaired  health  and  unfavourable 
circumstances,  he  had  already  proved  himself 
1  a  great  master  of  landscape  and  an  honour 
to  the  English  school'  (WORNTJM).  His  art 
had  gone  counter  to  the  tendencies  of  his  day. 
While  his  contemporaries,  under  pre-Raphael- 


ite  influences,  inclined  more  and  more  to  the 
minute  and  realistic,  Bridell,  inspired  by 
Turner,  was  broad,  ample,  and  imaginative. 
His  work  was  bold  and  rapid,  full  of  rich 
colour  and  refined  feeling.  He  aimed  es- 
pecially at  conveying  the  sentiment  of  a 
landscape.  Every  picture  was  inspired  by 
some  leading  idea,  which  made  itself  felt  in 
the  minutest  detail.  Sunrise  and  sunset,  mist 
and  moonshine,  combinations  of  light  and 
shade  in  general,  were  his  favourite  effects. 
'  In  his  painting  of  skies  and  clouds  in  par- 
ticular,' says  Sir  Theodore  Martin,  *  Mr. 
Bridell  seems  to  us  to  occupy  a  place  among 
British  artists  only  second  to  Turner.'  As  a 
man  he  was  a  type  of  the  artistic  tempera- 
ment, bright  and  genial,  impulsive  and  affec- 
tionate, quick  of  apprehension,  and  fertile  in 
ideas,  and,  when  not  depressed  by  sickness  or 
excessive  toil,  full  of  energy  and  enthusiasm. 
He  had  wonderfully  overcome  the  disadvan- 
tages of  his  early  education,  and  his  notes  of 
travel  and  art,  though  perfectly  simple  and 
nowise  intended  for  publicity,  show  that  he 
could  write  as  well  as  paint. 

[Wornum's  Epochs  of  Painting,  pp.  544,  545  ; 
Bryan's  Dictionary  of  Painters ;  Sir  Theodore 
Martin  in  Art  Journal  for  January,  1864  ;  private 
information.]  E.  GK 

BRIDECAKE,  RALPH  (1613-1678), 
bishop  of  Chichester,  was  of  lowly  parentage, 
being,  according  to  Wood,  the  son  of  Richard 
Bridecake,  or  Briddock,  of  Cheetham  Hill, 
Manchester,  by  his  wife,  Cicely,  daughter  of 
John  Booth  of  Lancashire.  He  was  born  at 
Cheetham  Hill,  and  was  baptised  at  the  Man- 
chester parish  church  on  31  Jan.  1612-13. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Manchester  gram- 
mar school,  and  admitted  a  student  of  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  15  July  1630.  He 
graduated  B.A.  in  1634,  and  through  the 
favour  of  Dr.  Pink,  warden  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  was  appointed  pro-chaplain  of  that 
college.  In  1636,  by  royal  letters,  he  was 
made  M.A.,  having  then  the  reputation  of 
being  a  good  Greek  scholar  and  a  poet.  He 
addressed  some  verses  to  Thomas  Randolph, 
prefixed  to  his  l  Poems ; '  and  he  wrote  two 
elegies  on  the  death  of  '  Master  Ben  Jonson.' 
To  eke  out  his  income  he  took  the  curacy  of 
Wytham,  near  Oxford,  and  acted  also  as  cor- 
rector of  the  press  in  the  university.  In 
this  last  capacity  he  had  occasion  to  revise 
a  book  by  Dr.  Thomas  Jackson,  president 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  who  was  so  much 
pleased  with  Bridecake's  work,  that  he  re- 
warded him  with  the  mastership  of  the  Man- 
chester free  grammar  school,  which  fell  vacant 
about  the  year  1638,  and  of  which  Jackson 
was  patron.  Of  this  school  Bridecake  was 


Bridecake 


314 


Bridge 


afterwards,  20  Aug.  1663,  elected  a  feoffee. 
He  lived  at  Manchester,  and  his  house,  mis- 
printed *  Dr.  Pridcock's,'  is  on  Ogilby's  road- 
map.  He  also  became  chaplain  to  the  Earl 
of  Derby.  He  was  present  at  the  siege  of 
Lathom  House,  and  proved  himself  a  zealous 
servant  of  the  family.  It  is  thought  that 
he  had  some  share  in  the  authorship  of  the 
account  of  the  siege  which  was  first  published 
in  1823.  Meanwhile  he  lost  the  mastership 
of  the  school,  and  his  monument  says  he  was 
despoiled  of  all  his  goods.  When  Lord 
Derby  and  his  family  fell  into  trouble,  he 
did  his  best  for  them,  and  had  for  a  time  the 
management  of  the  estates.  When  the  earl 
was  taken  prisoner  after  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester, his  chaplain  proceeded  to  London  to 
intercede  for  his  life.  The  speaker,  Lenthall, 
to  whom  Bridecake  applied,  was  unable  to 
interfere  with  the  sentence,  but  he  was  so 
much  struck  with  the  address  and  powers  of 
the  applicant,  that  he  offered  to  make  him 
his  chaplain,  which  offer  was  accepted,  as 
also  that  of  preacher  of  the  rolls,  which  came 
soon  after.  Lenthall  underwent  some  ob- 
loquy for  thus  preferring  a  '  malignant,'  but 
he  remained  true  to  his  choice,  and  procured 
him  about  the  end  of  the  year  1654  the 
vicarage  of  Witney  in  Oxfordshire,  to  which 
the  revenues  of  the  rectory  of  the  same  place 
were  subsequently  annexed  by  Lenthall's 
means.  He  was  at  Witney  until  August 
1663,  when  he  presented  a  successor.  He 
was  likewise  appointed  to  Long  Molton,  Nor- 
folk. When  Lenthall  was  on  his  death-bed 
in  1662,  he  sent  for  Brideoake  as  a  comforter. 
Bridecake  was  also  a  friend  of  Humphrey 
Chetham,  the  benefactor,  and  assisted  him 
in  his  concerns.  At  Witney,  and  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's, London,  to  which  rectory  he  was 
instituted  8  Sept.  1660,  on  presentation  of 
the  king,  he  performed  his  duties  with  great 
zeal,  '  outvying  in  labour  and  vigilancy '  his 
brethren  in  the  ministry.  On  14  March  1659 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  the  approbation  and  admission  of  presby- 
terian  ministers,  and  notwithstanding  this 
appointment  he  managed, '  having  a  good  way 
of  thrusting  and  squeezing,  and  elbowing 
himself  into  patronage,'  to  find  favour  with 
the  royal  party  after  the  Restoration.  He 
became  chaplain  to  the  king,  was  installed 
canon  of  Windsor  28  July  1660,  on  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  king,  created  D.D.  2  Aug. 
1660,  and  rector  of  the  valuable  living  of 
Standish,  near  Wigan.  This  last  preferment 
had  been  given  him  formerly  by  the  Earl  of 
Derby,  but  he  had  been  kept  out  of  it  by 
the  '  triers '  in  the  Commonwealth  time. 
In  1662  he  offered  his  London  benefice  to 
Richard  Heyrick  in  exchange  for  the  warden- 


ship  of  the  collegiate  church  at  Manchester. 
He  preached  at  the  latter  church  several 
times,  on  one  occasion  arousing  the  indigna- 
tion of  the  saintly  Henry  Newcome  by  some 
expressions  which  he  used.  Evelyn  heard 
him  preach  a  mean  discourse.  In  September 
1667  he  was  installed  dean  of  Salisbury,  and 
9  March  1674-5,  through  the  influence  of 
the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  t  whose  hands,' 
Anthony  Wood  says, '  were  always  ready  to 
take  bribes,'  he  was  elected  to  the  bishopric 
of  Chichester,  with  which  see  he  was  per- 
mitted to  hold  in  commendam  his  canonry  of 
Windsor,  his  deanery  of  Salisbury,  and  rec- 
tory of  Standish.  He  died  suddenly  when 
on  a  visitation  of  his  diocese,  5  Oct.  1678, 
and  was  interred  in  Bray's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
where  his  effigy  in  alabaster  covers  his  grave. 
Wood  says  that  it  was  his  ambition  to  ac- 
quire wealth  and  to  found  a  family.  He 
was  a  liberal  subscriber  to  the  repair  of  his 
own  and  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall 
of  Okenden,  Essex,  and  left  three  sons.  He 
wrote  several  occasional  pieces  of  poetry. 
He  contributed  some  Latin  and  English  verses 
to  'Musarum  Oxoniensium  Charisteria  pro 
regina  Maria  recens  e  nixus  laboriosi  dis- 
crimine  recepta '  (Oxon.  1638),  and  a  Latin 
commendatory  preface  to  N.  Mosley's  '  A/X-I^O- 
0-o</na*  or  Natural  and  Divine  Contemplations 
of  the  Soul  of  Man,' 1653. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  ed  Bliss,  iv.  859-861  ; 
Newcourt's  Repertorium,  i.  292  ;  Salmon's  Lives 
of  Eng.  Bishops,  1753;  Walker's  Sufferings 
(1714),  ii.  93,  203  ;  Z.  Grey's  Exam,  of  Neal's 
fourth  vol.  app.  p.  125  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  i.  252, 
ii.  618,  iii.  402,  405;  Jones's  Fasti  Eccl.  Sarisb. 
p.  322 ;  Turner's  MS.  Oxford  Collections,  i.  23 ; 
Evelyn's  Diary,  ed.  1879,  ii.  309,  318  ;  Whatton's 
Hist,  of  Manchester  School,  p.  88  ;  Baines's  Lane, 
ii.  360 ;  Worthington's  Diary  and  Corresp.  Chet- 
ham Society,  xxxvi.  139 ;  Newcome's  Diary, 
Chetham  Soc.  xvii.  74,  188-9;  Manchester  Par. 
Reg.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRIDFERTH.     [See  BTRHTFEETH.] 

BRIDGE,  BEWICK  (1767-1833),  mathe- 
matician, was  a  native  of  Linton  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  received  his  education  at  St. 
Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  society 
he  became  a  fellow.  He  graduated  B.A.  as 
senior  wrangler  in  1790,  M.A.  in  1793,  B.D. 
in  1811.  After  holdingfor  some  years  the  pro- 
fessorship of  mathematics  in  the  East  India 
Company's  College  at  Haileybury,  near  Hert- 
ford, he  was,  in  1816,  presented  by  St.  Peter's 
College  to  the  vicarage  of  Cherry  hinton,  near 
Cambridge,  where  he  died  on  15  May  1833, 
aged  66. 

Bridge,  who  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 


Bridge 


315 


Bridge 


Society,  published :  1.  <  Lectures  on  the 
Elements  of  Algebra/  London,  1810,  8vo. 
2. '  Six  Lectures  on  the  Elements  of  Plane  Tri- 
gonometry/ London,  1810,  8vo.  These  were 
included  in  a  collection  of  his  '  Mathematical 
Lectures/  2  vols.  Broxbourne,  1810-11.  3.  'A 
Treatise  on  Mechanics :  intended  as  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  Study  of  Natural  Philosophy/ 
2  vols.  London,  1813-14.  4.  'An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Algebra/ 3rd  edit.  London,  1815, 
8vo,  12th  edit.  1847.  5.  'A  compendious 
Treatise  on  the  Elements  of  Plane  Trigono- 
metry ;  with  the  method  of  constructing  Tri- 
gonometrical Tables/  2nd  edit.  London,  1818, 
8vo,  4th  edit.  1832.  6.  <  A  compendious  Trea- 
tise on  the  Theory  and  Solution  of  Cubic  and 
Biquadratic  Equations,  and  of  Equations  oi 
the  higher  orders/  London,  1821, 8vo.  7.  '  A 
brief  Narrative  of  a  Visit  to  the  Valleys  of 
Piedmont,  inhabited  by  the  Vaudois,  the  de- 
scendants of  the  Waldenses  ;  together  with 
some  observations  upon  the  fund  now  raising 
in  this  country  for  their  relief/  London, 
1825,  8vo. 

[Gent.  Mag.  ciii.  (ii.)  88;  Cat.  of  Printed 
Books  in  Brit.  Mus. ;  Biog.  Diet,  of  Living  Authors 
(1816),  38.]  T.  C. 

BRIDGE  or  BRIDGES,  RICHARD  (ft. 
1750),  was  one  of  the  best  organ-builders  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  but  details  as  to  his  bio- 
graphy are  very  deficient.  His  first  recorded 
organ  is  that  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great, 
which  was  built  in  1729.  In  the  following 
year  he  built  his  best  organ,  that  of  Christ- 
church,  Spitalfields,  which  cost  the  very 
small  sum  of  600/.  In  the  same  year  he 
built  the  organ  at  St.  Paul's,  Deptford,  in 
1733  that  of  St.  George's-in-the-East,  in  1741 
that  of  St.  Anne's,  Limehouse,  in  1753  that 
of  Enfield  parish  church,  and  in  1757  that  of 
St.  Leonard's,  Shoreditch.  Bridge  also  built 
an  organ  for  Eltham  parish  church,  and,  toge- 
ther with  Jordan  and  Byfield,  the  organ  at 
St.  Dionis  Backchurch  (between  1714  and 
1732),  the  celebrated  instrument  at  Yar- 
mouth parish  church,  and  an  organ  at  St. 
George's  Chapel  in  the  same  town.  In  1748 
(according  to  the  Morning  Advertiser  of 
20  Feb.)  he  was  living  in  Hand  Court,  Hoi- 
born,  but  the  date  and  place  of  his  death, 
which  took  place  prior  to  1776,  are  unknown. 

[Hopkins  and  Kimbault's  History  of  the  Organ, 
(1855),  pt.  i.  p.  100.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRIDGE,  WILLIAM  (1600  ?- 1670), 
puritan  divine,  was  born  in  Cambridgeshire 
about  1600.  He  entered  Emmanuel  College 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  became  M.A.  in  1626, 
and  was  many  years  a  fellow  of  the  college. 
In  1631  he  was  appointed  to  the  lectureship  of 


Colchester,  where  he  continued  but  a  short 
time.  In  1633  he  held  a  Friday  lecture  at 
St.  George's  Tombland,  Norwich,  for  which 
he  was  paid  by  the  corporation.  In  1636 
he  was  the  rector  for  St.  Peter's  Hungate, 
Norwich,  a  living  at  that  time  worth  no 
more  than  22/.  per  annum.  Here  he  was 
silenced  by  Bishop  Wren.  He  continued, 
however,  in  the  city  for  some  time  after  his 
suspension  until  he  was  '  excommunicated ' 
and  the  writ  *  de  capiendo  '  came  forth  against 
him.  He  took  refuge  in  Holland  and  settled 
at  Rotterdam,  succeeding  as  pastor  the  cele- 
brated Hugh  Peters,  and  he  was  thus 
associated  in  the  pastorate  with  Jeremiah 
Burroughs.  From  a  passage  in  the  '  Apolo- 
getical  Narration'  it  may  be  inferred  that 
Bridge  received  much  support  from  the  ma- 
gistrates of  the  city,  and  that  many  wealthy 
persons  joined  the  church,  some  of  whom  had 
fled  from  the  persecution  of  Bishop  Wren. 
While  at  Rotterdam  he  renounced  the  ordi- 
nation which  he  had  received  when  he  entered 
the  church  of  England,  and  was  again  or- 
dained, after  the  independent  way,  by  Samuel 
Ward,  B.D.,  after  which  he  similarly  ordained 
Ward. 

He  returned  to  England  in  1642,  frequently 
preached  before  the  Long  parliament,  and  on 
30  July  1651  the  sum  of  100/.  per  annum  was 
voted  to  him,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  impropria- 
tions.  It  would  seem  from  two  letters  pre- 
served in  Peck's  '  Desiderata  Curiosa '  that  he 
was  consulted  by  the  parliament  in  reference 
to  a  general  augmentation  of  ministers'  sala- 
ries. Dr.  Nathaniel  Johnson,  in  his  book  en- 
titled 'The  King's  Visitorial  Power  asserted/ 
gives  a  petition  from  the  fellows  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  signed,  amongst  others, 
by  Bridge,  and  says, '  He  was  a  great  preacher, 
and  one  of  the  demagogues  of  this  parlia- 
ment.' He  was  in  the  assembly  of  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  was  one  of  the  writers  of 
the  '  Apologetical  Narration/  published  in 
1643.  His  name  is  also  subscribed  to  the 
'  Reasons  of  the  Dissenting  Brethren  against 
certain  Propositions  concerning  Presbyterial 
Government/  which  was  published  in  1648. 

After  a  brief  sojourn  at  Norwich,  where  he 
preached  a  sermon  to  the  volunteers,  Bridge 
at  length  settled  at  Great  Yarmouth,  where 
he  continued  his  labours  till  1662.  It  is 
very  probable  that  at  Yarmouth  his  congre- 
gation, at  least  for  some  time,  met  in  the 
parish  church,  for  in  1650  the  north  part  of 
the  church  was  enclosed  for  a  meeting-place 
at  an  expense  of  9007.  When  ejected  he 
went  to  reside  at  Clapham,  near  London,  and 
preached  in,  if  not  founded,  the  'Indepen- 
dent *Meeting '  there.  He  died  at  Clapham 
on  12  March  1670,  aged  70.  From  an  epitaph 


Bridgeman 


316 


Bridgeman 


in  Yarmouth  church  it  appears  that  he  was 
twice  married.  The  name  of  his  first  wife  is 
not  known ;  he  afterwards  married  the  widow 
of  John  Arnold,  merchant  and  bailiff  of  that 
town. 

Bridge's  printed  works  are  nearly  all  ser- 
mons.    His  first  publication  is  dated  1640, 
and  was  printed  at  Rotterdam.     In  1649  the  | 
works  of  Bridge  were   published  in  three  j 
volumes,  quarto,  printed  by  Peter  Cole,  Lon-  j 
don.    Another  collection  was  published  under  j 
the  title  of 'Twenty-one  Books  of  Mr.  William 
Bridge,  collected  into  Two  Volumes,'  London,  \ 
Peter  Cole,  1657,  4to.     Other  publications 
followed  in  1665,  1668,  and  1671,  and  after 
his  death  eight  sermons  were  published  as 
{  Remains,'  1673.     In  1845  the  whole  works 
of  Bridge  were  printed  in  five  volumes,  oc- 
tavo, from  copies  chiefly  in  the  possession  of 
the  Rev.  Frederick  Silver,  of  Jewry  Street. 
Fifty-nine  separate  titles  are  given  in  the  table 
of  contents  of  the  five  volumes ;  a  complete  list 
is  in  Darling's '  Cyclopaedia.'  A  very  antique- 
looking  portrait  of  the  author,  '  Obit  1670. 
W.  Sherwin   sculp.,'   accompanies  the  first 
volume  of  1845.     It  originally  appeared  in  a 
volume  of  Bridge's  sermons.    A  different  and 
very  pleasing  portrait  of  Bridge  may  be  seen 
in  Dr.  Williams's  library. 

[Memorial  of  William  Bridge,  prefixed  to  his 
collected  Works,  1845  ;  Palmer's  Nonconf.  Memo- 
rial, Hi.,  1803;  Peck's  Desiderata  Curiosa,  1732-5  ; 
Darling's  Cyclopedia,  1830.]  J.  H.  T. 

BRIDGEMAN,  HENRY  (1615-1682), 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  was  born  on  22  Oct. 
1615  at  Peterborough,  where  his  father,  John 
Bridgeman  [q.  v.],  was  in  residence  as  first 
prebendary.  He  was  baptised  on  25  Oct.  at 
the  consecration  of  the  new  font  in  the  nave 
of  the  cathedral.  He  was  educated  at  Oriel 
College,  Oxford  (admitted  1629,  B.A.  20  Oct. 
1632).  He  was  elected  fellow  of  Brasenose 
6  Dec.1633,  graduated  M.  A.  16  June  1635,  and 
resigned  his  fellowship  in  1639.  On  16  Dec. 
1639  he  was  instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Bar- 
row, Cheshire,  and  on  9  Jan.  1640  to  that  of 
Bangor-is-coed,  Flintshire,  resigned  by  his 
father.  Both  these  preferments  were  seques- 
tered, Barrow  in  1643,  Bangor  in  1646  ;  the 
former  probably  as  a  case  of  pluralism .  Walker 
assigns  as  the  ground  of  sequestration  that 
'  in  the  time  of  the  rebellion  he  did  his  ma- 
jesty faithful  service.'  This  was  in  his  ca- 
pacity as  army  chaplain  to  James,  seventh 
Earl  of  Derby  (executed  15  Oct.  1651).  Loyal 
in  politics,  in  church  matters  the  influence 
of  his  mother,  whom  Halley  calls  a  puritan, 
seems  not  to  have  been  without  effect  upon 
him ;  this  perhaps  explains  a  remark  of  Wood, 
who  speaks  of  him  as  '  a  careless  person.' 


Before  his  sequestration  he  put  Robert  Fogg, 
a  nonconforming  divine,  as  curate  in  charge  of 
Bangor,  binding  himself  to  pay  him  an  allow- 
ance.  To  this  Robert  Fogg  the  committee  for 
plundered  ministers  gave  the  living  of  Bangor 
on  1  July  1646 ;  on  22  July  the  committee  gave 
the  fifths  of  the  rectory  to  Bridgeman's  wife, 
Katherine.  Bridgeman  was  made  archdeacon 
of  Richmond  on  20  May  1648.    At  the  Re- 
storation he  regained  the  rectories  of  Barrow 
and  Bangor  (his  petition  to  the  House  of 
Lords  for  the  restitution  is  dated  23  June 
1660),  and  resigned  his  archdeaconry  on  being 
made  dean  of  Chester  on  13  July  1660.     On 
1  Aug.  1660  his  university  made  him  D  D. ; 
the  chancellor's  letters  say  that  *  he  had  done 
good  service  to  the  king.'     Further  prefer- 
ment came  in  the  shape  of  the  prebend  of 
Stillington  at  York  (20  Sept.),  and  the  sine- 
cure of  Llanrwst.     Fogg  still  held  the  curacy 
of  Bangor,  though  offered  SQL  if  he  would 
go,  and  was  only  removed  by  the  Uniformity 
Act   of  1662.     Within  Bangor  parish  was 
a  much  more  distinguished  nonconformist, 
Philip  Henry,  who  had  been  presbyterially 
ordained  on  16  Sept.  1657  as  minister  of  the 
old  church  (distinct  from  the  chapel  of  ease) 
at  Worthenbury.     On  Bridgeman's  return 
Henry's  position  was  entirely  dependent  upon 
the  reinstated  rector's  favour.     Bridgeman  at 
first  showed  no  disposition  to  interfere  with 
Henry,  who,  for  his  part,  offered  (7  May  1661) 
to  give  up  part  of  his  income  and  accept  a 
position  at  Worthenbury  under  Richard  Hil- 
ton, his  designated  successor.     But  Roger 
Puleston,  son  of  his  former  patron,  was  bitter 
against  his  nonconformist  tutor.     He  made 
a  bargain  with  Bridgeman,  in  virtue  of  which 
Bridgeman,  on  24  Oct.  1661,  publicly  read 
out  Henry's  discharge l  before  a  rable.'  Though 
Henry  was  not  properly  an  '  ejected  minister,' 
it  must  be  owned  that  Bridgeman  was  led 
into  a   harsh   exercise  of  his   legal  rights. 
Two   months   later  we  have  a   glimpse  in 
Henry's   diary   of    Bridgeman    at    Chester 
<  busy  in  repairing  the  deanes  house,  as  if  hee 
were  to  live  in  it  for  ever.'     In  1671  he  suc- 
ceeded Isaac  Barrow  (translated  to  St.  Asaph) 
as  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man   (consecrated 
Sunday,  1  Oct.),  with  leave  to  retain  his 
deanery.     He  added  to  Bishop  Barrow's  edu- 
cational foundation  at  Castletown  in  the  Isle 
of  Man  (founded  1668,  and  now  represented 
by  King  William's  College,  built  1830).    He 
also  gave  a  communion  cup  and  a  paten  (bear- 
ing his  arms)  to  St.  German's  Church,  Peel. 
He  died  15  May  1682,  and  was  buried  in 
Chester  Cathedral.     He  was  twice  married, 
first  to  Katherine,  daughter  of  William  Lever 
of  Kersal,  near  Manchester,  by  whom  he  had 
three  daughters,  of  whom  Elizabeth  married 


Bridgeman 


317 


Bridgeman 


Thomas  Greenhalgh  of  Brundlesham,  Lan- 
cashire ;  secondly  to  Margaret ,  by  whom 

he  had  a  surviving  daughter,  Henrietta,  mar- 
ried to  Rev.  Samuel  Aldersey,  of  Aldersey 
and  Spurstow,  Cheshire,  and  a  son  named 
William  John  Henry  (born  shortly  before 
the  father's- death,  and  died  in  December  fol- 
lowing). Bridgeman's  widow  married  John 
Allen  in  1687. 

[Wood's  Athense  Ox  on.  (Bliss),  iv.  863  ;Walker's 
Sufferings  of  the  Clergy,  1714,  pt.  ii.  pp.  85,  191, 
212;  Calamj's  Continuation,  1727,  p.  836  ;  L<-e's 
Diaries  and  Letters  of  P.  Henry,  1882,  pp.  18, 
27  seq.,  98  seq.,  102,  313,394;  Lewis's  Topog. 
Diet,  of  Eng.  1833,  art.  '  Man  ;'  Burke's  Peerage, 
1883,  p.  157;  extract  from  Cathedral  Register, 
Peterborough.]  A.  G\ 

BRIDGEMAN,  JOHN  (1577-1652), 
bishop  of  Chester,  was  born  at  Exeter,  '  not 
far  from  the  palace  gate,'  on  2  Nov.  1577. 
His  grandfather  was  Edward  Bridgeman, 
sheriff  of  the  city  and  county  of  Exeter  in 
1578,  who  had,  with  other  issue,  two  sons, 
Michael,  the  eldest  (who  died  without  issue), 
and  Thomas,  of  Greenway,  Devonshire.  The 
future  bishop  was  the  eldest  son  of  Thomas. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  being  ori- 
ginally of  Peterhouse  (B.D.  1596) ;  he  was 
elected  a  foundation  fellow  of  Magdalene  in 
1599,  and  took  his  M.A.  in  1600  (admitted 
ad  eundem  at  Oxford  4  July  1600),  and  pro- 
ceeded D.D.  in  1612.  He  was  canon  residen- 
tiary of  Exeter,  and  also  held  the  first  prebend 
at  Peterborough  and  (from  1615)  the  rich 
rectory  of  Wigan,  he  being  then  one  of 
James  I's  chaplains.  On  the  translation  of 
Thomas  Morton  to  Coventry  and  Lichfield 
(6  March  1619)  George  Massie  was  nominated 
his  successor  at  Chester,  but  his  death  inter- 
vened. Bridgeman  was  elected  bishop  of 
Chester  15  March  1619,  and  consecrated  on 
9  May.  The  revenues  of  the  bishopric  were 
small,  and  in  1621  (apparently  on  resigning 
his  canonry)  he  was  allowed  to  hold  in  com- 
mendam,  along  with  Wigan,  the  rectory  of 
Bangor-is-coed,  Flintshire.  This  he  resigned 
(9  Jan.  1640)  to  his  son  Henry.  In  1635 
Bridgeman  bought  from  Richard  Egertonthe 
manor  of  Malpas,  Cheshire,  with  Wolvesacre, 
Wigland,  and  Bryne-pits.  As  bishop  of  a 
diocese  abounding  in  nonconformists,  Bridge- 
man had  no  very  easy  or  pleasant  task  when 
called  upon  to  assert  the  authority  of  the 
church.  His  predecessor,  Morton,  who  drafted 
the  king's  declaration  of  24  May  1618,  known 
as  the  '  Book  of  Sports,'  was  perhaps  less  in 
sympathy  with  the  puritans  than  Bridgeman ; 
but  he  seldom  proceeded  beyond  threats. 
Bridgeman  was  complained  of  as  negligent  in 
his  duties  as  a  represser  of  nonconformity,  and 


commissioners  were  sent  by  his  metropolitan 
to  report  upon  the  state  of  his  diocese.  Thus 
stirred  into  activity  he  for  a  time  performed 
an  unwelcome  office  with  some  vigour.  Con- 
trasting him  with  Morton,  Halley  says  of 
Bridgeman  that  he  '  loved  neither  to  threaten 
nor  to  strike,  but  when  he  did  strike  he  did 
it  as  effectually  as  if  he  loved  it/  A  curious 
story  is  told  of  his  shutting  up  Knutsford 
Chapel,  on  the  ground  that  it  had  been  pro- 
faned by  the  casual  introduction  of  a  led  bear. 
This  has  been  described  as  '  episcopal  super- 
stition,' but  was  probably  only  an  excuse  for 
closing  a  place  which  was  in  nonconforming 
hands.  Thomas  Pa  get,  minister  of  Blackley 
Chapel,  who  had  been  treated  by  Morton  with 
nothing  worse  than  hard  words,  was  cited 
before  Bridgeman,  and  required  to  give  rea- 
sons for  judging  it  unlawful  to  kneel  at  the 
eucharist.  In  the  course  of  the  argument 
Bridgeman  'gravely  laid  himself  upon  a  bench 
by  a  side  of  a  table,  leaning  on  his  elbow/ 
to  prove  how  unseemly  would  now  be  in 
church  the  posture  in  use  at  the  institu- 
tion of  the  sacrament.  Paget  was  '  punished 
by  suspension  from  his  ministry  [about  1620] 
for  two  years/  Some  years  later  a  more  con- 
siderable man  than  Paget  was  suspended  by 
Bridgeman.  John  Angier,  the  young  non- 
conforming  minister  of  Ringley  Chapel,  was 
the  bishop's  neighbour  while  Bridgeman  re- 
sided at  Great  Lever,  near  Bolton,  and  was 
frequently  called  in  to  pray  with  the  bishop's- 
ailing  wife.  The  position  was  for  Bridgeman 
a  somewhat  equivocal  one.  '  My  lord's  grace 
of  Canterbury  '  had  already  rebuked  him  for 
permitting  nonconformists  at  Ringley  and 
Dean ;  Angier's  nonconformity  he  could  not 
shake,  so  he  told  him  he  must  suspend  himr 
but  would  wink  at  his  getting  another  place 
'  anywhere  at  a  little  further  distance '  [see 
ANGIER,  JOHN].  In  1631  he  suspended  Samuel 
Eaton  of  "Wirral,  who  is  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  Congregationalism  in  Cheshire. 
When  the  time  came  for  the  temporary  over- 
throw of  episcopacy,  Bridgeman  disappeared 
from  public  view,  and  seems  to  have  lived 
quietly  in  retirement.  He  died  in  1652  at 
Morton  Hall,  Shropshire,  and  was  buried  at 
Kinnerley,  near  Oswestry.  There  is  a  stone 
over  his  grave,  and  a  mural  monument  to  his 
memory  in  Kinnerley  Church,  but  neither 
gives  the  date  of  death  ;  the  register  at  Kin- 
nerley only  dates  from  1677.  He  married, 
on  29  April  1606,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
William  Helyar  (died  1645),  archdeacon  of 
Barnstaple  and  canon  of  Exeter,  and  left  five 
sons  :  (1)  Orlando  [q.  v.] ;  (2)  Dove,  pre- 
bendary of  Chester,  married  Miss  Bennett, 
a  Cheshire  lady,  and  had  one  son,  Charles, 
archdeacon  of  Richmond,  who  died  unmar- 


Bridgeman 


318 


Bridgeman 


ried  in  1678 ;  (3)  Henry  [q.  v.] ;  (4)  James, 
who  was  knighted,  married  Miss  Allen,  a 
Cheshire  lady,  and  had  issue  James  (died  un- 
married), Frances  (married  William,  third 
Baron  Howard  of  Escrick),  Magdalen  (mar- 
ried W.  Wynde),  and  Anne ;  (5)  Kichard 
of  Combes  Hall,  Suffolk,  married  Katharine 
Watson,  and  had  a  son  William,  who  be- 
came secretary  to  the  admiralty  and  clerk 
of  the  privy  council ;  this  William  married 
Diana  Vernatti,  and  had  issue  Orlando  (whose 
only  surviving  son  William  died  unmarried), 
and  Katharine  (married  Orlando  Bridgeman, 
fourth  son  of  the  second  baronet,  and  died 
without  issue).  Ormerod  says  that  Bishop 
Bridgeman  *  was  the  compiler  of  a  valuable 
work  relating  to  the  ecclesiastical  history  of 
the  diocese,  now  deposited  in  the  episcopal 
registry,  and  usually  denominated  Bishop 
Bridgeman's  Ledger.' 

[Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy,  1714,  pt.  ii. 
pp.  10, 24  ;  Brook's  Lives  of  the  Puritans,  1813,  ii. 
293  seq. ;  Ormerod's  Cheshire,  1819,  i.  79 ;  Fisher's 
Companion  and  Key  to  the  Hist,  of  Eng.  1832, 
pp.  728,  756 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  1st  ser.  i.  80 ; 
Halley's  Lancashire,  its  Puritanism  and  Noncon- 
formity, 1869,  i.  240,  260,  285,  ii.  81,  148; 
Hook's  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury, 
Laud,  1875,  xi.  39  ;  Lee's  Diaries  and  Letters 
of  P.  Henry,  1882,  pp.  194,  394;  Burke's  Peer- 
age, 1883,  p.  157  ;  information  from  the  master 
of  Magdalene,  and  from  Kev.  J.  B.  Meredith, 
Kinnerley,  West  Felton.]  A.  G-. 

BRIDGEMAN,  SIB  ORLANDO  (1606?- 

1674),  lord  keeper,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
John  Bridgeman  [q.  v.],  rector  of  the  family 
living  of  Wigan,  and  in  1619  bishop  of  Chester. 
His  mother  was  Elizabeth  Helyar,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Helyar,  canon  of  Exeter  and  archdeacon 
of  Barnstaple.  After  receiving  a  home  train- 
ing, Orlando  Bridgeman  went  in  July  1619 
to  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  in  January  1624,  and 
was  elected  fellow  of  Magdalene  (where  his 
father  had  previously  been  a  fellow  and 
M.A.)  on  7  July  of  the  same  year  {Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  4th  Rep.  483).  In  November 
of  that  year  he  was  admitted  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar  on  10  Feb. 
1632,  and  was  made  a  bencher  shortly  before 
the  Restoration.  His  legal  reputation  during 
Charles  I's  reign  stood  very  high.  He  was 
chief  justice  of  Chester  1638 ;  attorney  of  the 
court  of  wards  and  solicitor-general  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  1640.  He  had  also  the  re- 
version of  the  office  of  keeper  of  the  writs  and 
rolls  in  the  common  pleas.  This  promotion 
was  no  doubt  favoured  by  his  political  views. 
He  was  returned  in  1640  to  the  Long  parlia- 
ment for  Wigan,  and  was  earnest  in  his  sup- 
port of  the  royal  cause,  and  knighted  in  the 


same  year.  He  voted  against  Strafford's  at- 
tainder, and  opposed  the  ordinance  by  which 
the  militia  was  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
king,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  as- 
sisted his  father  in  maintaining  the  royal  cause 
in  Chester.  He  sat  in  the  Oxford  parliament 
of  1644,  and  in  January  1645-6  was  one  of  the 
king's  commissioners  at  the  Uxbridge  nego- 
tiations, where,  though  the  son  of  a  bishop,  he 
displayed  such  a  tendency  to  compromise  in 
church  matters,  and  so  lawyer-like  a  desire 
to  meet  political  opponents  halfway,  that  he 
incurred  the  censure  both  of  Charles  and  of 
Hyde.  As  a  prominent  member  of  the 
royalist  party  he  was  compelled,  after  the 
death  of  Charles,  to  cease  public  advocacy  at 
the  bar,  but  appears  to  have  escaped  fine  or 
other  punishment,  and  on  his  submission  to 
Cromwell,  who  was  extremely  anxious  to  se- 
cure the  proper  administration  of  the  law, 
was  permitted  to  practise  in  a  private  man- 
ner. He  devoted  himself  to  conveyancing, 
to  which  the  vast  changes  in  property  re- 
sulting from  the  civil  wars  had  given  special 
importance,  and  for  which  the  conspicuous 
moderation  of  his  temper  well  fitted  him, 
and  was  in  this  matter  regarded  as  the  lead- 
ing authority  by  both  parties,  his  very  ene- 
mies not  thinking  their  estates  secure  without 
his  advice.  After  his  death  his  collections 
were  published  under  the  title  of  'Bridge- 
man's  Conveyancer,'  of  which  five  editions 
were  printed,  the  last  and  best  in  1725.  He 
was  not,  however,  allowed  to  live  in  London ; 
for  he  received  a  license  from  the  council  of 
state  to  remain  at  Beaconsfield  with  his  family 
on  10  Sept.  1650,  and  on  15  and  29  Oct.  also 
had  special  licenses  to  come  to  London  and 
reside  there  for  about  a  month,  while  engaged 
on  special  business. 

In  the  political  confusion  which  succeeded 
the  death  of  Cromwell  Bridgeman  took  no 
share.  His  legal  reputation,  however,  and 
his  former  active  loyalty  were  sufficient  to 
put  out  of  sight  his  late  submission  to 
Cromwell.  Within  a  week  after  the  king's 
return  he  was  made  successively  serjeant-at- 
law  and  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  and 
received  a  baronetcy,  the  first  created  after 
the  Restoration  (PKINCE,  Worthies  of  Devon), 
in  which  he  is  described  as  of  Great  Lever, 
Lancashire.  His  property  in  this  county 
appears  to  have  been  considerable,  as  Pepys 
speaks  of  another  seat,  probably  Ashton 
Hall, '  antiently  of  the  Levers,  and  then  of 
the  Ashtons,'  as  being  shortly  afterwards  in 
his  possession  (PEPTS,  Diary). 

In  October  (9-19)  1660  Bridgeman  pre- 
sided as  lord  chief  baron  at  the  trial  of  the 
regicides.  He  conducted  these  trials — at  a 
time  when,  if  ever,  political  partisanship  might 


Bridgeman 


3*9 


Bridgeman 


have  been  expected  to  run  riot — with  remark- 
able moderation.  He  appears  to  have  especially 
distinguished  himself  by  his  effective  reply  to 
Cook,  one  of  the  prisoners,  who  'delivered 
himself  lawyer-like  for  two  or  three  hours  to 
the  judges  '(Hist.  MSS.  Comm.  5th  Rep.  1816). 
At  the  conclusion  of  this  trial  he  was  made  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  the  patent 
being  dated  22  Oct.  1660,  though  he  is  men- 
tioned as  chief  justice  as  early  as  29  May 
(ib.  153).  During  the  seven  years  that  he 
held  this  office  he  preserved  a  high  and  un- 
diminished  reputation.  '  His  moderation  and 
equity  were  such  that  he  seemed  to  carry  a 
chancery  in  his  breast '  (PRINCE,  Worthies  of 
De  von) .  His  love  of  legal  exactitude  was  great 
enough  to  become  proverbial,  and  an  illus- 
tration of  it  is  furnished  by  North,  who  states 
that  when  it  was  proposed  to  move  his  court, 
which  was  draughty,  into  a  less  exposed  situ- 
ation, Bridgeman  refused  to  allow  it,  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  against  Magna  Charta, 
which  enacts  that  the  common  pleas  shall  be 
held  l  in  certo  loco,'  and  that  the  distance  of 
an  inch  from  that  place  would  cause  all  pleas 
to  be ( coram  non  judice.'  Reports  of  his  judg- 
ments were  edited  from  the  Hargraves  MSS. 
by  S.  Bannister  in  1823.  He  was  during 
these  years  several  times  commissioned  to  exe- 
cute the  office  of  speaker  in  the  lords  during 
the  absence  of  the  lord  chancellor  (Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  7th  Rep.  100  «,  142  b,  175  a).  On 
26  March  1664  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
first  visitors  of  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, London  (ib.  8th  Rep.  234  6). 

On  the  disgrace  of  Clarendon  the  great 
seal  was  given  to  Bridgeman  on  30  Aug. 
1667,  not  as  lord  chancellor,  but  with  the 
inferior  title  of  lord  keeper.  In  May  of  the 
same  year  he  received  a  grant  of  the  rever- 
sion of  the  surveyorship  of  the  customs  (Cal. 
of  State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.,  1666-7,  p.  139). 
Until  23  May  1668,  when  he  was  succeeded 
in  the  chief  justiceship  by  Sir  John  Vaughan, 
he  filled  both  offices.  At  this  time  he  resided 
at  Essex  House  in  the  Strand ;  but  he  had 
also  a  seat  at  Teddington,  Middlesex,  where 
he  was  dangerously  ill  in  March  1667  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  7th  Rep.  485),  and  apparently 
another  residence  at  Bowood  Park  (Cal.  of 
State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.,  1660-1).  Accord- 
ing to  general  testimony  Bridgeman  did  not 
retain  in  this  new  office  his  former  high 
reputation.  Thus  Burnet  says  that '  his  study 
and  practice  had  lain  so  entirely  in  the  com- 
mon law  that  he  never  seemed  to  know  what 
equity  was.'  His  love  of  moderation  and 
compromise  had  evidently  grown  upon  him. 
North  describes  him  as  '  timorous  to  an  im- 
potence, and  that  not  mended  by  his  great 
age.  He  laboured  very  much  to  please 


everybody,  a  temper  of  ill  consequence  to  a 
judge.  It  was  observed  of  him  that  if  a 
case  admitted  of  diverse  doubts,  which  the 
lawyers  call  points,  he  would  never  give  all 
on  one  side,  but  either  party  should  have 
something  to  go  away  with.  And  in  his  time 
the  court  of  chancery  ran  out  of  order  into 
delays  and  endless  motions  in  causes,  so 
that  it  was  like  a  fair  field  overgrown  with 
briars.'  There  was,  too,  another  cause  for 
his  failure  :  '  What  was  worst  of  all,  his 
family  was  very  ill  qualified  for  that  place, 
his  lady  being  a  most  violent  intriguess  in 
business,  and  his  sons  kept  no  good  decorum 
whilst  they  practised  under  him ;  and  he  had 
not  the  vigour  of  mind  and  strength  to 
coerce  the  cause  of  so  much  disorder  in  his 
family '  (NoRTH,  Life  of  Lord-keeper  Guild- 
ford,  p.  180). 

As  lord  keeper,  Bridgeman  was  of  course 
the  mouthpiece  of  Charles  to  the  parlia- 
ment, and  delivered  the  king's  speech  on 
10  Oct.  1667,  19  Oct.  1669,  14  Feb.  and 
24  Oct.  1670,  and  22  April  1671  (Parl.  Hist. 
vol.  iv.)  Actually,  however,  he  was,  during 
all  the  transactions  connected  with  the  treaty 
of  Dover  in  1670,  kept  in  ignorance  of  the 
real  intentions  of  Charles.  As  a  staunch  pro- 
testant  it  was  necessary  to  withhold  from  him 
the  clause  by  which  Charles  bound  himself  to 
declare  his  conversion  to  Romanism  in  return 
for  a  special  subsidy  from  Louis  XIV,  and 
he  was  therefore,  with  others,  tricked  by  the 
duplicate  treaty  which  Buckingham,  also  too 
protestant  to  be  trusted,  was  allowed  to  ima- 
gine that  he  had  concluded  (DALRYMPLE, 
Memoirs).  His  general  views,  however,  and 
his  personal  integrity  made  him  an  obstacle 
to  the  full  carrying  out  of  Charles's  plans. 
1  He  boggled  at  divers  things  required  of 
him  ; '  he  refused  to  put  the  seal  to  the  De- 
claration of  Indulgence,  as  judging  it  contrary 
to  the  constitution ;  he  heartily  disapproved 
of  the  closing  of  the  exchequer,  refused  to 
stop  the  lawsuits  against  the  bankers,  which 
resulted  from  this  step,  by  injunction,  al- 
though Charles  was  known  personally  to  wish 
it ;  and  remonstrated  against  the  commission 
of  martial  law,  although  at  that  time  there 
was  colour  for  it  by  a  little  army  encamped  on 
Blackheath  (NORTH, .Life  of  Guildford,  181). 
'For  the  sake  of  his  family,  that  gathered 
like  a  snowball  while  he  had  the  seal,  he 
would  not  have  formalised  with  any  toler- 
able compliances ;  but  these  impositions  were 
too  rank  for  him  to  comport  with '  (NoRTH, 
Examen,  p.  38).  He  appears  also  to  have  re- 
fused to  put  the  great  seal  to  various  grants 
designed  for  the  king's  mistresses.  It  was 
decided  to  remove  him,  and  on  17  Nov.  1672 
the  seal  was  taken  from  him  and  given  to 


Bridges 


320 


Bridges 


Shaftesbury,  who  was  thought  to  be  willing 
to  be  more  compliant.  The  warrant  from 
Charles  to  Henry  Coventry  to  receive  the 
seal  from  Bridgeman  is  dated  16  Nov.  (Hist. 
MSS.  Comm.  4th  Rep.  234  b}.  He  at  once 
went  into  retirement  at  Teddington,  and 
after  an  illness  in  the  spring  of  1673,  from 
which,  however,  he  had  completely  recovered 
in  April,  he  died  on  25  June  1674,  and  was 
buried  at  Teddington.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried :  first  to  Judith,  daughter  and  heir  of 
John  Kynaston  of  Morton,  Shropshire  ;  se- 
condly, in  May  1670  (ib.  7th  Rep.  488  £),  to 
Dorothy,  daughter  of  Dr.  Saunders,  provost 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  widow  of  George 
Craddock  of  Carswell  Castle,  Staffordshire. 
By  his  first  marriage  he  had  one  son,  by  his 
second  two  sons  and  a  daughter,  the  latter  of 
whom,  in  1677,  married  Sir  Thomas  Middle- 
ton  of  Chirk  Castle,  bringing  with  her  6,000/., 
left  her  by  her  father  (ib.  470  a).  The  present 
Earl  of  Bradford  is  the  direct  lineal  descen- 
dant of  the  lord  keeper  by  his  first  wife. 

[The  principal  modern  authority  for  Bridge- 
man's  life  is  Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges,  to  which 
the  writer  of  this  article  desires  to  own  the 
fullest  obligation.  This,  however,  deals  purely 
with  his  legal  career.  A  good  many  notices  of 
him  occur  in  the  Records  of  the  Hist.  MSS.  Com- 
mission, and  in  the  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  of 
which  the  most  important  are  referred  to  above. 
North's  Examen  and  Life  of  Lord-keeper  G-uild- 
ford,  and  the  articles  in  the  last  edition  of  the 
Biog.  Brit.,  have  also  been  consulted.  Prince,  in 
his  Worthies  of  Devon,  has  one  or  two  interest- 
ing facts.]  0.  A. 

BRIDGES.     [See  also  BRYDGES.] 

BRIDGES,  CHARLES  (1794-1869), 
evangelical  divine,  was  educated  at  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  and  proceeded  B.A. 
1818,  M.A.  1831.  He  was  ordained  dea- 
con in  1817,  priest  in  1818,  and  in  1823 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Old  New- 
ton, near  Stowmarket  in  Suffolk.  In  1849 
he  was  nominated  vicar  of  Weymouth, 
where  he  remained  till  failing  health  in- 
duced him  to  retire  to  the  rectory  of  Hin- 
ton  Martell  in  Dorsetshire,  to  which  he  was 
presented  by  Lord  Shaftesbury.  Bridges 
was  a  prominent  member  of  the  evangelical 
party  in  the  church,  and  author  of  many 
popular  devotional  and  theological  treatises. 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned  a 
'Memoir  of  Miss  M.  J.  Graham '  (1823),  of 
which  several  editions  were  published,  a  simi- 
larly executed  '  Memoir  of  Rev.  J.  T.  Not- 
tidge '  (1849),  and  a  '  Life  of  Martin  Boos, 
Roman  Catholic  Priest  in  Bavaria '  (1855), 
which  forms  the  fifth  volume  of  the  '  Library 
of  Christian  Biography,'  edited  by  R.  Bicker- 


steth.  Besides  these  devotional  biographies, 
he  wrote  'An  Exposition  of  Psalm  cxix.' 
(1827),  which  ran  through  several  editions, 
and  was  also  translated  into  German  ;  '  An 
Exposition  of  the  Book  of  Proverbs  '  (1846)  ; 
'Forty-eight  Scriptural  Studies'  (5th  ed. 
1833) ;  'Fifty-four  Scriptural  Studies '(1837) ; 
and  several  smaller  devotional  and  practical 
tracts.  A  book  entitled  '  The  Christian 
Ministry,  with  an  Inquiry  into  the  causes 
of  its  Inefficiency,  and  with  special  reference 
to  the  Ministry  of  the  Establishment '  (1830) 
reached  many  editions.  He  also  published 
several  sermons,  one  of  the  latest  of  which, 
against '  Vain  Philosophy  '  (1860),  is  a  coun- 
terblast to  the  teaching  of  broad-church  di- 
vines. A  small  selection  from  Bridges'  cor- 
respondence was  published  at  Edinburgh  in 
the  year  after  his  death,  under  the  title  of 
'  Letters  to  a  Friend.' 

[Register  and  Mag.  of  Biography,  i.  399 ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  R.  B. 

BRIDGES,  JOHN  (d.  1618),  bishop  of 
Oxford  and  controversialist,  was  educated  at 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  pro- 
ceeded B.A.  in  1556,  and  M.A.  in  1560.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  Pembroke  in  1556,  and 
obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Canterbury 
in  1575.  He  spent  some  years  in  Italy  in  his 
youth;  translated,  about  1558,  three  of 
Machiavelli's  discourses  into  English,  which 
were  not  published,  and  afterwards  received 
a  benefice  at  Herne  in  Kent.  He  preached 
a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross  in  1571,  which  was 
printed,  and  published  in  1572  a  translation 
from  the  Latin  of  Rudolph  Walther's  175 
'  Homilies  on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.'  In 
the  following  year  he  replied  to  two  catholic 
treatises — Thomas  Stapleton's '  Counterblast ' 
and  Sanders's  '  Visible  Monarchie  of  the  Ro- 
maine  Church ' — in  a  book  entitled  '  The  Su- 
premacie  of  Christian  Princes  over  all  Persons 
throughout  their  Dominions.'  Bridges  was 
appointed  dean  of  Salisbury  in  1577.  In 
1581  Bishop  Aylmer  directed  him,  with 
other  divines,  to  reply  to  Edmund  Campion's 
'  Ten  Reasons '  in  favour  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  In  1582  he  was  a  member  of  a  com- 
mission appointed  to  hold  a  conference  with 
some  papist  dialecticians.  But  his  most  im- 
portant contribution  to  polemical  literature 
was  'A  Defence  of  the  Government  esta- 
blished in  the  Church  of  Englande  for  Eccle- 
siasticall  Matters '  (London,  by  John  Winder, 
1587).  It  is  a  quarto  of  1412  pages,  directed 
against  Calvinism.  It  undertakes  especially 
to  answer  two  books — Thomas  Cartwright's 
'  Discourse  of  Ecclesiastical  Government,'  or 
a  'briefe  and  plaine  declaration,'  1574  (a 
translation  from  the  Latin  of  Walter  Travers), 


Bridges 


321 


Bridges 


and  Theodore  Beza's  '  Judgment,'  which  had 
been  published  in  an  English  translation  in 
1580.  Bridges's  ponderous  volume  was  im- 
mediately answered  in  the  three  tracts,  'A 
Defence  of  the  Godlie  Ministers  against  the 
Slaunders  of  D.  B.,'  1587  ;  <  A  Defence  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Discipline  ordayned  of  God. 
.  .  .  Against  a  Replie  of  Maister  Bridges,' 
1588 ;  '  A  Dialogue,  wherein  is  ...  laide  open 
the  Tyrannicall  Dealing  of  L.  Bishopps  .  .  . 
(according  to  D.  B.,  his  "  Judgement "),  .  .  .' 
1588  (?).  The  chief  interest  attaching  to 
Bridges's  book  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  was  the 
immediate  cause  of  the  great  Martin  Mar- 
Prelate  controversy.  About  a  year  after  the 
publication  of  Bridges's '  Defence '  there  was 
issued  the  earliest  of  the  Mar-Prelate  tracts, 
with  the  title  of  *  Oh  read  ouer  D.  John  Bridges, 
for  it  is  a  worthy  worke,'  an  introductory 
epistle  to  a  promised  '  Epitome  of  the  fyrste  | 
Booke  of  that  right  worshipfull  volume, 
written  against  the  Puritanes  in  the  defence  of  i 
the  noble  cleargie  by  as  worshipful  a  prieste, 
lohn  Bridges,  presbyter,  an  elder,  Doctor  of 
Diuillitie,  and  Deane  of  Sarum.'  Scathing 
criticisms  are  here  made  on  Bridges's  literary 
incapacity : '  A  man  might  almost  run  himselfe  | 
out  of  breath  before  he  could  come  to  a  full 
point  in  many  places  in  your  booke.'  The 
satirists  state  doubtfully  that  he  was  the 
author  of  '  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,'  usu- 
ally attributed  to  Bishop  Still  (see  Brit.  MILS. 
MS.  Addit.  24487,  if.  33-7),  and  add  that  ! 
he  had  published  '  a  sheet  in  rime  of  all  the 
names  attributed  to  the  Lorde  in  the  Bible.' 
In  February  1588-9  the  promised  epitome  of 
Bridges's  first  book  duly  appeared,  as  the  se-  | 
cond  Martin  Mar-Prelate  tract.  Four  bishops 
who  were  specially  attacked  here  replied  in  ! 
an  'Admonition,'  drawn  up  by  Thomas 
Cooper,  bishop  of  Winchester ;  but  Bridges 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  connected  with 
the  later  development  of  the  controversy. 
Bridges  took  part  in  the  Hampton  Court  con- 
ference of  1603,  and  on  12  Feb.  1603-4  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Oxford  at  Lambeth  by 
Whitgift.  He  attended  the  king  on  his  visit 
to  Oxford  in  1605,  when  he  was  created  M.  A., 
and  took  part  in  the  funeral  of  Henry,  prince 
of  Wales,  in  1612.  Bridges  died  at  a  great 
age  in  1618.  Unlike  his  predecessors  in 
the  see  of  Oxford,  he  lived  in  his  diocese 
— at  March  Baldon  (MAKSHALL,  Diocese  of 
Oxford,  p.  121).  His  last  published  work 
was  '  Sacrosanctum  Novum  Testamentum 
...  in  hexametros  versus  .  .  .  translatum,' 
1604. 

A  son,  William,  proceeded  B.D.  of  New 
College.  Oxford,  on  9  July  1612,  and  was 
archdeacon  of  Oxford  from  1614  till  his 
death  in  1626  (WooD,  Fasti,  Bliss,  i.  348). 

VOL.    VI. 


[Strype's  Annals,  8vo,  n.  ii.  710,  in.  i.  414, 
ii.  96,  97,  151-2,  iv.  432  ;  Strype's  Aylmer,  33; 
Strype's  Whitgift,  i.  198,  549,  ii.  518,  iii.  219  ; 
Wood's  Fasti  (Bliss),  i.  314 ;  Nichols's  Progresses 
of  James  I ;  Dexter's  Congregationalism,  pp.  1 43 
et  seq. ;  Arber's  Martin  Mar- Prelate  Controversy ; 
Tanner's  Bibliotheca,  p.  122 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  of 
Printed  Books  before  1640.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRIDGES,  JOHN  (1666-1724),  topo- 
grapher, was  born  in  1666  at  Barton  Seagrave, 
Northamptonshire,  where  his  father  then  re- 
sided. His  grandfather  was  Colonel  John 
Bridges  of  Alcester,  Warwickshire,  whose 
eldest  son  of  the  same  name  purchased  the 
manor  of  Barton  Seagrave  about  1665,  and 
employed  himself  for  many  years  in  the 
careful  improvement  of  the  estate  by  plant- 
ing it  and  introducing  such  discoveries  in 
agriculture  as  were  then  recent,  particularly 
the  cultivation  of  sainfoin.  His  mother  was 
Elizabeth,  sister  of  Sir  William  Trumball, 
secretary  of  state.  He  was  bred  to  the  law, 
became  a  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  was  ap- 
pointed solicitor  to  the  customs  in  1695,  a 
commissioner  in  1711,  and  cashier  of  excise 
in  1715.  He  was  also  a  governor  of  Bride- 
well and  Bethlehem  Hospitals.  In  1718  he 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, and  in  the  following  year  he  began 
the  formation  of  his  voluminous  manuscript 
collections  for  the  history  of  his  native 
county.  He  personally  made  a  circuit  of 
the  county,  and  employed  several  persons  to 
make  drawings,  collect  information,  and  tran- 
scribe monuments  and  records.  In  this  man- 
ner he  expended  several  thousand  pounds. 
It  was  his  intention  to  make  another  per- 
sonal survey  of  the  county,  but  before  he 
could  carry  this  design  into  effect  he  was 
attacked  by  illness,  and  died  at  his  chambers 
in  Lincoln's  Inn  on  16  March  1723-4. 

Bridges's  manuscripts  fill  thirty  folio 
volumes,  besides  five  quarto  volumes  of  de- 
scriptions of  churches  collected  for  him  and 
four  similar  volumes  in  his  own  handwriting. 
These  are  now  to  be  found,  paged  and  in- 
dexed, in  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford. 
Left  by  Bridges  as  an  heirloom  to  his  family, 
they  were  placed  by  his  brother  William, 
secretary  of  the  stamp  office,  in  the  hands 
of  Gibbons,  a  stationer  and  law-bookseller  at 
the  Middle  Temple  Gate,  who  circulated  pro- 
posals for  their  publication  by  subscription, 
and  engaged  Dr.  Samuel  Jebb,  a  learned  phy- 
sician of  Stratford  in  Essex,  to  edit  them. 
Before  many  numbers  had  appeared  Gibbons 
became  bankrupt,  and  the  manuscripts  re- 
maining in  the  hands  of  the  editor,  who  had 
received  no  compensation  for  his  labours, 
were  at  length  secured  by  Mr.  William  Cart- 
wright,  M.P.,  of  Aynho,  for  his  native  county, 


Bridges 


322 


Bridges 


and  a  local  committee  was  formed  to  accom- 
plish the  publication  of  the  work.  This  was 
entrusted  to  the  Rev.  Peter  Whalley,  a  master 
at  Christ's  Hospital.  The  first  volume  ap- 
peared in  1762,  and  the  first  part  of  the 
second  in  1769;  but  delay  arose  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  Sir  Thomas  Cave, 
chairman  of  the  committee,  and  the  entire 
work  was  not  published  till  1791,  more  than 
seventy  years  after  Bridges's  first  collection. 
It  bears  this  title :  '  The  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  Northamptonshire.  Compiled  from 
the  manuscript  collections  of  the  late  learned 
antiquary,  John  Bridges,  Esq.  By  the  Rev. 
Peter  Whalley,  late  fellow  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,'  2  vols.,  Oxford,  1791,  folio. 
Whalley's  part  in  the  work  was  very  inade- 
quately performed.  He  professed,  indeed,  to 
have  added  little  of  his  own,  except  what  he 
compiled  from  Wood  and  Dugdale ;  and  so 
easy  a  matter  as  the  continuation  of  the  lists 
of  incumbents  and  lords  of  manors  was  left 
unattempted.  Archdeacon  Nares  wrote  the 
preface,  and  Samuel  Ayscough  compiled  the 
index.  The  value  of  these  two  folio  volumes 
is  entirely  due  to  Bridges,  and  if  his  papers 
had  been  properly  arranged  he  would,  in 
the  estimation  of  his  successor,  Baker,  have 
equalled  Dugdale.  A  magnificent  copy  of 
the  work  is  preserved  among  the  select  manu- 
scripts in  the  British  Museum  (Addit.  MSS. 
32118-32122).  It  is  illustrated  with  nume- 
rous sketches,  engravings,  and  additions  in 
print  and  manuscript.  A  printed  title  pasted 
inside  the  cover  states  that  'this  copy  of 
Bridges's  "  History  and  Antiquities  of  North- 
amptonshire "  was,  at  great  expense  and  with 
untiring  perseverance,  illustrated  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Dash  of  Kettering.  It  has  received 
numerous  additions  by  his  son  William  Dash, 
who  has  had  it  rebound  (1847)  in  its  present 
extended  form  of  five  volumes,  and  strictly 
enjoins  on  the  party  receiving  it  that  the 
book  be  preserved  in  its  entirety,  and  that 
no  part  of  it  be  ever  broken  up  or  dispersed.' 
It  was  bequeathed  by  Mr.  William  Dash  to 
the  British  Museum,  where  it  was  deposited 
m  1883. 

-  Bridges's  collection  of  books  and  prints 
was  sold  by  auction  soon  after  his  death. 
The  catalogue  of  his  library  was  long  re- 
tained as  valuable  by  curious  collectors.  A 
portrait  of  him,  painted  by  Sir  Godfrey 
Kneller  in  1706,  was  engraved  by  Vertue  in 
1726. 

[Manuscript  Memoir  in  Dash's  copy  of  the 
Hist,  of  Northamptonshire,  and  other  manuscript 
notes  in  the  same  -work  ;  Bridges's  Northamp- 
tonshire, pref.,  also  ii.  221  ;  Brydges's  Censura 
Lit.  (1807),  iii.  219,  331;  Nichols's  Illustr.  of 
Lit.  iii.  521-36,  vii.  407,  436;  Nichols's  Lit. 


Anecd.  i.  94,  161,  ii.  61,  105-9,  700,  701,  iii.  615, 
vi.  49,  189,  viii.  348,  349,  399,  566,  682-4,  ix. 
566;  Noble's  Biog.  Hist,  of  England,  ii.  182; 
Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser.  xi.  461,  5th  ser.  v. 
86,  175  ;  Quarterly  Keview,  ci.  3,  4.]  T.  C. 

BRIDGES,  NOAH  (Jl.  1661),  steno- 
grapher and  mathematician,  was  educated  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  acted  as  clerk 
of  the  parliament  which  sat  in  that  city  in 
1643  and  1644.  He  was  created  B.C.L.  on 
17  June  1646,  '  being  at  that  time  esteemed 
a  most  faithful  subject  to  his  majesty.'  He 
was  in  attendance  on  King  Charles  I  in  most 
of  his  restraints,  particularly  at  Newcastle 
and  the  Isle  of  Wight  (State  Papers,  Dom., 
Charles  II,  vol.  xx.  art.  126).  His  majesty 
granted  him  the  office  of  clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  but  the  appointment  failed  to 
pass  the  great  seal  because  of  the  surrender 
of  Oxford.  It  appears  that  the  king  also  pro- 
mised him  the  post  of  comptroller,  teller,  and 
weigher  of  the  Mint.  After  the  Restoration 
he  vainly  endeavoured  to  obtain  the  grant  of 
these  offices  with  survivorship  to  his  son 
Japhet.  For  several  years  he  kept  a  school 
at  Putney,  where  he  was  living  in  1661. 

He  is  the  author  of:  1.  'Vulgar  Arith- 
metique,  explayning  the  Secrets  of  that  Art, 
after  a  more  exact  and  easie  way  than  ever,' 
London,  1653,  12mo.  A  portrait  of  the 
author  is  prefixed.  2.  'Stenographic  and 
Cryptographie  :  or  the  Arts  of  Short  and 
Secret  Writing.  The  first  laid  down  in  a 
method  familiar  to  meane  capacities ;  the 
second  added  to  convince  and  cautionate  the 
credulous  and  the  confident  .  .  .'  London, 
1659,  16mo.  This  extremely  scarce  work  is 
dedicated  to  Sir  Orlando  Bridgeman.  The 
address  to  the  reader  is  thus  most  curiously 
dated :  '  March  f f  the  first  of  the  four  last 
months  of  13  yeares  squandered  in  the  Valley 
of  Fortune.'  A  second  edition,  which  has  es- 
caped the  notice  of  bibliographers,  appeared 
with  this  title:  'Stenography  and  Crypto- 
graphy. The  Arts  of  Short  and  Secret  Writ- 
ing. The  second  Edition  enlarged,  with  a 
familiar  Method  teaching  how  to  cypher  and 
decypher  all  private  Transactions.  Wherein 
are  inserted  the  Keys  by  which  the  Lines  of 
Text-Writing  affixed  to  those  Cyphers  are 
folded  and  unfolded,'  London,  1662.  3.  '  Lux 
Mercatoria,  Arithmetick  Natural  and  Deci- 
mal .  .  .'  London,  1661,  8vo.  With  a  fine 
portrait  of  the  author,  engraved  by  Faithorne. 
This  portrait  was  re-engraved  as  Milton,  for 
Duroveray's  edition  of  '  Paradise  Lost.' 

[Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (ed.  Bliss),  ii.  94 ;  Gran- 
ger's Biog.  Hist,  of  England  (1824),  iv.  77,  v. 
297  ;  Lewis's  Historical  Account  of  Stenography 
(1816),  75  ;  Anderson's  Hist,  of  Shorthand,  107 ; 
Eockwoll's  Teaching,  Practice,  and  Literature  of 


Bridges 


323 


Bridgetower 


Shorthand,  70  ;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Man.  (ed.  Bohn), 
i.  270  ;  Green's  Cal.  Com.  State  Papers  (1652-3), 
424  (1660-1).  347,  348,445,  416  (1661-2),  219; 
Hist.  MSS.  Comrn.  6th  Kep.  473  a ;  Kennett's 
Eegister  and  Chron.  542,  655.]  T.  C. 

BRIDGES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1759-1775), 
dramatist  and  parodist,  was  a  native  of  Hull, 
in  which  town  his  father  was  a  physician  of 
some  repute.  He  was  a  wine  merchant,  and 
a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Sell,  Bridges,  & 
Blunt,  who  failed  in  Hull  as  bankers  in  1759. 
In  1762  Bridges  produced,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Caustic  Barebones,  a  travestie  of 
Homer,  in  2  vols.  12mo,  which  for  the  epoch 
is  fairly  spirited  in  versification,  and  obtained 
some  popularity,  but  is  not  much  wittier  nor 
more  decent  than  other  works  of  its  class. 
This  was  reprinted  1764,  and  in  an  enlarged 
form  in  1767,  1770,  and  1797.  He  also 
wrote  '  The  Battle  of  the  Genii,'  4to,  1765, 
burlesquing,  in  a  poem  in  three  cantos,  Mil- 
ton's description  in  '  Paradise  Lost '  of  the 
fight  with  the  rebel  angels ;  and  '  The  Ad- 
ventures of  a  Bank  Note,'  1770,  2  vols. 
8vo,  a  novel  to  which  in  1771  two  other 
volumes  were  added.  To  the  stage  he  con- 
tributed *  Dido,'  a  comic  opera  in  two  acts, 
produced  at  the  Haymarket  24  July  1771, 
and  printed  in  8vo  the  same  year ;  and  the 
•'  Dutchman,'  a  musical  entertainment,  played 
for  the  fourth  time  at  the  Haymarket  8  Sept. 
1775,  and  also  printed  the  same  year.  Some 
trace  of  humour  is  discoverable  in  the  earlier 
piece ;  the  latter  is  wholly  flat.  The  <  Battle 
of  the  Genii'  was  for  a  time  attributed  to 
Francis  Grose,  the  antiquarian. 

[Genest's  Account  of  the  English  Stage ;  Bio- 
graphia  Dramatica ;  an  Address  given  to  the 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  at  Kingston- 
upon-Hull,  5  Nov.  1830,  by  Charles  Frost,  F.S.A., 
Hull,  1831  ;  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's  Manual ; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Halkett  and  Laing's  Dic- 
tionary of  Anonymous  and  Pseudonymous  Lite- 
rature.] J.  K. 

BRIDGET,  SAINT.     [See  BKIGIT.] 

BRIDGETOWER,  GEORGE  AUGUS- 
TUS POLGREEN  (1779-1840  ?),  violinist, 
was  probably  born  at  Biala  in  Poland  in  1779. 
His  father  was  a  mysterious  individual,  who 
was  known  in  London  society  as  the  '  Abys- 
sinian Prince,'  and  according  to  some  accounts 
was  half-witted.  The  mother  was  a  Pole,  but 
nothing  is  known  as  to  how  the  negro  father 
(for  such  he  seems  to  have  been)  came  to  be 
in  Poland,  and  there  is  considerable  doubt 
as  to  whether  the  name  he  bore  was  not  an 
assumed  one.  Bridgetower  and  his  father 
were  in  London  before  the  year  1790.  His 


principal  master  was  Barthelemon,  though 
he  is  said  also  to  have  studied  the  violin 
under  Giornovichi  and  composition  with  Att- 
wood.  His  first  appearance  took  place  at  an 
oratorio  concert  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  on 
19  Feb.  1790,  when  he  played  a  concerto 
between  the  parts  of  the  '  Messiah,'  attended 
by  his  father  l  habited  in  the  costume  of  his 
country.'  It  has  been  surmised  that  this 
performance  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  for  on  2  June  following, 
Bridgetower  and  Franz  Clement,  a  clever 
Viennese  violinist  of  about  his  own  age,  gave 
a  concert  at  Hanover  Square  under  the 
prince's  patronage.  At  this  concert  the  two 
boys  played  a  duet  by  Deveaux,  and  (with 
Ware  and  F.  Attwood)  a  quartet  by  Pleyel. 
The  celebrated  Abt  Vogler  was  among  the 
audience.  In  April  1791  Bridgetower  played 
at  one  of  Salomon's  concerts,  and  at  the 
j  Handel  commemoration  at  Westminster  Ab- 
I  bey  in  the  same  year  (May-June)  he  and 
!  Hummel,  dressed  in  scarlet  coats,  sat  on  each 
side  of  Joah  Bates  at  the  organ,  pulling  out 
the  stops.  In  1792  he  played  at  the  oratorios 
at  the  King's  Theatre,  under  Linley's  manage- 
ment (24  Feb.-30  March),  and  on  28  May 
i  he  played  a  concerto  by  Viotti  at  a  concert 
]  given  by  Barthelemon.  His  name  also  occurs 
amongst  those  of  the  performers  at  a  concert 
given  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  for  the  benefit 
|  of  the  distressed  Spitalfields  weavers  in  1794. 
Bridgetower  was  a  member  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  private  band  at  Brighton,  but  in  1 802 
he  obtained  leave  to  visit  his  mother,  who 
lived  with  another  son  (a  violoncellist)  at 
Dresden,  and  to  go  to  the  baths  of  Karlsbad 
and  Teplitz.  At  Dresden  he  gave  concerts 
on  24  July  1802  and  18  March  1803,  which 
were  so  successful  that,  having  obtained  an 
extension  of  leave,  he  went  to  Vienna,  where 
he  arrived  in  April  1803.  Here  he  was  re- 
ceived with  great  cordiality,  and  was  intro- 
duced by  Prince  Lichnowsky  to  Beethoven, 
who  wrote  for  him  the  great  Kreutzer  Sonata. 
This  work  was  first  performed  at  a  concert 
given  by  Bridgetower  at  the  Augarten-Halle 
on  either  17  or  24  May  1803,  Beethoven  him- 
self playing  the  pianoforte  part.  The  sonata 
was  barely  finished  in  time  for  the  perform- 
ance ;  indeed,  the  pianoforte  part  of  the  first 
movement  was  only  sketched.  Czerny  said 
that  Bridgetower's  playing  on  this  occasion 
was  so  extravagant  that  the  audience  laughed, 
but  this  is  probably  an  exaggeration.  There 
exists  a  copy  of  the  sonata,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Bridgetower,  on  which  he  has  made  a 
memorandum  of  an  alteration  he  introduced 
in  the  violin  part,  which  so  pleased  Beethoven 
that  he  jumped  up  and  embraced  the  vio- 
linist, exclaiming,  '  Noch  einmal,  mein  lieber 

Y  2 


Bridgewater  324 


Bridge  water 


Bursch ! '  In  later  years  Bridgetower  alleged 
that  the  Kreutzer  Sonata  was  originally  dedi- 
cated to  him,  but  that  before  he  left  Vienna 
he  had  a  quarrel  with  Beethoven  about  some 
love  affair  which  caused  the  latter  to  alter 
the  inscription.  After  his  visit  to  Vienna, 
Bridgetower  returned  to  England,  and  in 
June  1811  took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  at 
Cambridge,  where  his  name  was  entered  at 
Trinity  Hall.  The  graduates'  list  gives  his 
name  as  George  Bridgtower,  but  a  contem- 
porary paragraph  in  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine '  leaves  but  little  doubt  that  this  was 
the  mulatto  violinist.  His  exercise  on  this 
occasion  was  an  anthem,  the  words  of  which 
were  written  by  F.  A.  Rawdon ;  it  was  per- 
formed with  full  orchestra  and  chorus  at 
Great  St.  Mary's  on  30  June  1811.  In  the 
following  year  was  published  a  small  work 
entitled  *  Diatonica  Armonica  for  the  Piano- 
forte,' by  '  Bridgtower,  M.B.,'  who  was  pro- 
bably the  subject  of  this  article.  After  this, 
Bridgetower  seems  totally  to  disappear ;  he 
is  believed  to  have  lived  in  England  for 
many  years,  and  to  have  died  there  between 
the  years  1840  and  1850,  but  no  proof  of  this 
is  forthcoming.  It  is  also  said  that  a  mar- 
ried daughter  of  his  is  still  living  in  Italy. 
He  was  an  excellent  musician,  but  his  play- 
ing was  spoilt  by  too  great  a  striving  after 
effect.  In  person  he  was  remarkably  hand- 
some, but  of  a  melancholy  and  discontented 
disposition. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Musicians,  i.  275  b  ;  Thayer's 
Beethoven's  Leben,  ii.  227,  385  ;  Gent.  Mag.  for 
1811,  ii.  37,  158;  Pohl's  Haydn  in  London, 
pp.  18,  28,  38,  43,  128,  137, 199  ;  Parke's  Musi- 
cal Memoirs,  i.  129  ;  Luard's  Graduati  Canta- 
brigienses.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRIDGEWATER,  EAKLS  and  DUKES 
or.  [See  EGERTON.] 

BRIDGEWA.TER,  JOHN  (1532?- 
1596  ?),  a  catholic  divine,  the  latinised  form 
of  whose  name  is  AQUEPONTANUS,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Yorkshire,  though  '  descended  from 
those  of  his  name  in  Somersetshire.'  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford, 
whence  he  migrated  to  Brasenose  College  soon 
after  he  had  taken  his  degrees  in  arts,  that  of 
master  being  completed  in  1556.  On  5  Feb. 
1559-60  he  was  collated  to  the  archdeaconry 
of  Rochester,  and  on  1  May  1562  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  rectory  of  Wotton-Courtney, 
in  the  diocese  of  Wells.  As  a  member  of  con- 
vocation he  subscribed  the  articles  of  1562, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  voted  against  the  six 
articles  altering  certain  rites  and  ceremonies 
prescribed  by  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 
On  14  April  1563  he  was  elected  rector  of 


Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  on  the  resignation 
of  Dr.  Francis  Babington.  In  the  following 
month  he  was  admitted  rector  of  Luccombe, 
Somersetshire,  and  soon  afterwards  he  was 
appointed  canon  residentiary  of  Wells.  He 
was  also  domestic  chaplain  in  London  to 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester.  On  16  April 
1565  he  was  admitted  rector  of  Porlock,  So- 
mersetshire ;  on  28  Nov.  1570  he  became 
master  of  the  hospital  of  St.  Katharine,  near 
Bedminster;  and  on  29  March  1572  he  was 
admitted  to  the  prebend  of  Bishop's  Comp- 
ton  in  the  church  of  Wells. 

In  1574  he  resigned  the  rectorship  of  Lin- 
coln College,  probably  to  avoid  expulsion,  as 
he  was  a  catholic  at  heart  and  had  given  great 
encouragement  to  the  students  under  his  go- 
vernment to  embrace  the  old  form  of  religion. 
Leaving  Oxford  the  same  year,  he  crossed  over 
to  the  English  college  of  Douay.  Wood  as- 
serts that  he  took  with  him  some  of  the  goods 
belonging  to  the  college,  and  also  '  certain 
young  scholars.' 

Bridgewater  probably  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  on  the  continent,  at  Rheims,  Paris, 
and  other  cities  of  Flanders,  France,  and  Ger- 
many. In  1594  he  was  residing  at  Treves. 
Wood  mentions  a  rumour  that  he  joined  the 
Society  of  Jesus,  and  he  is  claimed  as  a  mem- 

[  ber  of  it  by  Father  Nathaniel  Southwell  and 
Brother  Foley.  There  is  no  proof,  however, 
that  he  was  a  Jesuit.  Indeed  the  evidence 
seems  clearly  to  point  the  other  way,  for  it  is 
certain  that  he  was  one  of  the  exiles  in  Flan- 
ders who  in  1596  refused  to  sign  the  address 

|  in  favour  of  the  English  fathers  of  the  Society 

j  of  Jesus  (Records  of  the  English  Catholics,  i. 

!  408). 

He  is  the  author  of:  1.  '  Confutatio 
virulentse  Disputationis  Theologicse,  in  qua 
Georgius  Sohn,  Professor  Academise  Heidel- 
bergensis,  conatus  est  docere  Pontificem  Ro- 
manum  esse  Antichristum  a  Prophet  is  et  Apo- 
stolis  prsedictum,'  Treves,  1589,  4to.  Sohn 
published  a  reply  at  Wiirzburg  in  1590,  en- 
titled '  Anti-Christus  Romanus  contra  Joh. 
Aquepontani  cavillationes  et  sophismata.' 
2.  '  Concertatio  Ecclesise  Catholicae  in  Anglia 
adversus  Calvinopapistas  et  Puritanos  sub 
Elizabetha  Regina  quorundam  hominum  doc- 
trina  et  sanctitate  illustrium  renovata  et  re- 
cognita.  Quse  nunc  de  novo  centum  et  eo 
amplius  Martyrum,  sexcentorumque  insig- 
nium  virorum  rebus  gestis  variisque  certa- 
minibus,  lapsorum  Palinodiis,  novis  perse- 
cutorum  edictis,  ac  doctissimis  Catholicorum 
de  Anglicano  seu  muliebri  Pontificatu,  ac 
Romani  Pontificis  in  Principes  Christianos 
auctoritate,  disputationibus  et  defensionibus 
aucta,'  three  parts,  Treves,  1 589-94, 4to.  The 
original  work  was  printed  at  Treves  in  1583r 


Bridgman 


325 


Briercliffe 


8vo,  its  principal  compiler  being  John  Gibbons, 
rector  of  the  Jesuit  college  in  that  city,  though 
some  of  the  lives  of  the  martyrs  were  written 
by  John  Fenn,  a  secular  priest.  Bridgewater 
greatly  enlarged  the  work,  which  is  of  great 
biographical  and  historical  value.  An  account 
of  its  multifarious  contents  Avill  be  found  in 
the  Chetham  Society's  l  Remains,'  xlviii.  47- 
60. 

[Douay  Diaries,  99,  119,  128  bis,  129,  130, 
146,  169,  408;  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Card. 
Allen,  77  ;  Strype's  Annals  (folio),  i.  327,  330, 
338,  iii.  App.  259 ;  Dodd's  Church  Hist.  i.  510, 
ii.  60  ;  Wood's  Athena  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  625 ; 
Wood's  Colleges  and  Halls  (Ghitch),  241 ;  Tanner's 
Bibl.  Brit.  124;  Foley's  Eecords  S.  J..  iv.  481, 
482,  485,  vii.  299  ;  Pits,  De  Anglise  Scriptoribus, 
868;  Southwell's  Bibl.  Script.  Soc.  Jesu  (1676), 
402 ;  Backer's  Bibl.  des  Ecrivains  de  la  Com- 
pagnie  de  Je*us  (1869),  253;  Le  Neve's  Fasti 
(Hardy),  i.  229,  ii.  581,  iii.  577.]  T.  C. 

BRIDGMAN,  RICHARD  WHALLEY 

(1761 P-1820),  writer  on  law,  was  born  about 
1761,  and  died  at  Bath  16  Nov.  1820,  in  his 
fifty-ninth  year.  He  was  an  attorney,  and 
acted  as  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  Grocers' 
Company.  He  left  the  following  works, 
published  between  1798  and  1813  :  1.  'The- 
saurus Juridicus ;  containing  the  Decisions 
of  the  several  Courts  of  Equity,  &c.,  sys- 
tematically digested  from  the  Revolution 
to  1798,'  2  vols.  8vo,  1799-1800.  2.  <  Re- 
flections on  the  Study  of  the  Law,'  1804, 8vo. 
3.  '  Dukes'  Law  of  Charitable  Uses,'  &c., 
1805,  8vo.  4.  <  An  Analytical  Digested  In- 
dex of  the  Reported  Cases  in  the  several 
Courts  of  Equity,'  1805,  2  vols. ;  2nd  edi- 
tion, 1813,  3  vols. ;  3rd  edition,  edited  by 
his  son,  R.  O.  Bridgman,  1822,  3  vols.  8vo. 
5.  '  Supplement  to  the  Analytical  Digested 
Index,'  &c.,  1807,  8vo.  6.  <  A  Short  View  of 
Legal  Bibliography,  to  which  is  added  a  Plan 
for  classifying  a  Public  or  Private  Library,' 
1807,  8vo.  7.  <  A  Synthesis  of  the  Law  of 
Nisi  Prius,'  1809,  8vo.  8.  <  Judgment  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  Benyon  against  Evelyn,' 
1811,  8vo.  9.  An  annotated  edition  of  Sir 
F.  Buller's  *  Introduction  to  the  Law  relative 
to  Trials  at  Nisi  Prius,'  1817,  8vo. 

[Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Eeed's  Catal.  of  Law 
:Books,  1809;  Gent.  Mag.  1820,  pt.  ii.  p.  477; 
Notes  and  Queries,  6th  ser.  xi.  13 ;  Brit.  Mus. 
€at.]  C.  W.  S. 

BRIDLINGTON,  JOHN  DE,  SAINT. 
{See  JOHN.] 

BRIDPORT,    VISCOUNT.      [See    HOOD, 

ALEXANDEK.] 

BRIDPORT  or  BRIDLESFORD,  GILES 
OF  (d.  1262),  bishop  of  Salisbury,  was  a 


native  of  the  town  from  which  he  took  his 
name.  As  dean  of  Wells,  an  office  to  which 
he  was  elected  in  1253,  he  arbitrated  in 
a  dispute  between  the  abbot  and  monks  of 
Abingdon.  In  1255  he  was  archdeacon  of 
Buckinghamshire.  He  was  elected  bishop  of 
Salisbury  in  1256,  and  was,  as  bishop-elect, 
sent  that  year  on  an  embassy  by  Henry  III 
to  Alexander  IV  with  reference  to  the  money 
claimed  by  the  pope  for  the  gift  of  the  Sicilian 
crown.  The  object  of  this  embassy  is  described 
as '  against  the  clergy  and  people  of  England,' 
who  were  taxed  to  satisfy  the  pope's  demands 
(Ann.  Dunst.  iii.  199).  Bridport  escaped, 
.though  not  without  danger,  from  the  snares 
of  the  French,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
was  employed  to  make  an  agreement  with 
the  clergy  as  to  the  payment  of  the  tenth  re- 
quired of  them.  He  was  consecrated  1 1  March 
1257,  and  was  allowed  by  the  pope  to  retain 
his  former  ecclesiastical  revenues,  along  with 
his  bishopric.  When  he  entered  on  his  see 
the  cathedral  was  nearly  finished,  and  he 
covered  the  roof  with  lead.  The  church  was 
consecrated  on  30  Sept.  1258  by  Archbishop 
Boniface,  in  the  presence  of  the  king  and  many 
bishops,  who  were  gathered  by  Bridport's 
exertions  (MATT.  PARIS,  v.  719).  On  24  Aug. 
1258  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  twenty-four 
commissioners  of  the  aid  chosen  in  accordance 
with  the  arrangements  of  the  parliament  of 
Oxford,  and  on  21  Nov.  1261  was  nominated 
by  the  king  as  one  of  the  arbitrators  between 
himself  and  the  barons.  In  1260  he  founded 
the  college  of  Vaux  or  De  Valle  Scholarum 
at  Salisbury.  This  interesting  foundation  is 
a  strong  proof  of  the  bishop's  munificence  and 
love  of  learning.  In  1262  he  attempted  to 
exercise  visitatorial  rights  over  his  chapter, 
but  withdrew  his  claim.  He  died  13  Dec. 
1262,  and  was  buried  on  the  south  side  of 
the  choir  of  his  church. 

[Matt  Paris,  Chron.  Maj.  v.  ed.  Luard,  Rolls 
Ser. ;  Annales,  Burton,  Oseney,  Wikes,  ap.  Ann. 
Monast.  Rolls  Ser. ;  Godwin,  De  Prsesulibus  ;  Le- 
land's  Itin.  iii.  94  ;  Cassan's  Lives  of  the  Bishops 
of  Salisbury ;  Hutchins's  Modern  Wiltshire,  vi. 
734 ;  Jones's  Annals  of  the  Church  of  Salisbury, 
110;  Tanner's  NotitiaMonastica,  608.]  W.  H. 

BRIERCLIFFE  or  BREARCLIFFE, 
JOHN  (1609  P-1682),  antiquary,  was  an 
apothecary  in  Halifax,  where  he  was  born,  and 
where,  on  4  Dec.  1682,  he  died  of  a  fever  at  the 
age  of  63.  He  made  various  collections  relat- 
ing to  his  native  town  and  parish.  His '  Sur- 
veye  of  the  Housings  and  Lands  within  the 
Townshippe  of  Halifax,'  1648,  was  said  to 
have  been  in  the  library  of  Halifax  church, 
but  according  to  Watson,  who  published  his 
1  History  of  Halifax '  in  1775,  there  had  been 


Brierley 


3*6 


Briggs 


no  such  thing  there  for  twenty  years.  "Wat- 
son says  he  had  in  his  possession  '  Halifax 
inquieryes  for  the  findeinge  out  of  severall 
giftes  given  to  pious  uses,'  written  22  Dec. 
1651.  Thoresby  (Vic.  Leod.  p.  68)  refers  to 
his  catalogue  of  the  vicars  of  Halifax,  and 
inscriptions  under  their  arms  painted  on 
tables  in  the  library  of  that  church. 

[Watson's  History  of  Halifax  ( 1 775),  pp.  454-5 ; 
Gough's  Topography,  ii.  434.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRIERLEY,  ROGER.  [SeeBKERELEY.] 

BRIGGS,  HENRY  (1561-1630),  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Warley  Wood,  in  the 
parish  of  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  in  February 
1560-1,  according  to  the  entry  in  the  Halifax 
parish  register.  It  has  been  stated,  on  the 
authority  of  Blomefield's '  Topographical  His- 
tory of  Norfolk,'  that  Briggs  was  '  descended 
from  the  ancient  family  of  that  name  at 
Salle  in  Norfolk ; '  but  the  pedigrees  given 
by  Blomefield  have  been  described  as  un- 
trustworthy (see  discussion  of  pedigree  in 
Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  vii.  507).  There 
is  evidence,  however,  that  Richard  Briggs, 
the  brother  of  Henry  Briggs,  became  sub- 
master  and  afterwards  head-master  of  Nor- 
folk school.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Ben 
Jonson  ;  '  an  original  letter  of  Ben  Jonson, 
written  in  the  corner  of  Farnaby's  edition 
of  Martial,'  and  addressed  '  Amico  summo 
D.  Rich.  Briggesio,'  is  to  be  found  in  the 
'Gentleman's  Magazine'  for  1786  (i.  378). 
William  Briggs  [q.v.],  as  has  been  conjectured, 
may  have  been  the  grandson  of  Richard. 

Henry  Briggs  was  sent  from  a  grammar 
school  in  the  vicinity  of  Warley  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1577.  He  became 
scholar  in  1579,  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
1681,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1585.  In  1588  he 
was  made  fellow  of  his  college,  examiner  and 
lecturer  in  1592,  and  soon  after  '  Reader  of 
the  Physic  Lecture  founded  by  Dr.  Linacre.' 
When  Gresham  College  was  founded  in  Lon- 
don, he  became  professor  of  geometry  there. 
After  holding  this  professorship  for  twenty- 
three  years  (from  1596  to  1619)  Briggs  ac- 
cepted, at  the  request  of  Sir  Henry  Savile, 
the  professorship  of  astronomy  at  Oxford 
which  he  had  founded  and  had  himself  held 
for  some  time.  At  his  last  lecture  Savile 
took  leave  of  his  audience  with  a  very  high 
commendation  of  his  successor.  For  a  little 
time  Briggs  continued  to  hold  the  professor- 
ship at  Gresham  College,  but  resigned  it  in 
1620  (25  July).  Upon  his  appointment  as 
Savilian  professor,  he  was  admitted  a  fellow- 
commoner  of  Merton  College,  and  was  in- 
corporated M.A. 

He  had  formed  a  friendship  with  James 


Ussher,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
in  1609.  Two  letters  of  Briggs  to  Ussher 
are  in  '  Archbishop  Ussher's  Letters,'  Nos.  4 
and  16,  London,  1686,  folio.  In  the  first 
of  them  (dated  August  1610)  he  describes 
himself  as  being  engaged  on  the  subject 
of  eclipses  :  and  in  the  second  (10  March 
1615)  as  being  '  wholly  employed  about  the 
noble  invention  of  logarithms,  then  lately 
discovered.'  On  hearing  of  Napier's  dis- 
covery he  had  been  struck  with  enthusiasm, 
and  in  1616  he  went  to  Scotland  to  visit 
Napier.  An  interesting  account  of  the  first 
interview  between  Briggs  and  Napier  is  given 
by  WTilliam  Lilly,  the  astrologer,  in  his 
1  History  of  his  Life  and  Times.'  When  the 
two  great  mathematicians  met,  Lilly  says. 
'  almost  one  quarter  of  an  hour  was  spent, 
each  beholding  other  almost  with  admiration, 
before  one  word  was  spoke.  At  last  Mr.  Briggs 
began,  "My  Lord,  I  have  undertaken  this 
journey  purposely  to.  see  your  person,  and  to 
know  by  what  engine  of  wit  or  ingenuity 
you  came  first  to  think  of  this  most  excellent 
help  unto  astronomy,  viz.  the  logarithms  ; 
but,  my  Lord,  being  by  you  found  out,  I 
wonder  nobody  else  found  it  out  before,  when 
now  known  it  is  so  easy."  '  Lilly  goes  on  to 
say  that  Napier  '  was  a  great  lover  of  astro- 
logy, but  Briggs  the  most  satirical  man 
against  it  that  hath  been  known'  (LiLLY, 
History  of  his  Life  and  Times,  pp.  154-6). 
On  another  occasion,  being  asked  for  his 
opinion  of  judicial  astrology,  Briggs  is  said 
to  have  described  it  as  '  a  system  of  ground- 
less conceits.' 

Briggs  died  at  Merton  College  26  Jan. 
1630-1.  A  Greek  epitaph  was  written  on 
him  by  Henry  Jacob,  one  of  the  fellows  of 
Merton,  which  ends  by  saying  that  his  soul 
still  astronomises  and  his  body  geometrises. 
He  was  buried  in  the  college  chapel,  under  a 
stone  marked  only  by  his  name.  From  the 
references  to  him  by  his  contemporaries  it  is 
evident  that  he  was  a  man  of  amiable  cha- 
racter. Several  panegyrics  of  him  are  col- 
lected in  the  '  Biographia  Britannica.' 

In  the  various  visits  of  Briggs  to  Napier 
the  improvements  afterwards  made  in  loga- 
rithms by  Briggs  were  agreed  on  between 
them.  The  idea  of  tables  of  logarithms  hav- 
ing 10  for  their  base,  as  well  as  the  actual 
calculation  of  the  first  tables  of  this  kind, 
is  due  to  Briggs.  The  discussions  between 
Briggs  and  Napier  referred  to  the  methods  of 
calculation  that  were  to  be  adopted  in  carry- 
ing out  Briggs's  suggestion  for  the  better 
adaptation  of  Napier's  discovery  to  the  con- 
struction of  tables. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  published 
works  of  Briggs:  1.  '  A  Table  to  find  the 


Briggs 3 

Height  of  the  Pole,  the  Magnetical  Declina- 
tion being  given.'  This  table  was  for  an 
instrument  described  by  Dr.  Gilbert,  and 
was  published  by  Blundeville  in  his  '  Theo- 
riques  of  the  Seven  Planets/  London,  1602. 
2.  ( Tables  for  the  Improvement  of  Naviga- 
tion/ printed  in  the  second  edition  of  Edward 
Wright's  treatise  entitled  '  Certain  Errors  in 
Navigation,  detected  and  corrected/  London, 
1610.  3.  '  Logarithmorum  Chilias  Prima ' 
(London,  1617),  printed  'for  the  sake  of  his 
friends  and  hearers  at  Gresham  College.' 

4.  '  A  Description  of  an  Instrumental  Table 
to  find  the  Part  Proportional,  devised  by  Mr. 
Edward  Wright,  subjoined  to  Napier's  table 
of  logarithms,  translated   into   English  by 
Mr.  Wright,  and  after  his  death  published 
by  Briggs  with  a  preface  of  his  own,  Lon- 
don, 1616  and  1618.'     5.  '  Lucubrationes  et 
Annotationes  in  Opera  posthuma  J.  Neperi/ 
Edin.  1619.     6.  '  Euclidis  Elementorum  Sex 
libri  priores/  &c.,  London,  1620  (printed  with- 
out his  name).     7.  '  A  Tract  on  the  North- 
west Passage  to  the  South  Sea  through  the 
continent  of  Virginia/  with  only  his  initials 
prefixed,  London,  1622.     The  reason  of  this 
publication  was  probably  that  he  was  then 
a  member  of  a  company  trading  to  Virginia 
(see  WARD'S  Gresham  Professors^).     8.  '  Ma- 
thematica  ab  Antiquis  minus  cognita'  (pub- 
lished by  Dr.  George  Hakewill).    9.  '  Arith- 
metica  Logarithmica/ London,  1624.  10. t  Tri- 
gonometria  Britannica/  London,  1633.  These 
last  two  are  Briggs's  greatest  works.     The 
second   was    left   unfinished    by   him,   but 
was  completed  and  published  by  his  friend 
Henry  Gellibrand,  professor  of  astronomy  at 
Gresham  College.     They  are  both  works  of 
enormous  lubour.     The  first,  for  example, 
1  contains  the  logarithms  of  30,000  natural 
numbers  to  fourteen  places  of  figures,  besides 
the  index'  (see  BUTTON'S  Mathematical  Die- 
tionary). 

Besides  these,  Briggs  wrote  the  follow- 
ing works,  which  have  never  been  published: 
1.  '  Commentaries  on  the  Geometry  of  Peter 
Ramus.'  2.  'Duae  Epistolae  ad  celeberrimum 
virum  Chr.  Longomontanum.'  One  of  these 
is  said  to  .contain  some  remarks  about  a 
treatise  of  Longomontanus  on  squaring  the 
circle,  and  the  other  a  defence  of  arith- 
metical geometry.  3.  '  Animadversiones 
Geometricae.'  4.  'De  eodem  Argumento.' 

5.  'A  Treatise  of  Common  Arithmetic.'    6. '  A 
Letter  to  Mr.  Clarke,  of  Gravesend,  dated 
from  Gresham  College,  25  Feb.  1606 ;  with 
which  he  sends  him  the  description  of  a  ruler, 
called  Bedwell's  ruler,  with  directions  how 
to  draw  it.' 

In  the  catalogue  of  the  Ashmolean  MSS. 
there  is  a  description  of  '  six  mathematical 


Briggs 


and  astronomical  letters  to  Mr.  Briggs '  from 
Sir  Christopher  Heydon.  They  are  said  to 
be  '  chiefly  on  comets.'  The  second  is  dated 
1  Nov.  1603  ;  the  fourth,  14  Dec.  1609 ;  the 
sixth,  21  April  1619. 

[Wood's  Athense  (Bliss),  ii.  491 ;  Dr.  Thomas 
Smith's  Vitse  quorundam  eruditissimorum  et 
illustrium  Virorum  (1707);  Ward's  Gresham 
Professors ;  Benjamin  Martin's  Biographia  Philo- 
sophica,  1764;  Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis) ;  Brodrick's 
Memorials  of  Merton  Coll.  p.  74.  For  Briggs's 
contributions  to  mathematics  see  Button's  Ma- 
thematical and  Philosophical  Dictionary,  under 
'Briggs,' ' Napier/ and '  Logarithms.']  T.  W-B. 

BRIGGS,  HENRY  PERRONET  (1793- 
1844),  subject  and  portrait  painter,  was  born 
at  Walworth  in  1793 ;  he  was  of  a  Norfolk 
family  and  related  to  Opie  the  artist.  While 
still  at  school  at  Epping  he  sent  two  well- 
executed  engravings  to  the  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine/  and  in  1811  entered  as  a  student 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  where  he  began  to 
exhibit  in  1814.  From  that  time  onwards 
until  his  death  he  was  a  constant  exhibitor  at 
the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  Academy,  his 
paintings  being  for  the  most  part  historical  in 
subject,  though  after  his  election  as  an  aca- 
demician in  1832  he  devoted  his  attention 
almost  exclusively  to  portraiture.  Two  of  his 
historical  pictures,  first  exhibited  at  the  Aca- 
demy in  1826  and  1827,  are  now  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery :  No.  375,  the '  First  Conference 
between  the  Spaniards  and  Peruvians,  1531,' 
and  No.  376,  '  Juliet  and  the  Nurse.'  His 
large  painting  of  '  George  III  presenting  the 
Sword  to  Lord  Howe  on  board  the  Queen 
Charlotte,  1794,'  was  purchased  of  him  by 
the  British  Institution,  and  presented  to 
Greenwich  Hospital.  Among  the  more  suc- 
cessful of  the  various  Shakespearean  scenes 
delineated  by  him  may  be  mentioned  his 
'  Othello  relating  his  adventures  to  Desde- 
mona.'  Of  his  numerous  portraits,  the  best 
perhaps  was  that  of  Lord  Eldon.  The  pic- 
tures painted  by  Briggs,  though  not  with- 
out merits  of  construction,  cannot  be  said 
to  belong  to  the  highest  class  of  art,  his 
colouring  and  flesh-tints  especially  being 
unpleasing.  He  died  in  London  on  18  Jan. 
1844. 

[Athenfeum,  27  Jan.  1844  ;  Art  Union,  March 
1844 ;  Catalogue  of  the  National  Gallery  (British 
and  Modern  Schools) ;  Eedgrave'sDict.  of  Artists ; 
Redgraves'  Century  of  Painters,  ii.  pp.  78,  79.] 

BRIGGS,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1788-1861),  ca- 
tholic bishop,  was  born  at  Manchester  on 
20  May  1788.  He  was  educated  first  at  Sedge- 
ley  Park,  and  afterwards  at  St.  Cuthbert's  Col- 
lege, Ushaw,  which  he  entered  13  Oct.  1804. 


Briggs 


328 


Briggs 


There  he  began  his  theological  studies,  and 
by  14  Dec.  1804  had  received  the  tonsure  and 
the  four  minor  orders.  He  was  ordained  sub- 
deacon  on  19  Dec.  1812,  and  deacon  on  3  April 
1813,  being  advanced  to  the  priesthood  on 
9  July  1814.  For  several  years  he  held  his 
place  at  St.  Cuthbert's  College  as  one  of  the 
professors.  In  1818  he  was  first  sent  on 
the  mission  to  Chester.  There  he  remained 
in  charge  for  fourteen  years  until  his  nomina- 
tion on  28  March  1832  as  president  of  St. 
Cuthbert's,  when  he  returned  to  Ushaw.  In 
January  1833  he  was  raised  to  the  episcopate 
as  coadjutor  of  Bishop  Penswick,  and  was 
consecrated  on  29  Jan.  1833  as  bishop  of 
Trachis  in  Thessalia.  On  the  death  of  Bishop 
Penswick,  28  Jan.  1836,  Bishop  Briggs  suc- 
ceeded him  as  vicar  apostolic  of  the  northern 
district.  On  30  July  1840  the  four  vicariates, 
created  in  1688  by  Innocent  XI,  were  newly 
portioned  out  into  eight  by  Gregory  XVI, 
Bishop  Briggs's  diocese  being  then  restricted 
to  Yorkshire,  and  his  title  thenceforth  being 
vicar-apostolic  of  the  Yorkshire  district. 
Ten  years  afterwards,  when  Pius  IX  called 
the  new  catholic  hierarchy  into  existence, 
Bishop  Briggs  was  translated  on  29  Sept. 
1850  to  Beverley.  Having  held  that  see  for 
ten  years,  he  at  length,  by  reason  of  his  in- 
creasing infirmities,  resigned  it  on  7  Nov. 

1860,  and  two  months  later,  on  4  Jan.  1861, 
died  in  his  seventy-third  year  at  his  house  in 
York.     On  10  Jan.  he  was  buried  in  the  old 
parochial  church  of  St.  Leonard  at  Hazle- 
wood,  Tadcaster,  which  among  all  the  parish 
churches    of  England   has   the  exceptional 
peculiarity  of  having  remained  uninterrup- 
tedly a  catholic  church  ever  since  its  founda- 
tion in  1286  by  Sir  William  de  Vavasour. 
The  bishop  was  a  count  of  the  holy  Roman 
empire,  and  a  domestic  prelate  of  his  holiness, 
as  well  as  assistant  at  the  pontifical  throne. 
He  was  remarkable  for  his  lofty  and  com- 
manding stature,  and  in  his  later  years  had 
a  peculiarly  noble  and  patriarchal  presence. 
His  chosen  motto,  which  was  justified  by  his 
twenty-seven  years  of  episcopal    rule,  was 
pre-eminently    characteristic,    '  Non   recuso 
laborem.' 

[Brady's  Episcopal  Succession,  280,  341,  396- 
398 ;  Annual  Register  for  1861,  407  ;  Gent.  Mag. 
January  1861,  232;  Hull  Advertiser,  12  Jan. 

1861,  4-5;  Tablet,  12  Jan.  1861,  17,  21.] 

O.K. 

BRIGGS,  JOHN  (1785-1875),  Indian 
officer,  entered  the  Madras  infantry  in  1801. 
He  took  part  in  both  the  Mahratta  wars  of 
the  present  century,  serving  in  the  campaign 
which  ended  that  eventful  struggle  as  a  poli- 
tical officer  under  Sir  John  Malcolm,  whom 


he  had  previously  accompanied  on  his  mission 
to  Persia  in  1810.  He  was  one  of  Mount- 
stuart  Elphinstone's  assistants  in  the  Dekhan, 
subsequently  served  in  Khandesh,  and  suc- 
ceeded Captain  Grant  Duff"  as  resident  at 
Sattara,  after  which,  in  1831,  he  was  ap- 
pointed senior  member  of  the  board  of  com- 
missioners for  the  government  of  Mysore 
when  the  administration  of  that  state  was 
assumed  by  the  British  government  owing 
to  the  misrule  of  the  maharaja.  His  ap- 
pointment to  this  office,  which  was  made  by 
the  governor-general,  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck,  was  not  agreeable  to  the  government 
of  Madras,  and  after  a  somewhat  stormy 
tenure  of  office,  which  lasted  barely  a  year, 
Briggs  resigned  his  post  in  September  1832, 
and  was  transferred  to  the  residency  of 
Nagpur,  where  he  remained  until  1835.  In 
that  year  he  left  India,  and  never  returned. 
In  1838  he  attained  the  military  rank  of 
major-general.  After  his  return  to  England 
he  took  a  prominent  part  as  a  member  of  the 
court  of  proprietors  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  the  discussion  of  Indian  affairs,  and 
was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  Lord  Dalhousie's 
annexation  policy.  He  was  also  an  active 
member  of  the  Anti-Corn-law  League.  He 
was  a  good  Persian  scholar,  and  translated 
Ferishta's  l  Mohammadan  Power  in  India/ 
and  the '  Siyar-al-Mutakhirin,' which  recorded 
the  decline  of  the  Moghul  power.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  an  essay  on  the  land  tax 
of  India,  and  in  a  series  of  '  Letters  addressed 
to  a  young  person  in  India '  he  discussed  in 
a  light  but  instructive  style  various  questions 
bearing  upon  the  conduct  of  young  Indian 
officers,  civil  and  military,  and  especially 
their  treatment  of  the  natives.  Briggs  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  recog- 
nition of  his  proficiency  in  oriental  literature. 
He  died  at  Burgess  Hill,  Sussex,  on  27  April 
1875,  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine. 

[Allen's  Indian  Mail,  1875;  Letters  addressed 
to  a  Young  Person  in  India,  by  Lieutenant-colonel 
John  Briggs,  late  Kesident  at  Sattara ;  On  the 
Land  Tax  of  India,  &c.,  by  Lieutenant-colonel 
John  Briggs,  London,  1830  ;  Memoir  of  General 
John  Briggs,  by  Major  Evans  Bell,  London, 
1885.]  A.  J.  A. 

BRIGGS,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1819-1876), 
naturalist  and  topographer,  was  born  in  the 
village  of  King's  Newton,  near  Melbourne, 
Derbyshire,  6  March  1819.  His  father,  John 
Briggs,  who  married  his  cousin,  Mary  Briggs, 
was  born  and  resided  for  eighty-eight  years 
on  the  same  farm,  at  King's  Newton,  which 
had  been  the  freehold  of  his  ancestors  for  three 
centuries.  John  Joseph  went,  in  1828,  to  the 
boarding  school  of  Mr.  Thomas  Rossel  Potter, 


Briggs 


329 


Briggs 


the  well-known  historian  of  '  Charnwood 
Forest,'  at  Wymeswold,  Leicestershire,  and 
in  1833  to  the  Rev.  Solomon  Saxon,  of  Darley 
Dale.  Early  in  life  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
Bemrose,  the  venerable  head  of  the  printing 
firm  of  Bemrose  £  Sons,  Derby ;  but  ill-health 
compelling  him  to  relinquish  an  indoor  oc- 
cupation, he  thenceforward  devoted  himself, 
like  his  ancestors,  to  farming.  He  became 
the  faithful  chronicler  of  the  seasons,  and  re- 
corded all  the  facts  and  occurrences  coming 
within  his  observation  during  at  least  thirty 
years.  He  kept  these  notes  carefully  bound 
in  manuscript  volumes,  and  shortly  before  his 
death  they  were  announced  for  publication, 
but  have  not  yet  been  given  to  the  world. 
Meanwhile  he  utilised  his  notes  regularly  in 
the  '  Field  '  newspaper,  in  which  as  early  as 
1855  he  had  originated  '  The  Naturalists' 
Column,'  and  entered  into  correspondence 
with  the  leading  naturalists  of  the  time.  His 
papers  also  in  the  '  Zoologist,'  '  Critic,'  '  Reli- 
quary,' '  Sun,'  '  Derby  Reporter,'  and '  Leices- 
tershire Guardian '  (edited  by  his  old  school- 
master Mr.  Potter),  were  full  of  picturesque 
descriptions  of  nature  and  sketches  of  places 
and  objects  in  the  midland  counties  of  archaeo- 
logical and  antiquarian  interest.  He  became 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature, 
and  a  member  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association.  In  1869  he  married  Hannah 
Soar  of  Chellaston.  Shortly  before  his  death 
he  had  retired  upon  an  ample  competency, 
but  his  health  failed,  and  he  died  at  the  place 
of  his  birth  on  23  March  1876,  leaving  a 
widow,  a  son,  and  three  daughters. 

His  works  consist  of:  1.  'Melbourne, 
a  Sketch  of  its  History  and  Antiquity,'  1839, 
4to.  2.  'History  of  Melbourne,  including  Bio-  | 
graphical  Notices,'  &c.,  with  plates  and  wood- 
cuts, Derby,  1852,  8vo,  pp.  206.  3.  «  The  j 
Trent  and  other  Poems,'  Derby,  1857,  8vo ;  ' 
with  additions,  Derby,  1859,  8vo.  4.  <  The  | 
Peacock  at  Rowsley,'  London,  1869,  8vo,  a 
gossiping  book  about  fishing  and  country  life, 
descriptive  of  a  well-known  resort  of  anglers 
at  the  junction  of  the  Wye  and  Derwent. 
•6.  *  Guide  to  Melbourne  and  King's  Newton,' 
Derby,  1870,  8vo.  0.  'History  and  Anti- 
quities of  Remington,  Leicestershire,'  twelve 
copies,  privately  printed,  with  coloured  litho- 
graphs and  woodcuts,  London,  1873,  large 
4to.  Besides  these  works  and  the  unpub- 
lished observations  on  natural  history,  Briggs 
had  been  for  many  years  collecting  materials 
for  a  book  to  be  entitled  '  The  Worthies  of 
Derbyshire,'  for  which  we  believe  he  had 
notes  for  at  least  700  memoirs.  This  work, 
however,  has  not  been  published. 

[Briggs's  Works ;  Reliquary,  1876;   personal 
recollections.]  J.  W.-G. 


BRIGGS,  SIB  JOHN  THOMAS  (1781- 
1865),  accountant-general  of  the  navy,  of  an 
old  Norfolk  family,  a  direct  descendant  of 
Dr.  William  Briggs  [q.  v.],and,  in  a  collateral 
line,  of  Professor  Henry  Briggs  [q.  v.],  was 
born  in  London  on  4  June  1781.  He  entered 
early  into  the  civil  service  of  the  admi- 
ralty, and  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  '  commission  for 
revising  and  digesting  the  civil  affairs  of 
the  navy,'  under  the  presidency  of  Lord 
Barham,  in  which  capacity  he  was  the  vir- 
tual author  of  the  voluminous  reports  is- 
sued by  the  commission,  1806-9.  When 
the  work  of  this  commission  was  ended, 
Briggs  was  appointed  assistant-secretary  of 
the  victualling  board,  a  post  which  he 
held  till,  in  1830,  he  was  selected  by  Sir 
James  Graham,  then  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty, as  his  private  secretary ;  but  was 
shortly  afterwards  advanced  to  be  commis- 
sioner and  accountant-general  of  the  victual- 
ling board.  That  board  was  abolished  in 
1832,  and  Briggs  was  appointed  accountant- 
general  of  the  navy.  He  held  this  office  for 
the  next  twenty-two  years,  during  which 
term  many  and  important  improvements 
were  made  in  the  system  of  accounts,  in  the 
framing  of  the  naval  estimates,  in  the  method 
of  paying  the  seamen,  and,  more  especially, 
in  enabling  them  to  remit  part  of  their  pay 
to  their  wives  and  families.  In  1851  Briggs 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his  long  and  efficient  de- 
partmental service,  from  which  he  retired  in 
1854.  He  died  at  Brighton  on  3  Feb.  1865. 
His  wife,  to  whom  he  was  married  in  1807, 
survived  him  several  years,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  ninety,  on  24  Dec.  1873.  His  son,  Sir 
John  Henry  Briggs,  chief  clerk  at  the  ad- 
miralty, was  knighted  on  his  retirement  in 
1870,  after  a  service  of  forty-two  years. 

[Gent.  Mag.  3rd  ser.  xviii.  395 ;  obituary 
notice,  Morning  Post,  8  Feb.  1865,  and  of  Lady 
Briggs,  ib.,  3  Jan.  1874;  leading  art.  in  Daily 
Telegraph,  6  Jan.  1874;  information  contributed 
by  Sir  J.  H.  Briggs.]  J.  K.  L. 

BRIGGS,  WILLIAM  (1642-1704),  phy- 
sician and  oculist,  was  born  at  Norwich,  for 
which  city  his  father,  Augustine  Briggs,  was 
four  times  M.P.  At  thirteen  he  was  entered  /?! 
at  Corpus  Christi, Cambridge, under Tenison,  ^  ( 
became  a  fellow  of  his  college  in  1668,  and 
M.A.  in  1670.  After  some  years  spent  in 
tuition  and  in  studying  medicine,  he  went  to 
France  and  attended  the  lectures  of  Vieussens 
at  Montpellier,  under  the  patronage  of  Ralph 
Montagu  (afterwards  Duke  of  Montagu), 
then  British  ambassador  to  France.  To  him 
Briggs  dedicated  his  '  Ophthalmographia,'  an 


Brigham 


330 


Brigham 


anatomical  description  of  the  eye,  published 
at  Cambridge  in  1676,  on  his  return  from 
France.  He  proceeded  M.D.  at  Cambridge 
in  1677,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
London  College  of  Physicians  in  1682.  In 
the  latter  year  the  first  part  of  his  '  Theory 
of  Vision '  was  published  by  Hooke  (Philo- 
sophical Collections,  No.  6,  p.  167);  the 
second  part  was  published  in  the  '  Philo- 
sophical Transactions '  in  1683.  The  l  Theory 
of  Vision'  was  translated  into  Latin,  and 
published  in  1685  by  desire  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  who  wrote  a  commendatory  preface 
to  it,  acknowledging  the  benefit  he  had  de- 
rived from  Briggs's  anatomical  skill  and 
knowledge.  A  second  edition  of  the  '  Oph- 
thalmographia '  was  published  in  1687.  Se- 
veral points  in  Briggs's  account  of  the  eye 
are  noteworthy,  one  being  his  recognition  of 
the  retina  as  an  expansion  in  which  the  fibres 
of  the  optic  nerve  are  spread  out ;  another, 
his  laying  emphasis  upon  the  hypothesis  of 
vibrations  as  an  explanation  of  the  pheno- 
mena of  nervous  action.  Briggs  practised 
with  great  success  in  London,  especially  in 
diseases  of  the  eye ;  was  physician  to  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital  1682-9,  physician  in  ordi- 
nary to  William  III  from  1696,  and  censor 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1685,  1686, 
1692.  In  1689,  according  to  a  curious  me- 
morial on  one  sheet  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  Dr.  Briggs  was  at  great  expense 
in  vindicating  the  title  of  the  crown  to  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  but  was  himself  dis- 
missed from  his  post,  owing,  as  he  states,  to 
the  machinations  of  a  rival  physician.  From 
the  same  sheet  we  learn  that,  although  he 
attended  the  royal  household  with  great  zeal 
for  five  years,  he  could  get  no  pay ;  and  not- 
withstanding that  in  1698  William  III  pro- 
mised that  he  should  be  considered,  this  was 
of  no  avail.  In  consequence  of  these  circum- 
stances, apparently  early  in  Anne's  reign,  he 
begs  for  consideration  in  regard  to  the  hos- 
pital appointment.  He  died  4  Sept.  1704,  at 
Town  Mailing  in  Kent.  His  son,  Henry 
Briggs,  chaplain  to  George  II,  and  rector  of 
Holt  in  Norfolk,  erected  a  cenotaph  to  his 
father's  memory  in  Holt  church  in  1737. 
The  inscription  is  quoted  by  Munk.  His 
portrait,  by  R.  White,  was  engraved  by 
Faber. 

[Bayle,  Lond.  1735.  iii.  592  ;  Biog.  Brit.  1747, 
i.  982;  Memorial  of  Dr.  "W.  Briggs  relating  to 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  n.d.  (about  1702) ;  Munk's 
Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  i.  424.]  G.  T.  B. 

BRIGHAM,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1558),  is 
mentioned  by  Bale  (8criptore»t  edit.  1557-9, 
not  in  that  of  1548)  as  a  Latin  scholar  and 
antiquarian,  who  gave  up  literature  to  prac- 


tise in  the  law  courts,  and  who  flourished  in 
1550.  To  this  Pits  adds  that  he  was  no  com- 
mon poet  and  a  good  orator,  and  that  in  1555 
he  built  a  tomb  for  the  bones  of  Chaucer  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  Later  writers  have 
taken  this  to  be  Nicholas  Brigham,  a  '  teller  r 
of  the  exchequer,  who  died  in  1558.  Wood 
(Athence  Oxon.  i.  309)  conjectures  that  he 
was  born  near  Caversham,  where  his  eldest 
brother  Thomas  had  lands  of  inheritance,  and 
died  in  6  Edward  VI,  but  was  descended 
from  the  Brighams  of  Brigham  in  Yorkshire. 
Now  one  Anthony  Brigham  was  made  bailiff" 
of  the  king's  manor  of  Caversham  in  1543 
(Pat.  35  Hen.  VIII,  p.  14,  m.  6),  and  in  1544 
had  a  grant  of  lands  called  Canon  End  there 
(Pat.  36  Hen.  VIII,  p.  2),  but  no  Nicholas 
appears  in  the  pedigree  of  Brigham  of  Canon 
End  (Harl.  MS.  1480,  fol.  44,  in  which 
Anthony  Brigham  is  erroneously  called  cof- 
ferer of  the  household),  nor  is  either  Anthony 
or  Nicholas  named  in  that  of  Brigham  of 
Brigham  (POULSON,  Holderness,  ii.  268). 
Wood  further  supposes  that  he  studied  at 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  but  whether  or  not  he 
took  a  degree  does  not  appear.  Brigham  had 
a  grant  on  29  June  1544  of  the  reversion, 
after  his  father-in-law,  Hie.  Warner,  of  a 
tellership  in  the  exchequer  (Pat.  36  Hen.  VIII, 
p.  19,  m.  25),  and  on  23  May  1558,  as  a  teller 
of  the  exchequer,  a  grant  of  507.  a  year  for 
life,  which  was  confirmed  on  14  Aug.  follow- 
ing to  him  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  in  sur- 
vivorship (Pat.  4  and  5  Ph.  and  M.  p.  13, 
m.  1,  and  5  and  6  Ph.  and  M.  p.  3,  m.  30). 
In  the  spring  of  1558  the  queen  appointed 
him  receiver  of  the  loan  made  her  by  the  city 
of  London,  and  general  receiver  of  all  subsi- 
dies, fifteenths,  or  other  benevolences.  Part 
of  Sir  Henry  Dudley's  conspiracy,  for  which 
many  suffered  death  in  1556,  was  to  seize 
the  money  of  the  exchequer  in  custody  of 
Brigham.  One  of  the  conspirators,  William 
Hunnys,  or  Hinnes,  or  Ennys  (by  Froude, 
Hist.  vi.  441,  called  Heneage),  of  the  royal 
chapel,  who  '  kept  Brigham's  wife,  and  was 
very  familiar  with  him  by  that  means,'  was 
to  find  a  way  to  do  this ;  but  Brigham's  own 
money,  which  he  kept  with  the  queen's,  was 
not  to  be  taken,  as  he  was  '  a  very  plain  man/ 
and  they  would  have  enough  money  without 
his.  On  Brigham's  death  in  1558  his  widow 
forthwith  married  this  Hunnys,  who  had  es- 
caped the  fate  of  most  of  his  fellow-conspira- 
I  tors  ;  and  there  is  in  Somerset  House  an  entry 
of  a  decree  of  4  Nov.  1559  that  a  will  made 
in  September,  October,  November,  or  Decem- 
ber 1 558,  leaving  all  his  property  to  his  wife, 
which  will  was  disputed  by  James  Brigham, 
nephew  of  Nicholas,  is  to  be  held  valid,  and 
that  William  Hunnys,  '  husband  and  execu- 


Bright 


331 


Bright 


tor  of  the  last  will  and  testament '  of  Mar- 
garet, late  wife  of  Nicholas  Brigham,  is  to 
execute  the  trusts  contained  in  it.  From  this 
it  appears  that  Brigham  died  in  December 

1558,  and  that  Margaret  did  not  long  sur- 
vive him — indeed,   her  will,   dated  2  June 

1559,  was  proved  on  12  Oct.  following.  Brig- 
ham  had  but  one  child,  Rachael,  who  died  on 
21  June  1557,  and  was  buried  near  Chaucer's 
tomb  in  Westminster  Abbey  with  this  in- 
scription— l  Unica  qusd  fueram  proles  spesque 
alma  parent um  Hoc  Rachael  Brigham  condita 
sum  tumulo.    Vixit  annis  quatuor,  mensibus 
tribus,  diebus  quatuor  horis  15.'     He  wrote: 
(1)  '  DeVenationibus  Rerum  Memorabilium ;' 
(2) '  Memoirs  by  way  of  a  Diary; '  and  (3) '  Mis- 
cellaneous Poems,'  but  none  of  these  seem 
now  to  be  extant.    Perhaps  his  only  produc- 
tion now  known  is  his  epitaph  on  Chaucer. 
Before  his  time  a  leaden  plate  hung  in  St.  Ben- 
net's  Chapel,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with 
Chaucer's  epitaph  by  Surigonius   of  Milan 
(DAKT,  i.  p.  83) :  '  Galfridus  Chaucer  vates  et 
fama  Poesis  Mat  erne  hac  sacra  sum  tumulatus 
humo.'    Brigham  in  1555  removed  the  poet's 
bones  to  a  marble  tomb  he  had  built  in  the 
south  transept,  and  on  which  there  was  a 
portrait  of  Chaucer  taken  from  Occleve's  'De 
Regimine  Principis,'  with  this  epitaph : — 

Qui  fuit  Anglorum  vates  ter  maximus  olim 
Galfridus  Chaucer  conditur  hoc  tumulo  : 
Annum  si  quseras  Domini,  si  tempora  vitse, 
Ecco  notae  subsunt  quse  tibi  cuncta  notant. 

25  Octobris  1400. 
-ZErumnarum  requies  mors. 

After  which  comes — 

N.  Brigham  hos  fecit  Musarum  nomine  sumptus. 

and  round  the  base, 

Pi  rogitas  quis  eram,  forsan  te  fama  docebit ; 
Quod  si  fama  negat,  mundi  quia  gloria  transit, 
Haec  monumenta  lege. 

[Bale's  Scriptores,  ed.  1557-9  ;  Pits  ;  Weever's 
Funeral  Monuments,  ed.  1631,  p.  489;  Tanner; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  i.  309;  Dodd's  Hist,  of 
the  Church,  i.  369  ;  Cal.  State  Papers,  Dom. 
1547-80,  pp.  77,  101,  102,  and  1601-3,  Add. 
p.  538;  Dart's  Westminster  Abhey,  i.  83,  ii.61  ; 
Camden's  Reges,  Reginae,  &c.  (ed/1606),  pp.  66, 
67  ;  Patent  Rolls.]  R.  H.  B. 

BRIGHT,  HENRY  (1814-1873),  water- 
colour  painter,  was  born  at  Saxmundham, 
Suffolk,  in  1814.  His  talent  for  drawing 
was  early  exhibited,  but  little  encouraged. 
He  was  apprenticed  by  his  father  to  a  chemist 
and  druggist  at  Woodbridge.  After  serving 
his  time  he  went  to  Norwich,  and  became 
dispenser  to  the  Norwich  Hospital.  Whilst 
yet  at  Woodbridge  he  seems  to  have  given  to 
drawing  whatever  time  he  could  get.  The 


removal  to  Norwich,  throwing  him  as  it  did 
into  the  company  of  the  then  famous  artists- 
of  that  city,  was  fortunate,  as  well  for  the 
world  as  for  him.  The  influence  of  such 
painters  as  John  Crome,  Cotman,  the  elder 
Ladbrook,  Stark,  and  Vincent  was  soon  suf- 
ficient to  make  him  abandon  his  bottles  for 
the  brush.  He  gave  up  his  place  at  the 
hospital,  and  came  to  London  to  study. 
Here  his  talents  introduced  him  to  Prout, 
David  Cox,  J.  D.  Harding,  and  other  well- 
known  London  painters,  and  he  soon  became 
a  member  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours,  and  later  of  the  Graphic 
Society.  To  the  exhibitions  of  the  former 
society  he  contributed  in  1841  and  1844. 
He  then  seceded  from  it,  and  'from  that 
time  till  1850  was  an  exhibitor  of  land- 
scapes in  oil  to  the  Royal  Academy  exhibi- 
tions.' He  spent  more  than  twenty  years 
in  London,  and  then,  his  health  failing,  he 
retired  to  Ipswich,  where  he  died  on  21  Sept. 
1873.  During  the  time  of  his  residence  in 
London  he  spent  a  part  of  each  year  in 
travelling,  when  he  painted  scenery  on  the 
Rhine,  the  coasts  of  France  and  Holland,  the 
Isle  of  Arran,  and  the  Yorkshire  Moors.  OIL 
one  of  the  continental  trips  he  met  J.  W.  M. 
Turner,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
him  which  ripened  into  friendship.  The  first 
painting  in  oil  which  he  exhibited  was  hung 
at  the  Academy  in  1845.  It  was  bought 
by  Clarkson  Stanfield,  II. A.  The  result  of 
this  purchase  was  an  enduring  friendship 
between  the  two  painters.  Prout  and  Hard- 
ing were  admirers  of  Bright's  pictures  and 
sketches.  The  queen  and  the  prince  consort 
were  among  his  earliest  patrons.  In  1844  a 
water-colour  painting  called  '  Entrance  to 
an  old  Prussian  Lawn — Winter — Evening 
effect '  was  bought  by  her  majesty,  who  now 
possesses  several  others  of  Bright's  works. 
As  a  teacher  of  his  art  Bright  was  for  some 
years  very  popular,  and  derived  nearly  2,000/. 
a  year  from  this  branch  of  his  profession. 
Bright's  pictures  are  varied  in  subject,  and 
usually  masterly  in  manipulation.  His  co- 
louring is  rich  and  deep.  The  largest  and 
finest  of  his  pictures  (Suffolk  Chronicle, 
27  Sept.  1873),  amongst  which  is  '  Orford 
Castle,'  are  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Charles 
T.  Maud  of  Bath. 

[Art  Journal,  October  1873;  Suffolk  Chro- 
nicle, 27  Sept.  1873  ;  Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists 
of  the  English  School ;  Athenaeum,  27  Sept. 
1873.]  E.  R. 

BRIGHT,  HENRY  ARTHUR  (1830- 
1884),  merchant  and  author,  was  born  at 
Liverpool  on  9  Feb.  1830,  the  eldest  son  of 
Samuel  Bright,  J.P.  (1799-1870 ;  a  younger 


Bright 


332 


Bright 


brother  of  Richard  Bright,  M.D.,  the  patho- 
logist), by  Elizabeth  Anne,  eldest  daughter 
of  Hugh  Jones,  a  Liverpool  banker.  The 
family  pedigree  goes  back  to  Nathaniel  Bright 
of  Worcester  (1493-1564),  whose  grandson, 
Henry  (1562-1 626),  was  canon  of  Worcester, 
and  purchased  the  manor  of  Brockbury  in 
the  parish  of  Colwall,  Herefordshire,  which 
still  remains  in  the  family.  Henry  Arthur 
Bright,  who  on  his  mother's  side  was  related 
to  the  late  Lord  Houghton,  was  educated 
at  Rugby,  under  Tait,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  qualified  for  his  degree, 
but  as  a  nonconformist  was  unable  to  make 
the  subscription  then  required  as  a  condition 
of  graduation.  When  this  restriction  had 
been  removed,  Bright  and  his  relative  James 
Heywood  were  the  first  nonconformists  to 
take  the  Cambridge  degrees  of  B.A.  (1857)  and 
M.A.  (1860).  On  leaving  Cambridge  Bright 
became  a  partner  with  his  father  in  the  ship- 
ping firm  of  Gibbs,  Bright,  &  Co.,  by  whose 
enterprise  regular  communication  was  esta- 
blished between  this  country  and  Australia. 
Bright  was  chairman  of  the  sailors'  home  in 
Canning  Street  in  1867,  and  again  in  1877 ;  in 
the  latter  year  the  dispensary  in  the  Custom 
House  arcade  was  opened  mainly  through 
his  exertions,  and  in  August  1878  a  second 
sailors'  home,  projected  by  him,  was  opened  in 
Luton  Street.  In  1865  he  was  placed  on  the 
commission  of  peace  for  the  borough,  and 
in  1870  for  the  county.  He  was  a  Unitarian 
in  religion,  and  from  1856  to  1860,  by  his 
counsels  and  by  his  pen,  very  much  guided 
the  policy  of  the '  Inquirer '  newspaper  towards 
conservative  unitarianism.  He  wrote  also  in 
the  '  Christian  Reformer,'  and  contributed 
occasionally  to  the  '  Christian  Life,'  esta- 
blished in  1876.  But  his  catholicity  of  spirit 
may  be  seen  in  one  of  his  most  finished 
public  speeches,  at  the  Liverpool  celebration 
of  the  Channing  centennial  (Centenary  Com- 
memoration, fyc.,  1880,  p.  176  seq.)  In  Liver- 
pool he  held  a  place  unique  in  his  time,  but 
akin  to  that  filled  by  William  Roscoe  in  a 
previous  generation,  as  a  centre  of  literary 
interests  and  literary  friendships.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Roxburghe  Club  and  of  the 
Philobiblon  Society,  as  well  as  of  the  local 
historical  and  literary  societies.  His  personal 
intercourse  with  literary  men  and  women 
was  very  extended  and  sympathetic,  and  was 
sustained  by  a  wide  correspondence,  in  which 
his  own  part  was  characterised  by  a  singular 
fertility  and  charm.  In  the  world  of  letters 
he  will  be  best  remembered  by  the  frequent 
allusions  to  him  in  the  *  Note-books '  and  bio- 
graphy of  Hawthorne,  whose  acquaintance  he 
made  at  Concord  in  1852.  The  friendship  was 
renewed  and  deepened  in  the  following  year, 


when  Hawthorne  became  consul  at  Liver- 
pool. In  1854  they  made  a  tour  in  Wales 
together,  and  till  Hawthorne's  death  the  in- 
timacy of  their  intercourse  was  not  relaxed. 
As  a  literary  critic  Bright  possessed  great 
judgment  and  much  felicity  of  expression. 
He  wrote  for  the '  Examiner,'  and  contributed 
regularly  to  the  'Athenaeum'  from  1871. 
His  great  literary  success  was  the  '  Year  in 
a  Lancashire  Garden/  1879,  a  delicious  nar- 
rative, in  which  the  truth  of  nature  and  the 
poetry  of  literature  are  happily  blended.  In 
1882  his  health,  never  robust,  began  seriously 
to  give  way.  He  tried  the  effect  of  a  sojourn 
|  in  the  south  of  France,  and  a  winter  at 
]  Bournemouth,  but  returned  to  Liverpool  in 
the  spring  of  1884,  and  died  on  5  May  at  his 
residence,  Ashfield,  Knotty  Ash.  In  1861  he 
I  had  married  Mary  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter 
!  of  Samuel  H.  Thompson  of  Thingwall  Hall, 
and  left  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Of 
I  his  publications  the  following  are  of  most 
'  interest :  1.  i  A  Historical  Sketch  of  War- 
rington  Academy,'  1859,  8vo  (reprinted  from 
the  l  Transactions  of  the  Historic  Society  of 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire,'  vol.  xi. ;  chiefly 
drawn  up  from  original  papers  in  his  posses- 
sion). 2. '  The  Brights  of  Colwall,'  1872, 8vo 
(reprinted  from  '  The  Herald  and  Genealo- 
gist,' vol.  vii.)  3.  '  Some  Account  of  the 
Glenriddell  MSS.  of  Burns's  Poems,'  1874, 4to 
(these  manuscripts  had  been  deposited  in  the 
Liverpool  Athenaeum  Library  by  the  widow 
of  Wallace  Currie,  son  of  Burns's  biographer ; 
Bright  first  made  them  known,  communicat- 
ing the  unpublished  matter  to  the  '  Athe- 
nseum  '  of  1  Aug.  1874).  4. '  Poems  from  Sir 
Kenelm  Digby's  Papers,'  1877, 4to  (edited  for 
the  Roxburghe  Club  from  papers  long  in  the 
possession  of  the  Bright  family).  5.  'A 
Year  in  a  Lancashire  Garden,'  1879,  8vo  (first 
published,  month  by  month,  in  the  '  Gar- 
dener's Chronicle '  for  1874;  fifty  copies  were 
privately  printed  in  1875 ;  the  published 
volume  has  considerable  additions  ;  there  are 
two  editions,  same  year).  6.  '  The  English 
Flower  Garden,'  1881,  8vo  (originally  contri- 
buted as  an  article  to  the  '  Quarterly  Review, 
April  1880).  7.  '  Unpublished  Letters  from 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  to  the  Rev.  John 
Prior  Estlin,'  1884, 4to  (printed  for  the  Philo- 
biblon Society ;  the  letters  belong  to  Cole- 
ridge's Unitarian  period,  and  include  a  pre- 
viously unprinted  poem).  He  contributed 
also  a  hymn  ('  To  the  Father  through  the 
Son')  to  *  Hymns,  Chants,  and  Anthems/ 
1858,  edited  by  John  Hamilton  Thorn  for 
Renshaw  Street  Unitarian  chapel ;  and  wrote 
(before  1858)  'The  Lay  of  the  Unitarian 
Church/  a  spirited  poem,  originally  contri- 
buted to  a  magazine  (;  Sabbath  Leisurfcf* 


Bright 


333 


Bright 


edited  by  J.  R.  Beard,  D.D.),  and  issued 
anonymously  and  without  date  as  a  tract 
about  1870.  To  the  same  magazine  he  con- 
tributed a  prose  tale, '  The  Martyr  of  Antioch,' 
illustrating  the  early  history  of  Arianism ; 
part  of  this  was  reprinted  in  the  '  Christian 
Freeman.' 

[The  Brights  of  Colwall,  p.  11  ;  Christian 
Life,  10  and  17  May  1884,  where  are  collected 
the  chief  obituary  notices  from  the  London  and 
Liverpool  papers;  Athenaeum,  10  May  1884; 
Times,  10  May  1884  ;  Luard's  Graduati  Cantab., 
1873,  p.  53  ;  Passages  from  the  English  Note- 
books of  N.  Hawthorne,  1870,  i.  105,  &c. ;  N. 
Hawthorne  and  his  Wife,  1885,  ii.  21-7,  &c. 
(contains  nine  letters  from  Bright) ;  private  infor- 
mation.] A.  Gr. 

BRIGHT,  SIB  JOHN  (1619-1688),  par- 
liamentarian, of  Carbrook  and  Badsworth, 
Yorkshire,  born  in  1619,  took  up  arms  for 
the  parliament  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war.  He  raised  several  companies  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Sheffield,  and  received  a 
captain's  commission  from  Lord  Fairfax.  He 
was  also  named  one  of  the  sequestration 
commissioners  for  the  West  Riding  (1  April 
1643).  About  the  same  date  he  became  a 
colonel  of  foot :  '  He  was  but  young  when  he 
first  had  the  command,  but  he  grew  very  va- 
liant and  prudent,  and  had  his  officers  and 
soldiers  under  good  conduct'  (Memoirs  of 
Captain  John  Hodgson,  p.  102).  He  accom- 
panied Sir  T.  Fairfax  in  his  expedition  into 
Cheshire,  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Selby,  and  on  the  surrender  of  the  castle 
of  Sheffield  was  appointed  governor  of  that 
place  (August  1644),  and  a  little  later  mili- 
tary governor  of  York.  In  the  second  civil 
war  he  served  under  Cromwell  in  Scotland, 
and  also  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Pontefract. 
On  Cromwell's  second  expedition  into  Scot- 
land, Bright  threw  up  his  commission  when 
the  army  arrived  at  Newcastle,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  refusal  of  a  fortnight's  leave 
(HODGSON,  Memoirs).  Nevertheless  he  con- 
tinued to  take  an  active  part  in  public  affairs. 
In  1651  he  was  commissioned  to  raise  a  regi- 
ment to  oppose  the  march  of  Charles  II  into 
England  (Cal  State  Papers,  Dom.  Ser.), 
and  he  undertook  the  same  service  in  1659, 
on  the  rising  headed  by  Sir  George  Booth 
(Journals  of  the  House  of  Commons).  In 
1654  and  1655  he  was  high  sheriff  of  York- 
shire, and  he  also  acted  as  governor  of  York 
and  of  Hull.  '  He  may  be  presumed  to  have 
concurred  in  the  measures  for  bringing  about 
the  Restoration,  for  we  find  that  as  early  as 
July  1660  he  was  admitted  into  the  order  of 
baronets,  having  been  previously  knighted ' 
(HTTNTER).  He  died  on  13  Sept.  1688. 


[Hunter's  History  of  Hallamshire  (ed.  Gatty), 
3rd  ed.,  contains  the  pedigree  of  Bright's  family, 
and  an  account  of  his  life ;  The  Memoirs  of  Captain 
John  Hodgson,  who  served  under  him,  give  some 
of  the  details  of  his  military  services  ;  in  the 
Fairfax  Correspondence  (Memoirs  of  the  Civil 
Wars,  i.  83-113),  two  of  Bright's  letters  during- 
the  first  civil  war  are  printed,  and  the  Baynes 
correspondence  in  the  British  Museum  contains 
a  large  number  of  his  letters  relating  to  the 
financial  affairs  of  his  regiment ;  in  the  Thurloe 
State  Papers,  vi.  784,  is  a  letter  from  Bright  to 
Cromwell  (February  1658)  resigning  the  govern- 
ment of  Hull ;  there  is  an  account  of  his  funeral 
in  Boothroyd's  Pontefract,  pp.  294-5.] 

C.H.  F. 

BRIGHT,  JOHN  (1783-1870),  physician, 
was  born  in  Derbyshire,  and  educated  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  he  gradu- 
ated B.A.  1801,  and  M.D.  1808.  He  at  first 
practised  in  Birmingham,  and  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  General  Hospital  in  1810, 
but  before  long  he  removed  to  London.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians in  1809,  was  several  times  censor,  and 
was  Harveian  orator  in  1830.  From  1822  to 
1843  he  was  physician  to  the  Westminster 
Hospital.  In  1836  he  was  appointed  lord 
chancellor's  adviser  in  lunacy,  to  which 
office  he  almost  entirely  limited  himself  for 
many  years.  He  never  practised  extensively, 
having  an  ample  private  fortune.  '  He  was/ 
says  the  '  Lancet,'  '  a  most  accomplished 
classical  scholar,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
represented  that  old  school  of  physicians 
whose  veneration  for  Greek  and  Latin  cer- 
tainly exceeded  their  estimation  of  modern 
pathological  research,  and  who  valued  an 
elegant  and  scholarly  prescription  before  the 
most  searching  post-mortem  report.'  He  died 
1  Feb.  1870,  aged  87. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  (1878),  iii.  79 ;  Lancet, 
obit,  notice,  12  Feb.  1870.]  G.  T.  B. 

BRIGHT,  MYNORS  (1818-1883),  de- 
cipherer of  Pepys,  born  in  1818,  was  the  son 
of  John  Bright  (the  subject  of  the  previous 
article),  and  of  Eliza  his  wife  (  College  Books). 
He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  and  entered 
Magdalene  College,Cambridge,  on  3  July  1835. 
He  was  a  senior  optime  in  mathematics,  and 
took  a  second-class  in  classics.  He  proceeded 
B.A.  in  1840,  and  M.A.  in  1843.  He  became 
foundation-fellow,  tutor,  and  eventually  presi- 
dent of  Magdalene,  and  was  chosen  proctor  in 
1853.  The  Pepysian  library  being  at  Magda- 
lene, Bright  resolved  to  re-decipher  the  whole 
of  Pepys's  '  Diary,'  and  to  this  end  he  learnt 
the  cipher  from  Shelton's '  Tachygraphy.'  In 
1873  he  retired  from  Magdalene,  and  left  Cam- 
bridge for  London.  His '  Pepys '  was  printed 


Bright 


334 


Bright 


between  1875  and  1879,  and  was  published 
simultaneously  in  4to  and  8vo,  6  vols.  each. 
The  edition  includes  engravings  of  Faithorne's 
'  Map  of  London,'  1658,  and  Evelyn's  '  Pos- 
ture of  the  Dutch  Fleet/  1667.  It  corrects 
numerous  errors  occurring  in  the  original  de- 
cipherment, and  inserts  many  passages  hither- 
to suppressed. 

Bright  became  paralysed  about  1880,  and 
died  on  23  Feb.  1883,  aged  65.  He  never 
married.  Part  of  his  interest  in  his  '  Pepys ' 
he  bequeathed  to  Magdalene  College.  His 
portrait  was  painted  by  F.  Dickenson,  and 
presented  by  his  friends  to  his  college. 

[Magdalene  College  Books ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti 
(Hardy),  iii.  635  ;  Academy,  No.  565,  p.  151  ; 
Crockford's  Clergy  List,  1882 ;  Athenseum,  No. 
2888,  p.  280 ;  Bright'*  Pepys's  Diary,  Preface, 
i.  pp.  vii,  viii,  ii.  p.  viii ;  private  information.] 

J.  H. 

BRIGHT,  RICHARD  (1789-1858),  phy- 
sician, born  at  Queen  Square,  Bristol,  on 
28  Sept:  1789,  was  the  third  son  of  Richard 
Bright,  a  merchant  and  banker  of  that  city. 
The  father  belonged  to  the  family  of  the 
Brights  of  Brockbury,  Herefordshire,  who 
trace  their  descent  from  Henry  Bright,  D.D. 
(d.  1626),  master  of  the  King's  School  at  Wor- 
cester in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time.  In  1808  he 
matriculated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh  in 
the  faculty  of  arts,  attending  the  instructions 
of  Dugald  Stewart,  Playfair,  and  Leslie  in 
their  respective  subjects,  and  in  the  next 
year  entered  the  medical  faculty,  where  his 
teachers  were  Hope,  Monro,  and  Duncan. 

In  the  summer  of  1810  he  was  invited  to 
join  Sir  George  Stuart  Mackenzie  and  Mr. 
(afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Holland  on  a  visit 
to  Iceland,  which  occupied  some  months. 
To  the  account  of  this  voyage,  written  by  Sir 
George  Mackenzie  ('  Travels  in  Iceland,'  Edin- 
burgh, 1811),  Bright  contributed  chapters 
on  botany  and  zoology.  He  also  brought 
back  with  him  a  large  collection  of  dried 
plants;  and  though  this  journey  must  have 
been  a  serious  interruption  to  his  professional 
studies,  doubtless  it  had  its  use  in  training 
his  great  powers  of  exact  observation. 

On  returning  from  Iceland,  Bright  pursued 
his  medical  studies  in  London,  living  for  two 
years  in  the  house  of  one  of  the  resident 
officers  of  Guy's  Hospital.  Here  he  attended 
the  medical  lectures  of  Dr.  W.  Babington 
and  James  Currie,  and  studied  anatomy  and 
surgery  in  the  united  school  of  Guy's  and 
St.  Thomas's,  under  Astley  Cooper,  the  two 
Clines,  and  Travers.  It  is  supposed  that 
from  Astley  Cooper  he  imbibed  a  sense  of  the 
value  of  morbid  anatomy  in  the  study  of 
disease ;  and  even  at  that  time  he  executed 


a  drawing,  since  preserved,  of  the  appearance 
of  the  kidney  in  that  malady,  by  the  investi- 
gation of  which  he  afterwards  made  himself 
famous.  At  the  same  time  he  became  inte- 
rested in  the  study  of  geology,  probably 
through  the  example  of  Dr.  William  Bab- 
ington, and  in  1811  he  read  a  paper  to  the 
Geological  Society  on  the  strata  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bristol. 

In  1812  Bright  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
where  the  celebrated  Dr.  Gregory  was  his 
principal  teacher  in  medicine,  and  where  he 
still  pursued  the  study  of  geology  and  natural 
history  under  Professor  Jameson.  He  gra- 
duated M.D.  on  13  Sept.  1812,  with  a  disser- 
tation, '  De  Erysipelate  Contagioso.'  It  was 
at  that  time  his  intention  to  graduate  also  at 
Cambridge,  and  accordingly  he  entered  at 
Peterhouse,  of  which  college  his  brother  was 
a  fellow  ;  but  after  having  kept  two  terms 
he  found  residence  in  college  incompatible 
with  his  other  pursuits,  and  left  the  univer- 
sity. Bright  then  returned  to  London,  and 
became  a  pupil  at  the  public  dispensary  under 
Dr.  Bateman.  But  his  love  of  travel  again 
carried  him  away  from  London,  and  in  1814, 
when  the  continent  became  open  to  English 
travellers,  he  made  a  tour  through  Holland 
and  Belgium  to  Berlin,  where  he  spent  some 
months,  attending  the  hospital  practice  of 
Horn  and  Hufeland,  besides  profiting  by  the 
acquaintance  of  other  eminent  men  of  science. 
From  Berlin  he  passed  to  Vienna,  where  he 
spent  the  winter  of  1814-15. 

What  is  known  as  the  old  Vienna  School 
of  Medicine  was  then  in  high  repute,  and 
Hildenbrand  was  the  chief  clinical  profes- 
sor ;  but  Bright  was  also  much  impressed 
by  the  then  celebrated  John  P.  F.  Frank. 
The  political  interest  of  the  congress  then 
sitting  also  engaged  much  of  Bright's  atten- 
tion, and  he  refers  to  it  in  an  account  of  his 
travels  which  he  afterwards  published.  In 
the  spring  he  extended  his  journey  to  Hun- 
gary, but  returned  in  the  summer  in  time  to 
reach  Brussels  a  fortnight  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.  Here  the  immense  military  hos- 
pitals, crowded  with  sufferers  after  the  great 
battle,  supplied  matter  of  professional  inte- 
rest which  naturally  delayed  his  homeward 
journey. 

On  23  Dec.  1816  Bright  was  admitted  a 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Soon 
after  he  was  made  assistant  physician  to  the 
London  Fever  Hospital,  and  filled  the  same 
office  for  a  short  time  at  the  Public  Dispen- 
sary. In  the  fever  hospital  he  contracted 
a  severe  attack  of  fever  which  nearly  cost 
him  his  life.  Whether  in  consequence  of  this 
illness,  or  from  other  reasons,  it  is  curious  to 
note  that  Bright  was  in  1818  again  induced  to 


Bright 


set  out  on  continental  travel,  and  spent  the 
greater  part  of  a  year  in  a  tour  through  Ger- 
many, Italy,  and  France.  In  the  year  1820, 
however,  he  finally  settled  down  in  London, 
in  Bloomsbury  Square;  and  being  in  the 
same  year  elected  assistant-physician  to  Guy's 
Hospital,  he  commenced  that  course  of  ar- 
duous clinical  study  and  indefatigable  in- 
dustry as  a  teacher  which  made  his  own 
reputation,  and  contributed  much  to  raise 
that  of  the  school  in  which  he  worked.  In 
1824  he  was  made  full  physician,  and  occu- 
pied this  post  till  1843,  when,  on  resigning, 
he  was  made  consulting  physician. 

Bright's  energy  and  industry  in  his  hos- 
pital work  were  very  remarkable.  For  some 
years  he  is  said  to  have  spent  six  hours  a  day 
in  the  wards  or  post-mortem  room,  and  he 
was  an  active  lecturer  in  the  medical  school. 
In  1822  he  gave  a  course  on  botany  in  rela- 
tion to  materia  medica,  which  was  continued 
for  three  years.  In  1823  he  began  to  give 
clinical  lectures ;  in  1824  he  took  part  in  the 
medical  lectures  with  Dr.  Cholmley,  and 
afterwards  for  many  years  shared  the  course 
with  Dr.  Addison.  The  outcome  of  their 
joint  labours  was  the  commencement  of  a 
text-book,  '  Elements  of  the  Practice  of  Me- 
dicine/ of  which,  however,  only  one  volume 
appeared  in  1839,  and  this  was  understood 
to  be  chiefly  the  composition  of  Addison. 

In  1827  he  published  the  first  volume  of 
a  collection  of  '  Reports  of  Medical  Cases/ 
intended  to  show  the  importance  of  morbid 
anatomy  in  the  study  of  disease.  In  this  he 
gave  the  first  account  of  those  researches  on 
dropsy  with  which  his  name  is  inseparably 
connected,  though  his  first  observation  on 
the  subject  was  made,  he  says,  in  1813. 
While  the  symptom  dropsy,  or  watery  swell- 
ing, had  been  known  from  the  earliest  period 
of  medicine,  it  had  been,  shortly  before 
Bright's  time,  shown  by  Blackall  and  Wells 
that  it  was  in  many  cases  connected  with  a 
special  symptom,  namely,  that  the  urine  was 
coagulable  by  heat,  from  the  presence  in  it 
of  albumen.  But  these  two  symptoms  were 
not  traced  to  their  source,  or  connected  with 
a  diseased  condition  of  any  organ.  Bright, 
by  his  investigations  of  the  state  of  the 
body  after  death,  ascertained  that  in  all  such 
cases  a  peculiar  condition  of  the  kidneys  was 
present,  and  thus  proved  that  the  symptoms 
spoken  of  were  really  those  of  a  disease  of 
the  kidneys.  The  explanation  once  given 
seems  as  simple  as '  putting  two  and  two  to- 
gether ; '  but  the  importance  of  the  discovery 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  no  one  before  had 
suspected  the  kidney  to  be  the  organ  impli- 
cated. It  proved  Bright  not  only  to  be  an 
acute  observer,  but  to  possess  the  much  rarer 


5  Bright 

faculty  of  synthesis,  which  makes  an  ob- 
server a  discoverer.  The  truth  and  importance 
of  his  researches  were  soon  generally  recog- 
nised. In  a  short  time  Morbus  Brightii,  or 
Bright's  Disease,  was  a  familiar  appellation 
over  the  whole  of  Europe,  and  will  doubtless 
!  preserve  the  memory  of  Bright  so  long  as  the 
'  disease  is  known  by  a  separate  name.  Next 
to  Laennec's  discoveries  in  chest  diseases,  this 
of  Bright's  is  perhaps  the  most  important 
special  discovery  made  in  medicine  in  the  first 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

The  volume  of  medical  reports  contained, 
besides  those  on  dropsy,  other  observations, 
which  would  alone  have  made  the  book  a 
very  valuable  one.  It  was  followed  in  1831 
by  a  second  volume,  in  two  parts,  containing 
reports  on  diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  full  of  observation  of  the  highest 
value.  Both  volumes  are  illustrated  with 
admirable  plates,  and  taken  together  form 
one  of  the  most  important  contributions  to 
morbid  anatomy  ever  made  in  this  country 
by  one  person. 

In  1836  appeared  the  first  volume  of  the 
well-known    'Guy's   Hospital   Reports/   to 
which  Bright  was  from  the  first  a  copious 
contributor.     The  first  and  second  papers  in 
the  first  volume,  on  the '  Treatment  of  Fever ' 
and  on  '  Diseased  Arteries  of  the  Brain '  re- 
spectively, are  by  him,  as  are  also  six  other 
papers  in  the  same  volume,  of  which  the 
most  important  are '  Cases  and  Observations 
illustrative  of  Renal  Disease,'  and  *  A  Tabu- 
lar View  of  the  Morbid  Appearances  in  One 
Hundred  Cases  of  Albuminous  Urine.'     The 
two  last  mentioned  extend  and  support  his 
great  discovery  by  several  additional  deve- 
j  lopments,   which   subsequent    research   has 
!  done  nothing  but  confirm.     In  the  second 
volume  are  two  papers  by  Bright — one  on 
'Abdominal  Tumours,' which  was  the  first 
|  of  an   important   series   continued   by  two 
I  papers  in  the  third  volume  of  the  '  Reports/ 
j  one  in  the  fourth,  and  one  in  the  fifth.    This 
j  same  fifth  volume  also  contains  an  important 
!  paper  entitled  '  Observations  on  Renal  Dis- 
!  eases  :   Memoir  the  Second.'      In    the  first 
1  volume  of  the  second  series  (1843)  appears 
an  account  of  observations  made  under  the 
superintendence    of  Bright  by  Dr.  Barlow 
and  Dr.  Owen  Rees  on  patients  with  albu- 
minous urine  ;  but  after  this  Bright's  name 
does  not  appear  in  the  reports. 

Bright's  professional  success,  apart  from  his 
hospital  work,  was  steady,  if  not  rapid.  On 
25  June  1832  he  was  promoted  from  being  a 
licentiate  to  the  fellowship  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  at  that  time  a  rare  distinction. 
He  was  Gulstonian  lecturer  in  1833,  and 
took  as  his  subject  'The  functions  of  the 


Bright 


336 


Bright 


abdominal  viscera,  with  observations  on  the 
diagnostic  marks  of  the  diseases  to  which  the 
viscera  are  subject.'  In  1837  he  was  Lum- 
leian  lecturer,  his  subject  being  '  Disorders 
of  the  brain.'  He  was  censor  in  1836  and 
1839,  and  a  member  of  the  council  1838  and 
1843.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1821,  and  received  the  Monthyon 
medal  from  the  Institute  of  France,  In  1837, 
on  the  accession  of  Queen  Victoria,  he  was 
appointed  physician  extraordinary  to  her  ma- 
jesty. In  the  earlier  part  of  his  career  it  is 
said  that  his  practice  was  not  large  ;  but  as 
his  reputation  rose  he  took  the  leading  position 
as  consulting  physician  in  London,  and  was 
probably  consulted  in  a  larger  number  of  diffi- 
cult cases  than  any  of  his  contemporaries. 
Bright  was  twice  married ;  first  to  the  young- 
est daughter  of  Dr.  William  Babington  [q.  v.] 
The  only  son  by  this  marriage  took  holy 
orders,  but  died  young.  His  second  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Follett,  and  sister 
of  Sir  William  Webb  Follett.  She  survived 
him,  as  did  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  His 
eldest  son  is  now  (1886)  master  of  University 
College,  Oxford ;  his  youngest  a  physician  in 
practice  at  Cannes.  He  died  at  his  house,  11 
Savile  How,  on  16  Dec.  1858,  after  a  very  short 
illness,  which,  however,  was  shown  by  post- 
mortem examination  to  have  been  the  conse- 
quence of  long-standing  disease  of  the  heart. 
He  was  buried  atKensal  Green  cemetery,  and 
a  mural  monument  was  erected  to  his  me- 
mory in  St.  James's  Church,  Piccadilly.  The 
College  of  Physicians  possesses  his  portrait 
in  oils,  and  also  a  marble  bust ;  another  bust 
is  at  Guy's  Hospital,  and  his  portrait  is  en- 
graved in  Pettigrew's '  Medical  Portrait  Gal- 
lery.' 

Bright  was  by  general  admission  a  man  of 
fine  and  attractive  nature.  From  early  man- 
hood he  was  animated  by  a  genuine  love  of 
truth  and  unswerving  sense  of  duty.  He  was 
of  an  affectionate  disposition  and  uniformly 
cheerful.  He  was  widely  accomplished,  a 
good  linguist  (when  this  kind  of  knowledge 
was  less  common  than  it  is  now),  well  versed 
in  more  than  one  science,  a  creditable  amateur 
artist,  and  possessed  of  much  taste  in  art ;  well 
cultivated  on  all  sides  by  travel  and  society. 
In  his  intellectual  character  the  first  feature 
which  strikes  us  is  a  certain  simplicity.  Be- 
yond most  observers  he  succeeded  in  viewing 
objects  without  prejudice.  Not  putting  for- 
ward any  theories  himself,  he  was  not  biassed 
by  any  of  the  prevailing  systems  of  medicine. 
Next,  he  had  a  remarkable  tact,  which  ap- 
peared to  be  exercised  unconsciously,  of  pick- 
ing out  the  important  facts  in  any  subject, 
and,  perhaps  half  unconsciously  also,  of  com- 
bining them  together  so  as  to  explain  each 


other.  He  is  said  not  to  have  perceived  the 
true  value  of  his  own  observations,  and  this 
is  quite  credible,  but  his  genius  guided  him 
to  the  right  result.  Moreover,  his  industry 
was  indefatigable.  He  amassed  hundreds 
and  thousands  of  facts,  and  his  minute  accu- 
racy of  observation  was  never  or  rarely  at 
fault. 

Bright  was  not  generally  regarded  as  a  bril- 
liant man ;  he  had  little  power  of  exposition, 
and  in  his  own  school,  while  his  fame  was 
rapidly  spreading  over  the  civilised  world,  he 
was  less  popular  and  impressive  as  a  teacher 
than  his  brilliant  colleague  Thomas  Addison 
q.  v.],  though  the  latter  was  much  less  known 
bo  the  outside  public.  '  Bright  could  not  theo- 
rise,' says  Dr.  Wilks, '  and  fortunately  gave  us 
no  doctrines  and  no  "  views ; "  but  he  could 
see,  and  we  are  struck  with  astonishment  at 
his  powers  of  observation.  ...  I  might  allude 
to  the  fact  that  he  was  one  of  the  first  who 
described  acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver, 
pigmentation  of  the  brain  in  miasmatic  me- 
lanaemia,  condensation  of  the  lung  in  whoop- 
ing-cough. He  was  also  the  first,  I  believe, 
who  noted  the  bruit  in  chorea,  and  he  made 
also  many  other  original  clinical  observa- 
tions '  ( WILKS,  '  Historical  Notes  on  Bright's 
Disease,'  &c.,  Guy's  Hosp.  Reports,  xxii.  259). 
These  minor  researches  display  the  same 
powers  as  his  master  work,  and  have  been 
thought  to  show  even  greater  originality.  It 
is  the  importance  of  its  subject  and  the  power- 
ful influence  which  it  has  had,  and  continues 
to  have,  on  the  progress  of  medicine  in  all 
countries,  that  give  to  this  discovery  its 
classical  position,  and  place  Bright  among 
the  half-dozen  greatest  names  in  the  honour- 
able roll  of  English  physicians. 

His  writings  were,  besides  those  mentioned 
above:  1.  'Travels  from  Vienna  through 
Lower  Hungary,  with  some  remarks  on  the 
State  of  Vienna  during  the  Congress  in  1814/ 
4to,  Edinburgh,  1818.  2.  'Address  at  the 
Commencement  of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on 
the  Practice  of  Medicine,'  8vo,  London,  1832. 
3.  '  Clinical  Memoirs  on  Abdominal  Tumours/ 
edited  by  G.  H.  Barlow,  M.D.  (from  <  Guy's 
Hospital  Reports'),  New  Syd.  Soc.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1860.  4.  '  Gulstonian  Lectures  on  the 
Functions  of  the  Abdominal  Viscera,'  in '  Lon- 
don Medical  Gazette,'  1833.  In  the '  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Transactions : '  (1)  '  Case  of  un- 
usually Profuse  Perspiration,'  xiv.  433. 1828 ; 
(2)  '  Cases  of  Disease  of  the  Pancreas  and  Duo- 
denum,'xviii.  1,1833;  (3)  '  Cases  illustrative 
of  Diagnosis  when  Adhesions  have  taken  place 
in  the  Peritoneum,'  xix.  176, 1835 ;  (4)  <  Cases 
of  Spasmodic  Disease  accompanying  Affec- 
tions of  the  Pericardium,'  xxii.  1,  1839.  In 
1  Guy's  Hospital  Reports,'  vol.  i. :  '  Case  of 


Bright 


337 


Bright 


Tetanus  successfully  treated  ; '  *  Account  of 
a  Remarkable  Displacement  of  the  Stomach ; ' 
'  Observations  on  Jaundice  ; '  '  Observations 
on  the  Situation  and  Structure  of  Malignant 
Diseases  of  the  Liver.'  Vol.  ii. :  '  Cases  il- 
lustrative of  Diagnosis  where  Tumours  are 
situated  at  the  Base  of  the  Brain.'  In  *  Trans- 
actions of  the  Geological  Society  : '  '  On  the 
Strata  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Bristol,'  1811, 
and  '  On  the  Hills  of  Badaeson,  Szigliget,  &c., 
in  Hungary/  1818. 

[Pettigrew's  Medical  Portrait  Gallery,  pt.  viii. 
1839  (the  original  source) ;  Medical  Times  and 
Gazette,  1858,  ii.  632,  660;  Lancet,  1858,  ii. 
665 ;  Lasegue,  in  Archives  Generates  de  Mede- 
cine,'  1859,  i.  257  ;  Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  Hi. 
155  ;  private  information.]  J.  F.  P. 

BRIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  M.D.  (1551P-1615), 
the  inventor  of  modern  shorthand,  was  born 
in  or  about  1551,  probably  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Sheffield.  He  matriculated  as  a  sizar 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  '  impubes,  aet. 
11,'  on  21  May  1561,  and  graduated  B.A. 
in  1567-8.  In  1572  he  was  at  Paris,  probably 
pursuing  his  medical  studies,  when  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  the  St.  Bartholomew  massacre 
by  taking  refuge  in  the  house  of  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  together  with  many  other  Eng- 
lishmen who  were  ( free  from  the  papistical 
superstition.'  Bright  refers  to  this  memo- 
rable occasion  in  several  of  his  writings.  In 
dedicating  to  Sir  Francis  Walsingham  his 
'Abridgment  of  Fox'  (1589)  he  mentions 
among  the  favours  he  had  received  from  him 
'  that  especiall  protection  from  the  bloudy 
massacre  of  Paris,  nowe  sixteene  yeeres 
passed ;  yet  (as  euer  it  will  bee)  fresh  with 
mee  in  memory.'  He  adds  that  Walsingham' s 
house  was  at  that  time '  a  very  sanctuarie,  not 
only  for  all  of  our  nation,  but  euen  to  many 
strangers,  then  in  perill,  and  vertuously  dis- 
posed ; '  and  he  further  says,  '  As  then  you 
were  the  very  hande  of  God  to  preserue  my 
life,  so  haue  you  (ioyning  constancie  with 
kindnes)  beene  a  principal!  means,  whereby 
the  same  hath  beene  since  the  better  sus- 
tained.' Again,  in  his  dedication  of  his  ( Ani- 
madversions on  Scribonius'  to  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  (1584),  Bright  remarks  that  he  had 
only  seen  him  once,  'idque  ilia  Gallicis 
Ecclesiis  funesta  tempestate  (cujus  pars  fui, 
et  animus  meminisse  horret,  luctuque  refugit) 
matutinibus  Parisiensibus.' 

He  graduated  M.B.  at  Cambridge  in  1574, 
received  a  license  to  practise  medicine  in  the 
following  year,  and  was  created  M.D.  in  1579. 
For  some  years  after  this  he  appears  to  have 
resided  at  Cambridge,  but  in  1584  he  was  liv- 
ing at  Ipswich.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
were  present  on  1  Oct.  1585  when  the  statutes 

VOL.  VI. 


of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  were  con- 
firmed and  signed  by  Sir  Walter  Mildmay, 
and  delivered  to  Dr.  Laurence  Chaderton,  the 
first  master  of  the  college  (Documents  relat- 
ing to  the  Univ.  and  Colleges  o/Camb.  iii.  523). 
The  dedication  to  Peter  Osborne  of  his 
'Treatise  on  Melancholy'  is  dated  from  'litle 
S.  Bartlemewes  by  Smithfield,'  23  May  1586. 
He  occupied  the  house  then  appropriated  to 
the  physician  to  the  hospital.  He  succeeded 
Dr.  Turner  in  that  office  about  1586,  and 
must  have  resigned  in  1590,  as  his  successor 
was  elected  on  19  Sept.  in  that  year  (MS. 
Journals  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital). 
His  first  medical  work  (dated  1584)  seems 
to  have  been  written  at  Cambridge,  and  is  in 
two  parts :  '  Hygieina,  on  preserving  health/ 
and  '  Therapeutica,  on  restoring  health.'  The 
worth  of  the  book  is  fairly  exhibited  in  the 
part  on  poisons,  where  the  flesh  of  the  cha- 
meleon, that  of  the  newt,  and  that  of  the 
crocodile  are  treated  as  three  several  varieties 
of  poison,  each  requiring  a  peculiar  remedy. 
Bright's  preface  implies  that  he  lectured  at 
Cambridge,  for  he  asserts  that  he  had  been 
asked  to  publish  the  notes  from  which  he 
taught.  He  dedicates  both  parts  to  Cecil, 
as  chancellor  of  the  university,  and  speaks  as 
if  he  knew  him  and  his  family.  He  praises 
the  learning  of  Lady  Burghley,  and  says  the 
1  domus  Caeciliana '  may  be  compared  to  a 
university.  '  Cecil  himself  has  paid,'  he  says, 
1  so  much  attention  to  medicine  that  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  faculty  he  may  almost  be 
compared  to  the  professors  of  the  art  itself/ 
His  'Treatise  of  Melancholie'  is  as  much 
metaphysical  as  medical.  One  of  the  best 
passages  in  it  is  a  chapter  in  which  he  dis- 
cusses the  question  '  how  the  soule  by  one 
simple  faculty  performeth  so  many  and  di- 
verse actions,'  and  illustrates  his  argument 
by  a  description  of  the  way  in  which  the 
complicated  movements  of  a  watch  pro- 
ceed from  '  one  right  and  straight  motion ' 
(St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  Reports,  xviii. 
340). 

Bright  afterwards  abandoned  the  medical 
profession  and  took  holy  orders.  His  famous 
treatise  entitled  '  Characterie  '  he  dedicated 
in  1588  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  on  5  July 
1591  presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  Methley 
in  Yorkshire,  then  void  by  the  death  of  Otho 
Hunt,  and  on  30  Dec.  1594  to  the  rectory  of 
Berwick-in-Elmet,  in  the  same  county.  He 
held  both  these  livings  till  his  death;  the 
latter  seems  to  have  been  his  usual  place  of 
abode ;  there,  at  least,  he  made  his  will,  on 
9  Aug.  1615,  in  which  he  leaves  his  body  to 
be  buried  where  God  pleases.  It  was  proved 
at  York  on  13  Nov.  1615.  No  memorial  is  to 
be  found  of  Bright  in  either  of  his  churches. 


Bright 


338 


Bright 


He  left  a  widow,  whose  name  was  Margaret, 
and  two  sons,  Timothy  Bright,  barrister-at- 
law,  of  Melton-super-Montem  in  Yorkshire, 
and  Titus  Bright,  who  graduated  M.D.  at 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in  1611,  and  prac- 
tised at  Beverley.  He  had  also  a  daughter 
Elizabeth. 

Subjoined  is  a  list  of  his  works:  1.  'An 
Abridgment  of  John  Foxe's  "  Booke  of  Acts 
and  Monumentes  of  the  Church," '  London, 
1581,  1589,  4to;  dedicated  to  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham.  2. '  Hygieina,  id  est  De  Sanitate 
tuenda,  Medicinae  pars  prima,'  London,  1581, 
8vo;  dedicated  to  Lord  Burghley.  3.  <The- 
rapeutica ;  hoc  est  de  Sanitate  restituenda, 
Medicinae  pars  altera;'  also  with  the  title 
*  Medicinse  Therapeuticae  pars :  De  Dyscrasia 
Corporis  Humani,'  London,  1583,  8vo;  dedi- 
cated to  Lord  Burghley.  Both  parts  re- 
printed at  Frankfort,  1688-9,  and  at  Mayence 
1647.  4.  'In  Physicam  Gvlielmi  Adolphi 
Scribonii,  post  secundam  editionem  ab  autore 
denuo  copiosissime  adauctam,  &  in  iii.  Libros 
distinctam,  Animaduersiones,'  Cambridge, 
1584,  8vo ;  Frankfort,  1593,  8vo ;  dedication 
to  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  dated  from  Ipswich. 
6. '  A  Treatise  of  Melancholic,  Containing  the 
cavses  thereof,  &  reasons  of  the  strange  effects 
it  worketh  in  our  minds  and  bodies :  with  the 
phisicke  cure,  and  spirituall  consolation  for 
such  as  haue  thereto  adioyned  an  afflicted  con- 
science,' London  (Thomas  Vautrollier),  1586, 
8vo  ;  another  edition,  printed  the  same  year 
by  John  Windet.  This  is  said  to  be  the  work 
which  suggested  Burton's  well-known  '  Ana- 
tomy of  Melancholy.'  6.  f  Characterie.  An 
Arte  of  shorte,  swifte,  and  secrete  writing  by 
character.  Inuented  by  Timothe  Bright, 
Doctor  of  Phisicke.  Imprinted  at  London  by 
I.  Windet,  the  Assigne  of  Tim.  Bright,  1588. 
Cum  priuilegio  Regiee  maiestatis.  Forbidding 
all  others  to  print  the  same,'  24mo.  7.  l  Ani- 
madversiones  de  Traduce,'  in  Goclenius's 
VvXo\oyia,  Marpurg,  1590,  1594,  1597. 

Bright  will  ever  be  held  in  remembrance  as 
the  inventor  of  modern  shorthand-writing. 
The  art  of  writing  by  signs  originated  among 
the  Greeks,  who  called  it  (rr]^€ioypa(f)La.  Few 
specimens  of  Greek  shorthand  are  extant,  and 
little  is  known  on  the  subject.  From  the  Greeks 
the  knowledge  of  the  art  passed  to  the  Romans, 
among  whom  it  was  introduced  by  Cicero,  who 
devised  many  characters,  which  were  termed 
notcB  Tironiance,  from  Cicero's  freedman  Tiro, 
a  great  proficient  in  the  art.  In  the  darkness 
which  overwhelmed  the  world  on  the  fall  of 
the  Roman  empire  the  knowledge  of  the  notes 
was  utterly  lost,  and  therefore  Bright  may  be 
justly  regarded  as  an  original  inventor,  inas- 
much as  the  secret  of  the  ancient  shorthand 
was  not  unravelled  until  the  beginning  of  the 


present  century.  Only  one  copy  of  Bright's 
'  Characterie'  (1588)  is  known  to  be  in  exist- 
ence. It  formerly  belonged  to  the  Shakespear- 
ean scholar,  Francis  Douce,  and  is  now  pre- 
served in  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford.  It  is 
a  small  volume,  in  good  preservation,  but  the 
shorthand  signs  are  all  written  in  ink  which 
is  rapidly  fading.  Transcripts  of  it  in  manu- 
script are  possessed  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Bailey,  F.S.  A., 
Mr.  Edward  Pocknell,  and  Dr.  Westby- 
Gibson.  In  the  dedication  of  this  rare,  and 
now  famous,  book  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  the 
author  thus  describes  the  nature  and  objects 
of  his  invention :  '  Cicero  did  account  it 
worthie  his  labour,  and  no  less  profitable  to 
the  Roman  common  weale  (Most  gratious 
Soueraigne)  to  inuent  a  speedie  kinde  of  wryt- 
ing  by  Character,  as  Plutarch  reporteth  in  the 
life  of  Cato  the  yonger.  This  invention  was 
increased  afterwards  by  Seneca ;  that  the  num- 
ber of  characters  grue  to  7000.  Whether 
through  iniurie  of  time,  or  that  men  gaue  it 
over  for  tediousness  of  learning,  nothing  re- 
maineth  extant  of  Ciceros  invention  at  this 
day.  Upon  consideration  of  the  great  vse  of 
such  a  kinde  of  writing  I  haue  inuented  the- 
like :  of  fewe  Characters,  short  and  easie,  euery 
Character  answering  a  word  :  My  Inuention 
meere  English,  without  precept  or  imitation 
of  any.  The  uses  are  diuers :  Short  that  a 
swifte  hande  may  therewith  write  orations, 
or  publike  actions  of  speach,  vttered  as  be- 
cometh  the  grauitie  of  such  actions,  verbatim. 
Secrete  as  no  kinde  of  wryting  like.  And 
herein  (besides  other  properties)  excelling  the 
wryting  by  letters  and  Alphabet,  in  that,  Na- 
tions of  strange  languages,  may  hereby  com- 
municate their  meaning  together  in  writing, 
though  of  sundrie  tongues.'  Queen  Elizabeth, 
by  letters  patent  dated  26  July  1588,  granted 
to  Bright  for  a  period  of  fifteen  years  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  teaching  and  of  printing 
books,  'in  or  by  Character  not  before  thistyme 
commonlye  knowne  and  vsed  by  anye  other 
oure  subiects'  (Patent  Roll,  30  Eliz.  part  12). 
An  elaborate  explanation  of  Bright's  system 
is  given  by  Mr.  Edward  Pocknell  in  the 
magazine  '  Shorthand '  for  May  1884.  The 
system  has  an  alphabetical  basis,  but  as  the 
signs  for  the  letters  are  not  sufficiently  simple 
to  be  capable  of  being  readily  joined  to  one 
another,  the  method  is  only  alphabetical  as 
regards  the  initial  letter  of  each  word,  the  re- 
mainder of  the  '  character '  representing  the 
word  being  purely  arbitrary.  In  fact,  the 
alphabet  was  too  clumsy  to  be  regularly  ap- 
plied to  the  whole  of  a  word,  as  was  done 
only  fourteen  years  later  by  John  Willis, 
whose  scheme,  explained  in  the '  Art  of  Steno- 
graphie'  (1602),  is  the  foundation  of  all  the 
later  systems  of  shorthand.  Among  the  Lans- 


Brightman 


339 


Brightman 


downe  MSS.  (No.  51,  art.  57)  is  a  copy  of  the 
book  of  Titus  in  <  characterie,'  written  by 
Bright  himself  in  1586.  The  signs  in  this  speci- 
men, which  are  written  in  vertical  columns, 
like  Chinese,  appear  to  differ  in  some  respects 
from  the  system  published  two  years  after- 
wards. The  Additional  MS.  10037  con- 
tains '  The  Divine  Prophecies  of  the  ten 
Sibills,  upon  the  birthe  of  our  Saviour  Christ,' 
in  English  verse,  beautifully  written  on  vel- 
lum by  Jane  Seager,  in  an  Italian  hand,  and 
also  in  the  shorthand  invented  by  Bright,  and 
presented  by  her  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  may 
be  added  that  t  A  Treatise  upon  Shorthand, 
by  Timothye  Bright,  Doctor  of  Physicke,  to- 
gether with  a  table  of  the  characters,'  was 
sold  at  the  sale  of  Dawson  Turner's  manu- 
scripts in  1859.  It  had  formerly  belonged  to 
Sir  Henry  Spelman. 

[Information  from  Dr.  Norman  Moore ;  MS. 
Addit.  5863,  f.  36  b ;  Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq. 
(Herbert),  1061,  1074,  1224,  1226,  1227,  1334; 
MS.  Baker,  xxxix.  23 ;  Beloe's  Anecd.  of  Lite- 
rature, i.  223;  Cooper's  Parliamentary  Short- 
hand, 4 ;  Cat.  of  Printed  Books  .and  MSS.  be- 
queathed by  F.  Douce  to  .the  Bodleian  Library, 
40 ;  Dr.  Westby-Gribson's  MS.  collections  for  a 
History  of  Shorthand;  Phonetic  Journal,  xlv. 
21 ;  Key.  Joseph  Hunter,  in  Wood's  Athenae 
Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  174  n. ;  Hunter's  Hallamshire 
(1819),  60;  Hunter's  South  Yorkshire,  i.  365; 
Lewis's  Hist,  of  Shorthand,  37 ;  Notes  and 
Queries,  1st  ser.  vii.  407,  xi.  352,  2nd  ser.  ii. 
393,  5th  ser.  iv.  429  ;  Pits,  De  Angliae  Scrip- 
toribus,  912 ;  Rees's  Cyclopaedia ;  Kockwell's 
Teaching,  Practice,  and  Lit.  of  Shorthand,  8,  70  ; 
Shorthand  (magazine),  i.  80,  87,  88,  ii.  50,  126- 
136,  139,  161,  179  ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  125  ; 
Thoresby's  Ducatus  Leodiensis(1715),  235  ;  Cat. 
of  the  MS.  Library  of  Dawson  Turner,  4  ;  Zeibig, 
G-eschichte  und  Lit.  der  Greschwindschreibkunst, 
80,  81,  195.]  T.  C. 

BRIGHTMAN,  THOMAS  (1562-1607), 
biblical  commentator,  was  born  at  Notting- 
ham, admitted  a  pensioner  at  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1576,  of  which  he  became 
fellow  in  1584.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1580-1, 
M.A.  in  1584,  B.D.  in  1591.  In  1592,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Dr.  Whitaker,  Sir  John 
Osborne  gave  him  the  rectory  of  Hawnes  in 
Bedfordshire,  with  the  profits  of  the  benefice 
for  the  two  preceding  years.  Brightman  fre- 
quently discussed  in  his  college  church  cere- 
monies with  George  Meriton,  afterwards  dean 
of  York.  As  a  preacher  he  was  celebrated, 
though  his  disaffection  to  church  establish- 
ment was  no  secret.  It  is  said  that  he  sub- 
scribed the '  Book  of  Discipline.'  He  persuaded 
himself  and  others  that  a  work  he  wrote  on  the 
Apocalypse  was  written  under  divine  inspira- 
tion. In  it  he  makes  the  church  of  England 


the  Laodicean  church,  and  the  angel  that  God 
loved  the  church  of  Geneva  and  the  kirk  of 
Scotland.  The  great  object  of  this  puritan's 
system  of  prophecy  in  a  commentary  onDaniel, 
as  well  as  in  his  book  on  the  Apocalypse,  was 
to  prove  that  the  pope  is  that  anti-Christ  whose 
reign  is  limited  to  1290  days  or  years,  and  who 
is  then  foredoomed  by  God  to  utter  destruc- 
tion. His  life,  says  Fuller,  was  most  angelical, 
by  the  confession  of  such  as  in  judgment  dis- 
sented from  him.  His  manner  was  always 
to  carry  about  a  Greek  testament,  which  he 
read  over  every  fortnight,  reading  the  Gos- 
pels and  the  Acts  the  first,  the  Epistles  and 
the  Apocalypse  the  second  week.  He  was 
little  of  stature,  and  (though  such  are  com- 
monly choleric)  yet  never  known  to  be  moved 
with  anger.  His  desire  was  to  die  a  sudden 
death.  Riding  on  a  coach  with  Sir  John 
Osborne,  and  reading  a  book  (for  he  would 
lose  no  time) ,  he  fainted,  and,  though  instantly 
taken  out,  died  on  the  place  on  24  Aug.  1607. 
He  was  buried,  according  to  the  parish  re- 
gister, on  the  day  of  his  death  at  Hawnes. 
There  is  an  inscription  to  him  in  the  chancel. 
He  was  a  constant  student,  much  troubled  be- 
fore his  death  with  obstructions  of  the  liver 
and  gall-duct,  and  is  supposed  by  physicians  to 
have  died  of  the  latter.  He  was  never  married. 
His  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Edward 
Bulkley,  D.D.,  sometime  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  rector  of  Odell  in 
Bedfordshire.  His  works  in  their  chrono- 
logical order  are  :  1.  l  Apocalypsis  Apoca- 
lypseos,  idest  Apocalypsis  D.  Joannis  analysi 
et  scholiis  illustrata ;  ubi  ex  Scriptura  sens  us, 
rerumque  praedictarum  ex  historiis  eventus 
discutiuntur.  Huic  Synopsis  prsefigitur  uni- 
versalis,  et  Refutatio  Rob.  Bellarmini  de  anti- 
christo  libro  tertio  de  Romano  Pontifice  ad 
finem  capitis  decimi  septimi  inseritur,'  Franc. 
1609,  4to,  Heidelb.  1612,  8vo.  2.  '  Anti- 
christum  Pontificiorum  monstrum  fictitium 
esse,'  Ambergse,  1610, 8vo.  3. '  Scholia  in  Can- 
ticum  Canticorum.  Explicatio  summe  con- 
solatoria  partis  ultimae  et  difficillimse  pro- 
phetiee  Danielis  a  vers.  36  cap.  11  ad  finem 
cap.  12,  qua  Judseorum,  tribus  ultimisipsorum 
hostibus  funditus  eversis,  restitutio,  et  ad 
fidem  in  Christum  vocatio,  vivis  coloribus 
depingitur,'  Basil,  1614.  At  Leyden,  1616, 
and  again  at  London,  1644,  was  printed  a 
translation  of  the  ;  Apocalypsis,'  *  with  supply 
of  many  things  formerly  left  out.'  At  Lon- 
don, 1635,  1644,  4to,  a  translation  of  his 
<  Explication  of  Daniel.'  4.  '  The  Art  of  Self 
Denial,  or  a  Christian's  first  lesson,'  Lond. 
1646. 

[Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Fuller's  Church  History, 
x.  50 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat. ;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantab, 
ii.  458.]  J.  M. 


Brightwell 


340 


Brigit 


BRIGHTWELL,      CECILIA      LUCY 

(1811-1875),  etcher  and  authoress,  was  born 
at  Thorpe,  near  Norwich,  on  27  Feb.  1811,  the 
eldest  child  of  Thomas  Brightwell  (born^  at 
Ipswich  18  March  1787,  died  at  Norwich 
17  Nov.  1868),  by  his  first  wife,  Mary  Snell 
(born  1788,  died  6  Nov.  1815),  daughter  of 
William  Wilkin  Wilkin,  of  Cossey.  or  Cos- 
tessey,  near  Norwich,  and  Cecilia  Lucy  (Ja- 
comb),  a  lineal  descendant  of  Thomas  Jacomb, 
D.D.,  ejected  from  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate.  Si- 
mon Wilkin,  uncle  of  Miss  Brightwell,  edited 
the  works  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  Her  father, 
a  nonconformist  solicitor,  mayor  of  Norwich 
in  1837,  was  a  man  of  scientific  tastes,  a 
good  microscopist,  and  contributor  to  many 
scientific  journals.    The  Asplanchna  Bright- 
wellii,   a    rotiferous    animalcule,   was    dis- 
covered by  him.     He  published  'Notes  on 
the  Pentateuch/  1840,  12mo,  a  compilation, 
with  original  notes  on  natural  history:  and 
printed  100  copies  of  '  Sketch  of  a  Fauna 
Infusoria   for  East  Norfolk,'  1848   (unpub- 
lished). In  the  preparation  of  the  latter  work 
he  was  materially  assisted  by  his  daughter 
(a  pupil  of  John  Sell  Cotman),  who  drew 
and  lithographed  the  figures  of  the  various 
species  noted.     Miss  Brightwell,  who  was 
a   good  Italian   scholar   and   a  remarkably 
able  etcher,  owed  little  to  teachers,  and  fol- 
lowed her   own  methods.     She  went   little 
into  society.     Her  philanthropic  spirit  was 
shown  in  her  exertions  and  contribution  of 
ISO/,  for  the  '  Bright  well '  lifeboat  put  on 
the  Norfolk  coast  at  Blakeney.    Her  writings 
(many  of  them  published  by  the  Religious 
Tract  Society)  were  mainly  biographical,  and 
written  for  the  young.     Of  most  importance 
is  her  first  work,  the  '  Life  of  Amelia  Opie,' 
1854 ;  her  father  was  Mrs.  Opie's  friend  and 
executor.     For  some  years  before  her  death 
she  was  afflicted  with  cataract,  from  which 
her  father  had  also  suffered.     She  died  a1 
Norwich  on  17  April  1875,  and  was  buriec 
at  the  Rosary,  beside  her  father.     A  loca" 
print  gives  the  following  as  a  complete  Iis1 
of  her  unpublished  etchings :    After  Rem- 
brandt :  the  '  Mill ; '  the  '  Long  Landscape ; 
a  Dutch  landscape  ;  '  Amsterdam ; '  another 
landscape  and  two  figure  subjects  (from  ori- 
ginal drawings  and  etchings  in  the  British 
Museum.    A  copy  of  her  reproduction  of  the 
'Long  Landscape'  is  placed  beside  the  origi- 
nal in  the  British  Museum,  and  has  deceivec 
good  judges).     After  Diirer:  '  Ecce  Homo 
(from  etching)  ;  '  Ecce  Homo '  (from  wood- 
cut).    From  painting  by  Richard  Wilson 
formerly  in  her  father's  possession.     Twelve 
figure  subjects,  including  etchings  from  Raf- 
faello  and  Fuseli.     After  Annibale  Caracci : 
'  Holy  Family  '  (from  etching).    After  Marc 


Antonio  Raimondi :  ' Dancing  Cupids'  (from 
etching).  Two  small  sea  subjects  from  Ruys- 
dael  and  J.  S.  Cotman.  From  nature :  'Bar- 
don  Hall,  Leicestershire '  (seat  of  descen- 
dants of  Dr.  Jacomb) ;  '  Bradgate  Hall, 
Leicestershire;'  'Flordon  Common;'  'Vil- 
lage Street,  Flordon  ; '  '  Graves  of  Ejected 
Ministers  at  Oakington,  Cambridgeshire ; ' 
two  landscapes  with  cottages ;  landscape  in 
:he  Dutch  manner ;  etching  and  drawing  of 
cobbler  at  his  bench.  Among  her  published 
etchings  were:  Two  views  of  Mr.  Page's 
house,  Ely,  formerly  residence  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  (etched  in  two  sizes,  but  only  the 
larger  were  published)  ;  two  views  of  Ran- 


ings  were  :  1.  '  Memorials  of  the  Life  of 
Amelia  Opie,  selected  and  arranged  from  her 
Letters  and  Diaries  and  other  manuscripts/ 
Norwich  and  London,  1854,  8vo ;  2nd  ed. 
1855, 12mo  (preface  by  Thomas  Brightwell). 

2.  'Palissy  the  Huguenot  Potter,  a  Tale/ 
1858,  12mo;   another  edition,  1877,  12mo. 

3.  '  Life  of  Linnaeus,'  1858. 12mo.  4.  'Heroes 
of  the  Laboratory   and  Workshop/   1859, 
12mo  ;  2nd  ed.  1860,  12mo.     5.  'Difficulties 
overcome  :  Scenes  in  the  Life  of  A.  Wilson/ 
1860,  12mo.     6.  'Romance  of  Incidents  in 
the  Lives  of  Naturalists/ 1861, 8vo.  7.  'Foot- 
steps of  the  Reformers/  1861,  8vo.    8. '  Bye- 
paths  of  Biography/  1863,  12mo.   9.  'Above 
Rubies :    Memorials   of    Christian    Gentle- 
women/ 1864,  12mo.     10.  'Early  Lives  and 
Doings    of    Great  Lawyers/    1866,   12mo. 
11.  'Annals  of  Curious  and  Romantic  Lives/ 
1866,  12mo.     12.  'Annals  of  Industry  and 
Genius/  new  edition,  1869,  8vo;  another  edi- 
tion, 1871,  8vo.     13.  'Memorials  of  the  Life 
of  Mr.  Brightwell  of  Norwich/  1869,  8vo 
(printed  for  private  circulation).     14.  'The 
Romance  of  Modern  Missions/  1870,  8vo. 
15. '  Georgie's  Present,  or  Tales  of  Newfound- 
land/ 1871,  12mo.     16.  '  Memorial  Chapters 
in   the   Lives   of  Christian   Gentlewomen/ 
1871,  12mo.     17.  '  Nurse  Grand's  Reminis- 
cences at   Home  and  Abroad/  1871,  8vo. 

18.  'My  Brother  Harold,  a  Tale/  1872,  8vo. 

19.  'Lives  of  Labour  :  Eminent  Naturalists/ 

1873,  12mo>     20.  '  Men  of  Mark,  a  Book  of 
Short    Biographies/    1873,    8vo  ;     another 
edition,  1879,   8vo.     21.  'So   Great  Love  : 
Sketches  of  Missionary  Life  and  Labour/ 

1874,  8vo  (her  last  publication). 

[Memorials  of  Mr.  Brightwell,  1869;  Norwich 
newspapers,  April  1875  ;  private  information.] 

A.GL 

BRIGIT,  SAINT,  of  Kildare  (453-523),  was 
born  at  Fochart,  now  Faugher,  two  miles  north 


Brigit 


341 


Brigit 


of  Dundalk,  a  district  which  was  formerly  part 
of  Ulster.  Her  father,  Dubhthach,  was  of  the 
race  of  Eochaidh  Finnfuathairt,  grandson  of 
Tuathal  Teachtmhar,  monarch  of  Erinn.  Her 
mother  Brotsech,  or  Broiccseach,  who  be- 
longed to  the  Dal.  Conchobar  of  South  Bregia, 
was  the  bondmaid  and  concubine  of  Dubh- 
thach. Dr.  Lanigan  will  not  hear  of  this, 
but  the  whole  early  history  of  Brigit,  as  told 
in  the  Irish  life,  rests  on  this  fact.  It  may 
be  observed  that  in  this  (as  in  other  cases) 
there  is  a  notable  difference  between  the  story 
told  by  Colgan  and  Lanigan  from  the  Latin 
lives  and  the  story  given  in  the  Irish  life. 
In  the  former  Brigit  is  a  highly  educated 
young  lady  of  noble  birth,  whose  acts  are  in 
accordance  with  the  ecclesiastical  and  social 
usages  of  the  seventeenth  or  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. In  the  latter  we  breathe  the  atmo- 
sphere of  an  early  age,  where  all  is  simple  and 
homely,  and  peculiar  customs  in  church  and 
state  meet  us,  nor  did  it  appear  to  the  writer 
that  the  accident  of  Brigit's  birth  should 
lessen  our  respect  for  her  character  and  la- 
bours. It  was  an  age  when  slavery  existed 
in  Ireland,  and  the  relations  between  Dubh- 
thach and  his  bondmaid  excited  the  jealousy 
of  his  wife,  in  consequence  of  which  he  had 
eventually  to  sell  her,  retaining,  however,  a 
right  to  her  offspring.  Bought  by  a  wizard, 
she  was  taken  by  him  to  Fochart,  and  there  in 
•due  time  Brigit  was  born  A.B.  453.  Here  a 
legend  is  related,  which  is  of  some  interest. 
The  mother  having  gone  out  one  day  and  left 
the  child  covered  up  in  the  house, '  the  neigh- 
bours saw  the  house  wherein  was  the  girl  all 
ablaze,  so  that  the  flame  reached  from  earth 
to  heaven ;  but  when  they  went  to  rescue  the 
girl  the  fire  appeared  not.'  This  is  one  of 
those  references  to  fire  which  occur  so  fre- 
quently in  connection  with  St.  Brigit  as  to  lead 
to  the  conclusion  that  we  have  here '  incidents 
which  originally  belonged  to  the  myth  or 
ritual  of  some  goddess  of  fire '  ( STOKES).  A 
similar  conclusion  has  been  drawn  by  Schro- 
der from  the  legend  of  the  demon  smiths  in 
the  '  Navigation  of  St.  Brendan,'  which '  rests, 
he  thinks,  on  the  ground  of  a  Celtic  myth  of 
Fire-giants/  It  is  suggestive  that  a  goddess 
of  the  Irish  pantheon  who  presided  over 
smiths  was  named  Brigit,  which  is  interpreted 
in  Cormac's '  Glossary '  breo-shaigit, l  the  fiery 
arrow.'  Giraldus  Cambrensis  tells  us  that  at 
Kildare  St.  Brigit  had  a  perpetual  ashless  fire 
watched  by  twenty  nuns,  of  whom  herself 
was  one,  blown  by  fans  or  bellows  only,  and 
surrounded  by  a  hedge,  within  which  no  male 
could  enter. 

As  the  child  Brigit  grew  uj>,  '  everything 
her  hand  was  set  to  used  to  increase  and 
reverence  God ;  she  bettered  the  sheep ;  she 


tended  the  blind ;  she  fed  the  poor.'  But  when 
she  came  to  years  of  reflection  she  wished  to 
go  home,  and  the  wizard  having  communi- 
cated with  her  father,  he  came  for  her  and  took 
her  home.  There  her  first  care  was  for  her 
foster  mother,  but  she  was  not  idle;  she 
tended  the  swine,  herded  the  sheep,  and  cooked 
the  dinner,  and  it  is  characteristic  that  when 
'  a  miserable  greedy  hound  came  into  the 
house '  she  gave  him  a  considerable  part  of 
the  repast.  And  now  the  thought  of  her 
mother  in  bondage  troubled  her ;  she  asked 
her  father's  leave  to  go  to  her,  but  '  he  gave 
it  not,'  so  she  went  without  it.  '  Glad  was 
her  mother  when  she  arrived,'  for  she  was 
toil-worn  and  sickly.  So  Brigit  took  the 
dairy  in  hand,  and  all  prospered,  and  in  the 
end  the  wizard  and  his  wife  became  Christians. 
Her  success  in  the  conversion  of  the  people, 
then  chiefly  heathen,  is  referred  to  in  Broc- 
can's  hymn,  where  she  is  said  to  be  '  a  mar- 
vellous ladder  for  pagans  to  visit  the  kingdom 
of  Mary's  Son.'  On  becoming  a  Christian  the 
wizard  generously  said  to  her  :  '  The  butter 
and  the  kine  that  thou  hast  milked  I  offer  to 
thee ;  thou  shalt  not  abide  in  bondage  to  me, 
serve  thou  the  Lord.'  i  Take  thou  the  kine,' 
she  replied,  f  and  give  me  my  mother's  free- 
dom.' But  he  gave  her  both,  and  so  she 
dealt  out  the  kine  to  the  poor  and  needy,  and 
returned  with  her  mother  to  Dubhthach's 
house. 

Some  time  after,  Dubhthach  and  his  con- 
sort determined  to  sell  her,  as  '  he  liked  not 
his  cattle  and  wealth  to  be  dealt  out  to  the 
poor,  and  that  is  what  Brigit  used  to  do.' 
Taking  her  in  his  chariot  to  the  king  of 
Leinster,  he  offered  to  sell  her  to  him.  '  Why 
sellest  thou  thine  own  daughter  ? '  said  the 
king.  '  She  stayeth  not,'  replied  Dubhthach, 
1  from  selling  my  wealth  and  giving  it  to  the 
poor.'  The  king  said,  '  Let  the  maiden  come 
into  the  fortress.'  When  she  was  before  him 
he  said,  '  Perhaps  if  I  bought  you  you  might 
do  the  same  with  my  property.'  *  The  Son  of 
the  Virgin  knoweth,'  she  replied,  '  if  I  had 
thy  might,  with  all  Leinster,  and  with  all 
thy  wealth,  I  would  give  them  to  the  Lord 
of  the  Elements.'  The  king  then  said  '  her 
father  was  not  fit  to  bargain  for  her,  for  her 
merit  was  higher  before  God  than  before 
men.'  And  thus  the  maiden  obtained  her 
freedom. 

Dubhthach  then  tried  to  get  her  married, 
but  she  refused  all  offers,  and  at  last  he  had 
to  consent  to  her  l  dedicating  herself  to  the 
Lord.'  Qn  the  occasion  of  her  taking  the  veil 
'  the  form  of  ordaining  a  bishop  was  read 
over  her  by  Bishop  Mel.'  What  this  means  it 
is  not  easy  to  say ;  but  it  is  probably  intended 
to  convey  that  he  invested  her  with  a  rank 


Brigit 


342 


Brihtnoth 


corresponding  with  that  of  bishop  in  point  of 
authority,  for  that  it  was  only  a  nominal  title 
appears  from  her  associating  with  herself,  as 
we  shall  see  presently,  a  bishop  who  is  de- 
scribed as  '  the  anointed  head  and  chief  of  all 
bishops,  and  she  the  most  blessed  chief  of  all 
virgins '  (ToDD,  p.  12).  Some  time  after,  having 
gone  to  King  Dunlaing  to  make  a  request, 
one  of  his  slaves  offers  to  become  a  Christian  if 
she  will  obtain  his  freedom.  She  therefore 
asks  the  two  favours,  saying, '  If  thou  desirest 
excellent  children,  and  a  kingdom  for  thy  sons, 
and  heaven  for  thyself,  give  me  the  two  boons 
I  ask.'  The  answer  of  the  pagan  king  is  quite 
in  character :  '  The  kingdom  of  heaven,  as  I 
see  it  not,  and  as  no  one  knows  what  thing 
it  is,  I  seek  not ;  and  a  kingdom  for  my  sons 
I  seek  not,  for  I  shall  not  myself  be  extant, 
and  let  each  one  serve  his  time.  But  give 
me  length  of  life  and  victory  always  over  the 
Hiii  Neill.' 

The  great  event  of  her  life  was  the  founda- 
tion of  Kildare  (cill  dara,  ( the  church  of  the 
oak').  Cogitosus  (830-835)  has  left  us  a 
description  of  this  church  as  it  existed  in  his 
time,  from  which  it  appears  that  it  was  di- 
vided by  a  partition  which  separated  the 
sexes,  her  establishment  comprising  both  men 
and  women.  The  tombs  of  Bishop  Condlaed 
and  Brigit  were  placed,  highly  decorated 
with  pendent  crowns  of  gold,  silver,  and  gems, 
one  on  the  right  hand,  and  the  other  on  the 
left  of  the  high  altar.  The  Irish  bishops,  it 
should  be  mentioned,  wore  crowns  after  the 
custom  of  the  eastern  church  instead  of  mitres 
(  W ARREN)  .  After  gathering  her  community 
she  found  she  required  the  services  of  a  bishop, 
and  she  accordingly  chose  (elegif)  a  holy  man, 
a  solitary,  named  Condlaed,  '  to  govern  the 
church  with  her  in  episcopal  dignity.'  Cond- 
laed was  thus  a  monastic  bishop  under  the 
orders  of  the  head  of  the  establishment  as  in 
the  Columbian  monasteries  mentioned  by 
Bgeda  (ToDD,  p.  13). 

The  death  of  Brigit  took  place  at  Kildare 
on  1  Feb.  523,  which  is  her  day  in  the  calen- 
dar, and  she  was  undoubtedly  buried  in  Kil- 
dare, as  already  mentioned.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  tradition  current  for  many  centuries 
has  it  that  she  was  buried  in  Downpatrick 
with  St.  Patrick  and  St.  Columba.  This  is 
now  known  to  have  been  a  fraud  of  John  de 
Courcey,  lord  of  Down,  got  up  by  him  in  the 
hope  that  the  supposed  possession  of  their 
bodies  would  conciliate  the  Irish  to  his  rule 
(Annals  of  Four  Masters^).  The  Irish  life  in 
conclusion  says  that  Brigit  is  '  the  Mary  of 
the  Gael/  or,  as  it  is  in  Broccan's  hymn, 
'  she  was  one  mother  of  the  king's  son,'  which 
the  gloss  explain?  'she  was  one  of  the  mothers 
of  Christ.'  This  strange  manner  of  speaking 


which  Irish  ecclesiastics  made  use  of,  not  only 
at  home,  but  on  the  continent,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  their  hearers,  is  explained  in  a  poem 
of  Nicolas  de  Bibera  (SCHRODER),  by  a  refe- 
rence to  Matthew  xii.  50 :  '  Whosoever  shall 
do  the  will  of  my  Father  which  is  in  heaven, 
the  same  is  my  brother  and  sister  and  mother.' 
Looking  through  the  haze  of  miracles  in  which 
her  acts  are  enveloped,  we  discern  a  character 
of  great  energy  and  courage,  warmly  affec- 
tionate, generous,  and  unselfish,  and  wholly 
absorbed  by  a  desire  to  promote  the  glory 
of  God,  and  to  relieve  suffering  in  all  its  forms. 
Such  a  personality  could  not  but  impress  it- 
self on  the  imagination  of  the  Irish  people,  as 
hers  has  done  in  a  remarkable  degree. 

[Life  of  Brigit  in  Three  Middle  Irish  Homilies, 
Whitley  Stokes  (Calcutta) ;  Eollandi  Acta  SS. 
1  Feb. ;  Todd's  St.  Patrick,  Apostle  of  Ireland, 
pp.  10-26 ;  Warren's  Liturgy  and  Kitual  of 
the  Celtic  Church;  O'Keilly's  Irish  Dictionary, 
Supplement  (voce '  Brigit ') ;  Petrie's  Essay  on  the 
Round  Towers  of  Ireland;  Giraldi  Cambren- 
sis  Topog.  Hib.  chaps.  34-36 ;  O'Donovan's  An- 
nals of  the  Four  Masters  at  A.D.  1293,  iii.  456  ; 
Lanigan's  Eccl.  Hist.  vol.  i.]  T.  0. 

BRIGSTOCKE,  THOMAS  (1809-1881), 
portrait-painter,  commenced  his  studies  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  at  Sass's  drawing-school, 
and  was  subsequently  a  pupil  of  H.  P.  Briggs, 
R.A.,  and  J.  P.  Knight,  R.A.  He  spent  eight 
years  in  Paris  and  Italy,  and  made  some 
copies  from  pictures  by  the  old  masters, 
among  them  one  of  Raphael's  '  Transfigura- 
tion '  in  the  Vatican,  which,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  W.  Collins,  R.A.,  was  purchased 
for  Christ  Church,  Albany  Street,  Regent's 
Park.  In  1847  he  went  to  Egypt,  and  painted 
the  portrait  of  Mehemet  Ali.  Between  1843 
and  1865  Brigstocke  exhibited  sixteen  works 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  two  at  the  British 
Institution.  His  portrait  of  General  Sir 
James  Outram  is  now  in  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery ;  that  of  General  Sir  William 
Nott  at  the  Oriental  Club,  Hanover  Square; 
and  that  of  Cardinal  Wiseman  at  St.  Cuth- 
bert's  College,  Ushaw.  He  painted  an  histo- 
rical picture  entitled '  The  Prayer  for  Victory." 
He  died  suddenly  on  11  March  1881. 

[Ottley's  Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary 
of  Eecent  and  Living  Painters,  London,  1866, 
8vo ;  Builder,  19  March  1881,  p.  356.]  L.  F. 

BRIHTNOTH  (d.  991),  ealdorman  of  the 
East  Saxons,  married  ^Ethelflsed,  daughter  of 
the  ealdorman  ^Elfgar,  and  succeeded  him  in 
his  office,  probably  about  953.  As  Briht- 
noth's  sister  ^Ethelflaed  was  the  wife  of 
^thelstan,  ealdorman  of  the  East  Anglians, 
the  friend  of  Dunstan,  it  is  probable  that  he 


Brihtnoth 


343 


Brihtwald 


was  the  uncle  of  ^Ethelstan's  son,^Ethelwine, 
the  leader  of  the  monastic  party  (GREEN, 
Conquest  of  England,  286,  352).  He  strongly 
upheld  the  cause  of  the  monks,  and  made 
lavish  grants  to  monastic  foundations,  espe- 
cially to  Ely  and  Ramsey.  It  is  said  that 
when  he  went  to  fight  his  last  battle  he 
asked  Wulfsige,  abbot  of  Ramsey,  for  food  for 
his  army.  Wulfsige  replied  that  the  ealdor- 
man  and  six  or  seven  of  his  personal  follow- 
ing could  be  maintained,  but  not  the  whole 
host.  <  Tell  the  abbot,'  Brihtnoth  said,  <  that 
as  I  cannot  fight  without  my  men,  I  will  not 
eat  without  them,'  and  he  turned  and  marched 
to  Ely,  where  the  abbot  gladly  entertained  the 
whole  army.  In  return  he  gave  the  house  wide 
estates,  and  much  gold  and  silver.  The  story 
is  told  with  some  considerable  differences  both 
in  the  Ely  and  the  Ramsey  history  (GALE, 
iii.  Hist.  Ram.  432,  Eli.  492).  It  has  been 
wholly  rejected  by  modern  criticism  (FREE- 
MAN, Norman  Conquest,  i.  297,  n.  i).  While 
some  details  in  both  versions  are  doubtless 
imaginary  (the  Ely  history  makes  Brihtnoth 
ealdorman  of  the  Northumbrians,  and  the 
Ramsey  writer  is  regardless  of  geography), 
there  seems  no  reason  for  refusing  to  believe 
that  the  tradition  is  based  on  fact.  The  Ely 
historian,  who  tells  it  of  an  earlier  battle, 
which  for  lack  of  knowledge  he  also  places 
at  Maldon,  may  be  near  the  truth.  When  in 
991  a  fleet  of  Norwegian  ships  under  Justin 
and  Guthmund,  and  possibly  Olaf  Trygg- 
vason,  plundered  Ipswich,  Brihtnoth,  who 
was  then  an  old  man,  went  out  to  meet  the 
invaders.  He  gave  them  battle  near  Maldon, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Blackwater,  then  called 
the  Panta.  The  fight  is  described  in  one  of 
the  very  few  old  English  poems  of  any  length 
that  have  come  down  to  us.  In  its  present  in- 
complete state  this  poem  consists  of  690  lines 
(THORPE'S  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica,  131, 
in  translation  CON YBE ARE'S  Illustrations  of 
Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,  xc.,  in  rhythm  in  FREE- 
MAN'S Old  English  History}.  Out  of  great- 
ness of  soul  the  ealdorman  allowed  a  large 
number  of  the  enemy  to  cross  the  water  with- 
out opposition.  A  detailed  description  of  the 
battle  founded  on  the  lay  is  to  be  found  in 
Dr.  Freeman's  f  Norman  Conquest '  (i.  297- 
303).  Brihtnoth  was  wounded  early  in  the 
fight.  He  slew  the  man  who  wounded  him 
and  another,  then  he  laughed  and  '  thanked 
God  for  the  day's  work  that  his  Lord  gave 
him.'  After  a  while  he  was  wounded  again, 
and  died  commending  his  soul  to  God.  The 
English  were  defeated ;  the  personal  follow- 
ing of  the  ealdorman  fell  fighting  over  his 
jbody.  Brihtnoth's  head  was  cut  off  and  car- 
ried away  by  the  enemy ;  his  body  was  borne 
to  Ely  and  buried  by  the  abbot,  who  supplied 


the  place  of  the  head  with  a  ball  of  wax.  His 
widow  ^Ethelflsed  gave  many  gifts  to  Ely, 
and  among  them  a  tapestry  in  which  she 
wrought  the  deeds  of  her  husband. 

[Florence  of  Worcester,  an.  991 ;  Ely  and  Ram- 
sey Histories  (Gale),  iii.  432,  493  ;  Green's  Con- 
quest of  England,  261,316,  352,  370;  Freeman's 
Norman  Conquest,  i.  289,  296-303.]  W.  H. 

BRIHTRIC.     [See  BEORHTRIC.] 

BRIHTWALD  (660P-731),  the  eighth 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  whose  name  is  va- 
riously spelt  by  different  writers,  was  of  noble 
if  not  royal  lineage  (WILL.  MALM.  Gest.  Keg. 
i.  29),  and  was  born  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventh  century,  but  neither  the  place  nor  the 
exact  date  of  his  birth  is  known.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  he  was  educated  at  Glastonbury ;  but 
Bede  says  (v.  8)  that,  although  not  to  be 
compared  with  his  predecessor  Theodore,  he 
was  thoroughly  read  in  Scripture,  and  well  in- 
structed in  ecclesiastical  and  monastic  disci- 
pline. Somewhere  about  670  the  palace  of  the 
kings  of  Kent  at  Reculver  was  converted  into 
a  monastery,  of  which  Brihtwald  was  made 
abbot.  In  a  charter  dated  May  679  Alothari, 
king  of  Kent,bestows  lands  in  Thanet  upon  him 
and  his  monastery  (KEMBLE,  Cod.  Dipl.  i.  16). 
Two  years  after  the  death  of  Theodore,  Briht- 
wald was  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
1  July  692.  Being  probably  unwilling  to  re- 
ceive consecration  at  the  hands  of  Wilfrith, 
archbishop  of  York,  who  had  been  opposed  to 
Theodore  [see  WILFRITH],  he  crossed  over  to 
Gaul,  and  was  consecrated  by  the  primate 
Godwin,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  on  29  June 
693  (BEDE,  v.  8).  Two  letters  of  Pope  Ser- 
gius  are  quoted  by  William  of  Malmesbury 
(Gest.  Pont.  ed.  Hamilton,  pp.  52-55),  one 
addressed  to  the  kings  ^Ethelred,  Aldfrith, 
and  Ealdulph,  exhorting  them  to  receive 
Brihtwald  as  '  primate  of  all  Britain,'  the 
other  to  the  English  bishops,  enjoining  obe- 
dience to  him  as  such ;  but  the  authenticity  of 
these  letters  is  doubtful  (HADDAN  and  STTTBBS, 
iii.  65).  In  696  he  attended  the  council  of 
'  the  great  men '  summoned  by  Wihtred,  king 
of  Kent,  at  Berghamstede  or  Bersted,  in  which 
laws  were  passed  prescribing  the  penalties  to 
be  exacted  for  various  offences,  ecclesiastical 
and  moral ;  and  somewhere  between  696  and 
716  some  ordinances,  seemingly  drawn  up  by 
him  for  securing  the  rights  of  the  monasteries 
in  Kent,  were  confirmed  by  the  king  in  a 
council  held  at  Beccanceld  (probably  Bap- 
child).  The  document  is  commonly  known 
as  the  '  Privilege  of  Wihtred '  (ibid.  233- 
240).  In  702  he  presided  at  the  council  of 
Estrefeld  or  Onestrefeld  (near  Ripon  ?),  at- 
tended by  Aldfrith  [q.  v.],  king  of  Northum- 


Brihtwold 


344 


Brind 


bria  in  which  Wilfrith  was  condemned  and        [Anglo-Saxon  Chron. ;  Florence  of  Worcester ; 
excommunicated;  and  in 705,  Wilfrith  having    William  of  Malmesbury,  Gest.  Pontiff.] 
visited  Rome  and  obtained  a  papal  mandate 
for  his  restoration,  Brihtwald  held  a  council 
near  the  river  Nidd,  in  which,  chiefly  through 
his  skilful  management,  it  was  arranged  that 
Wilfrith  should  be  permitted  to  re-enter  the 
Northumbrian  kingdom,  only  resigning  the 


sity  honours  or  obtaining  a  college  fellow- 
ship, he  was  known  to  possess  ability ;  and 
soon  after  taking  his  degree  he  was  appointed 
college  librarian  (4  June  1845).  He  held 
this  office  until  a  few  weeks  before  his  death, 
when  he  returned  to  his  father's  house.  Phy- 
sical weakness  prevented  the  sustained  effort 


BRIMLEY,  GEORGE  (1819-1857),  es- 
sayist, was  born  at  Cambridge  on  29  Dec. 
1819,  and  from  the  age  of  eleven  to  that  of 
sixteen  was  educated  at  a  school  in  Totte- 

^ -    0        ,  w  ridge,  Hertfordshire.   In  October  1838  he  was 

see  of  York  and  becoming  bishop  of  Hexham  entered  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where 
(ibid.  264).  He  had  already  in  the  previous  in  ig41  he  was  elected  a  scholar.  He  was 
year  taken  measures  for  the  division  of  the  reading  with  good  hopes  for  classical  honours, 
diocese  of  Wessex,  then  vacant  by  the  death  of  an(j  was  a  private  pupil  of  Dr.  Vaughan  ; 
Hedda,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  in  705  he  ]3Ut  even  at  that  early  age  he  was  suffering 
consecrated  Daniel  to  be  bishop  of  that  see,  and  from  the  disease  to  which  he  eventually  suc- 
Aldhelm  first  bishop  of  the  new  see  of  Sher-  cumbed.  Although  the  state  of  his  health 
borne  (WiLL.  MALM.  Gest.  Pont.  376).  An  i  prevented  him  from  competing  for  univer- 
interesting  letter  of  his  has  been  preserved  (Ep.  ••  1 
Boniface,  155)  to  Forthere,  the  successor  of 
Aldhelm,  imploring  him  to  induce  Beorwald, 
abbot  of  Glastonbury,  to  release  a  slave  girl 
for  a  ransom  of  three  hundred  shillings  offered 
by  her  brother.  About  the  same  time  he  re- 
ceived Winfrith  (Boniface)  on  a  mission  from 
the  West-Saxon  clergy,  perhaps  concerning 
the  further  subdivision  of  their  diocese  by  the 
foundation  of  a  see  for  Sussex  at  Selsey,  which 
took  place  in  711.  In  716,  in  a  council  at 
Clovesho,  he  obtained  a  confirmation  of  Wiht- 
red's  privilege  (HABDAN  and  STTJBBS,  iii. 
300,  301).  Scanty  as  these  records  of  Briht- 
wald are,  they  seem  to  indicate  that  he  ruled 
the  church  during  a  difficult  period  with 
energy  and  tact.  The  sympathies,  however, 
of  Bede  and  William  of  Malmesbury  were  so 
thoroughly  on  the  side  of  Wilfrith  of  York 
that  they  were  unable  to  bestow  hearty  praise 
on  one  who  did  not  give  him  unqualified  sup- 
port. Brihtwald  died  in  January  731,  having 
presided  over  the  church  of  England  for  thirty- 
seven  years  and  a  half,  and  was  buried  near 
his  predecessor  Theodore  inside  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  at  Canterbury,  the  porch  in  which 
the  first  six  primates  had  been  buried  being 
now  quite  full  (BEDE,  ii.  3). 

[Authorities  cited  in  the  text.]  W.  K.  W.  S. 

BRIHTWOLD  (d.  1045),  the  eighth 
bishop  of  Ramsbury,  and  the  last  before 
the  removal  of  the  see  to  Old  Sarum,  had 
been  a  monk  at  Glastonbury,  and  was  made 
bishop  in  1005.  There  are  no  records  of  his 
administration,  although  he  presided  over  the 
see  for  forty  years.  William  of  Malmesbury 
(Gest.  Pont.  ii.  §  83)  relates  a  vision  which 
Brihtwold  had  at  Glastonbury  in  the  reign  of 
Canute,  in  which  the  succession  of  JEthelred's 
son  Edward  (the  Confessor)  to  the  throne  was 
revealed  to  him.  He  was  buried  at  Glaston- 
bury, to  which  abbey,  as  also  to  that  of  Malmes- 
bury, he  had  been  a  very  liberal  benefactor. 


necessary  for  the  production  of  any  impor- 
tant work ;  but  for  the  last  six  years  of  his 
ife  he  contributed  to  the  press.  Most  of 
lis  writings  appeared  in  the  '  Spectator '  or 
Eraser's  Magazine,'  the  only  one  to 
which  his  name  was  attached  being  an  es- 
say on  Tennyson's  poems,  contributed  to 
the  Cambridge  Essays  of  1855.  He  died 
29  May  1857.  A  selection  of  his  essays  was 
made  after  his  death  and  published  with  a 
prefatory  memoir  by  the  late  W.  G.  Clark, 
then  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity.  This 
olume  contains  notices  of  a  large  number 
of  the  writers  who  were  contemporary  with 
Brimley  himself,  and  is  of  considerable  value 
as  representing  the  contemporary  judgment 
by  a  man  of  cultivation  and  acuteness  on 
the  writers  of  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  most  of  whom  are  now  being  judged 
by  posterity.  Sir  Arthur  Helps  said  of 
him,  'He  was  certainly,  as  it  appeared  to 
me,  one  of  the  finest  critics  of  the  present 
day.' 

[W.  G.  Clark's  Memoir  attached  to  the  Es- 
says (London  and  Cambridge,  1858);  informa- 
tion from  the  family.]  E.  S.  S. 

BRIND,  RICHARD  (d.  1718),  or- 
ganist, was  educated  as  a  chorister  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  probably  under  Jeremiah 
Clarke.  On  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1707, 
Brind  succeeded  him  as  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral, a  post  he  held  until  his  death,  which 
took  place  in  March  1717-18.  He  was  buried 
in  the  vaults  of  St.  Paul's  on  18  March.  Ad- 
ministration of  his  effects  was  granted  to  his 
father,  Richard  Brind,  on  7  April  1718.  In 
the  grant  he  is  described  as  being  a  bachelor. 


Brindley 


345 


Brine 


Brind  seems  to  have  been  no  very  remark- 
able performer,  and  his  sole  claim  to  be  re- 
membered is  that  he  was  the  master  of 
Maurice  Greene.  His  only  recorded  compo- 
sitions are  two  thanksgiving  anthems,  which 
were  scarcely  known  when  Hawkins  wrote 
his '  History  of  Music,'  and  have  now  entirely 
disappeared.  It  was  during  Brind's  tenure 
of  office  at  St.  Paul's  that  Handel  frequently 
took  his  place  at  the  cathedral  organ. 

[Hawkins's  History  of  Music  (ed.  1853),  ii. 
767  ;  Probate  Kegister,  Somerset  House ;  Burial 
Register  of  St.  Gregory  by  St.  Paul ;  information 
from  the  Revs.  E.  Hoskins  and  W.  Sparrow 
Simpson,  and  Mr.  J.  Challoner  Smith.] 

W.  B.  S. 

BRINDLEY,  JAMES  (1716-1772),  one 
of  the  earliest  English  engineers,  was  the  son 
of  a  cottier,  or  small  farmer,  of  Derbyshire. 
Dr.  Smiles,  from  whose  biographical  notice 
much  of  the  following  account  is  taken,  de- 
scribes Brindley  the  elder  as  an  idle,  disso- 
lute fellow,  who  neglected  his  children,  and 
passed  his  time  at  bull-baiting  and  such-like 
amusements  when  he  ought  to  have  been  at 
work.  Like  many  other  remarkable  men, 
however,  James  Brindley  had  a  wise  and 
careful  mother.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
was  apprenticed  to  one  Abraham  Bennett,  a 
millwright,  or  as  he  would  now  be  termed 
an  engineer,  of  Sutton,  near  Macclesfield. 
Strangely  enough,  he  seems  for  some  time 
to  have  had  the  credit  of  being  but  a  poor 
workman,  so  much  so  that  his  master  even 
threatened  to  cancel  his  indentures  and  send 
him  back  to  the  field-work  for  which  alone 
he  was  fitted.  His  talents  were,  however, 
called  out  by  some  special  jobs  of  repairing 
machinery,  and  the  occasion  of  the  erection 
of  a  paper-mill  with  certain  novel  arrange- 
ments gave  him  an  opportunity  of  exercising 
the  mechanical  skill  he  was  not  suspected  of 
possessing,  and  led  to  his  being  placed  in 
charge  of  his  master's  shop.  On  Bennett's 
death  Brindley,  whose  apprenticeship  had 
previously  been  completed,  wound  up  the 
business  and  in  1742  moved  from  Maccles- 
field to  Leek.  Here  he  obtained  before  long 
a  good  business  in  repairing  old  machinery  of 
all  kinds  and  setting  up  new.  The  Wedg- 
woods, then  small  potters,  employed  him  to 
construct  flint-mills  for  grinding  the  calcined 
flint  employed  for  glazing  pottery,  and,  like 
all  the  engineers  of  his  time,  he  tried  his 
hand  at  the  solution  of  the  great  problem  of 
clearing  mines  from  water,  a  problem  not  to 
be  solved  till  the  perfected  steam-engine  pro- 
vided the  power  alone  able  to  meet  the  diffi- 
culty. His  attempts  (patented  in  1758)  to 
improve  Newcomen's  steam-engine  met  with 


but  small  success,  but  he  introduced  numerous 
and  important  improvements  in  the  various 
sorts  of  machinery  he  had  to  repair  or  to  con- 
struct. 

The  great  reputation  of  Brindley,  how- 
ever, was  gained  in  civil,  not  in  mechanical, 
engineering.  Having  been  called  in  by  the 
Duke  of  Bridgewater  in  1759  to  advise  upon 
the  project  for  forming  a  canal  by  which  the 
produce  of  the  Worsley  coal-mines  could  be 
cheaply  transported  to  Manchester,  he  pro- 
duced a  plan  of  striking  originality,  including 
the  construction  of  an  aqueduct  by  which  the 
canal  was  to  be  carried  over  the  river  Irwell. 
This  canal,  suggested  to  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water  by  the  Grand  Canal  of  Languedoc,  was 
the  first  of  any  importance  in  England,  and 
formed  the  commencement  of  the  system  of 
inland  navigation  in  this  country.  Brind- 
ley's  next  work  was  the  Bridgewater  Canal 
connecting  Manchester  and  Liverpool,  and 
this  was  soon  followed  by  numerous  others, 
a  full  account  of  which  will  be  found  in 
Dr.  Smiles's  biography,  as  well  as  in  other 
lives  of  Brindley  to  which  reference  is  made 
below.  In  all  he  seems  to  have  laid  out,  or 
superintended,  the  construction  of  over  365 
miles  of  canals.  The  most  important  of  these 
was  the  Trent  and  Mersey  canal,  known  as 
the  Grand  Trunk.  He  remained  to  the  last 
illiterate,  hardly  able  to  write  and  quite 
unable  to  spell.  He  did  most  of  his  work 
in  his  head,  without  written  calculations  or 
drawings,  and  when  he  had  a  puzzling  bit  of 
work  he  would  go  to  bed  and  think  it  out. 
He  had  wonderful  powers  of  observation, 
and  a  sort  of  intuitive  perception  which 
enabled  him  at  once  to  grasp  both  the  diffi- 
culties and  the  possibilities  of  an  engineering 
project,  before  a  survey  was  made  or  an  esti- 
mate prepared. 

f Smiles's    Lives   of    the   Engineers,    1861-2, 
.  i.;  J.  Brindley  and  the  Early  Engineers,  1 864 ; 
Memoir    of    Brindley    by   Samuel   Hughes    in 
Weale's  Quarterly  Papers"  on  Engineering,  1844, 
i.  50 :  Kippis's  Biog.  Brit.  art.  '  Brindley.'] 

H.  T.  W 

BRINE,  JOHN  (1703-1765),  baptist  mi- 
nister, was  born  at  Kettering  in  1703.  Ow- 
ing to  the  poverty  of  his  parents  he  had 
scarcely  any  school  education,  and  when  a 
mere  lad  was  set  to  work  in  the  staple  manu- 
factory of  his  native  town.  Early  in  life  he 
joined  the  baptists.  While  at  Kettering  he 
married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Moore, 
a  baptist  minister  of  Northampton,  from  whom 
he  inherited  Hutter's  Hebrew  Bible,  which 
was  to  him  at  this  time  a  treasure  of  no  small 
value.  The  lady  died  in  1745.  After  some 
interval  Brine  married  again. 


Brine 


346 


Brinkelow 


Brine  joined  the  baptist  ministry  at  Ket- 
tering,  and  after  preaching  for  some  time  re- 
ceived a  call  to  Coventry.  There  he  remained 
till  about  1730,  when  he  succeeded  Mr.  Mor- 
ton as  pastor  of  the  baptist  congregation  at 
Curriers'  Hall,  Cripplegate.  He  was  for  a 
time  one  of  the  Wednesday  evening  lecturers 
in  Great  Eastcheap.  He  also  preached  in  his 
turn  at  the '  Lord's  Day  Evening  Lecture  '  in 
Devonshire  Square.  Brine  resided  for  many 
years  in  Bridgewater  Square,  but  during  his 
last  illness  he  took  lodgings  at  Kingsland, 
where  he  died,  on  24  Feb.  1765,  in  the  sixty- 
third  year  of  his  age.  He  left  positive  orders 
that  no  funeral  sermon  should  be  preached  for 
him.  His  intimate  friend,  Dr.  Gill,  however, 
preached  a  sermon  upon  the  occasion  to  his 
own  people,  which  was  afterwards  published, 
but  contains  no  express  reference  to  Brine. 
Brine  was  generally  reputed  a  high  Calvinist 
and  a  supralapsarian.  He  was  called  by 
many  persons  an  antinomian,  though  his  life 
was  exemplary.  He  was  buried  in  Bunhill 
Fields.  His  publications  are  numerous,  and 
now  scarce.  In  1792  a  pamphlet  was  pub- 
lished entitled  '  The  Moral  Law  the  Rule  of 
Moral  Conduct  to  Believers,  considered  and 
enforced  by  arguments  extracted  from  the 
judicious  Mr.  Brine's  "  Certain  Efficacy  of 
the  Death  of  Christ." ' 

A  complete  catalogue  of  Brine's  separate 
publications  is  given  by  Walter  Wilson.  The 
following  are  his  chief  works :  1.  l  The  Chris- 
tian Religion  not  destitute  of  Arguments,  &c. 
...  in  answer  to  "  Christianity  not  founded 
on  Argument,"  '  1743.  2.  <  The  Certain  Effi- 
cacy of  the  Death  of  Christ  asserted'  (a  book 
at  one  time  greatly  in  demand),  1743.  3.  '  A 
Vindication  of  Natural  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion, in  answer  to  Mr.  James  Foster,'  1746. 
4.  '  A  Treatise  on  various  subjects :  contro- 
versial tracts  against  Bragge,  Johnson,  Tin- 
dal,  Jackson,  Eltringham,  and. others'  (in  2 
vols.),  1750, 1756, 1766,  which  was  extremely 
popular.  It  was  edited  by  James  Upton  in 
1813,  with  some  of  Brine's  sermons  added, 
and  a  life  of  the  author  prefixed  (from  Walter 
Wilson).  5.  '  Discourses  at  a  Monthly  Ex- 
ercise of  Prayer,  at  Wednesday  and  Lord's 
Day  Evening  Lectures,  and  Miscellaneous 
Discourses '  (2  vols.)  ;  and  6.  '  Funeral  and 
Ordination  Sermons  and  Choice  Experience 
of  Mrs.  Anne  Brine,  with  Dr.  Gill's  Sermon  at 
her  Funeral,'  1750.  Collected  together,  his 
pamphlets  fill  eight  volumes  octavo. 

[Wilson's  Dissenting  Churches,  ii.  574 ;  Gill's 
Sermons  and  Tracts ;  John  Brown's  Descriptive 
List  of  Keligious  Books ;  Jones's  Bunhill  Memo- 
rials ;  Catalogue  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Jepps, 
of  Paternoster  Row,  1856  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.] 

J.  H.  T. 


BRINKELOW,  HENRY  (d.  1546),  sati- 
rist, son  of  Robert  Brinkelow,  a  farmer  of 
Kintbury,  Berkshire,  began  life  as  a  Francis- 
can, or  Grey  Friar,  but  left  the  order,  mar- 
ried, and  became  a  citizen  and  mercer  of 
London.  He  adopted  the  opinions  of  the  re- 
forming party,  and  wrote  satires  on  social 
and  religious  subjects  under  the  pseudonym 
of  Roderigo  Mors.  He  says  that  he  was 
banished  from  England  through  the  influ- 
ence of  the  bishops.  By  his  will,  dated  1546, 
the  year  of  his  death,  and  proved  by  his 
widow  Margery,  he  left  5/.  'to  the  godly 
learned  men  who  labour  in  the  vineyard  of 
the  Lord,  and  fight  against  Anti-Christ.' 
This  will  shows  that  he  was  a  man  of  sub- 
stance. He  left  a  son  named  John.  His 
works  are :  1.  *  The  Complaynt  of  Rode- 
ryck  Mors,  sometyme  a  gray  fryre,  unto  the 
parlament  house  of  Ingland  his  natural  cun- 
try.  Mighell  boys,  Geneve  in  Savoye ' 
(1545  ?) ;  another  edition, '  M.  boys,  Geneve ' 
(1550) ;  a  third  '  Per  Franciscum  de  Turona' 
(Turin).  These  are  in  the  library  of  the  Bri- 
tish Museum.  Another  edition  with  slight 
variations  is  in  the  Guildhall  Library,  London. 
The  '  Complaynt '  has  been  published  by  the 
Early  English  Text  Society  under  the  edi- 
torship of  Mr.  J.  Meadows  Cowper,  1874. 
It  deals  with  wrongs  done  the  people  by  en- 
closures, with  the  advance  in  rents,  and  with 
legal  oppression ;  it  recommends  the  confis- 
cation of  the  property  of  bishops  and  deans, 
of  chantries  and  the  like,  and,  after  allow- 
ing one-tenth  to  the  crown,  points  out 
various  social  objects  to  which  the  remain- 
der should  be  devoted.  The  23rd  chapter, 
headed  'A  lamentacyon  for  that  the  body 
and  tayle  of  the  pope  is  not  banished  with 
his  name,'  was  reprinted  in  1641  as  a  separate 
broadside  with  the  title  '  The  true  Coppy  of 
the  Complaint  of  Roderyck  Mors  .  .  .  unto 
the  Parliament  House  of  England.'  2.  'The 
Lamentacion  of  a  Christian  against  the  Citie 
of  London  made  by  Roderigo  Mors  .  .  . 
Prynted  at  Jericho  in  the  land  of  Promes 
by  Thome  Trauth '  (1542)  ;  another  edition, 
*  Nurembergh,  1545  ; '  another,  in  the  Lam- 
beth Library  (no  place),  1548 ;  also  edited 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  by  Mr. 
J.  M.  Cowper,  along  with  the  '  Complaynt.' 
Besides  these,  Mr.  Cowper  attributes  to 
Brinkelow :  3. '  A  Supplycacion  to  our  moste 
Soueraigne  Lord  Kynge  Henry  the  Eyght,' 
1544 ;  and  4.  '  A  Supplycation  of  the  Poore 
Commons; '  large  extracts  from  the  'Suppli- 
cation of  the  Commons '  are  given  in  Strype's 
•'  Memorials,'  vol.  i.  Both  these  have  been 
edited  by  Mr.  Cowper  for  the  Early  English 
Text  Society  (1871)  in  one  volume,  with 
Fish's  '  Supplication  for  the  Beggars '  edited 


Brinkley 


347 


Brinkley 


by  Mr.  Furnivall.  Bale,  who  attributes  the 
*  Complaynt '  and  the '  Lamentacion,'  but  not 
the  two  '  Supplications,'  to  Brinkelow,  says 
that  he  also  wrote  an  '  Expostulation  ad- 
dressed to  the  Clergy,'  which  now  appears  to 
be  lost. 

[All  that  is  known  of  Brinkelow  will  be 
found  in  J.  M.  Cowper's  edition  of  the  Complaynt 
of  Roderick  More,  Early  English  Text  Soc. 
No.  22,  extra  series,  to  which,  and  to  the  same 
editor's  work  in  the  volume  entitled  A  Supplica- 
tion to  the  Beggars,  No.  13,  extra  series,  this 
article  is  largely  indebted ;  Bale's  Script.  Brit. 
Cat.  ii.  105;  Strype's  Ecclesiastical  Memorials, 
i.  i.  608.]  W.  H. 

BRINKLEY,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1763-1835), 
bishop  of  Cloyne  and  first  astronomer  royal 
for  Ireland,  was  born  at  Woodbridge  in 
Suffolk,  and  owed  to  the  influence  and  aid 
of  Mr.  Tilney  of  Harleston,  under  whose 
care  he  was  educated,  the  means  of  sup- 
porting himself  at  Cambridge.  He  graduated 
at  Caius  College  as  senior  wrangler  and  first 
Smith's  prizeman  in  1788,  became  a  fellow 
of  his  college,  proceeded  M.A.  in  1791,  and 
D.D.  in  1806.  He  contributed  to  the  '  Ladies' 
Diary '  from  1780  or  1781  to  1785,  and  acted 
as  assistant  at  Greenwich  while  preparing 
for  his  degree.  To  Maskelyne's  recommenda- 
tion he  owed  his  appointment,  in  1792,  as 
Andrews  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Dublin,  with  the  title,  added  on 
the  death  of  Ussher,  of  *  Astronomer  Royal 
for  Ireland,'  and  the  direction  of  the  college 
observatory  at  Dunsink,  near  Dublin.  Its 
sole  equipment  consisting  at  that  time  of  a 
transit  instrument,  he  had  leisure  to  improve 
his  knowledge  of  the  higher  mathematics,  in 
which,  as  well  as  in  acquaintance  with  the 
works  of  foreign  analysts,  he  far  excelled  most 
of  his  contemporaries.  The  fruits  of  his  in- 
quiries were  imparted  to  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  in  a  series  of  communications  from 
1797  to  1817,  and  to  the  Royal  Society  in 
1807  in  a  paper  entitled  '  An  Investigation 
of  the  General  Term  of  an  Important  Series 
in  the  Inverse  Method  of  Finite  Differences ' 
(Phil.  Trans,  xcvii.  114),  of  which  the  object 
was  to  surmount  a  difficulty  remaining  after 
Lagrange's  investigation  in  the  '  Berlin  Me- 
moirs '  for  1772. 

In  the  middle  of  1808  a  splendid  altitude 
and  azimuth  circle,  eight  feet  in  diameter, 
ordered  from  Ramsden  in  1788,  and,  after 
many  delays,  completed  by  his  successor 
Berge,  was  set  up  at  Dunsink,  and  Brinkley 
lost  no  time  in  turning  it  vigorously  to  ac- 
count for  the  purposes  of  practical  astronomy. 
His  supposed  discovery  of  an  annual  (double) 
parallax  for  a  Lyne  of  2/A52  was  laid  before 
the  Royal  Society  in  1810  (Phil.  Trans,  c. 


204),  aud  he  announced  in  1814  (Trans.  R. 
Irish  Ac.  xii.  33)  similar  and  even  larger 
results  for  several  other  stars.  Their  validity 
I  was  disputed  by  Pond,  and  careful  observa- 
tions, made  with  a  view  to  test  it  during 
several  years,  proved  at  Greenwich  con- 
sistently adverse,  at  Dublin  strongly  con- 
firmatory (Phil.  Trans,  cviii.  275,  cxi.  327). 
In  1822  Brinkley  described  before  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  a  delicate  instrumental  in- 
vestigation of  solar  nutation,  heretofore  known 
in  theory  only.  If,  he  urged,  his  instrument 
were  competent  to  exhibit  the  minute  varia- 
tions in  the  places  of  the  stars  produced  by 
this  cause,  a  fortiori  it  could  be  depended 
upon  for  the  larger  amounts  ascribed  to 
parallax  (Trans.  R.  Irish  Ac.  xiv.  3,  1825). 
The  argument  seemed  at  the  time  unanswer- 
able, and  was  fortified  by  his  seemingly  suc- 
cessful disengagement  from  the  Greenwich 
observations  themselves  of  a  parallax  for 
a  Lyrse  not  differing  sensibly  from  that  in- 
ferred at  Dublin  (Mem.  JR.  A.  Soc.  i.  329).  The 
controversy,  which  was  conducted  on  both 
sides  with  moderation  and  candour,  ter- 
minated in  1824  with  Brinkley's  reassertion 
of  his  conclusion  of  fourteen  years  previously. 
Yet  he  was  undoubtedly  mistaken,  although 
the  source  of  his  mistake  remains  obscure. 
The  inquiry,  however,  was  eminently  useful 
in  bringing  about  a  closer  scrutiny  of  instru- 
mental defects  and  uranographical  correc- 
tions, and  so  clearing  the  ground  for  further 
research.  Brinkley's  communications  on  the 
subject  were  honoured  in  1824  by  the  Royal 
Society  (of  which  body  he  had  been  elected 
a  fellow  in  1803)  with  the  Copley  medal. 
He  presided  over  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
from  1822  until  his  death,  and  acted  as  vice- 
president  of  the  Astronomical  Society  1825-7, 
and  as  its  president  for  the  biennial  period 
1831-3. 

In  1814  he  published  a  new  theory  of 
astronomical  refractions  deduced  from  his 
own  observations,  with  tables  to  facilitate 
their  calculation  ( Trans.  JR.  I.  Ac.  xii.  77) ; 
the  same  volume  contains  his  catalogue  of 
forty-seven  fundamental  stars.  Fresh  de- 
terminations by  him  of  the  obliquity  of  the 
ecliptic  and  of  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes 
appeared  respectively  in  1819  and  1828  (Phil. 
Trans,  cix.  241 ;  Trans.  R.  I.  Ac.  xv.  39) ; 
and  his  constants  of  aberration  and  lunar 
nutation  were  adopted  by  Baily  in  the  Astro- 
nomical Society's  Catalogue,  the  former  de- 
duced from  2,633,  the  latter  from  1,618  com- 
parisons of  various  stars.  He  observed  the 
great  comet  of  1819,  and  computed  elements 
for  it,  and  for  the  comet  observed  by  Captain 
Hall  at  Valparaiso  in  1821  (Quart.  Jour,  of 
Science,  ix.  164 ;  Phil.  Trans,  cxii.  50). 


Brinknell 


348 


Brinsley 


His  merits  were  recognised  by  ecclesiastical 
promotion.  In  1806  he  was  collated  to  the 
prebend  of  Kilgoghlin  and  to  the  rectory  of 
Derrybrusk ;  in  1808  he  became  archdeacon 
of  Clogher,  and  on  28  Sept.  1826  bishop  of 
Cloyne.  The  satisfaction  of  George  IV  with 
his  reception  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  is 
said  to  have  been  not  unconnected  with  his 
final  elevation.  Thenceforth  his  episcopal 
duties  engrossed  all  his  attention,  and  the 
scientific  activity,  by  which  he  had  raised 
the  little  observatory  at  Dunsink  to  a  position 
of  first-rate  importance,  was  brought  to  a 
close.  After  some  years  of  failing  health 
he  died  at  his  brother's  house  in  Leeson 
Street,  Dublin,  on  14  Sept.  1835,  aged  72, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Trinity 
College.  A  marble  tablet  erected  to  his 
memory  in  the  cathedral  of  his  diocese  under- 
states his  age  by  three  years.  In  character 
he  was  benevolent  and  disinterested. 

He  wrote  (besides  thirty-five  contributions 
to  learned  collections,  many  of  them  sepa- 
rately reprinted)  '  Elements  of  Astronomy,' 
still  used  as  a  text-book  in  Dublin  University. 
The  work  originated  in  his  lectures  to  under- 
graduates, 1799-1808,  which,  at  the  request 
of  the  board,  were  published  in  the  latter 
year,  and  again,  with  three  additional  chap- 
ters and  an  appendix,  in  1813.  Since  then 
it  has  run  through  numerous  editions,  and 
obtained  in  1871  renewed  vitality  in  a  care- 
ful recast  by  Drs.  Stubbs  and  Briinnow. 
Brinkley's  essay  on  the  '  Mean  Motion  of  the 
Lunar  Perigee/  read  before  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  on  21  April  1817,  obtained  'the 
Conyngham  medal.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
to  encourage  the  rising  genius  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  his  successor  in  the  Andrews  chair 
of  astronomy,  and  several  of  his  letters  are 
printed  in  the  l  Life  of  Hamilton '  by  Graves 
(1882),  i.  239-40,  297,  324.  He  was  a 
botanist  as  well  as  an  astronomer. 

[Mem.  K.  A.  Soc.  ix.  281 ;  G-ent.  Mag.  1835, 
ii.  547 ;  Cotton's  Fasti  Ecclesise  Hibernicse ; 
Keport  Brit.  Assoc.  i.  140;  Andre  and  Rayet's 
L'Astronomie  Pratique,  ii.  29  ;  R.  Soc.  Cat.  of 
Sc.  Papers.]  A.  M.  C. 

BRINKNELL  or  BRYNKNELL, 
THOMAS  (d.  1539?),  professor  at  Oxford, 
was  educated  at  Lincoln  College,  and  was 
appointed  head-master  of  the  school  attached 
to  Magdalen  College,  where  he  'exercised 
an  admirable  way  of  teaching.'  He  after- 
wards studied  for  a  time  at  University  Col- 
lege, and  became  intimate  with  Wolsey 
He  proceeded  B.D.  in  1501,  and  D.D.  on 
13  March  1507-8, '  at  which  time,'  says  Wood 
'the  professor  of  div.  or  commissary  did 
liighly  commend  him  for  his  learning.'  On 


7  Jan.  1510-11  he  was  collated  to  a  prebend 

n  Lincoln  Cathedral,  and  on  the  same  date 
was  made  master  of  the  hospital  of  St.  John 

t  Banbury.  In  1521  he  was  nominated 
professor  of  divinity  on  Cardinal  Wolsey's 
new  foundation.  He  apparently  died  in  1539 

LE  NEVE,  Fasti,  ii.  183).  He  was  the 
author  of  a  treatise  against  Luther,  which 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  printed.  Accord- 

ng  to  Wood  it  was  '  a  learned  piece,'  and 

commended  for  a  good  book.'  Wolsey 
recommended  Brinknell  to  Henry  VIII  as 

one  of  those  most  fit  persons  in  the  university 

;o  encounter  Mart.  Luther.' 

[Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  29 ;  Fasti 
TBliss),  i.  6,  22  ;  Oxf.  Univ.  Reg.  (Boase),  55 ; 
Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  126;  Bloxam's  Magdalen 
College,  iii.  70.]  S.  L.  L. 

BRINSLEY,  JOHN  (ft.  1663),  the  elder, 
puritan  divine  and  educational  writer,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  College,Cambridge, where 
le  graduated  B.  A.  in  1584  and  M.  A.  in  1588. 
He  became  a  '  minister  of  the  Word,'  and  had 
:he  care  of  the  public  school  at  Ashby-de-la- 
Zouch  in  Leicestershire.  The  famous  astro- 
er,  William  Lilly,  was  one  of  his  pupils, 
as  he  himself  informs  us  in  his  curious  auto- 
biography. 'Upon  Trinity  Sunday  1613,' 
lie  says,  '  my  father  had  me  to  Ashby-de-la- 
Zouch  to  be  instructed  by  one  Mr.  John 
Brinsley ;  one  in  those  times  of  great  abilities 
for  instruction  of  youth  in  the  Latin  and 
Greek  tongues ;  he  was  very  severe  in  his  life 
and  conversation,  and  did  breed  up  many 
scholars  for  the  universities.  In  religion  he 
was  a  strict  puritan,  not  conformable  wholly 
to  the  ceremonies  of  the  church  of  England ' 
(Hist,  of  his  Life  and  Times  (1774),  5).  Again 
he  says :  '  In  the  eighteenth  year  of  my  age 
[i.e.  in  1619  or  1620]  my  master  Brinsley  was 
enforced  from  keeping  school,  being  perse- 
cuted by  the  bishop's  officers ;  he  came  to 
London,  and  then  lectured  in  London,  where 
he  afterwards  died'  (ib.  8).  He  married  a 
sister  of  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  bishop  of  Norwich. 
His  works  are :  1.  '  Ludus  Literarius  :  or,  the 
Grammar  Schoole ;  shewing  how  to  proceede 
from  the  first  entrance  into  learning  to  the 
highest  perfection  required  in  the  Gram- 
mar Schooles,'  London,  1612  and  1627,  4to. 

2.  '  The   true   Watch   and   Rule   of    Life,' 
7th  ed.  2  parts,  London,  1615,  8vo,  8th  ed. 
1619 ;  third  part  out  of  Ezekiel  ix.,  London, 
1622,  4to ;  fourth  part,  'to  the  plain-hearted 
seduced    by    popery,'   London,    1624,    8vo. 

3.  'Pueriles  Confabulatiunculse :  or  Childrens 
Dialogues,   little    conferences,    or    talkings 
together,    or    Dialogues    fit    for    children,' 
London,  1617.      4.  'Cato   (concerning  the 
precepts  of  common  life)  translated  gram- 


Brinsley 


349 


Brinsley 


matically,'  London,  1622,  8vo.  5.  '  A  Con- 
solation for  our  Grammar  Schooles;  or  a 
faithfull  incouragement  for  laying  of  a  sure 
foundation  of  all  good  learninge  in  our 
Schooles,' London,! 622, 4to.  6.  'The Posing 
of  the  Parts :  or,  a  most  plaine  and  easie  way 
of  examining  the  accidence  and  grammar  by 
questions  and  answers,'  London,  1630,  4to  ; 
10th  ed.  London,  1647,  4to.  7.  '  The  first 
Booke  of  Tullies  Offices,  translated  gramma- 
tically :  and  also  according  to  the  propriety 
of  our  English  tongue/  London,  1631,  8vo. 
8.  '  Stanbrigii  Embrion  relimatum,  seu  Voca- 
bularium  metricum  olim  a  Johanne  Stanbrigio 
digestum,  nunc  vero  locupletatum,  defseca- 
tum,  legitimo  nee  non  rotundo  plerumque 
carmine  exult  ans,  &  in  majorem  Pueritise 
balbutientis  usum  undequaque  accommoda- 
tum,' London,  1647,  4to.  9.  '  Corderius  Dia- 
logues, translated  grammatically,'  London, 
1653.  In  the  dedication  to  William,  lord 
Cavendish,  he  speaks  of  his  lordship's  'favour- 
able approbation  of  my  School-endeavours, 
together  with  your  honourable  bountie,  for 
the  incouraging  of  me,  to  the  accomplishment 
of  my  promise  for  my  Grammatical!  transla- 
tions.' 10.  'Virgil's  Eclogues,  with  his  book 
of  the  Ordering  of  Bees,  translated  gramma- 
tically,' 1663,  4to. 

[MS.  Addit.  5863  f.  65,  19165  f.  240;  Notes 
andQueries  (2nd  series), xii.  126, 180  (4th series), 
iv.  411  ;  Lowndes's  Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn) ;  Brit. 
Mus.  Cat. ;  Cat,  Lib.  Impress.  Bibl.  Bodl.  (1843), 
i.  331.]  T.  C. 

BRINSLEY,  JOHN  (1600-1666),  the 
younger,  puritan  divine,  was  born&t  Ashby- 
de-la-Zouch,  Leicestershire,  in  160^  being  son 
of  John  Brinsley  the  elder  [q.  v.],  master  of 
the  public  school  there,  and  his  wife,  who  was 
a  sister  of  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Norwich.  Having  received  the  rudiments 
of  education  from  his  father,  he  was  admitted 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  at  the  age 
of  thirteen  years  and  a  half.  He  attended 
his  uncle,  Dr.  Hall,  then  dean  of  Worcester, 
to  the  synod  of  Dort  (1618-19),  as  his  ama- 
nuensis ;  and  on  his  return  to  Cambridge  he 
was  elected  to  a  scholarship  in  his  college, 
and  took  his  degrees  (B. A.  1619,  M.A.  1623). 
After  being  ordained  he  preached  first  at 
Preston,  near  Chelmsford.  In  1625  he  was 
appointed  by  the  corporation  of  Great  Yar- 
mouth their  minister;  but  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  Norwich,  claiming  the  right  of 
nomination,  disputed  the  appointment,  and 
he  was  summoned  before  the  high  court  of 
commission  at  Lambeth,  and  was  at  mid- 
summer 1627  dismissed  from  his  ministerial 
function  in  Yarmouth  church,  by  a  decree 
in  chancery,  given  upon  a  certificate  made 


by  Archbishop  Laud.  He  continued,  how- 
ever, to  preach  in  the  town,  in  what  was 
then  the  Dutch  church,  was  subsequently  the 
theatre,  and  is  now  commonly  called  the 
town  house.  The  corporation  meanwhile 
persevered  in  their  struggle  with  the  bishop 
and  the  court  in  his  behalf,  till  in  1632  the 
king  in  council  forbade  his  officiating  at 
Yarmouth  altogether,  and  even  committed 
to  prison  four  individuals — among  them  the 
well-known  regicide,  Miles  Corbet,  then 
recorder  of  the  town — for  abetting  him. 
Brinsley  after  this  exercised  his  pastoral 
duties  in  the  half  hundred  of  Lothingland 
in  1642,  and,  through  the  interest  of  Sir  John 
Wentworth  of  Somerleyton  Hall,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  cure  of  the  parish  of  Somer- 
leyton. Two  years  subsequently  he  was 
again  chosen  one  of  the  town  preachers  at 
Yarmouth,  and  it  is  said  that  he  occupied 
the  chancel  of  the  church  with  the  presby- 
terians,  while  Bridge  with  the  congregation- 
alists  was  in  possession  of  the  north  aisle, 
and  the  south  aisle,  with  the  nave,  was  left 
to  the  regular  minister.  Service  in  all  these 
was  performed  simultaneously,  the  corpora- 
tion having  divided  the  building  for  the  pur- 
pose on  the  death  of  the  king,  at  an  expense 
of900J. 

At  the  Restoration  he  was  ejected  for  re- 
fusing the  terms  of  conformity.  He  was  in- 
flexible on  the  points  which  divided  so  many 
clergymen  from  the  established  church,  and 
it  is  stated  that  he  refused  considerable  pre- 
ferment which  was  offered  to  induce  him  to 
remain  in  her  communion.  His  death  oc- 
curred on  22  Jan.  1664-5,  and  he  was  buried 
in  St.  Nicholas's  Church,  Yarmouth,  with 
several  others  of  the  family.  He  had  a  son 
Robert  who  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  (M.A.  1660),  but  was  ejected 
from  the  university,  and  studied  medicine  at 
Leyden,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 
He  afterwards  practised  his  profession  at 
Yarmouth,  where  he  was  elected  co-cham- 
berlain with  Robert  Bernard  in  1681,  and  in 
1692  was  appointed  water  bailiff*. 

Brinsley  published  many  treatises  and  ser- 
mons, including  :  1.  '  The  Healing  of  Israels 
breaches,'  London,  1642,  4to.  2.  'Church 
Reformation  tenderly  handled  in  four 
sermons,'  London,  1643,  4to.  3.  '  The  doc- 
trine and  practice  of  Psedo-baptisme  as- 
serted and  vindicated,'  London,  1645,  4to. 
4.  '  Stand  Still ;  or,  a  Bridle  for  the  Times,' 
London,  1647  and  1652,  4to.  5.  '  Two  Trea- 
tises :  the  One  handling  the  Doctrine  of 
Christ's  Mediatorship.  The  other  of  Mystical 
Implantation,'  2  parts,  London,  1651-2,  8vo. 
6.  '  The  Mystical  Brasen  Serpent,  with  the 
Magnetical  Vertue  thereof;  or,  Christ  exalted 


Brinton 


350 


Brinton 


upon  the  Cross/  2  parts,  London,  1653,  8vo. 
7.  'Two  Treatises:  I.  The  Saints  Commu- 
nion with  Jesus  Christ.  II.  Acquaintance 
with  God,'  London,  1654,  12mo.  8.  'Two 
Treatises:  I.  A  Groan  for  Israel;  or,  the 
Churches  Salvation  (temporall,  spirituall), 
the  desire  and  joy  of  Saints ;  II.  Tlfptffrepeia. 
The  Spirituall  Vertigo,  or  Turning  Sickness 
of  Soul-Unsettlednesse  in  matters  of  Reli- 
gious Concernment,'  2  parts,  London,  1655, 
8vo.  9.  'Gospel  Marrow,  the  great  God 
giving  himself  for  the  sons  of  men ;  or,  the 
Sacred  Mystery  of  Redemption  by  Jesus 
Christ,  with  two  of  the  ends  thereof,  justifi- 
cation and  sanctification,  doctrinally  opened, 
and  practically  applied,'  2  parts,  London, 
1659,  8vo. 

[MS.  Addit.  5863  f.  65,  19165  f.  240;  Ca- 
lamy's  Ejected  Ministers  (1713),  ii.  477,  478, 
aud  Continuation  (1727),  ii.  617 ;  Cat.  Lib.  Im- 
press. Bibl.  Bodl.  (1843);  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.; 
Druery's  Hist.  Notices  of  Great  Yarmouth,  65* ; 
Lilly's  Hist,  of  his  Life  (1774),  5-8;  Lowndes's 
Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn) ;  Nichols's  Leicestershire,  i. 
pt.  ii.  Append,  p.  140 ;  Notes  and  Queries,  2nd 
series,  xii.  126,  180,  4th  series,  iv.  411 ;  Palmer's 
Continuation  of  Manship's  Hist,  of  G-reat  Yar- 
mouth, 158-161,  365;  Palmer's  Nonconf.  Memo- 
rial (1803),  ii.  17;  Swinden's  Hist,  of  Great 
Yarmouth,  837-849 ;  Sylvester's  Keliquise  Bax- 
terianse,  283 ;  Dawson  Turner's  Sepulchral  Ee- 
miniscences  of  a  Market  Town,  11.]  T.  C. 

BRINTON  or  BRUNTON,  THOMAS 

(d.  1389),  bishop  of  Rochester,  was  a  monk 
of  the  Benedictine  house  at  Norwich.  He 
is  said  to  have  studied  both  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  and  is  variously  described  as 
bachelor  of  theology  and  as  '  doctor  decre- 
torum'  of  the  former  university.  Having 
taken  up  his  residence  in  Rome,  he  was  made 
penitentiary  of  the  holy  see,  and  on  31  Jan. 
1372-3  was  appointed  bishop  of  Rochester  by 
Gregory  XI,  in  the  room  of  John  Hertley,  prior 
of  Rochester,  whose  election  was  set  aside  by 
the  pope.  Brinton  appears  to  have  been  dis- 
tinguished as  a  preacher,  and  a  sermon  of 
his,  delivered  to  the  people  of  London  on  the 
occasion  of  the  coronation  of  Richard  II,  is 
reported  by  Walsingham  (Historia  Angli- 
cana,  i.  338,  339,  ed.  Riley,  who  wrongly 
attributes  the  discourse  to  Brinton's  prede- 
cessor, Thomas  Trillek,  ii.  5136).  Subse- 
quently he  was  made  confessor  to  the  king. 
He  was  present  at  the  council  of  Blackfriars 
in  May- July  1382,  which  condemned  the 
doctrines  of  Wycliffe  (Fasciculi  Zizaniorum, 
pp.  286,  287,  498),  and  assented  to  that  con- 
demnation (ib.  pp.  290,  291).  He  died  in 
1389  (his  will  is  dated  30  Aug.),  and  was 
buried  in  the  parish  church  of  Seale  in  Kent. 
Weever  (Ancient  Funerall  Monuments,  p. 


I  325)  describes  the  bishop's  tomb,  from  which 

1  the  name  had  already  (1631)  disappeared. 

,  On  the  authority  of  Bale  (Script.  Brit. 
Cat.  xii.  12),  who  however  confessed  him- 
self ignorant  even  of  the  century  in  which 

j  Brinton  lived,  the  bibliographers  attribute  to 

i  him  a  collection  of  '  Sermones  coram  Ponti- 
fice  '  and  '  Sermones  alii  solennes.' 

[Godwin,  De  Prsesulibus  (1743),  p.  533  ;  Tan- 
ner's Bibl.  Brit.  p.  126;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  ii.  564, 

'  ed.  Hardy.  Of  the  alternative  forms  of  the  name 
given  by  Tanner,  Briton  looks  like  an  error,  and 

!  Brampton  may  easily  have  arisen  from  careless 
transcription  of  the  form  Brunton  given  by  Wal- 

!  singham  (I.e.,  ii.  180).]  E.  L.  P. 

BRINTON,  WILLIAM,  M.D.  (1823- 
1867),  physician,  was  born  at  Kidderminster, 
where  his  father  was  a  carpet  manufacturer, 
20  Nov.  1823.  After  education  at  private 
schools  and  as  apprentice  to  a  Kidderminster 
surgeon  he  matriculated  at  the  London  Uni- 
i  versity  in  1843,  and  began  medical  studies  at 
King's  College,  London.  He  won  several 
prizes,  and  graduated  M.B.  in  the  London 
University  in  1847,  M.D.  in  1848.  In  1849 
he  became  a  member  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  in  1854  a  fellow.  In  1848  he 
sent  to  the  Royal  Society  a  paper,  '  Contri- 
butions to  the  Physiology  of  the  Alimentary 
Canal,'  and  after  holding  some  minor  ap- 
pointments at  his  own  medical  school  he 
was  elected  lecturer  on  forensic  medicine 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  He  published 
an  able  series  of  '  clinical  remarks '  in  the 
'  Lancet,'  and  the  reputation  which*  these 
brought  him  led  to  his  early  acquisition  of 
a  considerable  practice.  He  became  physi- 
cian to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  in  addi- 
tion to  his  other  lectureship  was  made  lec- 
turer on  physiology  there.  He  married  in 
1854  and  lived  in  Brook  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square,  and  his  practice  steadily  increased. 
Intestinal  obstruction  and  diseases  of  the 
alimentary  canal  in  general  were  subjects  to 
which  he  had  paid  special  attention,  and  on 
which  he  was  often  consulted.  His  Croo- 
nian  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
in  1859  were  on  intestinal  obstruction.  In 
1857  he  published  the '  Pathology,  Symptoms, 
and  Treatment  of  Ulcer  of  the  Stomach,' 
the  first  complete  treatise  on  that  subject 
which  had  appeared  in  England,  and  in  1859 
he  brought  out  '  Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of 
the  Stomach,'  of  which  a  second  edition 
was  published  in  1864.  This  book  contains 
a  clear  account  of  the  existing  knowledge 
of  the  subject,  with  many  well-arranged 
notes  of  cases  and  a  few  observations  new 
to  medicine,  for  example  the  description 
(p.  87,  ed.  1864)  of  the  condition  of  stomach 
sometimes  discovered  after  death  in  cases  of 


Briot 


351 


Briot 


scarlet  fever.  In  the  last  chapter  Brinton 
demonstrates  the  absence  of  pathological 
ground  for  the  affection  so  often  named  in 
general  literature,  as  well  as  in  medical 
books,  under  the  term  gout  in  the  stomach. 
Brinton  was  a  man  of  untiring  industry, 
and  published  many  papers  in  the  medical 
periodicals  of  his  time.  He  translated  Va- 
lentin's 'Text  Book  of  Physiology'  from 
the  German  in  1853 ;  wrote  a  short  treatise 
*  On  the  Medical  Selection  of  Lives  for  Assur- 
rance '  in  1856,  and  in  1861  '  On  Food  and 
its  Digestion,  being  an  Introduction  to  Diete- 
tics,' besides  six  articles  in  '  Todd's  Cyclo- 
paedia of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,'  and 
some  papers  read  before  the  Royal  Society. 
He  was  elected  F.R.S.  in  1864.  His  vaca- 
tions were  often  spent  in  the  Tyrol,  where 
he  was  an  active  member  of  the  Alpine 
Club.  Two  papers  by  him  appear  in  '  Peaks, 
Passes,  and  Glaciers '  (series  ii.  vol.  i.)  In 
1863  Brinton  had  symptoms  of  renal  disease, 
and,  after  manly  struggles  to  continue  his 
labours  in  spite  of  the  malady,  he  died  on 
17  Jan.  1867.  After  his  death  a  treatise  on 
'  Intestinal  Obstruction,'  based  on  his  Croo- 
nian  lectures,  was  edited  by  his  friend  Dr. 
Buzzard.  Brinton  was  a  physician  of  high 
personal  character  and  great  powers  of  work. 
His  book  on  ulcer  of  the  stomach  deserves  a 
place  among  the  best  English  medical  mono- 
graphs, and  in  all  his  books  the  assertions 
rest  on  a  solid  basis  of  observation.  He  left 
six  children,  and  one  of  his  sons  graduated  in 
medicine  at  Cambridge  A  memoir  of  Brinton 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Buzzard  appeared  in  the  'Lan- 
cet '  for  26  Jan.  1867,  and  has  been  reprinted. 

[Buzzard's  Memoir  (1867) ;  Brinton's  works.] 

N.  M. 

BRIOT,  NICHOLAS  (1579-1646),  medal- 
list and  coin-engraver,  was  born  in  1579,  at 
Damblein  in  Bassigny,  duchy  of  Bar.  From 
1605  to  1625  he  held  the  appointment  of 
engraver-general  of  the  coins  of  France,  and 
having  become  acquainted  in  Germany  with 
the  improved  mechanical  processes  for  the 
production  of  coins,  especially  with  the  '  ba- 
lance' (balancier),  he  determined  to  introduce 
them  with  further  improvements  of  his  own 
into  his  native  country.  From  1616  till  1625 
he  continued  to  persevere  in  his  endeavour 
to  get  his  processes  officially  adopted.  In  1615 
he  had  written  a  treatise  entitled  '  liaisons, 
moyens,  et  propositions  pour  faire  toutes  les 
monnaies  du  royaume,  a  1'avenir,  uniformes, 
et  faire  cesser  toutes  fabrications,  &c.'  His 
proposals,  however,  encountered  the  greatest 
opposition,  especially  from  the  'Cour  des 
monnaies/  the  members  of  which  resisted 
the  introduction  of  machinery,  and  upheld 


their  own  less  rapid  and  more  clumsy  method 
of  striking  coins  with  the  hammer.  The  pat- 
tern-pieces made  by  Briot  for  the  French 
coinage  are  very  rare,  particularly  the  franc 
and  demi-franc  of  1616  and  1617,  with  the 
legend  'Espreuve  faicte  par  1'expres  com- 
mandement  du  roy  Louis  XIII.'  Finding 
that  his  long-continued  efforts  were  fruitless, 
and  pressed  hard  by  his  creditors,  Briot  fled 
to  England  in  1625,  and  offered  his  services 
and  improved  machinery  to  Charles  I,  by 
whom  he  was  well  received.  On  16  Dec. 
1628,  the  king  granted  him  '  the  privilege 
to  be  a  free  denizen,  and  also  full  power  and 
authority  to  frame  and  engrave  the  first  de- 
signs and  effigies  of  the  king's  image  in  such 
size  and  forms  as  are  to  serve  in  all  sorts  of 
coins  of  gold  and  silver '  (RYMER,  Fcedera, 
xix.  40).  In  January  1633  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  engraver  to  the  English  mint, 
and  in  1635  master  of  the  Scottish  mint. 
For  the  English  coinage  Briot  made  the 
crown,  half-crown,  and  other  denominations ; 
his  specimens,  which  are  very  neatly  exe- 
cuted and  well  formed,  being  signed  with 
the  letter  B,  or  with  B  and  a  small  flower 
or  an  anchor.  He  also  executed  various  pat- 
tern-pieces for  the  coinage,  and  made  during 
the  earlier  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I  a 
considerable  number  of  dies  and  moulds  for 
medals,  the  most  important  of  which  were 
for  the  coronation  medal  of  Charles  (1626), 
the  'Dominion  of  the  Sea'  medal  (1630), 
and  the  Scottish  coronation  medal  (1633). 
His  medals  bear  the  signature  'N,  B.,' 
'  Briot,'  or  '  N.  Briot.'  After  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  very  little  is  known  of 
Briot's  life  ;  but  the  common  statement  that 
he  returned  to  France  and  died  there  about 
1650  is  certainly  incorrect,  as  an  official  docu- 
ment of  the  time  of  Charles  II  (Calendar  of 
State  Papers,  Domestic,  May  1662,  p.  394) 
proves  that  he  died  in  England  in  the  year 
1646.  From  1642  till  the  time  of  his  death 
he  seems  to  have  remained  in  the  service  of 
the  English  king,  and  to  have  followed  him 
in  his  capacity  of  engraver  to  York  and  to 
Oxford.  At  the  Restoration,  the  name  of  his 
widow,  Esther  Briot,  was  one  of  those  which 
were  ordered  to  be  placed  on  the  list  for  re- 
lieving the  servants  of  Charles  I,  the  sum  of 
3,0001.  having  been  due  to  her  husband  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

[Dauban's  Nicholas  Briot,  Paris,  1857  (Eevue 
Numismatique,  1857,  N".  S.  ii.);  Hoffmann's  Les 
monnaies  royales  de  France,  1878  ;  Annuaire  de 
laSoc.  Fran9aise  de  Numismatique,  1867,  p.  152; 
Grueber's  Guide  to  the  English  Medals  exhibited 
in  Brit.  Mus. ;  Hawkins's  Medallic  Illustrations, 
ed.  Franks  and  Grueber ;  Hawkins's  Silver  Coins 
of  England,  ed.  Kenyon;  Cochran-Patrick's 


Brisbane 


352 


Brisbane 


Becords  of  the  Coinage  of  Scotland  ;  Henfrey's 
Numismata  Cromwelliana,  pp.  5,  224.]  W.  W. 

BRISBANE,  SIB  CHARLES  (1769?- 
1829),  rear-admiral,  fourth  son  of  Admiral 
John  Brisbane,  who  died  1807,  was  in  1779 
entered  on  board  the  Alcide,  commanded  by 
his  father,  was  present  at  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  fleet  off"  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar  in  January  1780,  and  after- 
wards in  the  West  Indies.  In  the  end  of 
1781  he  was  placed  on  board  the  Hercules 
with  Captain  Savage,  and  was  present  in  the 
action  of  Dominica,  12  April  1782,  where  he 
was  badly  wounded  by  a  splinter.  He  con- 
tinued serving  during  the  peace,  and  after  the 
Spanish  armament  in  1790  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  22  Nov.  In  1793  he 
was  in  the  Meleager  frigate,  in  which  he  went 
out  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  was  actively 
employed  on  shore  at  Toulon,  and  afterwards 
in  Corsica,  both  at  San  Fiorenzo  and  at  the 
siege  of  Bastia,  under  the  immediate  orders  of 
Captain  Horatio  Nelson,  and  like  him  sus- 
tained the  loss  of  an  eye  from  a  severe  wound 
in  the  head  inflicted  by  the  small  fragments 
of  an  iron  shot.  He  afterwards  served  for 
a  short  time  in  the  Britannia,  bearing  the 
flag  of  Lord  Hood,  by  whom  he  was  spe- 
cially promoted  to  the  command  of  the 
Tarleton  sloop  1  July  1794,  and  served  in 
her  during  the  remainder  of  that  and  the 
following  year  in  the  squadron  acting  in 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  under  the  immediate 
orders  of  Nelson  (Nelson  Despatches,  ii.  59  n, 
105).  In  the  autumn  of  1795  he  was  sent 
from  Gibraltar  to  convoy  two  troopships  to 
Barbadoes.  On  his  way  thither  he  fell  in 
with  a  Dutch  squadron,  which  he  kept  com- 
pany with,  sending  the  transports  on  by  them- 
selves, till,  finding  that  the  Dutch  were  bound 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he  made  all  haste 
to  carry  the  intelligence  to  Sir  George  El- 
phinstone,  the  commander-in-chief  on  that 
station.  His  acting  in  this  way,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  contrary  to  the  orders  under 
which  he  had  sailed,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
be  approved  of;  and  after  the  capture  of  the 
Dutch  ships  in  Saldanha  Bay,  18  Aug.  1796, 
he  was  promoted  by  Sir  George  to  the  com- 
mand of  one  of  them  ;  but  he  had  previously, 
22  July,  been  promoted  by  Sir  John  Jervis, 
the  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, under  whose  orders  he  had  sailed,  and 
he  also  received  the  thanks  of  the  admiralty. 
He  continued  on  the  Cape  station  in  com- 
mand of  the  Oiseau  frigate,  and  was  in  her 
at  St.  Helena  when  a  dangerous  mutiny  broke 
out  on  board.  This  was  happily  quelled  by 
his  firm  and  decisive  measures,  and  he  was 
shortly  afterwards  recalled  to  the  Cape  to 


take  command  of  the  Tremendous,  Rear- 
admiral  Pringle's  flagship,  on  board  which 
also  the  mutinous  spirit  had  threatened 
extreme  danger.  In  the  course  of  1798  he 
returned  to  England  with  Pringle  in  the 
Crescent  frigate,  and  in  1801  was  appointed 
to  the  Doris  frigate,  one  of  the  squadron  off" 
Brest,  under  Admiral  Cornwallis.  During 
the  short  peace  he  commanded  the  Trent 
frigate  and  the  Sanspareil  in  the  West  In- 
dies. He  was  afterwards  moved  into  the 
Goliath,  in  which  on  his  way  home  he  was 
nearly  lost  in  a  hurricane.  In  1805  Bris- 
bane was  appointed  to  the  Arethusa  frigate, 
which  he  took  to  the  West  Indies.  Early 
in  1806  he  had  the  misfortune  to  run  the 
ship  ashore  amongst  the  Colorados  rocks, 
near  the  north-west  end  of  Cuba,  and  she  was 
got  off  only  by  throwing  all  her  guns  over- 
board. In  this  defenceless  condition  she  fell 
in  with  a  Spanish  line-of-battle  ship  off  Ha- 
vana ;  but  fortunately  the  Spaniard,  ignorant 
of  the  Arethusa's  weakness,  did  not  consider 
himself  a  match  for  even  a  38-gun  frigate, 
and  ran  in  under  the  guns  of  the  Moro  Castle. 
Having  refitted  at  Jamaica,  the  Arethusa  was 
in  August  again  off  Havana,  and  on  the  23rd, 
in  company  with  the  Anson  of  44  guns,  cap- 
tured the  Spanish  frigate  Pomona,  anchored 
within  pistol-shot  of  a  battery  mounting  eleven 
36-pounders,  and  supported  by  ten  gunboats. 
The  gunboats  were  all  destroyed  and  the  bat- 
tery blown  up,  apparently  by  some  accident 
to  the  furnaces  for  heating  shot,  by  which 
the  Arethusa  had  been  set  on  fire,  but  with- 
out any  serious  consequences  ( JAMES,  Naval 
History  (1860),  iv.  169),  though  she  had 
two  men  killed,  and  thirty-two,  including 
Captain  Brisbane,  wounded.  On  1  Jan. 
1807  Brisbane,  still  in  the  Arethusa,  with 
three  other  frigates,  having  been  sent  off  Cu- 
racao, reduced  all  the  forts  and  captured  the 
island  without  serious  difficulty  or  loss.  The 
fortifications,  both  by  position  and  armament, 
were  exceedingly  strong,  but  the  Dutch  were 
unprepared  for  a  vigorous  assault,  and  were, 
it  was  surmised,  still  sleeping  off  the  effects 
of  a  new  year's  eve  carousal,  when,  at  earliest 
dawn,  the  English  squadron  sailed  into  the 
harbour.  For  his  success  on  this  occasion 
Brisbane  was  knighted,  and  he,  as  well 
as  the  other  three  captains,  received  a  gold 
medal  (ibid.  iv.  275).  He  continued  in  com- 
mand of  the  Arethusa  till  near  the  end  of 
1808,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Blake, 
of  74  guns,  but  was  almost  immediately  after- 
wards appointed  governor  of  the  island  of  St. 
Vincent,  which  office  he  held,  without  any 
further  service  at  sea,  till  his  death  in  De- 
cember 1829.  On  2  Jan.  1815  he  had  been 
nominated  a  K.C.B.,  and  attained  his  flag 


Brisbane 


353 


Brisbane 


rank  on  12  Aug.  1819.  He  married  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Patey,  knight,  of  Read- 
ing, and  left  several  children. 

[Kalfe's  Nav.  Biog.  iv.  84;  Marshall's  Eoy. 
Nav.  Biog.  ii.  (vol.  i.  pt.  ii.)  730 ;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1830),  c.  i.  642.1  J.  K.  L. 

BRISBANE,  SIB  JAMES  (1774-1826), 
commodore,  fifth  son  of  Admiral  John  Bris- 
bane, and  brother  of  Rear-admiral  Sir  Charles 
Brisbane  [q.  v.],  entered  the  navy  in  1787  on 
board  the  Culloden.  After  serving  in  various 
ships  he  was  transferred  to  the  Queen  Char- 
lotte, bearing  the  flag  of  Lord  Howe,  to  whom 
he  acted  as  signal-midshipman  in  the  battle  of 
1  June.  He  was  made  lieutenant  on  23  Sept. 
1794,  and  served  at  the  reduction  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  He  was  afterwards  moved  into 
the  Monarch,  Sir  George  Elphinstone's  flag- 
ship, and  was  present  in  her  at  the  capture  of 
the  Dutch  squadron  in  Saldanha  Bay  18  Aug. 
1796.  Sir  George  promoted  Brisbane  into  one 
of  the  prizes,  and  soon  afterwards  moved  him 
into  the  Daphne  frigate,  in  command  of  which 
he  returned  to  England.  The  promotion,  how- 
ever, was  not  confirmed  till  27  May  1797.  In 
1801  Brisbane  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Cruiser  sloop,  attached  to  the  Baltic 
fleet  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker.  He  was  more 
particularly  attached  to  the  division  under 
Lord  Nelson,  and  on  the  nights  of  30  and 
31  March  had  especial  charge  of  the  work  of 
sounding  and  buoying  the  channels  approach- 
ing Copenhagen  (Nelson  Despatches,  iv.  302- 
303).  In  acknowledgment  of  his  services  on 
this  occasion  he  was  promoted  to  post  rank 
on  2  April  1801,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  commanded  the  Saturn  as  flag-captain  to 
Rear-admiral  Totty  until  the  admiral's  death, 
when  the  ship  was  paid  off".  From  1803-5 
he  had  command  of  the  sea  fencibles  of  Kent, 
and  in  1807  of  the  Alcmene  frigate  on  the 
coast  of  Ireland  and  in  the  Channel.  In  1808 
he  was  appointed  to  the  Belle  Poule,  a  38-gun 
frigate,  and  was  ordered  by  Lord  Colling- 
wood  to  take  command  of  the  squadron  block- 
ading Corfu.  Whilst  so  employed  he  captured 
on  15  Feb.  1809  the  French  frigate  Var,  which 
had  endeavoured  to  break  the  blockade.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  reduction  of  the 
Ionian  islands  and  the  establishment  of  the 
septinsular  republic.  He  continued  in  the 
Adriatic  till  the  summer  of  1 8 1 1 ,  during  which 
time  he  captured  or  destroyed  several  of  the 
enemy's  small  cruisers,  and  was  repeatedly  en- 
gaged with  their  batteries  on  different  parts  of 
the  coast.  In  September  1812  Brisbane  was 
appointed  to  the  Pembroke  in  the  Channel 
fleet,  and  the  following  summer  was  again  sent 
to  the  Mediterranean,  where  he  was  actively 
employed.  In  1815  he  again  served  in  the 

VOL.   VI. 


Mediterranean,  and  in  1816  in  the  expedition 
against  Algiers.  After  the  bombardment  on 
27  Aug.  he  was  sent  home  with  despatches, 
and  on  2  Oct.  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. He  had  already  been  made  a  C.B.  in 
June  1815.  In  1825  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  the  East  Indies,  where  he 
arrived  in  time  to  direct  the  concluding  ope- 
rations of  the  first  Burmese  war,  for  his  ser- 
vices in  which  he  was  officially  thanked  by  the 
governor-general  in  council.  His  health,  how- 
ever, had  suffered  severely,  and  was  never  re- 
established. He  lingered  for  some  months, 
and  died  at  Penang  on  19  Dec.  1826.  He 
married  in  1800  the  only  daughter  of  Mr.  John 
Ventham,  by  whom  he  had  one  son  and  two 
daughters. 

[Marshall's  Eoy.  Nav.  Biog.  iii.  (vol.  ii.)  400  ; 
James's  Naval  History  (1860),  vi.  337.] 

J.  K.  L. 

BRISBANE,  JOHN  (d.  1776  ?),  physi- 
cian, a  native  of  Scotland,  graduated  M.D.  at 
Edinburgh  in  1750,  and  was  admitted  licen- 
tiate of  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1766.  He 
held  the  post  of  physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital  from  1758  till  1773,  when  he  was 
superseded  for  being  absent  without  leave. 
His  name  disappears  from  the  college  list  in 
1776.  He  was  the  author  of  '  Select  Cases 
in  the  Practice  of  Medicine,'  8vo,  1762,  and 
1  Anatomy  of  Painting,  with  an  Introduction 
giving  a  short  View  of  Picturesque  Anatomy/ 
fol.  1769.  This  work  contains  the  six  Tables 
of  Albinus,  the  Anatomy  of  Celsus,  with 
notes,  and  the  Physiology  of  Cicero. 

[Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii.  274;  Lowndes's 
Bibl.  Manual  (Bohn),  i.  272.] 

BRISBANE,  SIB  THOMAS  MAKDOU- 
GALL-  (1773-1860),  general,  colonial  go- 
vernor, and  astronomer,  was  the  eldest  son 
of  Thomas  Brisbane  of  that  ilk,  and  was  born 
at  Brisbane  House,  Largs  in  Ayrshire,  on 
23  July  1773.  His  father  had  served  at  Cul- 
loden, and  died  in  1812,  aged  92.  His  mother 
was  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Sir  W.  Bruce  of 
Stenhouse.  After  spending  some  time  at 
Edinburgh  University,  where  he  showed  his 
taste  for  mathematics  and  astronomy,  he  was 
sent  to  an  academy  in  Kensington,  was  ga- 
zetted an  ensign  in  the  38th  regiment  in  1789, 
and  joined  it  in  Ireland  in  1790,  where  he 
struck  up  an  acquaintance  with  Arthur  Wel- 
lesley,  then  aide-de-camp  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant, which  lasted  all  their  lives.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant  in  1792,  and  captain,  at 
the  age  of  twenty,  in  1793,  into  the  53rd 'regi- 
ment, with  which  he  served  through  the  cam- 
paign of  1793-5  in  Flanders  under  the  Duke 
of  York.  He  was  wounded  in  the  attack 

A  A 


Brisbane 


354 


Brisbane 


on  the  camp  of  Famars,  on  18  May  1793, 
and  yet  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Valen- 
ciennes, the  battles  before  Dunkirk,  at  Nieuw- 
poort,  and  Nimeguen,  and  was  often  engaged 
in  the  disastrous  winter  retreat  to  Bremen 
He  was  promoted  major  in  the  53rd  on  5  Aug 
1795,  and  in  October  of  the  same  year  accom 
panied  his  regiment  to  the  West  Indies  in 
Sir  Ralph  Abercromby's  expedition.  He  was- 
present  at  the  capture  of  the  Morne  Chalo 
and  the  Morne  Fortunee  in  St.  Lucia,  at  St 
Vincent,  Trinidad,  Porto  Rico,  and  San  Do- 
mingo, and  returned  home  for  his  health  in 
1798.  Nevertheless  he  had  to  return  to  Ja- 
maica in  1800,  when  he  was  gazetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  69th  regiment,  but  hac 
to  come  home  again  in  1803.  In  1805  the 
69th  was  ordered  to  India,  but  Colonel  Bris- 
bane's health  was  not  strong  enough  for  a 
further  residence  in  a  hot  country,  and  he 
reluctantly  went  on  half-pay,  and  devoted 
himself  to  astronomy  in  the  new  observatory 
which  he  built  at  Brisbane. 

He  still  hoped  for  active  service,  and,  on 
his  promotion  as  colonel  in  1810,  accepted 
the  post  of  assistant  adjutant-general.  In 
1812  his  old  friend  Arthur  Wellesley,  then 
the  Marquis  of  Wellington,  asked  for  his 
services,  and  he  was  made  brigadier-general, 
and  ordered  to  the  Peninsula.  He  joined  the 
army  in  the  winter  of  1812,  and  was  posted 
to  the  command  of  the  1st  brigade  of  the  3rd 
or  fighting  division,  commanded  by  Picton. 
With  Picton's  division  he  was  present  at  the 
battles  of  Vittoria,  the  Pyrenees,  the  Nivelle, 
the  Nive,  Orthez,  and  Toulouse,  and  was 
mentioned  in  despatches  for  his  services 
at  the  last  of  these  battles,  where  he  was 
wounded.  He  had  so  thoroughly  established 
Ids  reputation  in  the  south  of  France,  that  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  recommended  him  for  a 
command  in  America,  and  Major-general 
Brisbane,  as  he  had  become  in  1813,  accom- 
panied his  Peninsular  veterans  to  Canada,  and 
commanded  them  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg. 
This  command  lost  him  the  opportunity  of 
being  present  at  Waterloo,  but  he  commanded 
a  brigade  in  the  army  of  occupation  in  France, 
and  for  some  time  the  second  division  there. 
His  services  were  also  rewarded  by  his  being 
made  a  K.C.B.  with  the  other  Peninsular 
generals  in  1814,  on  the  extension  of  the 
order  of  the  Bath.  On  the  withdrawal  of  the 
army  of  occupation  he  returned  to  Scotland. 
In  1821  he  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
South  Wales,  and  his  short  government  there 
marks  an  era  of  importance  in  the  history 
of  Australia,  for  it  was  during  his  term  of 
office  that  emigration  commenced.  The  first 
free  emigrants  were  Michael  Henderson  and 
William  Howe,  who  had  gone  out  in  1818, 


!  during  the  government  of  General  Macquarie. 
j  That  governor,  whom   Brisbane   succeeded 
i  on  1  Dec.   1821,  had  administered  his  go- 
j  vernment  with  larger  views  than  the  four 
naval  captains  who  had  preceded  him,  and 
who   had   been    little    more   than   superin- 
tendents of  the  convict  establishment,  but 
he  held  that  Australia  was  intended  for  the 
1  emancipists,'   or  ticket-of-leave   men,   and 
rather  discouraged  immigration.     Brisbane, 
on  the  contrary,  unwisely  threw  all  power 
into  the  hands  of  the  immigrants,  many  of 
whom  were  mere  adventurers.     He  found  a 
colony  of  23,000  inhabitants,  and  left  36,000, 
many  of  them  free  immigrants,  with  capital 
and  a  disposition  to  work.     He  introduced 
the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  the  sugar-cane, 
and  the  tobacco  plant,  and  encouraged  horse- 
breeding,  and  he  took  a  particular  interest  in 
exploring  the  island.      Under  his  auspices 
Mr.  Oxley  explored  the  coast  to  the  north- 
ward of  Sydney  for  a  new  penal  settlement, 
and  discovered  the  river  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Brisbane,  and  on  which  now  stands 
the  city  of  Brisbane,  the  capital  of  Queens- 
land.    But  Brisbane  was,  according  to  Dr. 
Lang,  i  a  man  of  the  best  intentions,  but  dis- 
inclined to  business,  and  deficient  in  energy ' 
(LANG,  History  of  New  South    Wales,  1st 
ed.  i.  149),  and  he  allowed  the  most  terrible 
confusion   to   grow   up   in  the   finances   of 
the  colony.     The  colonial  revenue  consisted 
chiefly  of  the  subsidy  of  200,000/.  a  year  paid 
by  the  government  for  the  support  of  the  con- 
victs, and  the  corn  for  the  colony  had  to  be 
imported  from  India.     This  gave  plenty  of 
room  for  gambling,  and  by  injudicious  inter- 
ference with  the  currency  the  finances  got 
into  such  confusion,  that  speculators  made 
large  fortunes,  and  the  government  was  often 
on  the  point  of   bankruptcy.      The  eman- 
cipists declared  that  all  this  gambling  had 
been  caused  by  the  governor's  favouritism  ; 
and  though  there  is  no  ground  for  imputing 
wilful  complicity  to  him,  there  is  no  doubt 
•hat  the  adventurers  about  him  made  use  of 
their  influence  for  their  own  advantage.  The 
home  government  was  at  last  obliged  to  take 
notice  of  these  complaints,  and  on  1  Dec. 
1825,  after  exactly  four  years  in  the  colony, 
ae  left  for  England,  after  weakly  accepting 
a  public  dinner  from  the  leading  emancipists. 
3n  reaching  England  he  was  made  colonel 
of  the  34th  regiment  in  1826,  and  retired  to 
Scotland,  where  he  occupied  himself  with 
lis  observatory  and  his  astronomical  inves- 
igations. 

H.  M.  S. 

Brisbane's  innate  scientific  tastes  had  re- 
eived  their  confirmed  bent  towards  astro- 


Brisbane 


355 


Brisbane 


nomy  from  a  narrow  escape  of  shipwreck,  I 
owing  to  an  error  in  taking  the  longitude 
during   his  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  in  j 
1795.      He  thereupon   procured  books  and  j 
instruments,  and  made  himself  so  rapidly  j 
and  completely  master  of  nautical  astronomy, 
that  on  his  return  to  Europe  he  was  able  to 
work  the  ship's  way,  and  in  sailing  from  Port 
Jackson  to  Cape  Horn  in   1825    predicted 
within  a  few  minutes  the  time  of  making 
land,  after  a  run  of  8,000  miles.     His  obser- 
vatory at  Brisbane  was  the  only  one  then  in 
Scotland,  except  that    on   Garnet   Hill   at 
Glasgow.     In  equipment  it  was  by  far  fore- 
most, possessing  a  4^-foot  transit  and  altitude- 
and-azimuth  instrument,  both  by  Troughton, 
besides  a  mural  circle  and  equatorial.    With 
these  Brisbane  worked  personally,  and  became 
skilled  in  their  use. 

During  his  Peninsular  campaigns  he  took 
regular  observations  with  a  pocket-sextant, 
and,  as  the  Duke  of  Wellington  said,  '  kept 
the  time  of  the  army.'  While  sheathing  his 
sword  on  the  evening  of  the  battle  of  Vittoria 
lie  exclaimed,  looking  round  from  a  lofty  emi- 
nence, '  Ah,  what  a  glorious  place  for  an  ob- 
servatory ! '  In  1816  he  was  unanimously 
elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Paris 
Institute,  in  acknowledgment  of  his  having 
ordered  off  a  detachment  of  the  allies  reported 
as  threatening  its  premises  ;  and  in  1818  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  caused  some  tables,  com- 

Euted  by  him  for  determining  apparent  time 
pom  the  altitudes  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  to  be 
printed  at  the  headquarters,  and  by  the  press  of 
the  army — probably  a  unique  example  of  mili- 
tary publication.  His  first  communication 
to  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  which  had 
admitted  him  a  member  in  1811,  was  on  the 
same  subject.  It  was  entitled  '  A  Method 
of  determining  the  Time  with  Accuracy  from 
a  Series  of  Altitudes  of  the  Sun  taken  on  the 
same  side  of  the  Meridian  '  ( Trans.  R.  Soc. 
Edin.  viii.  497)  ;  and  was  succeeded  in  1819 
and  1820  by  memoirs  'On  the  Repeating 
Circle,'  and  on  a  '  Method  of  determining  the 
Latitude  by  a  Sextant  or  Circle,  with  sim- 
plicity and  accuracy,  from  Circum-meridian 
observations  taken  at  Noon '  (ib.  ix.  97, 227). 
On  his  appointment  as  governor  of  New 
South  Wales  in  1821,  he  immediately  pro- 
cured a  valuable  outfit  of  astronomical  in- 
struments by  Troughton  and  Reichenbach, 
and  engaged  two  skilled  observers  in  Messrs. 
Riimker  and  Dunlop  for  the  service  of  the 
first  efficient  Australian  observatory.  The 
site  chosen  was  at  Paramatta,  fifteen  miles 
from  Sydney,  and  the  building  was  com- 
pleted (at  his  sole  cost)  and  opened  for  re- 
gular work  2  May  1822.  Before  eight  months 
had  elapsed  most  of  Lacaille's  10,000  stars  had 


been,  for  the  first  time,  reviewed  (chiefly  by 
Riimker)  ;  Encke's  comet  had  been  recap- 
tured by  Dunlop  2  June  1822,  on  its  first 
predicted  return,  a  signal  service  to  come- 
tary  astronomy ;  besides  careful  observa- 
tions by  Brisbane  himself  of  the  winter  sol- 
stice of  1822,  and  the  transit  of  Mercury, 
3  Nov.  1822  (Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edin.  x.  112). 
A  considerable  instalment  of  results  was 
printed  at  the  expense  of  the  colonial  de- 
partment, and  formed  part  iii.  of  the  '  Phi- 
losophical Transactions'  for  1829,  but  the 
great  mass  was  digested  into  a  star-cata- 
logue by  Mr.  William  Richardson,  of  the 
Greenwich  observatory,  and  printed  in  1835, 
by  command  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty, 
with  the  title  '  A  Catalogue  of  7,385  Stars, 
chiefly  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  prepared 
from  Observations  made  1822-6  at  the  Obser- 
vatory at  Paramatta.'  The  value  of  this  col- 
lection, known  as  the  ( Brisbane  Catalogue/ 
was  unfortunately  impaired  by  instrumental 
defects.  For  these  services  Brisbane  re- 
ceived the  gold  medal  of  the  Astronomical 
Society,  in  delivering  which,  8  Feb.  1828, 
Sir  John  Herschel  dwelt  eloquently  upon 
his  'noble  and  disinterested  example,'  and 
termed  him  *  the  founder  of  Australian  sci- 
ence '  (Mem.  Roy.  Astron.  Soc.  iii.  399).  His 
observations  with  an  invariable  pendulum  in 
New  South  Wales  were  discussed  by  Captain 
Kater  in  the  l  Philosophical  Transactions ' 
for  1823.  The  Paramatta  observatory  was, 
soon  after  Brisbane's  departure  from  the 
colony  in  1825,  transferred  to  the  govern- 
ment; it  was  demolished  in  1855,  and  an 
obelisk  erected  in  1880  to  mark  the  site  of 
the  transit  instrument. 

After  leaving  New  South  Wales  Brisbane 
devoted  himself  to  scientific  and  philanthro- 
pic retirement,  first  at  his  seat  of  Makers- 
toun,  near  Kelso,  and  latterly  at  Brisbane 
House.  Severe  domestic  afflictions  visited 
him.  By  his  marriage  in  1819  with  Anna 
Maria,  heiress  of  Sir  Henry  Hay  Makdougall, 
whose  name  he  took  in  addition  to  his  own 
in  1826,  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters ; 
all  at  various  ages  died  before  him.  Never- 
theless, he  did  not  yield  to  despondency. 
Shortly  after  his  return  to  Scotland  he  built 
and  equipped  at  large  cost  (for  the  equatorial 
alone  he  paid  Troughton  upwards  of  600 /.) 
an  observatory  at  Makerstoun — the  third  of 
his  foundation — and  took  a  personal  share  in 
the  observations  made  there  down  to  about 
1847  (Mem.  Roy.  Astron.  Soc.  v.  349 ;  Monthly 
Notices,  vii.  156,  167).  To  his  initiative  it 
was  due  that  Scotland  shared  in  the  world- 
wide effort  for  the  elucidation  of  the  pro- 
blems of  terrestrial  magnetism  set  an  foot 
by  Humboldt  in  1837.  He  founded  at 

A  A   2 


Bristol 


356 


Bristow 


Makerstoun  in  1841  the  first  magnetic  ob- 
servatory north  of  the  Tweed ;  and  his  dis- 
cernment in  entrusting  its  direction  to  John 
Allan  Broun,  and  generous  co-operation  with 
his  extended  views,  raised  the  establishment 
to  a  position  of  primary  importance.  The 
results,  published  at  his  and  the  Edinburgh 
Royal  Society's  joint  expense  (Trans.  R.  Soc. 
Edin.  xvii.-xix.  with  suppl.  to  xxii.),  formed 
the  most  valuable  fruits  of  his  enlightened 
patronage  of  science,  and  were  rewarded  with 
the  Keith  medal  in  1848.  This  was  the  latest 
of  his  public  honours.  His  membership  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London  dated  from 
1810.  He  early  entered  the  Astronomical 
Society,  and  was  chosen  one  of  its  vice-pre- 
sidents in  1827;  honorary  degrees  were  con- 
ferred on  him  at  Edinburgh,  Oxford,  and 
Cambridge  in  1824,  1832,  and  1833  respec- 
tively ;  he  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  acted  as  president 
of  the  British  Association  at  its  Edinburgh 
meeting  in  1834.  In  1833  he  succeeded  Sir 
Walter  Scott  as  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  an  office  which  he 
retained  till  his  death.  He  entrusted  the 
society  with  the  endowment  of  a  medal, 
known  as  the  'Brisbane  Biennial,'  for  the 
encouragement  of  scientific  study,  and  he 
endowed  another  medal,  to  be  awarded  by 
the  Scottish  Society  of  Arts.  He  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1836,  and  made  G.C.B.  in  1837. 
He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1829,  and 
general  in  1841.  His  zeal  for  education  took 
effect  in  his  endowment  of  the  Brisbane  Aca- 
demy at  Largs.  Everywhere  his  professions 
ripened  into  acts  worthy  of  his  character  as 
a  Christian  and  a  gentleman.  His  death  oc- 
curred 27  Jan.  1860,  in  the  same  room  where 
he  had  been  born  eighty-seven  years  pre- 
viously. 

A.  M.  C. 

[Bryson's  Memoir  in  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Edin.  xxii. 
589;  Proc.  R.  Soc.  xi.  iii.;  Monthly  Notices,  xxi. 
98 ;  Eraser's  Genealogical  Table  of  Sir  T.  M.  Bris- 
bane, Edinburgh,  1840  ;  R.  Soc.  Cat.  Sc.  Papers, 
vol.  i. ;  Gent.  Mag.  1860,  pt.  i.  298  ;  Royal  Mili- 
tary Calendar;  Lang's  Hist,  of  New  South  Wales; 
Braim's  Hist,  of  New  South  Wales  to  1846.] 

BRISTOL,  EAKLS  OP.     [See  DIGBY.] 
BRISTOL,  EAKL  OF.    [See  HEEVET.] 

BRISTOL,  RALPH  DE  (d.  1232),  bishop 
of  Cashel,  is  mentioned  by  William  of  Mal- 
mesbury  as  having  granted  fourteen  days 
of  indulgence  to  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury. 
He  became  the  first  treasurer  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  Dublin,  in  1219,  and  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Cashel  in  1223.  He  died 
about  the  beginning  of  1232.  He  is  said  to 


have  written  the  life  of  his  patron,  Lawrence 
O'Toole,  archbishop  of  Dublin ;  but  accord- 
ing to  Baronius  he  supplied  only  the  mate- 
rials for  the  work,  which  was  written  by  a 
monk  of  Auge. 

[Ware's  Works  (ed.  Harris),  ii.  319  ;  Cotton's 
Fasti  Hibern.  ii.  121,  189,  227.] 

BRISTOW,  RICHARD,  D.D.  (1538- 
1581),  catholic  divine,  was  born  in  1538  at 
Worcester.  t  Fortunes  mediocritas  vera  no- 
bilitate  virtutis  emersit '  (WOKTHINGTON, 
Vita  Bristol,  1).  Having  been  instructed  in 
grammar  learning  by  Roger  Goulburne,  M.A., 
he  matriculated  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
perhaps  as  a  member  of  Exeter  College.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.A.  on  17  April  1559, 
and  that  of  M.A.,  as  a  member  of  Christ 
Church,  on  25  June  1562,  being  'now  in 
great  renown  for  his  oratory '  ( WOOD,  Fasti, 
ed.  Bliss,  i.  161).  At  this  period  Bristow  and 
Edmund  Campion  were  'the  two  brightest 
men  of  the  university,'  and  upon  this  account 
were  chosen  to  entertain  Queen  Elizabeth 
with  a  public  disputation  on  the  occasion  of 
her  visit  to  Oxford.  This  they  did  with  great 
applause  on  3  Sept.  1566  (WooD,  Annals, 
ed.  Gutch,  ii.  159).  About  this  time  Bristow 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and 
became  so  noted  for  his  learning  that  Sir 
William  Petre  appointed  him  to  one  of  his 
fellowships  in  Exeter  College,  to  which  he  was 
admitted  on  2  July  1567  (BoASE,  Register  of 
Exeter  Coll.  45).  It  is  related  that  in  a  set 
disputation  in  the  divinity  school  he  put  Lau- 
rence Humphrey,  the  regius  professor,  '  to  a 
non-plus.' 

At  length,  being  convinced  that  he  had 
erred  in  his  religious  opinions,  he  left  the 
college  in  1569  and  proceeded  to  Louvain, 
where  several  learned  catholics  were  residing. 
There  he  became  acquainted  with  Dr.  William 
Allen,  who  at  once  recognised  his  rare  abilities 
and  appointed  him  the  first  moderator  or  pre- 
fect of  studies  in  his  newly  founded  seminary 
at  Douay.  Bristow  was  always  regarded  by 
Allen  as  his  '  right  hand.'  He  was  ordained 
at  the  Easter  ordination  held  at  Brussels  in 
March  1572-3,  being  the  first  member  of 
Douay  College  who  entered  the  priesthood. 
Just  before  this  (20  Jan.  1572-3)  he  had  gra- 
duated as  a  licentiate  of  divinity  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Douay,  and  he  was  created  a  doctor 
in  that  faculty  on  2  Aug.  1575.  Meanwhile 
his  mother  and  his  whole  family  had  gone 
over  from  England  to  Douay,  viz.  five  children 
with  a  nephew  and  a  niece;  and  also  his 
uterine  brother,  Louis  Vaughan,  a  layman, 
who  being  a  good  economist  was  employed 
for  many  years  as  house  steward  of  the  col- 
lege. When  Allen  removed  the  seminary  to 


Bristow 


357 


Bristowe 


Rheims  (1578),  he  placed  it  under  the  care 
of  Bristow,  whose  laborious  life  was  passed 
in  reading,  teaching,  and  publishing  books  of 
controversy.  '  He  did  great  things  for  God's 
church,'  says  Pits,  '  and  he  would  have  done 
still  greater  if  bad  health  had  not  prevented 
him.'  On  13  May  1581  he  went  to  Spa  on 
account  of  declining  health.  He  returned 
on  26  July  without  having  derived  benefit 
from  drinking  the  waters,  and  he  was  ad- 
vised to  try  his  native  air.  Accordingly,  on 
23  Sept.  he  set  out  for  England,  and  soon 
after  reaching  the  residence  of  Mr.  Richard 
Bellamy,  a  catholic  gentleman,  at  Harrow- 
on-the-Hill,  Middlesex,  he  died  there  of  con- 
sumption on  14  Oct.  1581  (Diaries  of  the 
English  College,  Douay,  183).  His  death  was 
regarded  as  a  severe  loss  to  the  catholic 
cause,  for  according  to  the  character  given  of 
him  in  the  college  archives  he  might  rival 
Allen  in  prudence,  Campion  in  eloquence, 
Wright  in  theology,  and  Martin  in  languages 
(DoDD,  Church  Hist.  ii.  60). 

His  works  are:  1.  <  A  Brief e  Treatise  of 
diuerse  plaine  and  sure  wayes  to  finde  out 
the  truthe  in  this  doubtful  and  dangerous 
time  of  Heresie :  conteyning  sundry  worthy 
Motiues  vnto  the  Catholike  faith,  or  con- 
siderations to  moue  a  man  to  beleue  the 
Catholikes  and  not  the  Heretikes,'  Antwerp, 
1574,  1599,  12mo.  A  third  edition,  entitled 
4  Motives  inducing  to  the  Catholike  Faith,' 
was  published  [at  Douay?]  in  1641,  12mo. 
The  '  Motives '  elicited  a  reply  from  William 
Fulke,  D.D.,  entitled  '  A  Retentive  to  stay 
good  Christians  in  the  true  Faith  &  Religion, 
against  the  Motiues  of  Rich.  Bristow,'  1580. 
2. ( Tabula  in  Summam  Theologicam  S.Thomse 
Aquinatis,'  1579.  3. '  A  Reply  to  Will.  Fulke, 
in  Defense  of  M.  D.  Aliens  Scroll  of  Articles, 
and  Book  of  Purgatorie,'  Louvain,  1580,  4to. 
Dr.  Fulke  soon  brought  out  '  A  reioynder  to 
Bristows  Replie  in  defence  of  Aliens  Scrole 
of  Articles  and  Booke  of  Purgatorie,'  1581. 
4.  '  Demaundes  to  be  proponed  of  Catholikes 
to  the  Heretics,'  8vo.  Several  times  printed 
without  place  or  date.  This  was  answered 
in  a  book  entitled  '  To  the  Seminary  Priests 
late  come  over,  some  like  Gentlemen,'  £c., 
London,  1592, 4to.  5.  A  Defence  of  the  Bull 
of  Pope  Pius  V.  6.  Annotations  on  the 
Rheims  translation  of  the  New  Testament, 
manuscript.  7.  '  Carmina  Diversa,'  manu- 
script. 8.  'Richardi  Bristol  Vigorniensis, 
•eximii  svo  tempore  Sacrse  Theologise  Doctoris 
&  Professoris,  Motiva  omnibus  Catholicae 
Doctrinae  orthodoxis  cultoribus  pernecessaria; 
vt  quae  singulas  omnium  aetatum  ac  prae- 
sentis  maxime  temporis  hpereses  funditus  ex- 
tirpet:  Romanae  autem  Ecclesioe  auctorita- 
tem  fidemq.  firmissimis  argumentis  stabiliat,' 


2  vols.  Atrebati  (Arras),  1608,  4to.  The 
second  volume  is  entitled  '  Antihseretica  Mo- 
tiva, cvnctis  vnivs  verge  atqve  solivs  salvtaris 
Christiano-Catholicse  Ecclesiae  Fidei  &  Reli- 
gionis  Orthodoxis  cultoribus  longe  conduci- 
bilissima.'  This  book  was  translated  into 
English  by  Thomas  Worthington,  who  has 
prefixed  a  life  of  the  author  and  also  a  com- 
pendium of  the  biography  in  Latin  verse.  It 
is  a  much  larger  treatise  than  the  original 
English  '  Motives.'  9.  '  Veritates  aureee  S.R. 
ecclesise  autoritatibus  vet,  patrum,  &c.,'  1616, 
4to.  A  posthumous  work. 

Besides  writing  the  above  works,  lie,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  William  (afterwards 
cardinal)  Allen,  revised  Gregory  Martin's 
English  translation  of  the  Holy  Scriptures, 
commonly  known  as  the  '  Douay  Bible.' 

[Life  by  Worthington,  prefixed  to  the  Motiva; 
Diaries  of  the  English  Coll.  Douay,  pp.  xxix, 
xxxii,  xxxvi,  Ixxiii,  141, 183,  270,  273,  274,  and 
index  ;  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Card.  Allen  ; 
Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  482,  and  Fasti,  i. 
156,  161  ;  Dodd's  Church  Hist.  ii.  59;  Pits,  De 
Angliae  Scriptoribus,  779  ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. 
127;  R.  Simpson's  Life  of  CUmpion,  11,  46,  93, 
94,  204,  379  ;  Fuller's  Worthies  (1662),  Worces- 
tershire, 176;  Boase's  Register  of  Exeter  Coll. 
45,  185,  208;  J.  Chambers's  Biog.  Illustr.  of 
Worcestershire,  80 ;  Morris's  Troubles  of  our 
Catholic  Forefathers,  2nd  ser.  57,  3rd  ser.  110; 
Jessopp's  One  Generation  of  a  Norfolk  House, 
p.  xv ;  Ames's  Typogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  1059, 
1071,  1148,  1635;  Cat.  Lib.  Impress.  Bibl. 
Bodl.  i.  333;  Cotton's  Rh ernes  and  Doway,  13; 
Fulke's  Defence  of  the  Translation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, ed.  Harrshorne  (Parker  Soc.),  pp.  viii,  ix, 
15,  68,  76,  95  n.]  T.  C. 

•  BRISTOWE,    EDMUND    (1787-1876), 

painter,  the  son  of  an  heraldic  painter,  was 
born  at  Windsor  1  April  1787,  and  passed  his 
life  at  Windsor  and  Eton.  At  an  early  age  he 
was  patronised  by  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  the 
Duke  of  Clarence  (afterwards  William  IV), 
and  others.  He  made  sketches  of  well-known 
characters  in  Eton  and  Windsor,  painted 
still  life,  interiors,  and  domestic  and  sport- 
ing subjects.  He  had  great  sympathy  with 
animals,  some  power  of  rendering  their  cha- 
racteristic movements  and  expressions,  and 
is  said  to  have  given  suggestions  to  Landseer. 
In  1809  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
'  Smith  shoeing  a  Horse,'  and  was  an  occa- 
sional exhibitor  there  and  at  the  rooms  of 
the  British  Institution,  and  at  those  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists,  until  the  year  1838, 
when  he  exhibited  the  l  Donkey  Race '  at 
Suffolk  Street. 

Bristowe  was  a  man  of  independent  ec- 
centric views,  would  not  work  to  order,  and 
sometimes  refused  to  sell  even  his  finished 


Brit 


358 


Brito 


productions.  He  is  said  to  have  excelled  in 
the  delineation  of  monkeys,  cats,  and  horses. 
His  works,  feeble  in  technique  and  little 
known,  are  scattered  about  in  private  gal- 
leries, some  being  in  the  royal  collection  at 
Windsor.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned 
1  Monkey  Pugilists,'  '  Cat's  Paw,'  '  Law  and 
Justice,' '  Incredulity,' '  The  Rehearsal,' '  Pros 
and  Cons  of  Life.'  Engravings  of  a  few  of 
his  wrorks  have  appeared  in  the  '  Sporting 
Magazine '  and  elsewhere. 

He  produced  little  during  the  fifteen  years 
immediately  preceding  his  death,  which  took 
plate  at  Eton,  12  Feb.  1876. 

[Cat.  Koy.  Acad. ;  Cat.  Brit.  Inst. ;  Cat.  Soc. 
Brit.  Artists ;  Windsor  Gazette,  19  Feb.  1876; 
"Windsor  Express,  19  Feb.  1876;  Redgrave's  Diet. 
of  Artists  (1878).]  W.  H-H. 

BRIT,  BRYTTE,  or  BRITHUS, 
WALTER  (ft.  1390),  was  a  fellow  of  Mer- 
ton  College,  Oxford,  and  the  reputed  author  of 
several  works  on  astronomy  and  mathematics, 
as  well  as  of  a  treatise  on  surgery.  He  has  also 
been  described  as  a  follower  of  Wyclifte,  and 
as  author  of  a  book,  'De  auferendis  clero 
possessionibus '  (see  BALE,  Script.  Brit.  Cat. 
vi.  94,  p.  503 ;  J.  SIMLER'S  epitome  of  C. 
GESNER'S  Bibliotheca,  248  b,  Zurich,  1574, 
folio ;  WOOD,  Antiquities  of  Oxford,  i.  475). 
If  this  description  be  correct,  Brit  is  no  doubt 
identical  with  the  Walter  Brute,  a  layman 
of  the  diocese  of  Hereford,  whose  trial  before 
Bishop  John  Trevenant  of  Hereford  in  1391 
is  related  at  great  length  by  Foxe  (Acts 
and  Monuments,  i.  620-54,  8th  ed.  1641). 
Foxe  prints  the  articles  of  heresy  with  which 
Brute  was  charged,  the  speech  in  which 
he  defended  himself,  and  his  ultimate  sub- 
mission of  his  opinions  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  church.  Thirty-seven  articles 
were  then  drawn  up  and  sent  to  the  univer- 
sity of  Cambridge  to  be  confuted.  Brute, 
however,  appears  to  have  escaped  further  mo- 
lestation. With  respect  to  Brit's  scientific 
writings  considerable  confusion  prevails,  and 
it  seems  probable  that  not  one  of  the  extant 
works  ascribed  to  him  is  really  his.  The 
work  most  frequently  cited  is  the  '  Theorica 
Planetarum'  (LELAND,  Comm.  de  Script. 
Brit.  p.  397),  which  bears  his  name  in  two 
manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian  Library  (Digby, 
xv.  ff.  58  6-92,  and  Wood,  8  d,  f.  93) ; 
but  it  is  claimed  for  Simon  of  Bredon,  also 
fellow  of  Merton,  in  the  verses  subjoined  to 
another  copy  in  the  same  collection  (Digby, 
xlviii.  f.  112  £),  which,  to  judge  from  their 
contents,  have  a  distinctly  stronger  presump- 
tion in  favour  of  their  accuracy.  The  work 
in  question,  which  begins  with  the  words 
'  Circulus  ecentricus,  circulus  egresse  cuspidis, 


et  circulus  egredientis  centri  idem  sunt,'  is 

further  to   be   distinguished    from   another 

I  treatise  with  the  same  title,  of  which  the 

opening  words  are  '  Circulus  ecentricus,  vel 

egresse  cuspidis,  vel  egredientis  centri,  dicitur,' 

!  and  of  which  the  authorship  is  shown  by  the 

|  notices  collected  by  Baldassare  Boncompagno 

j  (Delia  Vita  e  delle  Opere  di  Gherardo  Cre- 

monese  e  di  Gherardo  di  Sabbionetta,  pp.  76- 

100,  Rome,  1851,  4to)  to  be  really  due  to 

the  younger  Gerard  of  Cremona  (Gerardus 

de  Sabloneto)  in  the  thirteenth  century.    The 

latter  has  been  repeatedly  confounded  with 

the  '  Theorica '  indifferently  assigned  by  the 

bibliographers  to  Brit  and  Bredon.     Another 

!  treatise  mentioned  by  Bale  as  the  composi- 

'  tion  of  Brit  is  the  '  Theoremata  Planetarum,' 

which  Tanner  cites  as  that  existing  in  the 

Digby  MS.  cxc.  f.  190  b  (now  f.  169  A)  ;  but 

this  manuscript  dates  from  about  the  year 

1300,    and    the   wTork   is   by   John   Halifax 

(J.  de  Sacro  Bosco).     Finally,  the  '  Cirurgia 

Walteri  Brit '  named  in  the  ancient  table  of 

contents  in  another  Digby  MS.  (xcviii.  f.  1 6) 

has  nothing  corresponding  to  it  in  the  volume 

itself  but  a  set  of  English  medical  receipts 

whose  author  is  not  stated  (f.  257). 

[Authorities  cited  in  text,  and  Leland's  Col- 
lectanea, v.  55  ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  127.] 

E.  L.  P. 

BRITHWALD.     [See  BRIHTWALD.] 
BRITHWOLD.     [See  BRIHTWOLD.] 

BRITO  or  LE  BRETON,  RANULPH 

(d.  1246),  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  is  first  men- 
tioned in  the  year  1221  as  a  chaplain  of 
Hubert  de  Burgh.  During  the  administra- 
tion of  his  patron  he  stood  high  in  the  favour 
of  Henry  III,  and  became  the  king's  treasurer. 
On  the  fall  of  Hubert  in  1232  many  of  the 
officers  who  had  been  appointed  through  his 
influence  were  removed,  and  their  places 
given  to  countrymen  of  the  new  minister, 
Peter  des  Roches,  the  Poitevin  bishop  of 
Winchester.  Among  those  displaced  was 
Ranulph  Brito,  who  wras  accused  of  having 
misapplied  the  revenues  which  passed  through 
his  hands,  and  was  subjected  to  a  fine  of  1,000/. 
He  was  also  sentenced  to  banishment,  but  this 
penalty  was  afterwards  remitted.  Whether 
the  charges  brought  against  him  were  well 
founded  or  not,  it  is  significant  that  his  suc- 
cessor, Peter  de  Rievaulx  (De  Rivallis),  is 
described  by  Matthew  Paris  as  the  '  nephew 
or  son '  of  the  bishop  of  Winchester. 

In  1239  a  certain  William,  who  lay  under 
sentence  of  death  for  various  crimes,  en- 
deavoured to  save  his  own  life  by  bringing 
accusations  of  treason  against  several  persons 
of  eminent  position.  Ranulph  Brito,  who» 


Briton 


359 


Brittain 


was  then  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  was  one  o 
those  denounced ;  and  at  the  king's  instanc 
he  was  arrested  by  the  mayor  of  London  an< 
committed   to   the  Tower.     The   dean   an< 
chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  in  the  absence  of  thi 
bishop  of  London,  immediately  pronouncec 
a  general  excommunication  against  all  who 
had  any  share  in  this  outrage  upon  a  member 
of  their  body,  and  placed  the  cathedral  under 
an  interdict.  The  bishop  of  London  supportec 
the  action  of  the  chapter,  and,  findingthe  king 
unmoved  by  his  remonstrances,  threatened  to 
extend  the  interdict  to  the  whole  of  the  city 
The  legate,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
several  other  prelates  added  entreaties  and 
menaces,  and  the  king  was-  obliged  to  yield. 
He  at  first  struggled  to  obtain  from  the  chapter 
an  undertaking  that  the  prisoner,  if  released, 
should  be  ready  to  appear  when  called  upon 
to  answer  the  charge  made  against  him  ;  but 
they  refused  to  entertain  the  demand,  and 
Ranulph  was  set  unconditionally  at  liberty. 
Shortly  afterwards  the  informer   confessed 
the  falsity  of  the  accusations  which  he  had 
made,  and  was  brought  to  the  scaffold.     Al- 
though  admitting  Ranulph's   innocence   of 
the  crime  of  treason,  Matthew  Paris  intimates 
that  he  had  amassed  a  large  fortune  by  various 
acts  of  extortion,  the  canons  of  Missenden 
being  particularly  mentioned  as  having  suf- 
fered from  his  rapacity.    He  died  suddenly  in 
1246,  having  been  seized  with  apoplexy  while 
watching  a  game  of  dice. 

The  name  of  Ranulph  Brito  has  been  er- 
roneously inserted  by  Dugdale  and  others  in 
the  list  of  chancellors.  This  mistake  arose 
from  the  word  consiliarius,  used  by  Matthew 
Paris,  having  been  printed  in  Wats's  edition 
as  cancellarius. 

[Matt.  Paris's  Chron.  Maj.  (ed.  Luard),  iii.  220, 
543-545,  iv.  588;  Eot.  Glaus,  i.  547;  Foss's 
Lives  of  the  Judges,  ii.  262.]  H.  B. 

BRITON    or    BRETON,    WILLIAM 

(d.  1356),  theologian,  is  described  as  a  Fran- 
ciscan by  all  the  literary  biographers  (LELAND, 
Comm.  de  Script.  Brit.  p.  356,  &c.)  ;  accord- 
ing, however,  to  H.  O.  Coxe  (Catal.  Codd. 
MSS.  in  Coll.  Aulisque  Oxon.  i.  4),  he  was  a 
Cistercian.  No  fact  is  known  of  his  life,  but 
Bale  (Script.  Brit.  Cat.  v.  89),  who  claims 
him,  apparently  by  a  guess,  for  a  Welshman, 
places  his  death  in  1356  at  Grimsby.  Briton's 
works,  enumerated  by  Bale,  are  principally 
concerned  with  dialectics.  His  fame,  how- 
ever, rests  upon  his  '  Vocabularium  Bibliee,' 
a  treatise  explanatory  of  obscure  words  in  the 
Scriptures.  The  prologue  and  some  other 
parts  are  in  Latin  verse.  These,  with  addi- 
tional specimens,  have  been  printed  by  A.  M. 
Bandini  in  his  *  Catal.  Codd.  Latin.  Biblioth. 


Medic.  Laurent.'  iv.  213  et  seqq.,  Florence, 
1777.  Extracts  are  given  by  Ducange,  'Glos- 
sar.  Med.  et  Infim.  Latin.'  praef.,  cap.  xlix. 

[Authorities  cited  above,  and  Fabricius,  Bi- 
blioth. Lat.  Med.  et  Inf.  JEt.  i.  261,  ed.  Florence, 
1858.]  K.  L.  P. 

BRITTAIN,  THOMAS  (1806-1884),  na- 
turalist, was   born   at   Sheffield  on  2  Jan. 
1806.     He  was  educated  at  a  private  school. 
He  was  engaged  during  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  as  a  professional  accountant,  but  be- 
came interested  in  natural  science,  and  was 
very  skilful  in  the  preparation  of  diagrams 
and  in  the  mounting  of  objects  for  the  mi- 
croscope.    He  settled  in  Manchester  about 
1842,  and  continued  to  live  there  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.    In  some  contributions 
to  Axon's  '  Field  Naturalist '  (Manchester, 
1882,  p.  148),  he  has  told  the  story  of  his 
scientific  studies  from  the  time  of  his  first 
microscope,  which  was  obtained  in  1834.    In 
December  1858  he  was  one  of  the  promoters 
of  a  Manchester  Microscopical  Society,  which 
ultimately  became   a   section  of  the  Man- 
chester Literary  and  Philosophical  Society. 
When  a   second   Manchester  Microscopical 
Society — a   more   popular  association — was 
established  in  1879,  he  repeatedly  held  the 
office  of  vice-president,  and  was  afterwards 
Resident.     On  his  retirement,  from  failing 
lealthand  advanced  years,  he  was  presented 
ftdth  an  address  at  the  Manchester  Athenaeum, 
t  Oct.  1883.     Brittain  was  connected  with 
ther  scientific  societies  in  Manchester  and 
Condon.      He   was   a   clear  and    animated 
peaker,  and   for  many   years   lectured   on 
rarious  subjects  of  natural  science  to  a  great 
lumber  of  the  mechanics'  and  similar  insti- 
utions.     He  made  frequent  contributions  to 
he    '  Manchester   City    News,'    *  Unitarian 
lerald,'  and  other  papers  on  matters  of  sci- 
ntific  interest.    He  was  also  connected  with 
he  unsuccessful  attempt  to  establish  a  Man- 
hester  aquarium,  and  had  a  short  experience, 
rom  1858  to  1860,  of  municipal  work.     He 
ied  at  Manchester  on  23  Jan.  1884.     His 
vritings  are  :    1.  '  Half  a  Dozen  Songs  by 
frittanicus,'    Manchester,    1846,    privately 
Tinted.     2.   'A  General  Description  of  the 
lanchester  Aquarium,'    1874,   a  pamphlet 
•uide.     3.  l  Micro-Fungi,  when  and  where 
o  find  them,'  Manchester,  1882.     This,  in 
pite  of  some  obvious  defects,  has  been  of 
onsiderable  use   to   local   students.      It  is 
arranged  in  the  order  of  the  months,  and 
Lrst    appeared    in    the    '  Northern    Micro- 
copist.'     4.  '  Whist :  how  to  play  and  how 
o  win,  being  the  result  of  sixty  years'  play/ 
Manchester,  1882.     Brittain  did  not  make 
my  claim  to  be  a  discoverer,  but  he  was  a 


Britton 


360 


Britton 


pleasant  exponent  of  science,  and  did  much 
to  popularise  the  taste  for  natural  history  in 
his  adopted  home. 

[Manchester  G-uardian,  24  Jan.  1884;  Uni- 
tarian Herald,  1  Feb.  1884 ;  information  from 
friends  and  personal  knowledge.]  W.  E.  A.  A. 

BRITTON,  JOHN.     [See  BRETON.] 

BRITTON,  JOHN  (1771-1857),  anti- 
quary, topographer,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  on  7  July  1771  at  Kington  St. 
Michael,  near  Chippenham,  Wiltshire,  where 
his  father  was  a  small  farmer,  maltster,  baker, 
and  village  shopkeeper.  After  a  desultory 
education,  in  the  course  of  which  he  acquired 
a  love  of  reading,  he  went  at  sixteen  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  apprenticed  by  an  uncle 
to  a  tavern-keeper  on  Clerkenwell  Green. 
Here  he  bottled  wines  in  a  cellar,  snatching  an 
occasional  hour  for  the  perusal  of  a  few  books. 
Here,  too,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Ed- 
ward William  Brayley  [q.  v.],  who  joined  him 
in  writing  and  issuing  a  popular  ballad.  He 
was  next  employed  as  a  cellarman  at  the  Lon- 
don Tavern,  and  in  Smithfield,  and  as  a  clerk 
in  an  attorney's  office.  Amid  these  employ- 
ments, and  the  compilation  of  street  song- 
books,  he  was  led  by  the  success  of  Sheridan's 
i  Pizarro  '  to  produce  in  1799  his  first  book, 
'  The  Adventures  of  Pizarro,  preceded  by  a 
sketch  of  the  voyage  and  discoveries  of  Colum- 
bus and  Pizarro,  with  biographical  sketches  of 
Sheridan  and  Kotzebue.'  The  publisher  of  a 
dramatic  miscellany  to  which  he  contributed 
had  long  before  received  subscriptions  for  a 
topographical  work,  '  The  Beauties  of  Wilt- 
shire.' He  asked  Britton  to  undertake  its  pre- 
paration, and,  with  the  promise  of  Brayley's 
assistance,  Britton  consented.  Two  volumes 
appeared  in  1801,  and  were  successful.  The 
third  and  concluding  volume,  to  which  Brit- 
ton prefixed  an  interesting  autobiographical 
preface,  did  not  appear  until  1825.  Mean- 
while, a  publishing  firm  which  had  shared  in 
the  production  of  the  '  Beauties  of  Wiltshire' 
engaged  Britton  and  Brayley  to  co-operate 
in  a  larger  enterprise,  the  first  instalment  of 
which  appeared  also  in  1801  with  the  title 
'The  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,  or 
original  delineations,  topographical,  histori- 
cal, and  descriptive,  of  each  county.  By  Ed- 
ward Brayley  and  John  Britton.'  The  names 
of  the  two  '  editors,'  as  they  at  first  styled 
themselves,  alternately  took  precedence  of 
each  other  on  the  title-pages  up  to  the  seventh 
volume,  after  which  each  was  assigned  to  its 
respective  author.  In  the  earlier  volumes  the 
letterpress  seems  to  have  been  mainly  Bray- 
ley's,  while  the  general  editing,  including  the 
direction  of  artists  and  engravers,  was  Brit- 


ton's.     With  the  completion  of  the  first  five 
volumes  in  1803-4,  subscribers  were  informed 
that  the  l  authors '  had  travelled  over   an 
extent  of  3,500  miles  to  inspect  the  localities 
described.    There  had  been  scarcely  any  work 
of  the  kind  so  comprehensive  in  its  plan  since 
the   appearance  of  the  '  Magna  Britannia ' 
(1720-31).   Vol.  vii.,  containing  Lancashire, 
Leicestershire,  and  Lincolnshire,  was  wholly 
Britton's  composition,  but  difficulties  with 
the   proprietors    suspended    his    editorship. 
Subsequently   he   contributed  Norfolk   and 
Northamptonshire   to   vol.  xi.   (1810),  and 
Wiltshire  to  vol.  xv.  (1814).     Britton  esti- 
mated the  sum  expended  on  the  work  during 
his   connection   with   it    as  joint-editor   at 
50,000^.     Partly  while  he  was  occupied  with 
it^he  contributed  to  Rees's  '  Cyclopaedia '  the 
articles   on   British   topography.     That   on 
Avebury  he   afterwards   expanded   for   the 
'  Penny  Cyclopaedia,'  for  which  he  wrote  the 
account  of  Stonehenge.    He  also  contributed 
the  articles  on  British  topography  and  an- 
tiquities to  Arthur  Aikin's  '  Annual  Review.' 
The  proprietors  of  the  l  Beauties  '  wished 
to  restrict  the   illustrations   of  antiquities. 
Britton   therefore   produced  separately  the 
1  Architectural  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain 
represented  and  illustrated  in  a  series  of  views, 
elevations,  plans,  sections,  and  details  of  va- 
rious ancient  English  edifices,  with  historical 
and   descriptive   accounts   of  each/  4  vols. 
1805-14,  and  to  these  was  added  in  1818-26  . 
a   supplementary  volume — the  best   of  the 
series — '  Chronological  History  and  Graphic 
Illustrations   of   Christian   Architecture   in 
England,  embracing  a  critical  enquiry  into  the 
rise,  progress,  and  perfection  of  this  species 
of  architecture.'    The  letterpress  was  meagre, 
but  the  artistic  excellence  of  the  illustrations 
procured  success  for  what  Southey  (Quarterly 
Review  for  September  1826)  pronounced  to  be 
the '  most  beautiful  work  of  the  kind  that  had 
ever  till  then   appeared.'     Eight  thousand 
pounds  was  expended  on  the  work,  in  which 
Britton  held  a  third  share.  His  next  important 
undertaking  was  the '  Cathedral  Antiquities  of 
England,  or  an  historical,  architectural,  and 
graphic  illustration  of  the  English  Cathedral 
Churches,'  14  vols.  1814-35.    The  title  of  the 
first  volume  is  l  The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Salisbury,  illus- 
trated by  a  series  of  engravings  of  views,  ele- 
vations, and  plans  of  that  edifice ;  also  etchings 
of  the  ancient  monuments  and  sculpture,  in- 
cluding Biographical  Anecdotes  of  the  Bishops 
and  of  other  eminent  persons  connected  with 
the  Church.'    No  complete  publication  of  the 
kind  had  appeared  since  Browne  Willis's  '  Sur- 
vey of  the  Cathedrals '  in  1742,  and  more  than 
20,000^  was  expended  on  the  production  of 


Britton 


361 


Britton 


Britton's  work.  But,  in  spite  of  its  excellence, 
it  was  so  little  a  financial  success,  that  its 
publication  had  to  be  cut  short,  leaving  un- 
touched the  cathedrals  of  Carlisle,  Chester, 
Chichester,  Durham,  Ely,  Lincoln,  and  Ro- 
chester. At  the  end  of  vol.  iv.,  while  thanking 
the  public  for  its  purchase  of  800  copies, 
Britton  complains  with  natural  warmth  of 
the  scant  encouragement  or  information  re- 
ceived from  cathedral  authorities.  To  No.  53 
(August  1835)  he  prefixed  a  sketch  of  the 
history  of  the  work,  with  a  continuation  to 
that  date  of  his  literary  autobiography  since 
1825,  the  period  which  it  had  reached  in  vol. 
iii.  of  the  *  Beauties  of  Wiltshire.'  During  the 
progress  of  the  work  he  produced,  with  the  co- 
operation of  Pugin,  the  '  Specimens  of  Gothic 
Architecture'  (1823-5),  and  the  'Architec- 
tural Antiquities  of  Norway '  (1825).  In 
1825-8  appeared  his  '  Public  Buildings  of 
London,'  engraved  and  described,  and  in 
1832-8  his  useful  '  Dictionary  of  the  Archi- 
tecture and  Archaeology  of  the  Middle  Ages.' 
He  co-operated  with  Bray  ley  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  valuable  '  History  and  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Ancient  Palace  and  Houses  of 
Parliament  at  Westminster '  (1834-6),  and 
contributed  the  letterpress  to  the  'Archi- 
tectural Description  of  Windsor'  (1842). 

On  7  July  1845  Britton  was  entertained 
at  dinner  at  Richmond  by  a  number  of  ad-  j 
mirers.     After  the  formation  of  a  Britton  j 
Club  in  the  December  of  the  same  year,  a  sum 
of  nearly  1,000/.  was  raised  by  a  subscription, 
Britton  having  previously  intimated  his  in-  j 
tention  to  devote  any  money  so  raised  to  the 
publication  of  an  autobiography.     He   ac- 
cepted an  annual  pension  on  the  civil  list  I 
procured  for  him  by  Mr.  Disraeli  when  chan-  • 
cellor  of  the  exchequer.     In  1850  appeared 

*  The  Autobiography  of  John  Britton.     In 
three  parts.'     Part  i.  scarcely  brought  down  i 
his  autobiography  further  than  1825,  but  it 
was  written  very  much  more  fully  than  the  ; 
previous  fragments.     Part  ii.  (and  last)  is  a 

*  descriptive  account '  of  his  literary  produc-  ! 
tions  of  every  kind,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  T.  E.  i 
Jones,  who  had  for  fifteen  years  been  his  ! 
amanuensis  and  secretary.    Britton  died  in  j 
London  on  1  Jan.  1857.   "There  is  a  succinct  i 
but  adequate  account  of  Britton's  services  to  j 
archaeological  art  in  Mr.  Digby  Wyatt's  obitu- 
ary '  notice '  of  him  read  before  the  Royal  In-  i 
stitute  of  British  Architects  on  12  Jan.  1857,  j 
and  published  in  the  volume  of  its  '  Papers '  i 
for  1856-7. 

Britton  was  for  many  years  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Literary  Fund,  and  his  pro-  I 
tests  against  the  provisions  of  the  Copyright  j 
Acts  compelling  the  transmission  of  eleven  | 
copies  of  every  work,  however  costly,  pub-  ! 


lished  in  the  United  Kingdom  to  certain 
public  and  other  libraries,  contributed  to  the 
reduction  of  that  number  to  six.  He  was 
instrumental  in  founding  the  Wiltshire  Topo- 
graphical Society.  Having  corresponded  on 
the  subject  in  1831  with  the  first  Lord  Lans- 
downe,  he  proposed  in  1837  the  formation  of 
a  society  to  be  called  '  The  Guardian  of  Na- 
tional Antiquities,'  and  in  1840  he  published 
a  'Letter  to  Joseph  Hume  on  the  subject 
of  making  some  government  provision  for 
preserving  the  ancient  monuments  of  Great 
Britain.'  Britton  himself  successfully  pro- 
moted the  reparation  of  Waltham  Cross  and 
of  the  parish  church  of  Stratford-upon-Avon. 
Several  of  Britton's  minor  publications  not 
previously  noticed  deserve  mention.  In  1816 
he  issued  an  engraved  view  of  Shakespeare's 
bust  in  the  church  of  Stratford  with  ' Re- 
marks,' in  which  he  disputed  the  genuineness 
of  the  accepted  portraits,  and  contended  for 
the  superior  value  of  the  bust  as  a  likeness. 
His  '  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Shakespeare'  in  the  Whittingham  edition 
of  1814  were  expanded  in  successive  edi- 
tions, with  a  useful  list  appended  of  essays 
and  dissertations  on  Shakespeare's  dramatic 
writings.  Britton's  '  Memoir  of  Aubrey/ 
1845  (for  the  Wiltshire  Topographical  So- 
ciety), is  one  of  the  best  biographies  of  the 
Wiltshire  antiquary  that  have  appeared,  and 
contains  interesting  extracts  from  Aubrey's 
unpublished  correspondence.  For  the  same 
society  Britton  edited  all  that  is  valuable  in 
Aubrey's  (until  then  unpublished)  '  Natural 
History  of  Wiltshire,'  1843.  In  1830  he 
published  an  annotated  edition  of  Anstey's 
'New Bath  Guide,'  and  in  1848  'The  Author- 
ship of  the  Letters  of  Junius  elucidated,  in- 
cluding a  biographical  memoir  of  Colonel 
Barr6,'  to  whom  he  attributed  them  (see 
Quarterly  Review  for  December  1851).  Be- 
sides being  one  of  the  most  continuously 
productive  writers  and  editors  of  his  time, 
Britton  for  many  years  performed  the  duties 
of  surveyor  and  clerk  to  a  local  board  of 
commissioners. 

[Britton's  writings,  especially  his  Autobio- 
graphy; Gent.  Mag.  February  1857;  Builder, 
10  Jan.  1857  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  F.  E. 

BRITTON,  THOMAS  (1654  P-1714),  the 
celebrated  '  musical  small-coal  man,'  was 
born  at  either  Higham  Ferrers  or  Welling- 
borough,  Northamptonshire,  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  seventeenth  century.  He  came 
up  to  London  at  an  early  age  and  apprenticed 
himself  to  a  vendor  of  small  coal  in  St. 
John  Street,  Clerkenwell,  for  seven  years. 
At  the  end  of  this  time  his  master  gave  him 
a  small  sum  not  to  set  up  a  rival  establish- 


Britton 


362 


Britton 


ment.  Britton  accordingly  returned  to  his 
native  place,  but  his  money  being  soon  spent 
he  came  back  to  London  and  hired  a  stable 
near  his  old  quarters,  where  he  started  in 
business  for  himself.  He  was  settled  in  this 
manner  in  the  year  1677,  at  which  time  it 
is  recorded  that  he  paid  47.  a  year  rent. 
His  house  was  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
Jerusalem  Passage,  on  the  site  now  occupied 
by  the  Bull's  Head  Inn.  Britton  divided 
the  stable  into  two  stories,  the  lower  of 
which  he  used  as  his  coal  shop,  while  the 
upper  formed  a  long  low  room  to  which 
access  was  gained  by  a  ladder-like  staircase 
from  the  outside.  ( His  Hut  wherein  he 
dwells,'  says  Britton's  neighbour,  Edward 
Ward,  l  which  has  long  been  honoured  with 
such  good  Company,  looks  without  Side  as 
if  some  of  his  Ancestors  had  happened  to 
be  Executors  to  old  snorling  Diogenes,  and 
that  they  had  carefully  transplanted  the 
Athenian-Tub  into  Clerkenwell ;  for  his 
House  is  not  much  higher  than  a  Canary 
Pipe,  and  the  Window  of  his  State  Room 
but  very  little  bigger  than  the  Bunghole  of 
a  Cask.'  In  these  unpromising  quarters  he 
established,  in  1678,  his  celebrated  musical 
club,  the  idea  of  which  was  originated,  or 
at  least  fostered,  by  Roger  L'Estrange,  him- 
self a  good  performer  on  the  bass  viol.  Here 
on  every  Thursday  for  nearly  forty  years 
were  held  those  remarkable  concerts  of  vocal 
and  instrumental  music  which  are  so  curious 
a  feature  in  the  social  life  of  the  time.  The 
admission  was  at  first  without  payment,  but 
(according  to  Walpole)  after  a  time  a  yearly 
subscription  of  10*.  was  charged,  and  coffee 
was  supplied  at  \d.  a  dish.  This  statement 
is,  however,  rendered  doubtful  by  the  follow- 
ing entry  from  Thoresby's  '  Diary  : '  '  5  June 
1712.  In  our  way  home  called  at  Mr. 
Britton's,  the  noted  small-coal  man,  where 
we  heard  a  noble  concert  of  music,  vocal  and 
instrumental,  the  best  in  town,  which  for 
many  years  past  he  has  had  weekly  for  his 
own  entertainment,  and  of  the  gentry,  &c., 
gratis,  to  which  most  foreigners  of  distinc- 
tion, for  the  fancy  of  it,  occasionally  resort.' 
The  greatest  performers  of  the  day,  both  pro- 
fessional and  amateur,  might  be  heard  here. 
Handel  played  the  organ  (which  had  only  five 
stops),  Pepusch  presided  at  the  harpsichord, 
*a  Rucker's  virginal,  thought  the  best  in 
Europe,'  Banister  played  first  violin,  and 
John  Hughes,  Abel  Whichello,  J.  Woolaston, 
and  many  other  amateurs  took  part  in  the 
performances,  while  leaders  of  fashion  like 
the  Duchess  of  Queensberry  were  amongst 
the  audience.  At  one  time  Britton  took  a 
more  commodious  room  in  the  next  house 
for  his  concerts,  but  this  was  not  a  success ; 


so  he  returned  to  his  old  quarters,  where,  as 
Ward  expresses   it  with   more   force   than 
elegance,  '  any  Body  that  is  willing  to  take 
a  hearty  Sweat,  may  have  the  Pleasure  of 
hearing  many  notable  Performances  in  the 
charming  Science  of  Musick.'   But  Britton' s- 
tastes  were   not   confined  to  music  alone. 
From  a   neighbour   of   his,  Dr.  Garencier, 
physician   to   the  French   embassy,  he   ac- 
quired a  love  of  chemistry,  and  constructed 
for  himself  at  a  very  small  cost  what  Hearne 
calls  '  an  amazing  elaboratory.'     It  is  said 
that  a  Welsh  gentleman  was  so  delighted 
with  this  structure  that  he  commissioned 
Britton  to  make  him  a  similar  one  in  Wales 
for  a  handsome  fee.    It  was  probably  his  love 
of  chemistry  which  caused  Britton  to  turn 
his  attention  to  the  occult  sciences,  of  works 
relating  to  which  he  formed   a  large  and 
valuable  collection.  His  knowledge  of  biblio- 
graphy brought  him  into  connection  with 
Harley,  earl  of  Oxford,  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, and  the  Earls  of  Pembroke,  Winchil- 
sea,  and  Sunderland.     These  noblemen  used 
every  Saturday  throughout   the  winter  to 
form  book-hunting  expeditions  in  the  city. 
Their  meeting-place  was  at  Christopher  Bate- 
man's  in  Paternoster  Row,  where  they  were 
often  joined  by  Britton,  who  would  appear 
in  his  blue  smock  and  with  the  coal-sack 
which  he  had  been  carrying  about  the  streets 
all  the  day ;  for  in  spite  of  his  literary  and 
artistic  tastes  he  continued  until  his  death 
to  sell  coal  in  the  streets  of  London.     The 
collection  known  as  the  '  Somers  Tracts '  is 
said  to  have  been  formed  by  him  and  sold  to 
Lord  Somers  for  over  500Z.     His  death  was 
no  less  singular  than  his  life.     A  Mr.  Robe, 
a  Middlesex  magistrate  who  frequented  Brit- 
ton's concerts,  one  Thursday  brought  with 
him  (unknown  to  the  small-coal  man)  a  fa- 
mous ventriloquist  named  Honeyman.    This 
man,  who  was  a  blacksmith  living  in  Bear 
Street,  Leicester  Square,  was  known  as '  the 
talking  smith,'  and  many  stories  are  related 
of  his  wonderful  powers.  Britton  was  known 
!  to  be  superstitious,  and  by  way  of  playing 
:  upon  his  fears  Honeyman  announced  in  an 
I  assumed  voice  that  unless  he  immediately 
fell  upon  his  knees  and  repeated  the  Lord's 
;  prayer  he  would  die  within  a  few  hours. 
'  The   terrified  small-coal  man  immediately 
|  did  as  he  was  told,  but  the  fright  was  too- 
much  for  him,  and  he  actually  died,  aged 
I  upwards  of  sixty,  within  a  few  days.     His- 
I  funeral,  which  took  place  on  1  Oct.  1714r 
;  attracted  a  large  concourse  of  people.     He 
j  was  buried  in  a  vault  at  St.  James's,  Clerken- 
|  well,  but   no   monument  marks  the  exact 
spot.     Britton  left  but  little  property  to  his 
j  widow,   save  his  collections  of  books  and 


Briwer 


363 


Broadbent 


musical  instruments.  The  latter,  together 
with  his  music,  were  sold  by  auction  at  his 
friend  Ward's  on  6,  7,  and  8  Dec.  1714,  and 
fetched  about  180Z.  The  catalogue  is  still 
extant,  and  has  been  reprinted  in  Hawkins's 
*  History  of  Music.'  His  books,  which 
numbered  about  fourteen  hundred  volumes, 
were  sold  later.  Britton's  intimacy  with  so 
many  persons  of  high  rank  gave  rise  to  all 
sorts  of  rumours  as  to  his  being  a  Jesuit,  a 
magician,  and  such  like,  though  in  reality 
'  he  was  an  extraordinary  and  a  very  valuable 
man,  much  admired  both  by  the  gentry,  even 
of  those  of  the  best  quality,  and  by  all 
others  of  the  more  inferior  rank  that  had 
any  manner  of  regard  for  probity,  ingenuity, 
diligence,  and  humility.'  In  person  he  was 
short,  stout,  and  of  'an  honest,  ingenuous 
countenance.'  He  was  twice  painted  by 
Woolaston :  (1)  in  his  smock  with  his  coal- 
measure  in  his  hand,  and  (2)  in  the  act  of 
tuning  a  harpsichord.  The  former  is  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  was  engraved 
by  J.  Simon  in  mezzotint.  Under  the  print 
are  some  eulogistic  verses  by  Britton's  friend, 
the  poet  Hughes,  beginning 

Tho'  mean  thy  rank,  yet  in  thy  humble  cell. 

From  this  portrait  is  derived  the  engraving 
by  Haddocks  in  Caulfield's  'Remarkable 
Persons  '  (i.  77).  The  second  picture  seems 
to  have  disappeared,  but  it  is  known  by  a 
mezzotint  engraving  by  Thomas  Johnson, 
under  which  are  verses  attributed  to  Prior, 
the  first  line  of  which  runs 

Tho'  doom'd  to  small-coal,  yet  to  Arts  ally'd. 

The  head  from  this  portrait  was  copied  by 
C.  Grignion  for  Hawkins's  '  History.'  There 
is  a  small  full-length  of  Britton,  with  his 
coal-sack  over  his  shoulder,  in  the  '  London 
Magazine  '  for  February  1777. 

[Pohl's  Mozart  in  London,  p.  47 ;  Bingley's 
Musical  Biography,  p.  375 ;  Thoresby's  Diary, 
5  June  1712  (ii.  Ill);  Noble's  Continuation  of 
Granger,  ii.  345 ;  Reliquiae  Hearnianae  (ed.  Bliss), 
p.  339  ;  Grove's  Diet,  of  Music,  i.  277 ;  Pinks's 
History  of  Clerkenwell  (ed.  Wood),  pp.  11,  94, 
196,  277-9;  Ward's  Compleat  and  Humorous 
Account  of  all  the  remarkable  Clubs  in  the 
Cities  of  London  and  Westminster,  &c.,  p.  299; 
Gent.  Mag.  1773,  p.  437;  Notes  and  Queries' 
2nd  series,  xi.  445,  3rd  series,  vii.  421  ;  Burney's 
Hist,  of  Music,  iii.  470;  Hawkins's  Hist,  of 
Music  (ed.  1853),  p.  788  ;  Catalogue  of  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery;  Registers  of  St. 
James's,  Clerkenwell.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRIWER,  WILLIAM.    [See  BEEWEB.] 
BRIXIUS.     [See  BBICIB.] 


BROADBENT,  WILLIAM  (1755-1827), 
Unitarian  minister,  the  son  of  William  and 
Elizabeth  Broadbent,  was  born  28  Aug.  1755. 
He  was  educated  for  the  ministry  at  Da- 
ventry  academy  (August  1777-June  1782), 
first  under  Thomas  Robins,  who  resigned  the 
divinity  chair  in  June  1781  from  loss  of  voice, 
and  afterwards  under  Thomas  Belsham  [q.v.] 
Broadbent  became  classical  tutor  to  the  aca- 
demy in  August  1782,  and  in  January  1784 
he  exchanged  this  appointment  for  that  of 
tutor  in  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  and 
logic.  Belsham  resigned  the  divinity  chair 
in  June  1789,  having  become  a  Unitarian,  and 
the  academy  was  removed  in  November  to 
Northampton.  Broadbent  continued  to  act 
as  tutor  till  the  end  of  1791,  when  he  became 
minister  atWarrington  (he  took  out  his  license 
on  18  Jan.  1792),  and  removed  to  Cockey 
Moor.  At  this  time  his  views  were  of  the 
average  Daventry  type.  But  at  Warrington 
he  re-examined  his  theological  convictions, 
i  and  becoming  a  Unitarian  of  the  Belsham 
school,  he  succeeded  in  carrying  nearly  all  his 
congregation  with  him.  Broadbent  from  his 
eighteenth  year  kept  up  a  close  friendship  with 
Belsham  ;  in  Williams's  chaotic  '  Memoirs ' 
of  Belsham  (1833,  8vo)  are  some  fragments 
of  their  correspondence.  Biblical  exegesis 
was  Broadbent's  favourite  study,  and  textual 
interpretation  played  a  prominent  part  in 
his  preaching.  He  resigned  his  Warrington 
charge  in  the  spring  of  1822,  induced  by 
broken  health  and  the  depressing  effects  of 
the  loss  of  his  son.  He  died  at  Latchford, 
near  Warrington,  on  1  Dec.  1827,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Warrington  chapel  on  6  Dec. 

THOMAS  BIGGIN  BEOADBENT  (1793-1817), 
only  child  of  William  Broadbent,  born  at 
Warrington  on  17  March  1793,  entered  Glas- 
gow College  in  November  1809.  After  gra- 
duating in  April  1813  he  became  classical  tu- 
tor in  the  Unitarian  academy  at  Hackney,  an 
office  he  filled  till  1816,  preaching  latterly  at 
Prince's  Street  Chapel,  Westminster,  during 
a  vacancy.  His  pulpit  powers  were  remark- 
able. Resigning  his  London  work,  he  returned 
to  Warrington  to  pursue  his  ministerial  train- 
ing as  his  father's  assistant.  He  died  of  apo- 
plexy on  9  Nov.  1817.  He  prepared  for  the 
press,  in  1816,  portions  (1  and  2  Cor.,  1  Tim., 
and  Titus)  of  Belsham's  'Epistles  of  Paul  the 
Apostle,'  published  1822,  4  vols.  8vo.  He 
also  edited  the  fourth  edition,  1817,  8vo,  of 
the  '  Improved  Version '  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, originally  published  1808,  8vo,  under 
Belsham's  superintendence.  Two  of  his 
sermons,  published  posthumously  in  1817, 
reached  a  second  edition. 

[Monthly  Eepos.  1810,  p.  362,  1817,  p.  690 
(memoir  by  H.  G.  [Holbrook  Gaskell?]),  1818, 


Broadfoot 


364 


Broadwood 


p  1  sq  (portrait  of  T.  B.  Broadbent  from  minia- 
ture by  Partridge),  1822,  pp.  198,  285,  289,  1828, 
p.69;Villiams'8Mem.ofBe]Bh&m,1833fp.610; 

information  from  Eev.  E.  Pilcher.]          A.  Gr. 

BROADFOOT,  GEORGE  (1807-1845), 
major,  the  eldest  of  three  brothers  who  all 
fell  in  the  service  of  their  country,  entered 
the  Indian  army  as  an  ensign  in  the  34th  regi- 
ment of  Madras  native  infantry,  in  January 
1826.  The  greater  part  of  his  earlier  service 
was  passed  with  his  regiment.  Returning  to 
England  on  furlough  in  1836,  he  held  the 
appointment  of  orderly  officer  at  Addiscombe 
for  thirteen  months.  In  May  1841  he  was 
.sent  to  Cabul  in  command  of  the  escort  which 
accompanied  the  families  of  the  Afghan 
-chiefs,  Shah  Sujah  and  Zeman  Shah  to  that 
place.  On  reaching  Cabul,  a  portion  of  the 
escort  was  formed  into  a  company  of  sappers 
and  miners,  which,  under  the  command  of 
Broadfoot,  marched  with  Sir  Robert  Sale's 
force  from  Cabul  to  Jellalabad  in  October 
1841,  Broadfoot  being  specially  mentioned  in 
the  despatches  for  his  gallantry  in  the  actions 
with  the  Afghans  between  Cabul  and  Gan- 
damak.  At  Jellalabad  Broadfoot  became  gar- 
rison engineer,  and  by  his  skill  and  vigour 
.speedily  restored  the  defences  of  the  town, 
which  had  been  found  in  a  ruinous  condi- 
tion. During  the  siege  of  Jellalabad  by  the 
Afghans,  Broadfoot  was  the  life  and  soul  of 
the  garrison,  and  aided  by  his  friend  Have- 
lock,  then  a  captain  of  foot  [see  HAVELOCK, 
SIB  HENKY],  was  instrumental  in  prevent- 
ing a  capitulation,  which  at  one  time  had 
been  resolved  on  by  Sir  Robert  Sale  and  a 
majority  of  the  principal  officers  of  the  force. 
In  one  of  the  sorties  made  by  the  beleaguered 
garrison  Broadfoot  was  severely  wounded. 
He  subsequently  accompanied  General  Pol- 
lock's army  of  retribution  to  Cabul,  again 
distinguishing  himself  in  the  actions  which 
were  fought  at  Mammu  Khel,  Jagdallak,  and 
Tezin.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
created  a  companion  of  the  Bath,  and  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  Moulmein,  from 
which  office  he  was  transferred  to  that  of 
agent  to  the  governor-general  on  the  Sikh 
frontier. 

While  filling  the  latter  post  Broadfoot  was 
present  at  the  sanguinary  engagements  of 
Mudki  and  Ferozshah,  in  the  last  of  which 
(21  Dec.  1845)  he  was  mortally  wounded. 
His  death  and  his  services  were  thus  de- 
scribed in  Sir  Henry  Hardinge's  report  on 
the  battle  :  '  It  is  now  with  great  pain  that 
I  have  to  record  the  irreparable  loss  I  have 
•sustained,  and  more  especially  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  in  the  death  of 
Major  Broadfoot  of  the  Madras  army,  my 


political  agent.  He  was  thrown  from  his 
horse  by  a  shot,  and  I  failed  in  prevailing 
upon  him  to  leave  the  field.  He  remounted, 
and  shortly  afterwards  received  a  mortal 
wound.  He  was  brave  as  he  was  able  in 
every  branch  of  the  political  and  military 
service.' 

[Annual  Register,  1845  ;  Kaye's  History  of 
the  War  in  Afghanistan,  vols.  ii.  and  iii.  3rd  ed. 
1874  ;  India  Office  records.]  A.  J.  A. 

BROADWOOD,  JOHN  (1732-1812), 
pianoforte  manufacturer,  was  born  at  Cock- 
burnspath,  Dunbar,  N.B.,  in  1732.  He 
came  of  an  old  family  of  Northumbrian 
yeomen,  who. in  the  sixteenth  century  owned 
land  near  Hexham,  but  in  the  eighteenth 
century  moved  into  Scotland.  Broadwood's 
grandfather  was  John  Broadwood  of  Old- 
hamstock,  East  Lothian,  who  married  (1679) 
one  Katherine  Boan.  His  youngest  son, 
James,  married  Margaret  Pewes,  and  their 
eldest  son  was  the  celebrated  pianoforte 
maker.  Broadwood  is  said  to  have  walked 
from  Scotland  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune 
as  a  cabinet-maker.  He  found  employment 
and  ultimately  entered  into  partnership  with 
Burkhardt  Tschudi,  a  Swiss  harpsichord 
maker,  who  came  to  England  in  1718,  and 
in  1732  had  taken  the  house  in  Great  Pulteney 
Street,  which  is  still  the  place  of  business  of 
his  descendants.  In  1769  Tschudi  retired  (re- 
serving to  himself  certain  royalties  and  the 
right  of  tuning  harpsichords  at  the  oratorios) 
in  favour  of  Broadwood,  who  had  married 
his  daughter  Barbara,  though  for  some  time 
longer  the  style  of  the  firm  remained  Tschudi 
&  Broadwood.  After  the  death  of  Tschudi 
(in  1773)  his  son  entered  for  a  short  time 
into  partnership  with  Broadwood,  but  in 
1783  the  business  was  in  the  sole  hands  of 
the  latter,  and  remained  so  until  1795,  when 
Broadwood's  eldest  son,  James  Tschudi 
Broadwood,  was  taken  into  partnership  with 
his  father.  The  latter  died  in  1812  and  was 
buried  in  the  burial-ground  of  the  metho- 
dist  chapel  in  Tottenham-Court  Road. 

Without  entering  into  technical  details 
it  is  impossible  to  describe  the  changes  and 
improvements  introduced  in  the  construction 
of  pianofortes  by  Broadwood  and  his  partners. 
The  history  of  the  firm  during  this  period  is 
practically  the  history  of  the  pianoforte, 
and  the  instruments  manufactured  in  Great 
Pulteney  Street  acquired  a  European  reputa- 
tion by  means  of  their  admirable  qualities. 
Broadwood's  first  patent,  dated  17  July  1783, 
is  for  a  '  new  constructed  pianoforte,  which 
is  far  superior  to  any  instrument  of  the  kind 
heretofore  constructed,'  but  it  is  known  that 
prior  to  this  he  was  engaged  in  assisting 


Brocas 


365 


Brocas1 


Americus  Backers  in  perfecting  the  so-called 
English  or  direct  lever  action,  which  was 
patented  by  Backers's  apprentice  after  his 
master's  death  in  1777.  Personally  Broad- 
wood  was  an  amiable  and  cultivated  man, 
and  his  society  was  sought  after  by  many  of 
the  most  influential  personages  of  the  day. 
He  was  a  clear-headed  man  of  business,  and 
very  independent  and  energetic.  There  is  a 
portrait  of  him  painted  at  the  age  of  eighty 
by  John  Harrison,  which  was  engraved  by 
W.  Say  and  published  on  1  Aug.  1812. 

[Grove's  Diet,  of  Musicians,  i.  278  a,  &c. ; 
Specifications  of  Patents  relating  to  Music  and 
Musical  Instruments ;  information  from  Miss 
Broadwood  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Hipkins ;  International 
Inventions  Exhibition  Catalogues,  &c.] 

W.  B.  S. 

BROCAS,  SisBERNARD  (1330  P-1395), 
third  son  of  Sir  John  de  Brocas,  knight,  of 
Clewer  and  Windsor,  who  was  master  of  the 
horse  to  King  Edward  III,  was  born  about 
1330.  The  family  came  from  Gascony,  where 
they  had  fought  and  suffered  for  the  English 
cause  against  the  French  for  several  genera- 
tions before  John  de  Brocas  became  an  officer 
of  the  household  of  Edward  II,  and  settled  in 
England.  Brocas  was  one  of  the  favourite 
knights  of  the  Black  Prince,  with  whom  he 
was  certainly  present  at  the  battle  of  Poitiers, 
almost  certainly  at  Crecy  and  Najara.  After 
the  peace  of  Bretigny,  he  and  other  members 
of  his  family  were  employed  in  the  settlement 
of  Aquitaine,  where  he  held  the  office  of 
constable,  and  on  the  death  of  the  prince  he 
was  specially  invited  to  his  funeral.  He  was 
also  a  friend  of  William  of  Wykeham,  whose 
first  acquaintance  with  his  family  seems  to 
have  been  connected  with  the  building  of 
Windsor  Castle,  in  the  earlier  operations  of 
which  Sir  John  had  been  employed.  Of  the 
three  knights  present  by  invitation  at  Wyke- 
ham's  enthronement  at  Winchester,  Brocas 
was  one.  In  the  year  1377,  Wykeham's  first 
act,  after  emerging  from  the  difficulties  in 
which  he  had  been  placed  by  his  political 
struggle  with  John  of  Gaunt,  was  to  make 
Brocas '  chief  surveyor  and  sovereign  warden 
of  our  parks  .  .  .  throughout  our  bishopric.' 
Soon  after  this  he  became  the  chief  trustee 
of  the  Brocas  estates. 

Immediately  after  the  death  of  Edward  III, 
Brocas  was  appointed  captain  of  Calais,  an 
appointment  which  he  held  only  for  a  short 
time,  but  he  was  now  constantly  employed 
in  various  diplomatic  and  military  services. 
He  also  sat  for  Hampshire  in  ten  parliaments, 
closely  connected,  as  it  would  seem,  with 
Wykeham  in  his  political  line  of  conduct — 
from  1367  to  1395.  On  or  soon  after  Richard's 


marriage  with  Anne  of  Bohemia,  he  became 
the  queen's  chamberlain,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  also  been  chamberlain  to  the  Comte  de 
Hainault. 

Brocas  was  thrice  married :  (1)  About  1354, 
to  Agnes,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Mauger 
Vavasour  of  Denton,  Yorkshire,  from  whom 
he  was  divorced.  (2)  In  1361,  to  Mary  des 
Roches,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  John  des 
Roches,  and  collaterally  descended  from  Peter 
de  Rupibus,  bishop  of  Winchester.  This  lady 
was  the  widow  of  Sir  John  de  Borhunte, 
knight.  With  her  Brocas  received  several 
estates,  amongst  others  Roche  Court,  near 
Fareham,  Hampshire,  which  has  continued 
ever  since  in  possession  of  his  lineal  de- 
scendants and  representatives.  Through  this 
second  marriage  Sir  Bernard  became  master 
of  the  royal  buckhounds,  an  hereditary  office 
retained  by  his  descendants  for  three  centu- 
ries. (3)  To  Katharine,  widow  of  Sir  Hugh 
Tyrrell,  in  1382,  soon  after  which  he  parted 
with  some  of  his  estates  to  the  priory  of 
Southwick,  and  others  to  the  parish  church 
of  Clewer,  where  he  founded  the  Brocas 
chantry. 

Before  his  second  marriage  Brocas  came, 
through  the  agency  of  his  uncle,  Bernard 
Brocas,  rector  of  Guildford,  into  possession 
of  the  estate  which  formed  his  chief  property, 
Beaurepaire,  near  Basingstoke.  Here  he  built 
a  house,  which  has  long  ago  been  pulled 
down.  Brasses  and  monuments  of  the 
Brocas  family  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the 
neighbouring  churches  of  Sherborne  St. 
John  and  Bramley.  Brocas  died  in  1395,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Edmund's  Chapel  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  That  his  handsome  monu- 
ment stands  so  close  to  the  royal  tombs  is  a 
mark  of  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held 
by  his  master.  The  inscription  on  the  tomb 
runs  thus :  '  Hie  jacet  Bernardus  Brocas 
miles  T.  T.  quondam  camerarius  Anne  Re- 
gine  Anglie  cujus  anime  propitietur  Deus.' 
The  recumbent  figure  is  apparently  of  a  much 
later  date,  but  certainly  antecedent  to  the 
time  of  Addison,  who,  in  the  '  Spectator,' 
describes  the  verger  of  the  abbey  as  pointing 
out  to  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  'the  old  lord 
who  cut  off"  the  King  of  Morocco's  head,'  a 
story  which  deeply  impressed  Sir  Roger. 
The  remark  was  occasioned  by  the  crest, 
which  represents  what  is  heraldically  called 
'  a  Moor's  head  orientally  crowned.'  This 
crest  is  found  on  the  seals  of  Sir  Bernard 
Brocas,  along  with  the  lion  rampant  of  the 
Brocas  arms,  as  early  as  1361.  He  was  the 
first  to  use  it,  and  it  has  been  borne  by  his 
descendants  ever  since,  but  its  origin  is  not 
known.  It  was,  of  course,  granted  by  Ed- 
ward III,  and  probably  represented  some 


Brochmael 


366 


Brock 


feat  of  war  or  chivalry.  It  may  be  remarked 
that  the  features  of  the  '  Moor '  are  repre- 
sented in  all  the  seals  as  of  the  distinct,  and 
even  exaggerated,  negro  type. 

The   son  of  Brocas   by  his   second  wife, 
of  the  same  name  as  himself,  who  also  held 
office  at  Kichard's   court,  was  executed  in 
1400  by  Henry  IV  for  his  share  in  the  con- 
spiracy formed  in  favour  of  his  dethroned 
master.      Shakespeare  mentions  him  in  his 
'  Richard  II '  as  one  of  the  conspirators — 
My  lord,  I  have  from  Oxford  sent  to  London 
The  heads  of  Brocas  and  Sir  Bennet  Seely, 
Two  of  the  dangerous  consorted  traitors 
That  sought  at  Oxford  thy  dire  overthrow. 

In  some  of  these  details  the  poet  was  misled 
by  his  authorities.  The  '  Brocas '  at  Eton 
and  '  Brocas  Street '  in  Windsor  take  their 
name  from  this  family,  to  whom  considerable 
portions  of  Eton  and  Windsor  once  belonged. 

[Family  papers  ;  Gascon  Rolls  ;  Eecord  Office 
papers  ;  The  Family  of  Brocas,  of  Beaurepaire 
and  Roche  Court.  Hereditary  Masters  of  the 
Royal  Buckhounds,  with  some  hints  towards  a 
history  of  the  English  Government  of  Aquitaine, 
by  Montagu  Burrows,  Capt.R.N.,  F.S.A.,  Chichele 
Professor  of  Modern  History.]  M.  B. 

BROCHMAEL,  YSGYTHRAWG  (fi. 

584),  king  of  Powis,  is  mentioned  inLlywarch 
Hen's  elegy  (trip.  37),  a  poem  which  Dr.  Guest 
(Origines  Celticce,  ii.  289)  has  referred  to  the 
overthrow  of  Uriconium  and  the  desolation 
of  the  Severn  Valley  by  Ceawlin,  king  of  the 
West  Saxons  in  584.  The  country  of  Kyn- 
dylan,  the  chief  whose  death  Lly  warch  Hen 
bewails,  is  there  called  the  land  of  Brochmael, 
and  it  is  probable,  therefore,  that  Brochmael 
was  lord  of  that  part  of  Britain,  and  that  it 
was  under  his  command  that  the  Welsh 
(Britons)  checked  Ceawlin's  career  of  con- 
quest at  Fethan-leag  or  Faddiley.  When  in 
613  (Annales  Cambrics;  A.-S.  Chron.  607) 
^Ethelfrith  of  Northumbria  overthrew  the 
Welsh  at  the  battle  of  Chester,  Baeda  says 
that  the  monks  of  Bangor  who  had  come  to 
pray  for  the  success  of  their  countrymen  were 
under  the  care  of  Brochmael,  who  stayed  with 
them  while  the  battle  was  fought,  and  who 
left  them  and  fled  when  the  victorious  ^Ethel- 
frith  attacked  them.  In  this  battle  Selim, 
the  son  of  Cynan,  was  slain,  and  as  Cynan 
is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  Brochmael,  it 
is  evident  that  he  must  have  been  an  old  man 
at  the  time,  and  'therefore  may  very  well 
have  been  king  of  Powis  when  Ceawlin 
[q.  v.]  attacked  Uriconium'  (GUEST). 

[G-uest's  Origines  Celtic®,  ii.  299,  308,  326  ; 
Annales  Cambrise  an.  613,  Rolls  Ser. ;  Baeda, 
Hist.  Eccl.  ii.  2  (Eng.  Hist.  Soc.) ;  Anglo-Saxon 
Chron.  an.  584,  607,  Rolls  Ser.]  W.  H. 


BROCK,  DANIEL  DE  LISLE  (1762- 
1842),  bailiff  of  Guernsey  from  1821  to  1842, 
belonged  to  an  English  family  established  in 
Guernsey  as  early  as  the  sixteenth  century. 
His  father,  John  Brock  of  St.  Peter's,  who 
had  been  a  midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  de  Lisle,  daughter  of  the  then 
lieutenant-bailiff  of  the  island,  and  by  her 
had  fourteen  children,  ten  of  whom  attained 
maturity.  John  Brock  died  in  1777,  at  the 
age  of  48.  Daniel  de  Lisle,  his  third  son, 
was  born  in  Guernsey  on  10  Dec.  1762. 
After  such  schooling  as  the  island  afforded 
in  those  days,  he  was  placed  at  Alderney 
under  the  tuition  of  M.  Vallat,  a  Swiss  pas- 
tor, afterwards  rector  of  St.  Peter-in-the- 
Wood,  Guernsey,  and  subsequently  at  a 
school  at  Richmond,  Surrey.  He  was,  how- 
ever, taken  away  at  the  age  of  fourteen  to  ac- 
company his  father,  who  was  in  failing  health, 
to  France,  where  the  latter  died  at  Dinan. 
He  spent  about  twelve  months  in  visiting  the 
Mediterranean,  Switzerland,  and  France,  in 
1785-6,  and  twelve  years  later,  in  1798,  was 
elected  a  jurat  of  the  royal  court  of  Guern- 
sey, from  which  time  his  name  is  intimately 
associated  with  the  history  of  his  native 
place.  On  four  separate  occasions,  between 
1804  and  1810,  he  was  deputed  by  the  states 
and  royal  court  of  Guernsey  to  represent  them 
in  London,  in  respect  of  certain  measures 
affecting  the  trade  and  ancient  privileges  of 
the  island.  In  1821  he  was  appointed  bailiff, 
or  chief  magistrate,  of  the  island,  and  soon 
after  was  again  despatched  to  London,  to 
protest,  which  he  did  with  success,  against 
the  extension  to  Guernsey  of  the  new  law 
prohibiting  the  import  of  corn  until  the  price 
should  reach  80s.  a  quarter.  In  1832,  when 
the  right  of  the  inhabitants  to  be  tried  in 
their  own  courts  was  menaced  by  a  proposed 
extension  of  the  power  of  writs  of  habeas 
corpus  to  the  island,  Brock  and  Mr.  Charles 
de  Jersey,  king's  procureur,  were  sent  to  Lon- 
don to  oppose  the  measure,  and  did  so  with 
success.  Three  years  later  Brock  was  once 
more  despatched  to  London  at  the  head  of  a 
deputation  to  protest  against  the  proposed  de- 
privation of  the  Channel  Islands  of  their  right 
of  exporting  corn  into  England  free  of  duty. 
Owing  to  the  remonstrance  of  the  deputation, 
a  select  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  subject, 
and  the  bill  was  subsequently  withdrawn. 
On  this  occasion  the  states  of  Jersey  pre- 
sented Brock  with  a  service  of  plate  valued 
at  100/.,  and  his  portrait  was  placed  in  the 
royal  court-house  of  Guernsey.  Brock  was 
married  and  had  two  children :  a  son,  who 
became  a  captain  in  the  20th  foot,  and  a 
daughter.  He  died  in  Guernsey  on  24  Sept. 


Brock 


367 


Brock 


1842.  A  public  funeral  was  accorded  to  his 
remains,  in  recognition  of  his  long  and  valued 
services  to  his  native  island. 

[Tupper's  Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Brock  (2nd  ed. 
London,  1847),  appendix  B  ;  Jacob's  Annals  of 
the  Bailiwick  of  Guernsey  (Paris,  1830),  part  i.] 

H.  M.  C. 

BROCK,  SIR  ISAAC  (1769-1812),  major- 
general,  commanding  in  Upper  Canada  in 
1812,  was  the  eighth  son  of  John  Brock  of 
Guernsey  [see  BROCK,  DANIEL  DE  LISLE], 
and  was  born  in  Guernsey  6  Oct.  1769. 
He  is  described  by  his  nephew  and  biogra- 
pher, F.  B.  Tupper,  as  having  been,  like  his 
brothers,  a  tall,  robust,  precocious  boy,  the 
best  boxer,  and  strongest,  boldest  swimmer 
among  his  companions,  but  noted  withal 
for  his  gentleness  of  disposition.  He  was 
sent  to  school  at  Southampton  at  the  age 
of  ten,  and  was  afterwards  under  the  tui- 
tion of  a  French  pastor  at  Rotterdam.  On 
2  March  1785,  when  a  little  over  fifteen, 
he  entered  the  army  by  purchase,  as  an  en- 
sign in  the  8th  (King's),  in  which  regiment 
his  elder  brother,  John  Brock  (who  was  killed 
in  a  duel  at  Cape  Town  when  a  captain  and 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  81st  foot  in 
1801),  had  just  purchased  a  company,  after 
ten  years'  service  in  the  corps  in  America  and 
elsewhere.  Isaac  Brock  purchased  a  lieute- 
nancy in  the  8th  (King's)  in  1790,  and  shortly 
after,  having  raised  men  for  an  independent 
company,  was  gazetted  captain  and  placed  on 
half  pay.  Paying  the  difference,  he  exchanged 
into  the  49th  foot  in  1791,  and  served  with 
that  regiment  in  Jamaica  andBarbadoes  until 
1793,  when  he  returned  on  sick  leave,  and 
was  employed  on  the  recruiting  service  until 
the  regiment  returned  home.  He  purchased 
a  majority  in  the  49th  in  1795,  and  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonelcy on  25  Oct.  1797,  becoming 
soon  afterwards  senior  lieutenant-colonel  with 
less  than  thirteen  years'  total  service,  which, 
as  Brock  had  no  Horse  Guards  interest,  was 
regarded  at  the  time  as  a  case  of  exceptionally 
rapid  promotion.  The  regiment  had  returned 
home  in  very  bad  order,  symptoms  of  which 
were  manifest  when  it  was  stationed  near 
the  Thames  during  the  mutiny  at  the  Nore, 
but  it  soon  improved  under  its  new  com- 
mander so  as  to  elicit  the  warm  approba- 
tion of  the  Duke  of  York.  Under  Brock's 
command  the  regiment  served  with  General 
Moore's  division  in  the  expedition  to  North 
Holland  in  1799,  where  it  was  greatly  dis- 
tinguished at  the  battle  of  Egmont-op-Zee, 
and  likewise  on  board  the  fleet  under  Sir 
Hyde  Parker  and  Lord  Nelson  at  the  battle 
of  Copenhagen  and  in  the  operations  in 
the  Baltic  in  1801,  a  narrative  of  which,  by 


Brigadier-general  W.  Stewart,  commanding 
the  line  troops  embarked,  is  given  in  'Nelson 
i  Desp.'  iv.  299.  Brock  embarked  with  the 
I  regiment  for  Canada  in  1802,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  single-handed,  suppressed  a 
dangerous  conspiracy  which  had  been  insti- 
|  gated  by  deserters  in  a  detachment  at  Fort 
George,  and  the  ringleaders  of  which  were 
executed  at  Quebec  on  2  March  1804.  He 
returned  home  on  leave  in  1805,  but,  war  with 
the  United  States  appearing  imminent,  he 
rejoined  at  his  own  request  early  in  1806. 
After  commanding  for  some  time  at  Quebec, 
he  was  sent  in  1810  to  Upper  Canada,  to 
assume  command  of  the  troops  there,  with 
which  he  subsequently  combined  the  duties 
of  civil  administrator  as  provisional  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  province.  Here  his 
energetic  example,  the  confidence  reposed  in 
him  by  the  inhabitants,  and  the  ascendency 
he  possessed  'over  the  Indian  tribes,  at  that 
time  under  the  leadership  of  the  famous 
Shawnee  warrior  Tecumseh,  proved  of  the 
highest  value.  Very  full  details  of  his  civil 
and  military  services  at  this  period  will  be 
found  in  'Life  and  Correspondence  of  Sir 
Isaac  Brock '  (London  and  Guernsey,  8vo), 
written  by  his  nephew  Ferd.  Brock  Tupper, 
the  first  edition  of  which  appeared  in  1845, 
and  a  second,  much  enlarged  from  family 
manuscript  sources,  in  1847.  Previous  to  a 
declaration  of  hostilities  an  army  of  2,000 
American  militia,  with  twenty-five  guns,  had 
been  despatched  from  Ohio  into  Michigan, 
under  the  veteran  general  Hull,  who  was  in- 
vested with  discretionary  powers  as  to  the 
invasion  of  Canada.  Hull  issued  a  bombastic 
proclamation,  and  on  12  July  1812  crossed 
the  narrow  channel  between  Huron  and  Erie 
and  entered  Upper  Canada.  Subsequently 
he  withdrew  again  to  his  own  shore  and  shut 
himself  up  in  Detroit,  whither  Brock,  who 
had  only  1,450  men  to  defend  a  thousand 
miles  of  frontier,  followed  him  with  his  avail- 
able forces,  consisting  of  350  regulars,  600 
Indian  militia,  and  400  untrained  volunteers, 
to  which  Hull's  forces  surrendered  on  16  Aug. 
1812.  For  the  judgment,  skill,  and  courage 
displayed  by  him  at  this  juncture,  Brock,  who 
had  attained  the  rank  of  major-general  on 
4  June  1811,  was  made  an  extra  knight  of 
the  Bath  on  10  Oct.  1812.  Meanwhile  a 
second  American  army  of  6,000  men,  under 
Major-general  Van  Rennselaer,  had  been  con- 
centrated on  the  Niagara  frontier.  During 
an  attack  by  part  of  this  force  on  the  village 
of  Queenstown,  held  by  the  flank  companies 
49th  and  the  York  volunteer  militia,  on  the 
morning  of  13  Oct.  1812,  Sir  Isaac  Brock  re- 
ceived his  death-wound.  He  had  dismounted 
to  head  the  49th,  when  he  was  shot  through 


Brock 


368 


Brock 


the  body  and  fell  beside  the  road  leading  from 
Queenstown  to  the  heights,  expiring  soon 
after.  His  last  words,  it  is  said,  were, '  Never 
mind  me — push  on  the  York  volunteers.'  A 
second  action  took  place  at  Queenstown  the 
same  day,  after  Major-general  Roger  Sheaffe 
had  come  up  with  the  41st  foot  and  other 
reinforcements,  when  the  American  brigadier 
Wadsworth  with  950  men  laid  down  their 
arms.  After  lying  in  state  at  Government 
House,  Brock's  remains  were  interred  in  one 
of  the  bastions  of  Fort  George  beside  those 
of  Lieutenant-colonel  McDonell,  Canadian 
militia,  a  young  man  of  twenty-five,  attorney- 
general  of  the  Upper  Province,  who  had  ac- 
companied Brock  in  the  capacity  of  militia 
aide-de-camp  and  had  been  mortally  wounded 
the  same  day.  Brock  was  in  his  forty-fourth 
year,  and  unmarried.  He  was  six  feet  two 
inches  in  height,  very  erect  and  athletic, 
but  latterly  very  stout.  He  had  a  pleasant 
manner  and  a  frank  open  countenance,  be- 
speaking the  modest  kindly  disposition  of 
one  who  had  never  been  heard  to  utter  an 
ill-natured  remark,  and  in  whom  dislike  of 
ostentation  was  as  characteristic  as  quickness 
of  decision  and  firmness  in  peril.  After  his 
death  the  officers  of  the  49th  placed  a  hand- 
some sum  in  the  hands  of  the  regimental 
agent  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  a  portrait 
of  the  general  for  the  mess,  but  on  reference 
to  the  family  it  was  found  that  no  good  like- 
ness was  extant.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
whole  of  the  regimental  records  of  the  49th 
were  destroyed,  after  Brock's  death,  at  the 
evacuation  of  Fort  George  in  1813.  The 
House  of  Commons  voted  1,575/.  for  a  public 
monument,  which  was  erected  by  Westma- 
cott,  and  placed  in  the  south  transept  of 
St.  Paul's.  Pensions  of  200/.  each  were 
awarded  to  the  four  surviving  brothers  of 
the  general,  together  with  a  grant  of  land 
in  Upper  Canada.  On  13  Oct.  1824,  the 
twelfth  anniversary  of  his  fall,  the  remains  of 
Brock  and  his  brave  companion  McDonell 
were  carried  in  state  from  Fort  George  to 
a  vault  beneath  a  monument  on  Queens- 
town  heights,  erected  at  a  cost  of  3,0001. 
currency,  voted  by  the  Provincial  Legislature. 
This  monument,  an  Etruscan  column,  with 
winding  stair  within,  standing  on  a  rustic 
pediment,  was  blown  up  by  an  Irish  American 
on  Good  Friday,  1840.  The  ruin  was  seen 
and  described  by  Charles  Dickens  (American 
Notes,  ii.  187-8).  On  30  July  1841  a  mass 
meeting  was  held  in  the  open  air  beside  the 
ruin,  the  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Ca- 
nada, Sir  George  Arthur,  presiding,  which 
was  attended  by  over  eight  thousand  persons, 
besides  representatives  of  the  Indian  tribes 
of  the  six  nations,  at  which  it  was  enthu- 


siastically resolved  to  restore  the  monument 
forthwith  at  public  cost.  A  sum  of  5,000/. 
currency  was  voted  for  the  purpose  by  the 
province,  and  the  work  at  once  commenced. 
Copies  on  vellum  of  the  correspondence,  ad- 
dresses, &c.,  relating  to  the  restoration  are 
in  the  British  Museum  Library.  The  monu- 
ment thus  restored  is  in  the  shape  of  a  tall 
column  standing  on  the  original  site  on  the 
heights  above  Queenstown,  and  surmounted 
by  a  statue  of  the  general.  It  is  enclosed 
within  forty  acres  of  ornamental  grounds, 
with  entrance  gates  bearing  the  Brock  arms. 
Below,  in  the  village  of  Queenstown  (or 
Queenston,  as  it  is  now  written),  is  a  memo- 
rial church  with  a  stained  window,  placed 
there  by  the  York  rifles,  the  corps  to  which 
Brock's  last  order  was  given.  Brockville 
and  other  names  in  Canadian  topography 
also  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  '  Hero  of 
Upper  Canada.' 

[Ann.  Army  Lists;  Bulletins  of  Campaigns, 
1793-1815;  Nelson  Desp.  iv.  299  et  seq. ;  W. 
James's  Military  Occurrences  in  Canada  (Lon- 
don, 8vo,  1818);  Quart.  Eev.  liv.  (July  1822) 
405  et  seq. ;  Nile's  Weekly  Eegister,  1812  ;  Col- 
burn's  United  Serv.  Mag.  March  1846;  Gent. 
Mag.  Ixxxii.  (ii.)  389,  490,  574,  576,  655,  670; 
F.  B.  Tupper's  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Sir 
I.  Brock  (London  and  Guernsey,  8vo,  2nd  ed. 
1847);  Picturesque  Canada,  No.  13  (London, 
1881).]  H.  M.  C. 

BROCK,  WILLIAM,  D.D.  (1807-1875), 
dissenting  divine,  was  born  at  Honiton  on 
14  Feb.  1807.  His  father,  a  man  of  earnest 
and  religious  spirit,  whose  efforts  among 
the  poor  were  at  one  time  wrongly  suspected 
of  insidious  political  design,  married  in  1806 
Ann  Alsop,  a  descendant  of  Vincent  Alsop 
[q.  v.],  ejected  for  nonconformity  in  1662. 
William,  their  eldest  child,  was  educated 
first  at  Culmstock  and  afterwards  at  the 
grammar  school  of  Honiton.  At  the  age 
of  eight  we  find  him  writing  to  a  friend 
to  procure  him  copies  of  f  Caesar '  and  of 
1  Virgil.'  His  life  at  school  was  one  of  con- 
siderable hardship,  inequality  of  rank  sub- 
jecting him  to  the  persecution  of  his  school- 
fellows. 

Leaving  Honiton,  he  was  placed  for  some 
time  under  the  charge  of  the  Rev.  Charles 
Sharp  at  Bradninch ;  in  1820,  being  then 
thirteen  years  of  age,  was  apprenticed  to  a 
watchmaker  at  Sidmouth  ;  on  the  conclusion 
of  his  period  of  '  stern  servitude '  was  re- 
moved to  Hertford  ;  afterwards  joined  a 
baptist  church  at  Highgate ;  studied  subse- 
quently for  four  sessions  at  Stepney  College ; 
and  settled  at  Norwich  in  1833.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  married  Mary  Bliss  of  Shortwood, 
Gloucestershire.  During  his  stay  at  Norwich 


Brock 


369 


Brockedon 


Brock  published,  through  the  Religious  Tract 
Society,  a  work  entitled  '  Fraternal  Appeals 
to  Young  Men.'  In  1834  Brock  threw  him- 
self with  great  energy  into  the  final  struggle 
connected  with  the  abolition  of  West  Indian 
slavery  ;  spoke  in  every  town  in  Norfolk  and 
most  of  those  in  Suffolk  ;  drew  up  papers  in 
support  of  his  views,  and  contributed  articles 
to  the  public  journals.  It  is  stated  that 
Brock  was  the  first  publicly  to  attack  the 
inveterate  custom  of  political  bribery  in 
Norwich. 

In  1846,  chiefly  on  account  of  failing 
health,  Brock  made  a  tour  through  France 
and  Italy.  In  1847  he  suffered  from  defective 
sight,  for  the  treatment  of  which  he  tempo- 
rarily removed  to  London.  At  the  election 
for  Norwich  in  1847  he  opposed  his  intimate 
friend  Sir  Morton  Peto,  and  supported  Mr. 
Serjeant  Parry,  the  candidate  who  favoured 
the  separation  of  church  and  state.  In  con- 
sequence of  enfeebled  health  Brock  was  ulti- 
mately advised  to  remove  to  London,  where 
he  became  pastor  of  Bloomsbury  Chapel  on 
5  Dec.  1848.  Brock  soon  set  on  foot  a  philan- 
thropic enterprise  for  the  reclamation  of  the 
poor  in  the  squalid  and  crowded  district  of 
St.  Giles. 

At  Exeter  Hall  Brock  lectured  on  behalf 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  on 
'  Mercantile  Morality.'  He  was  personally  ac- 
quainted with  Sir  Henry  Havelock;  and  after 
the  death  of  Havelock,  in  1857,  he  published 
a  memoir,  which  had  an  immense  circulation, 
forty-five  thousand  copies  being  speedily  dis- 
posed of  in  England.  In  1859  the  work  of 
preaching  in  theatres  on  Sundays  was  in- 
stituted in  London,  and  Brock  delivered 
the  first  sermon  in  the  Britannia  Theatre, 
Hoxton. 

In  1866  Brock  made  a  tour  in  the  United 
States.  On  his  return  he  entered  into  the 
ritualistic  controversy,  and  published  two 
discourses  under  the  title  of  (  Ritualism  Mis- 
chievous in  its  Design.'  He  further  drew  up 
a  series  of  resolutions,  in  a  similar  sense,  in 
behalf  of  the  '  general  body  of  protestant 
dissenting  ministers  of  the  three  denomina- 
tions in  and  about  London.'  He  helped  at 
this  time  to  form  the  London  Association  of 
Baptist  Churches,  and  was  elected  its  first 
president.  In  the  course  of  twelve  years 
the  association  included  140  churches,  with 
nearly  34,000  members  in  communion.  In 
1869  Brock  was  elected  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Baptist  Union  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  In  September  1872  he  resigned  the 
post  of  minister  at  Bloomsbury  Chapel.  A 
few  days  before  preaching  his  farewell  sermon 
he  lost  his  wife.  After  three  years  spent  in 
comparative  retirement  he  died  on  13  Nov. 

VOL.   VI. 


1875.  In  1860  the  senate  of  Harvard  College 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
doctor  of  divinity. 

In  addition  to  the  publications  named  in 
this  article,  Brock  was  the  author  (inter 
alia)  of  '  Sacramental  Religion,'  published 
in  1850  ;  '  Sermons  on  the  Sabbath,'  1853  ; 
'The  Gospel  for  the  People,'  1859;  'The 
Wrong  and  Right  of  Christian  Baptism,' 
1864 ;  '  The  Christian's  Duty  in  the  forth- 
coming General  Election,'  1868 ;  and  '  Mid- 
summer Morning  Sermons,'  1872. 

[Birrell's  Life  of  William  Brock,  D.D.,  1878; 
M'Cree's  William  Brock,  D.D.,  first  Pastor  of 
Bloomsbury  Chapel,  1876 ;  A  Biographical  Sketch 
of  Sir  Henry  Havelock,  K.C.B.  (1858),  and  other 
works  by  Brock  ;  Annual  Kegister  for  1875.1 

G.  B.  S. 

BROCK,   WILLIAM    JOHN    (1817  P- 

1863),  religious  writer,  born  about  1817, 
married  about  1845,  in  1847  brought  out  a 
small  volume  of  poems,  '  Wayside  Verses,' 
dating  the  preface  London,  22  Sept.;  and 
obtaining  after  this  the  degree  of  B.A.,  he 
took  orders,  and  entered  the  church  as  curate 
of  St.  George's,  Barnsley,  Yorkshire  (  Twenty- 
seven  Sermons,  2nd  ed.  p.  314).  In  1855  he 
published  at  Barnsley,  and  by  subscription, 
'  Twenty-seven  Sermons,'  in  one  volume,  a 
publication  which  was  quickly  out  of  print 
(preface  to  2nd  ed.)  ;  and  leaving  Barnsley 
in  1858  to  become  incumbent  of  Hayfield, 
Derbyshire,  Brock  brought  out  a  second  edition 
of  this  book,  dating  it  Hayfield  Parsonage, 
22  Sept.  1858,  and  adding  to  it  the  farewell 
sermon  he  had  preached  on  leaving  Barnsley. 
He  died  at  Hayfield  on  27  April  1863,  and 
was  buried  there.  After  his  death  were  pub- 
lished '  The  Rough  Wind  stayed,'  a  volume 
of '  The  Library  of  Excellent  Literature,'  1867, 
and  '  The  Bright  Light  in  the  Clouds/  1870. 
[Brock's  Wayside  Verses,  pp.  50,  76,  131;  pri- 
vate information.]  J.  H. 

BROCKEDON,  WILLIAM  (1787- 
1854),  painter,  author,  and  inventor,  was 
born  at  Totnes  on  13  Oct.  1787.  His 
father,  who  was  a  watchmaker,  was  a  native 
of  Kingsbridge,  where  and  in  the  adjoining 
parish  of  Dodbrook  his  family  had  been 
occupants  or  owners  of  garden  mills  since 
the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  This  son,  who  was 
an  only  child,  was  educated  at  a  private 
school  in  Totnes,  but  he  learned  little  in  it. 
His  father  was  quite  capable  of  supplying 
the  deficiencies  of  school  teaching  as  then 
understood,  and  under  his  instructions  his 
son  acquired  a  taste  for  scientific  and  me- 
chanical pursuits.  So  great  was  his  pro- 
ficiency in  mechanics  that  he  was  able  to 
conduct  the  business  during  the  illness  of 

B  B 


Brockedon 


370 


Brockedon 


nearly  twelve  months  which  ended  in  his 
father's  death  in  September  1802. 

Brockedon  was  proud  to  acknowledge  his 
obligations  to  his  father,  whose  'natural 
talents,'  as  he  wrote  to  a  friend  in  1832, 
he  had  <  never  seen  surpassed,'  adding  that 
'  whatever  turn  my  own  character  may  have 
taken,  if  the  world  thinks  kindly  of  it,  it 
grew  under  his  instruction  and  advice,  and 
the  impressions  made  upon  me  before  I  was 
fifteen.' 

After  his  father's  death,  Brockedon  spent 
six  months  in  London  in  the  house  of  a 
watch  manufacturer,  to  perfect  himself  in 
what  he  expected  to  have  been  his  pursuit 
in  life.  On  his  return  to  Totnes  he  continued 
to  carry  on  the  business  for  his  mother  for 
five  years.  In  a  letter  written  to  his  friend, 
Octavian  Blewitt,  in  November  1832,  he 
says :  1 1  recollect  with  much  pleasure  the 
hand  I  had  in  making  the  present  parish 
clock  in  the  church  at  Totnes.  An  order 
was  given  to  my  father  to  make  a  new  church 
clock  a  short  time  before  the  accident  by 
lightning  which,  in  February  1799,  struck 
the  tower,  threw  down  the  south-east  pin- 
nacle, and  did  so  much  damage  to  the  church 
as  to  require  nearly  three  years  to  repair  it. 
This  accident  prevented  the  clock  being  put 
up  until  the  summer  of  1802,  during  my 
father's  last  illness.  ...  I  remember  when 
the  clock  was  making  that  I  was  set  to  do 
some  of  the  work,  though  only  about  thirteen 
years  of  age,  particularly  cutting  the  fly- 
pinion  out  of  the  solid  steel.' 

During  the  five  years  in  which  he  carried 
on  the  watchmaking  business  for  his  mother 
he  devoted  his  spare  time  to  drawing,  for 
which  from  childhood  he  had  as  great  a  taste 
as  he  had  for  mechanics.  Archdeacon  (then 
the  Rev.  R.  H.)  Froude,  rector  of  Darting- 
ton  (father  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Froude),  encouraged 
him  to  pursue  painting  as  a  profession.  The 
archdeacon  liberally  aided  Brockedon's  jour- 
ney to  London  and  his  establishment  there 
during  his  studies  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
Brockedon  found  another  generous  patron  in 
Mr.  A.  H.  Holdsworth,  M.P.  for  Dartmouth, 
and  governor  of  Dartmouth  Castle. 

This  was  in  February  1809.  From  that 
time  his  career  must  be  considered  under 
three  heads :  1,  as  a  painter ;  2,  as  an  author ; 
3,  as  an  inventor. 

1.  For  six  years  he  pursued  his  studies  in 
London  as  a  painter  with  little  interruption 
till  1815.  In  that  year,  immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he  went  to  Belgium 
and  France,  and  had  the  benefit  and  gratifi- 
cation of  seeing  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre 
before  its  dispersion.  From  1812  to  1837 
he  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the  exhibi- 


tions of  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  British 
Institution.  In  these  twenty-five  years  he 
exhibited  sixty-five  works,  historical,  land- 
scape, and  portraits — thirty-six  at  the  Aca- 
demy and  twenty-nine  at  the  British  In- 
stitution (GEAVES,  Diet,  of  Artists}.  The 
works  he  exhibited  in  1812  were  portraits  of 
Governor  Holdsworth,  M.P.,  and  of  Samuel 
Prout,  who  was,  like  himself,  a  Devonshire 
artist.  He  next  exhibited  '  a  more  ambitious 
work,  of  which  artists  of  name  spoke  with 
approbation,'  a  portrait  of '  Miss  S.  Booth  as 
Juliet'  (CUNNINGHAM,  'Town  and  Table 
Talk,'  Illustr.  News,  1854),  pictures  on  scrip- 
tural and  other  subjects,  portraits  of  Sir  Alex- 
ander Burns,  Sir  George  Back,  now  in  the 
library  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
and  some  interesting  landscapes  of  Alpine 
and  Italian  scenery.  He  also  painted  the 
1  Acquittal  of  Susannah,'  presented  by  him 
to  his  native  county  and  now  in  the  Crown 
Court  of  the  Castle  of  Exeter;  'Christ 
raising  the  Widow's  Son  at  Nam/  which 
he  presented  to  Dartmouth  church  as  a  mark 
of  respect  to  Governor  Holdsworth,  and 
which  obtained  for  him  the  prize  of  one  hun- 
dred guineas  from  the  directors  of  the  Bri- 
tish Institution ;  and,  about  the  same  time, 
'  Christ's  Agony  in  the  Garden,'  which  he  pre- 
sented toDartington  church,  a  picture,  he  says 
in  a  letter  to  Blewitt,  '  associated  with  my 
grateful  recollections  of  Mr.  Froude's  friend- 
ship ;  and  I  mention  it,  trifling  as  it  is,  as 
one  public  testimonial  of  my  desire  to  ac- 
knowledge his  exceeding  kindness  to  me/ 
Another  large  picture,  representing  the  '  De- 
livery of  the  Tables  of  the  Law  to  Moses  on 
Mount  Sinai,'  was  presented  by  him  to 
Christ's  Hospital  in  1835,  and  placed  by 
order  of  the  governors  in  their  great  hall. 
Another  picture,  painted  at  Rome  in  1821, 
the  '  Vision  of  the  Chariots  to  the  Prophet 
Zechariah,'  excited  so  much  interest  that,  by 
permission  of  the  pope  (Pius  VII),  it  was 
exhibited  in  the  Pantheon.  At  the  same 
time  Brockedon  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Academies  of  Rome  and  Florence.  In 
compliance  with  a  law  of  the  Florentine 
Academy  he  presented  it  with  his  portrait 
painted  by  his  own  hand.  Brockedon's  por- 
trait is  now  a  conspicuous  object  in  the 
Uffizi  of  the  Florence  Gallery  near  those  of 
Reynolds  and  Northcote. 

2.  Brockedon  was  meanwhile  earning  for 
himself  a  reputation  as  an  author.  In  1824 
he  made  an  excursion  to  the  Alps  for  the 
purpose  of  investigating  the  route  of  Hanni- 
bal, and  the  idea  of  publishing  '  Illustrations 
of  the  Passes '  occurred  to  him.  During  the 
summers  of  1825,  1826,  1828,  and  1829,  he 
was  led  in  the  course  of  his  journeys  to  cross 


Brockedon 


371 


Brockedon 


veller,'  and  he  subsequently  wrote  the  Savo 
and  Alpine  parts  of  Murray's   'Handboo 


the  Alps  fifty-eight  times,  and  to  pass  into 
and  out  of  Italy  by  more  than  forty  different 
routes.  The  result  was  the  publication,  in 
1827,  of  the  first  part  of  his  'Illustrations 
of  the  Passes  of  the  Alps  by  which  Italy 
communicates  with  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Germany.'  The  work,  containing  109  en- 
gravings, was  issued  in  twelve  parts,  from 
1827  to  1829,  forming  when  complete  two 
royal  quarto  volumes,  and  was  gratefully 
dedicated  to  his  earliest  patron,  Archdeacon 
Froude.  The  drawings,  which  were  entirely 
by  Brockedon's  own  hand,  were  done  in  sepia, 
and  were  sold  in  1837  to  the  fifth  Lord  Ver- 
non  for  500  guineas. 

In  1833  he  published  in  one  volume  his 
'  Journals  of  Excursions  in  the  Alps,  the 
Pennine,  Graian,  Cottian,  Rhetian,  Lepon- 
tine,  and  Bernese.'  He  also  edited  Finden's 
'  Illustrations  to  the  Life  and  Works  of  Lord 
Byron.'  In  1835  he  edited  for  the  Findens 
the  ( Illustrated  Road  Book  from  London  to 
Naples,'  with  thirty  illustrations  by  himself 
and  his  friends  Prout  and  Stanfield.  In 
1836  he  wrote  for  *  Blackwood's  Magazine ' 
'  Extracts  from  the  Journal  of  an  Alpine  Tra- 

the  Savoy 
k 

for  Switzerland.'  His  next  work,  published 
in  folio  in  1842-4,  was  'Italy,  Classical, 
Historical,  and  Picturesque,  illustrated  and 
described,'  with  sixty  engravings  from  draw- 
ings by  himself,  Eastlake,  Prout,  Roberts, 
Stanfield,  Harding,  and  other  friends.  In 
1855,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Croly,  he  wrote 
part  of  the  letterpress  of  David  Roberts's 
'  Views  in  the  Holy  Land,  Syria,  &c.,'  Croly 
writing  the  historical,  and  Brockedon  the 
descriptive  portions. 

3.  During  all  these  years  Brockedon's  love 
of  art  and  literature  was  divided  with  his 
love  of  mechanical  and  scientific  pursuits. 
As  far  back  as  1819  his  taste  for  mechanics 
led  him  to  turn  attention  to  the  mode  of 
wire-drawing  then  in  use.  Brockedon  in- 
vented a  mode  of  drawing  the  wire  through 
holes  pierced  in  sapphires,  rubies,  and  other 
gems.  He  patented  this  invention,  and  vi- 
sited Paris  in  connection  with  it ;  but,  from 
the  facility  of  violation,  it  was  not  a  source 
of  profit,  though  now  the  mode  universally 
adopted.  In  1831  he  invented  and  patented, 
in  conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  Mordan,  a 
pen  of  a  novel  form  called  the  t  oblique,'  from 
the  slit  being  in  the  usual  direction  of  the 
writing.  He  next  turned  his  attention  to 
the  preparation  of  a  substitute  for  corks  and 
bungs  by  coating  felt  with  vulcanised  india- 
rubber.  He  took  out  a  patent  for  this  inven- 
tion in  1838,  and  in  1840  and  1842  enlarged 
its  scope  by  other  patents  for  retaining  fluids 


in  bottles,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  fibrous 
materials  for  the  cores  of  stoppers.  This  in- 
vention led  to  his  forming  business  relations 
with  Messrs.  Charles  Macintosh  &  Co.  of 
Manchester.  About  the  year  1841  he  sub- 
mitted to  them  his  patents  for  a  substitute 
for  corks,  through  which  he  was  interested 
in  their  business  till  1845,  when  he  became  a 
partner,  and  retained  that  position  till  his 
death.  In  1843  he  patented  an  invention  for 
the  manufacture  of  wadding  for  firearms; 
another  for  condensing  the  carbonates  of  soda, 
potass,  &c.,  into  the  solid  form  of  pills  and 
lozenges ;  and  for  preparing  or  treating  plum- 
bago by  reducing  common  black  lead  to 
powder,  and  then  compressing  it  in  vacuo,  so 
as  to  produce  artificial  plumbago  for  lead 
pencils  purer  than  any  that  could  then  be 
obtained,  in  consequence  of  the  exhaustion 
of  the  mines  in  Cumberland,  and  especially 
valuable  to  artists  because  free  from  (dia- 
mond) grit.  The  invention  was  first  worked 
for  him  by  Messrs.  Mordan  &  Co.,  but  at  his 
death  in  1854  the  plant  and  machinery  were 
sold  by  auction,  and  bought  by  one  of  the 
merchants  connected  with  the  lead  industry 
at  Keswick.  In  1844,  1846,  and  1851,  he 
patented  inventions  for  various  applications 
of  vulcanised  india-rubber.  In  1830  Brocke- 
don took  an  active  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  its  first  council.  He  was  after- 
wards the  founder  of  the  Graphic,  an  art 
society.  On  12  June  1830  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Athenaeum.  It  had  been  re- 
solved to  commemorate  the  opening  of  the  new 
club  house  in  Pall  Mall  by  adding  200  mem- 
bers to  the  list,  100  being  elected  by  the  com- 
mittee, and  100  by  the  club.  Brockedon  was 
one  of  the  hundred  elected  by  the  committee. 
On  18  Dec.  1834  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  In  February  1837  he  lost 
his  mother,  for  whose  happiness  he  made  the 
most  loving  provision  from  the  moment  when 
his  improved  prospects  enabled  him  to  do  so. 
He  married  in  1821  Miss  Elizabeth  Gra- 
ham, who  died  in  childbirth  on  23  July  1829, 
in  her  fortieth  year,  leaving  two  children, 
Philip  North,  born  at  Florence  on  27  April 
1822,  and  Mary,  married  to  Mr.  Joseph  H. 
Baxendale,  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Pickford 
&  Co.  The  son,  who  was  educated  as  a  civil 
engineer,  became  the  favourite  and  confi- 
dential pupil  of  Mr.  Brunei,  and  gave  the 
brightest  promise  of  future  eminence  in  his 
profession,  but  was  carried  off  by  consump- 
tion at  the  early  age  of  twenty-eight,  on 
13  Nov.  1849.  On  8  May  1839  Brockedon 
married,  as  his  second  wife,  the  widow  of 
Captain  Farwell  of  Totnes,  who  survived 
him,  and  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 

B  B  2 


For  several  years   he   had  I  time  were  dispersed  by  auction  at  Sotheby's 
£*  ^r  frSi  g^ISoni  andi±S    ^^^^y^^ 

1854  a  succession  of  f  rTOm^c™^        inlSlShepublished'HintsonthePropriety 
severity  ended  manat^of^und^  rf  ^j^.       a  Typographical  Society  in 

^  -^     -^_  I  Newcastle '(8vo,  pp.  8),  which  led  to  the  foun- 


artists 


SsssaMffl  I  t«SSr^SS3 

Essay  on  the  means  of  distinguishing  An- 
from  Counterfeit  Coins  and  Medals,' 
iTwould  have  been  difficult  to  find  any  one  I  translated   and   edited  bv   J.    T.  B.,  1819. 


by 
Selecta  Numismata  Aurea  Imperatorum 


who  was  more  beloved  by  a  large  circle  of  ,  ^.     — _  --_          * 

friends  at  home  and  abroad,  or  who  was  Romanorum  e  Museo  J.  T.  B  1822  Also 
Tore  resetted  by  his  professional  contempo-  reprints  of  tracts  on  Henry  III,  on  Robert, 
S^iSmy of  whom  had  reason  to  cherish  earl  of  Salisbury,  and  of  three  accounts  of  the 
his  memory  with  affection  as  that  of  a  man  siege 
ever  ready  to  show  kindness  to  others,  and  I 
never  likely  to  forget  it  when  shown  to 


himself. 

[MS.  Letters,  Brockedon  and  A.  H.  Holds- 
worth,  M.P.,  to  OctavianBlewitt,  1832-7,  quoted 
by  W.  Pengelly,  F.K.S.,  in  Trans.  Devon  Assoc. 
of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art,  1831,  p.  25; 
Blewitt's  Panorama  of  Torquay,  a  Descriptive 
and  Historical  Sketch  of  the  District  comprised 
between  the  Dart  and  the  Teign,  Lond.  1832, 
p.  271 ;  Cunningham's  Town  and  Table  Talk  in 
Illustr.  Lond.  News,  2  Sept.  1854;  Bryan's 
Diet,  of  Painters  and  Engravers,  edited  by 
K.  E.  Graves ;  Algernon  Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists 
who  have  exhibited  in  the  principal  London 


an    'Enquiry  into 

the  Question  whether  the  Freeholders  of  the 
Town  and  County  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne 


Inventions,  &c.,  1854.]  0.  B-T. 

BROCKETT,  JOHN  TROTTER  (1788- 


are  entitled  to  vote  for  Members  of  Parlia- 
ment for  the  County  of  Northumberland,' 
and  in  1825  the  first  edition  of  his  '  Glossary 
of  North  Country  Words  in  Use '  (Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  8vo).  The  manuscript  collections 
for  this  valuable  work  were  not  originally 
intended  for  publication,  and  they  passed 
into  the  library  of  Mr.  John  George  Lambton, 
afterwards  Lord  Durham,  but  that  gentle- 
man surrendered  them  for  the  public  service. 
A  second  edition,  to  a  large  extent  rewritten, 
was  published  in  1829  ;  and  a  third  was 
in  preparation  at  the  time  of  the  author's 
death,  and  was  published, 
ship  of  W.  E.  Brockett, 

J3jn,u^jjvjiii"j.,  jujcxm  X.CVU.LJ..CI.IX  ^JL/OO-  I  8vo).  He  also  contributed  papers  to  the 
Ns  1842),  antiquary,  was  born  at  Witton  Gil-  first  three  volumes  of  'Archeeologia  ^Eliana.' 
bert,  co.  Durham.  In  his  early  youth  his  In  1882  a  *  Glossographia  Anglicana,'  from 
parents  removed  to  Gateshead,  and  he  was  a  manuscript  left  by  Brockett,  was  privately 
educated  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  "William  printed  by  the  society,  called  *  The  sette 
Turner  of  Newcastle.  The  law  having  been  of  odd  volumes,'  with  a  biographical  sketch 
selected  as  his  profession,  he  was,  after  the  of  the  author  by  Frederick  B.  Coomer  of 
usual  course  of  study,  admitted  an  attorney,  Newcastle,  who  names  one  or  two  tracts 
and  practised  for  many  years  at  Newcastle,  by  Brockett  not  noted  above,  and  memoirs 
where  he  was  esteemed  an  able  and  eloquent  by  him  of  Thomas  and  John  Bewick,  pre- 
advocate  in  the  mayor's  and  sheriff's  courts,  fixed  to  the  1820  edition  of  Bewick's  ( Select 
and  a  sound  lawyer  in  the  branches  of  his  pro-  Fables.' 

fession  which  deal  with  tenures  and  convey-        Brockett  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of 

|    Antiquaries,  a  secretary  of  the  Newcastle 


ancmg. 

He  was   a  man  of  refined  tastes,  and  a 
close  student  of  numismatics  and  of  English 


Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  and  one 
of  the  council  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 


antiquities   and  philology.     He  made   con-    of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.     He  died  at  Albion 
siderable  collections  of  books  and  coins  and    Place,  Newcastle,  on  12  Oct.  1842,  aged  54. 


Brockie 


373 


Brocklesby 


[Gent.  Mag.  1842,  part  ii.  p.  664;  English 
Dialect  Society's  Bibliographical  List ;  Martin's 
Cat.  of  Privately  Printed  Books,  1835,  430- 
440 ;  T.  F.  Dibdin's  Bibliog.  Tour,  i.  390.] 

C.  W.  S. 

BROCKIE,  MARIANUS,  D.D.  (1687- 
1755),  Benedictine  monk,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh on  2  Dec.  1687,  and  joined  the  Scotch 
Benedictines  at  Ratisbon  in  1708.  He  was 
doctor  and  professor  of  philosophy  and  divi- 
nity, and  for  a  considerable  time  superior  of 
the  Scotch  monastery  at  Erfurt.  In  1727  he 
was  sent  on  the  catholic  mission  to  his  native 
country,  where  he  remained  till  1739.  After 
returning  to  Ratisbon,  he  was  for  many  years 
prior  of  St.  James's,  during  which  time  he 
wrote  his  '  Monasticon  Scoticon.'  He  died, 
leaving  it  unfinished,  on  2  Dec.  1755.  It  was 
completed  by  Maurice  Grant,  but  the  monas- 
tery was  not  able  to  publish  it.  The  manu- 
script, bound  in  seven  ponderous  volumes,  is 
preserved  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Blairs.  It 
was  lent  to  Dr.  James  F.  S.  Gordon  for  con- 
sultation and  use  in  his '  Monasticum,'  printed 
at  Glasgow  in  1867.  Brockie  wrote  '  Obser- 
vationes  critico-historicse '  on  the  '  Regulae  ac 
Statuta  recentiorum  Ordinum  et  Congrega- 
tionum  '  which  constitute  the  3rd,  4th,  5th, 
and  6th  volumes  of  Holstenius's  '  Codex 
Regularum  Monasticarum  et  Canonicarum/ 
printed  at  Augsburg  in  1759. 

[Gordon's  Eoman  Catholic  Mission  in  Scot- 
land, 526  ;  Cat.  of  Printed  Books  in  Brit,  Mus. ; 
Fernschild's  Dissertatio  de  Origine  Animse  Ra- 
tionalis  in  Homine,  1718.]  T.  C. 

BROCKLESBY,  RICHARD  (1636- 
714),  non-abjuring  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Tealby,  near  Market  Rasen,  Lincolnshire,  in 
1636.  His  father  was  George  Brocklesby, 
gentleman.  He  was  educated  at  the  neigh- 
bouring grammar  school  of  Caistor,  and  as  a 
sizar  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge. 
He  graduated  B.A.  in  1657  and  M.A.  in  1660. 
Some  time  between  1662  and  1674  he  was 
instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Folkingham,  Lin- 
colnshire. In  the  appendix  to  Kettlewell's 
Life,  1718,  p.  xxj,  he  is  recorded  as  '  Mr. 
Brokesby,  Rector  of  Folkinton.'  No  sym- 
pathy with  the  Jacobite  party  is  to  be  inferred 
from  his  declining  to  abjure.  Brocklesby  re- 
tired to  Stamford,  and  employed  his  leisure 
in  composing  an  opus  magnum,  entitled  i  An 
Explication  of  the  Gospel  Theism  and  the 
Divinity  of  the  Christian  Religion.  Contain- 
ing the  True  Account  of  the  System  of  the 
Universe,  and  of  the  Christian  Trinity.  .  .  . 
By  Richard  Brocklesby,  a  Christian  Trini- 
tarian/ 1706,  fol.,  pp.  1065.  The  preface 
truly  says  it  is  '  a  book  of  many  and  great 


singularities;'  it  is  crammed  with  reading 
from  sages,  fathers,  schoolmen,  travellers, 
and  poets ;  it  bristles  with  odd  terminology 
of  the  writer's  special  coinage.  Brocklesby 
denies  the  eternal  generation  of  the  Son,  and 
even  his  pre-existence  ;  yet  asserts  his  con- 
substantiality  as  God-man  begotten  of  God, 
'an  humane-divine  person'  (see  especially 
bk.  vi.,  'The  Idea  of  the  Lord  the  Son'). 
He  places  the  abode  of  Christ  in  heaven, 
from  his  coming  of  age  to  his  public  mission 
(p.  1019  sq.),  though  he  calls  the  kindred 
notion  of  Socinus  l  wild  and  pedantic.'  The 
only  Socinian  writers  whom  he  directly 
quotes  are  Enyedi,  Krell,  and  the  English 
'  Unitarian  Tracts.'  Nor  does  he  know  Ser- 
vetus  (p.  158)  at  first  hand.  Acontius 
(pp.  819,  821)  he  greatly  values.  Spinoza 
(p.  785)  he  cites  with  modified  approval. 
John  Maxwell,  prebendary  of  Connor,  issued 
in  1727, 4to,  an  English  version  ('A Treatise 
of  the  Laws  of  Nature ')  of  Bishop  Richard 
Cumberland's ( De  Legibus  Naturae/ 1672, 4to. 
Out  of  Brocklesby's  book,  as  he  owns  on  his 
title-page,  Maxwell  carved  two  introductory 
essays  and  a  supplementary  dissertation.  He 
simplifies  Brocklesby's  style,  omits  his  theo- 
logy, and  adds  some  new  matter  from  other 
sources.  Brocklesby  died  at  Stamford  in 
1714  (probably  in  February),  and  was  buried 
at  Folkingham.  His  will  (dated  3  Aug. 
1713,  codicils  30  Jan.  and  7  Feb.  1714, 
proved  13  Aug.  1714)  was  to  have  been 
included  in  the  second  volume  of  Pecks 
'  Desiderata  Curiosa/  1735,  but  was  left  over 
to  a  third  volume,  which  never  appeared. 
Out  of  considerable  landed  property  in  Lin- 
colnshire and  Huntingdonshire,  a  house  at 
Stamford,  &c.,  Brocklesby  founded  schools 
at  Folkingham  and  Kirkby-on-Bain,  Lincoln- 
shire, and  Pidley,  Huntingdonshire,  to  teach 
poor  children  their  catechism  and  to  read 
the  Bible.  The  charitable  bequests  are  very 
numerous,  and  some  rather  singular.  A 
complicated  scheme  for  the  distribution  of 
bibles  in  five  counties  was  to  come  into  effect 
*  if  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  the 
Eastern  parts  totally  faifeth,  or  doth  not  con- 
siderably succeed  and  prosper.'  A  sum  of 
150/.  is  left  towards  rebuilding  the  parish 
church  of  Wilsthorpe,Lincolnshire ;  1501,  each 
for  the  benefit  of  the  communities  of  French 
and  Dutch  refugees  ;  and  10/.  each  to  eight 
presbyterian  ministers.  A  bequest  of  10/.  to 
the  celebrated  Whiston  was  revoked  by  the 
first  codicil.  Brocklesby  left  two  libraries. 
That  at  Stamford  was  sold  by  auction ;  the 
catalogue,  Stamford,  1714,  4to,  contains  the 
titles  of  many  rare  volumes  of  the  Socinian 
school.  His  library  in  London  was  left  to 
be  disposed  of  at  the  discretion  of  John 


Brocklesby 


374 


Brocklesby 


Heptinstall,  his  printer,  and  William  Turner, 
schoolmaster  of  Stamford. 

[Books  of  Sidney  Sussex  Coll.,  per  R.  Phelps, 
D.D.,  master;  Calamy's  Continuation,  1727, 
p.  602 ;  Palmer's  Nonconformist  Memorial,  1802, 
ii.  429;  Emlyn's  Works,  1746,  i.  vi;  information 
from  the  Bishop  of  Nottingham,  Kev.  G.  Carter, 
Folkingham,Rev.W.  C.  Houghton.Walcot;  certi- 
fied copy  of  Brocklesby's  will,  in  the  prerogative 
court  of  Canterbury ;  catalogue  of  Brocklesby's 
library  at  Stamford,  1714;  Cole's  MS.  Athense 
Cantab.  B.  p.  176  ;  Charity  Commissioners' Re- 
ports, xxiv.  27  (26  June  1830),  vol.  xxxii.  pt.  4, 
pp.  309,  619  (30  June  1837);  authorities  cited 
above.]  A.  G. 

BROCKLESBY,  RICHARD  (1722- 
1797),  physician,  was  born  at  Minehead  in 
Somersetshire,  and  was  the  only  son  of  Richard 
Brocklesby  of  Cork.  His  mother  was  Mary 
Alloway  of  Minehead,  and  both  families  be- 
longed to  the  Society  of  Friends.  On  29  March 
1734  Brocklesby  entered  the  school  of  Abra- 
ham Shackleton,  at  Ballitore,  co.  Kildare,  so 
that  he  was  one  of  the  senior  boys  when  Burke 
went  there  in  May  1741.  They  were  con- 
temporaries at  school  for  less  than  a  year,  but 
this  early  acquaintance  was  continued  when 
both  came  to  live  in  London,  and  they  were 
friendfl  throughout  life.  After  some  studies 
at  Edinburgh,  in  1742  Brocklesby  went  to 
Leyden  and  graduated  M.D.  there  on  28  June 
1745.  His  graduation  thesis  on  this  occasion 
(Dissertatio  Medico,  inauguralis  de  Saliva 
sana  et  morbosa,  4to,  Leyden,  1745)  seems  to 
have  been  suggested  by  a  case  which  he  had 
seen  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  the  administra- 
tion of  five  grains  of  mercury  was  followed 
by  the  secretion  of  one  hundred  pounds  of 
saliva.  He  describes  clearly  the  expectoration 
of  pneumonia  and  that  of  hydrophobia,  and 
throughout  the  essay  shows  extensive  reading 
and  a  power  of  lively  expression.  He  attacks 
Pitcairn  and  the  iatromechanicians  in  general, 
and  speaks  with  gratitude  of  his  own  teacher 
Gaubius.  During  the  next  twelve  months 
Brocklesby  settled  in  London,  and  in  1751 
became  a  licentiate  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians. In  1754  he  received  a  degree  from 
the  university  of  Dublin,  and  was  incorporated 
M.D.  at  Cambridge  in  the  same  year.  His 
election  as  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
followed  in  1756  (MuNK,  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii. 
202).  In  1758  he  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  army,  and  served  in  Germany.  In  1763 
he  settled  in  Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  where 
he  soon  obtained  a  large  practice.  He  en- 
joyed the  friendship  of  Burke  and  of  Johnson, 
and  showed  that  he  deserved  to  be  loved  by 
both.  In  a  kind  letter  to  Burke  on  2  July 
1788  (Burke  Correspondence,  1844,  iii.  78), 
Brocklesby  makes  him  a  present  of  1,000/., 


and  says  that  he  would  be  happy  to  repeat 
the  gift  'every  year  until  your  merit  is 
rewarded  as  it  ought  to  be  at  court.'  Brock- 
lesby attended  Dr.  Johnson  on  many  occa- 
sions, and  in  his  last  illness  (BoswELL,  John- 
son, ii.  481).  Boswell  describes  a  dinner  at 
Brocklesby's  (ii.  489),  at  which  Johnson  was 
present  with  Valiancy,  the  antiquarian,  Mur- 
phy, and  Mr.  Devaynes,  the  king's  apothecary, 
on  15  May  1784.  In  June  1784,  when  John- 
son's going  to  Italy  was  discussed,  Boswell 
(ii.  527)  records  another  instance  of  Brock- 
lesby's generosity :  '  As  an  instance  of  extraor- 
dinary liberality  of  friendship,  he  told  us  that 
Dr.  Brocklesby  had  upon  this  occasion  offered 
him  a  hundred  a  year  for  his  life.  A  grateful 
tear  started  into  his  eye  as  he  spoke  this  in  a 
faltering  tone.'  Many  instances  of  this  phy- 
sician's kindness  to  less  distinguished  persons 
are  recorded  (Burke  Correspondence,  21  July 
1777 ;  MTJNK,  Coll  of  Phys.  ii.  203).  The 
early  distinction  of  Dr.  Thomas  Young  was 
largely  due  to  the  kindness  with  which  Brock- 
lesby, who  was  his  great-uncle,  encouraged  his 
studies  (Memoir  of  Thomas  Young,  London, 
1831),  and  Young  dedicated  his  inaugural  dis- 
sertation for  M.D.  to  him.  Brocklesby's  first 
publication  after  he  settled  in  London  was 
'  An  Essay  concerning  the  Mortality  among 
Horned  Cattle,'  8vo,  1746.  The  chief  new 
suggestion  contained  in  it  is  that  the  infected 
bodies  should  be  properly  buried  in  deep 
graves.  In  1749  he  published  '  Reflections 
on  Antient  and  Modern  Music,  with  the  ap- 
plication to  the  cure  of  diseases,  to  which  is 
subjoined  an  essay  to  solve  the  question  Avhere- 
in  consisted  the  difference  of  antient  music 
from  that  of  modern  times.'  The  author's 
name  does  not  appear  upon  the  title-page. 
The  essay  contains  much  learning  and  many 
interesting  remarks.  It  was  probably  sug- 
gested by  a  story  the  author  had  heard  in 
Edinburgh  of  a  gentleman  who  had  been  en- 
gaged for  the  Pretender  in  1715,  had  been 
himself  wounded,  and  had  lost  two  sons  in  the 
battle  of  Dunblane.  He  fell  into  a  nervous 
fever  from  melancholy,  and  no  treatment  did 
him  good  till  his  physician  caused  a  harper  to 
play  to  him  day  after  day,  when  he  revived, 
and  at  last  regained  his  health.  Brocklesby 
seriously  recommends  the  more  regular  use  of 
music  as  a  means  of  treatment.  In  1760  he 
delivered  the  Harveian  oration  at  the  College 
of  Physicians,  and  it  was  printed  in  quarto. 
Its  most  memorable  passage  is  a  fine  pane- 
gyric upon  the  Dr.  Hodges  the  account  of 
whose  death  in  poverty  after  he  had  stayed 
in  attendance  on  the  sick  throughout  the 
plague  brought  tears  to  the  eyes  of  Dr.  John- 
son. In  1764  Brocklesby  published  his  most 
important  work,  '  (Economical  and  Medical 


Brocklesby 


375 


Broderip 


Observations,  in  two  parts,  from  the  year  1758 
to  the  year  1763  inclusive,  tending  to  the  im- 
provement of  military  hospitals  and  to  the 
cure  of  camp  diseases  incident  to  soldiers,'  8vo, 
London.  This  was  the  first  book  in  which 
sound  principles  of  hygiene  were  laid  down 
for  the  army.  There  were  then  but  few  bar- 
racks, and  those  few  were  ill  built.  Brock- 
lesby shows  that  the  soldiers  must  have  plenty 
of  air  in  their  rooms  if  they  are  to  remain 
healthy.  Proper  regulations  are  drawn  up 
for  field  hospitals,  and  the  necessity  for  giving 
the  doctor  absolute  command  in  the  hospital 
is  pointed  out.  The  observations  on  camp  dis- 
eases are  clear  and  original,  and  the  remarks 
on  treatment  singularly  wise.  There  is  an 
interleaved  copy  of  the  book,  with  a  few  al- 
terations and  additions  in  the  author's  hand, 
in  the  library  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
To  the  same  library  Brocklesby  gave  a  splen- 
did copy,  in  twenty-five  volumes  folio,  of 
Graevius  and  Gronovius's  '  Thesaurus,'  which 
contains  an  inscription  in  his  handwriting. 
Brocklesby  became  F.RS.,  and  published  some 
papers  in  the '  Philosophical  Transactions.'  He 
published  also  an  account  of  a  curious  case  of 
irregular  pulse  in  1767,  and  some  experiments 
on  seltzer  water  in  1768,  both  of  which  are  to 
be  found  in  the  '  Medical  Observations  and 
Inquiries  by  a  Society  of  Physicians  in  Lon- 
don,' 1767  and  1771.  His  compositions  are 
all  clear,  and  show  that  he  possessed  well-di- 
gested learning  and  good  powers  of  observa- 
tion. His  conversation  was  abundant  and 
full  of  all  kinds  of  knowledge,  but  some- 
times flowed  too  fast.  Burke  once  speaks 
of  '  Brocklesby's  wild  talk,'  and  Johnson  once 
caught  him  up  for  giving  too  hasty  an  opinion 
as  to  the  sanity  of  a  reputed  lunatic,  and  on 
another  occasion  corrected  his  quotation  of 
some  lines  of  Juvenal.  But  Brocklesby  was 
often  happy  in  his  quotations,  especially  from 
Shakespeare,  as  Boswell's  reports  of  his  conver- 
sations with  Johnson  amply  show  (BOSWELL, 
Johnson,  ii.  571).  In  Rees's  '  Cyclopaedia ' 
(under  the  name)  there  is  an  account  of  a 
curious  duel  between  Brocklesby  and  Dr. 
(afterwards  Sir)  John  Elliot  [q.v.]  After 
a  short  period  of  failing  health  Brocklesby 
died  suddenly  on  11  Dec.  in  the  same  year 
as  Burke.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Clement  Danes,  and  bequeathed  his  house  and 
its  furniture,  pictures  and  books,  with  10,000£, 
to  Dr.  Thomas  Young.  His  portrait  was 
painted  by  Copley,  and  has  been  engraved. 

[Leadbeater  Papers,  London,  1862,  vol.  i. ; 
Boswell's  Johnson,  1791,  vol.  ii. ;  Memoir  of 
Thomas  Young,  London,  1831;  Peacock's  Life 
of  Young,  1855;  Burke's  Correspondence  (ed. 
Fitzwilliam) ;  Hunk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  1878,  vol. 
ii. ;  Brocklesby's  several  works.]  N.  M. 


BROCKY;,  CHARLES  (1807-1855),  por- 
trait and  subject  painter,  was  born  at  Temes- 
war,  in  the  Banat,  Hungary.  When  between 
six  and  seven  years  of  age  he  lost  his  mother. 
Her  sister  had  married  the  manager  of  a  com- 
pany of  strolling  players,  and  Brocky's  father, 
who  had  originally  been  a  peasant,  followed 
the  theatrical  party  in  the  capacity  of  hair- 
dresser. He  had  many  difficulties  and  hard- 
ships to  contend  against  in  his  youth,  but 
succeeded  in  obtaining  some  instruction  in 
art  at  a  free  drawing-school  at  Vienna,  and 
afterwards  studied  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 
He  settled  in  London  about  1837-8,  and  en- 
joyed some  practice  as  a  miniature-painter. 
Among  his  sitters  was  the  queen.  Brocky 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1839 
to  1854  both  portraits  and  subject  pieces, 
among  the  latter  an  oil  picture  entitled '  The 
Nymph,'  and  four  representations  of  the 
Seasons.  The  British  Museum  possesses  four 
heads  drawn  by  him  in  red  chalk,  executed 
in  a  masterly  style,  and  four  others  are  at 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  When  at 
Vienna  he  painted  a  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
an  altar-piece,  a  full-length  portrait  of  the 
Emperor  of  Austria,  a  St.  Cecilia,  and  a 
St.  John  the  Evangelist.  Brocky  died  in 
London  on  8  July  1855,  and  was  buried  in 
Kensal  Green  cemetery. 

[Wilkinson's  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Charles 
Brocky,  the  Artist,  1870,  8vo.]  L.  F. 

BRODERIC,  ALAN,  LORD  MIDLETON. 
[See  BRODRICK.] 

BRODERIP,    FRANCES  FREELING 


was  born  at  Winchmore  Hill,  Middlesex,  in 
1830.  She  was  named  after  her  father's 
friend,  Sir  Francis  Freeling,  the  secretary  to 
the  general  post  office.  On  10  Sept.  1849 
she  was  married  to  the  Rev.  John  Somerville 
Broderip,  son  of  Edward  Broderip  of  Cos- 
sington  Manor,  who  died  in  1847,  by  his  wife 
Grace  Dory,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Greenhill. 
He  was  born  at  Wells,  Somersetshire,  in  1814, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  B.A.  1837,  M.A.  1839, 
became  rector  of  Cossington,  Somersetshire, 
1844,  and  died  at  Cossington  on  10  April 
1866.  In  1857  Mrs.  Broderip  commenced 
her  literary  career  by  the  publication  of 
1  Wayside  Fancies,'  which  was  followed  in 
1860  by  <  Funny  Fables  for  Little  Folks,'  the 
first  of  a  series  of  her  works  to  which  the 
illustrations  were  supplied  by  her  brother, 
Tom  Hood.  Her  other  books  appeared  in 
the  following  order  :  1.  'Chrysal,  or  a  Story 
with  an  End,'  1861.  2.  '  Fairyland,  or  Re- 


Broderip 


376 


Broderip 


creations  for  the  Rising  Generation.  By  T. 
and  J.  Hood,  and  their  Son  and  Daughter 
1861.  3.  '  Tiny  Tadpole,  and  other  Tales, 
1862  4.  'My  Grandmother's  Budget  of 
Stories,'  1863.  5.  'Merry  Songs  for  Little 
Voices.  By  F.  F.  Broderip  and  T.  Hood/ 
1865.  6.  *  Crosspatch,  the  Cricket,  and  the 
Counterpane,'  1865.  7.  '  Mamma's  Morning 
Gossips/  1866.  8.  'Wild  Roses:  Simple 
Stories  of  Country  Life/  1867.  9.  '  The  Daisy 
and  her  Friends:  Tales  and  Stories  for 
Children/  1869.  10.  '  Tales  of  the  Toys  told 
by  Themselves/  1869.  11.  '  Excursions  into 
Puzzledom.  By  T.  Hood  the  Younger,  and 
F.  F.  Broderip/  1879.  In  1860  she  edited, 
with  the  assistance  of  her  brother,  'Me- 
morials of  Thomas  Hood/  2  vols.,  and  in 
1869  selected  and  published  the '  Early  Poems 
and  Sketches '  of  her  father.  She  also,  in 
conjunction  with  her  brother,  published  in  a 
collected  form  'The  Works  of  T.  Hood/ 
1869-73,  10  vols.  She  died  at  Clevedon  on 
3  Nov.  1878,  in  her  forty-ninth  year,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  churchyard,  Wal- 
ton by  Clevedon,  on  9  Nov.,  leaving  issue 
four  daughters. 

[Gent.  Mag.  (1866),  i.  769 ;  Academy  (1878), 
xiv.450.]  G.  C.  B. 

BRODERIP,  JOHN  (<Z.  1771  ?),  organist, 
was  probably  a  son  of  William  Broderip, 
organist  of  Wells  Cathedral  [q.  v.],  who  died 
in  1726.  The  first  mention  of  him  in  the 
chapter  records  of  Wells  is  on  2  Dec.  1740, 
when  he  was  admitted  a  vicar  choral  of  the 
cathedral  for  a  year  on  probation.  On 
1  April  1741  it  was  ordered  by  an  act  of  the 
dean  and  chapter  that  Broderip,  who  had 
supplied  the  place  of  organist  from  the  death 
of  Mr.  Evans,  should  be  paid  the  usual  salary 
allowed  on  that  account  in  proportion  to  the 
time.  On  the  same  day  he  was  admitted 
into  the  place  of  organist  of  the  cathedral. 
On  30  Sept.  of  the  same  year  Broderip  was 
fully  appointed  organist  at  a  salary  of  20/., 
and  master  of  the  choristers  at  71.  a  year ; 
on  3  Dec.  following  he  was  perpetuated  as  a 
vicar  choral,  and  on  20  Nov.  1769  was  ap- 
pointed sub-treasurer,  on  the  decease  of 
Thomas  Parfitt.  He  was  present  for  the  last 
time  at  the  quarterly  meeting  of  the  dean 
and  chapter  and  the  vicars  choral  on  1  Oct. 
1770,  between  which  date  and  26  April  1771 
he  died.  Between  1766  and  1771  Broderip 
published  a  collection  of  '  Psalms,  Hymns, 
and  Spiritual  Songs/  dedicated  to  the  dean 
of  Wells,  Lord  Francis  Seymour.  After  his 
death  some  more  settings  of  the  Psalms  by 
him  were  incorporated  in  a  publication  by 
Robert  Broderip  of  Bristol,  who  is  the  sub- 
ject of  the  succeeding  article.  In  the  latter 


years  of  his  life  Broderip  was  organist  of 
Shepton  Mallett,  Somersetshire. 

[Chapter  records  of  Wells  Cathedral,  com- 
municated by  Mr.  "W.  Fielder ;  Broderip's  Psalms, 
&c.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRODERIP,  ROBERT  (d.  1808),  organist 
and  composer,  lived  at  Bristol  during  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He  was  a 
relation  of  John  Broderip  [c[.  v.],  organist  of 
Wells  Cathedral,  probably  either  a  brother  or 
son,  and  also  of  the  Broderip  (d.  1807)  who 
earned  on  business  as  a  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher at  13  Haymarket,  and  who  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  firm  of  Longmans. 
Next  to  nothing  is  known  of  Broderip's  bio- 
graphy. He  lived  at  Bristol  all  his  life,  and 
wrote  a  considerable  quantity  of  music.  His 
most  important  compositions  are  an  occa- 
sional ode  on  the  king's  recovery,  a  concerto 
for  pianoforte  (or  harpsichord)  and  strings, 
eight  voluntaries  for  the  organ,  a  volume  of 
instructions  for  the  pianoforte  or  harpsi- 
chord, a  collection  of  psalms  (partly  by  John 
Broderip),  collections  of  duets,  glees,  &c.,  and 
many  songs.  He  died  in  Church  Lane,  Bris- 
tol, on  14  May  1808.  His  eldest  son,  a  lieu- 
tenant on  the  Achates,  died  of  yellow  fever 
in  the  West  Indies  in  1811,  aged  19. 

[Gent.  Mag.  1807,  i.  190,  1808,  i.  559,  1811, 
i.  679 ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRODERIP,  WILLIAM  (1683-1726), 
organist,  as  to  whose  parentage  and  educa- 
tion nothing  is  known,  was  appointed  a  vicar 
choral  of  Wells  Cathedral  on  1  April  1701. 
On  1  Oct.  1706  he  was  appointed  sub-trea- 
surer, and  on  1  April  1708  a  cathedral  stall 
was  assigned  to  him.  On  2  Jan.  1712  he 
succeeded  John  George  as  organist  of  the 
cathedral,  at  an  annual  salary  of  20/.  He 
retained  this  post  until  his  death,  which 
took  place  31  Jan.  1726.  Broderip  was 
buried  in  the  nave  of  the  cathedral ;  accord- 
ing to  the  inscription  on  his  gravestone,  he 
left  a  widow  and  nine  children.  Some  of 
the  latter  probably  followed  their  father's 
profession,  as  besides  Robert  [q.  v.l  and  John 
Broderip  [q.  v.]  there  were  two  other  organ- 
ists of  the  name  in  the  west  of  England 
towards  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, viz. :  Edmund  Broderip,  who  was  or- 
ganist of  St.  James's,  Bristol,  between  1742 
and  1771,  and  another  organist  of  the  same 
name  (whose  Christian  name  is  not  known) 
who  lived  at  Leominster  about  1770.  It  is 
most  likely  that  some  of  these  were  the  sons 
of  William  Broderip.  The  Tudway  Collec- 
tion contains  an  anthem,  '  God  is  our  hope 
and  strength/  with  instrumental  accompani- 
ments, which  was  written  by  Broderip  in 


Broderip 


377 


Brodie 


1713  to  celebrate  the  peace  of  Utrecht,  but 
this  is  almost  his  sole  composition  extant. 

[Chapter  records  of  Wells  Cathedral,  commu- 
nicated by  Mr.  W.  Fielder ;  Harl.  MS.  7338,  &c. ; 
subscription  lists  to  John  Broderip's  Psalms, 
Hayes's  Cantatas,  Chilcot's  Six  Concertos,  and 
Clark's  Eight  Songs.]  W.  B.  S. 

BRODERIP,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1789- 
1859),  lawyer  and  naturalist,  the  eldest  son 
of  William  Broderip,  surgeon,  Bristol,  was 
born  at  Bristol  on  21  Nov.  1789,  and,  after 
being  educated  at  the  Rev.  Samuel  Seyer's 
school  in  his  native  city,  matriculated  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  graduated  B.A. 
in  1812.  Whilst  at  college  he  found  time  to 
attend  the  anatomical  lectures  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Pegge,  and  the  chemical  and  minera- 
logical  lectures  of  Dr.  John  Kidd.  After 
completing  his  university  education,  he  en- 
tered the  Inner  Temple,  and  commenced 
studying  in  the  chambers  of  the  well-known 
Godfrey  Sykes,  where  he  had  as  contempo- 
raries Sir  John  Patteson  and  Sir  John  Taylor 
Coleridge.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  on  12  May  1817,  when  he 
joined  the  western  circuit,  and  shortly  after, 
in  conjunction  with  Peregrine  Bingham, 
began  reporting  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  These  reports  were  published  in  three 
volumes  in  1820-22.  In  1822  he  accepted 
from  Lord  Sidmouth  the  appointment  of 
magistrate  at  the  Thames  police  court.  He 
held  this  office  until  1846,  when  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Westminster  court,  where 
he  remained  for  ten  years.  He  was  compelled 
to  resign  from  deafness,  having  obtained  a 
high  reputation  for  his  good  sense  and  huma- 
nity. In  1824  he  edited  the  fourth  edition 
of  R.  Callis  upon  the  Statute  of  Sewers. 
This  work,  which  combined  antiquarian  with 
strict  legal  learning,  was  one  exactly  suited 
to  the  taste  and  talent  of  the  editor.  He  was 
elected  bencher  of  Gray's  Inn  30  Jan.  1850, 
and  treasurer  29  Jan.  1851,  and  to  him  was 
confided  the  especial  charge  of  the  library  of 
that  institution. 

Broderip  throughout  his  life  was  an  en- 
thusiastic collector  of  natural  objects.  His 
conchological  cabinet  was  unrivalled,  and 
many  foreign  professors  inspected  the  trea- 
sures which  were  accumulated  in  his  chambers 
in  Gray's  Inn.  This  collection  was  ultimately 
purchased  by  the  British  Museum.  He  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  in 
1824,  of  the  Geological  Society  in  1825,  and 
of  the  Royal  Society  on  14  Feb.  1828.  In 
co-operation  with  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  he 
aided,  in  1826,  in  the  formation  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
original  fellows.  He  was  secretary  of  the 


Geological  Society  for  some  time,  and  per- 
formed the  arduous  duties  of  that  office  with 
Roderick  Murchison  until  1830.  To  the 
'  Transactions '  of  this  society  he  contributed 
numerous  papers,  but  the  chief  part  of  his 
original  writings  on  malacology  are  to  be 
found  in  the  '  Proceedings  and  Transactions 
of  the  Zoological  Society.'  Few  naturalists 
have  more  graphically  described  the  habits 
of  animals.  Broderip's  '  Account  of  the 
Manners  of  a  Tame  Beaver,'  published  in 
the  '  Gardens  and  Menagerie  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Society,'  affords  a  favourable  example 
of  his  tact  as  an  observer  and  power  as  a 
writer.  His  contributions  to  the  'New 
Monthly  Magazine '  and  to  '  Fraser's  Maga- 
zine '  were  collected  in  the  volumes  entitled 
'  Zoological  Recreations,'  1847,  and  '  Leaves 
from  the  Note-book  of  a  Naturalist/  1852. 
He  wrote  the  zoological  articles  in  the 
'  Penny  Cyclopaedia,'  viz.  from  Ast  to  the  end, 
including  the  whole  of  the  articles  relating 
to  mammals,  birds,  reptiles,  Crustacea,  mol- 
lusca,  conchifera,  cirrigrada,  pulmagrada,  &c. ; 
Buffon,  Brisson,  &c.,  and  zoology.  His  last 
publication,  'On  the  Shark,'  appeared  in 
'  Fraser's  Magazine/  March  1859.  He  died 
in  his  chambers,  2  Raymond  Buildings,  Gray's 
Inn,  London,  from  an  attack  of  serous  apo- 
plexy, on  27  Feb.  1859. 

His  writings  not  previously  mentioned 
were :  1.  '  Guide  to  the  Gardens  of  the  Zoo- 
logical Society.  By  Nicholas  A.  Vigors  and 
W.  J.  Broderip/  1829.  2.  '  Hints  for  col- 
lecting Animals  and  their  Products/  1832. 
3.  'Memoir  of  the  Dodo.  By  R.  Owen, 
F.R.S.,  with  an  Historical  Introduction  by 
W.  J.  Broderip/  1861,  besides  very  numerous 
articles  in  magazines,  newspapers,  and  re- 
views. 

[Law  Magazine  and  Law  Review  (1860),  viii. 
174-8  ;  Proceedings  of  Linnean  Society  of  Lon- 
don, 1859,  pp.xx-xxv ;  Illustrated  London  News, 
(1846)  ix.  317,  (1856)  xxviii.  253,  portrait;  Ber- 
ger's  W.  J .  Broderip,  ancien  magistral ,  naturaliste, 
litterateur,  Paris,  1856.]  G-.  C.  B. 

BRODIE,  ALEXANDER  (1617-1680), 
of  Brodie,  lord  of  session,  was  descended 
from  an  old  family,  which  in  1311  received 
the  lands  of  Brodie  in  Elginshire  from 
Alexander  III.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
David  Brodie  of  Brodie,  by  Grizzel,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Dunbar,  and  niece  by  the  mother's 
side  of  the  Admirable  Crichton,  and  was  born 
on  25  July  1617.  In  1628  he  was  sent  to 
England,  where  he  remained  till  1632.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  enrolled  a  student  in 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  but  he  did  not  take 
a  degree.  On  19  May  1636  he  was  served  heir 
of  his  father  by  a  dispensation  of  the  lords  of 


Brodie 


378 


Brodie 


council,  and  on  28  Oct.  of  the  same  year  he 
married  the  relict  of  John  Urquhart  of  Craigs- 
ton,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and  daughter. 
He  was  a  strong  presbyterian,  and,  in  Decem- 
ber 1640,  headed  a  party  which  demolished 
two  oil  paintings  of  the  Crucifixion  and  the 
Day  of  Judgment  in  the  cathedral  of  Elgin, 
and  also  mutilated  the  finely  carved  interior 
of  the  building  as  unsuitable  for  a  place  of 
worship  (SPALDING,  Memorials  of  the  Troubles 
in  Scotland}.  This  extreme  puritanical  zeal 
exposed  him  to  the  revenge  of  Montrose, 
who,  in  February  1645,  burned  and  devas- 
tated his  property,  and,  according  to  Shaw 
(History  of  the  Province  of  Moray},  carried 
off  the  family  papers  of  the  house  of  Brodie. 
Brodie  in  1643  was  chosen  to  represent  the 
county  of  Elgin  in  parliament,  and  frequently 
served  on  parliamentary  committees.  He  was 
also  elected  a  representative  to  the  general 
assembly  of  the  church  of  Scotland.  On 
6  March  1649  he  was  appointed  a  commis- 
sioner to  meet  Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  and 
after  his  return  he  was  on  22  June  nominated 
a  lord  of  session.  He  took  the  oaths  in  pre- 
sence of  the  parliament  on  23  July,  and  took 
his  seat  on  the  bench  on  1  Nov.  In  February 
1650  he  was  sent  as  commissioner  of  the 
general  assembly  to  Breda,  to  induce  the  king 
to  sign  the  national  covenant.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  various  committees  of  es- 
tates during  the  attempt  of  Charles  to  wrest 
from  Cromwell  his  dominion.  In  June  1653 
he  was  cited  by  Cromwell  to  London  to  ar- 
range for  a  union  between  the  two  kingdoms, 
but  did  not  obey  the  summons,  and  'resolved,' 
as  he  expressed  it,  '  in  the  strength  of  the 
Lord  to  eschew  and  avoid  employment  under 
Cromwell.'  He  retired  to  his  estate  until 
Cromwell's  death,  when,  on  3  Dec.  1658,  he 
again  took  his  seat  on  the  bench.  At  the 
Restoration  he  was  superseded,  and  was  also 
subjected  to  a  fine  of  4,000/.  Scots.  In  1661 
he  paid  a  lengthened  visit  to  London.  He 
died  on  17  April  1680. 

[The  Diary  of  Alex.  Brodie,  from  25  April 
1652  to  1  Feb.  1654,  was  published  in  1740  by 
an  unknown  editor.  The  complete  Diary,  from 
1650  to  17  April  1680,  with  a  continuation  by 
his  son,  James  Brodie  (1637-1708),  to  February 

185,  was  published  by  the  Spalding  Club  in 
1863,  with  an  introduction  by  David  Laing. 
The  part  published  in  1740  is  chiefly  concerned 
with  his  religious  experiences,  and  is  not  an  ade- 
quate sample  of  the  Diary  as  a  whole,  which 
conveys  much  important  information  regarding 
political  events,  and  a  specially  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  visit  to  London,  and  of  the  persons 
with  whom  he  there  came  into  contact.  See  also 
Shaw  s  History  of  the  Province  of  Moray 

SeT  £Lo^the  Brodie  family>  by wmia^ 

Brodie  (1862).]  T  F  H 


BRODIE,  ALEXANDER  (1830-1867), 
sculptor,  younger  son  of  John  Brodie,  mariner, 
was  born  in  1830  at  Aberdeen,  where  he  served 
his  apprenticeship  as  a  brass-finisher  in  the 
foundry  of  Messrs.  Blaikie  Brothers.  Like 
his  elder  brother,  William  Brodie  [q.  v.],  he 
early  manifested  a  taste  for  modelling  figures. 
About  1856  he  attended  the  school  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy.  He  visited  Eng- 
land, and  after  about  a  year's  absence  resumed 
his  residence  at  Aberdeen,  where  he  received 
many  commissions.  His  talents  were  shown  by 
his '  Motherless  Lassie,'  his  '  Highland  Mary,' 
his  '  Cupid  and  Mask,'  and  a  small  statue 
of  l  Grief  strewing  Flowers '  upon  a  grave 
in  front  of  the  West  Church  in  the  city  bury- 
ing-ground.  Encouraged  by  Sheriff  Watson, 
Brodie  undertook  bust-portraiture  and  me- 
dallions, in  both  of  which  he  was  eminently 
successful.  Embarrassed  by  the  amount  of 
work  entrusted  to  him,  his  mind  lost  its 
balance,  and  he  died  30  May  1867  by  his  own 
hand. 

Brodie's  best  known  productions  are  his 
large  statue  of  the  late  Duke  of  Richmond, 
erected  in  the  public  square  of  Huntly,  and  the 
statue  of  the  queen  in  marble  which  stands 
at  the  corner  of  Nicholas  Street,  Aberdeen. 

[Aberdeen  Free  Press,  Dundee  Advertiser,  and 
Scotsman,  31  May  1867;  Art  Journal  and  Gent. 
Mag.  July  1867.]  A.  H.  G-. 

BRODIE,  SIB  BENJAMIN  COLLINS, 

the  elder  (1783-1862),  sergeant-surgeon  to 
the  queen,  was  born  at  Winterslow  in  Wilt- 
shire, in  1783.  He  was  fourth  child  of  Peter 
Bellinger  Brodie,  rector  of  the  parish,  who  had 
been  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Worcester 
College,  Oxford.  His  mother  was  daughter 
of  Mr.  Benjamin  Collins,  a  banker  at  Salis- 
bury. From  his  father,  who  was  well  versed 
in  general  literature,  and  a  good  Greek  and 
Latin  scholar,  Brodie  received  his  early  edu- 
cation. In  1797,  when  the  country  was 
alarmed  by  the  prospect  of  a  French  inva- 
sion, Brodie  and  two  brothers  raised  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  went  up  to  London,  to  enter  upon  the 
medical  profession.  There  he  devoted  himself 
at  once  to  the  study  of  anatomy,  attending 
first  the  lectures  of  Abernethy,  and  in  1801 
and  1802  those  of  Wilson  at  the  Hunterian 
school  in  Great  Windmill  Street,  working 
hard  in  the  dissecting-room.  He  learned 
pharmacy  in  the  shop  of  Mr.  Clifton  of 
Leicester  Square,  one  of  the  licentiates  of 
the  Apothecaries'  Company.  At  this  time 
Brodie  formed  a  friendship  with  William 
Lawrence,  the  celebrated  surgeon,  which 
was  continued  through  life,  and  he  was 
joint  secretary  with  Sir  Henry  Ellis  of  an 


Brodie 


379 


Brodie 


'  Academical  Society,'  to  which  many  emi- 
nent writers  belonged.  The  society  had  been 
removed  from  Oxford  to  London,  and  was 
dissolved  early  in  the  present  century. 

In  the  spring  of  1803  Brodie  entered  at 
St.  George's  Hospital  as  a  pupil  under  Sir 
Everard  Home,  and  was  appointed  house- 
surgeon  in  1805,  and  afterwards  demonstrator 
to  the  anatomical  school.  When  his  term 
of  office  had  expired,  he  assisted  Home  in 
his  private  operations,  and  in  his  researches 
on  comparative  anatomy.  He  diligently  pur- 
sued for  some  years  the  study  of  anatomy, 
demonstrating  in  the  Windmill  Street  school, 
and  lecturing  conjointly  with  Wilson  until 
the  year  1812.  He  was  elected  assistant- 
surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital  in  1808, 
an  appointment  which  he  held  for  fourteen 
years,  and  in  the  next  year  entered  upon  pri- 
vate practice,  taking  a  house  in  Sackville 
Street  for  the  purpose.  In  1808  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Know- 
ledge, a  society  limited  to  twelve  members, 
founded  by  Dr.  John  Hunter  and  Dr.  Fordyce 
in  1793,  and  dissolved  in  1818.  At  this  period 
he  contributed  his  first  paper — the  results  of 
original  physiological  inquiries — to  the  'Phi- 
losophical Transactions,'  and  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1810.  During 
the  winter  of  1810-11  he  communicated  to  the 
society  two  papers,  one  *  On  the  Influence  of 
the  Brain  on  the  Action  of  the  Heart  and  the 
Generation  of  Animal  Heat ; '  the  other '  On 
the  Effects  produced  by  certain  Vegetable 
Poisons  (Alcohol,  Tobacco,Woorara,  &c.),'the 
first  of  which  formed  the  Croonian  lecture.  So 
favourable  was  the  impression  he  produced 
that  the  council  awarded  him  the  Copley 
medal  in  181 1 ,  when  he  was  twenty-eight  years 
of  age.  His  unremitting  devotion  to  the  work 
of  his  profession,  without  holiday  for  the  pe- 
riod of  ten  years,  now  told  seriously  upon  his 
health,  but  change  of  air  and  rest  enabled 
him  to  resume  his  duties.  His  interest  when 
lie  was  house-surgeon  having  been  excited 
by  a  case  of  spontaneous  dislocation  of  the 
hip,  he  was  led  to  study  other  cases  of  disease 
of  the  joints,  and  in  1813  he  contributed  a 
paper  to  the  '  Medico-Chirurgical  Transac- 
tions,' which  formed  the  basis  of  his  treatise 
on '  Diseases  of  the  Joints,'  published  in  1818. 
This  work  went  through  five  editions,  and 
translations  of  it  appeared  in  other  countries. 
He  again  delivered  the  Croonian  lecture  at  the 
Royal  Society  on  the  action  of  the  muscles  in 
general  and  of  the  heart  in  particular,  and  at 
this  time  performed  the  experiment  of  passing 
a  ligature  round  the  choledoch  duct,  the  re- 
sults of  which  were  given  in  Brande's  '  Jour- 
nal.' In  a  paper  on  '  Varicose  Veins  of  the 


Leg,'  published  in  the  seventh  volume  of  the 
1  Medico-Chirurgical  Transactions,'  he  de- 
scribed the  first  subcutaneous  operation  on 
record. 

He  married  in  1816  the  daughter  of  Ser- 
jeant Sellon,  a  lawyer  of  repute,  and  as  prac- 
tice steadily  increased  he  removed  in  1819  to 
Savile  Row.     In  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  comparative  anatomy  and 
physiology  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
and  delivered  four  courses  of  lectures.  While 
he  held  this  office  he  was  summoned  to  attend 
George  IV,  and  assisted  at  an  operation  for 
the  removal  of  a  tumour  of  the  scalp  from 
which  the  king  suffered.     He  was  elected 
surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital  in  1822,  and 
his  time  was  now  busily  employed  with  his 
hospital  duties  and  lectures  and  an  increasing 
and  lucrative  practice.     In  his   attendance 
upon  the  king  during  the  illness  which  ter- 
minated fatally  he  used  to  be  at  Windsor  at 
six  o'clock  in  the  morning,  stay  ing  to  converse 
with  the  king,  with  whom  Brodie  was  a  fa- 
vourite.   When  William  IV  succeeded  to  the 
j  throne,  Brodie  was  promptly  made  sergeant- 
|  surgeon  (1832),  and   two   years  afterwards 
:  a  baronet.     His  lectures  on  diseases  of  the 
urinary  organs  were  published  in  1832,  and 
those  illustrative  of  local  nervous  affections 
I  in  1837.     The  numerous   papers  which  he 
wrote  from  time  to  time  will  be  found  in  his 
•  <  Collected   Works.'     In  1837  he  travelled 
;  abroad  in  France  for  the  first  time. 

In  1854  he  published  anonymously  '  Psy- 
chological Inquiries,'  essays  in  conversational 
form,  intended  to  illustrate  the  mutual  rela- 
tions of  the  physical  organisation  and  the 
mental  faculties.  In  1862  a  second  series  fol- 
lowed, to  which  he  put  his  name.  He  was 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1858, . 
and  this  office  he  resigned  in  1861,  when  he 
found  that  failing  eyesight  interfered  with 
the  discharge  of  the  duties.  He  was  president 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  (1844), 
1  having  been  for  many  years  examiner  and 
member  of  the  council,  and  having  introduced 
important  improvements  into  the  system  of 
examinations.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical,  and  of  other 
learned  societies.  The  estimation  in  which 
he  was  universally  held  is  shown  by  his 
connection  with  the  Institute  of  France,  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  of  Paris,  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Stockholm,  and  the 
National  Institution  of  Washington,  and  the 
university  of  Oxford  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.C.L.  He  died  at  Broome  Park, 
Surrey,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age,  from 
a  painful  disease  of  the  shoulder,  21  Oct.  1862. 
His  wife  had  died  two  years  previously.  As 
a  surgeon  Brodie  was  a  successful  operator, 


Brodie 


38o 


Brodie 


distinguished  for  coolness  and  knowledge,  a 
steady  hand,  and  a  quick  eye  ;  but  the  pre- 
vention of  disease  was  in  his  opinion  higher 
than  operative  surgery,  and  his  strength  was 
diagnosis.  An  accurate  observer,  his  memory 
was  very  retentive,  and  he  was  never  at  a  loss 
for  some  previous  case  which  threw  light  upon 
the  knotty  points  in  a  consultation.  Unflinch- 
ing against  quackery,  he  was  instrumental  in 
bringing  St.  John  Long  to  justice,  and  his 
precise  evidence  in  the  witness-box  was  effec- 
tive against  the  poisoner  Palmer.  His  life 
was  spent  in  active  work,  and  he  devoted  it 
to  the  arrest  of  disease. 

[Autobiography  in  Collected  Works,  ed.  Haw- 
kins, 1865;  Biography  by  H.  W.  Acland;  Lan- 
cet, 1862 ;  British  Medical  Journal,  1862.] 

K.  E.  T. 

BRODIE,  SIB  BENJAMIN  COLLINS, 

the  younger  (1817-1880),  chemist,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Benjamin  Collins  Brodie 
[see  BRODIE,  SIR  BENJAMIN  COLLINS,  1783- 
1862].     He  was  born  in  Sackville  Street, 
Piccadilly,  London,   in  1817.     Brodie  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  B.A.  in  1838. 
He   always   manifested   a   strong  love   for 
scientific  inquiry,  and  especially  devoted  his 
attention  to  chemistry.     In  1843  his  first 
original  paper  appeared  in  the  '  Proceedings 
of  the  Ashmolean  Society,'  which  was  on  the 
*  Synthesis  of  the  Chemical  Elements/  based 
on  an  examination  which  involved  a  long- 
continued  and  delicate  investigation.  In  1852 
he  had  completed  this  inquiry,  and  published 
the  results  in  a  communication  to  the  same 
society.     In  1848  Brodie's  *  Investigations  of 
the  Chemical  Nature  of  Wax '  appeared  in 
the  '  Philosophical  Transactions.'     In  this 
.  year  he  married  the   daughter  of  the  late 
John   Vincent    Thompson,    serjeant-at-law. 
From  this  period  to  1855  Brodie  was  ac- 
tively engaged  in  chemical  inquiries,  many 
them  of  a  difficult  character.     In  the  '  Phi- 
losophical  Transactions '   for  1850  will  be 
found  an  elaborate  memoir '  On  the  Conditions 
of  Certain  Elements  at  the  Moment  of  Chemi- 
cal Change,'  which  is  an  example  of  well-de- 
vised experimental  research  and  of  very  close 
observation.  The '  Chemical  Society's  Journal 
for  1851  contains  a  paper  by  him,  entitled 
'  Observations  on  the  Constitution  of  the  Al- 
cohol Radical  and  on  the  Formation  of  Ethyl. 
In  the  '  Royal  Institution  Proceedings '  fo: 
the  same  year  appeared  a  paper  by  him  '  On 
the  Allotropic  Changes  of  certain  Elements, 
and  two  others,  requiring  equally  delicate  an( 
searching  investigations,  and  involving  phi 
losophical  deductions  of  a  high  class.  Brodie 
having  established  his  character  as  a  high 
class  inquirer  into  some  abstruse  branches  o 


hemistry,  was  in  1865  appointed  professor  of 
hemistry  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  he 
ras  president  of  the  Chemical  Society  in  the 
ears  1859  and  1860. 

In  addition  to  inquiries  of  considerable  in- 
erest  on  the  elements,  sulphur,  iodine,  and 
)hosphorus,  which  were   communicated  to 
earned  societies  between   1851    and   1855, 
Brodie  was  engaged  on  an  investigation  into 
he  allotropic  states  of  carbon,  especially  of 
>rdinary  charcoal,  and  graphite  or  plumbago. 
?his  led  to  the  discovery  of  an  important  pro- 
ess  for  the  purification  of  graphite,  which 
vas  of  considerable  technical  value.   He  pub- 
lished the  results  of  this  inquiry  in  the  <An- 
nales  de  Chimie '  for  1855  as  a  *  Note  sur 
un  nouveau  proced<3  pour  la  purification  et  la 
de"sagr6gation  du  Graphite.'     This  was  fol- 
owed  in  1859  by  a  memoir  t  On  the  Atomic 
Weight  of  Graphite'  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions.'     The   conclusions    to   which 
Brodie  arrived  were  that  carbon  in  the  form 
f  graphite  functions  is  a  distinct  element, 
br  which  he  proposed  the  term  graphon ; 
;hat  it  forms  a  marked  system  of  combina- 
:ions,  into  which  it  enters  with  a  determi- 
nate atomic  weight  (33).    Previously  to  this, 
Brodie  had  been  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

His  next  inquiries  of  interest  were  con- 
nected with  the  peroxide  of  barium  and  its 
influence  on  the  reduction  of  metallic  oxides 
— on  the  formation  of  the  peroxides  of  the 
radicals  of  the  organic  acids — and  on  the 
oxidation  and  deoxidation  effected  by  the 
peroxide  of  hydrogen.  These  investigations 
may  be  regarded  as  having  brought  Brodie's 
chemical  researches  to  a  termination.  We 
find  no  record  of  any  work  of  interest  be- 
tween 1862  and  1880,  when  he  died.  In  1862 
he  succeeded  his  father  in  the  baronetcy,  and 
in  1872  he  was  created  hon.  D.C.L.  at  Ox- 
ford. His  most  important  discovery  was  cer- 
tainly that  of  graphitic  acid,  and  the  modified 
form  of  carbon  which  he  detected  in  graphite 
and  its  acid.  In  relation  to  his  special  investi- 
gations Brodie  published  seventeen  papers, 
all  of  them  marked  by  the  thoroughness  and 
refinement  of  the  modes  of  research  adopted. 
[Royal  Society's  Proceedings  ;  Philosophical 
Transactions  ;  Royal  Society  Catalogue  of  Scien- 
tific Papers;  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society; 
Annales  de  Chimie.]  R.  H-T. 

BRODIE,  DAVID  (1709  P-1787),  captain 
in  the  royal  navy,  one  of  a  collateral  branch 
of  the  Brodies  of  Brodie,  after  serving  for  many 
years,  both  in  the  navy  and  mercantile  marine, 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  on 
5  Oct.  1736.  In  1739  he  served  under  Vernon 
at  Porto  Bello,  and  in  1741  at  Cartagena.  On 
3  May  1743  he  was  made  commander,  ap- 


Brodie 


381 


Brodie 


pointed  to  the  Merlin  sloop  in  the  West  In- 
dies, and  for  about  four  years  was  repeatedly 
engaged  with  French  and  Spanish  cruisers  and 
privateers,  several  of  which  he  captured  and 
brought  in.  In  one  of  these  encounters  he  lost 
his  right  arm.  Early  in  1747  Rear-admiral 
Knowles  appointed  him  acting  captain  of  the 
Canterbury ;  but  he  was  not  confirmed  in  that 
rank  till  9  March  1747-8,  when,  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Port  Louis,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Strafford.  In  this  ship  he  was  present  at  the 
unsuccessful  attempt  on  Santiago,  and  had  a 
distinguished  share  in  the  battle  oft  Havana 
on  1  Oct.  1748,  when  the  one  prize  of  victory, 
the  Conquistador,  struck  to  the  Strafford. 
In  the  courts-martial  which  followed  [see 
KNOWLES,  SIR  CHARLES]  Brodie's  evidence 
told  strongly  against  the  admiral's  accusers  ; 
he  maintained  that  the  admiral  had  done  his 
duty  throughout.  In  1750  Brodie  was  com- 
pelled to  memorialise  the  admiralty,  repre- 
senting himself  as  incapacitated  from  further 
service,  and  praying  for  some  mark  of  the 
royal  favour.  In  1753  he  presented  another 
and  stronger  memorial  to  the  same  effect,  con- 
sequent on  which  a  pension  was  granted  to 
him.  Nevertheless  in  1762,  on  the  declaration 
of  war  with  Spain,  he  applied  to  the  admiralty 
for  a  command.  His  application  was  not  ac- 
cepted, and  accordingly  when,  in  1778,  his 
seniority  seemed  to  entitle  him  to  flag  rank, 
he  was  passed  over  as  not  having  served 
'  during  the  last  war.'  This  was  then  the 
standing  rule,  and  was  in  no  way  exceptional 
to  Brodie,  although  in  his  case,  as  in  many 
others,  it  fell  harshly  on  old  officers  of  good 
service.  On  5  March  1787  Brodie's  claims 
were  brought  up  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  he  was  represented  as  a  much-injured 
man,  deprived  of  the  promotion  to  which  he 
was  justly  entitled.  The  house  negatived 
the  motion  made  in  Brodie's  favour.  The  case, 
however,  led  to  a  modification  of  the  rule,  and 
from  that  time  captains  who  were  not  eligible 
for  promotion  when  their  turn  arrived  were 
distinctly  placed  on  a  superannuated  list. 
Brodie  died  in  1787,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Abbey  Church  at  Bath. 

[Naval  Chronicle,  iii.  81.]  J.  K.  L. 

BRODIE,  GEORGE  (1786  P-1867),  his- 
torian, was  born  about  1786  in  East  Lothian, 
where  his  father  was  a  farmer  on  a  large  scale, 
and  a  contributor  to  the  improvement  of 
Scottish  husbandry.  Educated  at  the  high 
school  and  university  of  Edinburgh,  he  be- 
came in  1811  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of 
Advocates.  He  seems  to  have  done  little  at 
the  bar.  He  was  an  ardent  whig,  and  his 
political  creed  partly  inspired  the  one  work 
by  which  he  is  known,  his  '  History  of  the 


British  Empire  from  the  accession  of  Charles 
the  First  to  the  Restoration,  with  an  intro- 
duction tracing  the  progress  of  society  and 
of  the  Constitution  from  the  feudal  times  to 
.he  opening  of  the  history,  and  including  a 
particular  examination  of  Mr.  Hume's  state- 
ments relative  to  the  character  of  the  Eng- 
lish government.'  The  '  statements  '  which 
Brodie  undertook  to  refute  were  chiefly  those 
in  which  Hume  found  precedents  for  the 
claims  of  the  Stuarts  in  the  action  of  the  Tu- 
dor sovereigns.  Brodie's  history  was  by  far 
the  most  elaborate  assault  on  the  Stuarts  and 
their  apologists,  especially  Hume  and  Cla- 
rendon, and  the  most  thoroughgoing  vindi- 
cation of  the  puritans,  that  had  then  ap- 
peared. It  was  not  of  high  historical  value. 
It  was  reviewed  in  the  i  Edinburgh  Review ' 
for  March  1824,  probably  by  John  Allen  of 
Holland  House  celebrity  (see  Lord  Jeffrey's 
letter  to  him  in  LORD  COCKBTTRN'S  Life  of 
Jeffrey,  2nd  ed.  1852,  ii.  217).  While  gene- 
rally laudatory,  the  reviewer  censured  Bro- 
die's indiscriminating  partisanship.  Guizot 
has  expressed  his  surprise  that  so  passion- 
ate a  partisan  should  have  written  with  so 
little  animation  (Preface  to  the  Histoire  de 
la  Revolution  tiAngleterre,  4th  ed.  1860,  i. 
15). 

In  the  Scotch  agitation  for  the  first  Reform 
Bill,  Brodie  presided  at  a  very  numerous 
gathering  of  the  working-men  of  Edinburgh 
held  on  Arthur's  Seat  in  November  1831 
against  the  rejection  of  the  bill  by  the  peers. 
In  1836  he  was  appointed  historiographer  of 
Scotland,  with  a  salary  of  ISO/,  a  year.  In 
1866  appeared  a  second  edition  of  his  History, 
with  the  original  title  slightly  expanded  into 
'A  Constitutional  History  of  the  British  Em- 
pire,' &c.  Besides  the  History,  Brodie  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Stair's  '  Institutes  of  the 
Law  of  Scotland,  with  commentaries  and  a 
supplement  as  to  mercantile  law.'  Lord  Cock- 
burn  says  of  it  and  him  (Journal,  1874,  ii. 
113) :  '  His  edition  of  Stair  is  a  deep  and 
difficult  legal  book.  His  style  is  bad,  and 
his  method  not  good.'  Brodie  was  also  au- 
thor of  a  pamphlet  entitled  l  Strictures  on 
the  Appellate  Jurisdiction  of  the  House  of 
Lords,'  1856.  He  died  in  London  on  22  Jan. 
1867. 

[Brodie's  writings ;  obituary  notice  in  Scots- 
man, 31  Jan.  1867  ;  Gent.  Mag.,  March  1867.] 

F.  E. 

BRODIE,  PETER  BELLINGER  (1778- 
1854),  conveyancer,  was  born  at  Winterslow, 
Wiltshire,  on  20  Aug.  1778,  being  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Rev.  Peter  Bellinger  Brodie,  rec- 
tor of  Winterslow  1742-1804,  who  died 
19  March  1804,  by  his  marriage  in  1775  with 


Brodie 


382 


Brodie 


Sarah   third  daughter  of  Benjamin  Collins 
of  Milford,  Salisbury,  who  died  7  Jan.  1847. 
He  early  chose  law  as  a  profession,  but  in 
consequence  of  an  asthmatic  complaint  from 
which  he  suffered,  he   devoted   himself  to 
conveyancing,  and  became  a  pupil  of  the 
well-known  Charles  Butler.    He  was  ulti- 
mately called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple 
on  5  May  1815.   He  soon  obtained  a  consider- 
able share  of  business,  and  it  increased  so  as 
to  place  him  in  a  few  years  amongst  the  most 
eminent  conveyancers  of  the  time.     One  of 
the  drafts  by  which  he  was  earliest  known 
was  that  of  theRock  Life  Assurance  Company, 
1806,  which  has  ever  since  been  considered 
the  best  model  for  similar  instruments,  and 
only  departed  from  where  some  variation  is 
rendered  necessary,  as  in  the  charter  of  King's 
College,  London,  which  he  also  drew  in  1829. 
With  the  history  of  law  amendment  Brodie's 
name  is  intimately  connected.     He  was  one 
of  the  real  property  commissioners  in  1828, 
and  took  a  very  leading  part  in  their  im- 
portant labours.     Their  first  report,  which 
was  made  in  May  1829,  examined,  amongst 
others,  the  important  subjects  of  fines  and 
recoveries.    This    part  of   the  report  was 
drawn  up  by  Brodie,  as  was  also  the  portion 
of  the  second  report,  June  1830,  relating  to 
the  probate  of  wills,  and  the  very  able  and 
learned  part  of  the  third  report,  May  1832, 
relating  to  copyhold  and  ancient  demesne. 
The  fourth  report  was  made  in  April  1833, 
and  no  part  of  this  was  prepared  by  him. 
Soon  after  the  presentation  of  the  first  re- 
port it  was   determined  to   bring  in  bills 
founded    upon    its    recommendations,    and 
Brodie  prepared  the  most  important  of  these, 
that   for    abolishing   fines    and    recoveries, 
which  was  brought  in  at  the  end  of  the  ses- 
sion 1830,  and  became  law  in  1838.    Lord  St. 
Leonards,  in  his  work  on  the  '  Real  Property 
Statutes,'  declares  this  act  to  be  '  a  masterly 
performance,  reflecting  great  credit  on  the 
learned  conveyancer  by  whom  it  was  framed.' 
The  preparation  of  his  part  of  the  reports,  and 
especially  of  the  bills,  for  a  time  almost  de- 
prived Brodie  of  his  private  business ;  but  he 
recovered  his  practice  by  degrees,  so  as  ulti- 
mately to  have  it  fully  restored.     He  was  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  '  A  Treatise  on  a 
Tax  on  Successions  to  Real  as  well  as  Personal 
Property,  and  the  Removal  of  the  House-tax, 
as  Substitutes  for  the  Income-tax,  and  on 
Burdens  on  Land  and  Restrictions  on  Com- 
merce and  Loans  of  Money,'  1850.     He  died 
at  49  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  on  8  Sept. 
1854.     He  was   twice    married:    first,   on 
16  March  1810,  to  Elizabeth  Mary,  daughter 
of  Sutton  Thomas  Wood   of  Oxford— she 
died  on  9  May  1825 ;  secondly,  on  1  June 


1826,  to  Susan  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Mor- 
gan.    She  died  in  London  on  4  Dec.  1870. 
The  elder  Sir  B.  0.  Brodie  was  his  brother. 
[Law  Rev.  1855,  xxi.  348-54.]        G-.  C.  B. 

BRODIE,  WILLIAM    (d.   1788),  dea- 
con of  the  Incorporation  of  the  Edinburgh 
Wrights    and  Masons,    and    burglar,    was 
the  only  son  of  Convener  Francis  Brodie, 
who  carried   on   an   extensive  business   as 
wright  and  cabinet-maker  in  the  Lawnmar- 
ket,  Edinburgh,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  town  council.    On  his  father's 
death  Brodie    succeeded  to    the    business, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  elected  one 
of  the  ordinary  deacon  councillors   of  the 
city.     At  an  early  age  he  acquired  a  taste 
for  gambling,  and  almost  nightly  frequented 
a  disreputable  gambling-house  in  the  Flesh- 
market  Close.   In  1786  he  became  acquainted 
with  three  men  of  the  lowest  character, 
George  Smith,  Andrew  Ainslie,  and  John 
Brown.     With  Brodie  for  their  leader,  these 
men  formed  themselves  into  a  gang  of  burg- 
lars, and  at  the  latter  end  of  1787  a  number 
of  robberies  were  committed  by  them  in  and 
around  Edinburgh.     No  clue  could  be  dis- 
covered to  the  perpetrators.     On  5  March 
1788  the  gang  broke  into  the  excise  office  in 
Chessel's   Court,   Canongate.     This  under- 
taking had  been  wholly  suggested  and  most 
carefully  planned  by  Brodie.     Though  dis- 
turbed in  their  operations,  they  managed  to 
get  off  with  their  booty  undiscovered.  Brown, 
however,  who  was  under  sentence  of  trans- 
portation for  a  crime  committed  in  England, 
turned  king's  evidence.    Brodie  fled,  and  for 
a  long  time  evaded  pursuit.     Through  the 
means   of  some  letters  which  he  had   in- 
cautiously written,  he  was  at  length  traced 
to  Amsterdam,  where  he  was  apprehended 
on  the  eve  of  his  departure  for  America.   He 
and  Smith  were  tried  at  the  high  court  of 
justiciary  on  27  Aug.  1788,  before  the  lord 
justice   clerk  and  Lords  Hailes,  Eskgrove, 
Stonefield,  and  Swinton,  and  on  the  follow- 
ing morning  the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of 
guilty  against  both  of  them.    In  accordance 
with  the   sentence,   they   were   hanged   at 
the  west  end  of  the  Luckenbooths  on  1  Oct. 
1788.     Notwithstanding  his  profligate  habits 
Brodie  contrived  almost  to  the  last  to  pre- 
serve  a  fair   character   among  his  fellow- 
citizens.    It  is  also  a  curious  fact  that  he  sat 
in-  the  same  court  as  a  juryman  in  a  criminal 
case  only  a  few  months  previously  to  his  own 
appearance  there  in  the  dock.   A  play  written 
by  Messrs.  R.  L.  Stevenson  and  W.  E.  Henley, 
and  founded  upon  the  incidents  of  his  life, 
was  produced  at  the  Prince's  Theatre,  Lon- 
don, on  2  July  1884,  under  the  name  of 


Brodie 


383 


Brodrick 


'  Deacon  Brodie,  or  the  Double  Life.'  Two 
etchings  of  him  by  Kay  will  be  found  in 
the  first  volume  of '  Original  Etchings,'  Nos. 
105  and  106. 

[Kay's  Original  Portraits  and  Caricature 
Etchings  (1877),  i.  96,  119,  HI,  256-66,  399, 
ii.  8,  120-1,  286;  Creech's  Trial  of  Brodie  and 
Smith  (2nd  edit.  1788);  Scots  Mag.  (1788),  1. 
358-9,  365-72,  429-37,  514-16;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1788),  Iviii.  pt.  ii.  648,  829,  925.1 

G.  F.  E.  B. 

BRODIE,  WILLIAM(1815-1881),  sculp- 
tor, eldest  son  of  John  Brodie,  a  shipmaster  of 
Banff,  was  born  at  that  place  on  22  Jan.  1815. 
About  1821  the  Brodie  family  removed  to 
Aberdeen,  where  William  was  apprenticed  to 
a  plumber.  He  devoted  his  evenings,  however, 
to  scientific  studies  at  the  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion, and  developed  a  singular  dexterity  in 
making  instruments  for  his  own  experiments. 
He  amused  himself  in  casting  leaden  figures  of 
notable  personages.  He  also  seems  to  have 
painted  in  oil,  and  after  his  marriage  in  1841 
is  said  to  have  produced  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  portraits.  His  peculiar  talent  for  model- 
ling medallion  likenesses  on  a  small  scale  at- 
tracted much  attention,  and  especially  that  of 
Sheriff  Watson  and  Mr.  John  Hill  Burton,  by 
the  latter  of  whom  he  was  encouraged  to  mi- 
grate to  Edinburgh  in  1847.  There  he  studied 
for  four  years  in  the  Trustees'  School  of  De- 
sign; essayed  modelling  on  a  larger  scale, 
and  executed  a  bust  of  Lord  Jeffrey,  one  of 
his  earliest  patrons.  About  this  time  Brodie 
spent  some  months  at  Rome,  where  he  mo- 
delled a  figure  of  Corinna,  the  lyric  muse, 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  of 
which  he  was  elected  an  associate  in  1857, 
a  full  member  in  1859,  and  secretary  in  1876. 
He  is  believed  to  have  executed  more  portrait 
busts  than  any  other  artist.  His  ideal  works 
included  the  '  Blind  Girl/  '  Hecamede,'  <  Re- 
becca,' '  Ruth,'  '  The  Maid  of  Lorn,'  '  Amy 
Robsart,' ( Sunshine,' '  Storm,'  and '  Memory.' 
Brodie  executed  four  busts  of  the  queen,  one 
of  which  is  in  Balmoral  Castle,  the  colossal 
statue  of  the  prince  consort  at  Perth,  and  one 
of  the  representative  groups  in  bronze  for  the 
Scottish  memorial  to  the  prince  in  Edinburgh. 
Amongst  other  works  are  the  bronze  statue 
of  Dr.  Graham,  master  of  the  mint  at  Glas- 
gow, and  of  Sir  James  Young  Simpson  at 
Edinburgh,  and  the  marble  statue  of  Sir  David 
Brewster  in  the  quadrangle  of  the  university 
building,  Edinburgh,  and  of  Lord  Cockburn 
in  the  Parliament  House  of  the  same  city.  He 
executed  portrait  busts  of  most  of  the  cele- 
brities of  his  day.  Not  long  before  his  death 
Brodie  received  a  commission  for  a  statue  of 
the  Hon.  George  Brown,  a  prominent  Cana- 


dian politician,  for  the  city  of  Toronto.  After 
two  years  of  decline  Brodie  died  on  30  Oct. 
1881  at  Douglas  Lodge  in  Edinburgh. 

[Aberdeen  Journal,  31  Oct.  and  1  and  7  Nov. 
1881 ;  Scotsman  and  Edinburgh  Courant,  31  Oct. 
and  5  Nov.  1881  ;  Times,  1  Nov.  1881  ;  Athe- 
naeum, 5  Nov.  1881 ;  Art  Journal,  December 
1881  ;  Irving's  Book  of  Scotsmen,  1881.1 

A.  H.  G. 

BRODRICK,  ALAN,  LORD  MIDLETON 
(1660  P-1728),  Irish  statesman  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  Ireland,  came  of  a  family  which  for 
several  generations  had  been  settled  in  Surrey. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  St.  John  Brodrick 
by  Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  Randal  Clayton  of 
Thelwall,  Cheshire,  and  was  born  about  1660. 
The  family  of  Brodrick  had  greatly  profited  by 
the  forfeitures  in  Ireland.  Alan,  eldest  brother 
of  St.  John,  was  on  19  March  1660  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  settling  the  affairs 
of  Ireland,  and  shortly  afterwards  received  a 
grant  of  10,759  acres.  St.  John,  who  had 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  civil  wars  begin- 
ning in  1641,  received  in  1653  a  large  grant 
of  lands  in  the  barony  of  Barrymore,  Cork, 
which  was  supplemented,  under  the  Act  of 
Settlement  in  1670,  by  an  additional  grant  of 
lands  in  the  baronies  of  Barrymore,  Fermoy, 
and  Orrery,  the  whole  being  erected  into  the 
manor  of  Midleton.  The  wealth,  ability,  and 
political  activity  of  the  Brodricks  gave  them 
an  influence  in  Ireland  almost  equal  to  that  of 
the  Boyles.  Brodrick  adopted  the  profession 
of  law.  Having  taken  an  active  part  in  behalf 
of  William  of  Orange,  he  was,  along  with  his 
brother,  attainted  by  the  Irish  parliament  of 
James  II,  a  circumstance  which  probably  as- 
sisted his  early  promotion  under  William. 
On  19  Feb.  1690-1  he  was  made  king's  ser- 
jeant,  and  on  6  June  1695  he  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  an  office  in  which 
he  was  continued  after  the  accession  of  Queen 
Anne.  He  entered  the  Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons in  1692  as  member  for  the  city  of  Cork, 
and  on  24  Sept.  1703  he  was  chosen  speaker. 
On  account  of  his  liberal  views  in  regard  to 
1  Toleration,'  and  of  his  opposition  to  the 
Sacramental  Test  Act,  he  lost  the  favour  of 
the  government,  and  when  the  house  refused 
to  pass  some  bills  promoted  by  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant he  was  removed  from  the  office  of  so- 
licitor-general. When,  however,  the  appoint- 
ment of  Earl  Pembroke  to  the  viceroyalty 
was  determined  on,  he  was,  12  June  1707,  ap- 
pointed attorney-general  for  Ireland.  As  Lord 
Pembroke  deemed  it  impossible  to  obtain  the 
repeal  of  the  Test  Act  in  the  Irish  parliament, 
Brodrick  went  to  England  to  persuade  the 
government  to  propose  its  repeal  in  the  Eng- 
lish parliament,  but  without  success.  In  May 


Brodrick 


384 


Brodrick 


1710  he  was  called  to  the  upper  house  as  chief 
justice  of  the  queen's  bench,  but  his  attach- 
ment to  the  principles  of  the  revolution  caused 
his  dismissal  in  1711.  In  1713  he  re-entered 
the  Irish  parliament  as  member  for  the  city 
of  Cork,  and  notwithstanding  the  opposition 
of  the  government  he  was  chosen  speaker  by 
a  majority  of  four  votes.  Having  been  the 
principal  adviser  in  the  measures  taken  by  the 
Irish  House  of  Commons  to  secure  the  protes- 
tant  succession,  he  was  appointed  by  George  I, 
1  Oct.  1714,  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  and 
on  13  April  1715  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as 
Baron  Brodrick  of  Midleton.  On  5  Aug.  1717 
he  was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  Viscount 
Midleton.  In  the  same  year  that  he  was 
made  lord  chancellor  he  entered  the  British 
parliament  as  member  for  Midhurst,  Sussex, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  till  his  death. 
Although  he  attached  himself  to  the  party  of 
Sunderland,  he  strenuously  opposed  the  Peer- 
age Bill,  resisting  with  equal  firmness  the  so- 
licitations and  menaces  of  Sunderland,  and 
turning  a  deaf  ear  even  to  the  urgent  requests 
of  the  sovereign.  Although  possibly  charge- 
able with  opiniativeness,  his  sterling  honesty, 
bold  independence,  and  sincere  patriotism, 
entitle  him  to  the  highest  praise.  On  the 
death  of  Sunderland  he  attached  himself 
to  Carteret  in  opposition  to  Townshend  and 
Walpole,  against  the  latter  of  whom  he  ulti- 
mately cherished  a  violent  antipathy.  By  his 
conduct  in  the  famous  case,  Sherlock  v.  An- 
nesley,  Midleton  incurred  the  serious  dis- 
pleasure of  the  Irish  lords,  and  as  by  his  op- 
position to  Wood's  coinage  patent  he  had 
rendered  himself  specially  obnoxious  to  the 
Duke  of  Grafton,  the  lord-lieutenant,  Grafton 
connived  at  a  resolution  of  the  lords  l  that 
through  the  absence  of  the  lord  high  chan- 
cellor there  has  been  a  failure  of  justice  in 
this  kingdom  by  the  great  delay  in  the  high 
court  of  chancery  and  in  the  exchequer  cham- 
ber.' The  resolution  was,  however,  robbed 
of  its  sting  by  a  counter  resolution  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  Walpole,  to  win  if 
possible  tlje  all-essential  support  of  Midleton 
for  the  patent,  appointed  Carteret  lord-lieu- 
tenant. Carteret,  dreading  dismissal  from 
office,  exerted  all  his  personal  influence  on 
Midleton,  but  in  vain.  The  result  was  a  per- 
sonal breach  between  them,  and  Midleton,  dis- 
gusted with  his  cold  reception  at  the  castle, 
resigned  office  25  May  1725.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  strenuous  opposition  to  the  patent, 
Midleton  not  only  refused  to  accept  the  dedi- 
cation to  him  of  Swift's  <  Drapier's  Letters,' 
but  supported  the  prosecution  of  their  author, 
on  the  ground  that  they  tended  to  '  create 
jealousies  between  the  king  and  the  people  of 
*- •—*  '  He  died  at  his  country  seat,  Bally- 


anan,  Cork,  in  1728.  He  was  thrice  married : 
first  to  Catherine,  second  daughter  of  Red- 
mond Barry  of  Rathcormack,  by  whom  he 
had  one  son  and  one  daughter ;  secondly,  to 
Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  Peter  Courthorpe  of 
the  Little  Island,  Cork,  by  whom  he  had  two 
sons  and  a  daughter ;  and  thirdly,  to  Anne, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Trevor,  master  of  the 
rolls,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 

[Pedigree  in  Miscellanea  Genealogica  et  He- 
raldica,  ii.  359-60  ;  Lodge's  Peerage  of  Ireland, 
v.  164-70;  Le  Neve's  Knights,  102;  Coxe's  Life 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  i.  215-30,  and  ii.  170-219, 
containing  letters,  correspondence,  and  papers 
on  the  Peerage  Bill  and  on  Wood's  Coinage  Pa- 
tent ;  Manning  and  Bray's  History  of  Surrey,  ii. 
33-4  ;  O'Flanagan's  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancel- 
lors of  Ireland,  ii.  1-38.]  T.  F.  H. 

BRODRICK,  THOMAS  (d.  1769),  vice- 
admiral,  entered  the  navy  about  1723.  In  1739 
he  was  a  lieutenant  of  the  Burford,  Vernon's 
flagship  at  Porto  Bello,  and  commanded  the 
landing  party  which  stormed  the  Castillo  de 
Fierro.  In  recompense  for  his  brilliant  con- 
duct Vernon  promoted  him  to  the  command 
of  the  Cumberland  fireship,  in  which  he  in 
1741  took  part  in  the  expedition  to  Cartagena. 
On  25  March  he  was  posted  into  the  Shore- 
ham  frigate,  and  continued  actively  employed 
during  the  rest  of  that  campaign,  and  after- 
wards in  the  expedition  to  Cuba  [see  VERNON, 
EDWARD].  After  other  service  he  returned  to 
England  in  1743,  and  early  in  the  following 
year  was  appointed  to  the  Exeter  of  60  guns. 
In  March  of  the  following  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Dreadnought,  which  was  sent 
out  to  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  continued 
there  till  after  the  peace  in  1748.  In  May 
1756  Brodrick  was  sent  out  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  command  of  reinforcements  for  Ad- 
miral Byng,  whom  he  joined  at  Gibraltar  just 
before  the  admiral  was  ordered  home  under 
arrest.  He  had  meantime  been  advanced  to 
be  rear-admiral,  in  which  rank  he  served  under 
Sir  Edward  Hawke  till  towards  the  close  of 
the  year,  when  the  fleet  returned  home.  In 
January  1757  he  was  a  member  of  the  court- 
martial  on  Admiral  Byng  [see  BYNG,  HON. 
JOHN]  ;  and  was  afterwards,  with  his  flag  in 
the  Namur,  third  in  command  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Rochfort  [see  HAWZE,  LORD 
EDWARD]. 

Early  in  1758  Brodrick  was  appointed  as 
second  in  command  in  the  Mediterranean,  with 
his  flag  on  board  the  Prince  George  of  90  guns. 
On  13  April,  being  then  off  Ushant,  the 
Prince  George  caught  fire,  and  out  of  a  com- 
plement of  nearly  800,  some  250  only  were 
saved ;  the  admiral  himself  was  picked  up, 
stark  naked,  by  a  merchant-ship's  boat,  after 
he  had  been  swimming  for  about  an  hour. 


Broghill 


385 


Broke 


Brodrick  and  the  survivors  of  his  ship's  com- 
pany were  taken  by  the  Glasgow  frigate  to 
Gibraltar,  where  he  hoisted  his  flag  in  the  St. 
George.  In  the  following  February  he  was 
promoted  to  be  vice-admiral,  and  was  shortly 
afterwards  superseded  by  Admiral  Boscawen, 
under  whom  he  commanded  during  the  block- 
ade of  Toulon,  and  in  the  action  of  18-19  Aug., 
culminating  in  the  burning  or  capture  of  the 
French  ships  in  Lagos  Bay  [see  BOSCAWEN, 
EDWARD]  .  When  Boscawen  returned  to  Eng- 
land, Brodrick  blockaded  the  French  ships 
at  Cadiz  so  closely,  that  even  the  friendly 
Spaniards  could  not  resist  making  them  the 
subject  of  insolent  ridicule.  They  are  said  to 
have  stuck  up  a  notice  in  some  such  terms  as 
'For  sale,  eight  French  men-of-war.  For 
particulars  apply  to  Vice-admiral  Brodrick.' 
The  French  ships  did  not  stir  out  till  the 
passage  was  cleared  for  them  by  a  gale  of 
wind,  which  compelled  the  blockading  squa- 
dron to  put  into  Gibraltar.  Brodrick  then 
returned  to  England.  He  had  no  further 
employment,  and  died  1  Jan.  1769  of  cancer 
in  the  face. 

[Charnock's  Biog.  Nav.  v.  69 ;  Beatson's 
Naval  and  Mil.  Mem.  (under  date) ;  official 
documents  in  the  Public  Kecord  Office.] 

J.  K.  L. 

BROGHILL,  BARON.  [See  BOYLE, 
ROGER.] 

BROGRAVE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1613), 
lawyer,  was  the  son  of  Richard  Brograve  by 
his  wife,  daughter  of Sares.  He  was 

rbably  educated  at  Cambridge.  In  1576 
was  autumn  reader  at  Gray's  Inn.  He  was 
elected  one  of  the  treasurers  of  that  society 
in  February  1579-80,  and  again  in  February 
1583-4.  In  1580  he  was  appointed  her  ma- 
jesty's attorney  for  the  duchy  of  Lancaster, 
and  he  continued  to  hold  that  office  under 
King  James  I,  who  conferred  upon  him  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  He  was  nominated 
one  of  the  counsel  to  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1581.  He  resided  at  Braughing 
in  Hertfordshire,  of  which  county  he  was 
custos  rotulorum  for  thirty  years.  He  died 
on  11  Sept.  1613,  and  was  buried  at  Braughing. 
By  his  marriage  with  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Simeon  Steward  of  Lakenheath,  Suffolk  (she 
died  5  July,  1593),  he  had  issue  three  sons 
and  two  daughters. 

He  is  the  author  of  f  The  Reading  of  Mr. 
John  Brograve  of  Grayes  Inne,  made  in 
Summer  1576,  upon  part  of  the  Statute  of 
27  H.  8.  C.  10,  of  Vses,  concerning  Jointures, 
beginning  at  the  twelfth  Branch  thereof.' 
Printed  in  'Three  Learned  Readings  made 
upon  three  very  usefull  Statutes,  by  Sir  James 

VOL.   VI. 


Dyer,  Brograve  and  Tristram  Risdon,'  London, 
1648,  4to.  (Cf.  MS.  Harl.  829,  art.  3.) 

[Clutterbuck's  Hertfordshire,  iii.  154,  157- 
159 ;  Chauncy's  Hertfordshire,  226-8 ;  Dug- 
dale's  Orig.  Jurid.  (1680),  294,  298,  307  ; 
ooper's  Annals  of  Cambridge,  ii.  610 ;  Baga  de 
Secretis,  pouch  48 ;  Addit.  MS.  5821,  f.  271 ; 
Lansd.  MS.  92,  art.  52,  1119;  Wood's  Athense 
Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  609,  iii.  174;  Burke's  Extinct 
and  Dormant  Baronetcies  (1841),  84.]  T.  C. 

BROKE.    [See  also  BROOK  and  BROOKE.] 

BROKE  or  BROOKE,  ARTHUR 

(d.  1563),  translator,  was  the  author  of  ( The 
Tragical!  Historye  of  Romeus  and  lulieit 
written  first  in  Italian  by  Bandell,  and  nowe 
in  English  by  Ar.  Br.  In  aedibus  Richard 
Tottelli.'  The  colophon  runs :  '  Imprinted  at 
London  in  Flete  Strete  within  Temble  barre 
at  the  signe  of  the  hand  and  starre  of 
Richard  Tottill,  the  XIX.  day  of  Nouember 
An.  do.  1562.'  The  book  was  entered  in 
the  Stationers'  Register  late  in  1562  as  '  The 
Tragicall  History  of  the  Romeus  and  Juliett 
with  sonettes.'  The  volume  is  mainly  of  in- 
terest as  the  source  whence  Shakespeare  drew 
the  plot  of  his  tragedy  of  '  Romeo  and  Juliet/ 
It  is  written  throughout  in  rhymed  verse 
of  alternate  lines  of  twelve  and  fourteen 
syllables.  Broke  did  not  (as  the  title-page 
states)  translate  directly  from  the  Italian  of 
Bandello,  but  from  the  '  Histoires  Tragiques 
extraictes  des  (Euvres  de  Bandel'  (Paris, 
1559),  by  Pierre  Boaistuan  surnamed  Launay 
and  Fran£ois  de  Belle-Forest.  Broke  does 
not  adhere  very  closely  to  his  French  original : 
he  developes  the  character  of  the  Nurse  and 
alters  the  concluding  scene  in  many  impor- 
tant points,  in  all  of  which  he  is  followed  by 
Shakespeare.  In  the  address  to  the  reader 
Broke  shows  himself  a  staunch  protestant,  and 
deplores  the  introduction  into  the  story  of 
'dronken  gossyppes  and  superstitious  friers 
(the  naturally  fitte  instrumentes  of  un- 
chastitie).'  He  also  notices  that  the  tale 
had  already  been  acted  on  the  stage  with 
great  applause.  The  popularity  of  Broke's 
undertaking  is  proved  not  only  by  Shake- 
speare's literal  adoption  of  its  story,  but  by 
two  imitations  of  it,  issued  almost  imme- 
diately after  its  first  publication  (Bernard 
Garter's  '  Tragical  History  of  two  English 
Lovers,'  1565,  and  William  Painter's  'Ro- 
meus and  Giuletta '  in  the '  Palace  of  Pleasure/ 
1566). 

Only  three  copies  of  the  first  edition  of 
Broke's  translation  are  now  known  to  be 
extant :  one  in  the  Malone  collection  at  the 
Bodleian,  a  second  in  Mr.  Huth's  library, 
and  the  third — an  imperfect  copy — among 
CapelTs  books  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

C  C 


Broke 


386 


Broke 


According  to  the  Stationers' Register,  Tottell 
obtained  a  license  to  reprint  the  work  in  1582, 
but  no  edition  of  that  date  has  been  met 
with.  Ralph  Robinson  reissued  the  original 
edition  in  1587,  and  added  to  the  title  the 
words :  '  Contayning  in  it  a  rare  example  of 
true  constancie,  with  the  subtill  counsells 
and  practises  of  an  old  fryer  and  their  ill 
event.'  Modern  reprints  are  numerous. 
Malone  issued  it  (without  the  prefatory 
notices)  in  his  '  Supplement  to  Shakespeare,' 
1780,  and  struck  off  twelve  separate  copies 
for  private  distribution.  It  reappeared  in 
the  Shakespeare  variorum  edition  of  1821 ; 
in  J.  P.  Collier's  <  School  of  Shakespeare,' 
1843 ;  in  W.  C.  Hazlitt's  '  School  of  Shake- 
speare,' 1874;  and  in  the  New  Shakspere 
Society's  'Originals  and  Analogues,'  pt.  i. 
(1875),  edited  by  P.  A.  Daniel. 

Broke  died  in  the  year  following  the  pro- 
duction of  his  chief  work.  In  1563  was 
published  '  An  Agreement  of  sundry  places 
of  Scripture  seeming  in  shew  to  larre,  seruing 
in  stead  of  commentaryes,  not  only  for  these 
but  others  lyke.  Translated  out  of  French 
and  nowe  fyrst  publyshed  by  Arthure  Broke.' 
The  printer,  Lucas  Harrison,  states  in  his 
address  to  the  reader  at  the  beginning  of  the 
book  that  Broke  was  out  of  the  country  while 
it  was  passing  through  the  press  ;  but  on  the 
last  page  some  verses  headed  '  Thomas  Broke 
the  younger  to  the  reader '  state  that  Broke 
had  recently  perished  at  sea.  Among  George 
Turberville's  '  Epitaphes  and  other  Poems ' 
(1567)  is  one  '  On  the  death  of  Maister 
Arthur  Brooke,  drownde  in  passing  to  New 
Haven.'  Turberville  writes- very  pathetically 
of  Broke's  sudden  death,  and  praises  very 
highly  his  tale  of 

Julyet  and  her  mate  • 

For  there  he  shewde  his  cunning  passing  well, 
When  he  the  tale  to  English  did  translate. 

Turberville  describes  Broke  as  a  young  man, 
and  notes  that  he  was  crossing  the  seas  to 
serve  abroad  in  the  English  army. 

[Introduction  to  Broke's  Komeo  and  Juliett  in 
J.  P.  Collier's  School  of  Shakespeare  (1843) ; 
Broke's  Agreement  (1563) ;  Turberville's  Epi- 
taphes (1567);  Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poetica ; 
Brit.  Mus.  Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BROKE,  SIB  PHILIP  BOWES  VERE 
(1776-1841),  rear-admiral,  of  an  old  Suffolk 
family,  was  born  at  Broke  Hall,  near  Ips- 
wich, on  9  Sept.  1776.  He  early  manifested 
an  inclination  for  the  sea,  and  at  the  age  of 
twelve  was  entered  at  the  Royal  Naval  Aca- 
demy in  Portsmouth  Dockyard,  from  which, 
in  June  1792,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Bull- 
dog sloop  under  the  command  of  Captain 
George  Hope,  whom,  in  August  1793,  he  fol- 


lowed to  the  Eclair,  then  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  afterwards  employed  during  the 
occupation  of  Toulon  and  the  siege  of  Bastia. 
In  May  1794  he  was  discharged  into  the 
Romulus,  and  was  present  when  Lord  Hood 
chased  the  French  fleet  into  Golfe  Jouan 
11  June  1794,  and  in  the  action  off  Toulon 
13-14  March  1795.  In  June  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Britannia,  flagship  of  the 
commander-in-chief,  was  in  her  in  the  en- 
gagement off  Toulon  on  13  July  1795,  and  on 
the  18th  was  appointed  third  lieutenant  of 
the  Southampton  frigate  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Macnamara.  During  the  next 
eighteen  months  the  Southampton  was  ac- 
tively employed  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  often 
with  the  squadron  under  Commodore  Nelson, 
and  was  with  the  fleet  in  the  action  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent  14  Feb.  1797.  In  the  following 
June  she  was  sent  home  and  paid  off.  Broke 
was  almost  immediately  appointed  to  the 
Amelia  frigate  in  the  Channel  fleet,  and  in 
her  was  present  at  the  defeat  and  capture  of 
the  French  squadron  on  the  north  coast  of 
Ireland  12  Oct.  1798.  On  2  Jan.  1799  he  was 
made  commander  and  appointed  to  the  Falcon 
brig,  from  which  a  few  months  later  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Shark  sloop,  attached  to 
the  North  Sea  fleet,  under  Lord  Duncan,  and 
employed  for  the  most  part  in  convoy  service. 
On  14  Feb.  1801  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  captain,  after  which  he  remained  unem- 
ployed for  four  years.  His  father  died  shortly 
after  his  promotion,  and  on  25  Nov.  1802  he 
married  Sarah  Louisa,  daughter  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Middleton,  bart.  When  the  war  again 
broke  out,  he  immediately  applied  for  a  ship, 
but  without  success,  till  in  April  1805  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Druid  frigate,  which  he  com- 
manded in  the  Channel  and  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland  for  the  next  sixteen  months.  On 
31  Aug.  1806  he  was  appointed  to  the  Shannon, 
a  fine  38-gun  frigate,  carrying  18-pounders 
on  her  main  deck,  32-pounder  carronades  on 
quarter-deck  and  forecastle.  During  the  sum- 
mer of  1807  the  Shannon  was  employed  on  the 
coast  of  Spitsbergen,  protecting  the  whalers, 
and  in  December  was  with  the  squadron  at 
the  reduction  of  Madeira.  During  the  greater 
part  of  1808  she  was  cruising  in  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, and  on  the  night  of  10-11  Nov.,  attracted 
by  the  sound  of  the  firing,  arrived  on  the 
scene  of  action  in  time  to  witness  the  capture 
of  the  French  ThStis  by  the  Amethyst,  Cap- 
tain Michael  Seymour — a  capture  which  this 
unfortunate  arrival  of  the  Shannon,  as  well 
as  of  the  line-of-battle  ship  Triumph,  deprived 
of  some  of  its  brilliance.  The  Shannon  after- 
wards towed  the  prize  to  Plymouth,  but 
Broke,  as  a  recognition  that  the  capture  was 
due  to  the  Amethyst  alone,  obtained  the  con- 


Broke 


387 


Broke 


currence  of  the  Shannon's  officers  and  ship': 
company  to  forego  their  claim  to  share  in  the 
prize.  As  the  Triumph's  claim,  however,  war 
maintained,  the  generous  offer  of  the  Shan 
nons  was  declined.  The  next  two  years  were 
passed  in  similar  service,  cruising  from  Ply- 
mouth, off  Brest,  and  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
it  was  not  till  June  1811  that  she  was  orderec 
to  refit  for  foreign  service.  In  the  beginning 
of  August  she  sailed  for  Halifax,  where  she 
arrived  24  Sept.  The  relations  between  Eng- 
land and  the  States  were  even  then  severely 
strained,  and  on  18  June  1812  war  was  de- 
clared. 

For  the  next  year  the  Shannon  was  en- 
gaged in  cruising,  without  any  opportunity 
of  important  service.    Broke  was  keenly  sen- 
sible of  the  urgent  necessity  of  keeping  the 
ship  at  all  times  in  perfect  fighting  trim,  a 
necessity  which  the  successes  of  the  previous 
twenty  years  had  tempted  some  of  his  con- 
temporaries to  ignore.    At  very  considerable 
pecuniary  loss  both  to  himself  and  to  the 
ship's  company,  he  carried  out  a  resolution 
to  make  no  prizes  which  would  entail  send- 
ing away  prize  crews,  and  so  weakening  his 
force,  and  most  of  the  ships  captured  were 
therefore  burned.     But,  more  than  this,  he 
bestowed  extraordinary  pains  on  training  his 
men,  especially  in  the  exercise  of  the  great 
guns.     While  the  custom  of  our  service  at 
that  time  was  never  to  cast  the  guns  loose 
except  for  action.  Broke  instituted  a  course 
of  systematic  training,  and  every  day  in  the 
week,  except  Saturday,  the  men,  either  by 
watches  or  all  together,  were  exercised  at 
quarters  and  in  firing  at  a  mark,  so  that  in 
course  of  time  they  attained  a  degree  of  ex- 
pertness  such  as  had  never  before  been  ap- 
proached.    To  this  end  everything  was  made 
subservient ;  concentrating  marks  were  made 
on  the  decks,  and  at  Broke's  own  cost  sights 
were  fitted  to  the  guns ;  but  all  vain  show 
was   neglected,   and  the   Shannon,   though 
clean  and  healthy,  was  perhaps  a  little  looked 
down  on  by  some  of  her  more  showy  com- 
panions.    Her  excellence  in  gunnery,  how- 
ever, .began  to  be  talked  about ;  and,  much 
to  Broke's  annoyance,  many  ships  arriving 
on  the  station  fresh  from  England  brought 
out  orders  to  exchange  a  certain  number  of 
men  with  the  Shannon,  so  that   they  too 
might  receive  the  benefit  of  the  new  system. 
In  May  1813  the  Shannon  was  cruising  off 
Boston,  keeping  watch    on    the  American 
frigate  Chesapeake,  which  had  been  newly 
recommissioned  by  Captain  James  Lawrence, 
lately  in  command  of  the  Hornet  when  she 
sank  the  Peacock.     On  1  June,  finding  his 
store  of  water  running  low,  Broke  adopted 
the  singular  plan  of  writing  formally  to  Law- 


rence, requesting  him  to  give  him  a  meeting. 
He  stated  in  exact  detail  the  Shannon's  force, 
and  pledged  himself  to  such   measures  as 
would  insure  the  absence  of  all  other  Eng- 
lish  ships,  adding,  '  or  I  would  sail  with 
you,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  to  any  place  you 
think  safest  from  our  cruisers,  hauling   it 
down  when  fair  to  begin  hostilities.'     This 
letter,  however,  was  never  delivered ;  for  be- 
fore the  vessel  by  which  it  was  sent  reached 
the  harbour  the  Chesapeake  was  under  way 
and  standing  out  under  a  cloud  of  canvas. 
Expectation  in  Boston  was   at  an  intense 
height,   and  crowds   of  pleasure-boats  and 
other  small  craft  accompanied   the  ship  in 
order  to  witness  her  triumph  over  the  enemy. 
As  she  came  on  she  shortened  sail,  sent  down 
her  upper  ?  yards,  and  so,  with  a  flag  at  each 
masthead,  rapidly  drew  near.     Broke  mean- 
while called  his  men  aft  on  the  quarter-deck, 
and,  after  the  manner  of  the  heroes  of  old, 
addressed  them  in  a  short  and  telling  speech, 
commenting    on    the    successes    which   the 
Americans  with  a  great  superiority  of  force 
had  obtained,  and  concluding,  '  Don't  cheer, 
go  quietly  to  your  quarters.     I  feel  sure  you 
will  all  do  your  duty ;  remember  you  have 
the  blood  of  hundreds  of  your  countrymen  to 
avenge.'    'Mayn't  we  have  three  ensigns,  sir, 
like  she  has?'  asked  a  seaman.     'No/  an- 
swered Broke ;  '  we've  always  been  an  un- 
assuming ship.'     As  the  Chesapeake  came 
down  nearly  before  the  wind,  the  Shannon, 
which  had  been  waiting  for  her,  filled  and 
gathered    steerage    way ;    the    Chesapeake 
rounded  to  on  her  weather-quarter  at  a  dis- 
tance of  about  fifty  yards,  and,  as  she  ranged 
alongside,  received  the  Shannon's  broadside 
fired  with  the  utmost  coolness  and  deli- 
beration, each  gun  as  it  bore.      The  effect 
was  terrible ;  more  than  one  hundred  men 
were  laid  low,  Lawrence  himself  mortally 
wounded.    The  return  fire  of  the  Chesapeake 
was  wild  in  comparison,  although,  at  the  very 
short  range,  it  was  sufficiently  deadly.     But 
the  Shannon's  men  were  well  disciplined  and 
trained ;  those  of  the  Chesapeake  were  newly 
raised,  strangers  to  each  other  and  to  their 
officers.     A  panic  spread  amongst  them,  and 
after  sustaining  another  broadside  as  deli- 
)erate  as  the  first  and  as  effective,  the  Che- 
apeake,  having  her  tiller  ropes  shot  away, 
drifted  foul  of  the  Shannon.    Broke,  calling 
>ut '  Follow  me  who  can  ! '  sprang  on  board, 
bllowed  by  some  fifty  or  sixty  of  his  men. 
The  struggle  was  very  short.  The  Americans, 
>ewildered  and  panic-stricken,  were  beaten 
>elow  without  much  difficulty.      Broke  was 
ndeed  most  seriously  wounded  on  the  head 
>y  a  blow  from  the  butt-end  of  a  musket ; 
>ut  within  fifteen  minutes  from  the  time 

c  c  2 


Broke 


388 


Broke 


of  the  first  gun  being  fired  by  the  Shannon 
the  American  colours  on  board  the  Chesapeake 
were  hauled  down,  and  the  English  colours 
hoisted  in  their  stead. 

The  apparently  easy  capture  of  the  Chesa- 
peake, a  ship  of  the  same  nominal  force  but 
larger,  with  more  men  and  a  heavier  arma- 
ment than  the  Shannon,  created  a  remarkable 
sensation  both  in  America  and  in  England. 
The  true  significance  of  the  action  has  been 
pointed  out  by  a  French  writer  of  our  own 
time.  '  Captain  Broke/  he  says,  'had  com- 
manded the  Shannon  for  nearly  seven  years ; 
Captain  Lawrence  had  commanded  the  Che- 
sapeake for  but  a  few  days.  The  Shannon 
had  cruised  for  eighteen  months  on  the  coast 
of  America ;  the  Chesapeake  was  newly  out 
of  harbour.  The  Shannon  had  a  crew  long 
accustomed  to  habits  of  strict  obedience  ; 
the  Chesapeake  was  manned  by  men  who 
had  just  been  engaged  in  mutiny.  The  Ame- 
ricans were  wrong  to  accuse  fortune  on  this 
occasion.  Fortune  was  not  fickle,  she  was 
merely  logical.  The  Shannon  captured  the 
Chesapeake  on  1  June  1813  ;  but  on  14  Sept. 
1806,  when  he  took  command  of  his  frigate, 
Captain  Broke  had  begun  to  prepare  the 
glorious  termination  to  this  bloody  affair' 
(DE  LA  GKAVIEKE,  Guerres  Maritimes,  ii. 
272).  This  it  is  which  constitutes  Broke's 
true  title  to  distinction ;  for  the  easy  capture 
of  the  Chesapeake,  which  rendered  him  fa- 
mous, was  due  to  his  care,  forethought,  and 
skill,  much  more  than  to  that  exuberant  cou- 
rage which  caught  the  popular  fancy,  and 
which  has  handed  down  his  name  in  the 
song  familiar  to  every  schoolboy  as  'brave 
Broke.' 

Honours  and  congratulations  were  showered 
upon  him.  He  was  made  a  baronet  25  Sept. 
1813,  and  K.C.B.  3  Jan.  1815 ;  but,  with  the 
exception  of  taking  the  Shannon  home  in  the 
autumn  of  1813,  his  brilliant  exploit  was  the 
end  of  his  active  service.  The  terrible  wound 
on  the  head  had  left  him  subject  to  nervous 
pains,  which  were  much  aggravated  by  a  se- 
vere fall  from  his  horse  on  8  Aug.  1820,  and 
although  not  exactly  a  valetudinarian,  his 
health  was  far  from  robust,  and  his  sufferings 
were  at  times  intense.  He  became  in  course 
of  seniority  a  rear-admiral  on  22  July  1830, 
and  died  in  London,  whither  he  had  gone  for 
medical  advice,  on  2  Jan.  1841.  His  remains 
were  carried  to  Broke  Hall,  and  were  interred 
in  the  parish  church  of  Nacton.  He  had  a 
numerous  family,  many  members  of  which 
died  young.  The  eldest  son,  who  succeeded 
to  the  baronetcy,  died  unmarried  in  1855; 
the  fourth  son,  the  present  baronet  (who  has 
taken  from  his  mother's  family  the  name  of 
Middleton),  has  no  children,  and  at  his  death 


the  title  will  become  extinct.  Two  daughters 
of  a  still  younger  son  are  the  sole  representa- 
tives in  the  second  generation  of  the  captor 
of  the  Chesapeake ;  the  younger  of  these  is 
married  to  Sir  Lambton  Loraine,  bart.,  cap- 
tain R.N. ;  the  other  to  the  Hon.  James  St. 
Vincent  Saumarez,  eldest  son  of  Lord  de 
Saumarez,  and  grandson  of  the  first  lord, 
Nelson's  companion  in  arms.  Both  have 
issue. 

[Brighton's  Memoir  of  Admiral  Sir  P.  B.  V. 
Broke,  Bart.,  K.C.B.,  compiled  'chiefly  from 
Journals  and  Letters  in  the  possession  of  Rear- 
admiral  Sir  George  Broke -Middleton,  C.B. ; ' 
notes  contributed  by  Sir  George Broke-Middleton ; 
Roosevelt's  Naval  War  of  1812.];  J.  K.  L. 

BROKE  or  BROOKE,  SIB  RICHARD 

(d.  1529),  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  was 
fourth  son  of  Thomas  Broke  of  Leighton  in 
Cheshire,  and  his  wife,  daughter  and  heiress  of 
John  Parker  of  Copnall.  His  ancestors  had 
been  Brokes  of  Leighton  since  the  twelfth 
century,  and  came  of  a  common  stock  with 
the  Brookes  of  Norton.  On  11  July  1510 
(Pat.  2  Hen.  VIII,  p.  2,  m.  2,  and  &#.)  he 
obtained  a  royal  exemption  from  becoming 
serjeant-at-law,  an  honour  then  conferred 
only  on  barristers  of  at  least  sixteen  yearsr 
practice  at  the  bar.  Perhaps  he  was  deterred, 
as  others  had  been  (DTJGDALE,  Orig.  p.  110), 
by  the  great  expenses  attending  the  promo- 
tion ;  but  he  did  not  long  avail  himself  of  his 
privilege,  he  being  one  of  the  nine  Serjeants 
appointed  in  the  following  November.  He 
was  double  reader  in  his  inn,  the  Middle 
Temple,  in  the  autumn  of  1510,  and  must 
have  passed  his  first  readership  before  1502, 
at  which  date  Dugdale's  list  of  readers  com- 
mences. In  the  spring  of  1511  (2  Hen.  VIII), 
from  under-sheriffhe  became  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, an  office  he  filled  till  1520.  Foss  says 
he  represented  the  city  of  London  in  the  par- 
liaments of  1511  and  1515,  the  returns  of 
members  to  which  parliaments  are  stated  to 
be '  not  found '  in  the  House  of  Lords'  Report. 
In  the  parliament  of  1523  he  was  one  of  the 
triers  of  petitions.  In  June  1519  he  appears 
as  a  junior  justice  of  assize  for  the  Norfolk 
circuit.  He  became  a  judge  of  the  common 
pleas  and  knight  in  1520  (fines  levied  Easter, 
12  Hen.  VIII),  and  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer on  24  Jan.  1526  (Com. de  Term.  Hill., 
17  Hen.  VIII,  Rot.  1),  and  continued  in  both 
offices  till  his  death  in  May  or  June  1529. 
As  serjeant,  and  afterwards  as  judge,  his 
name  appears  in  many  commissions  for  the 
home  and  Norfolk  circuits.  His  will,  dated 
6  May  1529,  was  proved  on  2  July  1529  by 

his  widow,  daughter  of Ledes,  by  whom 

he  left  three  sons,  Robert  (afterwards  of  Nac- 


Broke 


389 


Broke 


ton),  William,  and  John,  and  four  daughters, 

Bridget,    Cicely,    Elizabeth   (married   

Fouleshurst),  and  Margaret.  Bridget  had 
married  George  Fastolfe  of  Nacton,  who 
died  without  issue  in  1527,  leaving  his  ma- 
nors of  Nacton,  Cowhall,  and  Shullondhall, 
Suffolk,  to  her,  with  remainder  to  her  father 
and  his  heirs,  who  thus  became  Brokes  of 
Nacton.  Sir  Richard  left  property  in  Nor- 
folk, Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex.  A  direct 
descendant,  Robert  Broke  of  Nacton,  was 
created  baronet  in  1661,  and  died  without 
male  issue  in  1693,  when  the  estates  passed 
to  his  nephew  Robert,  grandfather  of  Admiral 
Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere  Broke  [q.  v.] 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges  ;  Dugdale's  Orig. 
Jurid.  p.  215,  and  Chronica  Series,  pp.  79,  80; 
Ormerod's  Cheshire,  iii.  241  ;  Harl.  MS.  1560, 
3176;  Gal.  State  Papers,  Hen.  VIII,  vols.  i.-iv.  ; 
Noorthouck's  London,  p.  893  Add. ;  Stow's  Sur- 
vey ;  Broke's  will  in  Somerset  House.] 

K.  H.  B. 

BROKE   or  BROOKE,  SIB  ROBERT 

(d.  1558),  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
and  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Broke  of  Claverley,  Shrop- 
shire, by  his  wife  Margaret,  daughter  of  Hugh 
Grosvenor  of  Farmcote  Hall  in  the  same 
county.  He  was  admitted  B.A.  at  Oxford 
8  July  1521  (Oaf.  Univ.  Reg.  ed.  Boase,  i. 
111).  He  afterwards  studied  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  where  in  1542  he  was  elected  autumn 
reader,  and  in  Lent  1551  double  reader.  He 
held  successively  the  offices  of  common  ser- 
j  eant  and  recorder  of  London  (being  appointed 
to  the  latter  office  in  1545),  and  represented 
the  city  in  several  parliaments.  On  17  Oct. 
1552  he  was  made  a  serjeant-at-law.  On 
2  April  1554,  while  still  recorder,  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
second  parliament  of  Queen  Mary,  over  which 
he  was  elected  to  preside,  was  declared  in  the 
opening  speech  of  the  chancellor  (Bishop 
Gardiner)  to  be  called  '  for  the  corroboration 
of  true  religion,  and  touching  the  queen's 
highness's  most  noble  marriage.'  Broke  was 
1  a  zealous  catholic,'  and  his  conduct  as 
speaker  gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  queen. 
He  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas  on  8  Oct.  1554  (Wood  erroneously 
gives  the  date  as  1553),  and  on  27  Jan. 
following  was  knighted  by  King  Philip.  On 
26  Feb.  1556-7  he  sat  in  the  court  which 
was  appointed  to  try  Charles,  lord  Stourton, 
for  the  murder  of  the  Hartgills,  and  it  is 
mentioned  in  Machyn's  ' Diary '  that,  the  pri- 
soner having  obstinately  refused  to  plead,  the 
lord  chief  justice  at  last  rose  and  threatened 
him  with  the  punishment  of  being  pressed 
to  death,  upon  which  he  pleaded  guilty. 
Broke  died  on  6  Sept.  1558  while  on  a  visit 


to  his  friends,  at  Claverley,  his  native  place, 
and  is  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the  parish 
church  there.  In  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine '  (xcii.  pt.  ii.  490)  is  a  description  of  his 
monument  at  Claverley,  with  a  copy  of  the 
inscription,  which  states  that  he  was  twice 
married,  and  had  seventeen  children.  Ac- 
cording to  Wood  he  left  to  his  descendants 
'  a  fair  estate  at  Madeley  in  Shropshire,  and 
one  or  two  places  in  Suffolk.'  The  mention 
of  Suffolk,  however,  is  probably  a  mistake ; 
Wood  was  apparently  thinking  of  the  Broke 
family  of  Nacton,  who  derived  their  descent 
from  Sir  Richard  Broke  [q.  v.]  The  same 
writer  informs  us  that  Sir  Robert  Broke,  by 
his  will  proved  12  Oct.  1558,  made  several 
bequests  to  the  church  and  poor  of  Putney. 

Broke  was  held  in  great  respect  as  a 
learned  and  upright  judge,  and  also  ob- 
tained a  high  reputation  as  a  legal  writer. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  his  works,  none  of 
which  seem  to  have  been  published  during  the 
author's  lifetime :  1.  '  La  Graunde  Abridge- 
ment,' 1568.  This  is  an  abstract  of  the 
year-books  down  to  the  writer's  own  time, 
and  is  principally  based  on  the  work  by  Fitz- 
herbert  bearing  the  same  title.  Broke's 
treatise,  however,  is  considered  superior  in 
lucidity  of  arrangement  to  that  of  Fitzher- 
bert,  and  contains  also  some  valuable  original 
matter.  Sir  E.  Coke  and  other  eminent  legal 
authorities  have  praised  it  highly.  Further 
editions  were  published  in  1570,  1573,  1576, 
and  1586.  A  selection  from  the  '  Abridge- 
ment,' comprising  the  more  recent  cases 
which  Broke  had  added  to  Fitzherbert's  col- 
lection, was  published  in  1578,  under  the 
title  of  '  Ascuns  novell  Cases  de  les  Ans  et 
Temps  le  Roy  Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  et  la 
Roygne  Mary,  escrie  ex  la  Graunde  Abridge- 
ment.' This  volume  was  reprinted  in  1587, 
1604,  and  1625.  It  was  translated  into 
English  by  J.  March  ({  Some  New  Cases  of 
the  Years  and  Times  of  King  Henry  VIII, 
Edward  VI,  and  Queen  Mary,'  1651),  and  an 
edition  of  this  translation,  together  with  the 
original  Norman-French,  was  published  in 
1873.  2.  'A  Reading  on  the  Statute  of 
Limitations,'  1647.  3.  'A  Reading  upon 
the  Statute  of  Magna  Charta,  cap.  16,'  1641. 
This  work  is  erroneously  attributed  by  Wood 
to  another  Robert  Brooke,  who  died  in  1597, 
although  the  title-page  gives  to  the  author 
the  designations  of  serjeant-at-law  and  re- 
corder of  London,  which  clearly  identify  him 
with  the  subject  of  this  article. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  267  ;  Ma- 
chyn's Diary,  27,  126  ;  Journals  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  i.  33 ;  Dugdale's  Orig.  Jurid.  216,  217  ; 
Harl.  MS.  6064,  80  b  ;  Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges, 
v.  360 ;  Gent.  Mag.  xcii.  pt.  ii.  490.]  H.  B. 


Broke 


390 


Broke 


BROKE  or  BROOK,  THOMAS  (/. 
1550),  translator,  was  an  alderman  of  Calais, 
the  chief  clerk  of  the  exchequer  and  cus- 
tomer there  at  the  time  when  the  preaching 
of  William  Smith  at  Our  Lady's  Church  in 
that  town  led  many  persons,  and  Broke 
among  them,  to  adopt  l  reformed '  opinions. 
Broke  was  a  member  of  parliament,  sitting 
probably  for  Calais,  and  in  July  1539  spoke 
strongly  against  the  Six  Articles  Bill,  though 
Cromwell  sent  to  warn  him  to  forbear  doing 
so  as  he  loved  his  life.  Part  of  his  speech 
is  preserved  by  Foxe  (Acts  and  Monuments, 
v.  503).  He  was  roughly  answered  by  Sir 
William  Kingston,  comptroller  of  the  king's 
household,  who  was  reproved  by  the  speaker 
for  his  attempt  to  interfere  with  the  freedom 
of  debate.  The  next  month,  at  the  trial  of 
Hare,  a  soldier  of  Calais,  for  heresy,  Broke 
interfered  on  the  prisoner's  behalf,  and  was 
rebuked  by  the  dean  of  arches.  Half  an 
hour  later  he  found  himself  accused  of  the 
same  crime  on  the  information  of  the  council 
of  Calais,  and  on  10  Aug.  was  committed  to 
the  Fleet  along  with  John  Butler,  a  priest 
of  the  same  town,  who  was  also  a  '  sacra- 
mentary.'  As,  however,  the  Calais  witnesses 
could  prove  nothing  against  him,  he  was  re- 
leased. In  1540,  32  Henry  VIII,  the  king 
demised  two  chapels  in  the  parish  of  Monk- 
ton,  in  the  liberty  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  to  a 
Thomas  Broke  for  42/.  7s.  lid.  (HASTED, 
Kent,  iv.  340  n.)  As  Broke  the  translator 
was  paymaster  of  Dover  in  1549  (see  below), 
it  is  at  least  possible  that  he  was  the  lessee. 
Another  attempt  was  made  against  Broke  in 
the  spring  of  1540.  His  servant  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  council  of  Calais  and  strictly 
examined  as  to  his  master's  conduct,  and 
'the  second  Monday  after  Easter'  Broke 
was  committed  to  the  mayor's  gaol,  '  whither 
no  man  of  his  calling  was  ever  committed 
unless  sentence  of  death  had  first  been  pro- 
nounced upon  him ; '  for  otherwise  he  should 
have  been  imprisoned  in  a  brother  alderman's 
house.  All  his  goods  were  seized,  and  his 
wife  and  children  thrust  into  a  mean  part  of 
his  house  by  Sir  Edward  Kingston.  Indig- 
nant at  such  treatment,  Mistress  Broke  an- 
swered a  threat  of  Kingston's  with  '  Well, 
sir,  well,  the  king's  slaughter-house  had 
wrong  when  you  were  made  a  gentleman' 
(FoxE,  v.  576).  She  wrote  to  complain  to 
Cromwell  and  to  other  friends,  and,  finding 
that  her  letters  were  seized  by  the  council, 
sent  a  secret  messenger  to  England  to  carry 
the  news  of  the  sufferings  of  her  husband  and 
of  those  imprisoned  with  him.  On  receiving 
her  message,  Cromwell  ordered  that  the  pri- 
soners should  be  sent  over  for  trial,  and  on 
Mayday  they  were  led  through  the  streets 


of  Calais,  Broke  being  in  irons  as  the  '  chief 
captain '  of  the  rest.  Broke  was  committed 
to  the  Fleet,  and  lay  there  for  about  two 
years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  he  and  his 
twelve  companions  were  released '  in  very  poor 
estate.'  In  1550  the  name  of  Thomas  Broke 
occurs  among  the  chief  sectaries  of  Kent. 
Although  from  the  character  of  his  literary 
work  it  is  impossible  to  suppose  that  Broke 
the  translator  could  have  been  one  of  the 
'  Anabaptists  and  Pelagians '  spoken  of  by 
Strype(j¥emon«/s,ii.  i.369),  yet  if,  as  seems 
likely,  he  was  dissatisfied  with  the  new 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  he  may  have  be- 
longed to  a  separate  congregation,  and  so 
have  been  described  as  sharing  the  opinions 
of  the  majority  of  the  sectaries  of  the  dis- 
trict. His  works  are :  1.  '  Certeyn  Medita- 
cions  and  Things  to  be  had  in  Remembraunce 
...  by  euery  Christian  before  he  receiue 
the  Sacrament  of  the  Body  and  Bloude  of 
Christ,  compiled  by  T.  Broke,'  1548.  2.  '  Of 
the  Life  and  Conuersacion  of  a  Christen 
Man  .  .  .  wrytten  in  the  Latin  tonge  by 
Maister  John  Caluyne.  .  .  .  Translated  into 
English  by  Thomas  Broke,  Esquire,  Pay- 
master of  Douer/  1549.  In  the  prologue  of 
this  translation  the  identity  of  Broke  with 
the  alderman  of  Calais  is  made  clear.  '  I 
have  (good  reader),'  he  writes,  <  translated  a 
good  part  more  of  the  institution  of  a  Christen 
man,  wrytten  by  this  noble  clerke  which  I 
cannot  nowe  put  in  printe,  partly  through 
mine  owne  busynes  as  well  at  Douer  as  at 
Calleis.'  3.  The  preface  to  « Geneua.  The 
Forme  of  Common  Praiers  used  in  the 
Churches  of  Geneua  .  .  .  made  by  Master 
John  Caluyne.  .  .  .  Certayne  Graces  be  added 
in  the  ende  to  the  prayse  of  God,  to  be  sayde 
before  or  after  meals,'  1550.  An  imperfect 
copy  of  this  rare  12mo,  printed  by  E.  Whit- 
church,  is  described  in  Herbert's  '  Ames ' 
(p.  547).  To  the  beautiful  copy  in  the  Gren- 
ville  Library  in  the  British  Museum  is  ap- 
pended a  note  in  Grenville's  handwriting,  in 
which  he  calls  attention  to  its  perfect  con- 
dition, and  declares  his  belief  that  it  is  the 
only  copy  extant.  In  his  preface  Broke  says 
that  the  graces  are  his,  and  that  perhaps 
some  will  find  them  over-long ;  the  first  is  a 
paraphrase  of  the  Ten  Commandments.  He 
|  also  makes  another  mention  of  his  further 
translation  from  Calvin's '  Institution '  which 
he  had  ready  and  was  about  to  put  forth.  If 
this  was  ever  printed,  it  appears  to  have  left 
no  sign  of  its  existence.  E.  Whitchurch  had 
printed  the  English  Liturgy  the  year  before, 
and  this  translation  of  the  Genevan  form 
seems  to  indicate  a  desire  that  changes  should 
be  made  in  it  so  as  to  bring  it  nearer  to  the 
practices  of  the  Calvinistic  congregations 


Brokesby 


391 


Brokesby 


abroad.  4.  '  A  Reply  to  a  Libell  cast  abroad 
in  defence  of  D.  Ed.  Boner,  by  T.  Brooke,'  no 
date. 

[Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments  (ed.  1846),  v. 
498-520  ;  Chronicle  of  Calais,  47,  Camden  Soc. ; 
Cranmer's  Letters,  392,  Parker  Soc. ;  Strype's 
Ecclesiastical  Memorials  (8vo  ed.),  n.  i.  369-70; 
Hasted's  History  of  Kent,  iv.  340  ;  Broke's  '  Of 
the  Lyfe  and  Conuersation,'  and  '  The  Forme  of 
Common  Praiers,'  -with  Grenville's  note  as  above, 
in  the  Brit.  Mus. ;  Herbert's  Ames's  Typogr.  An- 
tiq.  547, 619,  620,  678 ;  Maitland's  Early  English 
Books  in  the  Lambeth  Library,  14 ;  Maunsell's 
Catalogue  of  English  Printed  Books  (1595),  24 ; 
Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit.  129.]  W.  H. 

BROKESBY  or  BROOKESBUY, 
FRANCIS  (1637-1714),  nonjuror,  the  son 
of  Obadiah  Brokesby,  a  gentleman  of  inde- 
pendent fortune,  of  Stoke  Golding,  Leices- 
tershire, and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  Pratt,  Wellingborough,  Northamp- 
tonshire, was  born  on  29  Sept.  1637.  His 
uncle  Nathaniel  was  a  schoolmaster.  As  all 
the  nine  children  of  his  grandfather  Francis 
received  scriptural  names,  it  is  probable  that 
he  came  of  a  puritan  stock.  He  became  a 
member  and  afterwards  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  taking  the  degree  of 
B.D.  in  1666.  A  religious  poem  of  some 
beauty  composed  by  him  on  the  occasion  of 
his  taking  his  degree  illustrates  the  fervent 
piety  of  his  character.  This  poem  is  pre- 
served in  Nichols's  l  History  and  Antiquities 
of  Hinckley,'  737.  He  probably  took  orders 
early,  for  on  the  presentation  of  his  college 
he  succeeded  John  Warren,  the  ejected  rector 
of  Broad-oak,  Essex.  He  lived  on  friendly 
terms  with  his  predecessor,  who  used  to 
come  and  hear  him  preach  (PALMEE,  Noncon- 
formists' Memorial,  ii.  202).  In  1670  he  left 
Broad-oak,  and  became  rector  of  Rowley  in 
the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  Soon  after  he 
entered  on  this  new  cure  he  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  a  Mr.  Wood  of  Kingston-upon- 
Hull.  From  about  this  time  onwards  he 
used  to  write  in  his  pocket-books  short 
Latin  memoranda  on  the  incidents  of  his 
daily  life.  Several  specimens  of  these  me- 
moranda have  been  preserved  (NICHOLS, 
Hinckley,  736-40).  Though  they  give  some 
idea  of  his  peculiar  piety,  they  are  for  the 
most  part  concerned  with  domestic  mat- 
ters. During  his  incumbency  at  Rowley  he 
appears  to  have  been  involved  in  several  dis- 
putes and  lawsuits  about  tithes.  He  refers 
to  these  disputes  in  his  memoranda  of  1678 
and  1680;  on  31  July  1683  he  enters  a 
thanksgiving  for  the  successful  issue  of  a 
suit,  and  in  the  same  year  registers  a  vow 
that  if  he  gains  a  cause  then  pending  he  will 
devote  half  the  tithe  so  recovered  to  the 


relief  of  the  poor.  When  the  revolution  of 
1688  set  William  and  Mary  on  the  throne, 
Brokesby  refused  to  take  the  oath  to  the 
new  sovereigns.  He  was  accordingly  de- 
prived of  his  living  in  1690.  He  went 
up  to  London  in  July,  and  appears  to  have 
been  received  by  Lady  Fairborn  at  her  house 
in  Pall  Mall  '  over  against  the  Pastures.' 
Meanwhile  his  wife,  by  that  time  the  mother 
of  six  children,  did  what  she  could  to  wind 
up  affairs.  Writing  to  her  sister  on  8  Aug., 
she  says, ( We  are  now  cutting  down  our  corn, 
for  we  cannot  sell  it.'  After  his  deprivation 
Brokesby  lived  for  some  years  in  his  native 
village,  and  there  his  wife  died  and  was 
buried  on  26  Feb.  1699. 

Brokesby's  private  property  seems  to  have 
been  small.  His  high  character  and  his  re- 
putation as  a  scholar  gained  him  many 
friends  among  the  men  of  his  own  party. 
Chief  among  these  was  Francis  Cherry  of 
Shottesbrooke,  Berkshire,  to  whose  liberal 
kindness  Thomas  Hearne  and  many  other 
nonjurors  were  indebted.  After  his  wife's 
death  Brokesby  appears  to  have  resided  con- 
stantly at  Shottesbrooke,  and  early  in  1706 
succeeded  Mr.  Gilbert  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  as  chaplain  to  the  little  society  of 
nonjurors  established  there  (HEAENE,  Collec- 
tions, i.  211).  He  travelled  about  a  good  deal, 
and  generally  paid  a  yearly  round  of  visits 
in  the  north  of  England,  probably  to  the  men 
of  his  own  party,  occasionally  also  going  up 
to  Oxford  and  London.  At  Shottesbrooke 
he  enjoyed  the  society  of  Robert  Nelson,  to 
whom  he  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  the 
compilation  of  his  book  on  the l  Festivals  and 
Fasts  of  the  Church.'  There,  too,  he  formed 
a  strong  friendship  with  Henry  Dodwell, 
sometime  Camden  professor  of  history  at  Ox- 
ford. In  common  with  some  other  moderate 
nonjurors,  Brokesby  refused  to  take  the  oath 
simply  because  his  conscience  forbade  him 
to  do  so,  and  not  as  a  matter  of  politics.  If 
James  were  dead,  he  declared  that  he  would 
have  no  objection  to  swear  allegiance  to 
William  and  Mary,  because  they  would  be 
in  possession,  while  the  claim  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  would  be  'dubious '  (NiCHOLS,740). 
The  death  of  James,  however,  was  followed 
by  the  oath  of  abjuration,  and  neither 
Brokesby  nor  his  friends  were  prepared  to 
declare  that  the  kingship  of  William  of 
Orange  was  founded  on  right.  At  the  same 
time,  while  he  warmly  upheld  the  cause  of 
the  deprived  bishops,  ecclesiastical  division 
was  grievous  to  him,  and  he  fully  shared  in 
the  opinion  expressed  in  Dodwell's  work,  *  The 
Case  in  View,'  that  on  the  death  or  resig- 
nation of  these  bishops  their  party  might 
return  to  the  national  communion.  The 


Brokesby 


392 


Brome 


case  contemplated  by  Dodwell  became  a  fact 
when  the  death  of  Bishop  Lloyd  on  1  Jan. 
1710  was  followed  by  the  resignation  ot 
Bishop  Ken,  and  accordingly  Brokesby,  Dod- 
well and  Nelson  returned  to  the  communion 
of  the  established  church,  and  attended  ser- 
vice at  Shottesbrooke  Church  on  28  leb. 
(MARSHALL,  Defence  of  our  Constitution, 
app.  iv.  and  vi.)  A  letter  from  S.  Parker  of 
Oxford,  dated  12  Nov.  (Gent.  Mag  1799 
vol.  Ixix.  pt.  i.),  appears  to  have  called  forth 
a  reply  dated  18  Nov.,  in  which  Brokesby 
shows  that '  the  new  bishops '  were  merely  suf- 
fragans, that  no  synodical  denunciation  had 
invested  them  with  independent  authority 
after  the  deaths  of  the  deprived  diocesans, 
that  the  '  deprived  fathers '  had  no  power  to 
invest  them  with  such  authority,  and  that 
therefore  they  were  not  diocesan  bishops 
(MARSHALL,  app.  xi.)  Brokesby,  then,  had 
no  part  in  what  may  be  described  as  the 
schism  of  the  nonjurors.  He  lost  his  friend 
Dodwell  in  1711,  and  the  next  year  he  de- 
scribes himself  in  his  will,  dated  15  Sept. 
1712,  as  sojourning  at  Hinckley.  He  was 
then  in  good  health.  The  death  of  Francis 
Cherry  in  1713  caused  him  deep  grief.  He 
died  at  Hinckley,  and  was  buried  at  Stoke 
on  24  Oct.  1714.  Of  his  six  children  his 
elder  son  Francis  died  in  early  life,  and  his 
younger  son,  who  became  a  merchant,  also 
died  before  him.  His  four  daughters  sur- 
vived him;  the  second,  Dorothy,  married 
Samuel  Parr,  vicar  of  Hinckley,  and  was 
thus  the  grandmother  of  Dr.  Samuel  Parr, 
the  famous  Greek  scholar.  Brokesby  was 
the  author  of :  1.  '  Some  Proposals  towards 
promoting  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
our  American  Plantations,'  1708,  8vo.  2.  A 
tract  entitled  '  Of  Education  with  respect  to 
Grammar  Schools  and  the  Universities,  to 
which  is  annexed  a  Letter  of  Advice  to  a 
Young  Gentleman.  By  F.  B.,  B.D.,'  1701, 
12mo.  3.  '  A  Letter  containing  an  Account 
of  some  Observations  relating  to  the  Anti- 
quities and  Natural  History  of  England,' 
16  May  1711,  in  Hearne's  <  Leland's  Itine- 
rary,' vi.  preface,  and  89-107,  ed.  1744.  4.  'An 
History  of  the  Government  of  the  Primitive 
Church  for  the  first  three  centuries  and  the 
beginning  of  the  fourth  .  .  .  wherein  also  the 
Suggestions  of  David  Blondel  .  .  .  are  con- 
sidered,' 1712,  8vo.  5.  '  The  Divine  Right  of 
Church  Government  by  Bishops  asserted,' 
1714, 8vo.  6.  <  The  Life  of  Mr.  Henry  Dod- 
well, with  an  Account  of  his  Work  .  .  .  ,' 
2  vols.  1715,  8vo.  In  this  work,  which  was 
published  after  the  author's  death,  he  speaks 
(p.  311)  of  the  help  Dodwell  had  given  him 
in  preparing  his  book  on  church  government. 
7.  Various  Letters. 


[J.  Nichols's  History  and  Antiquities  of  Hinck- 
ley, being  part  of  the  History  of  Leicestershire, 
iv.  715-19,  725,  737-42,  also  less  fully  in  BiM. 
Top.  Brit.  vii.  173;  Brokesby's  History  of  the 
Government  of  the  Church,  and  Life  of  Dodwell, 
see  preface ;  Marshall's  Defence  of  our  Constitu- 
tion in  Church  and  State  .  .  .  with  an  Appendix 
containing  .  .  .  Divers  Letters  of  ...  the 
Eev.  Mr.  Brookesby,  1717;  Calamy's  Noncon- 
formists' Memorial  (Palmer),  ii.  202  ;  Hearne's 
Collections,  i.  211,  and  an  abstract  of  a  letter  of 
F.  B.  on  the  Paderborn  or  Venice  edition  of  the 
first  part  of  33rd  book  of  Livy,  Oxford  Hist. 
Soc. ;  J.  G-.  Nichols's  Literary  Illustrations,  iv. 
117;  Gent.  Mag.  Ixix.  pt.  i.  458;  Lathbury's 
History  of  the  Nonjurors,  199-217.]  "W.  H. 

BROME,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1332),  founder 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  of  whose  early  life 
nothing  is  known,  was  rector  of  Hanworth 
in  Middlesex  in  1315,  chancellor  of  Durham 
in  1316,  archdeacon  of  Stow  in  1319,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  made  vicar  of  St.  Mary  in 
Oxford.  He  was  also  a  clerk  in  chancery  and 
almoner  of  Edward  II.  In  1324  he  received 
the  royal  license  to  purchase  a  messuage  and 
found  a  college  in  Oxford  to  the  honour  of 
the  Virgin  Mary.  He  obtained  several  bene- 
factions from  Edward  II  for  his  new  founda- 
tion, which  was  to  consist  of  a  provost  and 
ten  fellows  or  scholars,  who  were  to  devote 
themselves  to  the  study  of  divinity,  logic, 
or  law.  He  was  appointed  the  first  provost 
by  the  king  in  1325,  and  drafted  his  statutes 
in  the  following  year.  The  statutes  bear  a 
close  resemblance  to  those  which  Walter 
de  Merton  had  framed  for  Merton  College. 
Brome  died  in  June  1332,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Oxford. 

[Wood's  Colleges  and  Halls  (Gutch),  122, 
&c. ;  Statutes  of  Oriel  College,  in  Statutes  of 
Colleges  of  Oxford  (1853),  vol.  i.]  M.  C. 

BROME,  ALEXANDER  (1620-1666), 
poet,  born  in  1620,  was  an  attorney  in  the 
lord  mayor's  court,  according  to  Langbaine, 
and  in  the  court  of  king's  bench,  according 
to  Richard  Smith's  '  Obituary,'  published 
by  the  Camden  Society.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  attach- 
ment to  the  royalist  cause,  and  was  the  author 
of  many  songs  and  epigrams  in  ridicule  of  the 
Rump.  In  1653  he  edited,  in  an  8vo  volume, 
1  Five  NewPlayes'  by  Richard  Brome  [q.v.] 
(to  whom  he  was  not  related),  and  in  1659  five 
more  'New  Playes,'  1  vol.  8vo.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1654,  a  comedy  of  his  own,  en- 
titled '  The  Cunning  Lovers.'  His '  Songs  and 
Poems'  were  collected  in  1661,  8vo,  with 
commendatory  verses  by  Izaak  Walton  and 
others,  and  a  dedication  to  Sir  J.  Robinson, 
lieutenant  of  the  Tower.  The  second  edition, 
'  corrected  and  enlarged,'  appeared  in  1664. 


Brome 


393 


Brome 


To  this  edition  are  prefixed  a  prose  commen- 
datory letter  signed  *  R.  B.'  (probably  the 
initials  of  Richard  Brathwaite),  additional 
verses  by  Charles  Strynings  and  Valentine 
Oldys,  and  a  prose  letter  signed  '  T.  H.' 
Among  the  new  poems  in  this  edition  are  an 
epistle  '  To  his  friend  Thomas  Stanley,  Esq., 
on  his  Odes,'  and  '  Cromwell's  Panegyrick.' 
A  third  edition,  with  a  few  additional  poems 
and  with  elegies  by  Charles  Cotton  and 
Richard  Newcourt,  appeared  in  1668,  8vo. 
Brome  was  a  spirited  song-writer,  and  his 
bacchanalian  lyrics  have  always  the  true 
ring.  Phillips,  in  his  '  Theatrum  Poetarum,' 
says  that  he  'was  of  so  jovial  a  strain  that 
among  the  sons  of  Mirth  and  Bacchus,  to 
whom  his  sack-inspired  songs  have  been  so 
often  sung  to  the  spritely  violin,  his  name 
cannot  choose  but  be  immortal ;  and  in  this 
respect  he  may  well  be  styled  the  English 
Anacreon.'  His  satirical  pieces  are  sprightly 
without  being  offensively  gross.  Brome  was 
a  contributor  to,  and  editor  of,  a  variorum 
translation  of  Horace,  published  in  1666. 
He  had  formed  the  intention  of  translating 
Lucretius,  as  we  learn  from  an  epigram  of 
Sir  Aston  Cokaine  (Poems,  p.  204) ;  but  he 
did  not  carry  out  his  project.  Commenda- 
tory poems  by  Brome  are  prefixed  to  the  first 
folio  edition  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
works  (1647),  and  to  the  second  edition  of 
Walton's '  Angler,'  1655.  He  died  on  30  June 
1666.  An  Alexander  Brome,  who  died  before 
25  Sept.  1666,  was  a  member  of  the  New 
River  Company.  There  are  songs  of  Brome's 
in  '  Wit's  Interpreter,'  '  Wit  restored,'  'Wit 
and  Drollery,'  '  Westminster  Drollery,'  '  The 
Rump,'  and  other  collections.  The  '  Covent 
Garden  Drollery,'  1671,  edited  by  A.  B.,  has 
been  wrongly  attributed  to  Brome. 

[Corser's  Collectanea  Anglo-Poetica,  iii.  114- 
119;  Langbaine's  Dramatic  Poets  -with  Oldys's 
MS.  annotations  ;  Phillips's  Theatrum  Poetarum, 
1675.]  A.  H.  B. 

BROME,  JAMES  (d.  1719),  author  of 
two  books  of  travels,  was  ordained  rector  of 
Cheriton,  Kent,  on  9  June  1676,  and  became 
vicar  of  the  adjoining  parish  of  Newington 
in  1677.  He  was  also  chaplain  to  the 
Cinque  Ports.  In  1694  there  appeared  '  His- 
torical Account  of  Mr.  R.  Rogers's  three 
years'  Travels  over  England  and  Wales,' 
and  in  1700  Brome  published  under  his  own 
name  '  Travels  over  England,  Scotland,  and 
Wales.'  He  stated  in  the  preface  that  it  had 
only  lately  come  to  his  notice  that  his  own 
'Travels'  had  stolen,  in  an  imperfect  and 
erroneous  form,  into  the  world  as  the  travels 
of  Mr.  Rogers,  and  that  he  had  been  forced  to 
publish  an  authentic  version  in  self-defence. 


A  second  edition  appeared  in  1707.  Another 
book  of  travels  by  Brome  appeared  in  1712, 
under  the  title  '  Travels  through  Portugal, 
Spain,  and  Italy.'  He  also  published  in 
1693  William  Somner's  'Treatise  of  the 
Roman  Ports  and  Forts  in  Kent,'  and  he  is 
the  author  of  several  single  sermons  pub- 
lished. He  died  in  1719. 

[Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  392,  399  ;  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.; 
Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  series, 
iii.  49.]  T.  F.  H. 

BROME,  RICHARD  (d.  1652  ?),  drama- 
tist, is  thought  to  have  died  in  1652  (when  his 
last  play  was  published  with  a  dedication  from 
his  own  hand),  and  was  certainly  dead  in  1653 
|  (see  Alexander  Brome  '  To  the  Readers,' 
Works,  i.  2).  Nothing,  or  next  to  nothing,  is 
known  as  to  the  date  of  his  birth.  In  the  pro- 
logue to  the  '  Court  Beggar/  acted  1632,  he 
speaks  of  himself  as  '  the  poet  full  of  age  and 
cares.'  His  surname,  which  is  punned  on  by 
Cokaine  ('  Wee'l  change  our  faded  Broom  to 
deathless  Baies '),  and  daringly  associated  by 
Alexander  Brome  [q.  v.]  with  Plantagenet 
('  'Twas  Roy  all  once,  but  now  'twill  be  Di- 
vine '),  furnishes  no  clue  as  to  his  origin.  He 
was  no  relation  either  of  the  dramatist,  Alex- 
ander Brome  who  brought  out  several  of  his 
plays  ('  though  not  related  to  thy  parts  or  per- 
son'), or  of  the '  stationer,' Henry  Brome,  who 
published  others  of  Richard's  dramas.  A  cer- 
tain '  St.  Br.,'  however,  is  found  addressing 
some  verses  '  to  his  ingenious  brother,  Mr. 
Richard  Brome,  upon  this  witty  issue  of  his 
brain,  "  The  Northern  Lasse." '  Probably  his 
birth  was  as  humble  as  was  his  condition  of 
life.  Alexander  Brome,  in  the  lines  prefixed 
by  him  to  the  '  Five  New  Playes '  of  Richard, 
which  he  published  in  1659,  asserts  of  him 
that  '  poor  he  came  into  th'  world  and  poor 
went  out.'  But  the  surest  testimony  to  his 
lowliness  of  origin  lies  in  the  fact  that  in  his 
earlier  days  he  was  servant  to  Ben  Jonson. 
(See  Jonson's  lines  '  To  my  faithful  servant 
and  (by  his  continued  virtue)  my  loving 
friend,  the  author  of  this  work  ['  The  North- 
ern Lass'],  Master  Richard  Brome,  1632,' 
beginning — 

I  had  you  for  a  servant  once,  Dick  Brome ; 

and  reprinted  in  Jonson's  '  Underwoods.') 
Brome  must  have  been  in  Jonson's  service  as 
early  as  1614,  for  he  is  mentioned  by  name 
as  the  poet's '  man '  in  the  induction  to f  Bar- 
tholomew Fair '  (acted  31  Oct.  1614).  At 
what  time  between  this  and  1632  the  rela- 
tion of  master  and  servant  was  exchanged 
for  that  of  mutual  friendly  attachment  is 
unknown.  But  this  latter  bond  seems  to  have 
remained  unbroken  till  Jonson's  death.  Gifford 
has  shown  that  something  like  an  attempt  to 


Brome 


394 


Brome 


create  an  hostility  on  Jonson's  part  towards 
his  disciple  was   made   by   Randolph   and 
others.     After  the  failure  of  Jonson's  '  New 
Inn/  1629,  the  angry  poet  shook  the  dust  of 
the  stage  off  his  heels  in  an  angry  '  Ode  [to 
Himself].'    To  this  several  of  the  younger  j 
poets  replied  from  various  points  of  view, 
among  them  Randolph  in  a  parody  full  of ' 
homage,  which  contains  these  lines — 

And  let  these  things  in  plush, 

Till  they  be  taught  to  blush, 

Like  what  they  will,  and  more  contented  be 

With  what  Brome  swept  from  thee. 

And,  in  a  12mo  edition  of  Jonson's  minor 
poems,  published  about  three  years  after  his 
death,  the  '  Ode  [to  Himself^] '  was  reprinted 
with  certain  new  readings  foisted  in ;  among 
the  rest,  in  the  lines 

There,  sweepings  do  as  well 
As  the  best-ordered  meal, 

the  alteration  '  Bronte's  sweepings '  was  in- 
troduced. Gifford  states  that  very  shortly 
after  the  condemnation  of  the  'New  Inn' 
Brome  had  brought  out  a  successful  piece, 
now  lost;  and  it  is  certain  that  not  long 
afterwards  he  produced  the  very  successful 
'  Northern  Lass,'  which,  as  has  been  seen, 
Jonson  hailed  with  unstinted  praise  (see 
JONSON'S  Works, ,ed.  Gifford,  v.  449).  Brome's 
earliest  dramatic  attempt,  or  one  of  his 
earliest,  was  a  comedy  called  '  A  Fault  in 
Friendship,'  written  by  him  in  conjunction 
with  Jonson's  eldest  son,  Benjamin,  and  acted 
at  the  Curtain  Theatre  in  1623  (HALLIWELL, 
95). 

His  connection  with  Jonson  made  Brome 
what  he  was.  Frequent  allusion  to  it  is  made 
by  other  writers  (see  Shirley's  and  John  Hall's 
lines  on  the  '  Jovial  Crew,'  and  '  C.  G.'s '  on 
the  '  Antipodes '),  and  Brome  himself  refers 
to  it  with  pride  (see  prologue  to  the  '  City 
Wit '),  and  speaks  with  reverence  of  Jonson 
himself  (see,  besides  the  lines  in  memory  of 
Fletcher,  those  to  the  Earl  of  Newcastle  on 
his  play  called  '  The  Variety,'  prefixed  to  the 
'  Weeding  of  the  Covent  Garden ').  But,  if 
we  may  judge  chiefly  from  the  commenda- 
tory verses  accompanying  several  of  his  plays, 
Brome  was  likewise  on  good  terms  with  other 
more  or  less  eminent  dramatists.  Among  the 
verses  prefixed  to  the  works  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  is  a  lengthy  copy  by  Brome,  in 
which  he  describes  himself  as  having-  known 
Fletcher 

in  his  strength ;  even  then,  when  he 
That  was  the  master  of  his  art  and  me, 
Most  knowing  Jonson  (proud  to  call  him  son), 
declared  himself  surpassed  by  the  younger 
writer  (DYCE,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  8vo, 


i.  Ixiii-lxv).  Thomas  Dekker,  notwith- 
standing his  quarrel  with  Jonson,  addresses 
verses  '  to  my  sonne  Broom  and  his  Lasse  ; ' 
John  Ford,  on  the  occasion  of  the  same  play, 
writes  as  '  the  author's  very  friend ; '  Shirley 
praises  the  '  Jovial  Crew,'  characteristically 
insisting  that  something  besides  university 
learning  goes  to  the  making  of  a  good 
play.  Of  the  younger  dramatic  writers  Sir 
Aston  Cokaine  (see  his  prceludium  to  Mr. 
Richard  Brome's  '  Five  New  Playes,'  1653), 
John  Tatham  (verses  on  the  '  Jovial  Crew '), 
Robert  Chamberlain  (on  the  *  Antipodes  '), 
and  T[homas]  S[hadwell]  (To  Alexander 
Brome  on  Richard  Brome's '  Five  New  Playes/ 
1659)  do  honour  to  him  or  to  his  memory. 
Nor,  to  judge  from  the  dedications  of  his 
plays,  was  he  without  patrons ;  to  the  cele- 
brated Earl  (afterwards  Duke)  of  Newcastle, 
whom  he  complimented  on  his  play  called 
'  The  Variety/  he  dedicated  the  '  Sparagus 
Garden;'  to  the  Earl  of  Hertford  (after- 
wards Duke  of  Somerset,  who  succeeded  New- 
castle as  governor  to  the  Prince  of  Wales) 
the  l  Antipodes ; '  and  other  plays  to  the 
learned  Thomas  Stanley  and  a  gentleman  of 
the  name  of  Richard  Holford.  Evidently, 
however,  he  courted  the  applause  of  the 
general  public  rather  than  the  favour  of  par- 
ticular individuals,  and  had  too  genuine  a 
dislike  of  dilettantism  in  play-writing  to  be 
a  hanger-on  upon  great  people  who  dabbled 
in  the  art  like  Newcastle  or  loved  a  book 
above  all  exercises  like  Hertford.  Among 
the  theatres  for  which  he  wrote  were  the 
Globe  and  Blackfriars  (the  king's  company), 
and  the  Cockpit  in  Drury  Lane  and  Salisbury 
Court  in  Fleet  Street  (the  queen's  players). 
For  William  Beeston,  who,  about  the  time 
of  the  production  of  Brome's  '  Antipodes '  at 
Salisbury  Court,  began  to  play  with  a  com- 
pany of  boys  at  the  Cockpit,  Brome  seems  to 
have  had  a  special  regard  (see  the  envoi  at 
the  end  of  the  l  Antipodes/  and  the  curious 
passage  in  the  epilogue  to  the  '  Court  Beggar/ 
which  we  cannot,  with  Mr.  J.  A.  Symonds, 
interpret  as  referring  to  Jonson  ;  cf.  COLLIER, 
Annals  of  the  Stage,  new  edition,  ii.  16  seq.. 
and  iii.  138-9). 

Of  Richard  Brome's  personal  character  we 
learn  hardly  more  than  what  is  implied  in 
Jonson's  praise.  Alexander  Brome,  in  his 
'  Verses  to  the  Stationer'  on  the  '  Five  New 
Playes '  (1653),  informs  us  that  Richard  was 
a  devout  believer.  This  will  not  be  thought 
unreconcilable  with  his  hatred  of  Scotch 
presbyterians  (see  the  '  Court  Beggar  ')  and 
of  puritans  in  general  (see  '  Covent  Garden 
weeded').  He  appears  to  have  acquired 
a  certain  amount  of  learning,  for  he  makes 
some  show  of  classical  knowledge  (see  the 


Brome 


395 


Brome 


'  Court  Beggar '),  and  perhaps  knew  a  little 
German.  In  the  '  Novella '  a  leading  inci- 
dent is  borrowed  from  an  Italian  novelist, 
or  his  French  translator  (see  Collier's  note 
to  J.  Killigrew's  'Parson's  Wedding'  in 
DODSLEY'S  Old  English  Plays,  ed.  W.  C. 
Hazlitt,  xiv.  480).  But,  at  least  after  his 
great  master  had  '  made  him  free  o'  the 
trade/  his  powers  seem  to  have  been  com- 
pletely absorbed  by  his  profession  as  a  play- 
wright. As  to  this  profession  or  craft  he 
had,  as  Jonson  wrote, 

learn'd  it  well  and  for  it  serv'd  his  time, 
A  prentiship,  which  few  do  now  adayes ; 

he  was  content  to  be  called  a  playmaker, 
instead  of  author  or  poet  (see  prologue  to 
the  '  Damoiselle ') ;  on  the  other  hand  he 
had  a  genuine,  unsophisticated  love  of  a 
good  play  and  a  good  player  (see  a  capital 
passage  in  the  'Antipodes/  i.  5),  and  was 
so  ready  to  encourage  anything  making  for 
theatrical  success,  that  he  could  not  even 
bring  himself  to  disapprove  of  effective  *  gag ' 
(see  ib.ii.I).  Delighting  in  his  line  of  work, 
but  neither  able,  nor  as  a  rule  willing,  to  go 
beyond  it,  Brome  exhibits  a  characteristic 
mixture  of  self-consciousness  and  modesty 
(see  the  prologues  to  the  '  Northern  Lass ' 
and  the '  Queen's  Exchange ').  He  lays  claim 
to  '  venting  none  but  his  own '  (epilogue  to 
the  '  Court  Beggar ') ;  he  merely  pretends 
to  mirth  and  sense,  and  aims  only  to  gain 
laughter ;  so  that  those  who  look  for  more 
must  go  among  the  classicising l  poet-bounces ' 
(prologue  to  the  '  Novella ') :  what  he  has  to 
show  is  a  slight  piece  of  mirth ;  ( yet  such 
were  writ  by  our  great  masters  of  the  stage 
and  wit/  before  'the  new  strayne  of  wit' 
and  gaudy  decorations  came  into  fashion 
(prologue  to  the '  Court  Beggar ').  '  Opinion ' 
is  a  thing  which  he  cannot  court  (prologue 
to  the  '  Antipodes ') ;  yet  at  another  time 
he  is  ready  to  take  the  judgment  of  the 
public  (epilogue  to  the  '  English  Moor '),  and 
can  appeal  to  his  'wonted  modesty'  (pro- 
logue to  the  '  Sparagus  Garden ').  All  this 
need  not  be  taken  very  literally,  more  espe- 
cially in  one  whose  ideas  were  not  always 
quite  large  enough  for  the  spacious  phrases 
of  Ben  Jonson.  But  (and  this  is  the  inte- 
resting feature  in  Brome)  he  was  really  a 
conscientious  workman  who  achieved  such 
success  as  fell  to  his  lot  by  genuine  devotion 
to  his  task.  Most  certainly  he  was  not  a 
poet,  though  on  one  occasion  he  bursts  forth 
into  a  praise  of  poetry  which  has  unmistak- 
able fire  and  distantly  recalls  a  famous  pas- 
sage in  Spenser  ('  Sparagus  Garden/  iii.  5). 
Nor  can  he  even  be  called  an  original  writer. 
To  Jonson  he  owes  his  general  conception  of 


comedy,  his  notion  of '  humorous '  characters 
(such  as  Sir  Arthur  Mendicant  in  the '  Court 
Beggar/  '  Master  Widgine,  a  Cockney  Gen- 
tleman/ in  the  '  Northern  Lass/  the  pedant 
Sarpego  and  the  female  characters  in  the 
1  City  Wit/  Crossewill  in  '  Covent  Garden 
weeded/  Garrula  and  Geron  with  his  '  whi- 
lome '  citations  in  the  '  Love-sick  Court '), 
and  his  profuse  display  of  out-of-the-way 
learning  or  knowledge  (see  the  vagabond's 
argot  in  the  '  Jovial  Crew/  the  military 
terms  in  '  Covent  Garden  weeded/  v.  3,  and 
the  enumeration  of  dances  in  the  'New 
Academy/  iii.  2).  He  naturally  here  and 
there  refers  to  favourite  Jonson  ian  characters 
(to  Justice  Adam  Overdo  in '  Covent  Garden 
weeded/  i.  1,  and  to  '  Subtle  and  his  lungs' 
in  the  '  Sparagus  Garden/  ii.  2).  It  would 
be  unfair  to  say  that  he  owes  anything  of 
much  importance  to  any  other  writer,  unless 
it  be  to  Massinger,  who  may  have  influenced 
his  graver  efforts  (e.g.  in  the  '  Love-sick 
Court '  and  the  '  Queen  and  Concubine '). 
With  Thomas  Heywood  he  was  associated 
in  the  authorship  of  the  '  Late  Lancashire 
Witches/  printed  1634,  and  written  in  con- 
nection with  a  trial  for  witchcraft  held  in 
1633  in  the  forest  of  Pendle  in  Lancashire, 
already  notorious  for  witchcraft  (see  the  play 
in  HEYWOOD'S  Dramatic  Works  (1874),  vol. 
iv. ;  and  cf.  WARD'S  English  Dramatic  Lite- 
rature,].!. 121-3),  and  perhaps  of  other  dramas. 
He  twice  alludes  to  Eobert  Greene,  but  not 
as  a  dramatist.  Among  the  plays  of  Shake- 
speare (who  is  mentioned  with  others  by 
name  in  the  '  Antipodes/  i.  5),  '  A  Winter's 
Tale  '  and  '  Henry  VIII,'  perhaps  also '  King 
Lear/  contributed  hints  for  the  '  Queen  and 
Concubine  ; '  and  '  King  Lear '  and  '  Mac- 
beth '  for  the  '  Queen's  Exchange.'  The  '  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen '  cannot  have  been  out  of 
Brome's  mind  when  he  wrote  the  '  Love- 
sick Court/  which  has  a  romantic,  monar- 
chical flavour  and  contains  some  curious 
allusions  to  the  politics  of  the  period  pre- 
ceding the  civil  war ;  while  the  '  Beggar's 
Bush '  of  Fletcher  is  most  likely  to  have  sug- 
gested the  notion  of  the  '  Jovial  Crew,  or 
the  Merry  Beggars.'  (To  the  'Knight  of 
the  Burning  Pestle'  Brome  refers  in  the 
'  Sparagus  Garden/  iii.  2.)  He  is  at  times  an 
effective  constructor  of  plots,  but  this  he 
owed  to  long  experience  and  to  excessive 
pains  (see  the  '  Love-sick  Court/  the  '  New 
Academy/  and  more  especially  the  'Queen 
and  Concubine'  and  the  'Queen's  Ex- 
change '). 

Of  his  plays  some  may  be  described  as 
comedies  of  actual  life,  moulded  in  the  main 
on  the  example  of  Jonson ;  others  as  roman- 
tic comedies,  in  which  the  interest  chiefly 


Brome 


396 


Brome 


depends  on  the  incidents  of  the  action.  The 
two  species  are,  however,  anything  but  strictly 
kept  asunder,  just  as  the  rough  verse  in 
which  the  latter  kind  is  chiefly  written  is 
intermingled  in  the  comedies  of  life  with 
prose  in  varying  proportions,  or  altogether 
dropped.  Of  these  comedies  of  actual  life 
the  best  example  is  perhaps  the  l  Jovial 
Crew'  (of  which  a  good  criticism  will  be 
found  in  an  article  on  Brome's  plays  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Symonds  in  the  'Academy/  21  March 
1874).  This  clever  picture  of  a  queer  section 
of  society,  with  a  breath  of  country  air  (not 
maybe  of  the  very  purest  sort)  blowing 
through  it,  was  the  latest  of  Brome's  dramas, 
having  '  the  luck  to  tumble  last  of  all  in  the 
epidemicall  ruin  of  the  scene '  (see  Dedica- 
tion). It  has  also  had  the  luck  to  enjoy  a 
long  life  on  the  stage,  having  been  revived 
after  the  Restoration  (see  PEPYS'S  Diary,  s.d. 
27  Aug.  1661)  and  again  in  1731  as  an  '  opera' 
(probably  in  consequence  of  the  popularity 
enjoyed  by  the  'Beggar's  Opera,'  produced 
1728),  and  performed  as  late  as  1791  (Gu- 
NEST).  The  most  successful,  however,  of 
Brome's  plays  seems  to  have  been  the '  North- 
ern Lass,'  which  was  one  of  his  earliest  pro- 
ductions, and  had  before  its  publication  been 
'  often  acted,  with  good  applause,  at  the  Globe 
and  Blackfriars.'  It  contains  a  pathetic  cha- 
racter (^Constance)  whose  northern  dialect 
seems,  in  the  opinion  of  the  public,  to  have 
imparted  to  her  love-lorn  insanity  an  original 
flavour  which  it  is  difficult  to  discover  either 
in  the  character  or  in  the  scheme  of  the  ac- 
tion. It  seems  to  have  been  revived  after 
the  Restoration  (see  GENEST,  i.  422).  A  play 
of  more  real  cleverness  and  more  essentially 
in  the  Jonsonian  manner  (it  was  very  pro- 
bably suggested  by  Jonson's  masque,  the 
' World  in  the  Moon/  1620)  was  the  'Anti- 
podes.' The  '  play  within  the  play/  on  which 
the  main  interest  of  this  piece  turns,  is  an 
amusing  extravaganza  exhibiting  the  world 
upside  down ;  and  the  comedy  derives  an 
exceptional  literary  interest  from  the  re- 
marks on  the  theatre  occurring  in  it.  The 
'  Sparagus  Garden/  produced  in  1635,  seems 
likewise  to  have  been  exceptionally  popular 
(if  we  are  to  suppose  it  to  be  referred  to  as 
'  Tom  Hoyden  o'  Taunton  Dean '  in  the  epi- 
logue to  the  '  Court  Beggar/  but  Halliwell 
(249)  seems  to  think  this  a  separate  play)  ; 
here  it  need  only  be  mentioned  as  an  example 
of  the  consistent  and  unredeemed  grossness 
of  Brome's  'mirth/  and  (inasmuch  as  the 
play  has  an  air  of  truthfulness  about  it)  as 
one  among  many  indications  of  the  fact 
that  in  point  of  morals  there  was  not  much 
to  choose  between  the  London  world  of 
Charles  II's  reign  and  that  of  his  father's. 


Finally,  the  'Weeding  of  Co  vent  Garden, 
or  the  Middlesex  Justice  of  Peace/  a  picture 
of  manners  on  the  'Bartholomew  Fair'  model, 
is  worth  noticing  as  a  direct  attempt  at  pro- 
moting a  definite  social  reform,  which  ap- 
pears to  have  been  remarkably  successful 
(see 'An  other  Prologue/ prefixed  to  the  play). 
Among  the  romantic  comedies  the  '  Love- 
sick Court '  and  the  '  Queen  and  Concu- 
bine' are  most  worthy  of  mention;  in  the 
last-named  Jeffrey  is  a  good  fool.  In  the 
following  list  of  Brome's  plays  dates  are 
given  as  far  as  ascertainable,  but  no  at- 
tempt is  made  to  establish  a  chronological 
sequence:  1.  '  A  Mad  Couple  well  matched ;' 
comedy  in  prose.  Perhaps  the  same  as 
'A  Mad  Couple  well  met/  mentioned  in 
a  list  of  plays  belonging  to  the  Cockpit 
company  in  1639  (HALLIWELL).  Accord- 
ing to  Genest  (i.  207)  this  comedy  was 
reproduced  in  1677,  as  'revised'  by  Mrs. 
Aphra  Behn.  (See  also  PEPYS'S  Diary,  s.  d. 
20  Sept.  and  28  Dec.  1667.)  2.  'The  No- 
vella ; '  romantic  comedy  in  verse.  Acted 
at  Blackfriars,  1632.  3.  '  The  Court  Beggar; ' 
comedy  in  verse  and  prose.  Acted  at  the 
Cockpit,  1632.  If  the  epilogue  following 
this  was  the  original  epilogue,  this  play 
was  written  after  the  '  Antipodes '  and  the 
'Sparagus  Garden.'  4.  'The  City  Wit,  or 
the  Woman  wears  the  Breeches ; '  comedy, 
mainly  in  prose.  5.  '  The  Damoiselle,  or  the 
New  Ordinary ; '  comedy,  mainly  in  verse. 
Halliwell  thinks  this  was  one  of  the  author's 
earliest  productions.  The  above  were  pub- 
lished in  one  8vo  volume,  by  the  care  of 
Alexander  Brome,  in  1653,  under  the  title 
of  '  Five  New  Playes  by  Richard  Brome.' 
6.  'The  English  Moor,  or  the  Mock  Mar- 
riage ; '  comedy,  mainly  in  verse  ;  '  often 
acted  with  general  applause  by  his  majesty's 
servants.'  According  to  Halliwell,  a  manu- 
script copy  of  this  play  is  in  the  library  of 
Lichfield  Cathedral.  7. '  The  Love-sick  Court, 
or  the  Ambitious  Politique ; '  romantic  comedy 
in  verse.  8.  'The  Weeding  of  the  Covent 
Garden,  or  the  Middlesex  Justice  of  Peace ; ' 
'  a  facetious  comedy/  mainly  in  prose.  9.  '  The 
New  Academy,  or  the  New  Exchange ; '  co- 
medy, mainly  in  verse.  10.  '  The  Queen  and 
Concubine ; '  romantic  comedy,  mainly  in 
verse.  The  above  were  likewise  published 
in  one  8vo  volume,  by  the  care  of  Alexander 
Brome,  in  1659,  under  the  same  title  as  the 
1653  volume.  11.  'The  Northern  Lass;' 
comedy,  mostly  in  prose.  First  printed,  4to, 
1632 ;  reprinted,  4to,  1684,  with  a  new  pro- 
logue by  J.  Haynes,  and  an  epilogue ;  and 
again,  4to,  1706,  new  songs  being  added,  of 
which  the  music  was  composed  by  Daniel 
Purcell  (HALLIWELL).  12.  'The  Sparagus 


Brome 


397 


Bromfield 


Garden ; '  comedy,  mainly  in  prose.  Acted, 
1635,  by  the  Company  of  Revels  at  Salisbury 
Court;  first  printed,  4to,  1640.  13.  'The 
Antipodes  ; '  comedy  in  verse.  Acted,  1638, 
by  the  queen's  majesty's  servants  at  Salis- 
bury Court ;  first  printed,  4to,  1640.  It  was 
revived  in  1661  (PEPYS).  14.  'A  Jovial 
Crew,  or  the  Merry  Beggars ; '  comedy,  mainly 
in  prose,  with  verse.  Acted,  1641,  at  the 
Cockpit ;  first  printed,  4to,  1652,  with  a  dedi- 
cation to  Thomas  Stanley  from  the  author ; 
reprinted,  1684,  1686.  It  will  be  found  in 
vol.  x.  of  the  2nd  edition  (1780)  of  Dodsley's 
1  Old  Plays/  Of  the  '  comic  opera '  an  edition 
of  1760  is  extant,  and  there  are  doubtless 
others.  15. '  The  Queen's  Exchange ; '  romantic 
comedy,  mainly  in  verse,  with  numerous 
rhymes.  Acted  at  Blackfriars ;  first  printed, 
4to,  1657;  afterwards  printed,  4to,  1661, 
under  the  title  of  'The  Royal  Exchange.' 
Of  all  these  fifteen  plays  a  reprint  in  3  vols. 
8vo  was  published  in  1873,  which  piously  j 
preserves,  together  with  the  old  spelling,  all  ' 
the  misprints  and  the  monstrous  arrange-  j 
ment  of  the  '  verse.'  Prefixed  to  vol.  i.  is  a  j 
portrait  authenticated  by  Alexander  Brome,  ! 
and  canopied  by  the  laureate's  wreath,  which 
the  modest  playwright  expressly  depreca- 
ted (see  the  prologue  to  the  (  Damoiselle').  i 
16  (?).  '  Tom  Hoyden  o'  Taunton  Dean,'  if  a  ' 
distinct  comedy  or  farce,  was  produced  be- 
fore the  epilogue  to  the  '  Court  Beggar '  was  ' 
written  (v.  ante).  The  three  following  plays 
were  entered  in  Richard  Brome's  name  on  ; 
the  books  of  the  Stationers'  Company  at  the 
dates  appended  (seeHALLiWELL) :  17.  'Chris- 
tianetta,'  4  Aug.  1640;  probably  not  printed. 
18.  '  The  Jewish  Gentleman,'  4  Aug.  1640 ; 
not  printed.  19.  'The  Love-sick  Maid,  or 
the  Honour  of  Young  Ladies,'  9  Sept.  1653. 
Acted  at  court,  1629 ;  not  printed.  20  (?).  'Wit 
in  a  Madness.'  This  play  was  entered  on  the 
Stationers'  books  19  March  1639,together  with 
the  '  Sparagus  Garden '  and  the  '  Antipodes,' 
and  was  probably  by  the  same  author  (HAL- 
LIWELL)  ;  not  printed  (?).  As  already  seen, 
Brome  wrote  together  with  Benjamin  Jonson 
the  younger  a  comedy  called  :  21.  '  A  Fault 
in  Friendship/  mentioned  by  Sir  Henry  Her- 
bert, s.  d.  2  Oct.  1623  (HALLIWELL).  With 
Thomas  Heywood  he  wrote :  22.  '  The  Lan- 
cashire Witches '  (v.  ante,  and  compare  as  to 
the  date  of  the  production  of  this  play  Col- 
lier's note  to  Field's  'A  Woman  is  a  Weather- 
cock '  (v.  2)  in '  Five  Old  Playes,'  1833.  23.'  The 
Life  and  Death  of  Sir  Martin  Skink,  with 
the  Wars  of  the  Low  Countries ; '  entered 
on  the  Stationers'  books  8  April  1654,  but 
not  printed.  24.  '  The  Apprentice's  Prize ; ' 
entered  8  April  1654,  but  not  printed  (HAL- 
LIWELL). 


Besides  his  plays  and  the  very  commonplace 
lyrics  contained  in  them,  Brome  wrote  a  song 
(printed  with  '  Covent  Garden  weeded ') ;  a 
very  long-drawn  epigram  or  piece  of  occa- 
sional verse  upon  Suckling's  'Aglaura,'  printed 
in  folio  (ib.) ;  some  complimentary  lines  to 
the  Earl  of  Newcastle  (ib.} ;  and  some  lines 
in  memory  of  Fletcher,  already  mentioned 
(published  in  the  folio  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  1647). 

[Halliwell's  Dictionary  of  Old  English  Plays 
(1860) ;  Biographia  Dramatica  (1812),  i.  68-9  ; 
Dodsley's  Collection  of  Old  Plays,  2nd  edition 
(1780),  x.  321-3  ;  Genest's  Account  of  the  Eng- 
lish Stage  (1832),  x.  34-47;  Ward's  History  of 
English  Dramatic  Literature  (1875),  ii.  337-42 ; 
the  1873  reprint  of  Brome's  Dramatic  "Works  in 
3  vols.  has  been  occasionally  cited  above  as 
Works.]  A.  W.  W. 

BROME,  THOMAS  (d.  1380),  Carmelite 
divine,  was  brought  up  in  the  monastery  of 
his  order  in  London,  whence  he  proceeded  to 
Oxford  and  attained  the  degree  of  master, 
and  also,  as  it  seems,  of  doctor  in  divinity. 
There  he  seems  to  have  distinguished  himself 
as  a  preacher.  Returning  to  London,  he  was 
made  prior  of  his  house,  and  at  a  general 
chapter  of  the  order,  held  at  Cambridge  in 
1362,  was  appointed  its  provincial  in  Eng- 
land. This  office  he  resigned  in  1379,  and 
died  in  his  monastery  a  year  later.  Bale 
(Script.  Brit.  Cat.  vi.  61,  p.  486)  enumerates 
his  works  as  follows :  '  Lectura  Theologise ; ' 
'  Encomium  Scripturae  Sacrae ; '  an  exposition 
'  in  Paulum  ad  Romanes '  (also  on  the  preface 
by  St.  Jerome  to  that  epistle)  ;  '  Sermones  de 
Tempore ;' '  Quaestiones  variae.'  Another  work 
mentioned  by  Tanner  (Bill.  Brit.  p.  130),  and 
entitled  '  Lectiones  pro  inceptione  sua  Oxonii 
MCCCLVIII.'  (perhaps  identical  with  the  '  En- 
comium '  above  referred  to),  is  of  value  as 
giving  the  date  of  Brome's  procession  to  the 
degree,  apparently,  of  D.D.  None  of  these 
productions  are  now  known  to  exist.  Brome 
is  probably  the  Thomas  Brunaeus  described 
by  Tanner  (Bibl.  Brit.  132)  as  a  native  of 
Dunbar. 

[Leland's  Comm.  de  Script.  Brit.  cap.  dcxviii. 
p.  375 ;  C.  de  Villiers's  Bibliotheca  Carmelitana, 
ii.  807  seq.,  Orleans,  1752,  folio.]  E.  L.  P. 

BROMFIELD,  EDMUND  DE  (d.  1393), 
bishop  of  Llandaff,  was  a  monk  of  the  Bene- 
dictine monastery  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 
Gaining  the  reputation  of  being  the  most 
learned  member  of  this  community,  he  at 
the  same  time  aroused  the  jealousy  of  the 
other  monks,  who,  calling  him  factious  and 
a  disturber  of  the  peace,  determined  to  get 
rid  of  him  by  some  means.  This  was  done 
by  getting  Bromfield  to  proceed  to  Rome  as 


Bromfield 


398 


Bromfield 


public  procurator  not  only  for  the  establish- 
ment at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  but  for  the 
whole  Benedictine  order,  a  promise  being  at 
the  same  time  extorted  from  him  that  he 
would  seek  no  preferment  in  his  own  com- 
munity. His  reputation  for  learning  fol- 
lowed him  to  Rome,  where  he  was  appointed 
to  lecture  on  divinity.  On  the  death  of  the 
abbot  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds  he  sought  and 
obtained  the  appointment  from  the  pope  in 
spite  of  his  oath.  The  monks,  however,  with 
the  sanction  of  King  Richard  II,  chose  John 
Timworth  for  abbot,  and  on  Bromfield's  ar- 
rival in  England  to  claim  his  appointment 
he  was  seized  and  imprisoned  on  a  charge 
of  violating  the  statute  of  Provisors,  a  pre- 
cursor of  the  statute  of  Prsemunire.  The 
pope  did  not  interfere,  but  after  an  imprison- 
ment of  nearly  ten  years  Bromfield  was  re- 
leased, and,  with  the  king's  concurrence, 
appointed  bishop  of  Llandaff  in  1389  on  the 
translation  of  William  Bottesham  to  Roches- 
ter. In  the  royal  brief  confirming  to  him 
the  temporalities  of  the  see  Bromfield  is  de- 
signated abbot  of  the  Benedictine  monastery 
of  Silva  Major  in  the  diocese  of  Bordeaux, 
and  '  Scholarum  Palatii  Apostolici  in  sacra 
theologia  magister.'  Bromfield  died  in  1393, 
and  was  buried  in  Llandaff  Cathedral.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  several 
works,  but  not  even  the  titles  of  any  of  them 
are  now  extant. 

[Godwin,  De  Prsesulibus  ( 1743),  p.  608;  Willis's 
Survey  of  Cathedral  Church  of  Llandaff,  p.  55  ; 
Ziegelbauer's  Historia  rei  lit.  Ord.  S.  Benedict!, 
pt.  ii.  p.  89  ;  Pits's  Kel.  Hist,  de  rebus  Anglicis, 
p.  834 ;  Leland's  Comm.  de  Scriptoribus  Britan- 
nicis,  p.  378.]  A.  M. 

BROMFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1712-1792), 
surgeon,  was  born  in  London  in  1712,  and, 
after  some  years'  instruction  under  a  sur- 
geon, commenced  at  an  early  period  to  prac- 
tise on  his  own  account.  In  1741  he  began 
a  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery 
which  attracted  a  large  attendance  of  pu- 
pils. Some' years  afterwards  he  formed,  along 
with  Mr.  Martin  Madan,  the  plan  of  the 
Lock  Hospital  for  the  treatment  of  venereal 
disease,  to  which  he  was  appointed  surgeon. 
For  a  theatrical  performance  in  aid  of  its 
funds  he  altered  an  old  comedy,  the  '  City 
Match/  written  in  1639  by  Jaspar  Maine, 
which  in  1755  was  acted  at  Drury  Lane. 
He  was  also  elected  one  of  the  surgeons  of 
St.  George's  Hospital.  In  1761  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  suite  to  attend  the 
Princess  of  Mecklenburg  on  her  journey  to 
England  to  be  wedded  to  George  III,  and 
after  the  marriage  he  was  appointed  surgeon 
to  her  majesty's  household.  Besides  contri- 


buting some  papers  to  the  ( Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Society,'  he  was  the  author  of: 
1.  'An  Account  of  English  Nightshades,' 
1757.  2.  l  Narrative  of  a  Physical  Transac- 
tion with  Mr.  Aylet,  surgeon  at  Windsor,' 
1759.  3.  '  Thoughts  concerning  the  present 
peculiar  Method  of  treating  persons  inocu- 
lated for  the  Small-pox,'  1767.  4.  <  Chirur- 
gical  Cases  and  Observations,'  2  vols.,  1773. 
In  his  later  years  he  retired  from  his  profes- 
sion, and  resided  in  a  house  which  he  had 
built  for  himself  in  Chelsea  Park.  He  died 
on  24  Nov.  1792. 

[Kees's  Encyclopaedia,  vol.  v. ;  Brit.  Mus. 
Catalogue.] 

BROMFIELD,   WILLIAM  ARNOLD 

(1801-1851),  botanist,  was  born  at  Boldre, 
in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire,  in  1801,  his 
father,  the  Rev.  John  Arnold  Bromfield,  dying 
in  the  same  year.  He  received  his  early  train- 
ing under  Dr.  Knox  of  Tunbridge,  Dr.  Nicho- 
las of  Baling,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Phipps,  a  War- 
wickshire clergyman.  He  entered  Glasgow 
University  in  1821,  and  two  years  later  he 
took  his  degree  in  medicine.  During  his 
university  career  he  first  showed  a  liking 
for  botany,  and  made  an  excursion  into  the 
Scottish  highlands  in  quest  of  plants. 

He  left  Scotland  in  1826,  and,  being  inde- 
pendent of  professional  earnings,  travelled 
through  Germany,  Italy,  and  France,  return- 
ing to  England  in  1830.  His  mother  died 
shortly  afterwards,  and  he  lived  with  his 
sister  at  Hastings  and  at  Southampton,  and 
finally  settled  at  Ryde  in  1836.  He  published 
in  the  '  Phytologist '  some  observations  on 
Hampshire  plants,  and  then  began  to  amass 
materials  for  a  Flora  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
which  he  did  not  consider  complete  even  after 
fourteen  years  of  assiduous  labour.  In  1842  he 
spent  some  weeks  in  Ireland,  and  in  January 
1844  he  started  for  a  six  months'  tour  to  the 
West  India  Islands,  spending  most  of  the 
time  in  Trinidad  and  Jamaica.  Two  years 
later  he  visited  North  America,  publishing 
some  remarks  in  Hooker's  'Journal  of  Botany.' 

In  September  1850  he  embarked  for  the 
East,  and  spent  some  time  in  Egypt,  pene- 
trating as  far  as  Khartoum,  which  he  de- 
scribed in  a  letter  as  a  '  region  of  dust,  dirt, 
and  barbarism.'  Here  he  lost  two  of  his 
companions,  victims  to  the  climate,  and  he  re- 
turned to  Cairo  in  the  following  June,  after 
an  absence  of  seven  months.  Continuing  his 
journey,  he  passed  by  Jaffa,  and  stated  his 
intention  of  leaving  Constantinople  for  South- 
ampton in  September,  but  his  last  letter  was 
dated  '  Bairout,  22  Sept.,'  when  he  was  ex- 

C'ng  a  friend  to  join  him  on  a  trip  to 
bee  and  Damascus.     At  the  latter  place 


Bromhall 


399 


Bromley 


he  was  attacked  by  malignant  typhus,  and 
died  on  9  Oct.,  four  days  after  his  arrival. 

His  collections  were  sent  to  Kew,  some  of 
the  contents  being  shared  amongst  his  scien- 
tific friends.  The  Flora  of  the  Isle  of  Wight 
was  printed  by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker  and  Dr. 
Bell  Salter  in  1856,  under  the  title  of  'Flora 
Vectensis,'  in  8vo,  with  a  topographical  map 
and  portrait  of  the  author.  His  manuscript 
Flora  of  Hampshire  was  never  published. 
His  herbarium  is  now  at  Kyde  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  but  his  manuscripts  are  in  the  library 
of  the  Royal  Kew  Gardens.  He  left  behind 
him  the  memory  of  a  most  amiable  man  and 
zealous  naturalist. 

[Hooker's  Kew  Gard.  Misc.  (1851)  iii.  373- 
382  ;  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  ii.  182-3  ;  Royal  Soc.  Cat. 
Sci.  Papers,  i.  644  ;  Townsend's  Fl.  of  Hampshire, 
xvi.  xvii.]  B.  D.  J. 

BROMHALL,  ANDREW  (Jl.  1659),  di- 
vine, was  one  of  the  '  triers '  for  the  county 
of  Dorset  commissioned  in  1653-4  to  eject 
immoral  and  inefficient  ministers.  He  had 
been  previously  presented  by  the  parliament 
to  the  substantial  rectory  of  Maiden-Newton, 
Dorsetshire,  then  vacant  by  the  sequestration 
of  Matthew  Osborn,  M.  A.  (HuTCHiNS,  Dorset, 
ii.  253),  or  Edward  Osbourn,  A.M.  (WALZEK, 
Sufferings  of  the  Clergy,  p.  322).  Hutchins 
records  that '  Bromhall  died  before  the  Resto- 
ration.' Calamy  is  apparently  in  error  in 
stating  that  Bromhall  was  ejected  from 
Maiden-Newton  in  1662,  and  was  afterwards 
resident  in  London.  He  contributed  Sermon 
xxvii.  (probably  preached  before  the  Restora- 
tion) to  the  first  volume  (1661)  of '  The  Morn- 
ing Exercises  at  Cripplegate,  St.  Giles-in-the- 
Fields,  and  in  Southwark :  being  Divers 
Sermons  preached  A.D.  MDCLIX-MDCLXXXIX 
by  several  Ministers  of  the  Gospel  in  or  near 
London,'  6  vols.  8vo,  London,  fifth  edition, 
1844. 

[Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy;  Cala- 
my's  Nonconformist's  Memorial  (1802),  ii.  102  ; 
Hutchins's  Dorsetshire  (1803),  vol.  ii. ;  Neal's 
History  of  the  Puritans.]  A.  H.  G-. 

BROMLEY,  HENRY.     [See   WILSON, 

AiSTTHONT.] 

BROMLEY,  JAMES  (1800-1838),  mez- 
zotint-engraver, was  the  third  son  of  William 
Bromley,  A.R.A.  [q.  v.],  the  line-engraver. 
Little  is  known  respecting  his  life.  Among 
his  best  plates  may  be  enumerated  portraits 
of  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  after  Hayter  ;  John, 
earl  Russell,  after  Hayter ;  and  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  when  Lord  Morpeth,  after  Carrick  ; 
'Falstaff,'  after  Liversege;  'La  Zingarella,' 
after  Oakley,  &c.  He  exhibited  twelve  of  his 


works  at  the  Suffolk  Street  Gallery  between 
1829  and  1833.  He  died  on  12  Dec.  1838. 

[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  Eng- 
lish School,  London,  1878,  8vo.]  L.  F. 

BROMLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1717),  translator, 
was  a  native  of  Shropshire,  and  received  an 
academical  education.  Probably  he  was  the 
John  Bromley  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
who  graduated  B.A.  in  1685  and  M.A.  in 
1688.  In  the  beginning  of  James  II's  reign 
he  was  curate  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields, 
London,  but  soon  afterwards  he  joined  the 
Roman  catholic  church  and  obtained  em- 
ployment as  a  corrector  of  the  press  in  the 
king's  printing-house.  On  being  deprived 
of  this  means  of  subsistence  he  established 
a  boarding-school  in  London  which  was  at- 
tended by  the  sons  of  many  persons  of  rank. 
'He  was  well  skilled  in  the  classics,'  says 
Dodd,  'and,  as  I  am  informed,  Mr.  Pope, 
the  celebrated  poet,  was  one  of  his  pupils.' 
Afterwards  Bromley  was  appointed  tutor  to 
some  young  gentlemen,  and  travelled  with 
them  abroad.  His  death  occurred,  at  Madeley 
in  Shropshire,  10  Jan.  1716-17.  He  published 
'The  Catechism  for  the  Curats,  composed 
by  the  Decree  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  faith- 
fully translated  into  English,'  Lond.  1687, 
8vo,  and  probably  he  was  also  the  translator 
of  '  The  Canons  and  Decrees  of  the  Council 
of  Trent,'  Lond.  1687,  4to. 

[Dodd's  Church  Hist.  iii.  459  ;  Cat.  of  Oxford 
Graduates  (1851),  87;  Jones's  Popery  Tracts 
(Chetham  Soc.),  117;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit;  Car- 
ruthers's  Life  of  Pope  (1857),  21  n;  Chalmers's 
Biog.  Diet.  xxv.  164.]  T.  C. 

BROMLEY,  SIB  RICHARD  MADOX 

(1813-1866),  civil  servant,  traced  his  descent 
to  Sir  Thomas  Bromley  (1530-1587)  [q.  v.], 
lord  chancellor  of  England  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Samuel 
Bromley,  surgeon  of  the  royal  navy,  and 
Mary,  daughter  of  Tristram  Maries  Madox 
of  Greenwich,  and  was  born  on  11  June  1813. 
He  was  educated  at  Lewisham  grammar 
school,  and  in  1829  entered  the  admiralty 
department  of  the  civil  service.  In  1846 
he  was  appointed  to  visit  the  dockyards  on 
a  confidential  mission,  shortly  after  which 
he  was  named  accountant  to  the  Burgoyne 
commission  on  the  Irish  famine.  Here  the 
prompt  and  correct  system  which  he  intro- 
duced into  the  accounts  had  the  effect  of 
bringing  more  than  half  a  million  sterling 
back  to  the  exchequer,  and  attracted  the 
special  attention  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  success  with  which  he  had  discharged 
his  duties  led  to  his  being  in  1848  appointed 
secretary  to  the  commission  for  auditing  the 
public  accounts,  into  which  he  introduced 


Bromley 


400 


Bromley 


improvements  which  in  a  great  degree  re- 
modelled the  working  of  the  department. 
From  this  period  he  was  frequently  employed 
on  special  commissions  of  inquiry  into  public 
departments,  including  that  appointed  in 
1849  for  a  revision  of  the  dockyards,  and 
that  of  1853  on  the  contract  packet  system. 
In  recognition  of  his  services  he  was  in  1854 
nominated  a  civil  commander  of  the  Bath. 
On  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  with  Russia 
he  was  appointed  accountant-general  of  the 
navy,  the  affairs  of  which  he  administered 
with  marked  ability  and  success.  In  1858 
he  was  created  knight  commander  of  the 
Bath.  On  retirement  from  his  office  through 
ill-health  he  was  on  31  March  1863  appointed 
a  commissioner  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  He 
died  on  30  Nov.  1866. 

[Gent.  Mag.  4th  ser.  i.  277-8.]        T.  F.  H. 

BROMLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1555  ?), 
judge,  was  of  an  old  Staffordshire  family, 
and  a  second  cousin  of  Sir  Thomas  Bromley 
(1530-1587)  [q.  v.]  His  father  was  Roger, 
son  of  Roger  Bromley  of  Mitley,  Shropshire, 
and  his  mother  was  Jane,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Jennings.  He  was  entered  at  the 
Inner  Temple,  was  reader  there  in  the  autumn 
of  1532,  and  again  in  the  autumn  of  1539, 
and  was  nominated  in  Lent  term  1540, 
but  did  not  serve.  He  was  made  serjeant- 
at-law  in  1540,  and  king's  serjeant  on  2  July 
of  the  same  year,  and  on  4  Nov.  1544  he 
succeeded  Sir  John  Spelman  as  a  judge  of 
the  king's  bench.  He  was  held  in  favour  by 
Henry  VIII,  who  made  him  one  of  the  execu- 
tors of  his  will,  and  bequeathed  him  a  legacy 
of  300/.  Hence  he  was  one  of  the  council  of 
regency  to  Edward  VI ;  but,  although  he  suc- 
ceeded in  avoiding  political  entanglements 
for  some  time,  at  the  close  of  the  reign  he  be- 
came implicated  in  Northumberland's  scheme 
for  the  succession  of  Lady  Jane  Grey.  The 
duke  summoned  to  court  Montagu,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  Bromley,  Sir 
John  Baker,  and  the  attorney-  and  solicitor- 
general,  and  informed  them  of  the  king's 
desire  to  settle  the  crown  on  Lady  Jane. 
They  replied  that  it  would  be  illegal,  and 
prayed  an  adjournment,  and  next  day  ex- 
pressed an  opinion  that  all  parties  to  such  a 
settlement  would  be  guilty  of  high  treason. 
Northumberland's  violence  then  became  so. 
great  that  both  Bromley  and  Montagu  were 
in  bodily  fear ;  and  two  days  later,  when  a 
similar  scene  took  place,  and  the  king  or- 
dered them  on  their  allegiance  to  despatch 
the  matter,  they  consented  to  settle  the  deed, 
receiving  an  express  commission  under  the 
great  seal  to  do  so  and  a  general  pardon. 
Bromley,  however,  adroitly  avoided  witness- 


ing the  deed,  and  consequently,  when  Mary 
sent  the  lord  chief  justice  to  gaol,  she  made 
Bromley  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
in  the  room  of  Sir  Roger  Cholmley,  on  4  Oct. 
1553.  Burnet  says  of  him  that  he  was  '  a 
papist  at  heart.'  He  did  not  hold  this  office 
long.  On  17  April  1554  Sir  Nicholas  Throg- 
morton  and  others  were  indicted  for  a  plot 
and  treason  at  Baynard's  Castle  on  23  Nov. 
1553,  and  for  a  rising  and  march  towards 
London  with  Sir  Henry  Isley  and  two 
thousand  men.  Bromley  presided  at  the 
trial,  and  allowed  the  prisoner  such  unusual 
freedom  of  speech  as  to  provoke  complaints 
from  the  queen's  attorney,  and  threats  of  re- 
tiring from  the  prosecution.  Yet  Bromley 
was  not  throughout  impartial,  but  even  re- 
fused the  prisoner  leave  to  call  a  witness, 
though  he  was  in  court,  and  denied  him  in- 
spection of  a  statute  on  which  he  relied. 
His  summing  up  was  so  defective, '  for  want 
of  memory  or  goodwill,'  that  the  prisoner 
supplied  its  defects,  as  if  he  had  been  an  un- 
interested spectator.  Yet  the  prisoner  was 
acquitted :  so  much  to  Mary's  annoyance  that 
the  jury  were  punished  for  their  verdict.  Sir 
William  Portman  succeeded  Bromley  as  chief 
justice  on  11  June  1555  ;  but  the  exact  date 
of  his  death  is  not  known.  He  left  an  only 
daughter,  Margaret,  who  married  Sir  Richard 
Newport,  ancestor  of  the  earls  of  Bradford. 
He  is  buried  at  Wroxeter. 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges ;  Dugdale's  Orig. 
Jurid.  164  ;  Testam.  Vetust.  43  ;  Holinshed,  iv. 
31-55 ;  Collins's  Peerage,  vii.  250,  ix.  409  ; 
Green's  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  17  April 
1554.]  J.  A.  H. 

BROMLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1530-1587), 
lord  chancellor,  descended  from  an  ancient 
family  established  since  the  time  of  King 
John  at  Bromleghe,  Staffordshire.  A  mem- 
ber of  this  family,  Roger,  settled  at  Mitley, 
Shropshire,  and  had  two  sons,  William  and 
Roger.  Thomas  Bromley  was  the  grandson 
of  the  former,  who  lived  at  Hodnet,  Shrop- 
shire, his  father's  name  being  George,  and 
his  grandmother  being  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Sir  Thomas  Lacon  of  Willey  in  the  same 
county.  The  family  had  a  considerable  legal 
turn,  George  Bromley  being  a  reader  at  the 
Inner  Temple  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII 
and  Henry  VIII,  and  his  brother,  Sir  George 
Bromley,  chief  justice  of  Chester  under  Eliza- 
beth and  father  to  Sir  Edward  Bromley,  who 
was  a  judge  under  James  I.  Thomas  Bromley 
was  born  in  1530.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  B.C.L.  degree  21  May 
1560,  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  and  became 
reader  in  the  autumn  of  1566.  He  was 
studious  and  regular  in  his  conduct,  and 
probably  owed  something  to  family  influence 


Bromley 


401 


Bromley 


and  to  the  patronage  of  Lord-keeper  Bacon. 
On  8  June  1566  he  was  elected  recorder  of 
London,  and  continued  in  that  office  until,  in 
1569  (14  March),  he  became  solicitor-general. 
His  first  considerable  case  was  in  1571,  when 
he  was  of  counsel  for  the  crown  on  the  trial 
of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  for  high  treason,  on 
which  occasion  he  had  the  conduct  of  that 
part  of  the  case  which  rested  on  Rodolph's 
message.  The  other  counsel  for  the  crown 
were  Gerrard,  attorney-general,  Barham, 
queen's  Serjeant,  and  Wilbraham,  attorney- 
general  of  the  court  of  wards.  The  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury  presided,  with  twenty-six  peers 
as  triers  and  all  the  common-law  judges  as 
assessors.  Bromley's  speech  came  third,  and 
certainly  the  mode  in  which  the  evidence 
was  handled  and  the  prosecution  conducted 
throughout  reflects  little  credit  on  the  fairness 
of  those  who  represented  the  crown.  Yet 
Bromley  has  the  reputation  of  having  been  an 
honourable  man  in  his  profession,  and  Lloyd 
says  of  him  that  he  was  scrupulous  in  under- 
taking a  case  unless  satisfied  of  its  justice, 
'  not  admitting  all  causes  promiscuously,  .  .  . 
but  never  failing  in  any  cause.  For  five  years 
he  was  the  only  person  that  people  would 
employ'  (State  Worthies,  610).  The  duke 
was  found  guilty  by  a  unanimous  vote  of 
the  court ;  but  so  much  dissatisfaction  did 
the  trial  create  that  the  execution  was  de- 
ferred for  several  months.  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  however,  was  much  disheartened  at 
the  result,  and  hopes  were  entertained  of 
favourable  negotiations  with  her.  Bromley 
was  accordingly  sent,  fruitlessly,  as  it  proved, 
to  endeavour  to  induce  her  to  abandon  her  title 
to  the  Scotch  crown,  and  to  transfer  to  her 
son  all  her  rights  to  the  thrones  of  England 
and  Scotland.  In  1574  he  was  treasurer  of 
the  Inner  Temple.  He  was  retained  by  Lord 
Hunsdon  and  patronised  by  Lord  Burghley. 
For  some  years  it  was  he,  rather  than  Ger- 
rard,  the  attorney-general,  who  was  consulted 
on  matters  of  state,  and  at  last,  in  1579,  he 
received  his  reward.  On  the  death  of  Lord- 
keeper  Bacon  there  was  for  some  time  great 
doubt  as  to  the  appointment  of  a  successor. 
Between  Hilary  and  Easter  terms,  20  Feb.- 
20  April,  there  was  an  interregnum  of  two 
months,  during  which  the  great  seal  was  in 
no  lawyer's  custody,  and  on  the  seven  occa- 
sions within  that  period  on  which  it  was 
used  the  queen  issued  express  orders  for  its 
use  each  time.  At  last  legal  business  was  so 
much  impeded,  through  the  impossibility  of 
obtaining  injunctions,  that  Westminster  Hall 
demanded  an  appointment.  The  queen's  posi- 
tjion  was  difficult.  She  was  resolute  not  to 
appoint  an  ecclesiastic ;  it  would  be  a  scandal 
to  make  a  mere  politician  lord  chancellor, 

YOL.  VI. 


and  Gerrard,  long  as  he  had  been  attorney- 
general,  was,  though  learned,  awkward  and 
unpopular.  Bromley  was  a  politician  and  a 
man  of  the  world,  and  at  this  juncture,  by 
dint  of  intrigue,  succeeded  in  obtaining  pro- 
motion over  his  superior  in  the  profession 
and  in  learning.  Gerrard  was  afterwards 
consoled  with  the  mastership  of  the  rolls  in 
1581  (30  May),  and  on  26  April  1579  Brom- 
ley received  the  great  seal.  From  his  speech 
to  the  queen  made  on  this  occasion,  and 
reported  in  the  '  Egerton  Papers '  (Camden 
Soc.),  p.  82,  it  would  appear  that  he  was  at 
first  lord  keeper  and  afterwards  became  lord 
chancellor.  But  this  is  erroneous ;  he  had 
the  title  of  lord  chancellor  from  the  first. 
In  this  new  position  he  discharged  his  duties 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  profession.  Though 
his  own  practice  had  been  chiefly  in  the 
queen's  bench,  his  duties  as  solicitor-gene- 
ral frequently  took  him  into  chancery,  and 
hence,  though  not  a  great  founder  of  equity, 
he  proved  a  good  equity  judge,  and  there 
were  no  complaints  of  his  decisions;  and 
having  the  good  sense  to  pay  great  respect 
to  the  then  very  able  common-law  judges, 
and  to  consult  them  on  new  points,  he  was 
able  to  avoid  conflicts  between  law  and 
equity.  Thus,  in  Shelley's  case,  the  queen, 
hearing  of  the  long  argument  in  the  queen's 
bench,  *  of  her  gracious  disposition,'  and  to 
end  the  litigation,  directed  Bromley,  'who 
was  of  great  and  profound  knowledge  and 
judgment  in  the  law,'  to  assemble  all  the 
judges,  and  in  Easter  term  23  Eliz.  they  met 
at  his  house,  York  House,  afterwards  Ser- 
jeants' Inn,  to  hear  the  case  (1  Coke,  93  £), 
and  his  judgment  has  ever  since  remained  a 
leading  authority  in  real  property  law.  Cam- 
den  calls  him f  vir  jurisprudentia  insignis,'  and 
Fuller  says:  'Although  it  was  difficult  to 
come  after  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  and  not  to  come 
after  him,  yet  such  was  Bromley's  learning  and 
integrity  that  the  court  was  not  sensible  of  any 
considerable  alteration.'  Knyvett's  case  is  one 
which  shows  his  fair  administration  of  law. 
Knyvett,  a  groom  of  the  privy  chamber,  had 
slain  a  man,  and,  the  jury  on  the  inquiry 
having  found  that  it  was  done  se  defendendo, 
applied  to  Bromley  for  a  special  commission 
to  clear  him  by  privy  session  in  the  vacation. 
Bromley  refused.  Knyvett  complained  to 
the  queen,  who  expressed  her  displeasure 
through  Sir  Christopher  Hatton ;  whereon 
the  chancellor,  in  a  written  statement,  so 
completely  justified  himself  that  she  after- 
wards expressed  commendation  of  his  con- 
duct. Upon  the  project  of  the  Alencon  mar- 
riage, '  Bromley,  who  with  Bacon's  office  had 
inherited  his  freedom  of  speech '  (FKOUDE,  xi. 
159),  offered  a  strong  opposition,  and  pointed 

D   D 


Bromley 


402 


Bromley 


out  to  the  queen  that  if  she  married  a  catholic 
parliament  would  expect  her  to  settle  the 
succession  to  the  throne,  and  this  argument 
seems  to  have  prevailed  with  her.  In  1580 
he  was  engaged  by  the  queen's  orders  in  an 
inquiry  as  to  the  removal  of  one  William 
Crowther  from  the  keepership  of  Newgate ; 
and  several  letters  of  his  are  extant  on  the  sub- 
ject. When  Drake  returned  from  his  second 
Voyage  in  1581,  Bromley  was  one  of  those 
whose  favour  he  hastened  to  secure  with  a 
present  of  wrought-gold  plate,  part  of  his 
Spanish  spoil,  of  the  value  of  eight  hundred 
dollars.  Bromley  took  his  seat  in  the  House 
of  Lords  on  16  Jan.  1582.  The  first  busi- 
ness before  the  house  being  a  petition  of  the 
commons  for  advice  in  choosing  a  speaker, 
the  chancellor,  the  choice  having  fallen  on 
Popham,  the  new  solicitor-general,  admo- 
nished him  by  the  queen's  orders  l  that  the 
House  of  Commons  should  not  deal  or  in- 
termeddle with  any  matters  touching  her 
majesty's  person  or  estate,  or  with  church 
government.'  To  this  admonition  the  com- 
mons paid  no  attention,  and  accordingly,  as 
soon  as  a  subsidy  had  been  voted,  the  session 
was  closed,  the  chancellor  excluding  from 
the  queen's  thanks  t  such  members  of  the 
commons  as  had  dealt  more  rashly  in  some 
matters  than  was  fit  for  them  to  do.'  Shortly 
afterwards  this  parliament  was  dissolved, 
having  lasted  eleven  years.  Bromley  con- 
tinued in  favour,  and  on  26  Nov.  of  the 
same  year  was  consulted  by  the  queen  upon 
the  proposals  made  by  the  French  ambassa- 
dor. On  21  June  1585  the  Earl  of  North- 
umberland, then  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower, 
was  found  dead  in  his  cell.  Three  days 
afterwards  a  full  meeting  of  peers  was  held 
in  the  Star-chamber,  and  the  chancellor 
briefly  announced  that  the  earl  had  been  en- 
gaged in  traitorous  designs,  and  had  laid  vio- 
lent hands  on  himself.  A  new  parliament 
assembled  on  23  Nov.  1585,  and  was  opened 


being  a  queen,  and  not  amenable  to  an] 
foreign  jurisdiction.'  There  was  then  a  conj 
ference  between  the  queen  and  the  chancelloij 

' 


but  at  first  her  firmness  baffled  him. 
never  submit  myself,'  she  said,  '  to  the  late  la^ 
mentioned  in  the  commission.'     She  yielde^ 
to  his  urgency  at  length,  and  the  trial  prd 
ceeded.     On  14  Oct.  a  sitting  was  held  is, 
the  presence  chamber,  the  lord  chancello} 
as  president,  sitting  on  the  right  of  a  vacan; 
throne,  and  the  commissioners  on  benches  at 
the  sides.     Mary's  defence  was  so  vigorous 
that  Burghley,  in  alarm,  set  aside  Bromley) 
and  Gawdy,  the  queen's  Serjeant,  who  was' 
chief  prosecutor,  and  himself  replied.      V 
the  end  of  the  second  day  the  court  was  a 
journed  to   25   Oct.,  at   the   Star-chambt 
Westminster,  when,  the  chancellor  presu 
ing,  the  whole  court  —  except  Lord  Zouc> 
who  acquitted  her  on  the  charge  of  assassinat 
tion  —  found  Mary  guilty.     On  the  29th  parr, 
liament  met,  and  the  chancellor  announce*! 
that  they  were  called  together  to  advise  thj 
queen  on  this  verdict.    The  commons  did  no, 
long  deliberate.     On  5  Nov.,  after  electing  < 
speaker,  they  agreed  with  the  lords  upon  ai<. 
address  to  the  queen,  to  be  presented  by  thej 
lord  chancellor,  praying  for  Mary's  execu-j 
tion.     For  some  time  Elizabeth  hesitated] 
but  on  1  Feb.  1587  she  was  induced  to  sign 
the  warrant.     Bromley  at  once  affixed  th^ 
great  seal  to  it,  and  informed  Burghley  that 
it  was  now  perfected.     The  privy  council 
was  hastily  summoned,  and  decided  to  exe- 
cute the  warrant,  the  queen  having  done  al 
that  was  required  of  her  by  law.     Bromley 
as  head  of  the  law,  took  on  himself  the  chie 
burden  of  the  responsibility;  but  probabl 
he  expected  to  shelter  himself  behind  th 
authority  of  Burghley.     It  is  certain  that  h 
was  very  anxious  during  the  trial,  and  wa 
a  party  to  the  execution  of  the  warrant  onl; 
with  great  apprehension.     The  strain  prove 
too  much  for  his  strength.     Parliament  me 


with  a  speech  from  Bromley,  announcing    on  15  Feb.,  but   adjourned,  owing  to  th 


that  it  was  summoned  to  consider  a  bill  for 
the  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  The  bill 
soon  passed.  Bromley  was  at  this  time  ac- 
tive in  the  prosecution  of  Babington.  After 
his  conviction  and  execution  a  court  was 
constituted  for  Mary's  trial.  It  consisted 
of  forty-five  peers,  privy  councillors,  and 
judges,  and  the  chancellor  presided  over  it. 
It  sat  at  Fotheringhay  Castle,  Northampton- 
shire, where  Mary  was  imprisoned.  Bromley 
arrived  on  11  Oct.  1586,  having  dissolved 
parliament  on  14  Sept.  at  Westminster  as  a 
commissioner,  with  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury and  others.  The  court  sat,  and 
Mary  at  once  placed  a  difficulty  in  the  wav 

^J*    A  1  A  i  /»  •  Tiy-i*^ 


chancellor's  illness  ;  and,  as  it  continued,  Si 
Edmund  Coke,  chief  justice  of  the  commoi 
pleas,  dissolved  parliament  on  23  March 
acting  for  the  chancellor  by  commission  froi 
the  queen.  Bromley  never  rallied.  He  dice 
on  12  April,  at  three  A.M.,  in  his  fifty-eigh^ 
year,  and  was  buried  with  great  pomp  i, 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  a  splendid  torn) 
was  erected  by  his  eldest  son.  His  seal 
were  offered  to,  but  refused  by,  Archbisho 
Whitgift.  As  an  equity  judge  Bromley  wa 
regretted  till  the  end  of  the  reign.  In  spit 
of  the  temper  of  the  age,  he  was  free  from 
religious  bigotry,  and,  as  a  letter  of  hi 
(1  July  1582)  to  the  Bishop  of  Chester 


of  the  prosecution  by  refusing  to  plead,  '  she  |  pleading  for  Lady  Egerton  of  Ridley,  shows 


Bromley 


403 


Bromley 


as  endeavoured  to  soften  the  law  as  to  the 
execution  of  heretics.  A  considerable  col- 
Lction  of  his  letters  is  preserved  among  the 
Tehives  of  the  city  of  London.  It  appears 
lorn  them  that  previously  to  1580  he  occu- 
lted a  house  near  the  Old  Bailey.  In  1580 
oid  1583  he  had  a  house  next  Charing 
woss,  and  at  the  same  time  a  country  re- 
pdence  in  Essex.  He  married  Elizabeth, 
'  laughter  of  Sir  Adrian  Fortescue,  K.B.,  and 
•'y  her  had  four  sons  and  four  daughters, 
dtis  eldest  son  was  Sir  Henry  Bromley  of 
dolt  Castle,  Worcestershire,  from  whose 
lescendants  the  property  passed  to  John 
aV  >mley  of  Horseheath  Hall,  Cambridge- 
asfre,  the  ancestor  of  the  now  extinct  barons 
ce  Montfort  of  Horseheath.  One  of  Brom- 
w/'s  daughters,  Elizabeth,  was  first  wife  to 
t)r  Oliver  Cromwell  of  Hinchinbrook  Castle, 
comtingdonshire,  uncle  and  godfather  to  the 
Jrotector;  another,  Anne,  married  Richard 
1  or  bet,  son  of  Reynold  Corbet,  justice  of  the 
s.'mmon pleas;  Muriel  married  John  Lyttel- 
t»n  of  Frankley,  ancestor  of  the  present 
'  arons  Lyttelton,  who  was  implicated  in 
V  ord  Essex's  plot ;  and  the  fourth,  Joan, 
laarried  Sir  Edward  Greville  of  Milcote. 
two  books  were  dedicated  to  him :  *  The 
^able  to  the  Year-Books  of  Edward  V,' 
tublished  1579  and  1597,  and  a  sermon 
1  reached  at  St.  James's,  on  25  April  1580, 
fy  Bartholemew  Chamberlaine,  D.D.,  of 
ktoliwell,  Huntingdonshire,  published  in 
t584. 

*'  [Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges  ;  Campbell's 
\ord  Chancellors,  ii.  116-35  ;  Campbell's  Lives 
t?  Chief  Justices,  i.  144,  178,  191,  206,  212; 
t'ollins's  Peerage,  ii.  515,  iv.  337,  vii.  247,  viii. 
s39 ;  Collins's  English  Baronetage,  i.  61,  320,  ii. 
i4;  Boase's  Eegister  Univ.  of  Oxford;  Chante- 
tauze's  Marie  Stuart,  ch.  9 ;  Hosack's  Mary  Queen 
]f  Scots,  ii.  113  ;  Eemembrancia  (City  of  Lon- 
]on),  118,266,  275,  281,  370,  439,  450  ;  Patents 
jSliz.  Or.  Jur.  §  3;  Close  Eolls,  21  &  29  Eliz. ; 
(Jary's  Keports,  108  ;  Camden's  Annals,  440,  456 ; 
Jtrype's  Eccl.  Annals,  ii.  40,  51  ;  Ho  well's  State 
'Prials,  957,  1161  ;  1  Parl.  Hist.  821,  853 ;  Stat. 
Jt7  Eliz.  ch.  i. ;  Welch's  Alumni  Westmon.  1 1  ; 
Deck's  Desiderata,  i.  122 ;  Nash's  Worcester- 
Jlnre,  i.  594;  Dugdale's  Orig.  163,  165,  170; 
-l  jyd's  State  Worthies,  610;  Bacon's  Apo- 
nK;hegms,  70 ;  Nicolas's  Sir  C.  Hatton,  258,  263  ; 
noller's  Worthies,  ii.  259  ;  Simancas  MSS.,  Ber- 
skrdino,  16  Oct.  1579  ;  Froude's  Hist.  xi.  159, 
us3  ;  Wood's  Athenae  Oxon.  (Bliss)  i.  584,  599  ; 
ug>mon's  Cal.  State  Papers,  passim.]  J.  A.  H. 

ol  BROMLEY,  VALENTINE  WALTER 

dl848-1877),  painter,  great-grandson  of  Wil- 
t:'iam  Bromley  (1769-1842)  [q.  v.],  was  born 
aa  London  on  14  Feb.  1848.  From  his  child- 
tiood  he  manifested  a  remarkable  faculty  for 


art,  both  as  an  original  designer  and  as  a  de- 
picter  of  nature.  He  was  especially  remark- 
able for  invention  and  swiftness  of  execution. 
He  contributed  largely  to  the  ( Illustrated 
London  News/  and  illustrated  the  American 
travels  of  Lord  Dunraven,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  tour.  He  was  an  associate  of 
the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours, 
and  was  an  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  died  very  un- 
expectedly of  congestion  of  the  lungs,  on 
30  April  1877,  just  as  he  had  undertaken  an 
important  series  of  illustrations  of  Shake- 
speare and  the  Bible.  He  was  a  thorough 
artist,  as  full  of  animation  and  energy  as  of 
talent,  and  greatly  beloved  for  his  affectionate 
temper  and  warmth  of  heart.  He  had  been 
married  only  a  few  months  to  a  lady  artist 
of  considerable  mark,  Ida,  daughter  of  Mr. 
John  Forbes-Robertson.  His  picture  of 
'Troilus  and  Cressida'  is  engraved  in  the 
'  Art  Journal'  for  1873. 

[Art  Journal,  xxxix.  205 ;  Athenaeum,  5  May 
1877.]  E.  G-. 


BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1664-1732), 
secretary  of  state,  was  descended  from  an 
old  Staffordshire  family,  which  traced  its 
descent  from  Sir  Walter  Bromley,  a  knight 
in  the  reign  of  King  John.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Bromley,  knight, 
and  was  born  in  1663-4,  at  Baginton,  War- 
wickshire, which  had  been  purchased  by  his 
grandfather  (DTJGDALB,  Antiquities  of  War- 
wickshire, i.  232).  In  Easter  term  1679  he 
entered,  as  a  gentleman  commoner,  Christ 
Church  College,  Oxford,  and  on  5  July  1681 
proceeded  B.A.  Shortly  after  leaving  the 
university  he  spent  several  years  in  travelling 
on  the  continent,  and  in  1692  he  published 
an  account  of  his  experiences  under  the  title 
1  Remarks  in  the  Grande  Tour  lately  per- 
formed by  a  Person  of  Quality.'  This  was 
followed  in  1702  by  '  Several  Years  through 
Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  Germany,  Prussia, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  and  the  United  Provinces, 
performed  by  a  Gentleman.'  Having  in 
1689  been  chosen  knight  for  Warwickshire 
in  the  parliament  that  met  at  Westmin- 
ster, he  was  one  of  the  ninety-two  members 
who  declined  to  recognise  William  III.  In 
March  1701-2  he  was  returned  for  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  which  he  continued  to 
represent  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
By  the  university  he  was,  in  August  1702, 
created  D.C.L.  In  1701  he  was  appointed 
by  the  commons  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  public  accounts,  and  in  1702  he  was 
chosen  chairman  of  the  committee  of  elec- 
tions. He  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  the 
high-church  party,  and  in  1702,  1703,  and 

D  D  2 


Bromley 


404 


Bromley 


1704  made  strenuous  endeavours  to  pass  the 
bill  against  occasional  conformity— a  practice 
denounced  by  him  as  a 'scandalous  hypocrisy. 
For  his  untiring  zeal  on  behalf  of  the  bill  he 
received  the  special  thanks  of  the  university 
of  Oxford.   He  early  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  an  able  and  effective  debater,  and  irom 
his  high  character,  '  grave  deportment,  and 
mastery  of  the  forms  of  the  house,  was  sup- 
posed to  have  pre-eminent   claims  for  the 
office  of  speaker,  which  became  vacant  in 
1705.     His  candidature  would  undoubtedly 
have  been  successful  had  not  his  enemies  hit 
upon  the  expedient  of  republishing  his  l  Re- 
marks in  the  Grande  Tour,'  several  passages 
in  which  had  previously  caused  some  com- 
ment as  indicating  a  bias  towards  Jacobitism, 
and  a  probable  leaning  to  Roman  Catholicism. 
The  device,  according  to  Oldmixon,  was  the 
invention  of  Robert  Harley,  afterwards  Earl 
of  Oxford,  who,  'having  one  of  those  copies 
by  him,  reprinted  it  on  that  occasion ;  and  to 
all  that  came  to  his  house  about  that  time  he 
said:  "  Have  you  not  seen  Mr.  B.'s  travels  ?" 
Being  answered  in  the  negative,  he  went  into 
a  back  parlour,  where  this  impression  of  it 
lay,  fetched  it  out,  and  gave  every  one  a 
copy ;  till  that  matter  was  made  up  and  the 
election  secured'  (History  of  England^  345). 
Among  the  more  objectionable  portions  of 
the  book  was  an  account  of  his  admission 
to  kiss  the  pope's  slipper,  '  who,'  the  writer 
adds,  '  though  he  knew  me  to  be  a  protes- 
tant,  gave  me  his  blessing  and  said  nothing 
about  religion,'  and  a  reference  to  William 
and  Mary  merely  as  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Orange.     To  give  point  to  the  joke  of  repub- 
lication,  a  'table  of  principal  matters '  was 
added,  in  which  a  ludicrous  travestie  was 
given  of  certain  of  the  contents.     The  issue 
purports  to  be  the  second  edition,  although  a 
second  edition  had  already  appeared  in  1693. 
The  publication  of  the  volume  caused  feel- 
ing to  run  very  high,  and,  as  Evelyn  relates, 
'  there  had  never  been  so  great  an  assembly 
on  the  first  day  of  a  sitting,  being  more  than 
450.,  The  votes  of  the  old  as  well  as  the 
new  members  fell  to  those  called  low  church- 
men, contrary  to   all   expectation'  (Diary, 
31  Oct.  1705).     The  result  was  that  John 
Smith,  M.P.  for  Andover,  was  chosen  over 
Bromley  by  a  majority  of  forty-three  votes 
After  the  tory  reaction  following  the  trial  o: 
Dr.  Sacheverell,  Bromley  was,  on  25  Nov 
1710,  chosen  speaker  without  opposition.  This 
office  he  exchanged  in  August  1713  for  thai 
of  secretary  of  state.     The  death  of  Queen 
Anne  caused  the  fall  of  the  tory  government 
and  he  never  again  held  office,  though  he 
maintained  an   influential  position  in  the 
tory  party.    He  died  13  Feb.  1731-2,  and 


_ 

was  buried  at  Baginton.     His  portrait  is  in 
the  university  gallery  at  Oxford. 

Amid  the  keen  and  unscrupulous  party 
strifes  of  this  period  of  English  history,  and 
the  peculiar  temptations  which  beset  poli- 
ticians, Bromley  succeeded  in  retaining  a 
high  reputation  both  for  political  prudence 
and  for  honesty.  His  undoubted  sincerity  ren- 
dered him,  however,  an  extremely  keen  parti- 
san. He  displayed  special  bitterness  in  his 
attacks  on  Marlborough,  and  his  comparison 
of  the  duchess  to  Alice  Perrers,  the  mistress 
>f  Edward  III,  was  a  scandalous  violation  of 
he  decencies  of  political  warfare. 

[Wood's  Athense,  ed.  Bliss,  iv.  664-5 ;  Raw- 
insonMSS.  4to,  4,  164;  Dugdale's  Antiquities 
rf  Warwickshire,  i.  232-3;  Oldmixon's  History 
3f  England;  Burnet's  Own  Times;  Evelyn's 
Diary  ;  Luttrell's  Relation  of  State  Affairs ; 
Jent.  Mag.  liv.  589-90 ;  Manning's  Lives  of  the 
Speakers,  416-23;  Colville's  Worthies  of  War- 
wickshire, 59-63.]  T.  F.  H. 

BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1699  P-1737), 
politician,  was  second  son  of  "William  Brom- 
Ley  (1664-1732)  [q.  v.]  He  was  elected  upon 
the  foundation  at  Westminster  in  1714,  at 
the  age  of  15.  He  was  a  member  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  and  was  created  D.C.L.  on 
19  May  1732.  He  was  elected  member  for 
the  borough  of  Warwick  in  1727.  On 
13  March  1734  he  was  put  forward  by  the 
party  opposed  to  Walpole  to  move  the  re- 
peal of  the  Septennial  Act.  Parliament  was 
soon  afterwards  dissolved,  and  Bromley  lost 
his  seat  for  Warwick.  He  was  elected  in 
February  1737,  on  the  death  of  George  Clarke, 
to  represent  the  university  of  Oxford,  which 
his  father  had  represented  from  1702  till  1732. 
He  died  the  following  month,  12  March 
1737.  His  wife,  by  whom  he  left  no  issue,, 
was  a  Miss  Frogmorton.  His  portrait  is  in 
the  Bodleian  Gallery. 

[Welch's  Queen's  Scholars,  pp.  265,  544;. 
Gent.  Mag.  vii.  189  ;  Parl.  Hist.  ix.  396  ;  Wood's 
History  and  Antiquities  (Gutch),  ii.  977  ;  Official1 
Lists  of  Members  of  Parliament.] 

BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1769-1842), 
line-engraver,  was  born  at  Carisbrooke  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  an  engraver  named  Wooding,  in  Lon- 
don, and  among  his  early  productions  were 
some  of  the  plates  to  Macklin's  Bible,  the 
'Death  of  Nelson,'  after  A.  W.  Devis,  and' 
the  '  Attack  on  Valenciennes,'  after  P.  J.  de 
Loutherbourg.  Later  works  were  two  por- 
traits of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  after  S 
Thomas  Lawrence  ;  and  Rubens's  '  Woman 
taken  in  Adultery.'  Bromley  was  elected  an 
associate  engraver  of  the  Royal  Academy  in 
1819,  and  in  the  same  year  also  a  member  oi 


Brompton 


405 


Bromyarde 


— jthe  academy  of  St.  Luke,  Rome.  He  was 
ier  (employed  for  many  years  by  the  trustees  of 
aa^the  British  Museum  in  engraving  the  Elgin 
oujnarbles,  from  drawings  executed  by  G.  J. 
nclJorbould.  Between  1786  and  1842  he  ex- 
rmibited  fifty  plates  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  Eng- 
lish School,  London,  1878.]  L.  F. 

>   BROMPTON,  JOHN  C#.  1436),  supposed 

-•.hronicler,  was  elected  abbot  of  Jorvaux  in 

'436.     The  authorship  of  the  compilation 

rinted  in  Twysden's '  Decem  Scriptores '  (col. 

25-1284,  Lond.  1652),  with  the  title  <  Chro- 

icon  Johannis  Brompton,  Abbatis  Jorvalen- 

s,  ab  anno  quo  S.  Augustinus  venit  in  An- 

iam  usque  mortem  Regis  Ricardi  Primi,'  is 

icertain.     It  has  been  ascribed  to  Bromp- 

n  on  the  strength  of  an  inscription  at  the 

id  of  the  C.  C.  C.  Cambridge  MS.,  which 

obably   means   nothing   more   than    that 

•ompton  had  that  manuscript  transcribed 

me  him.     Sir  T.  D.  Hardy  has  pointed  out 

at  the  compilation  must  have  been  made 

;er  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  as 

(contains  many  extracts  from  Higden,  who 

sreferred  to,  (  and  that  there  is  reason  to 

tlieve  that  it  was  based  on  a  previous  com- 

pation,  made  probably  by  a  person  con- 

ncted  with  the  diocese  of  Norwich.'     The 

?rk  is  wholly  uncritical,  and,  having  been 

p-lely  accepted  as  authoritative  by  writers 

>f  mst  times,  has  been  the  means  of  import- 

nj  many  fables  into  our  history. 

Hardy's  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Materials 
el  ting  to  the  History  of  Great  Britain,  ii.  539- 
i4:;  Dugdale's  Monastiaon,  v.  567.]  W.  H. 

3ROMPTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1782),  por- 

rat-painter,  studied  under  Benjamin  Wil- 

01,  and  afterwards  under  Raphael  Mengs 

,t  Rome ;  here  he  became  acquainted  with 

h*  Earl  of  Northampton,  whom  he  accom- 

taiied  to  Venice.     During  his  stay  in  that 

itf  he  painted  the  portraits  of  the  Duke 

.f  York  and  other  English  gentlemen,  in  a 

ojiversation  piece,  which  was  exhibited  at 

Spring  Gardens  in  1763.  In  that  yearBromp- 

ci  settled  in  London,  residing  in  George 

•erect,  Hanover  Square.     In  1772  he  painted 

he  Prince   of  Wales,  full  length,  in  the 

obes  of  the  Garter,  and  his  brother,  Prince 

Frederick,  in  the  robes  of  the  Bath.    His  best 

known  portrait  is  that  of  William  Pitt,  first 

rl  of  Chatham,  in  which  the  great  states- 

an  is  represented  half-length,  in  peer's  robes, 

•iding  with  his  right  hand  raised  to  his 

reast  and  his  left  arm  extended.     The  ori- 

inal  was  presented  in  1772  by  the  earl  him- 

•;lf  to  Philip,  second  earl  of  Stanhope,  and 

s  jnow  at  Chevening.     It  was  engraved  in 


line  by  J.  K.  Sherwin  in  1784,  and  in  mezzo- 
tint by  E.  Fisher.  There  is  a  replica  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery,  London.  Bromp- 
ton's  extravagant  habits  led  him  into  difficul- 
ties, and  caused  his  confinement  in  the  king's 
bench  prison  for  debt ;  but  being  appointed 
portrait-painter  to  the  Empress  of  Russia,  he 
was  released  and  went  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  died  in  1782.  In  the  gallery  of 
Greenwich  Hospital  is  a  half-length  portrait 
by  him  of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Saunders,  K.B. 
Brompton  was  an  exhibitor  at  the  Society  of 
Arts  and  Royal  Academy  between  the  years 
1767  and  1780. 
.[Redgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists,  1878.] 

L.  F. 

BROMSGROVE,  RICHARD  (d.  1435), 
was  a  monk  of  the  Benedictine  abbey  of 
Evesham,  who  doubtless  derived  his  name 
(which  is  sometimes  given  under  the  form  of 
Bremesgrave)  from  Bromsgrove  in  Worces- 
tershire as  his  birthplace.  He  was  elected 
abbot  of  Evesham  when  infirmarer  of  the 
abbey,  on  6  Dec.  1418,  and  was  consecrated 
in  Bengeworth  church  by  Bishop  Barrow,  of 
Bangor,  who  in  the  year  previous  had  been 
chancellor  of  Oxford.  He  died  on  10  May 
1435,  after  holding  the  abbacy  for  seventeen 
years,  and  was  buried  before  the  high  altar 
in  St.  Mary's  chapel  in  the  abbey  church. 
The  register  of  his  acts  during  his  abbacy  is 
preserved  in  Cotton  MS.  Titus  C.  ix.  (ff.  1-38). 
It  contains  articles  for  the  reformation  of 
monasteries  which  were  proposed  by  Henry  V 
in  1421,  with  modifications  suggested  by 
various  abbots.  It  appears  from  this  register 
(f.  32)  that  he  wrote  a  tract,  <De  fraterna 
correctione  canonice  exercenda.'  A  tran- 
script of  the  register  exists  amongst  the  col- 
lections of  James  West  in  Lansdowne  MS. 
227,  British  Museum. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Nash's  "Worcestershire, 
i.  400,  where,  however,  there  are  errors  in  dates; 
Chronicon  Abb.  de  Evesham  (Rolls  Series), 
xxxvii.  338.]  W.  D.  M. 

BROMYARDE,  JOHN  DE  (JL  1390), 
so  named  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  Brom- 
yard  in  Herefordshire,  was  a  friar  of  the 
Dominican  order.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  distinguished  himself  in  juris- 
prudence as  well  as  in  theology,  and  he  sub- 
sequently lectured  on  theology  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  keen  opponent  of  the  doctrines  of 
Wycliffe,  which  he  denounced  in  preaching 
and  lecturing,  and  also  by  writing ;  and  he 
is  said  by  some  writers  to  have  taken  part  in 
the  fourth  council  of  London  which  assem- 
bled under  William  de  Courtenay,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  in  the  year  1352,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  condemning  Wycliffe;  but  Brom- 


Bronte 


406 


Bronte 


yarde's  name  does  not  appear  in  contempo- 
rary lists  of  persons  present  at  the  council. 
Bromyarde  is  the  author  of  a  work  entitled 
'  Summa  Prsedicantium,'  printed  at  Nurem- 
berg by  A.  Koberger  in  1485,  and  reprinted 
several  times,  the  last  edition  having  ap- 
peared at  Venice  in  1586.  It  is  also  probable 
that  he  was  the  author  of  'Opus  trivium 
perutilium  materiarum  praedicabilium  ordine 
alphabetic©  e  divina  canonica  civilique  legi- 
bus  eleganter  contextum  per  ven.  F.  Phi- 
lippum  de  Bronnerde,  ord.  prsed.,'  printed 
without  date  or  place,  but  probably  from  the 
press  of  Fust  and  SchcefFer  at  Mayence,  about 
1475.  This  book  was  reprinted  at  Paris  in 
1500,  with  the  author's  name  given  as 
Joannes  Bromyard. 

[Leland's  Comm.  de  Scriptoribus  Britannicis, 
p.  356 ;  Quetif  sScriptores  OrdinisPrsedicatorum ; 
Pits's  Relat.  Hist,  de  rebus  Anglicis  ;  Fabricius's 
Bibliotheca  Latina.]  A.  M. 

BRONTE,  CHARLOTTE  (1816-1855), 
afterwards  NICHOLLS,  novelist,was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Patrick  Bronte  (1777-1861),  and  sister 
of  PATRICK  BRANWELL  BRONTE  (1817-1848), 
EMILY  JANE  BRONTE  (1818-1848),  and  ANNE 
BRONTE  (1820-1849).  Patrick  Bronte,  born 
on  17  March  1777  at  Ahaderg,  co.  Down, 
was  one  of  the  ten  children  of  Hugh  Prunty 
or  Bronte.  He  changed  his  paternal  name 
to  Bronte  shortly  before  leaving  Ireland.  At 
the  age  of  16  he  had  tried  to  make  his  own 
living  by  opening  a  school  at  Drumgooland 
in  the  same  county.  The  liberality  of  Mr. 
Tighe,  vicar  of  Drumgooland,  enabled  him 
to  go  to  Cambridge,  with  a  view  to  taking 
orders.  He  entered  St.  John's  College  in 
October  1802,  and  graduated  as  B.A.  in  1806. 
He  was  ordained  to  a  curacy  in  Essex,  and 
in  1811  to  the  curacy  of  Hartshead  in  York- 
shire. His  improved  means  enabled  him  to 
allow  20J.  a  year  to  his  mother  during  her  life 
(LEYLAND,  Bronte  Family,  9).  At  Hartshead 
he  met  Maria,  third  daughter  of  Thomas 
Branwell  of  Penzance,  then  on  a  visit  to  her 
uncle,  the  Rev.  J.  Fennel,  head-master  of  a 
Wesleyan  academy  near  Bradford,  and  after- 
wards a  clergyman  of  the  church  of  England. 
They  were  married  on  29  Dec.  1812  by  the  Rev. 
.  W.  Morgan,  who  was  at  the  same  time  mar- 
ried by  Bronte  to  Fennel's  daughter  (Gent. 
Mag.  1813,  p.  179).  Bronte  published  two 
simple-minded  volumes  of  verse,  '  Cottage 
Poems  '  (Halifax,  1811)  and  the  'Rural  Min- 
strel' (Halifax,  1813),  and  a  tract  called 
'  The  Cottage  in  a  Wood,  or  the  Art  of  be- 
coming Rich  and  Happy ' — a  new  version  of 
the  Pamela  Story  (reprinted  in  1859  from 
the  2nd  edition  of  1818).  In  1818  he  also 
published  the  « Maid  of  Killarney.'  These, 


and  some  letters  upon  catholic  emancip 
tion,  which  appeared  in  the  *  Leeds  Intell ' 
gencer '  for  January  1829,  were  his  only  pul'^ 
lications.  After  five  years  at  Hartshead" 
Bronte  became  perpetual  curate  of  Thornton^ 
His  eldest  child,  Maria,  was  born  at  Harts*'. 
head.  The  parish  register  of  Thornton  shows^ 
that  his  second  daughter,  Elizabeth,  was  bap-r  • 
tised  there  on  26  Aug.  1815  ;  Charlotte  (bornt 
21  April)  on  29  June  1816 ;  Patrick  Branf- 
well  on  23  July  1817  ;  Emily  Jane  on  20  Aug'. 
1818;  and  Anne  on  25  March  1820.  Oi?i 
25  Feb.  1820  the  Brontes  had  moved  t<f> 
Haworth,  nine  miles  from  Bradford,  of  whicr  i 
Bronte  had  accepted  the  perpetual  curacy), 
worth  about  200Z.  a  year  and  a  house.  Mrsj , 
Bronte  had  an  annuity  of  50£.  a  year.  A 
previous  incumbent  of  Haworth  had  beeili 
the  famous  William  Grimshaw,  one  of  We&  • 
ley's  first  followers.  Haworth  was  a  country 
village,  but  great  part  of  the  population  was  j 
employed  in  the  woollen  manufacture,  thei  t 
rapidly  extending  in  the  rural  districts  of 
Yorkshire.  Dissent  was  strong  in  Haworth , 
and  methodism  had  flourished  there  sinqe 
the  time  of  Grimshaw.  Bronte,  a  stronjg 
churchman  and  a  man  of  imperious  and  pas- 
sionate character,  extorted  the  respect  of  ja 
i  sturdy  and  independent  population.  He  |is 
j  partly  represented  by  Mr.  Helston  in  '  Shitr- 
ley/  though  a  Mr.  Roberson,  vicar  of  Hec/k- 
I  mondwike,  and  a  personal  friend  of  Brontel's, 
•  supplied  some  characteristic  traits  (Mijis. 
i  GASKELL,  Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte  (2jnd 
edition),  i.  120,  ii.  121 ;  REID,  p.  21).  His 
behaviour  is  described  by  his  daughter's  qio- 
grapher  as  marked  by  strange  eccentricity. 
He  enforced  strict  discipline  ;  the  children 
were  fed  on  potatoes  without  meat  to  make 
them  hardy.  He  burnt  their  boots  when  he 
thought  them  too  smart,  and  for  the  same 
reason  destroyed  a  silk  gown  of  his  wife's. 
He  generally  restrained  open  expression  of 
his  anger,  but  would  relieve  his  feelings  by 
firing  pistols  out  of  his  back-door  or  destr<py- 
ing  articles  of  furniture.  He  became  un- 
popular by  supporting  the  authorities  against 
the  Luddites,  but  afterwards  showed  equal 
vigour  in  supporting  men  on  strike  against 
the  injustice  of  the  millowners.  He  was 
unsocial  in  his  habits,  loved  solitary  rambles 
over  the  moors,  and,  in  consequence  of  some 
weakness  of  digestion,  dined  alone  even  be- 
fore his  wife's  death  and  to  the  end  of  his  own 
life  (GASKELL,  i.  49-53 ;  REID,  pp.  20-23, 
195,  198).  Bronte  himself  complained  of 
some  of  these  statements  as  false,  and  'Mr. 
Leyland  (i.  41-56)  accounts  for  the  shooting- 
and  the  silk-gown  stories  by  misunderstand- 
ings and  village  gossip.  Mrs.  Bronte  4ied 
of  cancer  on  15  Sept.  1821,  and  a  year  later 


^f- 

:mg  auu 
r-others. 

Bronte                  407 

Bronte 

his 
"m 

her  elder  sister,  Miss  Branwell,  undertook  to 
manage  Bronte's  household.  She  disliked  the 
rough  climate  and  surroundings  of  Haworth, 
and  in  later  years  seldom  left  her  bedroom  j 
3ven  for  meals.  She  seems  to  have  been  a  i 
,tom  old  maid,  with  whom  the  children  were  j 
ilways  reserved.  From  the  time  of  their 
mother's  illness  they  were  left  very  much  to 
ihemselves.  They  showed  extraordinary  pre- 
cocity of  talent ;  they  had  few  friends,  saw 
little  of  their  father  or  neighbours,  and  used 
«:o  walk  out  alone  upon  the  moors.  The 
jldest,  Maria,  would  shut  herself  up  with  a 
newspaper  and  study  parliamentary  debates 
in  the  intervals  of  her  care  of  the  younger 
children.  Her  father  said  that  he  could 
converse  with  her  on  any  topics  of  the  day, 
though  she  died  at  the  age  of  eleven ;  and 
the  whole  family,  cut  off  from  childish  com- 
panionship, learnt  to  take  a  keen  interest  in 
the  topics  discussed  by  their  elders.  A 
school  for  clergymen's  daughters  had  been 
founded  in  1823  at  Cowan's  Bridge,  between 
Leeds  and  Kendal,  chiefly  through  the  exer- 
tions of  the  Rev.  William  Carus  Wilson. 
Parents  were  to  pay  only  14/.  a  year,  the 
necessary  balance  being  provided  by  subscrip- 
tion. It  was  opened  with  only  sixteen  pupils, 
and  fifty-three  had  been  admitted  when  Char- 
lotte left  the  school  (SHEPHEAKD,  Vindica- 
tion}. Bronte  sent  Maria  and  Elizabeth  to 
this  school  in  July  1824 ;  Charlotte  and  Emily 
followed  in  September. 

The  school  arrangements  were  at  first  defec- 
tive ;  frugality  led  to  roughness,  and  the  food 
was  badly  cooked.  A  low  fever  broke  out  in 
the  spring  of  1825.  The  Brontes  escaped ;  but 
Maria  and  Elizabeth  soon  afterwards  became 
seriously  ill,  and  were  taken  home  only  to 
die,  Maria  on  6  May  1825  in  her  twelfth  year, 
and  Elizabeth  on  15  June  in  her  eleventh 
year.  The  vivid  picture  of  this  part  of  her 
life  in  the  opening  scenes  of  'Jane  Eyre' 
(where  '  Helen  Burns '  stands  for  Maria 
Bronte)  represents  the  impression  made 
upon  Charlotte  Bronte.  She  did  not  antici- 
pate the  obvious  identification,  and  there- 
fore did  not  hold  herself  bound  to  strict 
accuracy.  That  the  account  would  be  exag- 
gerated if  taken  as  an  historical  document 
may  be  fairly  inferred  from  a  '  Vindication 
of  the  Clergy  Daughters'  School,'  published 
by  the  Rev.  H.  Shepheard  in  1859.  Some 
mismanagement  at  starting  was  not  surpris- 
ing ;  reforms  were  speedily  introduced  ;  and 
fellow-pupils  of  the  Brontes  speak  warmly 
of  Mr.  Wilson  and  even  of  Miss  Scatcherd's 
representative,  as  well  as  of  the  school.  The 
diet  and  lodging  could  hardly  have  been 
rougher  than  that  of  Haworth ;  but  the 
deaths  of  Maria  and  Elizabeth  succeeding 


some  severe 
the  sensitive  imagination  of  their  sister. 
Charlotte  and  Emily  returned  to  the  school 
after  the  summer  holidays,  but  were  re- 
moved on  account  of  their  health  before  the 
winter. 

The  family  were  now  gathered  at  Haworth. 
Miss  Branwell  gave  the  girls  lessons  in  her 
bedroom,  while  Charlotte  acted  as  the  child- 
ish guardian  of  her  younger  sisters.  Bran- 
well  was  chiefly  taught  by  his  father,  making 
friends  for  himself  in  the  village.  There 
was  a  grammar  school  at  Haworth,  where 
the  children  may  have  had  some  lessons. 
An  elderly  woman  called  *  Tabby '  began  at 
this  time  a  service  of  thirty  years  with  the 
Brontes,  and  looked  after  the  children.  They 
were,  however,  thrown  much  upon  their  own 
resources,  and  amused  themselves  by  writing. 
Charlotte  made  a  '  catalogue  of  her  books ' 
written  between  April  1829  and  August  1830. 
They  filled  twenty-two  volumes  of  from  sixty 
to  a  hundred  pages  of  minute  handwriting,  a 
facsimile  from  which  is  given  in  Mrs.  Gaskell's 
biography.  They  consist  of  stories  and  child- 
ish <  magazines.'  The  extracts  given  by  Mrs. 
Gaskell  show  remarkable  indications  of  ima- 
ginative power,  while  it  also  appears  that 
the  children  had  imbibed  from  their  father 
strong  tory  prejudices  and  a  devoted  admi- 
ration for  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  A  poem 
of  Charlotte's,  written  before  1833,  given  by 
Mrs.  Gaskell,  shows  especial  promise.  The 
education  was  of  course  unsystematic.  When 
Charlotte  was  again  sent  to  school  in  January 
1831,  she  was  remarkably  forward  in  some 
respects  and  equally  backward  in  others. 

The  school  was  kept  by  Miss  Wooler,  at 
Roehead,  between  Leeds  and  Huddersfield. 
The  number  of  pupils  varied  from  seven  to 
ten,  and  Charlotte  became  strongly  attached  to 
her  teachers  and  to  some  of  her  schoolfellows. 
One  of  the  latter,  Miss  Ellen  Nussey  ('  E.'  in 
Mrs.  Gaskell's  biography),  was  a  lifelong 
friend  and  correspondent.  Two  sisters,  Mary 
and  Martha  Taylor,  who  lived  at  Gomersal, 
are  the  Rose  and  Jessie  Yorke  of  '  Shirley,' 
where  the  whole  Taylor  family  is  vividly  por- 
trayed. Miss  Nussey  was  the  original  of  Caro- 
line Helston  in  the  same  novel.  Stories  told 
by  Miss  Wooler  of  the  days  of  the  Luddites 
suggested  other  incidents,  while  a  Mr.  Cart- 
wright,  owner  of  a  neighbouring  factory,  is 
represented  by  Robert  Moore. 

In  1832  Charlotte  left  Roehead,  keeping 
up  a  correspondence  with  Miss  Nussey.  She 
read  the  standard  books,  of  which  her  father 
had  a  respectable  collection,  and  her  remarks 
are  such  as  might  be  expected  from  a  clever 
girl  in  a  secluded  parsonage.  The  question/ 
of  providing  for  the  family  was  beginning 


Bronf 


408 


Bronte 


.  jp-rrr....  _.  j;     — Tlwell,  a  lad  of  great 

promise,  had  contracted  some  dangerous  inti- 
macies, and  was  known  in  the  public-house 
parlour.  He  read  'Bell's  Life,'  took  an 
interest  in  prize-fighting,  and  was  anxious  to 
see  life  in  London.  He  had  also  read  the 
classics,  was  fond  of  music,  and  could  play 
the  organ ;  while  he  was  good-looking, 
though  rather  undersized,  and  had  great 
powers  of  conversation.  It  is  said  that  before 
going  to  London  he  could  astonish  bagmen 
at  the  '  Black  Bull '  by  describing  the  topo- 
graphy of  the  metropolis.  The  whole  family 
had  certain  artistic  tastes,  and  Charlotte  took 
infinite  pains  in  minutely  copying  engrav- 
ings until  the  practice  injured  her  sight. 
Their  father  had  procured  them  some  drawing 
lessons  from  a  Mr.  W.  Robinson  of  Leeds. 
Branwell  had  made  acquaintance  with  some 
local  artists  and  journalists,  and  contributed 
to  the  poets'  corner  of  local  journals.  A 
special  friend  was  Joseph  Bentley  Leyland, 
a  rising  sculptor,  born  at  Halifax.  Leyland 
went  to  London  (December  1833)  to  study, 
and  afterwards  settled  there  as  a  sculptor. 
Branwell,  stimulated  by  his  example,  made 
a  short  visit  to  London,  went  to  the  sights, 
saw  Tom  Spring  at  the  Castle  Tavern,  Hoi- 
born,  and  soon  returned,  either  from  his  own 
want  of  perseverance  or  because  his  father 
could  not  support  him.  This  was  apparently 
in  the  later  months  of  1835. 

On  6  July  1835  Charlotte  says  that  she 
is  to  be  a  governess  in  order  to  enable  her 
father  to  pay  for  Branwell's  education  at 
the  Royal  Academy  (GASKELL,  i.  147).  On 
29  July  Charlotte  went  as  teacher  to  Miss 
"Wooler's  school,  taking  Emily  with  her  as 
pupil.  After  three  months'  stay,  Emily 
became  'literally  ill  from  home-sickness,' 
and  returned  to  Haworth.  It  was  about  this 
time  that  an  incident,  the  marriage  of  a  girl 
to  a  man  who,  as  it  turned  out,  was  already 
married  to  a  wife  of  deranged  intellect,  sug- 
gested the  plot  of  '  Jane  Eyre '  (GASKELL,  i. 
151).  Charlotte  appears  to  have  been  happy 
at  Miss  Wooler's,  though  with  occasional 
fits  of  depression  caused  by  weak  nerves. 
Her  conscientious  labour  was  too  much  for 
her  strength.  Miss  Wooler  moved  her  school 
to  Dewsbury  Moor,  in  a  lower  situation, 
where  Charlotte's  health  suffered  still  more. 
Anne  was  also  at  the  school,  and  apparently 
suffered  from  the  change.  In  1836  Emily 
again  tried  teaching,  and  passed  six  months 
at  a  school  in  Halifax,  but  soon  found  the 
burden  of  her  duties  and  the  absence  from 
Haworth  intolerable.  Charlotte  andAnne  con- 
tinued at  Miss  Wooler's  till  Christmas  1837, 
when  symptoms  of  incipient  consumption 
in  Anne  alarmed  Charlotte,  and  caused  the 


two  girls  to  return.     Charlotte  had  a  tern 
porary  misunderstanding  with  Miss  Woolei 
for  supposed  indifference  to  Anne's  health;  and- 
though  this  was  soon  removed,  and  Charlotte}" 
was  induced  to  return  to  her  post  in  the  spring^' 
of  1838,  she  found  her  health  finally  unequaV 
to  the  task,  and  came  back  to  Haworth.        M1 
For  some  time  desultory  attempts  to  find?- 
employment   were   the    chief    incidents    ofijt 
the  sisters'  lives.     It  had  come  to  be  agreedU- 
that  Emily  was  to  remain  at  home  ;  Anne?'' 
found  a  situation  as  governess  in  the  springrr,  i 
of  1839,  and  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  in  vaf<» 
rious  places,  where  the  frequent  dependence  #i 
upon  coarse  employers  seems  to  have  been  they! , 
source  of  much  misery ;  Charlotte  was  a  go-  si . 
verness  for  a  short  time  in  1839,  and  againiA 
from  March  to  December  1841,  finding  kindly  £n 
and  considerate  employers  on  the  second  oc-  ^  • 
casion.     She  declined  two  offers  of  marriage,  $ 
one  in  March  1839  to  the  prototype  of  St.   « i 
John  in  'Jane  Eyre,'  and  one  in  the  same   H 
autumn  from  an  Irish  clergyman.    Soon  after-    f 
wards  she  wrote  and  sent  to  Wordsworth  a    /-> 
fragment  of  a  story  mentioned  in  the  preface    e 
to  the  *  Professor '  as  one  in  which  she  had    If 
got  over  her  taste  for  the  high-flown  style.     - 
She  had  already  sent  some  poems  to  Southey     \ 
on  29  Dec.  1836,  who  replied,  pointing  out     i 
the  objections  to  a  literary  career,  in  a  letter      ^ 
of  which  she  acknowledged  the  kindness  and 
wisdom  (GASKELL,  i.  162, 169-175 ;  SOUTHEY, 
Life  and  Correspondence,  vi.  327-30).    Bran- 
well  had  written  soon  afterwards  to  Words- 
worth (19  Jan.  1837),  but  apparently  no  an- 
swer was  made.    Southey's  letter  had  led  to 
Charlotte's  abandonment  of  literature  for  the 
time,  and  it  seems  from  her  reply  to  Words- 
worth (GASKELL,  i.  211)  that  his  letter,  though 
'  kind  and  candid,'  was  equally  damping.  Mar- 
riage and  literature  being  renounced,she  began 
to  think  of  starting  a  school.     The  sisters 
thought  that  with  the  help  of  a  loan  from  Miss 
Branwell's  savings  they  might  adapt  the  par- 
sonage to  the  purpose.     In  1841  Miss  Wooler 
proposed  to  give  up  her  school  to  the  Brontes. 
The  offer  was  eagerly  accepted,  but  it  seemed 
desirable  that  they  should  qualify  themselves 
by  acquiring  some  knowledge  of  foreign  lan- 
guages on  the  continent.     After   some  in- 
quiries they  decided  upon  entering  a  school 
of  eighty  or  a  hundred  pupils,  kept  by  M.  and 
Mme.  Heger  in  the  Rue  d'Isabelle,  Brussels. 
Charlotte  and  Emily  went  thither  in  February 
1842,  their  father  going  with  them,  and  staying 
one  night  at  the  Chapter  coffee-house,  Pater- 
noster Row,  and  one  night  at  Brussels.     M. 
Heger  was  a  man  of  ability  and  strong  re- 
ligious principles,  choleric  but   benevolent, 
and  an  active  member  of  the  Society  of  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul.     He  was  professor  of  rhe- 


Bronte 


409 


Bronte 


toric  and  prefet  des  Etudes  at  the  Athenee, 
ultimately  resigning  his  position  because  he 
was  not  allowed  to  introduce  religious  in- 
struction.    He  soon  perceived  the  talents  of 
his   new   pupils,   and,  dispensing   with  the 
drudgery  of  grammar,  set  them  to  study  pieces 
of  classical  French  literature,  and  to  prac- 
tise original  composition  in  French.     Some 
of  Charlotte's  exercises,  printed  by  Mrs.  Gas- 
kell,  show  that  she  soon  obtained  remarkable 
command  of  the  language.     Although  the 
sisters  profited  by  this  instruction,  the  general 
tone  of  the  school  was  uncongenial;  they  dis- 
liked the  Belgians,  and  the  experience  only 
intensified  their  protestantism  and  patriotic 
prejudices.     Mary  and  Martha  Taylor,  their 
old  friends,  were  resident  in  Brussels  at  this 
time ;  but  the  death  of  Martha  Taylor,  the 
original  of  Jessie  Yorke,  in  the  autumn  of 
1842,  was  a  severe  blow.     News  of  the  last 
illness  and  death  of  their  aunt,  Miss  Bran  well, 
reached  them  soon  after.     They  started  im- 
mediately for  Haworth,  and  passed  the  rest 
of  the  year  at  home.    The  aunt's  will,  made 
in  1833,  left  her  money  to  four  nieces,  the  three 
Br/ontes  and  Anne  Kingston.     The  statement 
thjat  she  disinherited  Branwell  on  account  of 
his  ill-conduct  is  erroneous  (LETLANB,  ii.  31). 
MJ.  Heger  wrote  a  letter  to  their  father,  ex- 
pressing a  high  opinion  of  their  talents,  and 
Ipeaking  of  the  possibility  of  his  offering  them 
imposition.     Charlotte  had  already  begun  to 
hve  lessons,  and  it  was  decided  that  she 
Bould  return  as  a  teacher,  for  a  salary  of  400 
pines,  out  of  which  she  was  to  pay  for  German 
iissons.     She  went  in   January   1843,  and 
piJLyed  till  the  end  of  the  year.     She  felt  the 
(ijieliness  of  her  position,  especially  when  left 
S/  herself  during  the  vacation,  and  a  coolness 
•W'ose  between  her  and  Madame  H6ger,  due 
/partly  at  least  to  their  religious  differences.  It 
•jis  probable  that  she  suffered  at  this  time  from 
isome  unfortunate  attachment.     Her  father's 
failing  eyesight  gave  an   additional  reason 
<jfor  her  presence  at  home,  and  she  finally 
i-eached  Haworth  2  Jan.  1844,  with  a  certi- 
(ficate  of  her  powers  of  teaching  French,  signed 
'by  M.  Heger,  and  with  the  seal  of  the  Athenee 
gRoyal.     Her  experiences  at  Brussels  were 
sj-ised  in  the  '  Professor,'  and  with  surprising 
dpower  in  '  Villette/  which  is  to  so  great  an 
7extent  a  literal  reproduction   of  her  own 
/personal  history  that  some  of  the  persons 
described  complained  of  minor  inaccuracies 
/    as  though  it  had  been  avowedly  a  matter-of- 
fact  narrative. 

The  plan  of  setting  up  a  school  was  again 
discussed  by  the  sisters.  They  could  not  leave 
their  father,  but  with  the  sum  left  by  Miss 
Branwell  they  intended  to  fit  the  parsonage 
for  receiving  pupils.  No  pupils,  however, 


would  come  to  the  remote  village,  and  troubles 
were  accumulating.  Branwell  s  early  promise 
was  vanishing.  After  his  visit  to  London  he 
made  some  efforts  to  gain  a  living  by  painting 
portraits.  He  passed  two  or  three  years  in 
desultory  efforts,  but  his  want  of  any  serious 
training  was  fatal.  A  portrait  of  his  sisters, 
described  by  Mrs.  Gaskell,  shows  that  he  had 
some  power  of  seizing  a  likeness,  but  was 
otherwise  a  mere  dauber.  He  took  lodgings 
at  Bradford,  joined  the  meetings  of  '  the  ar- 
tistic and  literary  celebrities  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood '  at  the  George  Hotel  (LEYLAND,  i. 
203),  and  rambled  about  the  country.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  masonic  *  Lodge  of  the 
Three  Graces '  at  Haworth,  of  which  John 
Brown,  the  sexton,  was  '  worshipful  master.' 
He  learnt  to  take  opium,  and  occasionally 
drank  to  excess.  On  1  Jan.  1840  he  became 
tutor  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Postlethwaite  of 
Broughton-in-Furness,  and  soon  afterwards 
wrote  a  letter  to  his  friend  the  sexton  (ib. 
i.  255-9),  which  proves  sufficiently  that  he 
was  deeply  tainted  with  vicious  habits.  He 
next  got  a  place  as  clerk  on  the  Leeds  and 
Manchester  railroad,  being  employed  at  Sow- 
erby  Bridge  from  October  1840,  and  a  few 
months  later  at  Luddenden  Foot.  At  the 
beginning  of  1842  he  was  dismissed  for  cul- 
pable negligence  in  his  accounts  and  the  de- 
falcations of  a  subordinate.  After  the  Christ- 
mas holidays  in  that  year  he  became  tutor  in 
a  family  where  Anne  was  already  a  governess. 
Here  he  appears  to  have  fallen  in  love  with 
the  wife  of  his  employer,  seventeen  years  his 
senior,  and  to  have  misinterpreted  her  kind- 
ness into  a  return  of  his  affection.  When  his 
behaviour  became  openly  offensive,  she  spoke 
to  her  husband,  and  Branwell  was  summarily 
dismissed  in  July  1845.  He  bragged  to  all  his 
friends  of  his  supposed  conquest  in  the  fashion 
of  a  village  Don  Juan,  and  chose  to  say  that 
the  lady  acted  under  compulsion,  and  was 
ready  to  marry  him  upon  her  husband's  death. 
Meanwhile  he  stayed  with  his  father,  still 
writing  occasional  scraps,  and  making  appli- 
cations for  employment.  He  became  reckless, 
took  opium,  and  had  attacks  of  delirium 
tremens.  Emily  Bronte  appears  to  have  tole- 
rated him,  Anne  suffered  cruelly,  and  Char- 
lotte was  indignant  and  disgusted.  She  speaks 
of  his  'frantic  folly,'  says  (3  March  1846) 
that  it  is  '  scarcely  possible  to  stay  in  the  room 
where  he  is,'  and  regards  the  case  as  '  hope- 
less.' If  he  got  a  sovereign  he  spent  it  at  the 
public-house.  In  1846  his  late  employer  died, 
and  Branwell  hoped,  if,  as  is  charitably  sug- 
gested, he  was  under  an  hallucination,  that  the 
widow  would  marry  him.  He  told  his  story 
to  every  one  who  would  listen,  adding  that 
he  would  mention  it  to  no  other  human  being. 


410 


Bronte 


After  this  he  rapidly  deteriorated,  developed 
symptoms  of  consumption,  and  died  26  Sept. 
1848.  In  his  last  moments  he  started  con- 
vulsively to  his  feet  and  fell  dead.  This  in- 
cident apparently  gave  rise  to  Mrs.  Gaskell's 
statement  that  he  carried  out  a  previous  reso- 
lution that  he  would  die  standing,  in  order 
to  prove  the  strength  of  his  will. 

These  facts  must  be  mentioned,  because 
they  explain  one  cause  of  the  sisters'  de- 
pression, and  because  they  have  unfprtu-  j 
nately  been  misstated.  Biographers  believed  j 
in  Branwell's  story  of  the  vileness  of  his  em-  j 
ployer's  wife,  and  though  when  first  pub-  j 
lished  it  was  met  with  an  indignant  denial  j 
and  instantly  suppressed,  it  has  since  been 
reported  as  authentic.  It  rests  solely  upon 
the  testimony  of  the  pothouse  brags  of  a 
degraded  creature.  All  the  statements  which 
can  now  be  checked  are  false.  The  husband's 
will  did  not,  as  Branwell  asserted,  make  the 
lady's  fortune  conditional  on  her  not  seeing 
him.  On  the  contrary,  it  shows  complete  con- 
fidence in  her.  Branwell  did  not  die  with  his 
pocket  '  full  of  her  letters/  She  never  wrote 
to  him,  and  the  letters  were  from  another 
person  (LEYLAND,  ii.  142,  284).  The  whole 
may  be  dismissed  as  a  shameful  lie,  possibly 
based  in  part  on  real  delusion.  A  claim  has 
been  set  up  for  Branwell  to  a  partial  author- 
ship of  'Wuthering  Heights.'  He  wrote, 
even  to  the  last,  some  poems  (many  published 
by  Mr.  Leyland)  which,  though  often  feeble, 
show  distinct  marks  of  the  family  talent. 
He  had  finished  by  September  1845  one 
volume  of  a  three-volume  novel.  He  told 
Mr.  Grundy,  apparently  in  1846,  that  he  had 
written  a  great  part  of  '  Wuthering  Heights/ 
and,  as  Mr.  Grundy  adds,  l  what  his  sister 
said  bore  out  the  assertion.'  Two  of  his 
friends  also  stated  (LEYLAND,  ii.  186-8)  that 
Branwell  had  read  to  them  part  of  a  novel, 
which,  from  recollection,  they  identified  with 
'  Wuthering  Heights.'  On  the  other  hand, 
Charlotte  Bronte,  who  was  in  daily  communi- 
cation with  her  sisters  at  every  step,  obviously 
had  no  doubt  that  it  was  written  by  her 
sister  Emily.  Her  testimony  is  conclusive. 
She  could  not  have  been  deceived,  nor  is  it 
possible  to  suppose  that  Emily  would  have 
carried  out  such  a  deception.  The  sisters 
still  consulted  Branwell  on  their  work,  and 
Emily  was  least  repelled  by  him.  That  he 
may  have  given  her  some  suggestions  is  pro- 
bable enough  ;  nor  is  it  improbable  that  the 
reprobate  who  was  slandering  his  employer's 
wife  was  making  a  false  claim  to  part  of  his 
sister's  novel.  Stories  of  this  kind  are  com- 
mon enough  in  literary  history — l  Garth  did 
not  write  his  own  "  Dispensary  "  '—and  this 
claim  of  Branwell's  may  be  dismissed  with 


others  of  the  same  class.  The  internal  evi- 
dence cannot  be  discussed ;  though  it  may  be 
said  that  Emily's  poems  show  far  higher  pro- 
mise than  anything  of  Branwell's,  and  so  far 
strengthen  her  claim  to  a  story  of  astonish- 
ing power.  Branwell's  habits  at  this  time 
were  as  unfavourable  to  good  work  as  con- 
ducive to  the  disappearance  of  any  fragments 
he  may  have  written.  When  Charlotte  left 
Brussels,  her  father's  eyesight  was  failing. 
The  weak  health  of  Tabby  increased  the 
labour  of  housekeeping.  On  25  Aug.  1846 
Mr.  Bronte  underwent  a  successful  opera- 
tion for  cataract.  The  sisters  now  turned 
their  thoughts  to  literature.  Charlotte  tells 
M.  H6ger  in  1845  that  she  had  been  approtved 
by  Southey  and  (Hartley)  Coleridge  (GJAS- 
ZELL,  i.  321).  The  latter  was  knowni  to 
some  of  Bran  well's  friends,  and  it  is  saidtihat 
he  and  Wordsworth  gave  some  encourage- 
ment to  Branwell.  In  the  autumn  of  1845 
Charlotte  had  accidentally  found  some  poems 
of  Emily's.  Anne  then  confessed  to  having 
also  written  verse ;  and  the  three  put  to- 
gether a  small  volume,  which  was  published 
at  their  expense  in  May  1846  by  Messrs. 
Aylott  &  Jones.  It  attracted  little  notice, 
though  reviewed  in  the  ( Athenseum  '  (4  Judy 
1846).  The  sisters  adopted  the  pseudonynas 
Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton  Bell,  correspondin  g 
to  their  initials.  They  next  offered  the} 
novels, the  'Professor,' '  Wuthering  Heightr 
'  Agnes  Grey,'  to  various  publishers.  A  ? 
fusal  of  the  l  Professor '  reached  Chariot 
on  the  day  of  her  father's  operation,  and 
the  same  day  she  began f  Jane  Eyre.'  In  t 
spring  of  1847,  Emily's  and  Anne's  ston 
were  accepted  by  J.  Cautley  Newby.  Beft 
they  had  appeared  Charlotte  received  a  lett 
from  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  containing 
refusal  of  the  '  Professor,'  but  '  so  delicate) 
reasonable,  and  courteous  as  to  be  more  cheer- 
ing than  some  acceptances.'  It  encouraged 
her  to  offer  them  '  Jane  Eyre,'  already  nearly 
finished.  The  reader,  the  late  Mr.  W.  S. 
Williams,  recognised  its  great  power.  It 
was  immediately  accepted  and  published  in, 
August  1847.  '  Jane  Eyre '  achieved  at  once  £J 
surprising  success.  Charlotte  had  overcome;  - 
the  tendency  to  fine  writing  of  her  fir&r 
story,  and  the  reaction  into  dryness  of  the 
'  Professor.'  She  had  learnt  to  combine  ex- 
traordinary power  of  expressing  passion  with 
an  equally  surprising  power  of  giving  reality 
to  her  pictures  which  transfigures  the  com- 
monest scenes  and  events  in  the  light  of 
genius.  '  Jane  Eyre,'  which  owed  little  to 
contemporary  critics,  was  warmly  praised 
in  the  *  Examiner,'  and  by  G.  H.  Lewes  in 
'  Eraser's  Magazine  '  for  December ;  but  the 
rush  for  copies,  '  which  began  early  in  De- 


Bronte 


412 


Bronte 


us, 


greatest  artistic  weakness.  '  Villette '  was 
finished,  after  many  interruptions  caused  by 
ill-health  and  depression,  at  the  end  of  1852, 
and  published  in  the  following  spring.  Her 
extreme  sensibility  was  shown  by  a  desire 
to  publish  it  anonymously,  but  its  success 
was  equal  at  the  time  to  that  of  its  pre- 
decessors. 

Miss  Bronte  had  now  become  famous,  and 
the  life  at  Haworth  was  interrupted  by 
occasional  visits  to  the  friends  who  had 
gathered  round  her,  in  spite  of  the  extreme 
shyness  of  a  sensitive  nature  reared  in  such 
peculiar  seclusion.  Her  visit  to  Mr.  Smith 
in  London  in  the  end  of  1849  was  followed 
by  others  in  June  1850,  in  June  1851,  and  in 
January  1853.  In  1849  she  met  Thackeray, 
the  contemporary  whom  she  most  admired, 
though  she  was  a  little  puzzled  to  know 
whether  he  was  '  in  jest  or  earnest '  in  conver- 
sation, and  complained  of  what  she  thought 
his  perversity  in  satire.  She  mentions  (GAS- 
KBLL,  ii.  162)  how  she  told  him  of  his  faults  in 
1850,  and  how  his  excuses  were  often  worse 
than  his  crimes.  Miss  Bronte's  sense  of 
humour  was  feeble.  In  1851  she  attended 
one  of  his  lectures,  and  the  author  of  '  Jane 
Eyre'  found  herself  the  centre  of  observa- 
tion to  a  London  audience,  and  was  intro- 
duced to  Mr.  Monckton  Milnes  (afterwards 
Lord  Houghton).  A  description  of  Thacke- 
ray's sensitiveness  to  the  opinions  of  his 
hearers  is  adapted  to  the  case  of  M.  Paul 
Emanuel  in  '  Villette.'  Thackeray's  im- 
pressions of  Miss  Bronte  are  given  in  a  short 
introduction  to  a  fragment  called  t  Emma,' 
published  in  the  '  Cornhill '  for  April  1860 
(i.  485).  She  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Sir  James  Kay-Shuttle  worth  in  1850,  and 
while  staying  with  him  near  Bowness  the 
same  August  met  her  future  biographer,  Mrs. 
Gaskell,  with  whom  she  formed  a  warm  friend- 
ship. An  admiring  criticism  of  f  Wuthering 
Heights'  by  Sydney  Dobell  in  the  ' Palla- 
dium' in  September  1850  led  to  another 
warm  friendship  with  the  author.  She  met 
G.  H.  Lewes,  whose  early  admiration  of 
'Jane  Eyre'  had  pleased  her,  though  she 
accepted  with  some  difficulty  his  advice  to 
study  Miss  Austen.  He  hurt  her  by  a  review 
of  'Shirley'  in  the  'Edinburgh'  for  June 
1850,  where  she  was  annoyed  by  the  stress 
laid  upon  her  sex.  '  I  can  be  on  my  guard 
against  my  enemies,'  she  wrote  pithily,  '  but 
God  preserve  me  from  my  friends ! '  Lewes 
appeared  to  her  to  be  over-confident  and 
dogmatic,  but  she  respected  him  enough  to 
say  that  he  was  guilty  rather  of  'rough 
play  than  of  foul  play.  Though  she  made 
it  a  duty  to  read  all  critiques,  she  was  sensi- 
tive under  reproof,  and  especially  to  any 


charge  against  her  delicacy.     A  reviewer  of h 
'  Vanity  Fair '  and  '  Jane  Eyre '  in  the '  Quar-3S 
terly '  for  December  1848  had  brought  against  n 
her  the  charge  of  coarseness.     She  aske^s 
Miss  Martineau,  whose  acquaintance  she  he  ^e 
made  in  1850,  to  tell  her  faithfully  of  an^al 
such  fault  in  future  novels.     Miss  Martineau  w 
promised  and  kept  her  word  by  condemning  a 
'  Villette '  upon  that  and  other  grounds  in  c 
the  '  Daily  News.'     Miss  Bronte  had  stayed  < 
in  Miss  Martineau's  house,  and,  though  re-  ] 
pelled  by  some  of  her  hostess's  religious  k 
opinions,  had  refused  to  give  up  the  friend- 
ship upon  that  account.     This  criticism  of  , 
Villette'  induced  Miss  Bronte  to  signify  ' 
that  their  intercourse  must  cease  (RsiD,  p. 
159).     Miss  Martineau  afterwards  wrote  in 
the  '  Daily  News '  a  generous  notice  of  Miss 
Bronte  on  her  death.  , 

A  third  offer  of  marriage  had  been  made  , 
to  Miss  Bronte  in  the  spring  of  1851  by  , 
a  man  of  business  in  good  position,  and  , 
was  apparently  favoured  by  her  father.  In 
July  1846  she  had  denied  a  report  of  an 
engagement  to  her  father's  curate,  Mr.  A.  B. 
Nicholls  (GASKELL,  i.  351 ;  REID,  i.  72).  He 
is  alluded  to  in  '  Shirley '  as  the  '  true  Chris- 
tian gentleman  '  who  had  succeeded  the  three 
curates.  In  December  1852  Mr.  Nicholls  pro- 
posed marriage,  and  Miss  Bronte,  though 
returning  his  affection,  refused  him  next  day 
at  her  father's  dictation.  Mr.  Nicholls  re- 
signed his  curacy  and  left  Haworth.  The 
father's  unreasonable  indignation  gradually 
calmed  as  he  saw  that  his  daughter's  health  £ 
was  suffering.  In  March  1854  Miss  Bronte 
wrote  with  his  consent  to  invite  Mr.  Nicholls 
to  return.  She  had  arranged  that  the  mar-  • 
riage  should  not  disturb  her  father's  seclu-1 
sion,  and  should  be  a  gain  instead  of  a  loss 
of  money.  It  took  place  accordingly  on 
19  June  1854,  and  while  health  lasted  was 
productive  of  unmixed  happiness.  After  a 
visit  with  her  husband  to  his  Irish  relations  ^ 
she  returned  to  Haworth,  where  in  the  next 
winter  her  health  became  precarious.  She 
sank  gradually,  and  died  on  31  March  1855. 
The  father  survived  her  for  six  years,  re- 
taining his  interest  in  public  affairs  and 
che'rishing  all  memorials  of  his  daughters. 
Mr.  Nicholls  continued  to  live  with  him,  and 
a  letter  from  Mr.  Raymond,  editor  of  the 
'  New  York  Times '  (partly  reprinted  in  Reid, 
p.  194),  describes  an  interview  with  the  two. 
Patrick  Bronte  died  on  7  June  1861. 

The  works  published  by  the  three  sisters 
are  as  follows :  1.  '  Poems  by  Currer,  Ellis, 
and  Acton  Bell,'  1846.  2.  « Jane  Eyre,'  1847. 
3.  '  Wuthering  Heights  '  and  '  Agnes  Grey  ' 
(3  vols.,  of  which  '  Agnes  Grey  '  is  the 
last),  1847.  4.  'The  Tenant  of  Wildfell 


Bronte 


411 


Bronte 


cember '  (GASKELL,  li.  20),  indicated  a  hold 
upon  public  interest  which  needed  no  critical 
sanction.  The  second  edition,  dedicated 

Thackeray,  appeared  in  January  1848. 
•Vuthering  Heights '  and  'Agnes  Grey '  were 
3ublished  in  December,  with  comparatively 
little  success.  By  the  next  June  Anne's 
« Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall '  was  offered  to 
the  same  publisher.  Hitherto  the  secret  of 
the  authorship  of  '  Jane  Eyre'  had  been  re- 
vealed by  Charlotte  to  no  one  but  her  father, 
and  to  him  only  after  its  assured  success 
(GASKELL,  ii.  36).  It  had  been  conjectured 
by  some  readers  that  the  three  Bells  were  in 
reality  one.  A  foolish  and  impossible  story 
attributed  '  Jane  Eyre '  to  an  imaginary  go- 
verness of  Thackeray's,  represented  by  Becky 
Sharp,  who  was  supposed  to  have  retorted 
by  describing  Thackeray  as  Kochester  (Quar- 
terly Review,  December  1848). 

On  28  April  and  3  May  1848,  Charlotte 
wrote  to  Miss  Nussey,  denying  the  rumour 
of  its  true  origin  with  much  vehemence, 
though  with  a  self-betraying  effort  to  avoid 
direct  falsehood.  She  had,  it  seems,  promised 
secrecy  to  her  sisters.  Meanwhile,  the  pub- 
lisher of  Emily's  and  Anne's  novels  had  pro- 
mised early  sheets  of  the  <  Tenant  of  Wildfell 
Hall '  to  an  American  house,  stating  his  be- 
lief that  it  was  by  the  author  of  '  Jane  Eyre.' 
A  difficulty  arose  with  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder,  who  had  promised  the  next  work  of 
the  same  author  to  another  American  firm. 
They  wrote  to  Miss  Bronte,  and  she,  with 
Anne,  immediately  went  to  London  in  July 
to  clear  up  the  point  decisively  (REID,  p.  89). 
The  sisters  went  to  the  Chapter  coffee-house 
and  immediately  called  at  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder's.  They  refused  an  invitation  to  stay 
at  Mr.  Smith's  house,  and,  after  going  to  the 
opera  and  seeing  a  few  London  sights,  re- 
turned to  Haworth,  and  to  severe  domestic 
trials. 

Branwell  died  in  September.  Emily's 
health  then  showed  symptoms  of  collapse. 
She  would  not  complain,  nor  endure  ques- 
tioning. Only  when  actually  dying  (19  Dec. 
1848)  she  said  that  she  would  see  a  doctor. 
Shirley  Keeldar  was  Emily's  portrait  of  her 
sister  as  she  might  have  been  under  happier 
circumstances.  The  story  of  the  courage 
with  which  Shirley  burns  out  the  scar  of  a 
mad  dog's  bite  was  true  of  Emily.  The  dog 
'  Tartar '  was  Emily's  mastiff  (Keeper).  She 
once  gave  him  a  severe  thrashing  for  a  do- 
mestic offence,  though  she  had  been  told  that 
if  touched  by  a  stick  he  would  certainly 
throttle  her.  The  dog,  it  is  added,  loved  her 
ever  afterwards,  followed  her  to  her  grave, 
became  decrepit,  and  died  in  December  1851 
(GASKELL,  ii.  239).  Emily  has  been  regarded 


by  some  critics  as  the  ablest  of  the  sisters. 
'  Wuthering  Heights '  and  some  of  the  poems 
give  a  promise  more  appreciable  by  critics 
than  by  general  readers.  The  novel  missed 
popularity  by  the  general  painfulness  of  the 
situation,  by  clumsiness  of  construction,  and 
by  the  absence  of  the  astonishing  power  of] 
realisation  manifest  in  '  Jane  Eyre.'  In  1 
point  of  style  it  is  superior,  but  it  is  the  1 
nightmare  of  a  recluse,  not  a  direct  represen- 
tation of  facts  seen  by  genius.  Though  en- 
thusiastically admired  by  good  judges,  it  will 
hardly  be  widely  appreciated.  After  Emily's 
death  Anne  rapidly  sickened.  Consumption 
soon  declared  itself.  On  24  May  she  left  Ha- 
worth for  Scarborough,  and  died  there,  after 
patient  endurance  of  her  sufferings,  on  28  May 
1849.  A  touching  poem,  'I  hoped  that  with 
the  brave  and  strong,'  was  her  last  composi- 
tion. 

For  the  next  few  years  Charlotte  lived 
alone  with  her  father.  She  suffered  fre- 
quently from  nervous  depression.  House- 
hold cares  troubled  her.  The  old  servant 
Tabby  had  broken  her  leg  in  1837,  when  the 
younger  Brontes  insisted  upon  keeping  her 
in  the  house,  though  she  might  have  lived 
in  tolerable  ease  with  a  sister.  In  the 
autumn  of  1849  Tabby,  now  at  the  age  of 
eighty,  had  a  fit;  a  younger  servant  who 
helped  was  seriously  ill,  and  Miss  Bronte 
had  to  do  all  the  housework  besides  nursing 
the  patients  (GASKELL,  ii.  122).  She  still  per- 
severed in  literary  composition,  and '  Shirley,' 
the  least  melancholy  of  her  stories,  was  pub- 
lished on  26  Oct.  1849.  A  Haworth  man 
living  at  Liverpool  easily  divined  the  author- 
ship, and  the  secret,  already  transparent, 
was  openly  abandoned.  On  a  visit  to  Mr. 
George  Smith,  of  Smith  &  Elder's,  in  the 
antumn  of  the  same  year,  she  was  intro- 
duced to  Thackeray  and  in  various  literary 
circles.  It  is  curious  that  she  denied  ex- 
plicitly that  the  characters  in  '  Shirley '  were 
'  literal  portraits '  (GASKELL,  ii.  129).  Yet 
it  is  admitted  that  an  original  stood  for 
almost  every  person,  if  not  for  every  person, 
introduced.  Besides  Shirley  herself,  who 
was  meant  for  Emily,  Mr.  Helstone,  who 
partly  represented  the  elder  Bronte,  Caroline, 
who  represented  Miss  Nussey,  Mrs.  Pryor 
and  Mr.  Hall  had  certainly  originals;  the 
whole  family  of  Yorkes  were  '  almost  da- 
guerreotypes'  (GASKELL,  i.  115),  and  one  of 
the  sons  himself  confirmed  their  accuracy ; 
while  the  *  three  curates 'not  only  recognised 
their  own  likenesses,  but  called  each  other 
by  the  names  given  in  the  novel.  In  her  last 
finished  story,  'Villette,'  the  same  method 
is  applied  to  her  life  at  Brussels.  A  too 
close  reproduction  of  realities  is  in  fact  her 


Brook 


413 


Brook 


Hall,'  by  Acton  Bell,  1848.  5.  'Shirley,' 
1849.  6.  A  new  edition  of  '  Wuthering 
Heights 'and  'Agnes  Grey,' with  'Selections 
cfrom  the  literary  remains  of  Ellis  and  Acton 
€Bell,'  a  biographical  notice  of  Ellis  and 
»iA.cton  Bell  by  Currer  Bell,  and  prefaces  to 
;<  Wuthering  Heights '  and  the  '  Selections ' 
if  of  poetry).  7.  'Villette/1853.  8.  'Emma' 

fragment)  in  the  '  Cornhill  Magazine '  for 
pril  1860.  All  these  are  comprised,  to- 
gether with  Mrs.  Gaskell's  'Life,'  in  the 
collective  edition  in  7  vols.  published  in 
1872 ;  as  is  also  Patrick  Bronte's  '  Cottage 
Poems.'  Illustrations  of  the  places  described 
are  also  given. 

[Mrs.  Gaskell's  Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte,  1857 
(suppressions  and  additions  in  later  editions) ; 
Charlotte  Bronte,  a  monograph,  by  T.  "Wemyss 
Reid,  1877,  containing  letters  to  Miss  Nussey, 
some  of  which  had  appeared  in  '  Hours  at  Home ' 
(New  York)  for  June  1870  ;  Emily  Bronte,  by 
A.  Mary  F.  Robinson  ('  Eminent  Women  '  ser.), 
with  information  from  Miss  Nussey  and  others  ; 
Grundy's  Pictures  of  the  Past,  pp.  73-93,  1879  ; 
Mirror,  28  Dec.  1872  (article  by '  January  Searle,' 
G-.  F.  Phillips),  a  few  notices  of  Branwell  Bronte ; 
biographical  notices  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  as 
above ;  Miss  Martineau's  Biographical  Sketches 
(from  the  Daily  News);  The  Bronte  Family, 
with  special  reference  to  Patrick  Branwell 
Bronte,  by  Francis  A.  Leyland,  1886.]  L.  S. 

BROOK.    [See  also  BKOKE  and  BROOKE.] 

BROOK,  ABRAHAM  (fl.  1789),  physi- 
cist, was  a  bookseller  of  Norwich.     He  pub- 
ished  at  Norwich  in  1789  a  quarto  volume 
!(of  '  Miscellaneous  Experiments  and  Remarks 
ion  Electricity,  the  Air  Pump,  and  the  Ba- 
rometer, with  a  description  of  an  Electrometer 
' ,    lipf  a  new  construction.'    The  work  was  trans- 
[lated  into  German  and  published  at  Leipzig 
in  1790.     A  paper  by  him,  '  Of  a  new  Elec- 
trometer,'   appeared  in  the   '  Philosophical 
Transactions '  (abridg.  xv.  308),  1782.     Tes- 
timony to  Brook's  scientific  ability  will  be 
found  in  the  same  volume  (p.  702)  in  an 
article  by  Wm.  Morgan  on  electrical  experi- 
ments :    '  I  cannot  conclude  this  paper,'  he 
i  says,  '  without  acknowledging  my  obligations 
to  the  ingenious  Mr.  Brook  of  Norwich,  who, 
1  i  by  communicating  to  me  his  method  of  boil- 
•  ing  mercury,  has  been  the  chief  cause  of  my 
success  in  these  experiments.' 

[Notes  and  Queries,  3rd  ser.  v.  355 ;  Watt's 
Bibl.  Brit.  i.  154 ;  Phil.  Trans,  abr.  xv.  308,  702.1 

R.  H. 

BROOK,  SIB  BASIL  (1576-1646?), 
royalist,  eldest  son  of  John  Brook  of  Made- 
ley,  Shropshire,  and  Anne,  eldest  daughter 
of  Francis  Shirley  of  Staunton  Harold,  was 
born  in  1576,  and  was  knighted  at  Highgate 


19    n  order 


savs, 
ans 


on  1  May  1604.     In  1615  he  fes  °£e  of  *** 
farmers  of  the  ironworks  in  \the  .Forest  of 
Dean,  and  shortly  afterwards  n,aentlon  occurs 
of  his  manufacturing  steel  undF  a  Patent  to 
Elliot  and  Meysey.     This  steefc-1*  aPpears, 
was  worthless  ;  and  on  2  July  1\       , 
was  made  directing  proceedings  \P?  J?e 
for  revoking  the  patent.     In  16ir       '    ,  . 
liam  Bishop,  bishop  of  ChalcedP11'  d*ed  m 
Sir  Basil  Brook's  house  at  Bish^P®  C    irt> 
near    London.      Anthony    a    W 
'Where  that  place  is,  except  in 
of  St.  Sepulchre,  I  am  yet  to  see 
is  described  as  '  a  person  of  grea 
among  the  English  catholics  in  the 
King  James  I  and  King  Charles 
some  interest  with  those  princes.' 
he  was  very  active  in  supporting  thf  , 
of  the  regular  clergy  against  episcof      - 
vernment  in  England.     He  was  treas^ure^ 
the  contributions  made  by  the  English  ca?  °~ 
lies  towards  defraying  the  king's  charged  °.    ^e 
war  against  Scotland.  On  27  Jan.  1640y  .   e 
House  of  Commons  made  an  order  requ^irm£ 
Brook  and  other  royalists  forthwith  to  at^ 
the  house.  He,  however,  prudently  withdf e^ 
from  London,  but  he  was  apprehended  a 
York  a  year  later  (January  1641-2).     f™ 
order  was  made  by  the  house  in  August  16 * 
for  removing  him  from  the  custody  of  tre 
Serjeant  to  the  king's  bench. 

Being  subsequently  implicated  in  anallegei 
plot  to  make  divisions  between  the  parliameir 
and  the  city,  and  to  prevent  the  advance  of  th^ 
Scots  army  into  England,  he  was  committed, 
close  prisoner  to  the  Tower  by  the  House  of 
Commons  on  6  Jan.  1643-4.  On  6  May  1645 
an  order  was  made  by  the  house  that  Brook 
should  be  removed  to  the  king's  bench,  there 
to  remain  a  prisoner  to  the  parliament  until 
the  first  debts  by  action  charged  upon  him 
should  be  satisfied.  He  was  apparently 
living  in  July  1646,  for  in  certain  articles 
of  peace  then  framed  he  is  named  as  one  of/ 
the  papists  who,  having  been  in  arms  against ' 
the  parliament,  were  to  be  proceeded  with 
and  their  estates  disposed  of  as  both  houses 
should  determine,  and  were  to  be  incapable  of 
the  royal  pardon  without  the  consent  of  both 
houses. 

Brook  married  Etheldreda,  daughter  of  Sir 
Edmund  Brudenell,  knight.  Sir  Roger  Twys- 
den  mentions  him  as  '  a  very  good,  trewe,  and 
worthy  person  '  (Notes  and  Queries,  2nd  ser. 
iv.  103),  and  Dodd  says  he  was  '  handsome 
and  comely.' 

He  published,  with  a  dedication  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria,  '  Entertainments  for  Lent, 
written  in  French  by  the  Rev.  F.  N.  Causin, 
S.  J.,  and  translated  into  English  by  Sir  B.  B.' 
Lond.  1672,  12mo  j  Liverpool,  1755,  8vo. 


Brook 


414 


Brook 


•co 


,  3rd  ser.   iv.    81,    136; 

[Notes  and^g  papergj.  Panzani's  Memoirs, 
Calendars  of  .  of  printed  Books  in  Brit.  Mus. ; 
178,  179  ;  Catt  to  divide  and  destroy  the  Par- 
A  cunning  Ple  city  of  London,  1643.1     T.  C. 
liament  and  t 

BENJAMIN  (1776-1848),  non- 
e  and  historian,  was  born  in 
Thong,  near  Huddersfield. 
..  he  was  admitted  to  membership 
ajoutlependent   cllurch   at   Holmfield, 

"^  ^"pastoral  care  of  the  Rev.  Robert 
nf  In   1797  he  entered  Rotherham 
jallond.g  a  student  for  tne  ministlT.     jn 

le£e  became  the  first  pastor  of  the  con- 
.enal  church  at  Tutbury,  StaiFordshire. 
p  pursued  his  studies,  with  great  re- 
3re.~into  puritan  and  nonconformist  his- 
c  >d  biography,  and  published  the  works 
tory  ai3n  ^  historical  repute  chiefly  rests. 
S51  w  ing  his  ministerial  duties  in  1830,  from 
,.  .,s.1^  health,  he  went  to  reside  at  Birming- 
"Htill  continuing  his  favourite  studies, 
im'.ublishing  some  of  their  fruits.    He  was 
mber  of  the  educational  board  of  Spring- 
*  College,  opened  August  1838.     At  the 
.   e  of  his  death  he  was  collecting  materials 
,.    a  history  of  puritans  who  emigrated  to 
™Tw  England.     He  died  at  the  Lozells,  near 
prmingham,  on  5  Jan.  1848,  in  his  73rd 
mr.     He  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  last 
^rho  retained  among  the  congregationalists 
ae  old  ministerial  costume  of  shorts  and 
ylack  silk  stockings.     He  published :  1.  <  Ap- 
peal to^Facts  to  justify  Dissenters  in  their 
Separation  from  the  Established   Church,' 
2nd  ed.  1806,  8vo  (3rd  ed.  1815,  8vo,  with 
title  '  Dissent  from  the  Church  of  England 
justified  by  an  Appeal  to  Facts ').     2.  '  The 
Lives  of  the  Puritans  .  .  .  from  the  Refor- 
mation under  Q.  Elizabeth  to  the  Act  of 
Uniformity,  in  1662,'  1813,  3  vols.  8vo  (a 
most  careful  and  valuable  collection,  from 
original  sources).      3.   <  The   Reviewer  re- 
\  viewed,'  1815,  8vo  (in  answer  to  an  article 
in  the  '  Christian  Observer '  on  the  '  Lives '). 
|  4.  '  The  History  of  Religious  Liberty  from  the 
first  Propagation  of  Christianity  in  Britain 
to  the  death  of  George  III,'  1820,  2  vols.  8vo. 
5.  'Memoir  of  the   Life  and  Writings   of 
Thomas  Cartwright,B.D.  .  .  .  including  the 
principal  ecclesiastical  movements   in  the 
reign  of  Q.  Elizabeth,'  1845,  8vo  (this  is  in- 
ferior to  his  '  Lives  ; '  Brook  was  better  in 
biography  than  in  general  history). 

[Congregational  Year-Book,  1848,  p.  214; 
Bennett's  Hist,  of  Dissenters,  1839,  p.  161  •  pri- 
vate information.]  A/GK 

BROOK,  CHARLES  (1814-1872),  phi- 
lanthropist, was  born  18  Nov.  1814,  in  Upper- 
liead  Row,  Huddersfield.  His  father,  James 


Brook,  was  member  of  the  large  banking  an 
cotton-spinning  firm  of  Jonas  Brook  Brothers 
at  Meltham.  Charles  Brook  lived  with  hi 
father,  who  in  1831  had  moved  to  Thorntoi 
Lodge ;  and  by  1840  he  became  partner  in  th 
firm.  He  made  many  improvements  in  th 
machinery,  and  showed  remarkable  busines 
talents.  He  strenuously  refused  to  let  hi 
goods  measure  a  less  number  of  yards  thai 
was  indicated  by  his  labels,  and  he  was  ben 
on  promoting  the  welfare  of  the  two  thousan< 
hands  in  his  employ.  He  knew  them  nearl} 
all  by  sight,  went  to  see  them  when  ill,  am 
taught  their  children  in  the  Sunday  school 
which  he  superintended  for  years  (Hudders 
field  Examiner,  vol.  xx.  No.  1471).  He  laic 
out  a  park-like  retreat,  which  he  himsel 
planned,  for  his  workpeople  at  Meltham,  and 
built  them  a  handsome  dining-hall  and  con-» 
cert-room,  with  a  spacious  swimming-bath  * 
underneath.  His  best-known  gift  is  the  Conva- 
lescent Home  at  Huddersfield,  in  the  grounds 
of  which  again  he  was  his  own  landscape 
gardener,  the  whole  costing  40,OOOJ.  He  was 
constantly  erecting  or  enlarging  churches, 
schools,  infirmaries,  cottages,  curates'  houses, 
&c.,  in  Huddersfield,  Meltham,  and  the  dis- 
trict; and  on  purchasing  Enderby  Hall, 
Leicestershire,  in  1865,  with  large  estates 
adjoining,  costing  150,000^.,  he  rebuilt  En-  . 
derby  church  and  the  stocking-weavers'  un-  1 
sanitary  cottages.  He  died  at  Enderby  Hall, 
of  pleurisy  and  bronchitis,  10  July  1872,  aged 
nearly  58.  A  portrait  of  him,  by  Samuel 
Howell,  is  in  the  Huddersfield  Convalescent- 
Home. 

In  1860   Brook   married   Miss    Hirst,   a! 
daughter  of  John  Sunderland  Hirst  of  Hud-| 
dersfield.    In  politics  he  was  a  conservative.^ 
Mrs.  Brook  survived  him;   but  he  left  nof 
family. 

[Huddersfield  Weekly  News,  vol.  v.  Nos.  248, 
249;  Huddersfield  Examiner,  vol.xx.  Nos.  1471, 
1477  ;  Huddersfield  Daily  Chronicle,  Nos.  1538, 

1539,  1542;  Times,  12  July  1872,  p.  12,  col.  1.] 

J.  H. 

BROOK,  DAVID  (d.  1558),  judge,  was  of 
a  west-country  family  living  at  Glastonbury, 
Somersetshire.  His  father,  John  Brook,  was 
also  a  lawyer  and  of  the  degree  of  serjeant-at- 
Law ;  he  died  on  Christmas  day  1525,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Redcliffe, 
Bristol,  having  been  principal  seneschal  of 
the  neighbouring  monastery.  David  was 
appointed  reader  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  the 
autumn  of  1534,  and  again  in  Lent  term 

1540,  when  he  was  also  treasurer,  and  in 
1641  he  became  one  of  the  governors.     He 
continued    to   rise    steadily   in    his   profes- 
sion, and  on  3  Feb.  1547,  the  first  week  of 


Brookbank 


415 


Brookbank 


Edward  VI's  reign,  lie  received  the  coif,  the 
degree  of  serjeant-at-law  having  been  be- 
stowed on  him  as  one  of  the  last  acts  of 
Henry  VIII.  On  25  Nov.  1551  he  was  ap- 

Eointed  king's  Serjeant,  and  when,  two  years 
iter  (1  Sept.  1553),  Sir  Henry  Bradshaw 
was  removed,  he  succeeded  him  as  lord  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer.  On  2  Oct.,  the  day 
after  Queen  Mary's  coronation,  Brook  and 
others,  according  to  Machyn,  'were  dobyd 
knightes  of  the  carpet.' 

Notices  of  his  judgments  continue  to  occur 
in  Dyer's  reports  until  Hilary  term  1557-8, 
and  he  died  apparently  in  the  course  of  that 
term.  In  March  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
Clement  Heigham.  His  character  is  highly 
praised  by  Lloyd.  He  seems  to  have  been  a 
man  of  strong  common  sense,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  especially  fond  of  the  maxim, 
*  Never  do  anything  by  another  that  you  can 
do  by  yourself.'  He  was  twice  married  :  first 
to  Katherine,  daughter  of  John,  lord  Chan- 
dos ;  secondly,  to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Richard  Butler  of  London,  who  had  already 
survived  two  husbands,  Mr.  Andrew  Fraun- 
ces  and  Alderman  Robert  Chertsey,  and, 
surviving  Brook,  married  Sir  Edward  North, 
first  earl  of  Guil^ord,  and  was  buried  in 
the  chancel  of  the  church  of  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry,  London.  By  neither  wife  had  he  any 
issue. 

[Foss's  Lives  of  the  Judges :  Fuller's  "Worthies, 
ii.  283 ;  Collins's  Historic  Peerage,  iv.  458  ; 
Machyn's  Diary,  335  n.]  J.  A.  H. 

BROOKBANK,   BROOKSBANK,   or 
.pOKESBANKE,  JOSEPH  (b.  1612), 
ister  and  schoolmaster,  was  the  son  of 
orge  Brookbank  of  Halifax,  and  was  born 
j  1612,  for  at  Michaelmas  term  1632,  when 
he  entered  as  a  batler  at  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  he  was  aged  twenty.    He  graduated 
B.  A.  and  took  orders.     In  the  Bodleian  is  the 
printed  petition  to  the  king,  in  September 
1647,  from  John  Brookbank  and  thirty-three 
other  ministers,  expelled  from  Ireland  by  the 
rebels.     This  John  is  probably  identical  with 
tjie  subject  of  this  article,  who  is  called  John 
d>n  the  title-pages  of  his  '  Vitis  Salutaris ' 
(1650)  and'Compleat  School-Master'  (1660). 
In  1650  Brookbank  describes  himself  as  '  at 
present  preacher  of  the  word'  at  West  Wy- 
combe  (he  spells  it  Wickham),  Buckingham- 
shire.   It  is  probable  that  he  was  settled  at 
Wycombe  at  the  date  (1648)  of  his  sermon  on 
be  '  Saints'  Imperfection,'  and  possible  that 
',e  was  placed  there  in  the  room  of  Peel,  si- 
3nced  either  at  High  or  West  Wycombe  on 
6  Jan.  1640  ('  absolutely  the  first  man  of  all 
he  clergy  whom  the  party  began  to  fall  upon,' 
VALKEE).    Brookbank  in  1651  was  'pres- 


byter and  schoolmaster  in  Vine  Court,  in  High 
Holborn,'  where  his  books  were  to  be  bought. 
At  this  date  he  speaks  of  Sir  Edward  Richards, 
knt.,  and  his  wife  as  having  been  '  pleased  to 
intertain  me,  when  the  whole  world  (as  far 
as  I  was  at  that  time  discoverable  thereunto) 
had  thrown  me  off.'  In  1654  he  was '  minister 
and  schoolmaster  in  Jerusalem  Court,  in 
Fleet  Street.'  By  1657  he  had  lost  both  em- 
ployments, and  on  4  July  1660  (while  living 
in  George  Alley,  Shoe  Lane)  he  expressed  his 
gratitude  to  Sir  Jeremiah  Whitchcot,  bart., 
'  in  that,  had  your  good  will  prevailed  without 
interruption,  I  had  now  enjoyed  a  competent 
subsistance.'  It  is  possible  that  he  was  the 
I.  B.  who,  early  in  1668,  published  '  A  Tast 
of  Catechetical-Preaching-Exercise  for  the 
instruction  of  families,  &c.'  The  writer  speaks 
of  himself  as  being  in  his  '  decaying  age,'  and 
proposes  a  plan  of  religious  services  for  the 
young.  His  name  appears  as  Brookbank  in 
his  earliest  publication ;  afterwards  as  Brooks- 
bank,  Brooksbanke,  Brookesbanke,  and  on  one 
of  his  title-pages  as  Broksbank.  He  latinises 
it  into  Riparius.  His  Christian  name  is  some- 
times printed  Jo.,  and  this  is  expanded  into 
John  by  mistake.  The  explanation  which  he 
gives  of  his  distance  from  the  press  may 
account  for  some  of  the  variations  in  his 
title-pages.  His  catechism  gives  the  im- 
pression that  he  was  an  evangelical  church- 
man ;  his  educational  works  are  careful  and 
clever. 

He  published:  1.  'Joh.  Amos  Comenii 
Vestibulum  Novissimum  Linguae  Latinae, 
&c.  Joh.  Amos  Comenius  His  Last  Porch 
of  the  Latin  Tongue,  &c.,'  1647,  16mo  (the 
Latin  of  Comenius  is  given  on  alternate 
pages  with  an  English  version  from  the 
Dutch  of  Henry  Schoof  compared  with  the 
original).  2.  '  The  Saints'  Imperfection,  &c.,' 
1646  (but  corrected  by  Thompson  to  19  Dec. 
1648),  16mo  (sermon  on  Heb.  v.  12 ;  the 
title-page  is  otherwise  faulty ;  it  was  reissued 
with  new  title-page  in  1656).  3.  'Vitis 
Salutaris  :  Or,  the  Vine  of  Catechetical  Di- 
vinitie,  and  Saving  Truth,  &c.,'  1650,  16mo 
(a  catechism  dedicated  to  parishioners  of 
West  Wycombe ;  a  reissue  in  1656  has  a  new 
title-page,  and  omits  the  dedication).  4.  'An 
English  Monosyllabary,'  1651, 16mo  (a  singu- 
lar little  book,  dedicated  to  Susan,  wife  of 
Edward  Trussell,  and  her  sister  Philadelphia, 
daughters  of  Sir  Edward  Richards ;  contain- 
ing in  rhythmical  form  '  all  the  words  of  one 
syllabi,  in  our  English  tongue  drawne  out 
into  a  legibl  sens;'  at  the  end  are  a  few 
prayers  in  monosyllables).  5.  '  Plain,  Brief, 
and  Pertinent  Rules  for  the  Judicious  and 
Artificial  Syllabification  of  all  English  Words, 
•fee.,'  1654, 16mo  (the  account  of  the  author's 


Brooke 


416 


Brooke 


plan  for  the  management  of  a  school  is 
curious).  6.  'Two  Books  more  exact  and 
judicious  for  the  Entring  of  Children  to  Spell 
and  Read  English  than  were  ever  yet  extant, 
viz.  An  English  Syllabary,  and  An  English 
Monosyllabary,  &c.,'  1654, 16mo  (the  second 
book  is  simply  No.  4,  not  reprinted ;  there  is 
a  reissue  with  new  title-page  as  '  The  Corn- 
pleat  School-Master, '1660).  7.  'Orthographia, 
hoc  est,  Grammatices  Nostrse  Regiae  Latinae 
Pars  prima  .  .  .  Cui  adjungitur  Grammatices 
ejusdem  .  .  .  Synopsis/  1657, 16mo.  8.  '  A 
Breviate  of  our  Kings  whole  Latin  Gram- 
mar, vulgarly  called  fillies,'  n.d.  (dedication 
dated  4  July  1660).  9.  'The  Well-tun'd 
Organ ;  or  an  exercitation  wherein  this 
question  is  discuss'd,  whether  or  no  instru- 
mental and  organick  musick  be  lawful  in 
holy  publick  assemblies,'  1660, 4to  (Bodleian 
catalogue).  10.  '  Rebels  Tried  and  Cast,  in 
three  Sermons,  on  Rom.  xiii.  2,  &c.,'  1661, 
12mo  (WooD).  Besides  these  Brookbank 
mentions  that  he  had  published  an  Abecedary 
(before  1651),  and  in  1650  he  had  projected  a 
volume,  containing  the  substance  of  a  course 
of  sermons  at  Wycombe,  to  be  called  (  Nilus 
Salutaris.' 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iii.  541; 
Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy,  1714,  ii.  326; 
•works  cited  above.]  A.  G-. 


BROOKE. 

BROOK.] 


[See     also    BROKE    and 


BROOKE,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1772-1843), 
lieutenant-general,  was  the  third  son  of  Fran- 
cis Brooke  of  Colebrooke,  co.  Fermanagh,  and 
the  younger  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Brooke, 
who,  after  representing  Fermanagh  for  many 
years  in  the  House  of  Commons,  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1822.  He  entered  the  army  as 
an  ensign  in  the  44th  regiment  in  1792,  at 
the  very  commencement  of  the  great  war, 
and  never  left  that  regiment  until  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  general  peace  in  1815.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant  in  1793,  and  served  with 
the  44th  in  Lord  Moira's  division  in  Flanders 
in  1794  and  1795.  He  was  promoted  captain 
in  1795,  and  served  with  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
cromby's  army  in  the  reduction  of  the  West 
Indies,  where  his  regiment  remained  till 
1798.  He  was  then  present  through  the 
Egyptian  campaign  of  1801,  and  purchased 
his  majority  in  1802.  He  purchased  his 
lieutenant-colonelcy  in  1804,  and  commanded 
the  44th  in  garrison  in  Malta  from  1804  to 
1812.  In  1813  he  was  promoted  colonel,  and 
accompanied  Lord  William  Bentinck  to  the 
east  coast  of  Spain.  Brooke,  as  senior  colonel, 
at  once  took  the  command  of  the  brigade  to 
which  his  regiment  was  assigned,  and  dis- 


tinguished himself  in  every  action  against 
Suchet,  and  particularly  at  the  combat  of 
Ordal.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  with 
Napoleon,  Brooke  was  gazetted  a  C.B.,  and 
ordered  to  march  his  own  and  certain  other 
regiments  from  Lord  William  Bentinck's 
army  across  the  south  of  France  to  Bor- 
deaux, in  order  to  embark  at  that  port  for 
an  expedition  against  the  United  States  of 
America.  The  whole  force  embarked  consisted 
of  three  brigades,  commanded  by  Colonels 
Brooke,  Thornton,  and  Patterson,  and  the 
expedition  was  under  the  general  command 
of  Major-general  Ross  [q.  v.]  In  the  daring'; 
action  at  Bladensberg  victory  was  secured 
by  the  flank  movement  of  Brooke's  brigade, 
which  consisted  of  the  4th  regiment,  com- 
manded by  his  brother,  Francis  Brooke,  and 
his  own,  the  44th.  After  burning  the  Capi- 
tol and  public  buildings  of  Washington,  the 
expedition  re-embarked  at  St.  Benedict  and 
sailed  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco, 
where  it  was  arranged  that  the  troops  were 
to  land  and  advance  on  Baltimore,  while  the 
ships'  boats  were  to  force  their  way  up  the 
river  to  co-operate.  In  the  first  skirmish 
that  took  place  after  landing,  and  before  the 
advance  commenced,  General  Ross  was  killed. 
'  By  the  fall  of  our  gallant  leader,'  says  the 
historian  of  the  expedition,  Hhe  command 
now  devolved  on  Colonel  Brooke,  of  the 
44th,  an  officer  of  decided  personal  courage,, 
but  perhaps  better  calculated  to  lead  a  bat4 
talion  than  to  guide  an  army  '  (GLEIG,  p.  96). 
Brooke  determined  to  carry  out  his  prede- 
cessor's plan,  and  though  it  was  reported  that 
Baltimore  was  defended  by  20,000  men,  he 
pushed  steadily  on,  and  defeated  a  powerful} 
force  of  militia  on  12  Sept.  Baltimore  was4 
then  at  his  mercy ;  but  on  finding  that  the1' 
sailors  could  not  come  up  to  his  assistance^ 
he  quietly  retired  after  bivouacking  on  the} 
scene  of  his  victory.  The  fleet  sailed  south-' 
ward,  and  was  joined  at  sea  by  the  95th  Gor 
don  Highlanders,  and  by  Major-general  S' 
John  Keane,  who  superseded  Brooke, 
delivering  to  him  a  most  eulogistic  despatc 
from  the  commander-in-chief.  At  the  clo^ 
of  the  war  Brooke  returned  to  England,  am 
was  rewarded  by  being  made  governor  o 
Yarmouth.  He  was  also  promoted  major- 
'eneral  in  1817.  He  never  again  saw  service,  I 
>ut  was  made  colonel  of  the  86th  regiment, 
gazetted  a  K.C.B.  in  1833,  and  promoted  lieu  J  4 
tenant-general  in  1837.  He  died  on  26  July  1 
1843  at  his  residence,  George  Street,  Portman  / 
Square.  I 

[Grleig's  Campaigns  of  the  British  Army  at 
Washington  and  New  Orleans ;  Royal  Military 
Calendar;  Gent. Mag.  1 843, pt.ii. 434-5;  Record 
of  44th  Keg.]  H.  M.  S. 


Brooke 


417 


Brooke 


BROOKE,  SIR  ARTHUR  DE  CAPELL 
(1791-1858),  of  Oakley  Hall,  Northampton- 
shire, author  of  several  works  of  travel,  was 
descended  from  a  family  originally  settled  in 
Cheshire,  and  was  born  in  Bolton  Street,  May- 
fair,  22  Oct.  1791.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
•Sir  Richard  de  Capell  Brooke  and  Mary,  only 
child  and  heiress  of  Major-general  Richard 
Worge.  Sir  Richard,  who  was  the  first  baronet, 
had  assumed  the  name  Brooke  in  accordance 
with  his  uncle's  will,  and  adopted  the  name  De 
Capell  in  lieu  of  Supple  by  royal  license.  The 
son  was  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  B.  A.  20  May  1813, 
and  M. A.  5  June  1816.  On  27  Nov.  1829  he 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  title  and  estates. 
He  entered  the  army,  and  in  1846  obtained 
the  rank  of  major.  Much  of  his  early  life  was 
spent  in  foreign  travel,  especially  in  the  north 
of  Europe.  In  1823  he  published  '  Travels 
through  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Finmark  to 
the  North  Pole  in  the  Summer  of  1820,'  which 
was  followed  in  1827  by  '  A  Winter  in  Lap- 
land and  Sweden,  with  various  observations 
relating  to  Finmark  and  its  inhabitants  made 
during  a  residence  at  Hammerfest,  near  the 
North  Cape.'  These  volumes  contained  much 
which  at  the  time  had  the  interest  of  no- 
velty, and  a  companion  volume  to  the  last  work 
was  published  also  in  1827,  consisting  of  a 
number  of  splendid  illustrative  plates  from 
sketches  by  the  author,  and  entitled  (  Winter 
Sketches  in  Lapland,  or  Illustrations  of  a 
Journey  from  Alten,  on  the  shores  of  the  Polar 
Sea,  in  69°  55'  N.  L.,  through  Norwegian,  Rus- 
sian, and  Swedish  Lapland  to  Tornea,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  intended 
to  exhibit  a  complete  view  of  the  mode  of 
travelling  with  reindeer,  the  most  striking  in- 
cidents that  occurred  during  the  journey,  and 
the  general  character  of  the  scenery  of  Lap- 
land and  Sweden.'  In  1837  he  published,  in 
two  volumes,  '  Sketches  in  Spain  and  Mo- 
rocco.' He  was  an  original  member  of  the 
Travellers'  Club,  and  feeling  strongly  that 
latterly  many  of  the  newly  elected  members 
•did  not  sufficiently  represent  the  spirit  of 
foreign  travel,  he,  in  1821,  originated  the  Ra- 
leigh Club,  of  which  he  was  for  many  years 
president,  and  which  became  merged  in  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society.  He  was  deputy- 
lieutenant  of  Northamptonshire,  and  in  1843 
was  chosen  sheriff  of  the  county.  He  was 
a  member  both  of  the  Royal  Society  and  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society.  Of  a  re- 
served and  retiring  disposition,  he  was  un- 
iitted  for  the  strife  of  politics,  but  in  his  later 
years  he  took  an  active  interest  in  the  cause 
•of  temperance  and  in  various  benevolent  and 
religious  objects.  He  died  at  Oakley  Hall 
•6  Dec.  1858.  He  married  in  1851  the  relict 

VOL.  VI. 


of  J.  J.  Eyre  of  Endcliffe,  near  Sheffield,  but 
left  no  heir,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  title 
and  estates  by  his  brother. 

[Debrett's  Baronetage ;  Journal  Koyal  G-eogr. 
Society,  xxiv.  p.  cxxviii ;  G-ent.  Mag.  3rd  ser.  vi. 
105;  Funeral  Sermon,  by  Rev.  T.  Lord,  1859; 
Oxford  Graduates.]  T.  F.  H. 

^BROOKE,  CHARLES  (1777  - 1852), 
Jesuit,  born  at  Exeter,  8  Aug.  1777,  received 
his  education  at  the  English  academy  at 
Liege  and  at  Stonyhurst,  where  he  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus,  of  which  he  became  a 
professed  father  (1818).  He  was  provincial 
of  his  order  from  1826  to  1832,  and  subse- 
quently was  made  superior  of  the  seminary 
at  Stonyhurst  College.  After  filling  the 
office  of  rector  of  the  Lancashire  district,  he 
was  sent  with  broken  health  to  Exeter,  in 
1845,  to  gather  materials  for  a  continuation 
of  the  history  of  the  English  province  from 
the  year  1635,  to  which  period  Father  Henry 
More's  ( Historia  Missionis  Anglicanae  Socie- 
tatis  Jesu '  extends.  The  documents  and  in- 
formation he  collected  were  afterwards  of 
much  service  in  the  compilation  of  Brother 
Henry  Foley's  valuable  l  Records  of  the 
English  Province  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,' 
8  vols.  Lond.  1870-83.  Father  Brooke  died 
at  Exeter  on  6  Oct.  1852. 

[Oliver's  Collections  S.J.  60  ;  Foley's  Records, 
vii.  88;  Tablet,  16  Oct.  1852.]  T.  C. 

BROOKE,  CHARLES  (1804-1879),  sur- 
geon and  inventor,  son  of  the  well-known 
mineralogist,  Henry  James  Brooke  [q.  v.],  was 
born  30  June  1804.  His  early  education  was 
carried  on  at  Chiswick,  under  Dr.  Turner. 
After  this  he  was  entered  at  Rugby  in  1819 ; 
thence  he  went  to  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  remained  five  years.  He 
was  twenty-third  wrangler  and  B.A.  1827, 
B.M.  1828,  and  M.  A.  in  1853.  During  a  part 
of  this  period  he  studied  medicine,  and  his 
professional  education  was  completed  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He  passed  the  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  3  Sept.  1834,  and  became  a 
fellow  of  that  institution  26  Aug.  1844.  He 
lectured  for  one  or  two  sessions  on  surgery  at 
Dermott's  School,  and  afterwards  held  posi- 
tions on  the  surgical  staff  of  the  Metropolitan 
Free  Hospital  and  the  Westminster  Hospital, 
which  latter  appointment  he  resigned  in  1869. 

He  is  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  '  bead 
suture,'  which  was  a  great  step  in  advance 
in  the  scientific  treatment  of  deep  wounds. 
On  4  March  1847  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  He  belonged  to  the  Meteo- 
rological and  Royal  Microscopical  Societies, 
and  occupied  the  president's  chair  in  each 
of  these  bodies.  He  also  at  various  times 

E   E 


Brooke 


418 


Brooke 


served  on  the  management  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitution and  on  the  council  of  the  Eoyal 
Botanical  Society.  In  addition  to  these  he 
was  connected  with  many  philanthropic  and 
religious  societies,  and  was  a  very  active 
member  of  the  Victoria  Institute  and  Chris- 
tian Medical  Association.  His  public  papers 
and  lectures  generally  pertained  to  the  de- 
partment of  physics,  mathematical  and  ex- 
perimental, and  his  more  special  work  was 
the  inventing  or  perfecting  of  apparatus. 
His  papers  date  back  to  1835,  when  he  wrote 
upon  the  '  Motion  of  Sound  in  Space ; '  but 
the  work  upon  which  his  reputation  mainly 
rests  was  published  between  1846  and  1852. 
This  was  the  invention  of  those  self-record- 
ing instruments  which  have  been  adopted  at 
the  Royal  Observatories  of  Greenwich,  Paris, 
and  other  meteorological  stations.  They 
consisted  of  barometers,  thermometers,  psy- 
chrometers,  and  magnetometers,  which  re- 
gistered their  variations  by  means  of  photo- 
graphy. His  method  obtained  the  premium 
offered  by  the  government,  as  well  as  a  council 
medal  from  the  jurors  of  the  Great  Exhibition. 
The  account  of  the  perfecting  of  these  appa- 
ratus will  be  found  detailed  in  the  British 
Association  Reports  from  1846  to  1849,  and 
in  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions  '  of  1847, 
1850,  and  1852. 

Brooke  also  studied  the  theory  of  the 
microscope,  and  was  the  author  of  some  in- 
ventions which  facilitated  the  shifting  of 
lenses,  and  improved  the  illumination  of  the 
bodies  observed.  He  applied  his  improved 
methods  to  the  investigation  of  some  of  the 
best  known  test-objects  of  the  microscope. 
His  name  is,  however,  most  popularly  known 
by  means  of  the  '  Elements  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy,' originally  compiled  by  Dr.  Golding 
Bird  in  1839,  who  alone  brought  out  the 
second  and  third  editions.  After  his  death 
in  1854,  Brooke  edited  '  a  fourth  edition,  re- 
vised and  greatly  enlarged,'  followed  by  a 
fifth  in  1860.  In  1867  he  entirely  rewrote  the 
work  for  the  sixth  edition.  He  died  at  Wey- 
mouth,  17  May  1879,  and  his  widow  died  at 
3  Gordon  Square,  London,  12  Feb.  1885, 
aged  86. 

His  other  publications  were:  'The  Evi- 
dence afforded  by  the  Order  and  Adaptations 
in  Nature  to  the  Existence  of  a  God.  A 
Christian  Evidence  lecture,'  1872,  which  was 
three  times  printed,  and  '  A  Synopsis  of  the 
Principal  Formulae  and  Results  of  Pure 
Mathematics,'  1829. 

[Proceedings  of  Royal  Society  of  London, 
1880,  xxx.  pp.  i_ii;  Catalogue  of  Scientific 
Papers  compiled  by  Royal  Society,  i.  653,  vii. 
273  ;  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,  1879,  i.  606.1 

G.  C.  B. 


BROOKE,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1793),  au- 
!  thoress,  was  one  of  the  youngest  of  the  nu- 
!  merous  offspring  of  Henry  Brooke,  the  author 
i  of  the  '  Fool  of  Quality '  [q.  v.],  and  desig- 
j  nated  herself  '  the  child  of  his  old  age.'     She- 
was  educated  entirely  by  him,  and  applied 
1  assiduously  to  literature,  art,  and  music,  in 
|  all  of  which  she  acquired  high  proficiency. 
j  During  her  father's  life  her  time  was  mainly 
!  devoted  to  him.    Among  the  subjects  of  her 
i  study  was  the  Irish  language,  and  the  first 
i  of  her  productions  which  appeared  in  print 
I  was  an  anonymous  translation  of  a  poem  as- 
I  cribed  to  Carolan,  in  '  Historical  Memoirs  of 
Irish  Bards,'  published  in  1786.     Soon  after 
the  death  of  her  father  Miss  Brooke  was 
nearly  reduced  to  indigence  through  the  loss 
of  money  invested  in  the  manufactory  for 
cotton  established  by  her  cousin,  Captain  Ro- 
bert Brooke  [q.  v.]     An  unsuccessful  effort 
was  made  by  some  members  of  the  then  newly 
established  Royal  Irish  Academy  at  Dublin 
to  obtain  a  position  for  her.      Her  letters  to 
Bishop  Percy  on  this  are  in  Nichols's  l  Illus- 
trations'  (viii.  247-52).     Miss  Brooke,  in 
1789,  published  at  Dublin,  by  subscription, 
a  quarto  volume  entitled  '  Reliques  of  Irish 
Poetry ;  consisting  of  heroic  poems,  odes,  ele- 
gies, and  songs,  translated  into  English  verse, 
with  notes  explanatory  and  historical,  and  the 
originals  in  the  Irish  character.'     In  this  she 
included  '  Thoughts  on  Irish  Song/  and  an 
original  composition,  styled  '  An  Irish  Tale/ 
In  the  publication  of  this  work  Miss  Brooke 
was  assisted  by  William  Hayley  and  others ; 
but  at  the  time  little  accurate  knowledge  ex- 
isted of  the  remains  of  the  more  ancient  Celtic 
literature  of  Ireland.     In  1791  Miss  Brooke 
published  the  '  School  for  Christians,'  con- 
sisting of  dialogues  for  the  use  of  children. 
In  the  following  year  she  published  an  edition 
of  some  of  her  father's  works,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances mentioned  in  the  notice  of  him. 
Through  the  subscriptions  for  that  publica- 
tion and  for  her  *  Reliques  of  Irish  Poetry/ 
in  which  many  persons  of  importance  inte- 
rested themselves,  Miss  Brooke  was  enabled 
to  retrieve  to  a  small  extent  the  loss  of  pro- 
perty which  she  had  sustained.     A  tragedy 
which  she  composed,  under  the  title  of '  Be- 
lisarius,'  was  submitted  to  Kemble,  and  said 
to  have  been  approved  by  him,  but  was  even- 
tually reported  to  have  been  lost  through 
carelessness.   In  her  latter  years  Miss  Brooke 
resided  at  Longford,  where  she  died  of  ma- 
lignant fever  on  29  March  1793.     The  pub- 
lication of  a  life  of  Miss  Brooke  was  projected 
by  Joseph  C.  Walker,  who,  however,  died 
without  having  made  progress  with  the  work. 
Some  of  the  papers   connected  with  Miss 
Brooke  came  into  the  possession  of  Aaron 


Brooke 


419 


Brooke 


Crossley  Seymour,  who,  in  1816,  printed  a 
memoir  of  her  life  and  writings,  mainly  em- 
phasising her  religious  and  charitable  tem- 
per. The '  Eeliques  of  Irish  Poetry '  by  Miss 
Brooke  were  republished  in  octavo  at  Dublin 
in  1818. 

[Archives  of  Koyal  Irish  Academy,  Dublin; 
Letter  from  Mr.  [Robert]  Brooke,  1786  ;  An- 
thologia  Hibernica,  1793-4;  Brookiana,  1804; 
D'Olier's  Memoirs  of  H.  Brooke,  1816.] 

J.  T.  G. 

BROOKE,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1628), 
poet,  was  the  son  of  Robert  Brooke,  a  rich 
merchant  and  alderman  of  York,  who  was 
twice  lord  mayor  of  that  city.  Wood  states 
(Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  402)  that  he  was  educated 
at  one  of  the  universities.  It  seems  probable 
that,  like  his  brother  Samuel  [q.  v.  J,  he  was  a 
member  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He 
subsequently  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
was  '  chamber-fellow  '  there  to  John  Donne, 
afterwards  dean  of  St.  Paul's.  About  1609 
he  witnessed  Donne's  secret  marriage  with 
the  daughter  of  Sir  George  More,  lieutenant 
of  the  Tower ;  the  ceremony  was  performed 
by  his  brother  Samuel,  and  the  father  of  the 
bricle,  who  opposed  the  match,  contrived  to 
commit  Donne  and  his  two  friends  to  prison 
immediately  afterwards.  Donne  was  first 
released,  and  secured  the  freedom  of  the 
Brookes  after  several  weeks'  imprisonment. 
Christopher  made  his  way  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ; 
he  became  a  bencher  and  summer  reader 
(1614),  and  was  a  benefactor  of  the  chapel. 
While  at  the  Inns  of  Court  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  many  literary  men,  among 
whom  were  JohnSelden,  Ben  Jonson,  Michael 
Drayton,  and  John  Davies  of  Hereford.  Wil- 
liam Browne  lived  on  terms  of  the  greatest 
intimacy  with  him,  and  to  Dr.  Donne  he 
left  by  will  his  portrait  of  Elizabeth,  coun- 
tess of  Southampton.  Brooke  married  Mary 
Jacob  on  18  Dec.  1619  at  the  church  of 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  by  Charing  Cross. 
He  lived  in  a  house  of  his  own  in  Drury 
Lane,  London,  and  inherited  from  his  father 
houses  at  York,  and  other  property  there 
and  in  Essex.  He  was  buried  at  St.  An- 
drew's, Holborn,  7  Feb.  1627-8.  His  wife,  by 
whom  he  had  an  only  son  John,  died  before 
him. 

Brooke's  works  are :  1.  An  elegy  on  the  death 
of  Prince  Henry,  published  with  another 
elegy  by  William  Browne  in  a  volume  en- 
titled 'Two  Elegies  consecrated  to  the  never- 
dying  Memorie  of  the  most  worthily  admyred, 
most  hartily  loved  and  generally  bewailed 

?rince,  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,'   London, 
613.     2.  An  eclogue  appended  to  William 
Browne's  '  Shepheard's  Pipe,'  London,  1614. 


3.  'The  Ghost  of  Richard  the  Third.  Ex- 
pressing himselfe  in  these  three  parts  :  1,  His 
Character;  2,  His  Legend;  3,  His  Trage- 
die,'  London,  1614.  The  unique  copy  in 
the  Bodleian  Library  was  reprinted  by  Mr. 
J.  P.  Collier  for  the  Shakespeare  Society  in 
1844,  and  by  Dr.  Grosart  in  1872.  It  is 
dedicated  to  Sir  John  Crompton  and  his 
wife  Frances.  Mr.  Rodd,  the  bookseller,  first 
attributed  this  work  to  Brooke  at  the  be- 
ginning of  this  century.  The  only  direct  clue 
lies  in '  C.  B./  the  signature  of  the  dedication. 
George  Chapman,  William  Browne,  *Fr. 
Dyune  Int.  Temp.,'  George  Wither,  Robert 
Daborne,  and  Ben  Jonson  contribute  com- 
mendatory verses.  Brooke  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  Shakespeare's  «  Richard  III,' 
and  gives  it  unstinted  praise  (cf.  Shakespeare's 
Centurie  of  Prayse,  New  Shakspere  Society, 
p.  109) ;  but  his  own  piece  is  of  small  lite- 
rary value ;  the  verse  is,  with  very  rare  excep- 
tions, bombastic  and  harsh.  4. '  Epithalamium 
— a  nuptiall  song  applied  to  the  ceremonies 
of  marriage,'  which  appears  at  the  close  of 
'  England's  Helicon,'  1614.  A  manuscript 
copy  of  this  piece  is  in  the  Bodleian.  5.  '  A 
Funerall  Poem  consecrated  to  the  Memorie 
of  that  ever  honoured  President  of  Soldyer- 
ship,  Sr  Arthure  Chichester  .  .  .  written 
by  Christopher  Brooke,  gent.,'  in  1624.  This 
poem,  to  which  Wither  contributes  com- 
mendatory verses,  was  printed  for  the  first 
time  by  Dr.  Grosart  in  1872.  The  manu- 
script had  been  in  the  possession  of  Bindley, 
Heber,  and  Corser.  Corser  printed  selec- 
tions in  his '  Collectanea,'  and  Haslewood  de- 
scribed it  in  the  '  British  Bibliographer,'  ii. 
235.  Brooke  also  contributed  verses  to  Mi- 
chael Drayton's  '  Legend  of  the  Great  Crom- 
well,' 1607  ;  to  Coriat's  '  Odcombian  Ban- 
quet/ 1611  ;  to  Lichfield's  <  First  Set  of 
Madrigals/ 1614  (two  pieces,  one  to  the  Lady 
Cheyney  and  another  to  the  author)  ;  and  to 
Browne's  '  Britannia's  Pastorals/  1625.  He 
also  wrote  (20  Dec.  1597)  inscriptions  for 
the  tombs  of  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Charles  Crofb 
(STOW,  Survey,  ed.  Strype),  and  of  the  wife 
of  Thomas  Crompton. 

William  Browne  had  a  high  opinion  of 
his  friend  Brooke's  poetic  capacity.  He 
eulogises  him  in  *  Britannia's  Pastorals/  book 
ii.  song  2.  In  the  fifth  eclogue  of  the  '  Shep- 
heard's Pipe/  1615,  which  is  inscribed  to 
Brooke,  Browne  urges  him  to  attempt  more 
ambitious  poetry  than  the  pastorals  which  he 
had  already  completed. 

[Christopher  Brooke's  Poems,  reprinted  in  Dr. 
Grosart's  Miscellanies  of  the  Fuller  Worthies 
Library,  1872;  Corser's  Collectanea  Anglo- 
Poetica,  pt.  iii.  pp.  123-8;  "Wood's  Fasti,  ed. 
Bliss,  i.  401.]  S.  L.  L. 

E  E  2 


Brooke 


420 


Brooke 


BROOKE,  LADY  ELIZABETH  (1601- 
1683),  religious  writer,  was  born  at  Wigsale, 
Surrey,  in  January  1601.  Her  father  was 
Thomas  Colepeper ;  her  mother  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Stephen  Slaney  (  PARKHTJRST, 
Faithful  and  Diligent  Christian,  p.  41) ;  her 
only  brother  was  John,  afterwards  created 
Lord  Colepeper  of  Thoresway  (ib.  42).  Both 
parents  died  in  Elizabeth's  early  youth,  and 
she  was  brought  up  by  Lady  Slaney,  her  ma- 
ternal grandmother  (ib.  43).  In  1620  she 
married  Sir  Robert  Brooke,  knight,  of  the 
Cobham  family,  by  whom  she  had  seven 
children,  two  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  For 
two  years  the  young  couple  resided  in  Lon- 
don as  boarders  with  Elizabeth's  aunt,  Lady 
Weld  (ib.  45).  In  1622  they  moved  to 
Langley,  Hertfordshire,  where  Sir  Robert 
bought  a  seat ;  and  in  1630,  on  the  Brooke 
estates  falling  to  him,  they  went  to  the 
family  mansion,  Cockfield  Hall,  Yoxford,  Suf- 
folk. Lady  Brooke  was  an  indefatigable 
reader  of  the  Scriptures,  of  '  commentaries,' 
and  of  the  ancient  philosophers  (in  English 
translations) ;  she  took  notes  of  all  sermons 
she  heard;  she  would  question  her  family 
and  servants  about  them;  she  engaged  a 
divine  to  visit  the  hall  once  a  fortnight  as 
catechist,  by  whom  she  was  herself  cate- 
chised ;  and  in  1631  she  began  a  large  vo- 
lume (ib.  81)  of  'Collections,  Observations, 
Experiences,  Rules,'  together  with  '  What  a 
Christian  must  believe  and  practise.'  On 
10  July  1646  her  husband  died  (ib.  43),  and 
for  two  years  she  absented  herself  from  Cock- 
field  Hall.  She  afterwards  lost  two  daugh- 
ters and  a  son ;  was  harassed  by  lawsuits 
(though  all  these  were  eventually  decided 
in  her  favour) ;  and  in  1669  her  only  sur- 
viving son,  Sir  Robert,  was  drowned  in  France, 
leaving  her  with  only  one  child,  Mary,  her 
eldest  daughter.  She  recovered  from  her 
griefs  sufficiently  to  resume  her  charities, 
but  became  deaf  in  1675,  and  after  a  long 
decay  died  on  22  July  1683.  Nathaniel  Park- 
hurst,  her  chaplain,  and  the  vicar  of  the 
church,  preached  her  'Funeral  Sermon,'  and 
published  it  (with  a  portrait)  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  together  with  an  account  of  her  life 
and  death.  The  book  was  dedicated  to  Miss 
Mary  Brooke,  the  sole  surviving  member  of 
the  family.  Parkhurst  printed  with  the  ser- 
mon some  of  Lady  Brooke's  '  Observations ' 
and  '  Rules  for  Practice.'  A  selection  from 
the  writings  of  Lady  Brooke  was  published 
as  late  as  1828  in  the  '  Lady's  Monitor,'  pp. 
61-79. 

[Parkhurst's  Faithful  and  Diligent  Christian, 
&c.,  1684  ;  Wilford's  Memorials  of  Eminent  Per- 
sons, art.  '  Lady  Brooke  '  and  appendix,  p.  17; 
Lady's  Monitor,  1828.]  J.  H. 


BROOKE,  MRS.  FRANCES  (1724-1789), 
authoress,  was  born  in  1724,  being  one  of  the 
children  of  the  Rev.  William  Moore  by  his 
second  wife,  a  Miss  Seeker  (Gent.  Mag.  lix. 
part  ii.  823,  where  Edward  Moore,  her  brother, 
born  1714,  is  by  error  set  down  to  be  her 
father).  John  Buncombe,  in  the  '  Feminiad ' 
(1754),  speaks  of  Frances  Moore  as  a  poetic 
maid,  celebrated  in  a  sonnet  by  Edwards  in 
his '  Canons  of  Criticism,'  and  herself  writing 
odes  and  beautifying  the  banks  of  the  Thames 
by  her  presence  at  Sunbury,  Chertsey,  and 
thereabouts.  In  1755  she  appeared  as  an 
essayist  under  the  pseudonym  of  Mary  Sin- 
gleton in  a  weekly  periodical  of  her  own, 
called  'The  Old  Maid'  (price  2d.,  of  6  pp. 
folio).  She  appealed  to  correspondents  for 
assistance  in  conducting  her  paper  (after  the 
'Spectator'  model),  and  in  spite  of  her  being 
attacked  by  'an  obscure  paper,  "The  Con- 
noisseur," with  extreme  brutality'  (No.  II. 
p.  10),  she  managed  to  maintain  her  publica- 
tion for  thirty-seven  weeks.  The  whole  issue 
was  reprinted  in  a  12mo  volume  nine  years 
after  in  1764.  Her  marriage  took  place  about 
1756,  the  year  of  the  publication  of  'Vir- 
ginia,' a  tragedy,  on  the  title-page  of  which 
the  authoress  appears  as  Mrs.  Brooke.  The 
volume  includes  other  poems,  and' Mrs.  Brooke 
submits  a  proposal  on  a  fly-leaf  for  a  trans- 
lation of  '  II  Pastor  Fido '  (which  came  to  no- 
thing) ;  and  she  recounts  (Preface,vviii)  how 
'  Virginia '  had  been  offered  by  her  to  Garrick, 
who  declined  to  look  at  it  till  Mr.  Crisp's 
tragedy  of  the  same  name  had  been  published, 
and  ultimately  rejected  it  (NICHOLS,  Lit. 
Anecd.  ii.  347 ;  Biog.  Dram.  iii.  383).  Her 
husband  was  the  Rev.  John  Brooke,  D.D., 
rector  of  Colney,  Norfolk  (Biog.  Dram.  i. 
71-2),  chaplain  to  the  garrison  of  Quebec, 
attached  to  Norwich  Cathedral  as  daily 
reader  there,  and,  according  to  Blomefield 
(Hist,  of  Norfolk,  vol.  iv.),  holding  much 
other  preferment  in  the  same  county.  Soon 
after  their  marriage  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Brooke 
left  England  for  Quebec  on  his  garrison  du- 
ties. The  '  European  Magazine  '  (xv.  99  et 
seq.),  repeating  'a  newspaper  anecdote,'  re- 
lates that,  at  a  farewell  party  she  gave  before 
taking  ship  for  her  voyage,  Dr.  Johnson  had 
her  called  to  him  in  a  separate  room  that  he 
might  kiss  her,  which  he '  did  not  chuse  to  do 
before  so  much  company.' 

In  1763  she  published  a  novel  anonymously, 
'The  History  of  Lady  Julia  Mandeville,'  con- 
taining much  description  of  Canadian  scenery, 
which  went  rapidly  through  four  editions, 
with  a  fifth  in  1769,  a  sixth  in  1773,  and  a 
special  Dublin  edition  in  1775.  In  1764  she 
published  a  translation  of  Madame  Ricco- 
boni's  'Lady  Juliet  Catesby,'  still  anony- 


Brooke 


421 


Brooke 


mously ;  and  this  work  soon  reached  a  sixth 
edition.  A  year  or  two  after  she  published 
the  '  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  St.  Forlaix,' 
4  vols.  12mo,  translated  into  French  in  1770 
(Nouvelle  Biographic  Generale,  vii.  498), 
which  is  mentioned  by  Mrs.  Barbauld  (Bri- 
tish Novelists],  and  is  advertised  in  the  1780 
edition  of  '  Lady  Catesby.'  In  1769  she  pub- 
lished 'Emily  Montague,'  in  4  vols.,  with 
her  name  affixed,  dedicated  to  Guy  Carleton, 
governor  of  Quebec.  In  1771  she  issued, 
in  4  vols.,  a  translation  of  the  Abb6  Milot's 
French  '  History  of  England,'  with  expla- 
natory notes  of  her  own ;  in  1777  she  pub- 
lished the  '  Excursion,'  a  novel,  2  vols.,  in 
which  Garrick  is  attacked  (book  v.  pp.  20- 
36).  Mrs.  Brooke  had  meanwhile  formed  a 
friendship  with  Mrs.  Yates,  the  actress,  and 
having  a  share,  it  was  thought,  with  that 
lady  in  the  Opera  House,  produced  in  1781 
a  tragedy,  '  The  Siege  of  Sinope,'  at  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  in  which  Mrs.  Yates  acted, 
and  which  ran  ten  nights  (Biog.  Dram.  iii. 
273).  In  1783  Mrs.  Brooke  made  her  chief 
success  by  'Rosina,'  a  musical  entertainment 
in  two  acts,  with  Shield's  setting,  the  opening 
number  of  which,  a  trio,  'When  the  rosy 
morn  appearing,'  has  not  yet  disappeared 
from  concert  programmes.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Bannister  took  the  chief  parts  in  ' Rosina,' 
which,  Mrs.  Brooke  said  (Preface),  was  based 
on  the  story  of  Ruth,  aided  by  that  of  Lavinia 
and  Palemon  in  Thomson's.  '  Seasons,'  but 
which,  Genest  says  (Hist,  of  the  Stage,  vi. 
266),  was  taken,'  with  alterations,  from  a 
French  opera,  *  The  Reapers,'  published  some 
thirteen  years  previously.  The  run  of l  Rosina ' 
was  extraordinary.  There  were  two  editions 
called  for  in  its  first  year,  1783  (it  was  sold 
for  6d.,  being  used  probably  as  '  a  book  of 
the  words');  by  1786  there  were  eleven  edi- 
tions ;  others  followed  in  1788  and  1796  (after 
Mrs.  Brooke's  death) ;  and  the  work  was  re- 
produced in  numberless  forms,  notably  in  the 
'Modern  British  Drama,'  1811,  the  'British 
Drama  illustrated,'  1864,  and  in  vol.  xii.  of 
Dicks's  '  British  Drama,'  1872.  In  1788  Mrs. 
Brooke,  again  with  Shield's  music,  produced 
'Marian'  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  Mrs. 
Billington  taking  the  heroine  (Biog.  Dram. 
vol.  iii.) ;  it  was  acted  with  success  ($.),  and 
kept  the  stage  till  1800,  when  Incledon  was 
the  tenor,  but  it  never  attained  the  popu- 
larity of  '  Rosina.'  Mrs.  Brooke's  last  pro- 
ductions were  '  an  affectionate  eulogium  on 
Mrs.  Yates'  (NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  347)  ap- 
pearing in  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  Ivii. 
585 ;  and  a  two-volume  tale  called  by  the '  Nou- 
velle Biog.  G6n.'  (vii.  498)  '  Louisa  et  Maria, 
ou  les  Illusions  de  la  Jeunesse,'  and  said  to 
have  been  translated  into  French  in  1820. 


Mrs.  Brooke  died  at  Sleaford,  Lincoln- 
shire, in  1789,  on  23  Jan.,  according  to  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine '  (lix.  90),  or  on  26  Jan. 
according  to  the  '  European  Magazine '  (su- 
pra) and  the  'Biog.  Dram.'  (i.  71,  72).  She 
was  buried  at  Sleaford,  but  there  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  an  epitaph  to  her 
(NICHOLS,  Lit.  Anecd.  1815,  ix.  497).  The 
following  entry  is  in  the  parish  register : 
'  Mrs.  Frances  Brooke,  a  most  ingenious  au- 
thoriss,  set.  65 '  (private  letter  from  incum- 
bent, 1884).  Dr.  Brooke  died  a  few  days 
before  his  wife,  21  Jan.  1789.  A  son,  the 
Rev.  John  Moore  Brooke,  M.A.,  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  obtained  the 
living  of  Helperingham,  Lincolnshire,  in 
1784  (Gent.  Mag.  vol.  liv.  part  ii.) 

[Eeed's  Biog.  Dram. ;  Genest's  History  of  the 
Stage  ;  Gent.  Mag. ;  European  Mag. ;  Nichols's 
Literary  Anecdotes,  ii.  346  ;  Blomefield's  Hist,  of 
Norfolk,  vol.  iv.  under '  Brooks,  John ; '  Preface  to 
Mrs.  Brooke's  novels,  in  Mrs.  Barbauld's  British 
Novelists,  where  she  is  said  (p.  ii)  to  have  been 
'  about  the  first  who  wrote  in  a  polished  style.'] 

BROOKE,  FULKE  GREVILLE,  LORD. 

[See  GEEVILLB.] 

BROOKE,  GEORGE  (1568-1603),  con- 
spirator, the  fourth  and  youngest  son  of 
William  Brooke,  lord  Cobham,  by  Frances, 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Newton,  was  born  at 
Cobham,  Kent,  17  April  1568.  He  matricu- 
lated at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1580, 
and  took  his  M.A.  degree  in  1586.  He  ob- 
tained a  prebend  in  the  church  of  York,  and 
was  later  promised  the  mastership  of  the 
hospital  of  St.  Cross,  near  Winchester,  by 
Queen  Elizabeth.  The  queen,  however,  died 
before  the  vacancy  was  filled  up,  and  James 
gave  it  instead  to  an  agent  of  his  own,  James 
Hudson.  This  caused  Brooke  to  become  dis- 
affected. He  and  Sir  Griffin  Markham  per- 
suaded themselves  that  if  they  could  get 
possession  of  the  royal  person  they  would 
have  it  in  their  power  to  remove  the  present 
members  of  the  council,  compel  the  king  to 
tolerate  the  Roman  catholics,  and  secure  for 
themselves  the  chief  employments  of  the 
state.  As  part  of  their  arrangements  Brooke 
was  to  have  been  lord  treasurer.  From  this 
scheme  sprang  the  '  Bye '  plot,  also  known 
as  the  '  treason  of  the  priests.'  To  Brooke's 
connection  with  the  Bye  may  be  ultimately 
traced  the  discovery  of  a  second  plot,  known 
as  the  '  Main,'  in  which  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
and  Lord  Cobham  [see  BROOKE,  HENRY, 
d.  1619]  were  implicated.  Brooke  being1 
the  brother  of  Cobham,  Cecil  suspected  that 
Cobham  and  Raleigh  might  be  concerned 
in  the  first  treason,  and  by  acting  at  once 


Brooke 


422 


Brooke 


vigorously  he  discovered  the  second  plot. 
Brooke  was  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower 
July  1603;  he  was  arraigned  on  the  15th. 
He  pleaded  not  guilty,  though  his  confes- 
sions had  gradually  laid  bare  the  whole  de- 
tails of  the  plots.  Brooke  appears  to  have 
hoped  to  the  last  to  obtain  a  pardon  by  means 
of  Cecil,  who  had  married  his  sister.  Mrs. 
Thompson,  in  the  appendix  to  her  <  Life  of 
Raleigh,'  gives  a  letter  from  Brooke  to  Cecil, 
in  which  the  former  inquires  l  what  he  might 
expect  after  so  many  promises  received,  and 
so  much  conformity  and  accepted  service  per- 
formed by  him  to  Cecil.'  What  these  services 
were  is  entirely  uncertain,  but  Tytler  has 
endeavoured  to  build  out  of  this  a  theory 
that  Cecil  himself  employed  Brooke  to  ar- 
range the  plot,  and  draw  the  minister's  poli- 
tical opponents  into  the  net,  in  order  that 
he  might  be  rid  of  them.  This  is  to  the  last 
degree  improbable,  because  Raleigh  and  Cob- 
ham  were  not  concerned  in  the  Bye  plot,  and 
were  not  executed.  Brooke,  in  fact,  alone 
of  the  lay  conspirators  suffered  on  the  scaf- 
fold in  the  castle  yard  at  Winchester  5  Dec. 
1603.  He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Thomas,  lord  Borough,  and  by  her  had  a  son, 
William,  and  two  daughters.  Although  his 
children  were  restored  in  blood,  his  son  was 
not  allowed  to  succeed  to  the  title.  Brooke 
was  the  author  of  two  poems,  which  are  pre- 
served in  the  Ashmole  MSS. 

[Dodd's  Church  History  of  England,  ed.  Tier- 
ney,  vol.  iv. ;  Cooper's  Athense  Cantab,  ii.  359  ; 
Wood's  Fasti,  ed.  Bliss,  i.  192;  Ty tier's  Life  of 
Kaleigh,  Appendix  F ;  Mrs.  Thompson's  Life  of 
Ealeigh  ;  Gardiner's  History  of  England,  vol.  i.] 

B.  C.  S. 

BROOKE,   GUSTAVUS    VAUGHAN 

(1818-1866),  actor,  is  said  in  a  biographical 
sketch,  presumably  dictated  by  himself,  to 
have  been  born  on  25  April  1818,  at  Hard- 
wick  Place,  Dublin,  and  to  have  received  his 
education  at  a  school  conducted  by  a  brother 
of  Maria  Edgeworth.  When  about  fifteen 
years  of  age  he  applied  to  Calcraft,  the 
manager  of  the  Theatre  Royal,  Dublin,  for 
an  engagement.  The  manager,  embarrassed 
by  a  sudden  indisposition  of  Edmund  Kean, 
allowed  the  youth  to  appear  on  Easter  Tues- 
day 1833  as  William  Tell.  An  engagement 
followed,  in  course  of  which  Brooke  played 
"Virginius,  Douglas,  Rolla,  and  other  charac- 
ters of  the  class.  He  then  travelled  in  the 
country,  and  was  received  with  favour  in 
Limerick,  Londonderry,  Glasgow,Edinburgh, 
and  other  places.  His  first  appearance  in 
London  took  place  at  the  Victoria  as  Vir- 
ginius, and  attracted  little  attention.  In 
1840  he  accepted  from  Macready  an  engage- 


ment to  appear  at  Drury  Lane,  but  was  dis- 
satisfied with  his  part,  and  threw  up  the 
engagement.     On   3  Jan.  1848  what   was 
practically  his  debut  took  place  as  Othello 
at  the   Olympic.      A   failure   at   one   time 
seemed  imminent,  but  in  the  stronger  scenes 
Brooke  triumphed,  and  the  performance  ex- 
cited much  interest.   During  this  engagement 
Brooke   appeared  as   Sir  Giles   Overreach, 
Richard   III,    Shylock,  Virginius,  Hamlet, 
Brutus,  and  in  one  original  part,  the  hero 
of    the   'Lords  of  Ellingham,'   a  play  by 
his  manager,  Mr.  Spicer.     Refusing  liberal 
offers  from   Webster  for  the    Haymarket, 
Brooke  returned  into  the  country,  but  re- 
appeared in  London  at  the  Marylebone  Thea- 
tre, and  subsequently  under  Farren  at  the 
Olympic.     He  then  went  to  America,  and 
played  as  Othello  with  unqualified  success 
on  15  Dec.  1851  at  the  Broadway  Theatre, 
New  York.      After  visiting  Philadelphia, 
Boston,  Washington,  and  Baltimore,  he  took 
the  Astor  Place  Opera  House,  New  York, 
which  he  opened  in  May  1852.     The  experi- 
ment was   disastrous,  and  was   abandoned 
after  a  few  weeks.     A  fresh  tour  through 
the  United  States  followed.   On  5  Sept.  1853 
Brooke  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane,  then  under 
the  management  of  E.  T.  Smith.    A  visit  to 
Australia  followed,  and  was  at  the  outset 
eminently  successful.     Brooke  once  more,  in 
partnership  with  Coppin,  went  into  manage- 
ment, taking  the  Theatre  Royal,  Melbourne. 
Ruin  again  came  upon  him,  and  he  returned 
to  London  practically  penniless.     Upon  his 
reappearance  at  Drury  Lane  as  Othello  he 
failed  to  hit  the  taste  of  the  town.     At  the 
beginning  of  1866  he  started  again  for  Aus- 
tralia.    The  London,  the  vessel  in  which, 
with  his  sister,  he  started,  foundered  at  sea 
on  10  Jan.  1866,  and  Brooke,  whose  conduct 
throughout  the  shipwreck  has  been  described 
by  the   few   survivors   as  manly  and  even 
heroic,  perished.     He  married  in  his  later 
years  Miss  Avonia  Jones,  an  actress  of  no 
conspicuous  merit.     Brooke  had  a  fine  pre- 
sence and  a  noble  voice,  both  of  which  he 
turned  at  first  to  good  account.     To  the  in- 
fluence of  these,  rather  than  to  the  display 
of  any  eminent  intellectual  gifts,  his  success 
was  attributable.     His  first   appearance  as 
Othello  elicited,  however,  from  men  of  judg- 
ment  more  favourable   criticism   than   has 
often  been  passed  upon  any  actor  of  secon- 
dary mark.    When  last  he  appeared  in  Lon- 
don, his  tragic  acting  was  little  more  than 
rant.     Habits  of  dissipation  interfered  with 
his  success.     He  is  said,  when  fortunate,  to 
have  paid  in  full  the  claims  upon  him  con- 
tracted previous  to  his  insolvency,  for  which 
he  was  not  legally  liable. 


Brooke 


423 


Brooke 


[Tallis's  Dramatic  Magazine,  1851  ;  Vanden 
fooff's  Dramatic  Reminiscences,  London,  1860, 
Longman's  Magazine,  March  1885 ;  Era  news- 
paper, 21  Jan.  1866.]  J.  K. 

BROOKE,  HENRY,  eighth  LORD  COB- 
HAM  (d.  1619),  conspirator,  was  the  son  of 
William,  seventh  Lord  Cobham,  by  Frances 
•daughter  of  Sir  John  Newton.     His  father^ 
•descended  through  the  female  line  from  the 
ancient  lords  of  Cobham,  was  a  favourite  of 
•Queen  Elizabeth,  and  held  the  offices  of  lord 
warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  constable  of  the 
Tower,  and  lord  chamberlain  of  the  queen's 
household.     He  was  also  lord-lieutenant  of 
the  county  of  Kent  and  knight  of  the  Garter. 
He  twice  entertained  Elizabeth  at  Cobham 
Hall  on  her  progress  through  Kent  (17  July 
1559  and  4  Sept.  1573),  and  was  employed  in 
diplomatic  missions  abroad  in  1559  and  (with 
Sir  Francis  Walsingham  in  the  Netherlands) 
in  1579.    In  1572  he  was  temporarily  confined 
in  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  being  concerned 
in  the  plot  to  marry  Mary  Stuart  to  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk.     He  was  buried  at  Cobham  on 
•6  April  1597.     One  of  his  daughters  (Eliza- 
beth) married  Sir  Robert  Cecil  (LODGE,  Il- 
lustrations, iii.  87  n).     Henry  succeeded  his 
father   in  the   barony,   and   secured  much 
of  his  influence.    He  was  the  intimate  friend 
and  political  ally  of  his  brother-in-law  Sir 
Robert  Cecil,  and  therefore  the  enemy  of 
Essex.      Early  in  1597  he  defeated  Essex 
in  a  contest  for  the  post  of  warden  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  vacant  by  his  father's  death. 
He  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Garter  in 
1599,  and  entertained  the  queen  at  his  Lon- 
don house  in  1600.     One  of  the  objects  of 
Essex's  plot  of  February  1600-1  was  the  re- 
moval of  Lord  Cobham  from  court,  and  when 
arrested  Essex  made  serious  charges  against 
Cobham's  political  honesty,  but  he  finally  ac- 
knowledged them  to  be  untrue.     The  death 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  saw  the  end  of  Cobham's 
prosperity.     In  July  1603,  while  Cecil  and 
the  council  were  engaged  in  tracking  out 
Watson's  well-known  plot  in  behalf  of  the 
catholics,  suspicion  fell  on  Cobham,  whose 
brother,  George  Brooke  [q.  v.],  was  one  of 
Watson's  chief  assistants.  SirW  alter  Raleigh, 
who  was  known  to  have  been  long  on  terms  of 
.great  intimacy  with  Cobham,  was  entrusted 
with  the  task  of  obtaining  information  against 
him,  and  vague  evidence  was  forthcoming  to 
show  that  Cobham  had  been  in  negotiation 
with  Aremberg,  the  ambassador  of  the  Spanish 
archduke,  to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the 
throne,  and  to  kill  '  the  king  and  his  cubs.' 
The  alleged  plot  is  usually  known  as  Cob- 
ham's  or  the   Main    Plot,    while  Watson's 
conspiracy  goes  by  the   name   of  the  Bye 
Plot.     Cobham  was  arrested  early  in  July, 


but  the  evidence  that  affected  him  appeared 
to  the  government  to  implicate  Raleigh,  who 
followed   Cobham  to  the   Tower  within  a 
few  days.     Cobham  thereupon  declared  in  a 
series  of  confessions  that  Raleigh  had  insti- 
gated him  to  communicate  with  Aremberg, 
and  that  pensions  had  been  promised  both  of 
them  by  Spain.     At  Raleigh's  trial,  held  at 
Winchester  (17  Nov.  1603),  these  depositions 
formed  the  basis  of  the  accusation.    Raleigh 
begged  to  be  confronted  by  Cobham  in  person, 
but  the  request  was  refused,  and  finally  the 
prosecution  produced  a  very  recent  letter  from 
Cobham,  in  which  he  stated  that  since  he 
had  been  in  prison  Raleigh  had  entreated  him 
by  letter  to  clear  him  of  the  charge ;  but  all 
that  he  could  do  as  an  honest  man  was  to 
inform  their   lordships  anew  that  Raleigh 
was  the  original  cause  of  his  ruin.     On  the 
other  hand,  Raleigh  produced  a   note  just 
received  by  him  from  Cobham,  in  which  the 
writer  asserted   his  friend's  complete  inno- 
cence.    But  the  judges  were  convinced  of 
Raleigh's  guilt,  although  Cobham's  evidence, 
even  if  admitted  to  be  trustworthy,  failed  to 
support  any  distinct  charge  of  treason.     On 
18  Nov.  Cobham  himself  was  tried  and  con- 
victed ;  his  defence  was,  as  might  be  expected, 
cowardly  and  undignified.     A  warrant  was 
issued  for  his  execution  at  Winchester  on 
10  Dec.  (Egerton  Papers,  Camd.  Soc.  382), 
and  he,  together  with  Lord  Grey  and  Sir 
3-riffin  Markham,  was  led  to  the  scaffold, 
'obham  behaved  boldly  on  this  occasion,  but 
reiterated  his  assertion  of  Raleigh's  guilt. 
James  I  had,  however,  no  intention  of  having 
;he  full  penalty  inflicted,  and  Cobham  was 
;aken  back  to  the  Tower  alive.     There,  like 
Raleigh,  he  remained  till  1617,  when  he  was 
allowed  to  pay  a  visit  to  Bath,  on  the  ground 
of  failing  health.     He  was  to  return  to  the 
Tower   in  the   autumn,   and  while   on  his 
way  thither  he  was  seized  with  paralysis  at 
3diham.     He  lingered  in  a  semi-conscious 
tate  for  more  than  a  year,  and'died  on  24  Jan. 
1618-19.    The  story  runs  that  he  died  in  the 
utmost  destitution,  but  it  appears  that  the 
dng  allowed  him  100/.  a  year,  and  8/.  a  week 
or  diet,  and  that  these  payments  were  regu- 
arly  made  up  to  the  date  of  his  death.     He 
;ertainly  lay  unburied  for  some  time ;  but 
;hat  was  probably  because  the  crown  refused 
jO  pay  his  funeral  expenses,  which  his  rela- 
:ives  were    anxious   that   it   should    incur. 
Osborne  states  in  his  '  Traditionall  Memo- 
rialls'  (Court  of  James  I,  1811,  i.  156),  on 
;he  authority  of  William,  earl  of  Pembroke, 
;hat  Cobham  '  died  in  a  roome,  ascended  by 
a  ladder,  at  a  poore  woman's  house  in  the 
Minories,  formerly  his  landeresse,  rather  of 
hunger  than  any  more  naturall  disease.'    Sir 


Anthony  Weldon,  who  describes  Cobham 
as  a  fool,  tells  the  same  story  m  his  Court 
of  King  James,'  1651. 

Cobham  married  after  1597  the  widow  of 
Henry,  twelfth  earl  of  Kildare,  and  daughter  , 
of  the  Earl  of  Nottingham.  She  abandoned 
her  second  husband  after  his  disgrace,  and, 
although  very  rich,  'would  not,'  says  Wel- 
don, '  give  him  the  crumbs  that  fell  from  her 
table  '  She  acted  for  a  few  years  as  gover- 
ness to  the  Princess  Elizabeth.  The  crown 
apparently  allowed  her  to  occupy  Cobham 


of  the  archbishop,  and  one  of  his  pupils,  says 
that  Brooke  was  'an  accurate  and  accom- 
plished scholar,  though  lenient  as  a  discipli- 
narian.' Another  of  his  works,  ' The  Quack 
Doctor,'  published  in  1745,  is  described  as 
1  very  poor  doggerel,  with  ironical  laudatory 
notes,  probably  written  by  Robert  Thyer 
or  the  Rev.  John  Clayton.  A  Latin  tract, 
1  Medicus  Circumforaneus,'  is  perhaps  a  trans- 
lation of  the  preceding.  In  1730  he  received 
~  "  "  "ollee-e  living  of  Tort  worth  in 


n 


but  not  allowed  to  assume  his  uncle's  title.  , 
Charles  I,  however,  in  1645,  conferred  the  I 
barony  on   a  royalist   supporter,  Sir  John 
3  grandson  of  George,  sixth  Lord  Cob- 


sermons  1746,  and  a  sennon  1747.    His  best 
known  book  is  <  A  Practical  Essay  concerning 


lord.'    Sir  John  died  without  issue  in  1651. 

[Gardiner's  Hist,  of  England,  i.  116-39,  iii. 
154-5  ;  Winwood's  Letters,  i.  17,  ii.  8, 11 ;  Letters 
of  Sir  R.  Cecil  (Camd.  Soc.) ;  Stow's  Annals,  sub 
1603;  Hasted's  Kent,  i.  493;  Nichols's  Progresses 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  i.  354,  iii.  413;  Nichols's 
Progresses  of  James  I,  vol.  i.  passim,  iii.  769-70 ; 
Spedding's  Bacon,  ii.  and  iii. ;  Dugdale's  Baron- 
age, ii.  202 ;  State  Trials,  ii.  1-70 ;  Cal.  State 
Papers,  1600-19.1  S.  L.  L. 

BROOKE,  HENRY  (1694-1757),  school- 
master and  divine,  was  a  son  of  William 
Brooke,  merchant,  and  his  wife  Elizabeth 
Holbrook,  who  were  married  at  Manchester 
Church  in  1678-9.  He  was  educated  at 
Manchester  grammar  school,  and  gained  an 
exhibition  1715-18.  He  proceeded  to  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  graduated  M.A. 
on  30  April  1720.  He  was  D.C.L.  in  1727. 
Brooke,  then  a  fellow  of  Oriel,  was  made 
headmaster  of  Manchester  grammar  school 
in  September  1727.  He  obtained  a  manda- 
mus from  the  crown  to  elect  him  a  fellow 
of  the  collegiate  church,  and  was  elected  in 
1728,  in  spite  of  tory  opposition.  He  appears 
to  have  been  on  good  terms  with  John  By- 
rom,  a  tory  Jacobite,  but  he  was  unsuccessful 
as  a  master,  and  the  feoffees  of  the  school 
reduced  his  salary  from  200/.  to  107.  In 
order  to  put  himself  into  better  relations,  he 
published  *  The  Usefulness  and  Necessity  of 
studying  the  Classicks,  a  speech  spoken  at 
the  breaking-up  of  the  Free  Grammar  School 
in  Manchester,  Thursday,  13  Dec.  1744.  By 
Hen.  Brooke,  A.M.,  High  Master  of  the  said 
School.  Manchester,  printed  by  R.  Whit- 
worth,  Bookseller,  MDCCLXIV.'  (a  misprint 
for  1744).  This  tract,  now  exceedingly  rare, 
is  reprinted  by  Whatton.  Howley,  the  father 


three  editions  in  the  year  1741.  The  third 
edition  contains  some  additional  matter.  He 
was  married,  and  had  one  daughter.  Brooke 
eft  his  library  for  the  use  of  his  successors 
at  Tortworth.  A  portrait  of  him,  as  late  as 
1830,  was  t  at  Mr.  Hulton's,  of  Blackley.' 

[Smith's  Manchester  Grammar  School  Re- 
gister, vol.  i. ;  Whatton's  History  of  Manchester 
Srrammar  School ;  Watt's  Bibl.  Brit. ;  Rudder's 
Hist,  of  Gloucestershire,  p.  776 ;  Byrom's  Re- 
mains (Chetham  Society) ;  Raines's  Lancashire 
MSS.  vol.  xl.  (in  Chetham's  Library,  Man- 
chester).] W.  E.  A.  A. 

BROOKE,  HENRY  (1703  P-1783),  au- 
thor, was  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Brooke,  a 
protestant  clergyman,  by  his  wife,  whose 
name  was  Digby.  William  Brooke,  who  ap- 
pears to  have  been  related  to  the  family  of  Sir 
Basil  Brooke,  an  '  undertaker '  in  the  planta- 
tion of  Ulster,  possessed  lands  at  Rantavan 
in  Cavan,  and  was  rector  of  Killinkere  and 
Mullagh  in  that  county.  He  married  Let- 
tice,  second  daughter  of  Simon  Digby,  bishop 
of  Elphin.  Henry  Brooke,  the  elder  of  two- 
sons,  was  born  about  1703,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  educated  by  Swift's  friend,  Sheridan. 
The  register  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  shows 
that  he  was  entered  7  Feb.  1720,  'in  his 
seventeenth  year,'  from  the  school  of  Dr. 
Jones.  He  afterwards  entered  the  Temple, 
London.  On  his  return  to  Ireland  Brooke 
married  a  youthful  cousin,  Catherine  Meares 
of  Meares  Court,  Westmeath,  whose  guar- 
dianship had  been  entrusted  to  him.  In 
1735  he  published  at  London  a  poem  en- 
titled 'Universal  Beauty,'  which  is  stated 
to  have  been  revised  and  approved  of  by 
Pope.  This  production  was  supposed  to  have 
furnished  the  foundation  for  the  'Botanic 
Garden '  by  Darwin.  Swift  is  said  to  have 
entertained  a  favourable  opinion  of  Brooke's 
talents,  but  to  have  counselled  him  against 
devoting  himself  solely  to  literature.  InLon- 


Brooke 


425 


Brooke 


don  Brooke  was  treated  with  much  considera- 
tion by  Lord  Lyttelton,  and  by  Pope,  near  to 
whose  house  at  Twickenham  he  took  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  A  translation  by  Brooke  of 
the  first  and  second  books  of  Tasso's '  Jerusalem 
Delivered '  was  issued  in  1738.  This  version 
was  much  commended  by  Hoole,  who  subse- 
quently translated  the  entire  poem.  Brooke 
received  many  attentions  from  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales,  to  whom  he  was  intro- 
duced by  Pitt,  and  with  whose  political  ad- 
herents he  became  identified,  in  opposition 
to  George  II.  In  1739  Brooke  produced  a 
tragedy  founded  on  a  portion  .of  the  history 
of  Sweden,  and  entitled  '  Gustavus  Vasa,  the 
Deliverer  of  his  Country.'  The  play  was, 
after  five  weeks'  rehearsal,  announced  for 
performance  at  Drury  Lane.  Many  hundred 
tickets  had  been  disposed  of,  when  the  per- 
formance was  unexpectedly  prohibited  by 
the  lord  chamberlain.  This  was  ascribed  to 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,  who,  it  was  supposed, 
was  intended  to  be  represented  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Trollis,  vicegerent  of  Christiern, 
king  of  Denmark  and  Norway.  Nearly  one 
thousand  persons  subscribed  for  the  publica- 
tion of  '  Gustavus  Vasa,'  and  Brooke,  in  his 
prefatory  dedication  of  it  to  them,  stated 
that  patriotism  was  the  single  moral  which 
he  had  in  view  throughout  his  play.  Under 
the  name  of  '  The  Patriot,'  the  tragedy  was 
produced  with  success  at  Dublin,  where  some 
of  the  sentiments  expressed  in  it  relative  to 
Sweden  were  construed  as  applicable  to  Ire- 
land. In  connection  with  the  prohibition  of 
the  performance  at  London,  Samuel  Johnson 
wrote  a  satire  entitled  '  A  Complete  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Licensers  of  the  Stage.'  Brooke 
left  London  and  returned  to  Ireland  owing 
to  the  importunities  of  his  wife,  who  ap- 
prehended disastrous  results  from  his  impru- 
dent zeal  in  the  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
To  Ogle's  modernised  version  of  Chaucer, 
Brooke  in  1741  contributed  *  Constantia,  or 
the  Man  of  Law's  Tale.'  His '  Betrayer  of  his 
Country '  was  successfully  acted  at  Dublin  in 
the  same  year.  Garrick,  during  his  visit  to 
Dublin,  recited  at  the  theatre  a  prologue  and 
epilogue  composed  for  him  by  Brooke.  In 
1743  Brooke  issued  at  Dublin  a  prospectus 
of  a  work  he  described  as  follows :  '  Ogygian 
Tales ;  or  a  curious  collection  of  Irish  Fables, 
Allegories,  and  Histories,  from  the  relations 
of  Fintane  the  aged,  for  the  entertainment 
of  Cathal  Grove  Darg,  during  that  Prince's 
abode  in  the  island  of  0  Brazil.'  Brooke  pro- 
posed in  1744  to  print  a  history  of  Ireland 
from  the  earliest  times,  'interspersed  and  il- 
lustrated with  traditionary  digressions  and 
the  private  and  affecting  histories  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  natives.'  The  publi- 


cation was  to  be  comprised  in  four  octavo- 
volumes,  each  to  contain  about  two  hundred 
pages.  To  his  prospectus  he  appended  a 
preface  addressed  '  to  the  most  noble  and 
illustrious  descendants  of  the  Milesian  line/ 
These  projected  publications  were  abandoned 
in  consequence  of  misunderstandings  as  to 
the  ownership  of  the  materials  of  which 
Brooke  had  intended  to  avail  himself.  To 
his  studies  in  this  direction  may  be  ascribed 
the  fragment  which  he  named  '  Conrade/ 
the  scene  of  which  was  laid  at  Emania,  the 
fortress  of  ancient  kings  of  Ulster.  The  style 
of  this  production  closely  resembled  that 
adopted  by  Macpherson  in  his  '  Ossian/ 
Brooke  contributed  some  of  the  best  pieces 
in  the  'Fables  for  the  Female  Sex'  pub- 
lished in  1744  by  Edward  Moore,  author  of 
the  '  Gamester.'  During  the  Jacobite  move- 
ment in  1745  Brooke  issued  the  '  Farmer's 
Letters  to  the  Protestants  of  Ireland.'  These 
letters  were  written  in  the  character  of  a  pro- 
testant  farmer  in  Ireland,  with  the  avowed 
object  of  rousing  his  co-religionists  there  to 
make  preparations  against  the  Jacobite  in- 
vasion. The  peaceable  demeanour  of  the 
Irish  catholics  at  the  time  was  compared 
by  Brooke  to  the  attitude  of  the  crocodile, 
which  '  seems  to  sleep  when  the  prey  ap- 
proaches.' The  post  of  barrackmaster,  worth 
about  400/.  annually,  was  conferred  at  this 
time  on  Brooke  by  Lord  Chesterfield,  in  con- 
sideration, it  was  supposed,  of  these  writings, 
which  were  highly  commended  in  verse  by 
Garrick.  In  1745  '  The  Earl  of  Westmore- 
land,' a  tragedy  by  Brooke,  was  produced  at 
Dublin,  and  in  1748  his  operatic  satire  styled 
'Jack  the  Giant-Queller '  was  performed  there. 
The  dramatis  personse  consisted  of  the  giants 
of  Wealth,  Power,  Violence,  and  Wrong,  and 
'  the  family  of  the  Goods,'  comprising  John, 
Dorothy,  Grace,  and  the  Princess  Justice. 
The  repetition  of  the  performance  was  pro- 
hibited by  the  government  on  the  ground  of 
political  allusions  which  it  was  alleged  to 
contain.  The  songs  in  it  were  printed  in 
separate  form  and  had  a  large  circulation.  In 
relation  to  'Jack  the  Giant-Queller,'  Brooke 
composed  a  piece  in  scriptural  style  under 
the  title  of '  The  Last  Speech  of  John  Good, 
vulgarly  called  Jack  the  Giant-Queller,  who 
was  condemned  on  the  first  of  April  1745,  and 
executed  on  the  third  of  May  following/ 
The  < Earl  of  Essex,'  a  tragedy  by  Brooke, 
was  in  1749  produced  at  Dublin,  and  subse- 
quently at  London.  The  tragedy  originally 
contained  the  passage, 

Who  rule  o'er  freemen  should  themselves  be  free, 
which  elicited  Johnson's  parody, 

Who  drives  fat  oxen  should  himself  be  fat. 


Brooke 


426 


Brooke 


In  1754  Brooke,  in  a  publication  entitled  j 
<  The    Spirit    of  Party/   wrote  once  more  j 
against  the  Irish  catholics,  and  was  in  return  j 
severely  criticised  by  Charles  O'Conor  in  a  | 
pamphlet  styled  '  The  Cottager.'     To  aid  the  j 
project  of  obtaining  parliamentary  grants  for  , 
promoting  inland  navigation,  Brooke  in  1759  \ 
published  a  work  entitled  <  The  Interests  of  [ 
Ireland.'    This  he  dedicated  to  James,  vis- 
count Charlernont,  whom  he  panegyrised  also 
in  a  poem  entitled  '  The  Temple  of  Hymen.' 
In  1760  Brooke  became  secretary  to  an  as- 
sociation of  peers  and  others  at  Dublin  for 
registering  proposals  of  national  utility,  with 
a  view  to  having  them  presented  to  parlia- 
ment.   At  this  period  he  entered  into  nego- 
tiations with  some  of  the  influential  Roman 
catholics  in  Ireland,  and  was  employed  by 
them  to  write  publicly  in  advocacy  of  their 
claims  for  a  relaxation  of  the  penal  laws. 
Under  this  arrangement,  and  with  the  ma- 
terials supplied  by  them  to  him,  Brooke  pro- 
duced a  volume  published  in  1761  at  Dublin, 
with  the  following  title  :  '  The  Tryal  of  the 
Cause  of  the  .Roman  Catholics ;  on  a  special 
Commission  directed  to  Lord  Chief  Justice 
Reason,  Lord  Chief  Baron  Interest,  and  Mr. 
Justice  Clemency.  Wednesday,  August  5th, 
1761.  Mr.  Clodworthy  Common-sense,  Fore- 
man of  the  Jury;  Mr.  Serjeant  Statute,  Coun- 
cil for  the  Crown ;  Constantine  Candour,  Esq., 
Council  for  the  Accused.'     It  advocated  an 
alleviation  of  the  penal  laws.    Brooke,  in  con- 
nection with  this  subject,  published  '  A  pro- 
posal for  the  restoration  of  public  wealth  and 
credit  by  means  of  a  loan  from  the  Roman 
catholics  of  Ireland,  in  consideration  of  en- 
larging their  privileges.'    He  also  wrote  a 
treatise  on  the  constitutional  rights  and  in- 
terests of  the  people  of  Ireland,  and  again 
contemplated  the  production  of  a  history  of 
that  country.    Brooke  appears  to  have  been 
the  first  conductor  of  the  '  Freeman's  Jour- 
nal/ established  at  Dublin  in  1763.     Per- 
petually '  duped  in  friendship  as  well  as  in 
charity,'  Brooke  was  necessitated  to  mort- 
gage his  property  in  Cavan,  and  became  a 
resident  in  Kildare,  where  he  rented  a  house 
and  demesne.     In  1766  he  commenced  the 
publication  of  his  remarkable  novel  entitled 
'The  Fool  of  Quality;  or,  the  History  of 
Henry,  Earl  of  Moreland.'    The  first  volume 
was  dedicated  *  to  the  right  respectable  my 
ancient  and  well-beloved  patron,  the  public/ 
with  a  reply  to  the  question,  <  Why  don't  you 
dedicate  to  Mr.  Pitt  ? '  The « Fool  of  Quality' 
extended  to  five  volumes,  and  passed  through 
several  editions.    The   main   story  and  its 
many  episodes  are  distinguished  by  simpli- 
city of  style,  close  observation  of  human  na- 
ture, high  sense  of  humour,  and  a  profoundly 


religious  and  philanthropic  temper.  The  idea 
of  the  *  Fool  of  Quality '  was  said  to  have 
been  derived  by  Brooke  from  a  narrative 
orally  communicated  to  him  by  his  uncle,  Ro- 
bert Brooke,  in  the  course  of  a  journey  on 
horseback  from  Kildare  to  Dublin.  In  1772 
Brooke  published  a  poem  entitled  l  Redemp- 
tion.' His  last  work  was  '  Juliet  Grenville ; 
or,  the  History  of  the  Human  Heart/  a  novel 
in  three  volumes,  issued  in  1774.  Garrick, 
who  entertained  a  high  esteem  for  Brooke, 
pressed  him  earnestly  to  write  for  the  stage, 
ind  offered  to  enter  into  articles  with  him 
for  1*.  a  line  for  all  he  should  write  during 
life,  provided  that  he  wrote  for  him  alone. 
This  proposal,  however,  we  are  told,  was  re- 
ected  by  Brooke  with  some  degree  of  haugh- 
iness,  for  which  Garrick  never  forgave  him. 
From  Kildare  Brooke  removed  to  a  residence 
.n  Cavan,  near  his  former  habitation,  and,  as 
expressed  in  his  own  words,  continued  there 
dreaming  life  away.'  A  visitor  to  Brooke 
in  1775  described  him  as  '  dressed  in  a  long 
blue  cloak,  with  a  wig  that  fell  down  his 
shoulders.  He  was  a  little  man,  neat  as 
wax-work,  with  an  oval  face,  ruddy  com- 
plexion, and  large  eyes  full  of  fire.'  Brooke 
sank  into  a  state  of  mental  depression  on  the 
deaths  of  his  wife  and  of  his  children,  of 
whom  the  sole  survivor  (out  of  a  family  of 
twenty-two)  was  his  daughter  Charlotte 
~.  v.],  who  devoted  herself  entirely  to  him. 
Disease  and  grief  rendered  him  at  times  inca- 
pable of  mental  or  physical  exertion.  With  a 
view  to  his  pecuniary  advantage,  some  friends 
undertook,  with  his  assent,  to  publish  a  col- 
lection of  his  poetical  and  dramatic  works. 
Four  volumes  of  these  were  issued  at  Lon- 
don in  1778,  but  in  them,  through  mismanage- 
ment, some  of  the  pieces  were  printed  from 
unrevised  copies,  others  were  omitted,  and 
productions  of  which  Brooke  was  not  the 
author  were  included  in  the  collection.  John 
Wesley, who  had  some  relations  with  Brooke's 
friends,  published  in  1780  an  abridged  edi- 
tion of  the  '  Fool  of  Quality.'  In  his  pre- 
fatory observations  Wesley  recommended 
the  work  as  the  most  excellent,  in  its  kind, 
of  any  that  he  had  seen  either  in  English  or 
in  any  other  language.  Charlotte,  Brooke's 
daughter,  considered  that  the  failure  of  her 
father's  mental  powers  was  apparent  in  the 
latter  portions  of  the  '  Fool  of  Quality,'  and 
that  three  volumes  would  amply  contain  all 
that  ought  to  remain  in  the  five.  As  to  his 
other  and  last  work,  '  Juliet  Grenville/  '  it 
is,'  she  wrote,  '  I  fear,  scarcely  worthy  of  re- 
vision, and  should  be  finally  consigned  to 
oblivion.'  Brooke  died  in  a  state  of  mental 
debility  at  Dublin  on  10  Oct.  1783.  Several 
portraits  of  Brooke  have  been  engraved.  The 


Brooke 


427 


Brooke 


earliest  of  these  appears  to  be  that  executed 
at  Dublin  in  1756  by  Miller,  from  a  painting 
by  Lewis.  In  the  plate,  which  is  inscribed 
*  The  Farmer/  Brooke  is  represented  as  seated, 
with  a  pen  in  his  hand.  This  portrait  was  re- 
produced in  1884,  on  a  reduced  scale,  among 
the  illustrations  to  the  work  by  J.  C.  Smith 
on  British  mezzotinto  portraits.  A  revised 
edition  of  Brooke's  works  was  projected  by 
his  daughter  Charlotte,  with  the  co-opera- 
tion of  friends,  but  while  it  was  in  progress 
the  defective  collection  already  noticed  was, 
without  her  knowledge,  reprinted  by  a  Lon- 
don bookseller.  She,  however,  succeeded  in 
purchasing  the  copies,  and,  with  such  emen- 
dations and  revisions  as  she  could  effect, 
they  were  issued  by  her  in  four  volumes  in 
1792  as  a  new  edition.  To  the  first  volume 
was  prefixed  a  panegyrical  but  unsatisfactory 
notice  of  Brooke,  the  writer  of  which  was 
described  by  his  daughter  as  an  '  old  contem- 
porary and  relation.'  He,  however,  avowed 
that  he  knew  little  with  certainty  concerning 
Brooke's  career  and  the  many  busy  and  in- 
teresting scenes  through  which  he  had  passed. 
On  this  subject  Miss  Brooke  stated  that,  in 
her  attempts  to  procure  materials  for  a  me- 
moir of  her  father,  she  had  encountered 
great  difficulties,  and  as  he  had  outlived 
most  of  his  contemporaries,  she,  his  last 
surviving  child,  remembered  nothing  of  them 
before  the  period  of  his  retirement  from  the 
outer  world.  Some  papers  connected  with 
Brooke,  including  a  letter  from  Pope  to  him, 
were  collected  by  0.  H.  Wilson  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  London,  who  in  1804  issued  a  com- 
pilation in  two  small  volumes  entitled 
4  Brookiana.'  The  '  Fool  of  Quality '  was  re- 
published  in  two  volumes  in  1859  by  the 
Rev.  Charles  Kingsley,  who  expressed  an 
opinion  that,  notwithstanding  the  defects  of 
the  work,  readers  would  learn  from  it  more  of 
that  which  is  pure,  sacred,  and  eternal,  than 
from  any  book  published  since  Spenser's 
*  Faerie  Queene/ 

[Dublin  journals,  1744;  unpublished  letters 
of  Henry  Brooke;  letters  by  Benjamin  Victor, 
1776;  Anthologia  Hibernica,  1794;  Memoirs  of 
€.  O'Conor  (1797)  ;  Manuscripts  of  C.  O'Conor  ; 
D'Olier's  Memoirs  of  Henry  Brooke,  1816  ;  Sey- 
mour's Memoirs  of  Miss  Brooke,  1816 ;  Private 
Correspondence  of  David  Garrick,  1831  ;  Hist, 
of  Dublin,  1856  ;  Keports  of  Hist.  MSS.  Com- 
mission, 1884  ;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  ii.  215-6  ; 
Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  iv.  131.]  J.  T.  G. 

BROOKE,  HENRY(1738-1806),painter, 
was  born  in  Dublin  in  1738.  He  chiefly  prac- 
tised historical  painting,  and,  upon  coming  to 
London  in  1761,  gained  both  fame  and  for- 
tune by  the  exhibition  of  his  pictures.  Seven 


years  later,  in  1767,  he  had  married  and 
settled  in  his  native  city,  where  he  lost  the 
whole  of  his  savings  in  some  foolish  specu- 
lation. Thenceforward  his  art  was  princi- 
pally displayed  in  the  decoration  of  Roman 
catholic  chapels,  but  in  1776  he  sent  a  my- 
thological painting  to  the  Society  of  Artists. 
Brooke  died  in  Dublin  in  1806. 

[Eedgrave's  Dictionary  of  Artists  (1878), 
p.  57;  A.  Graves's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1760-80, 
p.  31.]  G.  G. 

BROOKE,  HENRY  JAMES  (1771- 
1857),  crystallographer,  son  of  a  broadcloth 
manufacturer,  born  at  Exeter  on  25  May 
1771,  studied  for  the  bar,  but  went  into 
business  in  the  Spanish  wool  trade,  South 
American  mining  companies,  and  the  London 
Life  Assurance  Association  successively.  He 
devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  mineralogy,  geo- 
logy, and  botany.  His  large  collections  of 
shells  and  of  minerals  were  presented  to  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  while  a  portion  of 
his  valuable  collection  of  engravings  was 
given  by  him  to  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  elected  F.G.S.  in  1815,  F.L.S.  in  1818, 
and  F.R.S  in  1819.  He  discovered  thirteen 
new  mineral  species.  He  died  on  26  June 
1857.  He  published  a  '  Familiar  Introduc- 
tion to  Crystallography,'  London,  1823  ;  and 
contributed  the  important  articles  on  t  Crys- 
tallography '  and  '  Mineralogy '  in  the  '  En- 
cyclopaedia Metropolitan*,'  in  which  he  first 
introduced  six  primary  crystalline  systems. 

[Proc.  Eoy.  Soc.  ix.  41 ;  Q.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc. 
14,  xliv.]  H.  F.  M. 

BRpOKE,  HUMPHREY  (1617-1693), 
physician,  was  born  in  London  in  1617.  He 
was  educated  in  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
and  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  proceeded 
M.B.  1646,  M.D.  1659,  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  London  College  of  Physicians  1674,  and 
was  subsequently  several  times  censor.  He 
died  very  rich  at  his  house  in  Leadenhall 
Street,  9  Dec.  1693. 

Brooke  was  the  author  of  *  A  Conservatory 
of  Health,  comprised  in  a  Plain  and  Practical 
Discourse  upon  the  Six  Particulars  neces- 
sary for  Man's  Life,'  London,  1650,  and  also 
a  book  of  paternal  advice,  addressed  to  his 
children,  under  the  title  of  'The  Durable 
Legacy,'  London,  1681,  of  which  only  fifty 
copies  were  printed.  It  contains  250  pages 
of  practical,  moral,  and  religious  directions, 
couched  in  a  sincere  and  simple  Christian 
style,  with  neither  sectarianism  nor  bigotry. 

[Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  514,  ii.  91,  221 ; 
Munk's  College  of  Physicians  (1878),  i.  368; 
Durable  Legacy,  in  British  Museum.] 

G.  T.  B. 


Brooke 


428 


Brooke 


BROOKE,  SIB  JAMES  (1803-1868), 
raja  of  Sarawak,  second  son  of  Thomas 
Brooke,  of  the  Bengal  civil  service,  was  born 
at  Benares,  and  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  at  Norwich,  under  Mr.  Edward  Valpy, 
a  brother  of  the  famous  Dr.  Valpy  of  Read- 
ing. During  Brooke's  school  days  Dr.  Samuel 
Parr,  who  at  one  time  had  been  the  head- 
master, was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the  school. 
'  Old  Crome '  was  the  drawing  master,  while 
Sir  Archdale  Wilson,  the  captor  of  Delhi 
in  1857,  and  George  Borrow  were  among 
Brooke's  schoolfellows.  He  was  a  boy  of 
marked  generosity,  truthfulness,  and  daring. 
On  one  occasion  he  saved  the  life  of  a  school- 
fellow who  had  fallen  into  the  river  Wen- 
He  ended  his  school  life  somewhat 


sum. 


abruptly  by  running  away,  and  at  the  age  of 
sixteen  was  appointed  a  cadet  of  infantry 
in  Bengal.  After  serving  for  three  years 
with  a  native  infantry  regiment,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  commissariat ;  and  on  the  j 
outbreak  of  the  first  war  with  Burma,  he  | 
formed  and  drilled  a  body  of  native  volun-  I 
teer  cavalry,  which  he  commanded  in  an  ac- 
tion at  Rangpur  in  Assam,  receiving  on  that 
occasion  a  wound  in  the  lungs,  which  led  to 
his  being  invalided  home  with  a  wound  pen- 
sion of  70/.  a  year.  After  an  absence  of 
upwards  of  four  years  he  returned  to  India ; 
but  being  unable,  owing  to  an  unusually 
long  voyage,  to  reach  Bengal  within  the  pre- 
scribed period  of  five  years,  he  resigned  the 
East  India  Company's  service  in  1830,  re- 
turning to  England  in  the  ship  in  which  he 
had  gone  out,  and  visiting,  in  the  course  of 
his  voyage,  the  Straits  settlements  of  Penang, 
Malacca,  and  Singapore,  China,  and  Sumatra. 
During  this  voyage  he  seems  to  have  formed 
the  projects  which  determined  his  subsequent 
career.  Returning  to  Bath,  where  his  family 
resided,  in  the  latter  part  of  1831,  he  re- 
mained in  England  until  1834,  when  he  pur- 
chased a  small  brig,  and  made  a  voyage  to 
China.  In  the  following  year  his  father  died, 
and  Brooke,  having  inherited  a  fortune  of 
30,000/.,  purchased  a  schooner  of  142  tons,  in 
which,  after  a  trip  to  the  Mediterranean,  he 
sailed  on  16  Dec.  1838  for  Borneo. 

Brooke's  motives  in  undertaking  this  voy- 
age appear  to  have  been  partly  love  of  ad- 
venture, and  largely  the  desire  to  introduce 
commerce,  as  well  as  British  ascendency,  into 
Borneo.  A  memorandum  which  he  wrote 
upon  the  subject  before  starting  upon  the 
expedition  will  be  found  in  a  compilation  of 
his  private  letters,  edited  by  a  friend.  After 
a  short  halt  at  Singapore,  Brooke  proceeded 
in  his  yacht  to  Sarawak,  on  the  north-west 
coast  of  Borneo,  landing  at  Kuching,  the  chief 
town,  on  15  Aug.  1839.  Sarawak— a  tract 


of  country  measuring  at  that  time  about  sixty 
miles  in  length  by  fifty  in  breadth,  but  since 
considerably  enlarged  by  territorial  additions 
made  during  the  lifetime  of  Brooke — was 
then  subject  to  the  Malay  sultan  of  Brunei, 
the  nominal  ruler  of  the  whole  of  the  island, 
except  a  part  in  the  south,  which  had  come 
into  the  possession  of  the  Dutch.  At  the 
time  of  Brooke's  arrival  a  rebellion  was  in 
progress,  induced  by  the  tyranny  of  the  offi- 
cials of  the  sultan,  who  had  recently  deputed 
his  uncle,  Muda  Hassim,  to  assume  the  govern- 
ment and  to  restore  order.  Brooke  was  cour- 
teously received  by  Muda  Hassim.  His  first 
visit  was  short ;  but  he  seems  to  have  then  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  influence  which  he 
subsequently  acquired  over  the  inhabitants, 
including  the  Malay  governor,  Muda  Hassim. 
On  this  occasion  he  surveyed  150  miles  of 
coast,  visited  many  of  the  rivers,  and  esta- 
blished a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Malay 
tribes  on  the  coast,  spending  ten  days  among 
a  tribe  of  Dayaks,  the  aboriginal  inhabitants 
of  the  island.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  same 
year  he  visited  the  island  of  Celebes.  He 
there  astonished  the  inhabitants,  the  Bujis — 
a  race  much  addicted  to  field  sports— by  his 
horsemanship  and  skill  in  shooting. 

Revisiting  Sarawak  in  the  autumn  of  1840, 
Brooke  took  an  active  part  in  the  suppression 
of  the  rebellion,  which  was  still  going  on, 
impressing  the  natives  by  his  gallantry  and 
readiness  of  resource,  and  so  entirely  gain- 
ing the  confidence  of  Muda  Hassim  that  the 
latter  voluntarily  offered  him  the  government 
of  the  country,  which  he  assumed  on  24  Sept. 

1841.  In  July  of  the  following  year  he  re- 
paired to  Brunei,  and  obtained  from  the  sul- 
tan the  confirmation  of  his  appointment  as 
raja   of  Sarawak,  in   which   office   he   was 
formally  installed  at  Kuching  on  18  Aug. 

1842.  Sir  Spenser  St.  John's  <  Life  of  Brooke'" 
gives  a  graphic  account  of  the  installation, 
which  very  nearly  became  a  scene  of  blood- 
shed, owing  to  the  excitement  of  some  of 
the  followers  of  the  late  raja,  and  their  ani- 
mosity towards  a  chief  named  Makota,  whose 
tyranny  had  done  much  to  bring  about  the 
rebellion,  and  who  had  obstructed  Brooke  in 
his  efforts  to  reduce  the  country  to  order, 
and  to  improve  the  administration  (SPENSER 
ST.  JOHN,  Life  of  Sir  James  Brooke.  1879, 
p.  70). 

Brooke's  administrative  reforms  were  very 
simple,  but  thoroughly  well  suited  to  the 
people.  One  of  the  causes  of  the  rebellion 
had  been  a  system  of  forced  trade,  under 
which  the  inhabitants  were  compelled  to  buy 
at  a  fixed,  and  often  an  exorbitant,  price, 
commodities  sold  to  them  by  the  chiefs.  In 
default  of  payment  their  sons  and  daughters, 


Brooke 


429 


Brooke 


and  often  their  parents  as  well,  were  carried 
off  as  slaves.  Brooke  substituted  for  the 
forced  trade  a  simple  system  of  taxation  in 
kind,  and  did  what  he  could  to  abolish  in- 
terference with  the  personal  liberty  of  the 
people.  He  administered  justice  himself, 
with  the  aid  of  some  of  the  chief  persons  of 
the  country ;  his  court,  which  was  a  long 
room  in  his  own  house,  being  essentially  an 
open  one,  while  he  was  accessible  to  any  one 
who  wished  to  see  him  at  nearly  all  hours  of 
the  day.  By  the  Dayaks  he  was  speedily  re- 
garded with  sentiments  of  reverence  and 
affection.  Their  favourite  saying  was :  '  The 
son  of  Europe  is  the  friend  of  the  Dayak.' 
In  the  earlier  years  of  his  residence  at  Sara- 
wak Brooke  was  almost  alone.  His  followers 
were  a  coloured  interpreter  from  Malacca, 
useful,  but  not  very  trustworthy  ;  a  servant 
who  could  neither  read  nor  write ;  a  ship- 
wrecked Irishman,  brave,  but  not  otherwise 
useful ;  and  a  doctor  who  never  learnt  the 
language  of  the  country. 

The  suppression  of  piracy  in  the  Malayan 
Archipelago  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
among  Brooke's  first  objects,  but  it  formed 
one  of  the  main  achievements  of  his  useful 
life.  In  Borneo  piracy  had  been  the  common 
pursuit  of  the  tribes  along  the  coast  from 
time  immemorial.  It  was  resorted  to  in 
Borneo,  not  only  for  purposes  of  plunder,  but 
for  the  possession  of  human  heads,  for  which 
there  was  a  passion  among  the  Dayaks  and 
among  many  of  the  tribes  in  the  archipelago. 
Brooke  had  become  aware  of  the  practice  at 
an  early  period  of  his  residence  in  Sarawak, 
and  had  done  what  he  could  to  impress  the 
chief  people  of  the  country  with  its  enormity ; 
but  it  was  not  until  1843  that  he  was  in  a 
position  to  take  an  active  part  in  its  sup- 
pression. Early  in  that  year  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance, at  Singapore,  of  Captain  the  Hon. 
Henry  Keppel  (now  (1886)  Admiral  the  Hon. 
Sir  Henry  Keppel,  G.C.B.),  then  commanding 
H.M.S.  Dido,  with  whom  he  speedily  con- 
tracted a  mutual  and  lasting  friendship.  Re- 
turning to  Sarawak  in  the  Dido,  in  company 
with  Keppel,  he  joined  in  an  expedition 
against  the  most  formidable  of  the  piratical 
hordes,  the  Malays  and  Dayaks  of  the  Seribas 
river,  taking  with  him  as  a  contingent  a 
number  of  war-boats  manned  by  natives  of 
Sarawak.  The  expedition  was  extremely 
successful.  The  pirates  were  attacked  in  their 
strongholds  on  the  banks  of  the  river  by  the 
boats  of  the  Dido  and  the  Sarawak  war-boats, 
and  compelled  to  undertake  to  abandon  piracy. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  again  associated 
with  Keppel  in  an  attack  upon  the  pirates  of 
the  Sakarran  river,  which,  though  inflicting 
heavy  loss  upon  the  pirates,  was  attended 


with  severe  fighting  and  some  loss  to  the 
assailants.  Captain  Sir  Edward  Belcher, 
Captain  Rodney  Mundy,  Captain  Grey,  and 
Captain  Farquhar  were  all  at  different  times 
employed  in  conjunction  with  Brooke  in 
operations  against  the  pirates.  The  last  ot 
these  operations,  which  took  place  in  1849, 
and  dealt  a  crushing  blow  to  piracy  in  that 
part  of  the  Bornean  seas,  was  made  the 

i  ground  of  a  series  of  charges  of  cruel  and 
illegal  conduct,  preferred  against  Brooke  in 
the  House  of  Commons  by  Mr.  Hume,  and 
supported  by  Mr.  Cobden,  and  in  some  de- 
gree by  Mr.  Gladstone,  who,  while  eulogising 
Brooke's  character,  voted  for  an  inquiry  into 
the  charges,  on  the  ground  that  the  work  of 
destruction  had  been  promiscuous,  and  to 
some  extent  illegal.  The  motion  for  inquiry 
was  discountenanced  by  the  government  of 
the  day,  that  of  Lord  John  Russell,  and  was 
rejected  by  a  large  majority  of  the  house, 
Lord  Palmerston  declaring  that  Brooke  're- 
tired from  the  investigation  with  untarnished 
character  and  unblemished  honour.'  The 
attacks,  however,  being  continued,  the  go- 
vernment of  Lord  Aberdeen  subsequently 
granted  a  commission  of  inquiry,  which  sat 
at  Singapore,  but  failed  to  establish  any  of 
the  charges  of  inhumanity  or  illegality  which 
had  been  made  against  Brooke. 

In  1847  Brooke  revisited  England,  where 
he  met  with  a  most  gratifying  reception.  He 
was  invited  by  the  queen  to  Windsor,  and 
was  treated  with  great  consideration  by  the 
leading  statesmen  of  the  day,  as  well  as  by 
various  public  bodies.  London  conferred 
upon  him  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  Oxford 
the  honorary  degree  of  D.C.L.  In  connection 
with  his  visit  to  Windsor,  it  is  related  that 
the  queen,  having  inquired  how  he  found  it 
so  easy  to  manage  so  many  thousands  of  wild 
Borneans,  Brooke  replied :  '  I  find  it  easier  to 
govern  thirty  thousand  Malays  and  Dayaks 
than  to  manage  a  dozen  of  your  majesty's 
subjects.'  On  his  return  to  Borneo  he  was 
appointed  British  commissioner  and  consul- 

j  general  in  that  island,  as  well  as  governor  of 
Labuan,  which  the  sultan  of  Brunei  had 
ceded  to  the  British  crown.  He  was  also 
created  a  K.C.B. 

The  commission  of  inquiry  not  only  caused 
Brooke  very  great  annoyance,  but  for  a  time 
introduced  some  embarrassment  into  his  rela- 
tions with  the  natives  under  his  rule,  who 
not  unnaturally  conceived  the  impression 
that  he  had  forfeited  the  favour  of  his  own 
government.  The  incident  is  also  generally 
regarded  as  having,  in  combination  with  other 
circumstances,  had  some  connection  with  a 
very  serious  outbreak  on  the  part  of  the 
Chinese  immigrants  into  Sarawak,  in  which 


Brooke 


430 


Brooke 


Brooke  narrowly  escaped  being  murdered. 
This  outbreak  occurred  in  1857,  when  the 
Chinese,  having  formed  a  plot  to  kill  Brooke 
and  the  other  Englishmen  serving  under  him, 
attacked  the  government  house  and  other 
English  residences,  and  murdered  several  of 
the  English.  Brooke  escaped  in  the  darkness 
by  jumping  into  the  river,  diving  under  the 
bow  of  a  Chinese  barge,  and  swimming  to  the 


BROOKE,  JOHN  (d.  1582),  translator, 
son  of  John  Brooke,  was  a  native  of  Ash- 
next-Sandwich  and  owner  of  Brooke  House 
in  that  village.  Though  appointed  scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  by  the  founda- 
tion charter  of  1546,  he  did  not  proceed  B.A. 
until  1553-4.  He  married  Magdalen  Stod- 
dard  of  Mottingham.  He  died  in  1582,  leaving 
no  children,  and  was  buried  in  Ash  church. 


other  side.  After  having  occupied  the  capital  |  His  works  are :  1.  'The  Staffe  of  Christian 
for  a  few  days,  and  destroyed  a  good  deal  of  j  Faith.  .  .  .  Translated  out  of  French  into 
property,  including  the  raja's  house  and  his  !  English  by  John  Brooke,  of  Ashe-next- 
valuable  library,  the  Chinese  retired,  followed  j  Sandwiche,'  1577.  2.  'John  Gardener,  his 
by  a  large  body  of  Malays  and  Dayaks,  who  ;  confession  of  the  Christian  Faith.  Translated 
stood  by  their  raja,  and,  intercepting  the  out  of  French  by  John  Brooke,'  1578,  1583. 
Chinese  in  their  retreat,  destroyed  a  consi-  3.  'A  Christian  Discourse  .  .  .  presented  to 
derable  number  of  them.  The  attitude  of  the  Prince  of  Conde.  Translated  by  J.  B./ 
the  Malays  and  Dayaks  on  this  occasion  fur-  j  1578.  4.  '  The  Christian  Disputations,  by 


nished  a  signal  proof  of  the  affection  and 
confidence  with  which  Brooke  had  inspired 
the  great  majority  of  his  native  subjects. 

Brooke  finally  left  Sarawak  in  1863. 
Shortly  after  his  return  to  England  a  wish 
long  cherished  by  him,  that  the  British  go- 
vernment should  recognise  his  territory  as  an 
independent  state,  was  gratified,  and  a  consul 
was  appointed  to  represent  British  interests. 
He  died  at  Burrator  in  Devonshire  in  1868, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  after  a  series  of  para- 


Master  Peter  Viret,  dedicated  to  Edmund, 
Abp.  of  Canterbury.  Translated  out  of 
French  .  .  .  by  J.  B.  of  Ashe/  1579.  5.  <  Of 
Two  Wonderful  Popish  Monsters,  to  wyt, 
Of  a  Popish  Asse  which  was  found  in  Rome 
in  the  riuer  Tyber  (1496),  and  of  a  Moonkish 
Calfe,  calued  at  Friberge  in  Misne  (1528). 
.  .  .  Witnessed  and  declared,  the  one  by  P. 
Melancthon,  the  other  by  M.  Luther.  Trans- 
lated out  of  French  ...  by  John  Brooke 
of  Assh.  .  .  .  With  two  cuts  of  the  Mon- 


lytic  attacks,  brought  on  doubtless  by  the  sters/  1579.  6.  <  A  Faithful  and  Familiar 
fatigues  and  exposure  of  a  laborious  and  ad-  Exposition  upon  the  Prayer  of  our  Lorde. 
venturous  life,  spent,  the  greater  part  of  it,  ...  Written  in  French  dialogue  wise,  by 


Brooke,  and  under  whose  firm  but  benevo- 


lent government,  based  upon  the  principles 
introduced  by  his  illustrious  relative,  Sara- 
wak, now  comprising  a  territory  of  28,000 
square  miles  and  a  population  of  a  quarter  of 
a  million,  is  a  flourishing  settlement.  Trade 
has  expanded,  agriculture  is  advancing,  piracy 
and  head-hunting  have  been  rooted  out,  edu- 
cation is  in  demand,  and,  as  a  result  of  the 
efforts  of  Christian  missionaries,  Sarawak 
now  numbers  nearly  three  thousand  native 
Christians.  When  this  state  of  things  is 
compared  with  that  which  existed  on  the 
north  coast  of  Borneo  less  than  half  a  century 
ago,  it  will  readily  be  admitted  that  among 
the  benefactors  of  humanity  a  high  place 
must  be  accorded  to  Sir  James  Brooke. 

[Gertrude  L.  Jacob's  Raja  of  Sarawak,  1876  ; 

,,,»,,,,,     C!*        T«'U«'«     T  '1*        _^»     Ci"         T  ••-*  -m 


Queene's  Maiesties  Excheker,'  1582. 


[Hasted's  Kent,  iii.  691  n. ;  Planches  Corner 
of  Kent,  136  ;  Ames's  Typog.  Antiq.  (Herbert) 
662,  867,  1010,  1011,  1060  ;  Maunsell's  First 
Part  of  the  Catalogue  (1595),  24;  Cooper's 
Athense  Cantab,  i.  459 ;  Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. 
131.]  W.  H. 

BROOKE,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1748- 
1 794) ,  Somerset  herald,  second  son  of  William 
Brooke,  M.D.,  and  Alice,  eldest  daughter  and 
coheiress  of  William  Mawhood  of  Donc'aster, 
was  born  at  Fieldhead,  in  the  parish  of  Silk- 
stone,  near  Sheffield,  in  1748.  He  was  sent 
to  the  metropolis  to  be  apprenticed  to  a 
chemist  in  Holborn,  but  he  had  already  ac- 
quired a  taste  for  genealogical  research,  and 
having  drawn  up  a  pedigree  of  the  Howard 
family  which  attracted  the  favourable  notice 


Spenser  St.  John's  Life  of  Sir  James  Brooke'  '  Ia?mii5r  wnicn  attracted  the  favourable  no1 
1879  ;  Private  Letters  of  Sir  James  Brooke  i  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  he  thus  obtained  an 
(edit.  John  C.Templer),  1853  ;  Captain  Mundy's  !  entrance  into  the  College  of  Arms.  He  was 
Narrative  of  Events  in  Borneo  and  Celebes,  |  appointed  Rouge  Croix  pursuivant  in  1773, 
1848;  Ann.  Reg.  1851,  pp.  135,  136 ;  Quarterly  i  and  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  Somerset 
Review,  vols.lxxxiii.,  cxi.;  S.  P.  G.  Report,  1884;  herald  in  1777.  Two  years  previouslv  in 
Hamette  McDougall's  Sketches  of  our  Life  at  1775,  he  had  been  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Sarawak,  London.]  A.  J.  A.  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Brooke  was  secretary 


Brooke 


431 


Brooke 


to  the  earl  marshal,  and,  also  through  the  j 
patronage  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  a  lieutenant  i 
in  the  militia  of  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire. With  Benjamin  Pingo,  York  herald, 
and  fourteen  other  persons,  he  was  crushed 
to  death  on  3  Feb.  1794,  in  attempting  to  get 
into  the  pit  of  the  Haymarket  Theatre.  His 
body  was  interred  in  the  church  of  St.  Benet, 
Paul's  Wharf,  where  a  monumental  tablet  was 
erected  to  his  memory,  with  an  epitaph  com- 
posed by  Edmund  Lodge,  afterwards  Cla- 
renceux  king-at-arms. 

Brooke  made  voluminous  manuscript  col- 
lections, chiefly  relating  to  Yorkshire.  His 
father  had  inherited  the  manuscripts  of  his 
great-uncle,  the  Rev.  John  Brooke,  rector  of 
High  Hoyland  in  Yorkshire,  which  had  been 
formed  as  a  foundation  for  the  topography  of 
that  county.  These  came  into  the  hands  of  John 
Charles  Brooke,  who  greatly  enlarged  them 
by  means  of  his  own  researches,  and  by  copy- 
ing the  manuscripts  of  Jenyngs  andTilleyson. 
A  catalogue  of  these  collections  will  be  found 
in  Gough's  l  British  Topography,'  ii.  397,  401, 
402.  Brooke's  contributions  to  the  '  Archseo- 
logia'  are  enumerated  in  Nichols's  'Illustra- 
tions of  Literature,'  vi.  355.  He  was  a  con- 
tributor also  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,' 
and  the  principal  authors  of  his  day  in  genea- 
logy and  topography  acknowledge  their  obli- 
gations to  him.  Besides  a  history  of  Yorkshire, 
he  contemplated  a  new  edition  of  Sandford's 
1  Genealogical  History  of  the  Kings  of  Eng- 
land/ a  baronage  after  Dugdale's  method, 
and  a  history  of  all  tenants  in  capite  to  ac- 
company Domesday.  He  bequeathed  his  ma- 
nuscripts to  the  College  of  Arms,  but  a  small 
collection  of  Yorkshire  pedigrees  by  him  is 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum  (Addit.  MS. 
21184).  Many  of  his  letters  on  antiquarian 
subjects  are  printed  in  Nichols's  'Illustra- 
tions of  Literature.' 

A  portrait  of  Brooke,  engraved  by  T.  Milton 
from  a  painting  by  T.  Maynard,  forms  the 
frontispiece  to  Noble's  '  History  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Arms.' 

[Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  681,  684,  iii.  263, 
vi.  142,  254,  303 ;  Nichols's  Illustr.  of  Lit.  vi. 
354-429  ;  Noble's  College  of  Arms,  428-434, 
440;  Addit,  MS.  5726  E,  art.  3,  5864,  f.  116; 
Notes  and  Queries  (2nd  series),  iv.  130,  160,  318  ; 
Gent.  Mag.  Ixiv.  187,  275,  Ixvii.  5 ;  Annual 
Eeg.  1794,  chronicle  5.]  T.  C. 

BROOKE,  RALPH  (1553-1625),  herald, 
describes  himself  (MS.  penes  Coll.  Arm.)  as 
the  son  of  Geoffrey  Brooke  (by  his  wife,  Jane 
Hyde)  and  grandson  of  William  Brooke  of 
Lancashire,  who  was  a  cadet  of  the  family  of 
Brooke  seated  at  Norton  in  Cheshire.  But 
the  entry  of  his  admission  into  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  on  3  July  1564,  simply  re- 


cords  the  fact  that  his  father  was  Geoffrey, 
and  a  shoemaker  (Registers  of  M.T.S.  i.  6). 
In  1576  he  was  made  free  of  the  Painter 
Stainers'  Company,  and  four  years  afterwards 
was  appointed  Rouge  Croix  pursuivant  in  the 
College  of  Arms.  In  March  1593  he  became 
York  herald,  but  attained  to  no  higher  rank. 
That  he  was  an  accurate  and  painstaking 
genealogist  there  can  be  no  doubt ;  it  seems 
equally  clear  that  he  was  of  a  grasping  and 
jealous  nature,  and  much  disliked  by  his 
fellow-officers  in  the  Heralds'  College.  In 
1597  Camden,  who  was  not  a  professional 
herald,  was  made  Clarenceux  king-at-arms 
in  recognition  of  his  great  learning.  Brooke 
took  umbrage  at  his  intrusion  into  the  col- 
lege, and  published,  without  date  or  printer's 
name,  what  he  termed  '  A  Discoverie  of  cer- 
taine  Errours  published  in  print  in  the  much- 
commended  Britannia  1594,  very  prejudicial! 
to  the  Discentes  and  Successions  of  the  aun- 
cient  Nobilitie  of  this  Realme.'  To  this 
Camden  replied  ;  and  Vincent,  who  had  the 
college  with  him,  sided  with  Camden  and 
exposed  certain  mistakes  into  which  Brooke 
himself  had  fallen.  The  controversy  was  long 
and  acrimonious,  the  only  good  result  being 
that,  through  the  researches  of  Brooke,  Cam- 
den, and  Vincent,  the  genealogies  of  the  no- 
bility were  closely  investigated,  and  the  first 
attempt  at  a  printed  peerage  was  made. 
Brooke  died  15  Oct.  1625,  aged  73,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  Reculver,  Kent.  His 
quaint  monument,  whereon  he  is  depicted  in 
his  tabard  dress,  has  been  often  engraved, 
but  it  has  unhappily  disappeared  from  the 
newly  built  church.  In  addition  to  the 
work  already  mentioned,  Brooke  wrote  '  A 
Second  Discovery  of  Errors,'  which  was 
published  from  the  manuscript  by  Anstis 
in  1723 ;  and  two  editions  (1619  and  1622) 
of  *A  Catalogue  and  Succession  of  the 
Kings,  Princes,  Dukes,  Marquisses,  Earles, 
and  Viscounts  of  the  Realme  of  England  since 
the  Norman  Conquest  to  this  present  yeare 
1619.  Together  with  their  Armes,  Wives  and 
Children,  the  times  of  their  deaths  and  burials, 
with  any  other  memorable  actions,  collected 
by  Raphe  Brooke,  Esquire,  Yorke  Herauld, 
Discouering  and  Reforming  many  errors  com- 
mitted by  men  of  other  Professions  and  lately 
published  in  Print  to  the  great  wronging  of 
the  Nobility  and  prejudice  of  his  Majestie's 
Officers  and  Armes,  who  are  onely  appointed 
and  sworne  to  deale  faithfully  in  these 
causes,'  printed  by  Jaggard. 

[Dallaway's  Heraldry,  1793,  pp.  226-239  ; 
Noble's  College  of  Arms  ;  Nichols's  Herald  and 
Genealogist,  ii. ;  for  a  full  account  of  Brooke's  quar- 
rel with  Vincent  and  Camden  see  Sir  H.  Nicolas's 
Life  of  Augustine  Vincent  (1827).]  C.  J.  E. 


Brooke 


432 


Brooke 


BROOKE,  RICHARD  (1791-1861),  anti- 
quary, was  a  native  of  Liverpool,  where  he 
was  born  in  1791.     His  father,  also  named 
Richard,  was  a  Cheshire  man,  who  settled  in 
Liverpool  early  in  life,  and  died  there  on 
15  June  1852,  at  the  age  of  91.     Richard 
Brooke  the  younger  practised  as  a  solicitor  in 
Liverpool,  and  devoted  his  leisure  time  to 
investigations  into  the  history  and  antiquities 
of  his  county,  and  into  certain  branches  of 
natural  history.     One  of  the  favourite  occu- 
pations of  his  life  was  to  visit  and  explore 
the  several  fields  of  battle  in  England,  espe- 
cially those  which  were  the  scenes  of  conflict 
between  the  rival  houses  of  York  and  Lan- 
caster.   The  great  object  he  had  in  view  was 
to  compare  the  statements  of  the  historians 
with  such  relics  as  had  survived,  and  with 
the  traditions  of  the  neighbourhoods  where 
the  respective  battles  had  been  fought.     He 
was  led  to  this  line  of  research  at  a  compara- 
tively early  age  during  visits  to  his  brother, 
Mr.  Peter  Brooke,  who  resided  near  Stoke 
Field.     In  1825  he  published  '  Observations 
illustrative  of  the  Accounts   given  by  the 
Ancient  Historical  Writers  of  the  Battle  of 
Stoke  Field,  between  King  Henry  the  Seventh 
and  John  De  la  Pole,  Earl  of  Lincoln,  in 
1487,  the  last  that  was  fought  in  the  Civil 
Wars  of  York  and  Lancaster ;  to  which  are 
added   some   interesting  particulars  of  the 
Illustrious  Houses  of  Plantagenet  and  Ne- 
ville '  (Liverpool,  1825,  roy.  8vo).     In  later 
years  he  carried  on  his  researches,  and  com- 
municated the  result  to  the  Society  of  An- 
tiquaries, of  which  he  was  a  member,  and 
to  the  Liverpool  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society,  in  papers  which  were  subsequently 
published    in   a  volume   in   1857,   entitled 
*  Visits  to  Fields  of  Battle  in  England  in  the 
Fifteenth   Century.     To  which  are   added 
some  Miscellaneous  Tracts  and  Papers  upon 
Archaeological  Subjects '  (8vo).    The  battle- 
fields described  are  Shrewsbury,  Blore  Heath, 
Northampton,  Wakefield,  Mortimer's  Cross, 
Towton,  Tewkesbury,  Bosworth,  Stoke,  Eve- 
sham,  and  Barnet.  The  additional  papers  are : 
1.   'On  the  Use  of  Firearms  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  15th  Century.'     2.  '  The  Family 
of  Wyche,  or  De  la  Wyche,  in  Cheshire.' 
3.  'Wilmslow  Church  in  Cheshire.'  4.  'Hand- 
ford  Hall  and  Cheadle  Church  in  Cheshire.' 
5.  «  The  Office  of  Keeper  of  the  Royal  Mena- 
gerie in  the  Reign  of  Edward  IV.'     6.  <  The 
Period  of  the  Extinction  of  Wolves  in  Eng-- 
land.' 

He  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Liverpool  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society, 
and  read  many  papers  at  the  meetings  of  the 
society.  The  following,  in  addition  to  some 
of  those  named  above,  are  printed  in  its 


1  Proceedings : '  1.  '  Upon  the  extraordinary 
and  abrupt  Changes  of  Fortune  of  Jasper,  earl 
of  Pembroke,'  vol.  x.  2.  '  Life  of  Richard 
Neville,  the  Great  Earl  of  Warwick  and 
Salisbury,  called  the  King  Maker,'  xii. 
3.  '  Life  and  Character  of  Margaret  of  Anjou/ 
xiii.  4.  '  Visit  to  Fotheringay  Church  and 
Castle,'  xiii.  5.  '  Migration  of  the  Swallow,' 
xiii.  6.  { On  the  Elephants  used  in  War  by 
the  Carthaginians,'  xiv.  7.  '  On  the  Com- 
mon or  Fallow  Deer  of  Great  Britain,'  xiv. 
In  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Historic  Society 
of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire'  he  published 
'  Observations  on  the  Inscription  of  the  Com- 
mon Seal  of  Liverpool '  (i.  76),  besides  the 
three  Cheshire  papers  reprinted  in  the  volume 
of '  visits.'  In  1853  he  published  '  Liverpool 
as  it  was  during  the  Last  Quarter  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  1775  to  1800 '  (Liver- 
pool, roy.  8vo,  pp.  558).  In  this  he  has 
gathered  a  body  of  interesting  facts  relating 
to  the  history  of  the  great  port  during  that 
period,  much  of  the  information  being  de- 
rived from  his  father.  He  died  at  Liver- 
pool on  14  June  1861,  in  the  seventieth  year 
of  his  age. 

[Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
1862,  2nd  ser.  ii.  105  ;  prefaces  to  Brooke's 
works.]  C.  W.  S. 

BROOKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1802?),  of 
Prosperous,  county  Kildare,  governor  of  St. 
Helena  from  1787  to  1801,  was  youngest 
son  of  Robert  Brooke,  and  grandson  of  the 
Rev.  William  Brooke  of  Rantavan  House, 
county  Cavan  (BuRKE's  Landed  Gentry,  see 
Brooke  of  Drumvana).  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  India  Company  on  14  Aug. 
1764  as  ensign  on  the  Bengal  establishment, 
became  lieutenant  on  25  Aug.  1765,  and 
substantive  captain  on  10  Dec.  1767.  He 
signalised  himself  on  several  occasions  in  the 
operations  against  Cossim  Ali  and  Soojah 
Dowlah  under  Lord  Clive,  during  which 
time  he  served  with  the  8th  sepoys.  De- 
tached to  Madras  with  two  companies  of 
Bengal  sepoy  grenadiers,  he  served  through 
the  campaigns  of  1768-9  against  Hyder  Ali, 
with  General  Joseph  Smith,  and  was  sub- 
sequently chief  engineer  of  Colonel  Wood's 
force.  On  one  occasion  he  was  sent  as  envoy 
to  Hyder  Ali.  Returning  to  Bengal  he  was 
given  command  of  two  battalions  lent  as 
guards  to  the  Mogul.  While  so  employed 
he  put  down  a  formidable  revolt  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Corah,  for  which  service  he  was  re- 
warded with  the  collectorship  of  the  province, 
together  with  a  commission  of  2£  per  cent, 
on  its  revenues  while  in  command  of  the 
troops  on  the  frontier.  He  raised  the  Bengal 
native  light  infantry,  and  commanded  that 
battalion  in  two  campaigns  against  the  hill- 


Brooke 


433 


Brooke 


robbers  about  Rajmahal,  in  which  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  lenity  and  humanity 
no  less  than  by  the  success  of  his  operations. 
He  also  rendered  good  service  against  the 
Mahrattas  and  in  the  Rohilla  war.  His  ser- 
vices were  acknowledged  by  the  court  of 
directors  on  19  April  1771,  and  again  on 
30  March  1774,  in  terms  almost  unprece- 
dented in  the  case  of  an  officer  of  junior  rank. 
He  returned  home  on  furlough  in  1774,  and 
invested  the  fortune  he  had  realised  by  his 
collectorship  at  Corah  in  an  attempt  to  de- 
velope  the  cotton  manufacture  in  Ireland, 
with  which  object  he  erected  the  industrial 
village  of  Prosperous,  in  the  barony  of  Clane, 
county  Kildare.  About  the  same  time  he 
married  Mrs.  Wynne,  nee  Mapletoft,  who 
bore  him  several  children.  The  enterprise 
at  Prosperous  met  with  patronage  and  sup- 
port in  distinguished  quarters,  and  in  1776 
Brooke  received  the  thanks  of  parliament 
for  his  patriotic  endeavours.  The  manufac- 
turing processes — cotton-printing  excepted 
— are  stated  to  have  been  carried  to  some 
perfection,  but  in  a  commercial  sense  the 
undertaking  proved  a  failure,  and  after  many 
vicissitudes  the  works,  counting  some  1,400 
looms,  in  1787  had  to  be  given  up  for  the 
benefit  of  the  creditors.  They  were  even- 
tually burned  by  the  rebels  in  1798.  His 
own  fortune  and  that  of  his  wife  having 
thus  been  sacrificed,  and  an  elder  brother,  who 
was  partner  in  the  enterprise,  and  others 
having  become  involved  in  the  ruin,  Brooke 
applied  to  the  court  of  directors  to  reinstate 
him  in  his  former  rank,  for,  having  over- 
stayed his  leave,  he  had  been  struck  off  the 
rolls  from  14  April  1775.  The  directors 
declined  to  accede  to  the  request,  but  im- 
mediately afterwards  appointed  him  to  the 
governorship  of  the  island  of  St.  Helena, 
in  succession  to  Governor  Corneille.  There 
he  displayed  much  energy.  He  improved 
the  buildings,  strengthened  the  defences,  and 
established  a  code  of  signals.  The  island  be- 
came a  depot  for  the  company's  European 
troops,  and  during  his  governorship  over 
12,000  recruits  were  drilled  in  its  valleys. 
His  spirited  measures  for  seizing  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  with  a  small  naval  squad- 
ron carrying  a  landing-force  of  600  light  in- 
fantry, blue-jackets,  marines,  and  seamen- 
volunteers,  though  anticipated  by  the  expe- 
dition from  home  under  General  Craig  and 
Admiral  Keith,  won  for  him  the  special 
thanks  of  the  home  government.  The  court 
of  directors  recognised  his  exertions  by  the 
gift  of  a  diamond-hilted  sword,  presented  to 
him  in  1799  at  St.  Helena,  at  the  head  of  a 
garrison  parade,  Brooke  then  holding  local 
rank  as  colonel.  A  serious  illness  compelled 

VOL.   VI. 


him  to  embark  for  England  on  10  March 
1801,  and  he  died  soon  after. 

Particulars  and  certificates  of  his  public 
services  in  India  and  in  Ireland  will  be  found 
in  the  *  British  Museum  Collection  of  Poli- 
tical Tracts/  under  the  heading :  '  Brooke, 
Robt. — A  Letter  from  Mr.  Brooke  to  an 
Honourable  Member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons (Dublin,  1787).'  A  notice  of  his 
governorship  appears  in  the  '  History  of 
St.  Helena,'  compiled  by  Thomas  Digby 
Brooke,  who  was  for  many  years  colonial 
secretary  on  the  island,  and  was  a  nephew  of 
Governor  Brooke,  being  a  son  of  the  elder 
brother  who  was  partner  in  the  concern  at 
Prosperous.  A  few  unpublished  letters  to 
Warren  Hastings  in  1773,  and  from  the 
Marquis  Wellesley,  are  among  '  Add.  MSS.,' 
British  Museum. 

[Burke's  Landed  Gentry ;  Political  Tracts, 
1787-8;  Dodswell  and  Miles's  Lists  of  Bengal 
Army;  Warburton's  Hist,  of  Dublin,  ii.  971; 
Brooke's  Hist,  of  St.  Helena  (2nd  ed.  1823) ; 
Add.  MSS.  29133,  13710,  and  13787.] 

H.  M.  C. 

BROOKE,  LOKD.     [See  GKEVILLB.] 

BROOKE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1632),  master 
of  Trinity  College,Cambridge,  and  archdeacon 
of  Coventry,  was  the  son  of  Robert  Brooke, 
a  rich  citizen  of  York,  and  was  brother  of 
Christopher  Brooke,  the  poet  [q.  v.]  In  1596 
he  was  admitted  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  he  proceeded  M.A.  1604,  B.D.  1607, 
and  D.D.  1615.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
sent  to  prison,  by  the  agency  of  Sir  George 
More,  for  secretly  celebrating  the  marriage 
of  Dr.  John  Donne  with  More's  daughter, 
but  was  soon  afterwards  released.  He  was 
promoted  to  the  office  of  chaplain  to  Henry, 
prince  of  Whales,  who  recommended  him 
(26  Sept.  1612)  for  the  divinity  chair  at 
Gresham  College.  He  was  afterwards  chap- 
lain to  both  James  I  and  Charles  I.  He  was 
elected  proctor  at  Cambridge  in  1613,  and  in 
1614  he  wrote  three  Latin  plays,  which  were 
performed  before  James  I  on  his  visit  to  the 
university  in  that  year.  The  names  of  the 
plays  appear  to  have  been '  Scyros,' l  Adelphe,' 
and  'Melanthe,'  and  the  ' Adelphe'  was  de- 
scribed as  so  witty  '  ut  vel  ipsi  Catoni  risum 
excuteret.'  On  13  June  1618  he  became 
rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury,  London, 
and  10  July  1621  was  incorporated  D.D.  at 
Oxford.  He  was  elected  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  5  Sept.  1629,  and  on 
17  Nov.  resigned  his  Gresham  professorship. 
Prynne,  in  his  '  Canterburie's  Doome '  p.  157, 
abuses  Brooke  as  a  disciple  of  Laud,  and 
states  that  in  1630  Brooke  was  engaged  in 
'An  Arminian  Treatise  of  Predestination.' 


Brooke 


434 


Brookes 


Laud  encouraged  him  to  complete  this  book, 
but  afterwards  declined  to  sanction  its  pub- 
lication on  account  of  its  excessive  violence. 
On  13  May  1631  Brooke  was  admitted  arch- 
deacon of  Coventry,  and  died  16  Sept.  16327 
He  was  buried  without  monument  or  epitaph 
in  Trinity  College  Chapel.  None  of  Brooke's 
works  appear  to  have  been  printed.  Besides 
the  treatise  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  a 
tract  on  the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  a  dis- 
course, dedicated  to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
entitled  '  De  Auxilio  Divinse  Gratise  Exer- 
citatio  theologica,  nimirum:  An  possibile 
sit  duos  eandem  habere  Gratiee  Mensuram, 
et  tamen  unus  convert  atur  et  credat ;  alter 
non :  e  Johan.  xi.  45,  46.'  The  manuscript 
of  this  discourse  is  in  Trinity  College  Lib- 
rary. 

[Ward's  Lives  of  the  Professors  of  Grresham  Col- 
lege, p.  53  ;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon.  (Bliss)  i.  401-2  ; 
Cooper's  Memorials  of  Cambridge,  ii.  284;  Welch's 
Alumni  Westmonast.  19-20 ;  Cole's  MS.  Athense 
Cantab. ;  Laud's  Works,  vi.  292.1  S.  L.  L. 

BROOKE,    WILLIAM    HENRY    (d. 

^  1860),  satirical  draughtsman  and  portrait- 
painter,  was  a  nephew  of  Henry  Brooke 
(1703  P-1783)  [q.  v.],  the  author  of  <  A  Fool 
of  Quality.'  He  was  placed  when  young  in  a 
banker's  office.  Preferring  the  studio  to  the 
desk,  he  became  the  pupil  of  Samuel  Drum- 
mond,  A.R.A.  He  made  rapid  progress,  and ' 
soon  established  himself  as  a  portrait-painter 
in  the  Adelphi.  In  1810  he  first  exhibited  in 
the  Academy.  His  early  works,  according  to 
Redgrave,  were  mere  sketches ;  their  subjects : 
'  Anacreon/ '  Murder  of  Thomas  a  Becket,'  and 
'  Musidora.'  Between  1813  and  1823  he  did  not 
exhibit.  In  the  latter  year  he  sent  three  pic- 
tures, a  portrait,  and  two  Irish  landscapes 
with  figures.  In  1826  he  exhibited  <  Chas- 
tity.' This  was  the  last  work  which  he  sent 
to  the  Academy.  In  1812  he  undertook  to 
make  drawings  for  the  '  Satirist,'  a  monthly 
publication  which  changed  hands  several 
times  in  its  short  career,  and  collapsed  finally 
in  1814.  There  is  little  of  style  or  of  wit  to 
redeem  the  pure  vulgarity  of  Brooke's  work 
as  a  satirist.  He  contributed  to  this  paper 
till  September  1813,  and  was  then  succeeded 
by  George  Cruikshank.  His  drawings  for 
this  periodical  seem  to  have  brought  him 
some  notice,  and  he  illustrated  a  good  many 
popular  books  of  the  day.  Among  these 
may  be  mentioned  Moore's  '  Irish  Melodies,' 
1822 ;  Major's  edition  of  Izaak  Walton,  to 
which  he  supplied  some  vignettes ;  Keight- 
ley's  '  Greek  and  Roman  Mythology,'  1831 ; 
'Persian  and  Turkish  Tales;'  'Gulliver's 
Travels;'  Nathaniel  Cotton's  'Visions  in 
Verse;'  and  '  Fables  for  the  Female  Sex,'  by 


E.  Moore  and  his  uncle,  H.  Brooke.  The  last 
three  are  undated  and  published  by  Walker. 
None  of  Brooke's  embellishments  appear  to 
have  had  much  merit.  His  best  designs, 
however,  are  said  to  have  been  well  drawn. 
He  shows  a  certain  feeling  for  grace  in  his  de- 
lineation of  women,  though  little  knowledge. 
He  died  at  Chichester  12  Jan.  1860. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists  of  the  English 
School ;  British  Museum  Catalogues.]  E.  R. 

BROOKE,  ZA  CHARY  (1716-1788),  di- 
vine, the  son  of  Zachary  Brooke,  of  Sidney 
Sussex  CoUege,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1693-4,  and 
M.  A.  1697),  at  one  time  vicar  of  Hawkston- 
cum-Newton,  near  Cambridge,  was  born  in 
1716  at  Hamerton,  Huntingdonshire.  He  was 
educated  at  Stamford  school,  was  admitted 
sizar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  28  June 
1734,  was  afterwards  elected  a  fellow,  pro- 
ceeded B.A.  in  1737,  M.A.  in  1741,  B.D.  in 
1748,  andD.D.  in  1753.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Margaret  professorship  of  divinity  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1765,  and  was  at  the  same  time  a 
candidate  for  the  mastership  of  St.  John's 
College ;  was  chaplain  to  the  king  from  1758, 
and  was  vicar  of  Ickleton,  Cambridgeshire, 
and  rector  of  Forncett  St.  Mary  and  St.  Peter, 
Suffolk.  He  died  at  Forncett  on  7  Aug.  1 788. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  W.  Hanchet. 
He  attacked  Dr.  Middleton's  '  Free  Inquiry ' 
in  his '  Defensio  miraculorum  quse  in  ecclesia 
Christiana  facta  esse  perhibentur  post  tem- 
pora  Apostolorum,'  Cambridge,  1748,  which 
appeared  in  English  in  1750.  This  work 
called  forth  several '  Letters '  in  reply.  Brooke 
was  also  the  author  of  a  collection  of  ser- 
mons, issued  in  1763. 

[Baker's  St.  John's  College  (ed.  Mayor),  1029, 
1030,  1042;  Nichols's  Lit.  Anecd.  i.  563-4,  viii. 
379;  Nichols's  Lit.  Illustr.  iv.  371;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat.]  S.  L.  L. 

BROOKES,  JOSHUA  (1754-1821),  ec- 
centric divine,  was  born  at  Cheadle-Hulme, 
near  Stockport,   and  baptised   on   19  May 
I  1754.    His  father,  a  shoemaker,  who  removed 
|  soon  after  his  son's  birth  to  Manchester,  was 
'  a  cripple  of  violent  temper,  known  by  the 
name  of '  Pontius  Pilate.'   He  had,  however, 
a  genuine  affection  for  his  boy,  who  was 
;  educated  at  the  Manchester  grammar  school, 
I  where  he  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Ay nscough,  M.A.,  who  obtained  the 
aid  which,  with  a  school  exhibition,  enabled 
him  to  proceed  to  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  B.A.  on  17  June  1778 
and  M.A.  on  21  June  1781.    In  the  following 
year  he  became  curate  of  Chorlton  Chapel, 
and  in  December  1790  was  appointed  chaplain 
of  the  collegiate  church  of  Manchester,  a  posi- 


'died  1 6  Se£t.  1631  ' 
St.  John)  was  made 
proved  20  Sept.' 


*      After 

insert  4  His  will  (99 
16   Sept.    1631    and 


Brookes 


435 


Brookes 


tion  which  he  retained  until  his  death  on 
11  Nov.  1821.  He  acted  for  a  time  as  assis- 
tant master  at  the  grammar  school,  but  was 
exceedingly  unpopular  with  the  boys,  who 
at  times  ejected  him  from  the  schoolroom, 
struggling  and  shrieking  out  at  the  loudest 
pitch  of  an  unmelodious  voice  his  uncompli- 
mentary opinions  of  them  as  'blockheads.' 
He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  one  of  his 
pupils,  Dr.  Joseph  Allen,  bishop  of  Ely,  , 
frankly  acknowledged, '  If  it  had  not  been  for 
Joshua  Brookes,  I  should  never  have  been  a 
fellow  of  Trinity ' — which  proved  the  step- 
ping-stone to  the  episcopal  bench.  Brookes 
was  a  book  collector ;  but  although  he  brought 
together  a  large  library,  he  was  entirely  de- 
ficient in  the  finer  instincts  of  the  biblio- 
maniac, and  nothing  could  be  more  tasteless 
than  his  fashion  of  illustrating  his  books  i 
with  tawdry  and  worthless  engravings.  His 
memory  was  prodigious.  In  his  common  talk 
he  spoke  the  broad  dialect  of  the  county,  and 
his  uncouthness  brought  him  frequently  into 
disputes  with  the  townspeople.  He  would  in- 
terrupt the  service  of  the  church  to  administer 
a  rebuke  or  to  box  the  ears  of  some  unruly  boy. 
A  caricature  appeared  in  which  he  is  repre- 
sented as  reading  the  burial  service  at  a  grave 
and  saying, '  And  I  heard  a  voice  from  heaven 
saying — knock  that  black  imp  off  the  wall ! ' 
The  artist  was  prosecuted  and  fined.  Brookes's 
peculiarities  brought  him  into  frequent  con- 
flict with  his  fellow-clergymen.  As  chaplain 
of  the  Manchester  collegiate  church  he  bap- 
tised, married,  and  buried  more  persons  than 
any  clergyman  in  the  kingdom.  He  is  de- 
scribed in  Parkinson's  '  Old  Church  Clock ' 
as  the  '  Rev.  Joseph  Rivers,'  and  he  appears 
under  his  own  name  in  the  '  Manchester  Man ' 
of  Mrs.  G.  Linnaeus  Banks.  In '  Blackwood's 
Magazine  '  for  March  1821  appeared  a  <  Brief 
Sketch  of  the  Rev.  Josiah  Streamlet,'  and  that 
Brookes  read  it  is  evident  from  his  annotated 
copy,  which  is  now  in  the  Manchester  Free 
Library.  The  article  was  incorrectly  attri- 
buted to  Mr.  James  Crossley,  but  is  properly 
assigned  to  Mr.  Charles  Wheeler. 

In  appearance  he  was  diminutive  and 
corpulent ;  he  had  bushy,  meeting  brows 
(Parr  styled  him  'the  gentleman  with  the 
straw-coloured  eyebrows '),  a  shrill  voice,  and 
rapid  utterance.  He  was  careless  and  shabby 
in  his  dress,  except  on  Sundays,  when  he  was 
scrupulously  clean  and  neat.  His  portrait, 
from  a  drawing  taken  by  Minasi  a  few  weeks 
before  his  death,  has  been  engraved.  His 
general  appearance  gained  him  the  nickname 
of  the '  Knave  of  Clubs,'  though  he  was  usually 
styled  '  St.  Crispin.' 

[Free  Thoughts  on  many  Subjects,  by  a  Man- 
chester Man  (the  Kev.  Eobert  Lamb), 'London, 


1866,  p.  122  ;  Parkinson's  Old  Church  Clock, 
5th  edition,  with  biographical  sketch  by  John 
Evans,  Manchester,  1880;  Churton's  Life  of 
Nowell,  pp.  200,  225  ;  Booker's  Hist,  of  Chorlton 
Chapel  (Chetham  Society) ;  an  article  by  John 
Harland  in  Chambers's  Book  of  Days,  ii.  568  ; 
Smith's  Manchester  Grammar  School  Register 
(Chetham  Society),  i.  109;  Songs  of  the  Wilsons, 
edited  by  Harland,  Manchester,  1865  ;  Bamford's 
Early  Days,  p.  292 ;  Banks's  Manchester  Man, 
1876,  vol.  iii.  Appendix;  Harland's  Collectanea 
(Chetham  Society).]  W.  E.  A.  A. 

BROOKES,  JOSHUA  (1761-1833),  ana- 
tomist, was  born  on  24  Nov.  1761,  and  studied 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  London  under  Wil- 
liam Hunter,  Hewson,  Andrew  Marshall, 
and  Sheldon,  afterwards  attending  the  prac- 
tice of  Portal  and  other  eminent  surgeons  at 
the  Hotel-Dieu,  Paris.  Returning  to  London 
he  commenced  to  teach  anatomy  and  form  a 
museum.  He  was  an  accurate  anatomist 
and  excellent  dissector,  and  prepared  very 
many  of  the  specimens  in  his  museum.  He 
invented  a  very  useful  method  of  preserving 
subjects  for  his  lectures  and  class  dissections, 
so  as  to  preserve  a  healthy  colour  and  arrest 
decomposition.  For  this  he  was  elected 
F.R.S.  His  success  as  a  teacher  was  so  great 
that  in  the  course  of  forty  years  more  than 
five  thousand  pupils  passed  under  his  tuition 
in  anatomy  and  physiology.  He  was  very 
devoted  to  the  formation  of  his  museum, 
which  from  first  to  last  cost  him  30,000/., 
and  was  second  only  to  that  of  John  Hunter. 
It  included  a  vast  collection  of  specimens 
illustrating  human  and  comparative  anatomy, 
morbid  and  normal.  His  brother  kept  the  cele- 
brated menagerie  in  Exeter  Change,  and  thus 
Brookes  easily  obtained  specimens.  In  1826, 
owing  to  ill-health  brought  on  by  constant 
presence  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  dissecting- 
room,  he  was  compelled  to  leave  off  teaching ; 
and  at  a  dinner  presided  over  by  Dr.  Pet- 
tigrew  he  received  from  the  hands  of  the 
Duke  of  Sussex  a  marble  bust  of  himself,  sub- 
scribed for  by  his  pupils.  After  vainly  en- 
deavouring to  dispose  of  his  museum  entire, 
he  was  compelled  to  sell  it  piecemeal.  The 
final  sale  took  place  on  1  March  1830  and 
twenty-two  following  days;  but  very  little 
was  realised  for  Brookes's  support  in  his  old 
age.  He  died  10  Jan.  1833,  in  Great  Portland 
Street,  London. 

His  published  writings  include  '  Lectures 
on  the  Anatomy  of  the  Ostrich '  ('  Lancet,' 
vol.  xii.) ;  '  Brookesian  Museum,'  1827 ;  '  Cata- 
logue of  Zootomical  Collection,'  1828  ;  'Ad- 
dress to  the  Zoological  Club  of  the  Linnean 
Society,'  1828  ;  '  Thoughts  on  Cholera,'  1831, 
proposing  most  useful  hygienic  precautions, 
especially  as  to  the  cleansing  of  the  slums ; 

p  p  2 


Brookes 


436 


Brooking 


and  a  description  of  a  new  genus  of  Rodentia 
(Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  1829). 

[Museum  Brookesianum,  Descriptive  and  His- 
torical Catalogue,  1830  ;  Lancet,  19  Jan.,  31  Aug., 
and  14  Dec.  1833;  Memorials  of  J.  F.  South, 
1884,  pp.  103-6.] 

BROOKES,  RICHARD  (/.  1750),  phy- 
sician and  author,  has  left  but  slight  memo- 
rials of  his  life,  except  numerous  compilations 
and  translations  on  medicine,  surgery,  natural 
history,  and  geography,  most  of  which  went 
through  several  editions.  He  was  at  one  time 
a  rural  practitioner  in  Surrey  (Dedication  of 
Art  of  Angling).  At  some  time  previous  to 
1762  he  had  travelled  both  in  America  and 
Africa  (Preface  to  Natural  History}.  He 
was  an  industrious  compiler,  especially  from 
continental  writers,  and  his  '  General  Gazet- 
teer '  supplied  a  manifest  want.  It  has  gone 
through  a  great  number  of  editions,  the  prin- 
cipal recent  editor  being  A.  G.  Findlay. 

The  following  are  Brookes's  chief  writings : 
1.  '  History  of  the  most  remarkable  Pesti- 
lential Distempers/  1721.  2.  'The  Art  of 
Angling,  Rock  and  Sea  Fishing,  with  the 
Natural  History  of  River,  Pond,  and  Sea 
Fish,'  1740.  3.  'The  General  Practice  of 
Physic,'  1751.  4.  '  An  Introduction  to  Physic 
and  Surgery/  2  vols.  1754.  5.  '  The  General 
Gazetteer/ 'London,  1762.  6.  'A  System  of 
Natural  History/  6  vols.  1763.  His  prin- 
cipal translations  are  '  The  Natural  History 
of  Chocolate/  from  the  French  of  Quelus, 
2nd  ed.  1730,  and  Duhalde's  'History  of 
China/  4  vols.  1736. 

[Brookes's  works  as  above.]  Gr.  T.  B. 

BROOKFIELD,  WILLIAM  HENRY 

(1809-1874),  divine,  was  the  son  of  Charles 
Brookfield,  a  solicitor  at  Sheffield,  where 
he  was  born  on  31  Aug.  1809.  In  1827  he 
was  articled  to  a  solicitor  at  Leeds,  but 
left  this  position  to  enter  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  in  October  1829  (B.A.  1833, 
and  M.A.  1836).  In  1834  he  became  tutor 
to  George  William  (afterwards  fourth  Lord) 
Lyttelton  (1817-1876).  In  December  1834 
he  was  ordained  to  the  curacy  of  Maltby  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  was  afterwards  curate  at 
Southampton,  in  1840  of  St.  James's,  Picca- 
dilly, and  in  1841  of  St.  Luke's,  Berwick 
Street.  In  1841  he  married  Jane  Octavia, 
the  youngest  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  Elton 
of  Clevedon.  The  wife  of  Hallam  the  his- 
torian was  Sir  C.  Elton's  sister.  In  1848 
Brookfield  was  appointed  inspector  of  schools 
by  Lord  Lansdowne.  He  held  the  post  for 
seventeen  years,  during  part  of  which  time 
he  was  morning  preacher  at  Berkeley  Chapel, 
Mayfair.  On  resigning  his  inspectorship  he 
became  rector  of  Somerby-cum-Humby,  near 


Grantham.  He  was  also  reader  at  the  Rolls 
Chapel,  and  continued  to  reside  chiefly  in 
London.  In  I860  he  was  appointed  honorary 
chaplain  to  the  queen,  and  became  afterwards 
chaplain-in-ordinary.  He  died  on  12  July 
1874 

Brookfield  was  an  impressive  preacher, 
and  attracted  many  cultivated  hearers.  His 
sermons,  which  show  no  special  theological 
bias,  have  considerable  literary  merit.  He 
|  had  an  original  vein  of  humour,  which  made 
I  even  his  reports  as  a  school  inspector  un- 
usually amusing.  He  had  extraordinary 
powers  of  elocution  and  mimicry.  As  a 
reader  he  was  unsurpassable,  and  his  college 
friends  describe  his  powers  of  amusing  anec- 
dote as  astonishing.  Dr.  Thompson  says  that 
he  has  seen  a  whole  audience  at  one  of  these 
displays  stretched  upon  their  backs  by  inex- 
tinguishable laughter.  He  had  the  melan- 
choly temperament  often  associated  with 
humour,  and  suffered  from  ill-health,  which 
in  1851  necessitated  a  voyage  to  Madeira. 
He  was  known  to  all  the  most  eminent  men 
of  letters  of  his  time,  some  of  whom,  especially 
Lord  Tennyson  and  Arthur  Hallam,  had 
been  his  college  friends.  He  was  described 
by  his  friend  Thackeray  as  '  Frank  White- 
stock  '  in  the  '  Curate's  Walk/  and  Lord 
Tennyson  contributes  a  sonnet  to  his  memory 
in  the '  Memoir.'  In  the  same  memoir,  written 
by  his  old  pupil  and  friend  Lord  Lyttelton, 
will  be  found  letters  from  Carlyle,  Sir  Henry 
Taylor,  Mr.  Kinglake,  James  Spedding,  Dr.. 
Thompson  (master  of  Trinity  College),  Mrs. 
Ritchie,  and  others. 

[Sermons  with  Memoir,  by  Lord  Lyttelton,. 
1874.] 

BROOKING,  CHARLES  (1723-1759), 
marine  painter,  was  'bred  in  some  depart- 
ment in  the  dockyard  at  Deptford,  but  prac- 
tised as  a  ship  painter,  in  which  he  certainly 
excelled  all  his  countrymen.'  This  is  the 
account  given  by  Edwards  of  a  painter  of 
whom  now  there  is  little  to  be  known.  He- 
was  a  friend  of  Dominic  Serres.  An  anec- 
dote told  by  that  artist  to  Edwards  shows 
that  Brooking,  like  many  painters  then  and 
now,  was  in  the  hands  of  dealers.  They 
would  not  allow  him  to  sign  his  works,  and 
through  that  prohibition  it  happened  that  he 
found  a  private  patron  only  when  patronage 
could  do  him  no  good.  'He  painted  sea- 
views  and  sea-fights,  which  showed  an  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  naval  tactics;  his 
colour  was  bright  and  clear,  his  water  pel- 
lucid, his  manner  broad  and  spirited.'  By  his 
death,  according  to  the  opinion  of  his  time, 
a  painter  was  lost  who  promised  to  stand  in 
the  highest  rank.  In  the  Foundling  Hospital 


Brooks 


437 


Brooks 


a  fine  picture  of  his  is  preserved.  Godfrey, 
Ravenet,  Canot,  and  Boydell  have  engraved 
his  works.  He  owed  his  death  to  his  doctor, 
and  was  slain,  in  his  thirty-sixth  year,  by 
'injudicious  medical  advice, given  to  remove 
a  perpetual  headache.'  He  left  his  family 
destitute. 

[Edwards's  Anecdotes  of  Painters  ;  Works  of 
Edward  Dayes;  Eedgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists  of 
Eng.  School;  Bryan's  Diet,  of  Painters,  ed. 
Graves.]  E.  E. 

BROOKS,  CHARLES  WILLIAM 
SHIRLEY  (1816-1874),  editor  of  '  Punch,' 
was  the  son  of  William  Brooks,  architect, 
who  died  on  11  Dec.  1867,  aged  80,  by  his 
wife  Elizabeth,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Sabine  of  Islington.  He  was  born  at 
52  Doughty  Street,  London,  29  April  1816, 
and  after  his  earlier  education  was  articled, 
on  24  April  1832,  to  his  uncle,  Mr.  Charles 
Sabine  of  Oswestry,  for  the  term  of  five 
years,  and  passed  the  Incorporated  Law 
Society's  examination  in  November  1838, 
but  there  is  no  record  of  his  ever  having 
become  a  solicitor;  for  the  natural  bent  of 
his  genius  impelled  him,  like  Dickens  and 
Disraeli,  to  lighter  studies,  and  he  forsook 
law  for  literature. 

During  five  sessions  he  occupied  a  seat  in 
the  reporters'  gallery  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, as  the  writer  of  the  parliamentary 
summary  in  the  'Morning  Chronicle.'  In 
1853  he  was  sent  by  that  journal  as  special 
commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  questions 
connected  with  the  subject  of  labour  and 
the  poor  in  Russia,  Syria,  and  Egypt.  His 
pleasant  letters  from  these  countries  were 
afterwards  collected  and  published  in  the 
sixth  volume  of  the  f  Travellers'  Library,' 
under  the  title  of  the  '  Russians  of  the  South.' 

In  early  times,  1842,  he  signed  his  articles 
which  were  appearing  in '  Ainsworth's  Maga- 
zine '  Charles  W.  Brooks.  His  second  lite- 
rary signature  was  C.  Shirley  Brooks,  and 
finally  he  became  Shirley  Brooks.  His  full 
Christian  names  were  Charles  William  Shir- 
ley, the  latter  being  an  old  name  in  the 
family.  His  first  magazine  papers,  among 
which  were  'A  Lounge  in  the  (Eil  de 
Bceuf,'  'An  Excursion  of  some  English 
Actors  to  China,'  '  Cousin  Emily,'  and  '  The 
Shrift  on  the  Rail,'  brought  him  into  com- 
munication with  Harrison  Ainsworth,  Laman 
Blanchard,  and  other  well-known  men,  and 
he  soon  became  the  centre  of  a  strong  muster 
of  literary  friends,  who  found  pleasure  in  his 
wit  and  social  qualities.  As  a  dramatist 
he  frequently  achieved  considerable  success, 
without,  however,  once  making  any  ambi- 
tious effort — such,  for  example,  as  producing 


a  five-act  comedy.  His  original  drama, '  The 
Creole,  or  Love's  Fetters,' was  produced  at  the 
Lyceum  8  April  1847  with  marked  applause. 
A  lighter  piece,  entitled  '  Anything  for  a 
Change,'  was  brought  out  at  the  same  house 
7  June  1848.  Two  years  afterwards,  5  Aug. 
1850,  his  two-act  drama,  the  '  Daughter  of  the 
Stars,'  was  acted  at  the  New  Strand  Theatre. 
The  exhibition  of  1851  gave  occasion  for  his 
writing  l  The  Exposition :  a  Scandinavian 
Sketch,  containing  as  much  irrelevant  matter 
as  possible  in  one  act,'  which  was  produced 
at  the  Strand  on  28  April  in  that  year. 

In  association  with  John  Oxenford,  he  sup- 
plied to  the  Olympic,  26  Dec.  1861,  an  extra- 
vaganza, which  had  the  sensational  heading 
1  Timour  the  Tartar,  or  the  Iron  Master  of 
Samarkand,'  the  explanatory  letterpress  sig- 
nificantly stating  that  a  trifling  lapse  be- 
tween the  year  1361  and  the  year  1861  occa- 
sionally occurs.  Amongst  his  other  dramatic 
pieces  may  be  mentioned  the  '  Guardian 
Angel,'  a  farce,  the  '  Lowther  Arcade,' 
'  Honours  and  Tricks,'  and  '  Our  New  Go- 
verness/ 

Brooks  was  in  his  earlier  days  a  contribu- 
tor to  many  of  the  best  periodicals.  He  was 
a  leader  writer  on  the  ( Illustrated  London 
News,'  to  which  journal  at  a  later  period  he 
furnished  a  weekly  article  under  the  name 
of  '  Nothing  in  the  Papers.'  He  conducted 
the  'Literary  Gazette'  1858-9,  and  edited 
'  Home  News '  after  the  death  of  Robert  Bell 
in  1867.  To  a  volume  edited  by  Albert  Smith 
in  1849,  called  '  Gavarni  in  London,'  he  fur- 
nished three  sketches— '  The  Opera,'  'The 
Coulisse,'  and ' The  Foreign  Gentleman; '  and 
in  companionship  with  Angus  B.  Reach  he 
published  '  A  Story  with  a  Vengeance '  in 
1852.  At  thirty-eight  years  of  age  he  began  to 
assert  his  claim  to  consideration  as  a  popular 
novelist  by  writing  '  Aspen  Court :  a  Story 
of  our  own  Time.'  Conscious,  as  he  must 
have  been,  of  his  first  success  of  a  substan- 
tial kind  as  an  imaginative  writer,  he  never- 
theless allowed  five  years  to  elapse  before  he 
made  his  second  venture  as  a  novelist.  He 
did  so  then  as  the  author  of  a  new  serial 
fiction,  the '  Gordian  Knot,'  in  January  1858 ; 
but  this  work,  although  illustrated  by  J. 
Tenniel,  and  consisting  of  twelve  numbers 
only,  remained  unfinished  for  upwards  of 
two  years. 

The  most  important  and  interesting  event 
in  Shirley  Brooks's  life  was  his  connection 
with  '  Punch,'  which  took  place  in  1851.  He 
made  use  of  the  name  '  Epicurus  Rotundus ' 
as  the  signature  to  his  articles.  From  this 
period  to  his  decease  he  was  a  contributor 
to  the  columns  of  that  periodical,  and  in  1870 
he  succeeded  Mark  Lemon  as  editor.  One  of 


Brooks 


438 


Brooks 


his  best  known  series  of  articles  was  '  The 
Essence  of  Parliament/  a  style  of  writing  for 
which  he  was  peculiarly  fitted  by  his  previous 
training  in  connection  with  the  'Morning 
Chronicle.' 

On  14  March  1872  Brooks  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  He  was 
always  a  hard  and  industrious  worker,  and 
the  four  years  during  which  he  acted  as  editor 
of  *  Punch '  formed  no  exception  to  the  rule. 
Death  found  him  in  the  midst  of  his  books 
and  papers  working  cheerfully  amongst  his 
family.  Two  articles,  'Election  Epigrams' 
and  'The  Situation/  were  written  on  his 
death-bed,  and  before  they  were  published  he 
was  dead. 

He  died  at  6  Kent  Terrace,  Regent's  Park, 
London,  on  23  Feb.  1874,  and  was  buried  in 
Norwood  Green  cemetery  on  28  Feb. 

He  married  Emily  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  Walkinshaw  of  Naparima, 
Trinidad.  She  was  granted  a  civil  list  pension 
of  100/.  on  19  June  1876,  and  died  on  14  May 
1880. 

The  works  by  Brooks  not  already  men- 
tioned are:  1.  'Amusing  Poetry/  1857. 

2.  ' The  Silver  Cord,  a  Story/  1861,  3  vols. 

3.  '  Follies  of  the  Year/  by  J.  Leech,  with 
notes  by  S.  Brooks,  1866.    4.  'Sooner  or 
Later/  with  illustrations  by  G.  Du  Maurier, 
1866-68,  3  vols.     5.  'The  Naggletons  and 
Miss  Violet,  and  her  Offer/  1875.     6.  'Wit 
and  Humour,  Poems  from  "  Punch," '  edited 
ly  his  son,  Reginald  Shirley  Brooks,  1875. 

[Illustrated  Review  (1872),  iii.  545-50,  with 
portrait ;  Cartoon  Portraits  of  Men  of  the  Day, 
1873,  pp.  128-33,  with  portrait;  Gent.  Mag. 
(1874),  xii.  561-9,  by  Blanchard  Jerrold  ;  Il- 
lustrated London  News  (1874),  Ixiv.  223,  225, 
with  portrait;  Graphic  (1874),  ix.  218,  229, 
with  portrait;  Yates's  Recollections  (1884),  i. 
158,  ii.  143-9.]  G.  C.  B. 

BROOKS,  FERDINAND.  [See  GKEEN, 
HUGH.] 

BROOKS,  GABRIEL  (1704-1741),  calli- 
grapher,  born  in  1704,  was  apprenticed  to 
Dennis  Sjnith,  a  writing-master  '  in  Castle 
Street  in  the  Park,  Southwark/  and  kept  a 
day  school  in  Burr  Street,  Wapping,  until 
his  death  in  1741.  Dennis  Smith's  widow 
married  a  supposed  relation  of  his,  William 
Brooks,  who  in  1717,  when  only  twenty-one 
years  old,  published  a  work  entitled  'A  De- 
lightful Recreation.'  Very  little  remains  of 
Brooks's  skill  in  penmanship — only  a  few 
plates  scattered  through  that  rare  folio  work 
on  calligraphy  entitled  'The  Universal  Pen- 
man, or  the  Art  of  Writing  made  useful 
written  with  the  assistance  of  several  of 
the  most  eminent  Masters,  and  Engraved  by 


George  Bickham/  London,  1741.  These 
elegantly  executed  plates  (nine  in  all)  con- 
sist of  No.  29,  '  Idleness ; '  33,  '  Discretion ; ' 
38,  '  Modesty : '  66,  'Musick ; '  No.  2  after  66, 
'  To  the  Author  of  the  Tragedy  of  Cato ; ' 
68,  'Painting; '  No.  1  after  68,  '  On  Sculp- 
ture '  (signed  A.D.  1737) ;  one  unnumbered, 
'  Liberty ; '  and  one  on  '  Credit '  in  the  second 
part  of  the  work  relating  to  merchandise  and 
trade. 

[Massey's  Origin  of  Letters  ;  Moore's  Inven- 
tion of  Writing;  Bickham's  Universal  Penman.] 

J.  W.-G. 

BROOKS,  JAMES  (1512-1560),  bishop 
of  Gloucester,  born  in  Hampshire  in  May  1512, 
was  admitted  a  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  in  1528,  and  a  fellow  in 
January  1531-2,  being  then  B.A.  After 
graduating  M.A.  he  studied  divinity  and 
was  created  D.D.  in  1546.  In  the  following 
year  he  became  master  of  Balliol  College. 
He  was  chaplain  and  almoner  to  Bishop 
Gardiner  (STRYPE,  Cranmer,  310,  374,  fol.), 
and  after  Queen  Mary's  accession  he  was 
elected  bishop  of  Gloucester,  in  succession 
to  John  Hooper,  at  whose  trial  he  assisted 
(STEYPE,  Eccl  Memorials,  iii.  180,  fol.)  He 
was  consecrated  in  St.  Saviour's  Church, 
Southwark,  on  1  April,  and  received  resti- 
tution of  the  temporalities  on  8  May  1554 
(LsNEVE,  Fasti,  ed.  Hardy,  i.  437).  In  1555 
he  was  delegated  by  the  pope  to  examine 
and  try  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer ;  and 
in  1557-8  Cardinal  Pole  appointed  him  his 
commissioner  to  visit  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford (STEYPE,  Eccl.  Memorials,  iii.  391,  fol.) 
On  Queen  Elizabeth's  accession  he  was  de- 
prived of  his  see  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath 
of  supremacy,  and  was  committed  to  prison, 
where  he  died  in  the  beginning  of  February 
1 559-60  (DoDD,  Church  Hut.  i.  499).  He  was 
buried  in  Gloucester  Cathedral,  but  no  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  his  memory.  Wood  de- 
scribes him  as  '  a  person  very  learned  in  the 
time  he  lived,  an  eloquent  preacher,  and  a 
zealous  maintainer  of  the  Roman  catholic  re- 
ligion' (Athena  Oxon.  ed.  Bliss,  i.  315),  but 
Bishop  Jewel  says  he  was  '  a  beast  of  most 
impure  life,  and  yet  more  impure  conscience ' 
(Letter  to  Peter  Martyr,  20  March  1559-60). 

His  works  are:  1.  'A  Sermon,  very 
notable,  fruictefull,  and  godlie,  made  at 
Panics  Crosse,  the  xii.  daie  of  Nouembre  in 
the  first  yere  of  Quene  Marie/  Lond.  1553, 
8vo,  '  newly  imprinted  and  somewhat  aug- 
mented/ 1554.  His  text  was  Matt.  ix.  18, 
'  Lord,  my  daughter  is  even  now  deceased/ 
These  words  he  applied  to  the  kingdom  and 
church  of  England,  upon  their  late  defection 
from  the  pope,  but  the  protestants  censured 


Brooks 


439 


Brooks 


the  sermon,  saying  that  he  had  made  himself 
to  be  Jairus,  England  his  daughter,  and  the 
queen  Christ  (STKYPE,  EccL  Memorials,  iii. 
74,  fol.)  2.  Oration  in  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Oxford,  on  12  March  1555,  addressed  to  Arch- 
bishop Cranmer.  3.  Oration  at  the  close  of 
Archbishop  Cranmer's  examination.  These 
two  orations  are  printed  in  Foxe's  'Acts  and 
Monuments.' 

[Ames's  Ty pogr.  Antiq.  (Herbert),  829  ;  Cotton. 
MS.  Vespasian,  A,  xxv.  13  ;  Cranmer's  "Works 
(Cox),  ii.  212,  214,  225,  383,  446,  447,  454,  455, 
456,  541 ;  Dodd's  Church  Hist.  i.  498 ;  Foxe's 
Acts  and  Monuments;  Godwin,  De  Prsesulibus 
(Richardson),  552 ;  Jewell's  Works  (Ayre),  iv. 
1199,  1201;  Lansd.  MS.  980,  f.  250;  Latimer's 
Works  (Corrie),  ii.  283  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy), 
i.  437,  iii.  540 ;  Machyn's  Diary,  58  ;  Philpot's 
Examinations  and  Writings  (Eden),  p.  xxviii ; 
Kidley's  Works  (Christmas),  pp.  xii,  255,  283, 
427;  Rudder's  Gloucestershire,  156;  Rymer's 
Foedera  (1713),  xv.  389,  489;  Strype's  Works  (see 
general  index) ;  Wood's  Annals  (Gutch),  ii.  130- 
131;  Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  i.  3 1 4,  ii .  79 1 ; 
Zurich  Letters,  i.  12.]  T.  C. 

BROOKS,  JOHN  (ft.  1755),  engraver,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  and  his  first  known  work 
was  executed  in  line-engraving  at  Dublin  in 
1730.  The  skill  and  industry  of  Brooks  in  his 
early  years  appeared  in  a  copy  which  he  made 
in  pen  and  ink  from  a  plate  of  Richard  III 
by  Hogarth,  who  is  said  to  have  mistaken 
it  for  his  own  engraving.  The  earliest  en- 

rved  portrait  of  Mrs.  Woffington  is  that 
Brooks,  and  bears  the  date  of  June  1740. 
Between  1741  and  1746  Brooks  produced  at 
Dublin  several  mezzotinto  portraits  and  en- 
gravings. About  1747  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  engaged  in  the  management  of  a 
manufactory  at  Battersea  for  the  enamelling 
of  china  in  colours  by  a  process  which  he 
had  devised.  The  articles  produced  were  or- 
namented with  subjects  chiefly  from  Homer 
and  Ovid,  and  were  greatly  admired  for  the 
beauty  of  the  designs  and  the  elegance  and 
novelty  of  the  style  in  which  they  were  exe- 
cuted. The  manufactory  was  for  a  time  suc- 
cessful, but  led  eventually  to  the  bankruptcy 
of  its  chief  proprietor,  Stephen  Theodore 
Janssen,  lord  mayor  of  London  for  1754-5. 
Brooks  continued  in  London  as  an  engraver 
and  enameller  of  china.  He  is  said  to  have 
spent  much  of  his  later  years  in  dissipation, 
and  there  are  no  records  of  his  works  during 
that  period,  or  of  the  date  of  his  death.  Some 
of  the  pupils  of  Brooks  highly  distinguished 
themselves  as  engravers  in  mezzotinto. 
Among  them  was  James  MacArdell,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  masters  of  that  art.  A 
catalogue  of  the  works  of  Brooks  was  for 
the  first  time  published  some  years  since  by 


the  writer  of  the  present  notice,  and  to  it 
some  additions  were  made  in  1878  in  the 
work  by  J.  C.  Smith  on  British  mezzotinto 
portraits. 

[Dublin  Journal,  1742-6;  Anthologia  Hiber- 
nica,  1793  ;  Hist,  of  Dublin,  1856.]  J.  T.  G. 

BROOKS,  THOMAS  (1608-1680),  puri- 
tan divine,  was  probably  of  a  pious  puritan 
family  settled  in  some  rural  district.  He 
matriculated  as  pensioner  of  Emmanuel  on 
7  July  1625.  He  was  doubtless  licensed  or 
ordained  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  about 
1640.  In  1648  he  was  preacher  at  St.  Thomas 
Apostle.  At  an  earlier  date  Brooks  appears 
to  have  been  chaplain  to  Rainsborough,  the 
admiral  of  the  parliamentary  fleet ;  he  was 
afterwards  chaplain  to  the  admiral's  own 
son,  Colonel  Thomas  Rainsborough,  whose 
funeral  sermon  he  preached  in  November 
1648.  In  the  same  year  (26  Dec.)  he  preached 
a  sermon  before  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
a  second  sermon  to  the  Commons  on  8  Oct. 
1650.  In  1652-3  he  was  transferred  to  St. 
Margaret's,  Fish-street  Hill.  There  he  met 
with  some  opposition,  which  occasioned  his 
tract,  *  Cases  considered  and  resolved ;  .  .  . 
or  Pills  to  purge  Malignaiits,'  1653,  and  in 
the  same  year  he  published  his  '  Precious 
Remedies.'  In  1662  he  was  one  of  the  ejected. 
After  preaching  his  farewell  sermon  (an 
analysis  of  which  is  in  Palmer's  '  Memorial ') 
in  1662,  he  continued  his  ministry  in  a  build- 
ing in  Moorfields.  In  the  plague  year  he  was 
at  his  post,  and  published  his  '  Heavenly  Cor- 
dial '  for  such  as  had  escaped.  The  extreme 
rarity  of  this  little  volume  is  said  to  be  owing 
to  the  great  fire  of  London,  which  destroyed 
the  entire  stock  of  so  many  books.  His 
thoughts  on  this  ( fiery  dispensation '  are  re- 
corded in  his  *  London's  Lamentations/  pub- 
lished in  1670.  Baxter  mentions  Brooks 
respectfully  as  one  of  the  independent  minis- 
ters who  held  their  meetings  more  publicly 
after  the  fire  of  London  than  before.  About 
1676  his  first  wife  died,  and  he  published  an 
account  of  her  l  experiences,'  with  a  funeral 
sermon  preached  by  a  friend.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  married  a  young  woman  named 
Cartwright.  His  will  is  dated  20  March  1680. 
He  died  on  27  Sept.,  aged  72.  A  copy  of  his 
funeral  sermon,  by  John  Reeve,  dated  1680, 
is  in  Dr.  Williams's  library. 

More  than  fifty  editions  of  several  of  his 
books  have  been  published.  The  Religious 
Tract  Society  long  continued  to  reprint  some 
of  Brooks's  writings  ;  the  greater  part  of  his 
smaller  pieces  were  also  constantly  kept  in 
stock  by  the  Book  Society.  Dr.  Grosart's 
notes  on  the  early  editions  contain  much  in- 
formation. The  first  editions  are  as  follows  : 


Brookshaw 


440 


Broom 


-  1.  '  The  Glorious  Day  of  the  Saints/  a  funeral 
sermon    for    Colonel    Rainsborough,    1648 

-  2.  '  God's  Delight  in  the  Upright/  a  sermon 
to  the  House  of  Commons,  1648-9.     3.  'The 

/  Hypocrite  detected/  thanksgiving  sermon 
for  victory  at  Dunbar,  1650.  4.  'A  Be- 
liever's Last  Day  his  Best  Day/  a  funeral 
sermon  for  Martha  Randall,  1651-2.  5.  'Pre- 
cious Remedies  against  Satan's  Devices/ 
1652.  6.  'Cases  considered  and  resolved/ 
1652-3.  7.  'Heaven  on  Earth'  (on  assur- 
ance), 1654.  8.  'Unsearchable  Riches  oi 
Christ/  1655.  9.  '  Apples  of  Gold/  funeral 
J  sermon  for  Jo.  Wood,  1657.  10.  '  String  of 
v  Pearls/  funeral  sermon  for  Mary  Blake,  1657. 
11.  'The  Silent  Soul,  or  Mute  Christian 
under  the  Smarting  Rod/  1659.  12.  '  An 
Arke  for  all  God's  Noahs/  1662.  13.  '  The 
Crown  and  Glory  of  Christianity/  1662. 

14.  'The   Privie    Key   of    Heaven/   1665. 

15.  'A  Heavenly  Cordial/  for  the  plague, 
1665.     16.    'A  Cabinet  of  Choice  Jewels/ 
1669.     17.  'London's  Lamentations'  (on  the 
great  fire),  1670.     18.  '  A  Golden  Key '  and 
'  Paradise    opened/    1675.      Besides    these 
Brooks  wrote  epistles  prefixed  to  Susannah 
Bell's  '  Legacy  of  a  Dying  Mother/  1673  ;  to 
Dr.  Everard's  'Gospel  Treasury/  1652;  to 
the  works  of  Dr.  Thomas  Taylor,  1653  ;  and 
to  John  Durant's  '  Altum  Silentium/  1659  ; 
also  the '  Experiences  of  Mrs.  Martha  Brooks/ 
wife  to  Thomas  Brooks,  appended  to  her 
funeral  sermon  by  J.  C.  (Dr.  John  Collinges, 
of  Norwich?),  1676.     To  this  Brooks  added 
notes.     Some  select  works  of  Brooks  were 
published  under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Bradley  in  1824 ;  the  '  Unsearchable 
Riches '  was  included  in  Ward's  Standard 
Library.     The  best  of  his  sayings  have  been 
printed  in  '  Smooth  Stones  taken  from  An- 
cient Brooks/  by  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon. 
The    complete  works    of   Thomas  Brooks, 
edited  with  a  memoir  by  the  Rev.  A.  B. 
Grosart,  were  printed  at  Edinburgh  in  1866 
in  six  volumes  octavo.     In  his  '  Descriptive 
List '  John  Brown  reserves  a  select  place  for 
Brooks's  works,  as  among  the  best  of  the 
nonconformists'  writings.    His  works  abound 
in  classical  quotations   in  Hebrew,  Greek, 
and  Latin.     It  is  said  there  was  a  printed 
catalogue  of  Brooks's  library  issued  for  the 
sale,  but  no  copy  of  it  can  be  traced. 

[Calamy's  Nonconformists'  Memorial,  vol.  i., 
1802;  Eeeves's  Funeral  Sermon  for  Thomas 
Brooks,  1680;  Descriptive  List  of  Religious  Books, 
by  John  Brown  of  Whitburn,  1827;  G-rosart's 
Memoir  and  Notes  in  Brooks's  Collected  Works, 

J.  H.  T. 


BROOKSHAW,  RICHARD  (/.  1804), 
mezzotint  engraver,  was  for  some  years  chiefly 


employed  at  low  remuneration  in  engrav- 
ing reduced  copies  from  popular  prints  by 
MacArdell,  Watson,  and  others ;  then  going 
to  Paris  he  established  himself  in  the  '  Rue 
de  Tournon,  vis-a-vis  1'Hotel  de  Nivernois, 
chez  le  Bourrelier/  and  in  1773  published  a 
pair  of  portraits  of  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
Louis  XVI,  and  Marie-Antoinette.  These 
proved  so  popular  that  Brookshaw  made  at 
least  five  repetitions  of  them  of  different  sizes. 
His  talents  were  highly  appreciated  in  France, 
and  during  his  residence  there  he  produced 
some  excellent  plates,  which  are  now  scarce. 
Whether  he  returned,  at  any  time,  to  England 
is  not  known,  neither  is  the  place  or  date 
of  his  death ;  the  latest  record  of  him  are 
some  plates  in  the '  Pomona  Britannica/  pub- 
lished in  1804.  His  best  works  published  in 
France  were  the  above-mentioned  portraits, 
and  those  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  the  Coun- 
tess d'Artois,  and  the  Countess  de  Provence. 
Among  those  engraved  in  England  are '  Christ 
on  the  Cross/  after  A.  van  Dyck  (1771)  ; 
'Thunderstorm  at  Sea/  after  H.  Kobell 
(1770)  ;  '  The  Jovial  Gamesters/  after  A.  van 
Ostade ;  portraits  of  Miss  Greenfield  (1767) 
and  Miss  Emma  Crewe  and  her  sister,  after 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

[Redgrave's  Diet,  of  Artists,  1878.]     L.  F. 

BROOM,  HERBERT  (1815-1882),  writer 
on  law,  born  at  Kidderminster  in  1815,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  as  a  wrangler  in  1837. 
He  proceeded  LL.D.  in  1864.  He  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  Michaelmas 
term  1840,  and  practised  on  the  home  circuit. 
For  a  considerable  period  he  occupied  the 
post  of  reader  of  common  law  at  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  died  at  the  Priory,  Orpington, 
Kent,  on  2  May  1882.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  different  branches  of  law, 
among  which '  Legal  Maxims/  first  published 
in  1845,  obtained  a  wide  circulation  as  an 
established  text-book  for  students.  A  fifth 
edition  appeared  in  1870.  Of  his  other  works 
the  principal  are :  1.  'Practical  Rules  for  de- 
termining Parties  to  Actions/ 1843.  2.  'Prac- 
tice of  Superior  Courts/  1850.  3.  '  Practice 
of  County  Courts/  1852.  4.  'Commentaries 
on  the  Common  Law/  1856.  5.  '  Constitu- 
tional Law  viewed  in  relation  to  Common 
Law  and  exemplified  by  Cases/  1st  edition 
1866 ;  2nd  edition  1885.  6.  '  Commentaries 
on  the  Laws  of  England '  (with  E.  Hadley), 
1869.  7.  'Philosophy  of  Law;  Notes  of 
Lectures/  1876-8.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  two  novels, '  The  Missing  Will/  1877,  and 
The  Unjust  Steward/  1879. 

[Law  Journal,  xvii.  260 ;  Solicitors'  Journal, 
xxvi.  453.]  T.  F.  H. 


Broome 


441 


Broome 


BROOME,     WILLIAM     (1689-1745), 
the  son  of  a  poor  farmer,  was  born  at  Has- 
lington   in   Cheshire,   where   he   was   bap- 
tised on  3  May  1689.     He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  is  said  to  have  been  captain  of 
the  school  for  a  whole  year,  vainly  waiting 
for  a  scholarship  to  take  him  to  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.     At  last,  in  1708,  he  was 
admitted  a  subsizar  of  St.  John's  College, 
being  sent  by  the  kindness  of  friends.     At 
college    he    obtained    a    small    exhibition. 
Among  his  Cambridge   contemporaries   he 
associated  with  Cornelius  Ford   and   with 
the  Hon.  Charles  Cornwallis,  both  of  them 
valuable  friends  whom  he  retained  through 
life.     The  former  has  related  that  Broome 
was  very  shy  and  clumsy  as  an  undergra- 
duate, but  that  he  versified  so  readily  that 
he  became  known  in  college  as  '  the  Poet.' 
At   the   age   of  twenty-three  Broome  ap- 
peared before  the  world  as  a  writer.     He 
contributed  some  very  poor  verses,  modelled 
on  Pope's   pieces,  to  'Lintot's  Miscellany' 
in  1712,  and  in  the  same  year  was  published 
the  prose  translation  of  the  '  Iliad '  by  Ozell, 
Oldisworth,  and  Broome.     It  was  as  an  ex- 
cellent  Greek   scholar,   as   a  translator   of 
Homer,  and  as  a  great  admirer  of  Pope,  that 
he  was  introduced  to  the  latter  in  1714,  at 
the  house  of  Sir  John  Cotton,  at  Madingley, 
near  Cambridge.     Pope  at   once  perceived 
that  Broome  was  a  man  calculated  to  be  of 
service  to  him  in  his  Homeric  undertaking, 
and  on  returning  to  London  he  began  that 
correspondence  with  him  which  lasted  with- 
out intermission  for  fourteen  years,  and  with 
intervals  for  more   than   twenty.     Broome 
would  be  entirely  forgotten  were  it  not  for 
his  connection  with  Pope's  'Homer.'     The 
first  labour  which  Pope  set  him  was  to  read 
and  condense  the  notes  of  Eustathius,  an 
archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  who  had  anno- 
tated Homer  in  the  eleventh  century.     The 
crabbed  Greek  of  this  commentator  baffled 
Pope,  who  was   far   inferior  to  Broome  as 
a  scholar.      In  November  1714  Pope  set 
Broome  on   this   work,   which   proved   ex- 
ceedingly tedious,  but  was  admirably  car- 
ried out  by  him.     There  had  been  no  terms 
agreed  upon   for    these    notes,   and   when 
Pope  approached   the   subject  of  payment, 
Broome,  who  was  pleased  to  put  the  poet 
urider  an  obligation,  refused  to  be  paid.    He 
was,  in  fact,  well-to-do,  having  had  the  ex- 
cellent living  of  Sturston  in  Suffolk  given  to 
him  by  his  friend  Cornwallis.     He  married 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Clarke,  a  wealthy  widow,  on 
22  July  1726,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  he 
enjoyed  something  like  opulence.     He  had 
now  become  acquainted  with  Elijah  Fenton, 
a  man  somewhat  older  than  himself,  of  simi- 


lar tastes   and   perhaps   equal   talents,  in- 
fatuated like   himself  with  admiration  for 
Pope.     According  to  one  story,  Broome  and 
Fenton  had  been  encouraged  by  the  success 
|  of  Pope's  *  Iliad '  to  begin  a  verse-translation 
I  of  the  '  Odyssey ; '  but  it  seems  more  pro- 
|  bable  that  the  latter  scheme  was  started  by 
[  Pope.  At  all  events,  there  is  no  doubt  that  in 
1722  Pope  proposed  to  the  two  friends  to  join 
him  in  this  work  as  journeymen  labourers. 
;  The  history  of  this  famous  co-operation,  the 
close  of  which   was   marked   by   Broome's 
poetical  epistle  to  Pope  appended  in  1726  to 
the  final  note  in  the '  Odyssey,'  is  to  be  found 
i  at  length   in   the   correspondence  of  Pope. 
Broome  was  embittered  by  the  scandalous 
reports  which  were  published  on  the  subject, 
'!  and   was   easily  persuaded  that   the   5707. 
I  which  he  had  himself  received  for  his  share 
j  of  the  work  was  an  insufficient  sum. 

In  the  meantime  Broome  had  been  active 
j  as  a  writer.     In  1723  he  published  a  '  Coro- 
:  nation  Sermon,'  and  a  prologue  to  Fenton's 
tragedy  of  '  Mariamne,'  and  in  1726  he  col- 
lected his  ( Poems   on   Several  Occasions ' 
(March  1727),  a  second  edition  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1739.     For  the  copyright  of  this 
|  volume  Lintot  was  persuaded  by  Pope  to 
,  give  Broome  351.     Broome  was  unfortunate 
in  his  children.     His  eldest  daughter,  Anne 
(b.  1  Oct.  1718),  died  in  October  1723,  and 
he  dedicated  to  her  memory  the  ode  entitled 
1  Melancholy,'  certain  lines  of  which  seem  to 
have  been   noticed   by   Gray.      His   other 
daughter  died  at  the  age  of  two  years  in 
March  1725.     Broome  was  left  childless  and 
in  deep  dejection,  but  on  16  March  1726  he 
was  cheered  by  the  birth  of  a  son,  Charles 
John,  who  survived  him. 

In  1728  Broome's  anger  against  Pope  became 
so  much  embittered  that  he  almost  ceased  to 
write  to  him.  He  ceased  at  the  same  time 
to  make  any  effort  in  literature,  for,  as  he 
said  in  1735,  when  he  again  made  advances 
to  Pope,  '  you  were  my  poetical  sun,  and 
since  your  influence  has  been  intercepted  by 
the  interposition  of  some  dark  body,  I  have 
never  thought  the  soil  worth  cultivating, 
but  resigned  it  up  to  sterility.'  To  this  he 
was  doubtless  further  impelled  by  the  death 
of  his  most  intimate  literary  friends,  Fenton 
in  1730  and  Ford  in  1731,  both  of  whom  had 
been  his  frequent  guests  in  the  remote  par- 
sonage of  Sturston.  In  April  1728  he  had 
been  made  LL.D.,  on  occasion  of  the  king's 
visit  to  Cambridge,  and  in  September  of  the 
same  year  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Pulham  in  Norfolk,  which  he  held  with 
Sturston.  He  afterwards  received  from  his 
loyal  patron,  now  become  the  first  earl  Corn- 
wallis, two  Suffolk  livings,  the  rectory  of 


Oakley  Magna  and  the  vicarage  of  Eye, 
whereupon  he  resigned  Sturston  and  Pulham. 
He  was  also  chaplain  to  Lord  Cornwallis, 
who  attempted,  but  without  success,  to  ob- 
tain him  promotion  in  the  church. 

Pope  had  been  annoyed  by  popular  exag- 
geration of  the  part  Broome  had  enjoyed  m 
the  preparation  of  the  « Odyssey.'  Henley 


had  given  expression  to  this  scandal  in  a 
stinging  couplet : 

Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer ;  but  they  say 
Broome  went  before,  and  kindly  swept  the  way. 

Pope  thought  that  Broome  should  have  posi- 
tively denied  this  vague  indictment  of  Pope  s 
originality,  and  when  he  was  silent  he  re- 
venged himself  meanly  by  a  line  in  the 
'  Dunciad : ' 

Hibernian  politics,  0  Swift,  thy  doom, 
And  Pope's,  translating  four  whole  years  with 

Broome. 

After  several  editions  of  the  '  Dunciad  '  had 
appeared,  Broome,  in  September  1735,  broke 
his  long  silence  by  writing  an  obsequious 
letter  to  Pope,  not  mentioning  the  imperti- 
nent line,  but  intended  to  suggest  that  by- 
gones should  be  bygones.  Pope  altered  the 

line  to 

thy  fate, 
And  Pope's,  ten  years  to  comment  and  translate. 

Pope,  however,  found  Broome  exacting  and 
tiresome,  and  allowed  the  correspondence  to 
lapse  once  more.  Broome  only  appeared  in 
public  on  one  more  occasion,  with  an '  Assize 
Sermon '  in  1737.  In  his  later  years  he 
amused  himself  by  translating  Anacreon  for 
the  'Gentleman's  Magazine.'  He  died  at 
Bath  on  16  Nov.  1745,  and  was  buried  in 
the  abbey  church.  He  was  exactly  a  year 
younger  than  Pope,  and  he  outlived  him 
about  the  same  length  of  time.  His  only 
son,  Charles  John  Broome,  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, as  an  undergraduate,  in  December 
1747,  and,  in  accordance  with  the  poet's  will, 
his  property  reverted  to  Lord  Cornwallis. 

Broome  was  a  smooth  versifier,  without  a 
spark  of  originality.  His  style  was  founded 
upon  Pope's  so  closely  that  some  of  what  he 
thought  were  his  original  pieces  are  mere 
centos  of  Pope.  He  was  therefore  able,  like 
Fenton,  but  even  to  a  greater  extent,  to  re- 
produce the  style  of  Pope  with  marvellous 
exactitude  in  translating  the  *  Odyssey.'  Of 
that  work  the  eighth,  eleventh,  twelfth,  six- 
teenth, eighteenth,  and  twenty-third  books, 
as  well  as  all  the  notes,  are  Broorne's.  His 
early  rudeness  of  manner  gave  way  to  a  style 

_r_  i .     i.  _i • _     -A  it'    i    .  . 


not  one  has  remained  in  the  memory  of  the 
most  industrious  reader,  and  he  owes  the 
survival  of  his  name  entirely  to  his  collabo- 
ration with  Pope. 

[Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  memoir  of  Broome  in 
his  Lives  of  the  Poets.  A  short  life  was  pub- 
lished by  T.  W.  Barlow.  In  Elwin  and  Court- 
hope's  Pope's  Correspondence  will  be  found  a 
minute  account  of  Broome's  relations  with  the 
poet,  and  the  text  of  the  letters  which  passed 
between  them.]  E.  Gr. 


BROOMFIELD,  MATTHEW  (fl.  1550), 
was  a  Welsh  poet.  His  poems  are  preserved 
in  manuscript  in  the  collections  of  the  Cymm- 
rodorion  Society  and  of  the  Welsh  School, 
both  in  the  British  Museum. 

[Tanner's  Bibl.  Brit. :  Williams's  Dictionary  of 
Eminent  Welshmen ;  Dept.  of  MSS.,  British  Mu- 
seum.] A.  M. 

BROTHERS,  RICHARD  (1757-1824), 
enthusiast,  was   born   on  25  Dec.  1757  at 
Placentia,  Newfoundland.     His  father  was 
a  gunner.     He  had  several  brothers  and  a 
sister  still  living  in  Newfoundland  in  1826. 
At  the  time  of  his  public  appearance  he  had, 
according  to  his  own  statement,  no  relatives 
in  England.     He  came  to  England  when 
young,  and  was  partly  educated  at  Wool- 
wich.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered  the 
royal  navy  as  midshipman  on  board  the  Ocean ; 
as  master's  mate  he  served  under  Admiral 
Keppel  in  the  engagement  off  Ushant.   Next 
year  he  was'  transferred  to  the  Union,  and 
in  1781  to  the  St.  Albans,  a  64-gun  ship, 
despatched  in  June  1781  to  the  West  Indies, 
where  he  was  in  the  engagement  between 
Admiral  Rodney  and  Comte  de  Grasse.     He 
became  lieutenant  with  seniority  of  3  Jan. 
1783,  and  was  discharged  to  half-pay  (54/. 
a  year)  from  the  St.  Albans  on  28  July  1783 
at  Portsmouth.     After  leaving  the  service 
he  visited   France,  Spain,   and  Italy.     On 
6  June  1786  he  married,  at  Wrenbury,  near 
Nantwich,    Elizabeth    Hassall.      He    soon 
ceased 'to  live  with  her.     The  story  current 
among  the  representatives  of  his  friend  Fin- 
layson  is  that  he  joined  his  ship  on  his  way 
from  church  after  the  ceremony,  and,  return- 
ing a  few  years  later,  found  his  faithless  wife 
already  the  mother  of  children.  In  September 
1787  Brothers  came  to  London.  Here  he  lived 
very  quietly  on  a  vegetarian  diet,  and  wor- 
shipped at  Long  Acre  chapel  or  at  a  baptist 
chapel  in  the  Adelphi.    He  continued  to  draw 
his  half-pay  till  1789.     An  objection  to  the 
oath  required  as  a  qualification  for  receiving 
pay  led  him  to  address,  on  9  Sept.  1790,  a 


of  almost  obsequious  suavity,  and  his  letters,  !  letter  to  Philip  Stephens  (afterwards  Sir  P. 
though  ingenious  and  graceful,  do  not  give  '  Stephens)  of  the  admiralty,  which  appeared  at 
an  impression  of  sincerity.  Of  his  own  poems  I  the  time  in  the '  Public  Advertiser.'  Brothers 


Brothers 


443 


Brothers 


argued  so  forcibly  against  the  word  '  volun- 
tarily' occurring  in  a  compulsory  oath,  that 
Pitt  had  it  removed  from  the  form.  But 
the  entire  exemption  from  the  oath,  sought 
by  Brothers,  was  not  granted.  In  January 

1791  he  lived  in  the  open  country  for  eight 
days.    On  Thursday,  25  Aug.  1791,  his  land- 
lady, Mrs.  S.  Green  of  Dartmouth  Street, 
Westminster,  came  before  the  governors  of 
the  poor  for  the  parishes  of  St.  Margaret 
and  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  and  said  her 
lodger  would  not  take  the  oath  and  draw  his 
pay,  and  hence  owed  her  about  33/.   Brothers 
was  examined  before  the  board  on  1  Sept., 
and  stated  that  two  years  before  he  had  re- 
signed his  majesty's  service  on  the  ground 
that  a  military  life  is  totally  repugnant  to 
Christianity.     He  was  taken  into  the  work- 
house,  and  an  arrangement  made  by  which, 
without  his  making  oath,  his  pay  was  re- 
ceived by  the  governors  as  his  agents.     The 
idea  that  he  was  charged  with  a  commission 
from  the  Almighty  grew  upon  him.     About 
the  end  of  February  1792  he  left  the  house 
and  took  a  lodging  in  Soho.     On  12  May 

1792  he  wrote  to  the  king,  the  ministry,  and 
the  speaker,   saying  that  God  commanded 
him  to  go  to  the  House  of  Commons  on  the 
17th  and  inform  the  members  that  the  time 
was  come  for  the  fulfilment  of  Dan.  vii.     He 
followed  this  up  in  July  by  letters  to  the 
king,  queen,  and  ministry,  containing  pro- 
phecies with  some  hits  and  some  misses ;  his 
best  guesses  at  this  time  being  his  predic- 
tions of  the  violent  deaths  of  the  king  of 
Sweden  and  Louis  XVI.     He  got  into  fresh 
difficulties  through  not  drawing  his  pay.  He 
was  eight  days  in  a  spcnging-house,  and  eight 
weeks  in  Newgate,  from  failure  to  meet  his 
note  of  hand  for  70/.  to  his  Soho  landlady. 
At  length  he  signed  a  power  of  attorney  for 
his  pay,  striking  out  the  words  '  our  sove- 
reign lord '  the  king,  as  blasphemous.     Get- 
ting free  at  the  latter  end  of  November  1792, 
he  made  up  his  mind  to  resist  his  call.     He 
tells  how  he  started  at  eight  o'clock  from 
Hyde  Park  Corner,  carrying  a  rod  cut  from 
a  wild-rose  bush  by  divine  command  some 
months   before,   and   meaning  to   walk   to 
Bristol,  '  and  from  thence  leave  England  for 
ever ;  with  a  firm  resolution  also  never  to 
harve  anything  to  do  with  prophesying.'   He 
walked  some  sixteen  miles  on  the  Bristol 
lioad,  and  then  flung  away  his  rod,  wishing 
never  to  behold  it  again.     When  he  had  got 
about  ten  miles  further,  he  felt  himself  sud- 
denly turned  round  and  bidden  to  return  and 
wait  the  Almighty's  time.     On  his  way  back 
he  was  forcibly  led  to  the  rejected  rod,  '  and 
made  take  it  up.'  In  1793  he  described  him- 
self as  '  nephew  of  the  Almighty,'  a  relation- 


ship which  seems  obscure  ;  but  Halhed  sub- 
sequently explained  it  as  meaning  a  descent 
from  one  of  the  brethren  or  sisters  of  our 
Lord.  Towards  the  end  of  1794  he  began  to 
print  his  interpretations  of  prophecy,  his  first 
production  being  '  A  Revealed  Knowledge  of 
!  the  Prophecies  and  Times,'  in  two  successive 
'  books.  His  mind  was  exercised  upon  the 
i  problem  of  the  fate  of  the  Jews  of  the  dis- 
j  persion,  whom  he  believed  to  be  largely  hid- 
i  den  among  the  various  nations  of  Europe. 
Brothers  believed  himself  to  be  a  descendant 
of  David ;  on  19  Nov.  1795  he  was  to  be '  re- 
vealed '  as  prince  of  the  Hebrews  and  ruler 
of  the  world ;  in  1798  the  rebuilding  of  Jeru- 
salem was  to  begin.  On  Wednesday,  4  March 
1795,  Brothers  was  arrested  at  57  Padding- 
ton  Street,  by  two  king's  messengers,  with  a 
warrant,  dated  2  March,  from  the  Duke  of 
Portland,  for  treasonable  practices.  He  was 
examined  next  day  before  the  privy  council. 
He  testifies  to  the  courtesy  of  his  examiners, 
but  bitterly  complains  that  after  three  weeks' 
confinement  he  was  '  surreptitiously  con- 
demned '  on  27  March,  without  hearing  evi- 
dence in  his  favour,  as  a  criminal  lunatic. 
Gillray  brought  out  a  remarkable  caricature 
on  the  very  day  of  his  examination  (5  March), 
identifying  Brothers  with  the  whig  party ; 
and  another  on  4  June,  not  so  well  known. 
The  press  teemed  with  the  l  testimonies '  of 
disciples.  In  the  House  of  Commons  Natha- 
niel Brassey  Halhed,  M.P.  for  Lymington, 
an  oriental  traveller  and  scholar,  moved  on 
Tuesday,  31  March,  that  Brothers' l  Revealed 
Knowledge '  be  laid  before  the  house.  Bro- 
thers had  claimed  that  immediately  on  his 
being  '  revealed  in  London  to  the  Hebrews 
as  their  prince,'  King  George  must  deliver  up 
his  crown  to  him.  No  one  seconded  the  mo- 
tion. Halhed,  on  Tuesday,  21  April,  moved 
that  a  copy  of  the  warrant  for  apprehending 
Brothers  be  laid  before  the  house.  This 
likewise  was  not  seconded;  but  on  4  May 
Brothers  was  removed  from  confinement  as 
a  criminal  lunatic,  and  placed,  by  order  from 
Lord-chancellor  Loughborough,  in  a  private 
asylum  under  Dr.  Simmons  at  Fisher  House, 
Islington.  Here  he  employed  himself  in 
writing  prophetic  pamphlets.  Among  his 
disciples,  Brothers  set  most  store  by  the  tes- 
timonies of  John  Wright  and  William  Bryan, 
a  Bristol  druggist,  at  one  time  a  quaker; 
but  he  had  gained  over  Halhed  (whom  he 
offered  to  make  '  governor  of  India  or  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  controul ')  as  early  as 
the  beginning  of  January  1795.  William 
Sharp,  the  engraver,  was  so  fully  persuaded 
of  the  claims  of  Brothers  that  in  1795  he 
engraved  two  plates  of  his  portrait;  each 
plate  bears  an  inscription :  '  Fully  believing 


Brothers 


444 


Brothers 


this  to  be  the  Man  whom  God  has  appointed, 
I  engrave  his  likeness.  William  Sharp.' 
Sharp  came  afterwards  to  discredit  Bryan  as 
a  deceiver,  and  eventually  attached  himself 
to  Joanna  Southcott.  The  flush  of  admiring 
pamphlets  naturally  ceased  when  1795  came 
to  an  end.  Even  Halhed  seems  to  have  de- 
serted his  protege.  But  Brothers  continued 
to  write  at  intervals.  Apart  from  his  leading 
craze  there  is  not  much  interest  in  his  writ- 
ings. It  may  be  noted  as  an  odd  coinci- 
dence that  he  follows  Servetus  in  applying 
to  himself  Dan.  xii.  1.  His  doctrine  of  the 
inner  light  is  essentially  that  of  the  early 
quakers.  In  the  spring  of  1797  Frances 
Cott,  daughter  of  an  Essex  clergyman,  was 
placed  in  the  Islington  asylum.  She  was 
not  there  long,  but  long  enough  for  poor 
Brothers  to  fall  in  love  with  her.  A  fort- 
night after  her  removal  it  was  revealed  to 
him  that  this  young  lady  was  his  destined 
queen.  Unfortunately,  within  a  year  she 
married  some  one  else.  Brothers  owed  his 
release  from  the  asylum  to  the  persistent 
exertions  of  the  most  faithful  of  all  his  dis- 
ciples, John  Finlayson  [q.  v.J,  who  at  Bro- 
thers's  suggestion  spelled  his  name  Finleyson, 
a  Scotch  writer,  originally  of  Cupar-Fife,  and  j 
afterwards  of  Edinburgh.  In  the  summer  of  j 
1797  the  report  of  Brothers's  grievances  acted 
on  him  as  a  divine  summons  to  give  up  what  • 
he  calls  '  an  extensive  and  lucrative  practice  j 
of  the  law  at  one  of  the  bars  of  the  Scotch  | 
courts.'  Early  in  the  following  year  he 
repaired  to  London.  Here  he  contrived  to 
enter  into  '  a  secret  correspondence '  with 
Brothers,  whose  writings  in  confinement  he 
saw  through  the  press  ;  and  when  Hanchett, 
a  draughtsman,  declined  to  prepare  Brothers's 
plans  for  the  New  Jerusalem,  Finlayson, 
'  though  totally  unacquainted  with  the  art,'  j 
executed  the  work,  and  got  the  plans  en-  j 
graved  '  at  an  expense  of  upwards  of  1,200/.' 
When  Pitt  died  (23  Jan.  1806)  Finlayson 
thought  the  moment  opportune  for  the  re- 
lease of  Brothers.  He  besieged  the  autho- 
rities, and  waiting  upon  Grenville,  the  new 
prime  minister,  he  got  the  warrant  for  high 
treason  withdrawn.  A  petition  for  his  libe- 
ration, backed  by  seven  affidavits  of  his  sanity, 
was  heard  before  Lord-chancellor  Erskine 
on  14  April  1806.  Erskine  ordered  his  im-  ! 
mediate  release,  but  would  not  supersede  the  ; 
verdict  of  lunacy,  begging  Finlayson,  l  as  I 
his  countryman,'  not  to  press  him  on  that 
point,  as  there  were  '  still  some  scruples  in 
a  high  quarter '  (the  king).  As  Brothers, 
with  the  verdict  unremoved,  could  not  draw 
his  half-pay,  Erskine  promised  him  (so  Fin- 
layson says)  300/.  a  year  for  life  from  the 
government.  But,  owing  to  the  change  of 


administration  early  in  the  following  year, 
Brothers  got  no  part  of  this  allowance,  though 
his  pay  was  applied  to  his  wife's  maintenance 
(  on  the  express  and  written  grounds  that 
government  provided  for  him.'  Brothers  lived 
for  some  time  in  the  house  of  a  well-to-do 
friend,  one  Busby,  and  from  1815  Finlayson 
took  him  into  his  own  family.  In  his  later 
years  Brothers  occupied  himself  with  astro- 
nomical dreams.  Bartholomew  Prescot,  a 
Liverpool  star-gazer,  who  had  published  in 
1803  '  A  Defence  of  the  Divine  System  of 
the  World/  on  geocentric  principles,  entered 
into  a  correspondence  with  Brothers  in  1806, 
and  was  received  into  favour.  Prescot  pub- 
lished the  '  Inverted  Scheme  of  Copernicus, 
book  i.,'  1822,  and  followed  it  up  by  the 
'  System  of  the  Universe,'  1823.  When  this 
latter  reached  Brothers's  hands  in  June  1823, 
the  Almighty  told  him  it  '  would  not  do.' 
On  Sunday,  25  Jan.  1824,  Finlayson  read  to 
Brothers  from  the  Sunday  paper  a  favourable 
review  of  Prescot's  work.  Brothers  bade 
Finlayson  write  against  Prescot,  and  de- 
scribed himself  as  *  seized  with  the  cholera 
morbus  and  hectic  fever.'  That  night,  about 
ten  o'clock,  he  died  in  Finlayson's  house, 
Upper  Baker  Street,  Marylebone.  One  wno 
saw  him  '  a  few  days  before  his  death '  de- 
scribes him  as  '  very  pale,  very  thin — a  mere 
skeleton,  very  weak,  could  hardly  walk,'  and 
adds  that  he  '  died  of  a  consumption.'  He 
was  interred  at  St.  John's  Wood,  in  a  grave 
at  the  opposite  side  of  the  cemetery  to  that 
of  Joanna  Southcott.  He  died  intestate, 
leaving  a  widow  and  married  daughter.  Ad- 
ministration was  granted  to  his  widow  in 
February  1824;  but  Finlayson,  by  a  chancery 
order,  prevented  her  from  getting  the  pro- 
perty (450/.,  in  3  per  cent.  Consols).  After 
his  death  Finlayson  pestered  the  government 
with  a  claim  for  Brothers's  maintenance, which 
(with  interest  and  law  expenses)  amounted  to 
5,710/.,  was  subsequently  run  up  by  Finlay- 
son to  20,000/.,  and  is  now  estimated  by  his 
descendants  at  80,000^.  On  4  March  1830 
Finlayson  got  270/.,  the  unappropriated 
balance  of  Brothers's  pay.  The  believers  in 
Brothers  are  not  yet  extinct,  and  those  who 
adopt  the  Anglo-Israel  theory  regard  him  as 
the  earliest  writer  on  their  side.  Besides  the 
prints  of  Gillray  and  Sharp,  there  is  a  carica- 
ture of  Brothers,  bearing  no  resemblance  to 
him,  by  Thomas  Landseer,  dated  1  Jan.  1831, 
in  <  Ten  Etchings  illustrative  of  the  Devil's 
Walk,'  1831,  fol.  Also  a  fair  likeness  by 
Cruikshank,  accompanied  by  a  clever  de- 
scription, in  Bowman  Tiller's  'Frank  Heart- 
well  '  (see  GEORGE  CRTJIKSHANK'S  Omnibus, 
ed.  by  Laman  Blanchard,  1842,  8vo,  plate  6, 
and  pp.  144-7). 


Brothers 


445 


Brotherton 


Brothers  printed:  1.  ' Letter  to  Philip 
Stephens,  Esq.'  (see  above ;  reprinted  sepa- 
rately, with  the  answer  and  other  matter, 
1795,  8vo,  and  in  Halhed's  '  Calculation  of 
the  Millennium  ').  2.  '  A  Revealed  Know- 
ledge of  the  Prophecies  and  Times.  Book 
the  First.  Wrote  under  the  direction  of  the 
Lord  God,  and  published  by  His  sacred  com- 
mand .  .  .  /  1794,  8vo.  3.  Ditto  Book  the 
Second,  containing  'the  sudden  and  per- 
petual Fall  of  the  Turkish,  German,  and 
Russian  Empires/  &c.,  1794,  8vo  (to  these 
two  books  Brothers  and  his  disciples  con- 
stantly refer  as  '  God's  two  witnesses  ; '  two 
editions  of  each  were  published  in  1794 ; 
they  were  reprinted  at  the  end  of  February 
1795,  with  additions;  also  Dublin,  1795; 
and  a  French  translation,  'Propheties  de 
Jacques  (sic}  Brothers,  ou  la  Connaissance 
Revelee/  &c.,  Paris,  An  iv.  [1796],  8vo,  two 
parts).  4.  <  Letter  to  Halhed  '  (dated  28  Jan. 
1795,  and  prefixed  to  Halhed's  '  Testimony/ 
1795,  8vo).  5.  'Wrote  in  Confinement.  An 
Exposition  of  the  Trinity.  With  a  farther 
elucidation  of  the  twelfth  chapter  of  Daniel : 
one  Letter  to  the  King ;  and  two  to  Mr. 
Pitt/  &c.,  1795,  8vo  (a  second  edition,  with 
supplement,  was  published  on  18  April  1796, 
8vo).  6.  '  Notes  on  the  Etymology  of  a  few 
Antique  Words/  1796,  8vo.  7.  '  A  Letter 
to  Miss  Cott,  the  recorded  daughter  of  King 
David.  .  .  .  With  an  Address  to  the  Mem- 
bers of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  Council,  and 
through  them  to  all  Governments  and  People 
on  Earth/  1798,  8vo  (two  editions,  same 
year).  8.  l  A  Description  of  the  New  Jeru- 
salem, with  the  Garden  of  Eden  in  the  centre 
.  .  .  .'  1801,  8vo  (2nd  edition,  1802,  8vo). 
9.  'A  Letter  to  Samuel  Foart  Simmons,  M.D./ 
4to  (dated  28  Jan.  1802).  10.  <  A  Letter  to 
His  Majesty,  and  one  to  Her  Majesty/  and 
other  pieces,  1802,  8vo  (all  in  verse  except 
one).  11.  *  Wisdom  and  Duty,  written  in 
support  of  all  Governments/  1805,  8vo 
(written  on  1  Jan.  1801).  12.  'A  Letter  to 
the  Subscribers  for  engraving  the  Plans  of 
Jerusalem/  &c.,  1805,  8vo.  13.  'The  Ruins 
of  Balbec  and  Palmyra,  from  the  plates  of 
Robert  Wood,  Esq.,  &c.,  proved  to  be  the 
palaces  of  Solomon/  1815,  8vo.  14.  '  A  cor- 
rect Account  of  the  Invasion  and  Conquest 
of  this  Island  by  the  Saxons,  &c.,  necessary 
to  be  known  by  the  English  nation,  the  de- 
scendants of  the  greater  part  of  the  Ten 
Tribes/  &c.,  1822,  8vo.  15.  (posthumous) 
'  The  New  Covenant  between  God  and  his 
People/  &c.,  1830,  large  4to  (coloured  prints ; 
edited  by  Finlayson). 

Besides  anonymous  testimonies,  tracts  were 
written  in  favour  of  Brothers  by  William 
Bryan,  G.  Coggan,  J.  Crease,  Sarah  Flaxmer, 


Mrs.  S.  Green,  N.  B.  Halhed,  H.  F.  Offley, 
W.  Sales,  H.  Spencer,  T.  Taylor,  C.  F. 
Treibner,  G.  Turner,  W.  Wetherell,  and  J. 
Wright.  Bryan's  '  Testimony  of  the  Spirit ' 
contains  a  narrative  of  Brothers's  life,  and  of 
his  journey  to  Avignon  in  1788.  A  catch- 
penny imitation  of  the  genuine  testimonies 

is  '  Additional  Testimony,  &c.,  by Earl 

of .' 

On  the  other  side  appeared,  besides  anony- 
mous pamphlets,  tracts  by  'George  Home, 
D.D./  probably  a  pseudonym,  W.  Hunting- 
don, D.  Levi,  and  'M.  Gomez  Pereira/  pro- 
bably a  pseudonym.  Nearly  all  the  publica- 
tions on  both  sides  appeared  in  1795.  For 
Finlayson's  publications  see  FINLATSON, 
JOHN. 

[Riebau's  manuscript  memoir  of  Brothers,  1795 
(in  possession  of  Eev.  W.  Begley ;  Riebau  was 
Brothers's  publisher) ;  Moser's  Anecdotes  of  R. 
Brothers  in  1791-2, 1795;  Gillray's  Caricatures; 
Halhed's  Speeches  ;  Brothers's  Revealed  Know- 
ledge and  Exposition ;  Finlayson's  Last  Trumpet; 
Monthly  Review,  1795  ;  most  of  the  tracts  de- 
scribed above,  in  a  private  collection ;  Biog. 
Diet,  of  Living  Authors,  1816;  Watt's  Bibl. 
Brit.  1824,  vol.  iii.  (art.  '  Brothers,  R.') ;  Chr. 
Reformer,  1826,  pp.  380,  439;  Evans's  Sketch 
(ed.  Bransby),  1841,  p.  287;  Annual  Register, 
1824  (art.  'Sharp,  W.') ;  Chambers's  Encyclop., 
1861,  ii.  276;  Knight's  Biography  (English 
Cyclop.),  i.  938,  v.  461  ;  British  Israel  and 
Judah's  Prophetic  Messenger,  1883,  iv.  171  sq. ; 
Tcherpakoff's  Les  Fous  Litt£raires,  Moscow, 
1883;  admiralty  books  in  the  Record  Office; 
information  from  the  lords  commissioners  of  the 
admiralty;  also  from  H.  Hodson  Rugg,  M.D. 
(Finlayson's  son-in-law) ;  respecting  Brothers's 
marriage,  parish  register,  Wrenbury,  per  Rev. 
T.  W.  Norwood;  tombstone  at  St.  John's  Wood.] 

A.  G. 

BROTHERTON,  EDWARD  (1814- 
1866),  Swedenborgian,  was  born  at  Man- 
chester in  1814,  and  in  early  life  was  engaged 
in  the  silk  trade,  but,  foreseeing  that  the  com- 
mercial treaty  with  France  was  likely  to 
bring  to  an  end  the  prosperity  of  his  business, 
he  retired  with  a  competence.  After  a  year 
of  continental  travel  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
work  of  popular  education.  The  letters  of 
'  E.  B.'  in  the  Manchester  newspapers  excited 
great  attention,  and  led  to  the  formation  of 
the  Education  Aid  Society,  which  gave  aid 
to  all  parents  too  poor  to  pay  for  the  educa- 
tion of  their  children.  The  experiment  upon 
the  voluntary  system  tended  to  prove  the  ne- 
cessity of  compulsion.  This  demonstration, 
which  Mr.  H.  A.  Bruce,  afterwards  Lord 
Aberdare,  called  the  thunderclap  from  Man- 
chester, paved  the  way  for  the  Education  Act 
of  1870.  Brotherton's  zeal  in  the  cause  was 
unbounded ;  he  had  patience,  a  winning  grace 


Brotherton 


446 


Brotherton 


of  manner,  and  a  candour  only  top  rare  in 
controversy.  In  the  course  of  his  visitations 
among  the  poor  he  caught  a  fever,  of  which 
he  died,  after  a  few  days'  illness,  at  Corn- 
brook,  Manchester,  23  March  1866,  and  was 
buried  at  the  Wesleyan  cemetery,  Cheetham 
Hill.  There  is  a  portrait  of  him  in  the  Man- 
chester town  hall.  Besides  many  contribu- 
tions to  periodicals  he  wrote  :  1.  '  Mormon- 
ism  ;  its  Rise  and  Progress,  and  the  Prophet 
Joseph  Smith,' Manchester,  1846.  Brotherton 
had  taken  part  in  1840  in  exposing  a  Mormon 
elder,  James  Malone,  who  claimed  to  possess 
the  miraculous  '  gift  of  tongues.'  "2.  '  Spiri- 
tualism, Swedenborg,  and  the  New  Church,' 
London,  1860.  This  pamphlet  has  reference 
to  the  claims  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Lake  Harris 
to  a  seership  similar  to  that  of  Swedenborg 
— claims  which  were  vehemently  denied  by 
many  members  of  the  '  New  Church  signified 
by  the  New  Jerusalem  in  the  Revelation,'  as 
the  Swedenborgian  congregations  are  officially 
styled.  Brotherton  prints  a  letter  from  Dr. 
J.  J.  Garth  Wilkinson  as  to  identity  of  the 
phenomena  of  respiration  in  Swedenborg  and 
Harris.  From  this  tract  it  will  be  seen  that 
Brotherton  was  a  disciple  of  Swedenborg, 
with  a  tendency  to  belief  in  spiritualistic 
phenomena.  3.  '  The  Present  State  of  Popu- 
lar Education  in  Manchester  and  Salford,  the 
substance  of  seven  letters  reprinted  from  the 
41  Manchester  Guardian,"  by  E.  B.,'  Man- 
chester, 1864.  He  was  the  editor  and  chief 
writer  of  the  first  volume  of  a  monthly  pe- 
riodical, 'The  Dawn'  (Manchester,  1861-2). 
He  wrote  frequently  as  '  Libra '  and  as  '  Pil- 
grim' in  Swedenborgian  periodicals.  His 
chief  contributions  were  the  '  Outlines  of  my 
Mental  History,'  which  appeared  in  the  '  In- 
tellectual Repository '  for  1849. 

[Manchester  Guardian,  March  1866  ;  The  Re- 
cipient, April  1860  ;  private  information.] 

W.  E.  A.  A. 

BROTHERTON,  JOSEPH  (1783-1857), 

?arliamentary  reformer,  was  born  22  May 
783  at  Whittington,  Chesterfield.  His 
father.  John  Brotherton,  who  had  been  a 
schoolmaster  and  an  exciseman,  moved  to 
Manchester  in  1789,  and  soon  afterwards  set 
up  a  cotton  mill.  About  1802  Joseph  became 
his  father's  partner,  and  in  1819  retired  from 
business  with  a  competency.  In  1805  he 
joined  the  Bible  Christian  church,  and  in 
1806  married  his  cousin,  Martha  Harvey.  As 
Bible  Christians  they  were  vegetarians  and 
total  abstainers.  Mrs.  Brotherton  published 
anonymously  '  Vegetable  Cookery '  in  num- 
bers, first  collected  into  book  form  in  1821. 
About  1818  Brotherton  became  pastor  of  his 
church.  He  was  a  vigorous  local  politician, 


and  subscribed  to  the  suiferers  at  the  Peterloo 
massacre.  He  became  member  for  Salford 
on  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  and  was 
re-elected  till  his  death,  his  expenses  being 
paid  by  his  constituents.  He  continued  to 
act  as  pastor  during  the  parliamentary  re- 
cesses. He  was  a  free-trader  and  reformer. 
His  good  temper  secured  him  general  re- 
spect ;  and  he  was  chairman  of  the  private 
bills  committee.  He  became  famous  for  the 
persistence  with  which  he  moved  the  ad- 
journment of  the  house  at  midnight,  in  spite 
of  much  ridicule  and  frequent  disturbance. 
In  February  1842,  in  answer  to  an  attack 
by  Mr.  W.  B.  Ferrand,  who  had  spoken  of 
his  '  enormous  fortune '  amassed  by  the  factory 
system,  he  replied  that  his  l  riches  consisted 
not  so  much  in  the  largeness  of  his  means 
as  in  the  fewness  of  his  wants,'  a  phrase  in- 
scribed (with  verbal  alteration)  upon  his 
|  statue  in  the  Peel  Park,  Salford.  The  speech 
|  in  which  the  phrase  occurs  was  printed  sepa- 
|  rately,  and  many  thousands  were  distributed. 
I  He  wrote  the  essays  on  abstinence  from  in- 
i  toxicating  liquors  and  animal  food  which 
l  appeared  in  i  Letters  on  Religious  Subjects, 
printed  at  Salford  about  1819,  and  imnie- 
j  diately  reprinted  at  Philadelphia.  The  first 
of  these  is  regarded,  in  its  separate  form,  as 
the  earliest  tract  in  advocacy  of  '  teetotalism.' 
He  died  suddenly  in  an  omnibus  on  7  Jan. 
1857.  A  public  subscription  was  applied  to 
form  a  fund  for  purchasing  books  for  local 
institutions,  the  monument  in  the  Salford 
cemetery,  and  a  statue  by  Matthew  Noble 
in  Peel  Park,  which  was  inaugurated  on 
6  Aug.  1858.  Brotherton  had  helped  to 
found  the  library  attached  to  the  Peel  Park 
Museum.  A  portrait  by  Westcott  is  in  the 
Peel  Park  Museum  ;  one  by  W.  Bradley  in 
the  Salford  town  hall ;  and  a  third  is  in  the 
Manchester  town  hall.  His  widow  died 
25  Jan.  1861,  aged  79. 

[Book-Lore,  August  1885  (by  the  writer  of 
this  article) ;  Manchester  papers,  1857  ;  Memoir 
of  Rev.  W.  Metcalfe  (Philadelphia,  1866); 
Prince's  Poetical  Works  (1880),  ii.  363  ;  Barn- 
ford's  Homely  Rhymes,  1864,  p.  126 ;  Law  Times, 
13  June  1871;  Edwards's  Free  Libraries;  in- 
formation from  Miss  Helen  Brotherton.] 

W.  E.  A.  A. 

BROTHERTON,  SIB  THOMAS  WIL- 
LIAM (1785-1868),  general,  entered  the  2nd 
or  Coldstream  guards  as  ensign  in  1800,  was 
promoted  lieutenant  and  captain  in  1801, 
and  transferred  to  the  3rd  or  Scots  fusilier 
guards  in  1803.  With  the  guards  he  served 
under  Abercromby  in  Egypt  in  1801,  and  in 
Hanover  under  Lord  Cathcart  in  1805.  On 
4  June  1807  he  exchanged  into  the  14th  light 


B  rough 


447 


Brough 


dragoons.  With  it  he  served  almost  con- 
tinuously in  the  Peninsula  from  1808  to  1814. 
He  was  in  Sir  John  Moore's  retreat  to  Co- 
runna ;  he  was  present  at  Talavera.  at  the 
actions  on  theCoa,  at  Busaco,  Fuentes  d'Onor, 
Salamanca,  where  he  was  wounded,  Vittoria, 
the  Pyrenees,  the  Nivelle,  and  the  Nive, 
where  he  was  severely  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner.  Wellington  speaks  of  Brotherton's 
employment  in  the  Estrella  (Despatches,  iv. 
614),  of  his  valuable  reports  (v.  79),  his  con- 
duct at  the  Coa  (v.  293),  and  the  duke 
managed  his  exchange  after  the  battle  of 
the  Nive  (vii.  237).  lie  was  made  major  by 
brevet  on  Wellington's  special  recommenda- 
tion on  28  Nov.  1811,  promoted  major  in  his 
regiment  26  May  1812,  lieutenant-colonel  by 
brevet  and  C.B.  in  1814.  In  1817  he  became 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  16th  lancers,  and 
held  his  command  for  fourteen  years;  in 
1830  he  was  made  aide-de-camp  to  the  king 
and  colonel,  in  1841  major-general,  in  1844 
inspector-general  of  cavalry,  in  1849  colonel 
of  the  15th  hussars,  in  1850  lieutenant-gene- 
ral, and  in  1855  K.C.B.  In  1859  he  became 
colonel  of  the  1st  dragoon  guards,  in  1860 
a  general,  and  in  1861  G.O.B.  In  1865,  at 
the  age  of  eighty,  he  was  married  to  his 
second  wife,  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Wal- 
ter Hare,  and  died  on  20  Jan.  1868,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three,  at  his  son's  house  near 
Esher. 

[Eoyal  Military  Calendar;  Wellington  Des- 
patches ;  Gent.  Mag.  March  1868.]    H.  M.  S. 

BROUGH,      ROBERT     BARNABAS 

(1828-1860),  writer,  was  born  in  London 
10  April  1828.  He  was  educated  at  a  pri- 
vate school  at  Newport,  Monmouthshire,  in 
which  town  his  father  commenced  business 
as  a  brewer  and  failed,  it  is  said,  through 
political  causes.  Brough  began  active  life 
in  Manchester  as  a  clerk.  He  was  fond  of 
art,  drew  pretty  well,  and  is  said  to  have 
practised  as  a  portrait-painter.  Subsequently  j 
he  removed  to  Liverpool,  where,  while  still 
under  age,  he  started  a  weekly  satirical 
journal  entitled  'The  Liverpool  Lion.'  A 
burlesque  on  the  subject  of  the  '  Tem- 
pest,' written  in  conjunction  with  William 
Brough  [q.  v.],  who  had  joined  him  in  Liver- 
pool, and  entitled  'The  Enchanted  Isle,' 
produced  at  the  Amphitheatre  in  that  city, 
was  the  first  dramatic  essay  of  the  brothers. 
It  was  seen  and  approved  by  Benjamin  Web- 
ster, who,  on  20  Nov.  1848,  transferred  it 
to  the  Adelphi.  This  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  brothers  Brough  in  London, 
where  they  became  constant  and  well-known 
contributors  to  the  press.  Before  leaving 
Liverpool  they  had  married  sisters.  Eliza- 


beth Romer,  the  wife  of  Robert  Brough,  was 
at  one  time  a  member  of  the  Haymarket 
company.  Alone  or  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  Robert  wrote  a  series  of  burlesques, 
which  were  played  at  the  Adelphi,  Lyceum, 
Olympic,  and  other  theatres,  together  with 
some  adaptations  from  the  French.  His 
labours  in  other  branches  of  literature  were 
incessant.  In  the  first  volume  of  the  '  Wel- 
come Guest,'  which  he  edited,  appeared  his 
novel  '  Miss  Brown,'  and  many  short  stories, 
poems,  and  essays.  '  Marston  Lynch,'  re- 
printed 1860,  with  a  memoir  by  Mr.  G.  A. 
Sala,  saw  the  light  in  the  '  Train,'  1856-7,  to 
which  also  he  contributed  translations  of  the 
poems  of  Victor  Hugo.  He  wrote  in  such 
comic  papers  as  the  '  Man  in  the  Moon '  and 
'  Diogenes,'  was  for  a  short  time  editor  of  the 
'Atlas,'  and  was  the  Brussels  correspondent  of 
the  '  Sunday  Times.'  His  republished  works 
are  :  '  Cracker  Bon  -  Bons  for  Christmas 
Parties,'  1851,  '  Life  of  Sir  John  Falstaff/ 
with  illustrations  by  George  Cruikshank, 
1858,  '  Shadow  and  Substance,'  1859, '  Songs 
of  the  Governing  Classes,'  1859, '  Miss  Brown/ 
1860,  '  Marston  Lynch,  his  Life  and  Times,' 
1860,  'Ulf  the  Minstrel,'  1860,  'Which  is 
Which  ?  '  (a  romance) ,  1 860.  He  also  trans- 
lated '  La  Famille  Alain '  of  Alphonse  Karr. 
His  best  known  burlesques  written  in  con- 
junction with  his  brother  are  :  '  Camaralza- 
man  and  Badoura,' '  The  Sphinx,'  and  '  Ivan- 
hoe,'  and  of  those  he  wrote  alone  '  Medea/  to 
which  the  performance  of  Robson  gave  much 
celebrity,  ' Masaniello/  and  'The  Siege  of 
Troy.'  He  died  at  Manchester  in  the  house 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  William  Chilton, 
26  June  1860,  on  his  way  to  North  Wales, 
whither  he  had  been  ordered  for  his  health. 
He  left  a  widow  and  three  children,  two  of 
whom  are  living  and  are  known  on  the  stage. 
Three  of  his  brothers,  William  Brough  [q.v.], 
John  Cargill  Brough,  a  writer,  and  Mr.  Lionel 
Brough,  the  comedian,  are  well  known. 
Brough's  verses  are  of  their  epoch.  They, 
have  neatness  of  execution  and  happiness  of 
fancy,  but  are  without  the  kind  of  finish  sought 
in  modern  days.  His  burlesques  were  among 
the*  best  of  a  not  very  important  class,  and 
his  essays  are  bright  and  humorous.  The 
'  Songs  of  the  Governing  Classes '  consist  of 
satirical  poems  written  from  a  radical  point 
of  view.  Some  of  his  works  are  rare  and 
are  priced  very  high  in  booksellers'  cata- 
logues. In  the  world  of  journalism  Brough 
was  popular,  and  references  to  him  are  abun- 
dant in  Mr.  Yates's  '  Recollections  and  Ex- 
periences '  and  in  '  Reminiscences  of  an  old 
Bohemian.'  A  benefit  performance  for  his 
widow  and  children  was  given  in  July  1860 
by  five  companies  for  which  he  had  written 


B  rough 


448 


Brougham 


burlesques.  His  health  was  bad,  and  his  early 
death  had  long  been  anticipated. 

[Memoir  by  G.  A.  Sala  in  the  Welcome  Guest, 
ii.  1 1,  348-50 ;  Era  Almanack  ;  The  Train ;  works 
mentioned ;  private  information.]  J.  K. 

BROUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1671),  dean 
of  Gloucester,  was  educated  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  proceeded  B.D. 
1627,  and  D.D.  5  Feb.  1635-6.  He  was  pre- 
sented to  the  rectory  of  St.  Michael,  Cornhill, 
about  1630,  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  Laud 
and  his  Arminian  views,  was  made  chaplain 
to  the  king,  and  was  installed  canon  of  Wind- 
sor, 1  Feb.  1637-8.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  wars  he  was  removed  from  his  bene- 
fice by  the  parliamentary  commission,  '  was 
also  plundered,  and  his  wife  and  children 
turned  out  of  doors  '  (WALKER).  His  wife 
is  said  to  have  died  of  grief  soon  afterwards, 
and  Brough  joined  the  king  at  Oxford.  On 
16  Aug.  1643  he  was  nominated  dean  of 
Gloucester,  but  was  not  installed  till  20  Nov. 
1644.  He  returned  to  Oxford  in  1645,  and 
on  26  Aug.  of  that  year  was  created  D.D.  by 
the  king's  order.  Little  is  heard  of  him  from 
this  date  till  the  Restoration.  He  then  was 
reappointed  to  the  deanery,  and  died  5  July 
1671.  He  was  buried  in  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor.  He  was  the  author  of  '  The  Holy 
Feasts  and  Fasts  of  the  Church,  with  Medi- 
tations and  Prayers  proper  for  Sacraments 
and  other  occasions  leading  to  Christian  life 
and  death,'  London  1657 ;  and  of  '  Sacred 
Principles,  Services,  and  Soliloquies;  or  a 
Manual  of  Devotion,'  1659, 1671. 

[Wood's  Fasti  (Bliss),  ii.  85 ;  Walker's  Suf- 
ferings, ii.  33  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti,  i.  444,  iii.  401.] 

S.  L.  L. 

BROUGH,  WILLIAM  (1826-1870), 
writer,  elder  brother  of  Robert  Barnabas 
Brough  [q.  v.],  was  born  in  London  on 
28  April  1826.  He  was  educated  at  New- 
port, Monmouthshire,  and  apprenticed  to  a 
printer  at  Brecon.  To  the '  Liverpool  Lion,' 
the  venture  of  his  brother  Robert,  whom  he 
joined  in  Liverpool,  William  Brough  contri- 
buted his  first  literary  effort,  a  series  of 
papers  called  'Hints  upon  Heraldry.'  He 
married  Miss  Ann  Romer,  known  as  a  singer, 
who  died  a  year  after  her  marriage,  leaving 
him  one  child.  He  subsequently  remarried, 
and  died  on  13  March  1870,  leaving  a  widow 
and  six  children.  Like  his  brother,  whose 
reputation  has  overshadowed  his  own,  Brough 
wrote  in  many  periodical  publications.  His 
dramatic  works,  chiefly  burlesques,  were  seen 
at  many  of  the  London  theatres.  He  also 
wrote  the  first  of  the  quasi-dramatic  enter- 


tainments  given  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  German 
Reed. 

[Era  Almanack  ;  private  information.] 

J.K 

BROUGHAM,  HENRY  (1665-1698), 
divine,  was  one  of  the  twelve  children  of 
Henry  Brougham  of  Scales  Hall,  Cumber- 
land, sheriff  for  the  county  in  the  6th  of 
William  III,  by  his  marriage  with '  fair  Miss 
Slee,  daughter  of  Mr.  Slee  of  Carlisle,  a  jovial 
gentleman,'  who  was  a  merchant  in  that  city. 
In  Midsummer  term,  1681,  when  sixteen 
years  old,  Henry  Brougham  '  became  a  poor 
serving-child  of  Queen's  College,'  Oxford. 
He  proceeded  B.A.  in  1685,  M.A.  in  1689, 
being  afterwards  tabarder  and  fellow.  On 
29  Sept.  1691  he  was  collated,  and  on  30  Sept. 
was  installed  prebend  of  Asgarby  in  the 
church  of  Lincoln.  He  was,  with  William 
Offley,  domestic  chaplain  to  Thomas  Barlow, 
the  bishop.  On  Barlow's  death  in  the  same 
year  he  bequeathed  his  Greek,  Latin,  and 
English  Bibles,  and  his  own  original  manu- 
scripts, to  Brougham  and  Offley.  A  condi- 
tion of  the  gift  was  that  Brougham  and  Offley 
were  not  to  make  public  any  of  his  writings 
after  his  decease  ;  and  in  1692,  on  Sir  Peter 
Pett  publishing  what  he  called  the  bishop's 
'  Genuine  Remains,'  the  two  legatees '  delay'd 
no  time '  in  issuing  a  vindication,  calling  Sir 
Peter  Pett  and  the  vicar  of  Buckden  (where 
the  bishop  had  died)  'confederate  pedlars.' 
The  title  of  this  vindication  of  their  master 
was  'Reflections  to  (sic)  a  late  Book  entituled 
The  Genuine  Remains  of  Dr.  Tho.  Barlow, 
late  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  Falsely  pretended  to 
be  published  from  his  lordship's  Original 
Papers.'  It  was  written  by  Henry  Brougham, 
and  was  published  in  1694,  with  a  list  of 
Socinian  writers  (Latin),  declared  to  be  the 
bishop's  real  list,  annexed. 

From  1693  to  1695  Brougham  acted  as  pro- 
proctor  for  the  university ;  and  on  29  March 
1698,  aged  33,  he  died  at  Oxford,  and  was 
buried  in  Queen's  College  chapel. 

[Wood's  Athense  Oxon.  (Bliss),  iv.  341,  539, 
540 ;  Hutchinson's  Cumberland,  i.  300-2 ;  Nicol- 
son  and  Burn's  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  i. 
395-6 ;  Cat.  Grad.  Oxon,  p.  89  ;  Reflections,  &c. 
pp.  7,  10 ;  Offley's  Epistle  Dedicatory  to  same, 
not  paged  ;  Le  Neve's  Fasti  (Hardy),  ii.  103.] 

J.  H. 

BROUGHAM,  HENRY  PETER,  BARON 
BROUGHAM  AND  VATJX  (1778-1868),  lord 
chancellor,  eldest  son  of  Henry  Brougham 
and  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Mrs.  Syme,  widow 
of  James  Syme,  a  minister  of  Alloa,  and 
sister  of  Dr.  W.  Robertson,  the  historian, 
was  born  in  a  house  at  the  corner  of  the 
West  Bow  and  the  Cowgate,  Edinburgh, 


Brougham 


449 


Brougham 


on  19  Sept.  1778.  Although  in  after  life 
he  claimed  to  be  descended  from  the  De 
Burghams,  the  ancient  lords  of  Brougham 
Castle,  and  from  the  barons  of  Vaulx,  his 
pedigree  cannot  be  traced  with  certainty  be- 
yond Henry  Brougham  described  in  1665  as 
of  Scales  Hall,  Cumberland,  gentleman, 
whose  eldest  son  John  in  1726  purchased  a 
portion  of  the  manor  of  Brougham,  West- 
moreland. This  estate  descended  to  the 
purchaser's  great-nephew  Henry,  the  father 
of  the  chancellor  (NICHOLSON  and  BURN, 
History  of  Cumberland  and  Westmorland,  i. 
395  ;  LOUD  CAMPBELL,  Lives  of  the  Chancel- 
lors, viii.  214-18).  When  barely  seven  years 
old  Brougham  was  sent  to  the  high  school  at 
Edinburgh  ;  he  rose  to  the  head  of  the  school 
and  left  in  August  1791.  The  next  year  he 
spent  with  his  parents  under  the  care  of  a 
tutor  at  Brougham  Hall,  and  in  October 
1792  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  delighted  in  the  study  of  mathematics 
and  physics,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  sent 
a  paper  to  the  Royal  Society  on  '  Experi- 
ments and  Observations  on  ...  Light,' 
which  was  read  and  printed  in  the  society's 

*  Transactions.'  This  was  followed  by  another 
on  the  same  subject,  and  in  1798  by  one  on 

*  Porisms  \PhilosophicalTransactions,  Ixxxvi. 
227  ;  Ixxxvii.  352 ;  Ixxxviii.  378).     He  also 
distinguished  himself  in  the  debating  socie- 
ties of  the  university.  After  finishing  the  four 
years'  course  of  humanity  and  philosophy  in 
1795,  he  began  to  read  law.     As  a  student 
he  often  indulged  in  riotous  sports,  and  took 
part  in  twisting  off  knockers  as  eagerly  as 
in  philosophical  discussions(ior^  B ro ugham's 
Life  and  Times,  i.  87).     He  spent  his  vaca- 
tions in  making  walking  tours,  and  in  Sep- 
tember 1799  visited  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway  (ib.  547).     Having  passed  advocate 
on  1  June  1800,  he  went  the  southern  cir- 
cuit, and  for  the  sake  of  practice  acted  as 
counsel  for  the  poor  prisoners.     During  the 
circuit  he  behaved  in  a  boisterous  and  eccen- 
tric fashion,  and  unmercifully  tormented  old 
Lord  Eskgrove,  the  judge  of    assize.      He 
disliked  the  profession   of   law.     With  an 
extraordinarily   wide   range  of  knowledge, 
with  an  excellent  memory,  a  ready  wit,  and 
unbounded  self-confidence,  he  aimed  at  out- 
shining others  in  everything.     In  1802  he 
joined  the  small  company  engaged  in  setting 
on  foot  the  '  Edinburgh  Review.'     He  had 
already  attained  a  high  place  in  the  literary 
society  of  Edinburgh,  and  it  was  expected  he 
would  shortly   { push   his  way  into  public 
life  '  (CoCKBURN,  Life  of  Jeffrey,  i.   138). 
The  first  number  of  the  '  Review  '  was  pub- 
lished the  following  October,  and  Brougham 
contributed  three  of  its  twenty-nine  articles. 

VOL.    VI. 


'  In  1803  he  brought  out  his  '  Colonial  Policy 
j  of  European  Nations,'  a  work  which  did  not 
|  meet  with  any  great  success.     On   14  Oct. 
:  of  that  year  he  was  admitted  a  member  of 
j  Lincoln's  Inn,  though  he  continued  to  reside 
i  in  Edinburgh  for  about  two  years  longer. 
I  He  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  movement 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  in  1804  went 
to  Holland  to  gain  information  on  the  sub- 
ject, extending  his  tour  to  Italy  and  other 
parts  of  the  continent.     In  this  year  too  he 
organised  a  volunteer  corps  at  "Edinburgh, 
but  the  government  slighted  its  offer  of  ser- 
vice, and  the  corps  was  dissolved.    His  early 
articles   in   the    '  Review'  were    generally 
scientific ;  he  now  wrote  much  on  political 
and  economical  subjects  with  the   avowed 
intention  of  adopting  a  political  career  (Me- 
moirs of  F.  Homer,  i.  274,  279). 

In  1805  Brougham  settled  in  London. 
There  he  read  English  law  and  supported 
himself  mainly  by  writing  for  the  '  Edin- 
burgh Review.'  His  versatility  and  his 
power  of  despatch  were  extraordinary.  He 
never  considered  any  subject  out  of  his  line. 
In  the  first  twenty  numbers  of  the '  Review  ' 
he  had  as  many  as  eighty  articles.  Eager 
to  write  everything  himself,  he  was  so 
jealous  of  new  contributors  that  the  editor, 
Jeffrey,  took  care  not  to  let  him  know  of 
any  addition  to  the  staff  (NAPIER,  Corre- 
spondence, 3).  His  reviews  were  slashing, 
but  his  work  was  often  superficial  and  his  cri- 
ticisms were  sometimes  scandalously  unjust. 
His  contemptuous  notice  of  the  experiments 
by  which  Dr.  Young  arrived  at  the  theory 
of  undulation  is  a  famous  instance  of  his 
unfairness  (Edin.  Rev.  ii.  450,  457,  ix.  97  ; 
DR.  YOUNG,  Works,  i.  195-215;  PEACOCK, 
Life  of  Dr.  Young,  174 ;  CAMPBELL,  Life, 
viii.  247).  Brougham  was  soon  introduced 
to  Lord  Holland,  and  became  a  frequent 
visitor  at  Holland  House.  The  service  he 
was  able  to  render  the  whigs  with  his  pen, 
his  witty  conversation,  and  his  agreeable 
manners  secured  him  a  good  position  in  so- 
ciety. In  1806  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  Lords  Rosslyn  and  St.  Vincent  on  their 
mission  to  the  court  of  Lisbon,  and  although 
on  his  return  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  found 
himself  considerably  out  of  pocket,  his  able 
conduct  in  Portugal  increased  his  reputa- 
tion. He  was  further  brought  into  notice 
by  his  sympathy  with  the  anti-slavery  agi- 
tation, which  secured  him  the  good  opinion 
of  Wilberforce  and  the  party  he  led.  When 
in  March  1807  the  Grenville  ministry  was 
forced  to  resign,  the  whig  press  was  in 
Brougham's  hands,  and  in  the  course  of  ten 
days,  with  some  slight  help  from  Lord  Hol- 
land and  one  or  two  others,  he  produced  '  a 

G   Q 


Brougham 


45° 


Brougham 


prodigious  number'  of  articles,  pamphlets, 
and  handbills,  appealing  chiefly  to  the  dis- 
senters to  uphold  the  whigs  in  the  impending 
election  (LoKD  HOLLAND,  Memoirs  of  the 
mg  Party,  ii.  229).  On  the  defeat  of  the  , 
whigs  Brougham  turned  to  legal  study  and 
became  the  pupil  of  Mr.  (afterwards  chief 
justice)  Tindal.  In  July  1808  he  applied  for  a 
special  call  to  the  bar  to  enable  him  to  go 
the  ensuing  circuit,  and  the  benchers  were 
willing  to  grant  his  petition.  In  order,  how- 
ever, to  avenge  their  party,  the  attorney- 
general  and  solicitor-general  came  down  and 
procured  its  rejection.  On  the  following 
2:4  Nov.  he  was  called  in  the  ordinary  course 
and  joined  the  northern  circuit.  Although 
his  study  of  civil  law  in  Scotland  had  to 
some  extent  '  legalised  his  mind,'  he  was  not 
and  never  became  master  of  the  subtleties  of 
English  law,  and  he  had  little  success  in  the 
courts  until  he  had  made  his  mark  in  poli- 
tics (CAMPBELL,  Life,  233,  254).  His  first 
triumph  as  a  barrister  was  political  rather 
than  legal.  As  counsel  for  the  Liverpool 
merchants  who  petitioned  against  the  orders 
in  council  he  was  heard  before  both  houses 
of  parliament  on  many  successive  days,  and 
though  the  petition  was  dismissed  his  powers 
as  an  advocate  were  universally  acknow- 
ledged, and  the  case  may  be  said  to  have 
made  his  fortune. 

Through  the  influence  of  Lord  Holland, 
the  Duke  of  Bedford  offered  Brougham  a 
seat  for  Camelford,  and  he  was  returned  to 
parliament  on  5  Feb.  1810.  His  first  speech, 
delivered  on  5  March,  in  support  of  the  vote 
of  censure  on  the  Earl  of  Chatham,  was  not 
a  success,  though  he  was  not  dissatisfied 
with  it  (Parl.  Debates,  16,  7** ;  Life  and 
Times,  i.  500 ;  CAMPBELL,  Life,  262).  Dur- 
ing the  course  of  the  session  he  spoke  re- 
peatedly, almost  usurping  Ponsonby's  place 
as  leader  of  the  opposition  in  the  commons  ; 
nor  was  he  thought  to  be  taking  too  much 
upon  himself  when  only  four  months  after 
he  entered  the  house  he  moved  an  address 
to  the  crown  on  the  subject  of  slavery 
(Quarterly  Review,  cxxvi.  42).  His  reputa- 
tion as  an  advocate  was  increased  by  his 
triumphant  defence  of  J.  and  J.  L.  Hunt  on 
22  Jan.  1811.  The  defendants  were  indicted 
for  libel  for  publishing  an  article  in  the 
'Examiner'  on  military  flogging,  and  the 
case  was  especially  suited  to  Brougham's 
peculiar  power  (Speeches,  i.  15).  Three 
weeks  later  he  failed  to  procure  the  acquit- 
tal of  the  proprietor  of  a  country  newspaper 
who  was  indicted  on  a  similar  charge  at 
Lincoln,  and  on  8  Dec.  1812  unsuccessfully 
defended  the  Hunts  when  indicted  for  a 
libel  on  the  prince  regent.  These  and  other 


like  cases  in  which  Brougham  was  retained 
for  the  defence  were  of  great  public  import- 
ance, and  his  success  was  declared  'more 
rapid  than  that  of  any  barrister  since  Erskine ' 
(Memoirs  of  F.Horner,  ii.  123).  Following 
the  line  he  had  already  adopted  as  an  advo- 
cate, Brougham  on  3  March  1812  moved  for 
a  select  committee  with  reference  to  the 
orders  in  council,  and  carried  on  his  attack 
with  such  vigour  that  on  16  June  Castle- 
reagh  announced  that  the  orders  would  at 
once  be  withdrawn.  This  victory  gained 
him  immense  popularity,  especially  with  the 
commercial  interest,  which  had  suffered 
severely  from  the  orders  (BENTHAM,  Works y 
x.  471).  In  the  arrangements  made  by 
Lords  Grey  and  Grenville  in  view  of  their 
possible  return  to  office  he  was  to  have  been 
president  of  the  board  of  trade.  As  Camel- 
ford  had  passed  into  other  hands,  he  was, 
at  the  dissolution  on  29  Sept.,  forced  to  seek 
for  a  seat  elsewhere,  and  the  good  service  he 
had  done  to  commerce  led  to  an  invitation 
to  stand  for  Liverpool.  He  was,  however, 
forced  to  retire  from  the  poll  on  16  Oct.,  and, 
after  making  an  unsuccessful  effort  to  secure 
a  seat  for  the  Inverkeithing  burghs,  found 
himself  shut  out  from  the  house.  He  was 
very  sore  at  this  exclusion,  he  declared  that 
he  'was  thrown  overboard  to  lighten  the 
ship,'  and  he  wrote  bitterly  of  Lady  Hol- 
land (Life  and  Times,  ii.  92, 101).  It  would 
of  course  have  been  easy  enough  for  the  whigs 
to  find  him  a  seat,  and  his  exclusion  was 
caused  partly  by  jealousy  and  partly  by  dis- 
trust. This  distrust  was  not  without  foun- 
dation, for  his  letters  to  Lord  Grey  at  this 
period  show  want  of  ballast  and  political 
insight.  At  last  Lord  Darlington  offered 
him  a  seat  for  Winchelsea,  and  he  returned 
to  the  house  on  21  July  1815.  Although 
not  acknowledged  as  the  leader  he  soon 
became  the  most  prominent  member  of  the 
opposition  in  the  commons.  He  attacked 
the  Holy  Alliance ;  in  March  1816  he  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  Vansittart's  income-tax 
bill ;  and  on  9  April,  in  moving  for  a  com- 
mittee, made  a  powerful  speech  on  the  cha- 
racter and  causes  of  the  agricultural  dis- 
tress— one  cause  of  the  distress,  he  declared, 
was  that  the  area  of  cultivation  had  been 
extended  unduly.  In  a  speech  on  the  de- 
pression in  trade  delivered  on  23  March  1817 
he  severely  blamed  the  foreign  policy  of  the 
ministry,  and  pointed  out  the  evils  of  restric- 
tion and  prohibition.  He  made  another  at- 
tack on  the  ministry  on  11  June  in  the  form 
of  a  motion  for  an  address  to  the  prince 
regent  on  the  state  of  the  nation,  which  was 
defeated  by  only  thirty-seven  votes,  a  defeat 
which  was  reckoned  a  triumph  (Life  and 


Brougham 


451 


Brougham 


Times,  ii.  312).  He  constantly  advocated 
retrenchment  and  a  sound  commercial  policy, 
and  he  vigorously  opposed  the  repressive 
measures  known  as  the  Six  Acts  At  the 
same  time  he  looked  on  the  radicals  with 
dislike,  and  in  a  letter  to  Lord  Grey  of  | 
1  Nov.  1819  urged  that  the  whigs  should  j 
declare  their  separation  from  them  (Life  and 
Times,  ii.  351).  He  did  good  service  both 
in  drawing  attention  to  the  importance  of 
popular  education  and  in  devising  means  for 
its  attainment.  Having  obtained  the  re- 
appointment  of  the  education  committee  in 
1818,  he  instituted  an  inquiry  into  charity 
abuses,  which  he  extended  to  the  universities 
and  to  Eton  and  Winchester.  Some  scanda- 
lous revelations  were  made,  and  the  governing 
bodies  bitterly  resented  the  inquisition.  In 
1819  Brougham  was  kept  from  the  house  for 
some  weeks  by  a  dangerous  illness.  On  his 
return  on  23  June  Peel  made  an  attack  on 
the  conduct  of  the  committee,  which  he 
met  with  a  full  defence  (Speeches,  iii.  180). 
In  June  1820  he  brought  in  two  bills  pro- 
viding for  the  compulsory  building,  the  go- 
vernment, and  the  maintenance  of  parochial 
schools.  His  proposals  were  disliked  by  the 
dissenters  and  fell  through.  After  the  death 
of  his  father  in  1810,  Brougham  when  not  in 
London  made  his  home  at  Brougham  Hall. 
In  1821  he  married  Mary  Anne,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Eden,  and  widow  of  John  Spalding. 
By  her  he  had  two  daughters ;  the  elder  died 
in  infancy,  the  younger  in  1839. 

From  1811  and  perhaps  from  an  earlier 
date  Brougham  was  constantly  consulted 
by  the  Princess  of  Wales.  His  statement 
that  he  was  also  the  constant  adviser  of  the 
Princess  Charlotte  is  certainly  exaggerated 
(Life  and  Times,  ii.  145).  He  seems,  how- 
ever, to  have  given  her  some  prudent  ad- 
vice in  1813  (ib.  174),  and  to  have  been  con- 
sulted by  her,  through  Lady  Charlotte  Lind- 
say, respecting  her  marriage  in  1814.  When 
the  princess  escaped  from  Warwick  House 
to  her  mother's  residence  in  Connaught  Place 
on  the  evening  of  11  July,  the  Princess  of 
Wales  sent  for  Brougham,  who  helped  to 
persuade  her  to  return  (Autobiography  of 
Miss  Knight,  i.  307,  309).  The  dramatic 
story  he  tells  of  his  leading  the  young  prin- 
cess to  a  window  and  showing  her  the  crowds 
gathering  for  a  Westminster  election  (JEdin. 
Rev.  April  1838,  Ivii.  34;  Life  and  Times,  ii. 
230)  has  been  denied  and  ridiculed  by  an- 
other Edinburgh  reviewer,  on  the  ground 
that  '  on  the  day  in  question  there  was 
neither  a  Westminster  election  nor  nomi- 
nation '  (Edin.  Rev.  April  1869,  cxxix.  583). 
The  story  may  or  may  not  be  true,  but  that 
on  that  day  Sir  Francis  Burdett  nominated 


> 


Lord  Cochrane  as  member  for  Westminster 
before  '  a  very  numerous  meeting  in  Palace 
Yard'  is  beyond  question  (Times,  12  July 
1814),  and  the  circumstances  of  Cochrane's 
candidature  are  sufficient  to  account  for  the 
popular  excitement  to  which  Brougham 
refers. 

He  strongly  advised  the  Princess  of  Wales 
not  to  go  abroad.  In  July  1819  he  proposed 
acting  on  her  behalf,  though  in  this  case 
without  authority  from  her,  that  she  should 
reside  permanently  abroad,  should  consent  to 
a  separation,  and  not  use  her  husband's  title 
on  condition  that  her  allowance  (35,000^.), 
then  dependent  on  the  king's  life,  should  be 
secured  to  her  (YoNGE,  Life  of  Lord  Liver- 
pool, ii.  16).  When  the  princess  became 
queen,  she  appointed  Brougham  her  attorney- 
general,  and  he  was  accordingly  called  within 
the  bar  on  22  April  1820.  A  few  days 
before  he  received  a  proposal  from  Lord 
Liverpool  offering  the  queen  50,000/.  a  year 
on  the  same  conditions  that  Brougham  had 
named  the  year  before.  This  proposal  he 
did  not  make  known  to  the  queen,  who  was 
then  at  Geneva.  On  4  June  he  and  Lord 
Hutchinson,  who  acted  for  the  king,  met 
her  at  St.  Omer,  being  sent  to  propose  terms 
of  separation  and  to  warn  her  against  com- 
ing to  England.  It  was  then  too  late,  and  the 
queen  crossed  to  Dover  the  next  day.  Even 
when  at  St.  Omer,  Brougham  forbore  to  in- 
form her  of  the  proposal  made  by  the  minister 
the  preceding  April,  nor  did  Lord  Liverpool 
become  aware  that  his  proposal  had  been 
withheld  from  her  until  10  June  (ib.  53- 
62).  Had  Brougham  delivered  the  message 
with  which  he  was  entrusted,  the  whole 
scandal  of  the  queen's  trial  would  probably 
have  been  avoided.  In  that  case,  however, 
he  would  have  lost  the  opportunity  of  play- 
ing the  most  conspicuous  part  in  a  famous 
scene.  He  never  gave  any  satisfactory  ex- 
planation of  his  conduct.  Brougham  was 
called  before  the  lords  in  the  matter  of  the 
bill  of  degradation  and  divorce  on  21  Aug. 
when  he  exposed  the  untrustworthiness  of 
Majocchi,  the  principal  witness  for  the 
crown.  His  speech  for  the  defence  took  up 
3  and  4  Oct. ;  the  peroration,  so  he  told 
Macaulay,  he  had  written  over  seven  times. 
The  result  of  the  trial  brought  him  an  ex- 
traordinary amount  of  popularity,  and  the 
'  Brougham's  Head '  became  a  common  tavern 
sign.  On  3  and  4  July  1821  he  unsuccess- 
fully argued  the  queen's  right  to  coronation 
before  the  privy  council,  and  tried  in  vain 
to  prevent  her  from  attempting  to  force  her 
way  into  the  abbey.  He  attended  her  fune- 
ral in  August.  The  next  month  he  obtained 
the  conviction  of  one  Blacow,  a  clergyman, 

GG2 


Brougham 


452 


Brougham 


for  libelling  her,  and  in  January  1822  de- 
livered his  speech  on  the  Durham  clergy,  the 
finest  specimen  of  his  powers  of  sarcasm  and 
invective,  in  defence  of  a  printer  accused  of 
libelling  them  in  some  reflections  on  their 
conduct  on  the  queen's  death.  Brougham 
had  now  lost  his  official  rank,  and  owing  to 
the  king's  personal  spite  against  him  he  was 
debarred  from  receiving  a  patent  of  prece- 
dence. This  persecution  did  him  no  harm, 
for  in  one  year  he  made  7,000/.  in  a  stuff 
gown. 

When  in  1822  the  death  of  Lord  London- 
derry made  it  seem  possible  that  the  whigs 
might  come  into  office.  Lord  Grey  proposed 
that,  should  the  administration  be  changed, 
Brougham  should  be  '  really  and  effectively 
if  not  nominally '  leader  of  the  house  and  a 
member  of  the  government  (Life  and  Times, 
ii.  453).  This  and  other  negotiations  were 
brought  to  an  end  when  the  king  accepted 
Canning  as  foreign  secretary.  With  Canning 
Brougham  was  far  more  at  one  as  regards 
foreign  affairs  than  he  had  been  with  Castle- 
reagh.  Nevertheless,  on  23  April  1823  he 
made  a  violent  attack  upon  him  for  refusing 
to  press  the  catholic  claims.  Canning  de- 
clared he  spoke  falsely,  and  a  motion  was 
made  that  both  the  disputants  should  be 
committed  to  the  custody  of  the  serjeant-at- 
arms.  The  dispute,  however,  was  at  last 
composed  (Parl.  Deb.  new  series,  viii.  1089- 
1102).  On  3  Feb.  1824  Brougham  made  a 
remarkable  speech  urging  the  government 
to  resist  the  dictation  of  the  Holy  Alliance 
in  Europe,  dwelling  on  the  iniquity  of  the 
French  invasion  of  Spain  and  the  tyranny  of 
the  Austrians  in  Italy.  This  speech,  which 
excelled  all  his  former  political  efforts  in 
bitterness  of  sarcasm  and  severity  of  attack, 
was  received  with  immense  applause  (ib.  x. 
53-70;  STAPLETON'S  Life  of  Canning,  i.  296). 
On  the  news  of  the  condemnation  and  death 
of  the  missionary  Smith,  he  proposed  a  vote 
of  censure  on  the  government  of  Demerara, 
and  his  speech  of  10  June  forms  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  the  abolition  of  slavery 
{Speeches,  ii.  42-128).  In  the  course  of  this 
session  he  was  violently  assaulted  in  the 
lobby  of  the  house  by  a  lunatic  named 
Gourley.  Having  been  elected  lord  rector 
of  Glasgow  University  in  1825,  Brougham 
on  his  way  thither  visited  Edinburgh  on 
6  April.  A  banquet  was  given  in  his  honour, 
at  which  he  made  several  violent  and  ex- 
travagant speeches  (Speeches  .  .  .  on  5  April 
1825;  NAPIER,  Correspondence,  42).  When 
in  1827  Canning  succeeded  Lord  Liverpool, 
Brougham,  feeling  himself  generally  in  accord 
with  the  new  minister's  principles,  left  the 
opposition  benches  and  on  1  May  took  his 


place  on  the  ministerial  side  of  the  house. 
He  brought  over  with  him  a  body  of  mode- 
rate whigs,  who  thus  for  a  time  separated 
themselves  from  Grey.  Canning  had  no 
wish  to  be  overridden,  and  offered  Brougham 
the  post  of  lord  chief  baron,  which  would 
have  removed  him  from  the  house.  Brougham, 
however,  objected  to  being  i  shelved,'  and  re- 
fused the  oner.  He  now  at  last  obtained  a 
patent  of  precedence,  and  on  going  circuit 
was  greeted  with  much  rejoicing  by  his 
brother  barristers,  among  whom  he  was 
popular.  His  reappearance  in t  silk '  brought 
him  a  large  number  of  cases.  This  influx, 
however,  did  not  last  long.  He  was  '  defi- 
cient in  nisi  prius  tact,'  was  apt  to  treat 
juries  with  impatience,  and  seemed  to  think 
more  of  displaying  his  own  powers  than  of 
getting  verdicts  for  his  clients.  During  the 
short  time  that  he  continued  at  the  bar  his 
practice  declined  (CAMPBELL  ;  Law  Magazine, 
new  series,  1.  177). 

As  early  as  8  May  1816  Brougham  first 
attempted  an  improvement  in  the  law ;  in 
bringing  forward  a  bill  for  securing  the  liberty 
of  the  press,  he  proposed  an  amendment  of 
the  law  of  libel.  On  7  Feb.  1828  he  brought 
forward  a  great  scheme  of  law  reform.  In  a 
speech  of  six  hours'  length  he  dealt  exhaus- 
tively with  the  anomalies  and  defects  in  the 
law  of  real  property  and  in  proceedings  at 
common  law.  His  extraordinary  effort  bore 
ample  fruit,  for  it  caused  a  vast  improvement 
in  our  system  of  common  law  procedure,  and 
overthrew  the  cumbrous  and  antiquated  ma- 
chinery of  fines  and  recoveries.  The  accession 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  to  office  in  the 
January  of  this  year  sent  Brougham  back  to 
the  opposition ;  for  while,  in  common  with 
his  party,  he  cordially  upheld  the  duke  and 
Peel  in  carrying  the  Catholic  Emancipation 
Bill  of  1829,  he  was  not  prepared  to  accord 
them  his  general  support.  As  Lord  Cleve- 
land (Darlington)  went  over  to  the  tories, 
Brougham  felt  bound  in  1830  to  vacate  his 
seat  for  Winchelsea,  and  accordingly  ac- 
cepted the  offer  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire 
to  return  him  for  Knaresborough.  At  the 
same  time  he  by  110  means  relished  sitting 
for  a  close  constituency :  it  consorted  ill 
with  his  desire  to  be  known  as  a  popular 
politician,  and  it  kept  him  back  from  taking 
part  in  the  movement  for  parliamentary 
reform.  While  sitting  for  Winchelsea,  he 
had  made  unsuccessful  attempts  in  1818, 
1820,  and  1826  to  gain  a  seat  for  Westmore- 
land. Now,  however,  a  speech  he  made  on 
13  July,  on  bringing  forward  a  motion  against 
slavery,  gained  him  an  invitation  to  stand 
for  Yorkshire.  He  was  triumphantly  elected, 
and  in  the  parliament  of  1830  took  his  seat 


Brougham 


453 


Brougham 


for  the  county  instead  of  for  Knaresborough, 
where  he  was  also  returned.  In  the  course 
of  the  election  he  pledged  himself  to  reform 
(  Quarterly  Review,  April  1831,  xlv.  281).  He 
prepared  a  scheme  of  reform  which  gave  the 
franchise  to  all  householders,  leaseholders, 
and  copyholders,  and  took  one  member  from 
each  of  the  rotten  boroughs  (ROEBUCK,  Whig 
Ministry  of  1830,  i.  420),  and  on  16  Nov. 
gave  notice  that  he  would  lay  it  before  the 
house.  On  that  day  Lord  Grey  received  the 
king's  command  to  form  a  ministry.  The 
whig  leaders  would  have  been  glad  to  leave 
Brougham  out  of  the  cabinet.  On  the  17th 
he  was  invited  to  become  attorney-general. 
He  indignantly  declined,  and  the  next  night 
announced,  with  an  implied  threat,  his  in- 
tention of  proceeding  with  his  motion.  This 
made  him  to  some  extent  master  of  the  situa- 
tion. He  wished  for  the  rolls,  for  he  did  not 
want  to  leave  the  commons.  The  king,  how- 
ever, would  not  hear  of  this,  for  he  knew  that 
Brougham's  presence  would  render  Lord  Al- 
thorp's  leadership  impotent  (CROKEK,  ii.  80). 
He  was  therefore  offered  the  chancellorship. 
He  received  the  great  seal  on  22  Nov.,  was 
elevated  to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of 
Baron  Brougham  and  Vaux  on  23rd,  and  on 
25th  was  sworn  as  chancellor. 

He  worked  with  extraordinary  energy  in 
his  new  office.  He  had  often,  and  especially 
in  1825,  reproached  Lord  Eldon  for  the  delays 
in  his  court,  and  he  was  determined  to  bring  j 
in  a  wholly  new  system.  At  the  rising  of 
the  court  for  the  long  vacation  he  was  able 
to  announce  that  he  had  not  left  a  single  j 
appeal  unheard.  While  he  did  much,  and  cer- 
tainly far  more  than  any  other  chancellor  had 
done,  to  expedite  proceedings  in  chancery,  he 
gave  some  offence  by  boasting  publicly  and  re- 
peatedly of  achievements  that  he  had  not  per- 
formed, and  that  were  indeed  beyond  mortal 
power.  Moreover,  both  now  and  at  other 
times,  he  was  singularly  negligent  of  profes- 
sional courtesy  (CAMPBELL).  Pursuing  the 
work  of  law  reform,  he  was  the  means  of 
effecting  considerable  improvements  in  the 
court  of  chancery,  the  abolition  of  the  court 
of  delegates,  the  substitution  for  it  of  the 
judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council,  and 
the  institution  of  the  central  criminal  court. 
The  foundation  of  these  two  courts  alone 
would  entitle  him  to  be  remembered  as  a 
great  legal  reformer.  He  brought  in  a  bank- 
ruptcy bill,  which  eventually  became  the 
basis  of  a  statute  ;  and  though  his  Local 
Courts  Bill  of  1830  fell  through,  it  prepared 
the  way  for  the  present  system  of  county 
courts.  Since  1820  the  subject  of  education 
had  occupied  much  of  his  attention.  In  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Birkbeck,  he  helped  to  set 


on  foot  various  mechanics'  institutes.  In 
1825  he  published  his  '  Observations  on  the 
Education  of  the  People,'  which  before  the 
end  of  the  year  reached  its  twentieth  edition. 
In  this  pamphlet  (Speeches,  iii.  103)  he  pro- 
posed a  plan  for  the  publication  of  cheap  and 
!  useful  works,  which  he  carried  out  by  the 
I  formation  of  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Knowledge.  The  first  committee  of  this 
society  was  formed  in  April  1825.  After  some 
delays  it  recommenced  its  work  November 
1826,  and  published  its  introductory  volume, 
written  by  Brougham,  in  March  1827  (JEdin. 
Rev.  June  1827,  xlvi.  225).  The  l  Observa- 
tions '  also  contain  a  reference  to  the  need  of 
scientific  education  for  the  upper  classes  (151). 
Brougham  sought  to  supply  this  need  by  the 
foundation  of  the  London  University,  a  work 
which  he  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion 
in  1828.  He  took  the  leading  part  in  the  de- 
bates on  education  in  1833,  and  on  14  March 
announced  that  he  saw  reason  for  abandon- 
ing the  plan  of  a  compulsory  rate  he  had 
hitherto  advocated.  On  23  March  1835  he 
moved  that  parliament  should  vote  grants 
for  education,  and  that  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners should  be  appointed  to  control  the 
application  of  the  money  granted,  and  on 
1  Dec.  1837  brought  forward  two  bills  further 
developing  the  system  of  national  education. 
In  April  1831  the  defeat  of  the  ministry  ne- 
cessitated a  dissolution,  and  political  circum- 
stances made  it  equally  necessary  that  the 
dissolution  should  be  immediate,  and  that  the 
prorogation  should  be  pronounced  by  the  king 
in  person.  The  extraordinary  account  that 
Brougham  has  given  through  Roebuck  (Hist, 
of  the  Whig  Ministry,  ii.  148-52)  of  his  saving 
the  country  by  taking  on  himself  to  order  the 
attendance  of  the  troops  and  the  like,  and  of 
his  almost  compelling  the  king  to  go  down  to 
the  house,  and  the  whole  story  of  what  passed 
in  the  interview  he  and  Grey  had  with  the 
king  on  22  April,  are  apocryphal.  In  the 
exciting  scene  in  the  House  of  Lords  which 
followed  the  announcement  of  the  king's  ar- 
rival, the  chancellor's  self-importance  caused 
him  to  lose  his  head  (Grey  Correspondence, 
i.  234-6;  Greville  Memoirs,  1st  ser.  ii.  135-7). 
On  7  Oct.  Brougham  made  a  speech  on  the 
second  reading  of  the  Reform  Bill  that  has 
been  held  to  be  his  masterpiece :  it  is  full  of 
sarcasm  on  the  tory  lords.  As  in  most  of 
his  great  speeches,  the  peroration  is  studied 
and  unnatural.  Brougham  ended  with  a 
prayer ;  he  fell  on  his  knees,  and  remained 
kneeling.  He  had  kept  up  his  energy  with 
draughts  of  mulled  port,  and  his  friends,  who 
thought  that  he  was  unable  to  rise,  picked  him 
up  and  set  him  on  the  woolsack  (Speeches,  iii. 
559;  CAMPBELL,  Life,  398).  In  the  crisis 


Brougham 


454 


Brougham 


which  followed  the  victory  of  the  opposition 
on  17  May  1832,  Brougham  represents  him- 
self as  playing  the  most  important  part.  This 
is  by  no  means  borne  out  by  other  evidence. 
Lord  Grey  was  not  a  man  to  allow  the  chan- 
cellor to  take  his  place,  and  William  IV  cer- 
tainly never  forgot  what  was  due  to  him  as 
his  first  minister  (ROEBUCK,  History,  ii.  331 ; 
Life  and  Times,  iii.  192-201,  with  which 
compare  Grey  Correspondence,  i.  422-44 ; 
Edin.  Rev.  cxxv.  546). 

In  June  1834  Lord  Grey  retired  from  office. 
His  retirement  is  said  by  Brougham  to  have 
been  caused  by  the  indiscretion  of  Littleton, 
the  Irish  secretary.  It  was  at  least  as  much 
Brougham's  own  work.  Without  Grey's 
knowledge  he  persuaded  Lord  Wellesley,  the 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  to  withdraw  from 
his  recommendation  that  certain  clauses  of 
the  Coercion  Bill  should  be  retained.  This 
underhand  proceeding  led  to  complications 
both  with  O'Connell  and  between  the  whig 
leaders  in  the  two  houses.  Brougham  had 
not  the  honesty  to  acknowledge  what  he  had 
done  when  he  might  have  cleared  Littleton 
from  O'Connell's  charges,  and  he  has  dis- 
guised the  truth  in  his  autobiography.  Grey 
felt  he  had  been  ill  used.  Brougham  knew 
that  he  wished  to  resign  office,  and  seems  to 
have  schemed  to  separate  him  from  his  fol- 
lowers, in  order  that  he  himself  and  the  party 
generally  might  retain  office — for  himself  he 
probably  hoped  for  the  treasury,  after  Grey 
had  gone  out  (Letter  of  Henry,  Earl  Grey, 
July  1871,  Edin.  Rev.  cxxxiv.  291-302;  Parl. 
Deb.  xxiv.  1019,  1308,  xxv.  119;  Lord  Ha- 
merton  (Littleton},  Memoir  of  1834,  p.  85, 
and  passim).  Brougham  continued  chancellor 
when  Lord  Melbourne  took  office.  Up  to 
this  time  his  popularity  and  his  success  were 
unabated.  It  was  during  his  chancellorship 
that  he  used  to  drive  about  in  a  little  carriage 
specially  built  for  him  by  Robinson,  the 
coachmaker,  which  excited  much  wonder  by 
its  unusual  shape,  '  an  old  little  sort  of  garden 
chair,'  Moore  the  poet  called  it  (Diary, 
vi.  196) ;  it  was  the  ancestor  of  all  broughams. 
For  years  the  '  Times'  had  nattered  him  out- 
rageously, and  he  was  accused  of  using  the 
'Edinburgh  Review'  as  a  means  of  puffing 
himself  and  his  projects  (NAPIER,  110.  The 
extraordinary  tyranny  Brougham  exercised 
over  the  management  of  the  'Edinburgh  Re- 
view' is  constantly  illustrated  by  incidental 
passages  in  the  correspondence  of  Macvey 
Napier,  the  editor ;  it  was  grievously,  though 
for  the  most  part  vainly,  complained  of,  and 
was  bitterly  resented  by  Macaulay).  Now, 
however,  the  '  Times '  changed  its  tone,  and 
attacked  him.  In  August  he  made  a  tour 
in  Scotland.  He  displeased  the  king  by 


taking  the  great  seal  across  the  border,  and 
made  matters  worse  by  indulging  in  extrava- 
gances that  excited  the  disgust  of  all  sensible 
persons  ( Greville  Memoirs,  1st  ser.  iii.  133 ; 
CAMPBELL).  The  ministers  were  dismissed 
on  11  Nov.  That  evening  Melbourne,  under  a 
promise  of  secrecy,  told  Brougham  the  result 
of  his  interview  with  the  king.  Brougham 
at  once  sent  the  news  to  the  '  Times,'  and  his 
brief  communication,  ending  with  the  words, 
'  The  queen  has  done  it  all,'  appeared  in  the 
issue  of  the  next  morning.  The  king  declared 
that  he  had  been  'insulted  and  betrayed' 
(ToRRENS,  Memoirs  of  Melbourne,  ii.  43,44). 
Although  Brougham  knew  that  Scarlett  was 
to  succeed  Lyndhurst  as  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  he  offered  to  take  the  judgeship 
without  any  pay  beyond  his  ex-chancellor's 
pension.  This  offer  brought  him  into  con- 
tempt, and  he  retreated  to  the  continent 
(ib.  51 ;  Greville  Memoirs,  1st  ser.  iii.  157, 
158).  He  visited  Cannes,  then  a  mere  village, 
and  on  3  Jan.  1835  bought  land  there  to  build 
a  house  (H.  RETOURNAY). 

Although  Melbourne  returned  to  office  in 
April  1835,  he,  and  indeed  the  proposed  minis- 
ters generally,  were  determined  not  to  have 
Brougham  among  them  again  after  the  follies 
of  which  he  had  been  guilty,  and  in  order  to 
conciliate  him  the  great  seal  was  put  in  com- 
mission. He  gave  the  government  an  inde- 
pendent support,  and  was  especially  useful  in 
enabling  them  to  carry  the  Municipal  Reform 
Bill.  His  activity  in  parliament  was  extra- 
ordinary. In  the  course  of  this  session  he 
delivered  221  speeches  that  are  reported  in 
'  Hansard '  (Parl.  Deb.  xxx.  Index  quoted  by 
CAMPBELL).  The  appointment  of  Pepys  (Lord 
Cottenham)  as  chancellor  early  in  1836 
wounded  him  deeply.  He  considered,  pro- 
bably not  without  reason,  that  Melbourne 
had  deceived  him  (ToRREisrs,  ii.  174 ;  NAPIER, 
251,  316).  His  health  was  shaken  by  his 
vexation,  and  he  spent  a  year  in  retirement 
at  Brougham  Hall.  During  the  early  years 
of  Queen  Victoria's  reign,  Brougham,  though 
sitting  on  the  ministerial  side  of  the  house, 
often  opposed  the  government.  Adopting 
a  radical  tone,  he  stigmatised  his  former  col- 
leagues as  courtiers,  and  on  11  Dec.  1837, 
when  criticising  the  allowance  to  the  Duchess 
of  Kent,  engaged  in  a  sharp  altercation  with 
Melbourne  (Greville  Memoirs,  2nd  ser.  i.  33). 
During  the  next  year  he  did  much  literary 
work,  editing  the  four  volumes  of  his 
'  Speeches '  and  writing  books,  reviews,  and 
other  articles.  At  the  same  time  he  continued 
to  make  his  presence  felt  in  parliament.  On 
20  Feb.,  in  a  speech  of  great  eloquence,  he 
moved  resolutions  recommending  the  imme- 
diate abolition  of  slavery.  Of  his  work  during 


Brougham 


455 


Brougham 


this  session  Macaulay,  an  old  enemy  of  his, 
wrote :  '  A  mere  tongue,  without  a  party  and 
without  a  character,  in  an  unfriendly  audience 
and  with  an  unfriendly  press,  never  did  half  as 
much  before'  (NAPIEK,  270).  In  the  debate 
of  21  May  1839  on  the  bedchamber  question 
he  made  a  violent  attack  on  the  whigs  and 
spoke  somewhat  disrespectfully  of  the  queen 
as  '  an  inexperienced  person.'  After  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  Melbourne  ministry  he 
virtually  led  the  opposition  in  the  lords,  and 
on  6  Aug.  succeeded  in  carrying  five  resolu- 
tions censuring  the  government  policy  in 
Ireland.  On  21  Oct.,  while  he  was  at 
Brougham  Hall,  it  was  reported  and  gene- 
rally believed  in  London  that  he  had  met  his 
death  by  a  carriage  accident.  All  the  news- 
papers of  the  22nd  except  the  '  Times '  con- 
tained obituary  notices  of  his  career,  one  or 
two  of  them  of  an  uncomplimentary  cha- 
racter. It  soon  became  known  that  the 
report  was  false,  and  Brougham  was  ac- 
cused, not  without  reason,  of  having  set  it 
abroad  himself.  It  was  true  that  he  and 
two  friends  were  thrown  from  a  carriage  on 
the  19th,  but  none  of  the  three  was  in- 
jured (CAMPBELL,  505-11  ;  NAPIER,  312, 313). 
The  loss  of  his  only  surviving  daughter  on 
30  Nov.  of  this  year  caused  him  deep  grief. 
He  named  the  house  he  built  for  himself  at 
•Cannes  the  Chateau  Eleanor  Louise,  in  me- 
mory of  her.  From  1840  onwards  he  spent 
some  months  in  each  year  at  Cannes.  His 
habit  was  to  go  to  Brougham  Hall  as  soon 
as  parliament  was  prorogued,  and  at  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  to  visit  Paris,  where  he  took 
the  opportunity  of  attending  the  meetings  of 
the  Institute — he  had  been  elected  an  asso- 
ciate by  the  Academy  of  Moral  and  Political 
Science  in  1833 — and  thence  to  proceed  to 
Cannes,  where  he  stayed  until  the  next  ses- 
sion recalled  him  to  London. 

Although  on  the  defeat  of  Melbourne's 
ministry  Brougham  changed  his  seat  to  the 
opposition  side  of  the  house,  he  nevertheless 
gave  Peel's  government  considerable  support, 
and  when  the  Ashburton  treaty,  concerning 
the  -Maine  boundary,  was  attacked  by  his 
former  colleagues,  he  brought  forward  a  mo- 
tion on  7  April  1843  expressing  approval  of 
it  and  thanking  Lord  Ashburton  for  his  ser- 
"vices.  He  was  in  favour  of  free  trade,  though 
at  the  same  time  he  disliked  the  Anti-Corn- 
law  League,  for  he  looked  with  suspicion  on 
all  movements  outside  parliament.  Although 
he  tried  to  avert  the  disruption  of  the  Scotch 
kirk,  he  has  been  accused  of,  in  the  end,  sacri- 
ficing the  cause  to  the  interests  of  the  tory 
.government  by  yielding  to  Lord  Aberdeen 
(CocKBUKN,  Journal,  ii.  44).  In  this  year 
a  member  of  the  family  of  Bird,  the  former 


owners  of  Brougham  Hall,  set  up  a  claim 
to  the  estate.     The  case,  which  was  one  of 
trespass,  was  heard  at  Appleby  assizes  on 
11  Sept.,  and  the  verdict  ousted  Bird's  claim. 
Brougham   was   never   happier  than  when 
acting  as  judge ;  he  sat  constantly  in  the  su- 
preme court  of  appeal,  and  in  the  judicial 
committee  of  the  privy  council,  the  court  he 
had  himself  founded,  and  over  which  he  de- 
sired to  hold  permanent  sway.     In  the  hope 
of  acquiring  the  judicial  headship  of  this  court 
he  constantly,  and  especially  in  the  spring  of 
1844,  endeavoured  to  obtain  the  appointment 
of  a  vice-president,  who  should  be  a  judge 
(Gremlle  Memoirs,   2nd   ser.    ii.  225).     He 
continued  to  press  the  subject  of  law  reform 
as  president  of  the  Law  Amendment  Associa- 
tion and  director  of  its  organ,  the  '  Law  Re- 
view,' as  well  as  in  parliament.     On  19  May 
1845  he  made  a  long  speech  on  this  subject, 
rehearsing,  as   his   custom  was,  all  he  had 
effected  during  the  seventeen  years  that  had 
passed  since  his  motion  of  1828,  urging  the 
establishment  of  ( courts  of  conciliation,'  a 
scheme   he  had  propounded  in   his   bill  of 
1830,  and  of  other  local  courts,  and  recom- 
mending that  additional  facilities  should  be 
provided  for  the  sale  and  transfer  of  land  by 
the  use  of  a  formula  of  conveyance  and  by  a 
system  of  registration ;  and  as  regards  crimi- 
nal law,  that  more  frequent  commissions  of 
oyer  and  terminer  should  be  held.    He  ended 
by  laying  nine  bills  on  the  table  (Parl.  Deb» 
3rd  ser.  Ixxx.  493-516).     Old  as  he  now  was, 
and   notwithstanding   the   position   he  had 
achieved  and  the  good  work  he  had  done,  his 
constant  thirst  for  admiration  led  him  'to 
desire  to  flourish  away  among  silly  and  dis- 
solute people  of  fashion.'    Ever  anxious  to 
impress  others  with  a  sense  of  his  superior 
ability, '  he  had  no  idea  how  to  converse  or  live 
at  ease'  (Greville  Memoirs,  2nd  ser.  ii.  235). 
When  the  French  provisional  government 
of  1848  summoned  the  National  Assembly, 
Brougham  was  seized  with  a  desire  to  be  re- 
turned as  a  deputy,  and  applied  to  the  minister 
of  justice  for  a  certificate  of  naturalisation. 
After  some  difficulty  he  was  made  to  under- 
stand that  if  he  became  a  French  citizen  he 
would  lose  his  English  citizenship,  and  with 
it  his  rank,  offices,  and  emoluments,  and  he  ac- 
cordingly withdrew  his  request.    On  11  April, 
while  this  matter  was  still  pending,  he  made  a 
long  speech  in  the  house  on  foreign  affairs,  at- 
tacking Charles  Albert,  the  king  of  Sardinia, 
for  having  promised  to  help  the  Milanese, 
and  the  pope  for  his  concessions  to  the  liberals, 
and   severely  blaming  the   conduct   of  the 
French  provisional  government.     He  found, 
however,  that  his  extraordinary  proposal  had 
not   escaped   notice,   and   Lord  Lansdowne 


Brougham 


456 


Brougham 


answered  him  with  a  sarcastic  remark  (Parl. 
Deb.  xcviii.  138).     On  the  accession  of  the 
whigs  to  office   under  Lord  John  Russell,  | 
Brougham  remained  on  the  opposition  side  of  j 
the  house,  and  in  the  session  of  1849  strenu- 
ously opposed  the  repeal  of  the  navigation  | 
acts.     On   20  July  he  again   reviewed  the 
state   of  affairs  on  the  continent,  and,  no 
longer  moved  with  the  sentiments  he  had 
expressed  in  1824,  blamed  the  government 
for   sympathising  with  Victor   Emmanuel,  I 
spoke  strongly  against  the  revolutionary  party  I 
in  Italy,  defended  the  action  of  the  French, 
and  complained  of  prejudice  against  Austria  • 
and  of  unfair  dealings  with  the  King  of  Italy  ' 
(Parl.  Deb.  cvii.  616). 

Although  Brougham  gradually  withdrew 
from  politics,he  continued  active  in  the  cause  of 
law  reform,  urging  his  schemes  in  parliament, 
in  the  '  Law  Review,'  and  through  the  Law 
Amendment  Society.  He  took  a  large  share 
in  hearing  appeals,  and  Lord-chancellor  Truro 
left  the  administration  of  the  appellate  juris- 
diction of  the  lords  in  his  hands.  This  caused 
considerable  dissatisfaction,  and  on  5  Aug. 
1850  Brougham  complained  of  the  comments 
of  the  '  Daily  News  '  as  a  breach  of  privilege 
and  a  libel  on  himself.  The  experiment  of 
reinforcing  the  law  lords  by  creating  a  peer 
for  life  brought  him  in  haste  from  Cannes  in 
1856,  and  he  greatly  contributed  to  the  defeat 
of  Lord  Wensleydale's  claim.  He  took  the 
opportunity  of  moving  for  returns  to  state 
his  opinion  on  the  movement  for  further  par- 
liamentary reform  on  3  Aug.  1857.  In  1850 
he  again  turned  to  scientific  studies.  He 
read  a  paper  on  experiments  in  light  before 
the  French  Institute,  and  in  later  years  con- 
tributed various  other  papers  on  kindred  sub- 
jects (Comptes  Rendus^Qs.  30, 34, 36,44,46). 
He  was  also  constantly  busy  writing,  arrang- 
ing, and  editing  literary  work  of  various 
kinds.  The  wide  and  indefinite  area  which 
the  Social  Science  Association  proposed  to 
occupy  greatly  pleased  him.  The  committee 
held  their  first  formal  meeting  at  his  house 
in  Graft  on  Street  on  29  July  1857  ;  he  was 
chosen  president  for  the  year,  and  on  12  Oct. 
delivered'  the  inaugural  address  at  the  first 
congress  at  Birmingham.  For  some  years 
the  meetings  of  the  association  were  held  to 
be  events  of  no  small  importance,  and  the 
prominent  part  Brougham  took  in  the  pro- 
ceedings brought  him  great  fame.  He  was 
again  chosen  president  in  1860,  and  held  the 
office  during  the  five  succeeding  years.  He 
was  entertained  at  a  public  banquet  at  Edin- 
burgh in  October  1859,  and  two  days  after- 
wards was  elected  chancellor  of  the  university. 
He  delivered  his  installation  address  on 
18  May  1860.  In  that  year  he  received  a 


second  patent  of  peerage  with  remainder  to- 
his  younger  brother  William  and  his  heirs 
male,  an  honour  conferred  on  him  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  eminent  services  in  the  cause  of 
education  and  in  the  suppression  of  slavery. 
Lady  Brougham  died  at  Brighton  on  12  Jan. 
1865.  Brougham  attended  the  meeting  of 
the  Social  Science  Association  held  at  Man- 
chester in  1866.  The  next  year  his  mental 
powers,  which  had  been  gradually  failing, 
gave  way  altogether.  He  died  quietly  at 
his  chateau  at  Cannes  on  7  May  1868.  He 
was  an  honorary  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  spite  of  a 
gaunt  ungainly  figure  and  an  ungraceful 
habit  of  action  he  was  a  remarkably  success- 
ful speaker.  His  memory  was  excellent,  and 
his  self-possession  not  easily  disturbed.  His 
words  came  readily,  he  had  great  powers  of 
sarcasm,  and  an  unfailing  store  of  humour. 
Eloquent,  however,  as  many  of  his  speeches 
are,  his  perorations  often  bear  the  marks  of 
over-careful  preparation.  Although  his  health 
was  never  strong,  his  power  of  application 
was  extraordinary,  and  even  when  he  ap- 
peared to  be  utterly  worn  out  he  was  always, 
able  to  call  up  a  fresh  supply  of  energy  to 
meet  any  new  demand  upon  him.  His  style 
of  writing  was  slovenly,  and,  setting  aside 
his  speeches,  nothing  that  he  wrote  can  now 
be  read  with  much  pleasure  except  his  private 
letters  and  some  of  his '  Sketches  of  Statesmen.' 
His  attainments  were  manifold,  and  he  wrote 
and  spoke  as  a  teacher  on  almost  every  sub- 
ject under  the  sun.  His  mind  ranged  over 
so  wide  an  area  that  he  never  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  any  particular  division 
of  learning.  It  has  been  said  of  him  that  if 
he  had  known  a  little  law  he  would  have 
known  a  little  of  everything.  Nevertheless 
he  has  left  his  abiding  mark  in  the  improve- 
ment of  our  legal  system,  and  his  work  in  the 
judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council  was- 
of  considerable  importance  both  in  upholding 
liberal  principles  in  ecclesiastical  matters, 
and  in  creating  a  body  of  precedents  which 
have  served  as  a  kind  of  foundation  of  Indian 
law  (Encyclop.  Brit.,  art  '  Brougham').  In 
almost  all  public  questions — his  speeches  on 
foreign  politics  in  1848  and  1849  excepted — 
he  upheld  the  cause  of  humanity  and  freedom ; 
yet  he  had  little  moral  influence ;  such  weight 
as  he  had  was  simply  due  to  his  intellectual 
powers.  Genial  in  society,  with  great  power 
of  enjoyment,  a  keen  perception  of  what  was 
ludicrous,  and  a  ready  wit,  he  was  at  the  same 
time  an  unamiable  man,  a  bitter  enemy,  and 
a  jealous  colleague.  His  temper  was  irritable, 
he  was  easily  excited,  and  from  whatever  cause 
his  excitement  arose  it  led  him  to  speak  and 
act  unadvisedly.  Brougham  was  buried  in 


Brougham 


457 


Brougham 


the  cemetery  of  Cannes.  His  residence  ther 
and  the  interest  he  took  in  the  welfare  of  the 
place  raised  it  from  a  mere  fishing  village  to 
its  present  position.  The  inhabitants  were  not 
ungrateful.  The  hundredth  anniversary  of 
his  birth  was  kept  with  many  marks  of  re- 
spect, and  the  foundation  of  a  statue  to  him 
was  laid  on  19  Dec.  1878  (RETOTJRNAY). 

Lord  Brougham's  brother  WILLIAM  (born 
26  Sept.  1795)  succeeded  to  the  title  as 
second  baron.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge  (B.A.  1819),  was  M.P. 
for  Southwark  1831-5,  and  a  master  in  chan- 
cery 1835-40.  He  died  3  Jan.  1886,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  eldest  son,  Henry  Charles 
(Times, ,5  Jan.  1886). 

A   bibliographical  list,  describing  133  of 
Brougham's   literary  productions,  has  been 
drawn  up  by  Mr.  Ralph  Thomas,  and  will  be 
found  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh  volume  of  the 
second  collected  edition  of  his  works.     Only 
his  larger   and  more  important   books  will 
therefore  be  mentioned  here.     His  critical,  > 
historical,  and  miscellaneous  works  were  pub-  ; 
lished  under  his  own  direction  in  a  collected 
edition,  11  vols.  8vo,  1855-61,  a  second  edi-  ! 
tion  1872-3.    His  chief  productions,  many  of 
which  are  included  in  the  collected  editions, 
are:  1.  '  An  Enquiry  into  the  Colonial  Pol  icy 
of  European  Powers,' 2  vols.  1803.  2.  «  Prac-  j 
tical  Observations  on  the  Education  of  the  ' 
People,'  edits.  1-20,  1825,  at  Boston,  U.S.,  ! 

1826,  '  Praktische    Bemerkungen,'   Berlin, 

1827.  3.  'A  Discourse  on  Natural  Theo- 
logy, with  an  edition  of  Paley's  work,  1835,  ! 
1845.      4.  '  Select   Cases   decided  bv  Lord  • 
Brougham  in  the  Court  of  Chancery/  edited  j 
by  C.  P.  Cooper,  1835.     5.  '  Speeches  upon  | 
Questions  relating  to  Public  Rights,'  4  vols. 
1838, 1845,  with  introductions  which,  though 
written    in    the    third    person,   are    really 
Brougham's  own  work  (COCKBUEN,  Diary,  i. 
190).  6.  <  Historical  Sketches  of  Statesmen  . . . 
in  the  time  of  George  III,'  1839,  second  series 
1839,  third  series  1843,  in  6  vols.  12mo,  1845, 

'  Esquisses  Historiques  .  .  .  traduites  .  .  . 
par  U.  Legeay,'  Lyon,  1847.  7.  '  IIEPI  TOY 
2TE*ANOY,'  '  Demosthenes  upon  the  Crown, 
translated,'  with  notes,  1840,  a  most  unfor- 
tunate production,  was  made  the  subject  of  a 
severe  review  in  the '  Times,'  21  and  28  March, 
and  3  and  4  April,  which  was  reprinted  in  a 
separate  form,  and  on  which  see  *  Gent.  Mag., 
March  1841,  p.  265.  8.  <  Political  Philosophy,' 
and  other  essays  published  by  the  Society  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  2  vols. 
1842, 3  vols.  no  date ;  to  the  ill-success  of  this 
publication  Lord  Campbell  ascribes  the  break- 
up of  the  society ;  for  a  contradiction  of  this 
statement  see '  Notes  and  Queries,'  4th  series, 
ix.  489.  9.  '  Albert  Lunel ;  or,  the  Chateau  of 


I  Languedoc,'  3  vols.  12mo.  1844,  described  by 
^  Brougham  as  a  philosophical  romance,  written 
j  '*  as  a  kind  of  monument  to  her  I  had  lost ' 
(liis  daughter,  who  is  made  the  heroine) ; 
it  was  not  published,  and,  after  a  few  copies 
had  -been  distributed,  was  suppressed  by  the 
1  authoV  ;  it  is  not  included  in  the  i  bibliogra- 
phical N^ist,'  but  the  authorship  is  now  certain 
(BKOUG^AM,  Letters  to  Forsyth,  69-71,  73, 
80  ;  Notes,  and  Queries,  4th  series,  vii.  277), 
it  was  reprinted  and  published,  3  vols.  8vo, 
1872.      10.  \Lives  of  Men   of  Letters  and 
Science    .    .    .  \  in  the  time  of  George  III,' 
1845,  second  seVjes  1846 ;  some  of  these  lives 
are  translated  inW)  French.     11.  '  History  of 

1  England   and  Frasnce  under  the   House   of 
Lancaster,'    1852   atoon.,    1861    with   name. 

|  12.  '  Contributions  to  Vie  Edinburgh  Review/ 
3  vols.  1856,  contains  nterely  a  selection  from 
Brougham's  numerous  articles.  13.  '  Lord 

'  Brougham  and  Law  Refo\m,'  acts  and  bills 
introduced  by  him  since  189.1,  edited  by  Sir 
J.  E.  Eardley  Wilmot,  1860>x  contains  forty 
statutes  carried  and  fifty  bills  Introduced,  on 
which,  however,  see  Campbelrfe  l  Life,'  587. 
14.  '  Tracts,  Mathematical  and  Physical,'  col- 
lected edition  1860.  15.  '  Life  and  Times  of 
Henry,  Lord  Brougham/  written  bj^  himself, 
3  vols.  posthumous,  1871. 

[References  to  special  passages  in  mostW  the 
authorities  here  named  are  given  in  theNtext. 
Broughan/s  Life  and  Times  of  Henry, 
Brougham,  3  vols.,  must  be  read  with  cautiofc 
and  its  statements  compared  with  other  authori-l 
ties ;  it  is  chiefly  valuable  for  the  letters  it  con- 
tains ;  for  notices  of  some  curious  misstatements 
in  these  volumes,  besides  those  mentioned  in  the 
above  article,  see  the  Times  for  12  Jan.  1871,  and 
.Notes  and  Queries,  4th  ser.  vii.  277  ;  Brougham's 
Speeches,  4  vols. ;  Brougham's  Letters  to  W. 
Forsyth,  privately  printed;  Lord  Campbell's  Life 
of  Brougham,  in  Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  viii. 
213-596,  is  to  be  read  with  due  allowance  for 
its  spiteful  tone — compare  Lord  St.  Leonards  on 
Some  Misrepresentations  in  Lord  Campbell's 
Lives ;  F.  A.  M.  Mignet  has  an  able  summary  of 
Brougham's  Life  and  Work  in  his  Nouveaux 
Eloges  Historiques,  1877,  165-237  ;  Nicholson 
and  Burn's  History  of  Cumberland  and  Westmor- 
land, i.  395  ;  Hutchinson's  History  of  Westmor- 
land, i.  301  ;  Memoirs  and  Correspondence  of 
Francis  Horner,  ed.  L.  Homer,  2  vols.  2nd  edit. ; 
Selections  from  the  Correspondence  of  Macvey 
Napier ;  Lord  Cockburn's  Life  of  Lord  Jeffrey, 

2  vols. ;  Cockburn's  Journal,   2  vols. ;   G.  Pea- 
cock's Life  of  Dr.  Young,  p.  174;  Lord  Holland's 
Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party,  2  vols. ;  Return  of 
Members  of  Parliament ;  Parliamentary  Debates, 
xvi.-3rd  ser.  cxlvii.  passim;  Jeremy  Bentham's 
works  contain  a  few  notices,  especially  in  the 
correspondence,  x.   and  xi. ;    Sir  G.  C.  Lewis's 
Administrations   of   Great    Britain    1783-1830, 
pp.  344,  351 ;  Autobiography  of  Miss  E.  Cornelia 


Brougham 


45' 


Brougham 


Knight,  2  vols.  ;  C.  D.  Yonge's  Life  and  Idmir   ~n  Connection  with  Mark  Lemon,  'The  Demon 
trationof  Kobert,  second  Lord  Liverpool,  3  vols  "  ' 
Report  of  the  Speeches  at  the  Edinburgh  dinn  ' 


6  ^  April  1825;  A.  G.  Stapleton's 
of  Cannmg,  i.  296,  377-383,  iii.  348 
History  of  the  Whig  Ministry  of  1830 
was  largely  inspired  by  Brougham,  and 
and  other  reasons  must  not  be  impl 
Papers  of  J.  Wilson  Croker,  ed. 


.  ,  e. 

Correspondence  of  Earl  Grey  and  Vllham 
ed.  Henry  Earl  Grey,  2  vols.  ;  Lord  ,£amerton's 


Correspondence  relatir-gt°Ju"eand 
July  1834;  the  Greville  Memom'  ed'  ?•  Reeve' 
1st  and  2nd  ser. ;  W.  M.  TorrenSv'Memoir  of  Lord 
Melbourne,  2  vols. ;  Edinburgh  Review,  xlvi.  225, 
xlvii.  35,  xlviii.  34,  cxxv  546  cxxix.  583,  cxxxiv. 
291  ;  Quarterly  Review,  s'-^-  281»  cxxvi-  91  : 


Gift.' 

Leaving  England  he  arrived  in  America 
in  October  1842,  and  opened  at  the  Park 
Theatre,  New  York,  as  O'Callaghan  in  the 
farce  '  His  Last  Legs.'  A  little  later  he  was 
in  the  employment  of  W.  E.  Burton  in  New 
York,  and  wrote  for  him  'Bunsby's  Wedding/ 
1  The  Confidence  Man/  '  Don  Caesar  de 
Bassoon/  '  Vanity  Fair/  and  other  pieces. 
Still  later  he  managed  Niblo's  Garden,  pro- 
|  ducing  there  his  fairy  tale  called  '  Home/ 
'  and  the  play  of  '  Ambrose  Germain.'  He 
opened  a  new  theatre  in  Broadway,  near  the 
south-west  corner  of  Broome  Street,  called 
Brougham's  Lyceum,  15  Oct.  1850,  and  while 


Times,  11  May  1868;  La^  Magazine  and  Law  :  there  he  wrote '  The  World's  Fair/  <  Faustus/ 

Review,  August  1868, ne-*  series,!.  177  ;  Horace 

Retournay's  Lord  Bro/%nam    et  le  centenaire. 

Of  the  many  squi  bs  y^ritten  on  Brougham  the 

most  famous  is  T./L.  Peacock's  description  of 

him  in  Crotchet  (V^stle,  where  he  figures  as  '  the 

learned  friend.']  7  W.  H. 

BROUGET  AM,  JOHN  (1814-1880),  actor 
and  dramatist,  was  born  in  Dublin  on  9  May 
1814,  and,  softer  having  for  some  time  attended 
Trinity  OAbllege,  began  life  as  a  student  of 
surgeryyeland  for  several  months  walked  the 
r  / •  Street  Hospital ;  but  an  uncle  from 
whoM6  \  ijg  ha(j  prospects  falling  into  adversity, 
"f  7*>  ^as  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  and 


thfLGreUpOn  went  to  London.  A  chance  en- 
^Wounter  with  an  old  acquaintance  led  to  his 
^ engagement  at  the  Tottenham  Street  Theatre 
(a  house  long  afterwards  known  as  the  Prince 
of  Wales's),  and  there,  in  July  1830,  acting 
six  characters  in  the  old  play  of  '  Tom  and 
Jerry/  he  made  his  first  appearance  on  the 
public  stage.  In  1831  he  was  a  member  of 
the  company  o'rganised  by  Madame  Vestris 
for  the  Olympic  Theatre.  His  first  play  was 
written  at  this  time,  and  was  a  burlesque, 
prepared  for  William  Evans  Burton,  who  was 
then  acting  at  the  Pavilion  Theatre.  When 
Madame  Vestris  removed  from  the  Olympic 
to  Covent  Garden,  Brougham  followed  her 
thither,  and  there  remained  as  long  as  she 
and  Charles  Mathews  were  at  the  head  of 
the  theatre,  and  it  was  while  there  that  he 
wrote  *  London  Assurance'  in  conjunction 
•with  Dion  Boucicault.  There  has  been  much 
discussion  about  the  authorship  of  this  popu- 
lar piece.  Brougham  stated  in  1868  that  he 
brought  an  action  against  Boucicault,  whose 
legal  adviser  suggested  the  payment  of  half 
the  purchase-money  in  preference  to  proceed- 
ing with  the  case.  In  1 840  he  became  manager 
of  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  which  he  conducted 
during  summer  seasons,  and  for  which  he 
wrote  « Life  in  the  Clouds/  '  Love's  Livery/ 
4  Enthusiasm/  <  Tom  Thumb  the  Second/  and, 


The  Spirit  of  Air/  a  dramatisation  of l  David 
Copperfield/  and  a  new  version  of  'The 
Actress  of  Padua.'  The  Lyceum  was  at  first 
a  success,  but  the  demolition  of  the  building 
next  to  it  made  it  appear  to  be  unsafe,  and  the 
business  gradually  declined,  leaving  him  bur- 
dened with  debts,  all  of  which,  however,  he 
subsequently  paid.  His  next  speculation  was 
at  the  Bowery  Theatre,  of  which  he  became 
lessee  on  7  July  1856,  and  produced  '  King 
John '  with  superb  scenery  and  a  fine  com- 
pany, but  this  not  proving  to  be  to  the  taste 
of  his  audiences,  he  wrote  and  brought  out 
a  series  of  sensational  dramas,  among  which 
were  '  The  Pirates  of  the  Mississippi/  *  Tom 
and  Jerry  in  America/  and  '  The  Miller  of 
New  Jersey.'  In  September  1860  he  returned 
to  London,  where  he  remained  five  years. 
While  playing  at  the  Lyceum  he  adapted 
from  the  French,  for  Charles  A.  Fechter, 
<  The  Duke's  Motto '  and '  Bel  Demonic/  and 
wrote  for  Miss  Louisa  Herbert  dramatic  ver- 
sions of  '  Lady  Audley's  Secret '  and  '  Only 
a  Clod.'  He  also  wrote  the  words  of  three 
operas,  '  Blanche  de  Nevers/  f  The  Demon 
Lovers/  and '  The  Bride  of  Venice.'  His  re- 
appearance in  America  took  place  on  10  Oct. 
1865  at  the  Winter  Garden  Theatre,  and  he 
never  afterwards  left  America.  He  opened 
Brougham's  Theatre  on  25  Jan.  1869,  with  a 
comedy  by  himself,  called  '  Better  Late  than 
Never/  but  this  theatre  was  taken  out  of  his 
hands  by  James  Fisk,  junior,  under  circum- 
stances which  caused  much  sympathy  on  his 
behalf.  On  4  April  a  banquet  in  his  honour 
was  given  at  the  Astor  House,  and  on  18  May 
he  received  a  farewell  benefit.  The  attempt 
to  establish  Brougham's  Theatre  was  his  final 
eifort  in  management.  After  that  time  he 
was  connected  with  various  stock  companies, 
but  chiefly  with  Daly's  Theatre  and  with 
Wallack's.  In  1852  he  edited  a  bright  comic 
paper  in  New  York,  called  '  The  Lantern/ 
and  he  published  two  collections  of  his  mis- 


Brougham 


459 


B  rough  ton 


cellaneous  writings,  entitled  l  A  Basket  of 
Chips '  and  l  The  Bunsby  Papers.'  On  17  Jan. 
1878  he  received  a  testimonial  benefit  at  the 
Academy  of  Music,  at  which  the  sum  of 
10,278  dollars  was  received,  and  this  fund, 
.after  the  payment  of  incidental  expenses,  was 
settled  on  him  in  an  annuity  which  expired 
at  his  death.  His  last  work  was  a  drama, 
entitled  '  Home  Rule,'  and  his  last  appear- 
ance on  the  stage  was  made  as  Felix  O'Reilly 
the  detective  in  Boucicault's  play  of '  Rescued/ 
At  Booth's  Theatre,  New  York,  on  25  Oct. 
1879.  His  rank  among  actors  it  is  difficult 
to  assign.  He  excelled  in  humour  rather 
than  in  pathos  or  sentiment,  and  was  at  his 
best  in  the  expression  of  comically  eccentric 
characters.  Among  the  parts  that  will  live 
in  memory  as  associated  with  his  name  are : 
.Stout  in  l  Money,'  Dennis  Brulgruddery 
in  'John  Bull,'  Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger,  Micaw- 
ber,  Captain  Cuttle,  Bagstock,  O'Grady  in 
'  Arrah-na-Pogue,'  Dazzle  in  *  London  As- 
surance,' and  O'Callaghan  in  *  His  Last 
Legs.'  He  was  the  author  of  over  seventy- 
five  dramatic  pieces,  many  of  which  will  long 
«ndure  in  literature  to  testify  to  the  solidity 
and  sparkle  of  his  intellectual  powers.  He 
died  at  60  East  Ninth  Street,  New  York, 
on  7  June  1880,  and  was  buried  in  Greenwood 
•cemetery  on  9  June.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  original  of  Harry  Lorrequer  in  Charles 
Jjever's  novel  which  bears  that  name. 

He  married  first,  in  1838,  Miss  Emma 
Williams,  an  actress  who  had  played  at  the 
St.  James's  Theatre,  London,  in  1836,  and 
afterwards  at  Covent  Garden,  where  she  was 
the  original  representative  of  the  Empress 
in  'Love.'  In  1845  she  left  America  for 
England,  and  remained  away  for  seven  years. 
On  her  return  she  appeared  at  the  Broadway 
Theatre  on  16  Feb.  1852,  and  played  a  short 
•engagement ;  again,  in  1859,  she  went  to 
America,  being  then  known  as  Mrs.  Brougham 
Robertson.  She  died  in  New  York  on 
30  June  1865.  John  Brougham  married 
secondly,  in  1844,  Annette  Hawley,  daughter 
of  Captain  Nelson,  R.N.,  and  widow  of  Mr. 
Hodges.  She  had  been  on  the  London  stage 
in  1830,  and  made  her  American  debut  at 
New  Orleans  as  the  Fairy  Queen  in  '  Cin- 
derella' in  1833.  At  one  time  she  had  the 
•direction  of  the  Richmond  Theatre,  which 
then  went  by  the  name  of  Miss  Nelson's 
'Theatre,  and  she  was  afterwards  at  Wallack's 
National,  where  she  appeared  as  Telemachus. 
Her  death  took  place  at  New  York  on  3  May 
1870,  the  twenty-sixth  anniversary  of  her 
wedding-day. 

[Life,  Stories,  and  Poems  of  John  Brougham, 
•edited  by  William  Winter,  Boston,  United  States 
of  America  (1881),  with  portrait  ;  Appleton's 


Annual  Cyclopaedia,  1880,  p.  66;  Ireland's 
Records  of  the  New  York  Stage  (1866-67),  ii. 
178,  210,  384,  594,  655.]  G.  C.  B. 

BROUGHTON,  ARTHUR  (d.  1803?), 
botanist,  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  me- 
dicine at  Edinburgh  in  1779,  then  published 
a  volume  of  brief  diagnoses  of  British  plants 
anonymously,  and  subsequently  settled  in 
Jamaica,  where  he  died  in  1803,  judging  from 
certain  notes  in  Wiles's  edition  of  the  '  Hor- 
tus  Eastensis.'  His  name  is  preserved  in  the 
genus  of  orchids  named  Broughtonia  by  Ro- 
bert Brown. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  his  works : 
1.  l  Diss.  Med.  de  Vermibus  Intestinorum,' 
Edinburgh,  1779,  8vo.  2.  *  Enchiridion  Bo- 
tanicum,'  London,  1782,  8vo.  3.  '  Hortus 
Eastensis;  or  a  catalogue  of  Exotic  Plants  in 
the  garden  of  Hinton  East,  Esq.,  in  the 
mountains  of  Liguanea,  at  the  time  of  his 
decease,'  Kingston,  1792,  4to ;  new  edition 
by  J.  Wiles,  Jamaica,  1806,  4to.  4.  '  Cata- 
logue of  the  more  valuable  and  rare  Plants 
in  the  public  botanic  garden  in  the  mountains 
of  Liguanea,  &c.'  (St.  Jago  de  la  Vega), 
1794,  4to. 

[The  works  cited.]  B.  D.  J. 

BROUGHTON,  HUGH  (1549-1612), 
divine  and  rabbinical  scholar,  was  born  in 
1549  at  Owlbury,  a  mansion  in  the  parish  of 
Bishop's  Castle,  Shropshire.  In  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  are  two  farmlands,  called  Upper 
and  Lower  Broughton.  His  ancestry  was  old 
and  of  large  estate  (the  family  bore  owls  as 
their  coat  of  arms) ;  he  had  a  brother  a  judge. 
He  calls  himself  a  Cambrian,  and  it  is  probable 
that  he  had  a  good  deal  of  Welsh  blood  in 
his  veins.  His  preparation  for  the  university 
he  got  from  Bernard  Gilpin,  at  Houghton- 
le-Spring.  Gilpin's  biographers  say  that  he 
picked  up  Broughton  while  the  lad  was  mak- 
ing his  way  on  foot  to  Oxford,  trained  him,  and 
sent  him  to  Cambridge.  They  accuse  Brough- 
ton of  base  ingratitude  in  endeavouring,  at 
a  subsequent  period,  to  supplant  Gilpin  in  his 
living.  Although  this  story  must  be  received 
with  caution,  the  later  relations  between 
Broughton  and  his  earliest  benefactor  were 
probably  somewhat  strained.  Gilpin's  will 
(he  died  on  4  March  1584)  shows  that  Brough- 
ton had  borrowed  some  of  his  books,  and 
adds :  ( I  trust  he  will  withhold  none  of  them.' 
Broughton  was  entered  at  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1569.  The  foundation  of  his 
Hebrew  learning  was  laid,  in  his  first  year 
at  Cambridge,  by  his  attendance  on  the  lec- 
tures of  the  French  scholar,  Antoine  Ro- 
dolphe  Chevallier  [q.  v.],  of  whom  he  gives 
a  particular  account,  without  mentioning 
his  name.  He  graduated  B.A.  in  1570,  and 


Broughton 


460 


Broughton 


became  fellow  of  St.  John's  and  afterwards 
of  Christ's.  He  had  no  lack  of  patronage  at 
the  university ;  Sir  Walter  Mildmay  made 
him  an  allowance  for  a  private  lectureship  in 
Greek,  and  the  Earl  of  Huntingdon  still 
more  liberally  supplied  him  with  means  for 
study.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  taxers  of 
the  university,  and  obtained  a  prebend  and 
a  readership  in  divinity  at  Durham.  On  the 
ground  of  his  holding  a  prebend,  he  was  de- 
prived of  his  fellowship  in  1579,  but  was  re- 
instated in  1581,  at  the  instance  of  Lord 
Burghley,  the  chancellor,  who,  moved  by  the 
representations  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham 
(Richard  Barnes)  and  the  Earls  of  Hunting- 
don and  Essex,  overcame  the  opposition  of 
Hatcher,  the  vice-chancellor,  and  Hawford, 
master  of  Christ's.  He  resigned  the  office  of 
taxer,  and  does  not  seem  to  have  returned 
to  the  university.  He  came  to  London, 
where  he  spent  from  twelve  to  sixteen  hours 
a  day  in  study,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
a  preacher  of  puritan  sentiments  in  theology. 
He  is  said  to  have  predicted,  in  one  of  his 
sermons  (1588),  the  scattering  of  the  armada. 
He  found  friends  among  the  citizens,  especi- 
ally in  the  family  of  the  Cottons,  with  whom 
he  lived,  and  whom  he  taught  to  be  enthu- 
siastic Hebrew  scholars.  In  1588  appeared 
his  first  work,  '  A  Concent  of  Scripture,'  de- 
dicated to  the  queen.  John  Speed,  the  his- 
torian, saw  the  book  through  the  press.  In 
this  *  little  book  of  great  pains,'  as  Broughton 
himself  calls  it,  he  attempts  to  settle  the 
scripture  chronology,  and  to  correct  profane 
writers  by  it.  The  work  is  interesting,  writ- 
ten in  a  lively  style,  full  of  learning  and  in- 
genuity, but  removing  all  difficulties  with  a 
quaint  oracular  dogmatism,  which  entertains 
rather  than  convinces.  He  holds  the  abso- 
lute incorruptness  of  the  text  of  both  testa- 
ments, including  the  Hebrew  points.  Indeed, 
he  goes  so  far  in  a  later  work  as  to  maintain, 
respecting  the  Kthibh  and  the  q'ri,  that '  both 
of  them  are  of  God,  and  of  equal  authority.' 
The  *  Concent '  was  attacked  in  their  public 
prelections  by  John  Rainolds  at  Oxford, 
and  Edward  Lively  at  Cambridge.  Brough- 
ton appealed  to  the  queen  (to  whom  he  pre- 
sented a  special  copy  of  the  book  on  17  Nov. 
1589).  to  Whitgift,  and  to  Aylmer,  bishop  of 
London,  asking  to  have  the  points  in  dispute 
between  Rainolds  and  himself  determined  by 
the  authority  of  the  archbishops  and  the  two 
universities.  He  began  weekly  lectures  in 
his  own  defence  to  an  audience  of  between 
80  and  100  scholars,  using  the  '  Concent '  as 
a  text-book.  The  privy  council  allowed  him 
to  deliver  his  lectures  (as  Chevallier  had 
done  before)  at  the  east  end  of  St.  Paul's, 
until  some  of  the  bishops  complained  of  his 


audiences  as  '  dangerous  conventicles.'     He 
then  removed  his  lecture  to  a  room  in  Cheap- 
side,  and  thence  to   Mark  Lane,  and   else- 
where.    It  is  said  that  he  was  in  fear  of  the 
high  commission,  and  therefore  anxious  to- 
leave  the  country.     It  is  probable  that  he 
left  for  Germany  at  the  end  of  1589  or  be- 
ginning of  1590,  taking  with  him  a  pupil, 
Alexander  Top,  a  young  country  gentleman. 
Broughton  on  his  travels  was  a  valiant  dis- 
putant against  popery  (even  at  the  table  of 
his  fast  friend,  the  Archbishop  of  Maintz),, 
and   engaged   in   religious   discussion  with 
several  Jews.     At  Frankfort,  early  in  1590, 
he  disputed  in  the  synagogue  with  Rabbi 
Elias.     He  was  at  Worms  in  1590,  and  re- 
turned next  year  to  England.      His  letter 
of  27  March  1590  (probably  1591)  to  Lord 
Burghley   asks    permission    to    go    abroad, 
with  a  special   view  to  make  use  of  King 
Casimir's  library.     But  he  remained  in  Lon- 
don, where   he   met   Rainolds,  and  agreed 
with    him    to    refer   their    differing    views 
about  the  harmony  of  scripture  chronology 
to  the  arbitration  of  Whitgift  and  Aylmer. 
Broughton's  letter  to  these  prelates  is  dated 
4  Nov.  1591.   Nothing  came  of  the  reference, 
and  though  Whitgift  acknowledged  the  in- 
dustry and  dexterity  which  Broughton  had 
displayed  in  the  '  Concent,'  the  archbishop 
was  his  enemy  with  Elizabeth.     In  1592  we 
find  Broughton  again  in  Germany,  and,  ac- 
j  cording  to  Lightfoot,  he  probably  remained 
|  abroad  till  the  death  of   Elizabeth.      But 
|  Brook  prints  (from  Baker's  copy,  Harl.  MS. 
:  7031,  p.  94)  a  letter  from  Broughton  to  Lord 
j  Burghley,  dated  <  London,  May  16,  1595,'  in 
j  which  he  applies  for   the   archbishopric  of 
,  Tomon  (Tuam), '  worth  not  above  200/.,'  and 
asks  for  a  meeting  to  be  arranged  between  him 
j  and  Rainolds.    On  the  continent  he  made  the 
:  acquaintance  of  many  learned  men,  including- 
Scaliger,  who  calls  him  '  furiosus  et  maledi- 
!  cus.'     It  is  said  that  he  was  tempted  with 
|  the  offer  of  a  cardinal's  hat ;  catholic  scholars 
treated  him  with  more  respect  than  foreign 
j  protestants.     He  wrote  against  Beza  in  his 
fiercest  Greek.     Puritanical  as  he  was  in  his 
|  theology,  he  held  the  episcopal  polity  to  be 
apostolic.      His   dispute  with   Rabbi   Elias 
brought  him,  in  1596,  a  letter  from  Rabbi 
Abraham    Reuben,   written    at    Constanti- 
nople.    This  was  addressed  to  him  in  Lon- 
don, but   in   a   cursive   Hebrew   character, 
which  puzzled   <  divers   scholars,'  till   Top 
managed  to  make  out  whom  it  was  intended 
for,  and  sent  it  off  to  Germany.     Broughton 
was  sanguine  as  to  the  good  effects  of  his 
discussions  with  Jews  in  their  mother  tongue,, 
and  often  speaks  of  his  disputations  with  one 
Rabbi  David  Farrar.    While  at  Middleburg- 


Broughton 


46i 


Broughton 


ne  printed  '  An  Epistle  to  the  learned  No- 
"bilitie  of  England,  touching  translating  the 
Bible  from  the  Original/  1597,  4to.     The 
project  of  assisting  in  a  better  version  of  the 
Bible  was  one  which  he  had  long  cherished,  j 
and  he   had   already   addressed   the  queen  ; 
on  the   subject.     His   plan,  as   given   in  a  j 
letter  dated  21  June  1593  (though  addressed  j 
to  '  Sir  William  Cecil,'  who   became  Lord  | 
Burghley  in  1571),  was  to  do  the  work  in  i 
conjunction  with  five  other  scholars.     Only  j 
necessary  changes  were  to  be  made,  but  the  J 
principle  of  harmonising  the  scripture  was  to  I 
prevail,  and  there  were  to  be  short  notes. 
Though  his  scheme  was  backed  up  by '  sundry 
lords,  and  amongst  them  some  bishops,'  his 
application  for  the  means  of  carrying  it  out 
was  unsuccessful.    In  a  letter  to  Burghley,  of 
11  June  1597,  he  blames  Whitgift  for  hinder- 
ing his  proposed  new  translation.    In  1599  he 
printed  his '  Explication '  of  the  article  respect- 
ing Christ's  descent  into  hell.  It  was  a  topic  he 
had  touched  upon  before,  maintaining  with  his 
usual  vigour  (against  the  Augustinian  view, 
espoused  by  most  Anglican  divines)  that  hades 
never  meant  the  place  of  torment,  but  the 
state  of  departed  souls.     A  philology  more 
ingenious  than  accurate  enabled  him  to  pa- 
rallel '  hell '  with  sheolj  as  f  that  which  haleth 
all  hence.'     With  this  discussion,  which  he 
first   brought   prominently   forward  among 
English  scholars,  his  name  is  chiefly  asso- 
ciated at  the  present  day.     He  returned  to 
England,  to  the  surprise  of  his  friends,  at  a 
moment  when  London  was  afflicted  with  the 
plague,  of  which  he  showed  no  fear.    In  1603 
he  preached  before  Prince  Henry,  at  Oatlands, 
on  the  Lord's  Prayer.      He  soon  returned 
to  Middleburg,  and  became  preacher  there 
to  the  English  congregation.     Brook  prints 
(here  corrected  from  Harl.  MS.  787,  pp.  94, 
96)  the  following  tart  petition,  addressed, 
without  effect,  to  James  I :  '  Most  gracious 
soveraigne,  your  majesty's  most  humble  sub- 
ject, Hugh  Broughton,  having  suffered  many 
years  danger  for  publishing  of  your  right  and 
Gods  truth,  by  your  unlearned  bishops  that 
spent  two  impressions  of  libells  to  disgrace 
the  Scottish  mist :  which  libells  now  the  sta- 
cioners  deny  that  ever  they  sold.  He  requesteth 
your  majesty's  favour  for  a  pension  fitt  for  his 
age,  studye,  and  trauells  past,  bearing  allwayes 
a  most  dutifull  heart  unto  your  majesty.  From 
Middleburgh,  Aug.-  1604.     Your  majesty's 
most  humble  subject,  H.  Broughton.''    This 
was  written  in  the  month  following  the  king's 
letter  (22  July)  appointing  fifty-four  learned 
men  for  the  revision  of  the  translation  of  the 
Bible.    Broughton's  old  adversary,  Rainolds, 
had  been  more  successful  than  he  in  pressing 
upon  the  authorities  the  need  of  a  revision, 


and  when  the  translators  were  appointed, 
Broughton,  to  his  intense  chagrin,  was  not  in- 
cluded among  them.  Lightfoot  considers  his 
exclusion  unjust.  Subsequently  he  criticised 
the  new  translation  unsparingly,  after  his 
manner ;  his  corrections  would  have  carried 
more  weight  if  they  had  not  been  generally 
accepted  as  the  outpourings  of  a  disappointed 
man.  Of  his  own  versions  of  the  prophets 
it  must  be  said  that,  while  marked  by  all  his 
peculiarities,  they  have  a  majesty  of  expres- 
sion which  entitles  them  to  be  better  known 
than  they  are.  His  bitter  pamphlet  against 
Bancroft  certainly  did  not  improve  his  chances 
of  obtaining  due  recognition  of  his  merits 
as  a  scholar.  Ben  Jonson  satirised  him 
in  '  Volpone '  (1605),  and  especially  in  the 
'Alchemist'  (1610).  He  continued  to  write 
and  publish  assiduously.  His  translation  of 
Job  (1610)  he  dedicated  to  the  king.  But 
he  now  fell  into  a  consumption,  and  he  made 
his  last  voyage  to  England,  arriving  at  Graves- 
end  in  November  1611.  He  told  his  friends 
he  had  come  to  die,  and  wished  to  die  in 
Shropshire,  where,  it  appears,  his  pupil,  now 
Sir  Rowland  Cotton,  had  a  seat.  His  strength, 
however,  was  not  equal  to  the  journey.  He 
wintered  in  London,  and  in  the  spring  re- 
moved to  Tottenham.  Here  he  lingered  till 
autumn,  in  the  house  of  Benet,  a  Cheapside 
linendraper.  His  death  occurred  on  4  Aug. 
1612.  He  was  buried  in  London,  at  St.  An- 
tholin's,  on  7  Aug.,  James  Speght  preaching 
his  funeral  sermon.  He  had  married  a  niece 
of  his  pupil,  Alexander  Top,  named  Lingen, 
a  lady  of  good  estate.  Broughton's  portrait 
is  engraved  by  Van  Hove.  He  is  described  as 
graceful  and  comely,  and  of  a  '  sweet,  affable, 
and  loving  carriage '  among  his  friends ;  at 
table  he  was  bright  and  genial.  His  pupils 
almost  adored  him.  His  reputation  for  ar- 
rogance is  not  undeserved.  He  was  sharp, 
but  not  scurrilous ;  had  he  stood  with  a 
party,  his  language  would  have  seemed  tem- 
perate enough  according  to  the  fashion  of 
his  day,  but  he  always  fought  for  his  own 
hand.  Thomas  Morton,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Durham,  who  was  with  him  in  Germany, 
took  him  in  the  right  way :  f  I  pray  you, 
whatsoever  dolts  and  dullards  I  am  to  be 
called,  call  me  so  before  we  begin,  that  your 
discourse  and  mine  attention  be  not  inter- 
rupted thereby.'  Broughton  accepted  the 
exhortation  with  perfect  good-humour.  He 
was  easily  provoked,  and  lamented  on  his 
death-bed  his  infirmities  of  temper.  Some 
incidents  in  his  life  may  give  the  impres- 
sion that  he  was  of  a  grasping  nature.  He 
expected  his  friends  to  do  a  great  deal  for 
him,  and  made  warm  and  public  acknow- 
ledgment of  their  willing  kindness.  It  must 


Broughton 


462 


Broughton 


be  remembered  that  his  pursuits  and  his  pub- 
lications involved  considerable  outlay.  There 
is  no  evidence  that  he  enriched  himself ;  in 
1590  he  'took  a  little  soil'  near  Tuam,  or 
somewhere  else  in  Ireland ;  possibly  this  was 
his  wife's  property.  Lightfoot  allows  that 
his  style  is  '  curt  and  something  harsh  and 
obscure,'  yet  maintains  that  his  writings  '  do 
carry  in  them  a  kind  of  holy  and  happy  fasci- 
nation.' 

Lightfoot  collected  his  works  under  the 
strange  title,  '  The  Works  of  the  Great  Al- 
bionean  Divine,  renowned  in  many  Nations 
for  Eare  Skill  in  Salems  and  Athens  Tongues, 
and  Familiar  Acquaintance  with  all  Rabbi- 
nical Learning,  Mr.  Hugh  Broughton,'  1662, 
fol.  The  volume  is  arranged  in  four  sections 
or  '  tomes ; '  prefixed  is  his  life  :  Speght's 
funeral  sermon  is  given  in  the  fourth  tome  ; 
appended  is  an  elegy  by  W.  Primrose,  of 
which  the  finest  passage,  descriptive  of  the 
many  languages  known  to  Broughton,  is 
borrowed  (and  not  improved)  from  some 
noble  lines  in  the  comedy  of '  Lingua,' printed 
in  1607,  and  very  doubtfully  assigned  to 
Anthony  Brewer  [q.  v.].  A  few  tracts  are 
omitted  from  the  collection.  According  to 
Bohn's '  Lowndes,'  i.  285,  the  '  Concent '  con- 
tains '  specimens,  by  W.  Rogers,  of  the  earliest 
copperplate-engraving  in  England.'  Brough- 
ton's  '  Sinai-Sight/  1592,  was  wholly  '  en- 
graven in  brass,'  at  an  expense  of  about  100 
marks.  The  genealogical  tables,  prefixed  to 
old  bibles,  and  assigned  to  Speed,  were  really 
(according  to  Lightfoot)  Broughton's  work, 
but '  the  bishops  would  not  endure  to  have 
Mr.  Broughton's  name '  to  them ;  his  owl 
may,  however,  be  seem  upon  them.  Of 
Broughton's  manuscripts  the  British  Museum 
possesses  a  quarto  volume  (Sloane  MS.  3088), 
containing  thirty-five  pieces,  many  referring 
to  the  new  translation  of  the  Bible ;  and  his 
'  Harmonic  of  the  Bible,'  a  chronological  work 
(Harl.  MS.  1525).  Neither  of  these  volumes 
is  in  autograph,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
part  of  the  '  Harmonie.'  See  also  the  '  Cat. 
of  Lansdowne  MSS.,'  1807,  pp.  220,  331,  332. 

[Life,  by  Lightfoot,  prefixed  to  Works,  1662 
(abridged  in  Clark's  Lives,  1683,  p.  1  seq.,  por- 
trait); Bayle,  art.  'Broughton,  Hugues; '  Gilpin's 
Life  of  B.  Gilpin,  1751,  pp.  251,  271 ;  Biog. 
Brit.  (Kippis),  ii.  604  seq. ;  Brook's  Lives  of  the 
Puritans,  1813,  ii.  215  seq.;  Wood's  Athense 
Oxon.  (Bliss),  ii.  308  seq. ;  Hunt's  Keligious 
Thought  in  England,  1870,  i.  126  seq. ;  Notes 
and  Queries,  5th  series,  iv.  48 ;  Cole's  MS. 
Athense  Cantab. ;  Baker  MSS.  iv.  93,  94.1 

A.    Gr. 

BROUGHTON,  JOHN  (1705-1789), 
pugilist,  was  born  in  1705,  but  there  is  no 
record  of  his  birthplace,  although  it  may  be 


assumed  to  have  been  London.  As  a  boy  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  Thames  waterman,, 
and,  when  at  work  on  his  own  account,  he 
generally  plied  at  Hungerford  Stairs. 

He  is  usually  considered  as  the  father  of 
British  pugilism,  combats,  previous  to  his 
appearance,  having  been  chiefly  decided  either 
by  backsword  or  quarterstaff  on  a  raised 
stage.  Accident  settled  his  future  career. 
Having  had  a  difference  with  a  brother 
waterman,  they  fought  it  out ;  and  he  showed 
so  much  aptitude  for  the  profession  which  he 
afterwards  adopted,  that  he  gave  up  his  boat 
and  turned  public  bruiser,  for  which  his 
height  (5  ft.  11  in.)  and  weight  (about  14 
stone)  peculiarly  fitted  him. 

He  attached  himself  to  George  Taylor's 
booth  in  Tottenham  Court  Road,  and  re- 
mained there  till  1742,  patronised  by  the 
Mite  of  society,  and  even  royalty  itself  in 
the  person  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  who 
procured  him  a  place,  which  he  held  until 
his  death,  among  the  yeomen  of  the  guard. 
But  the  duke  ultimately  deserted  him. 
Broughton  fought  Slack  on  11  April  1750, 
and  the  duke  backed  his  protege  the  champion, 
it  is  said,  for  10,000/.  Broughton  lost  the 
fight,  having  been  blinded  by  his  adversary, 
and  the  duke  never  forgave  him  for  being  the 
cause  of  his  loss  of  money.  After  this  battle 
Broughton's  career  as  a  pugilist  was  ended. 
In  1742  he  quarrelled  with  Taylor,  and 
built  a  theatre  for  boxing,  &c.,  for  himself 
in  Han  way  Street,  Oxford  Street.  There  he 
performed  until  his  retirement,  when  he  went 
to  live  at  Wai  cot  Place,  Lambeth.  He  resided 
there  until  his  death,  on  8  Jan.  1789.  He 
amassed  considerable  property,  some  7,000/., 
and  dying  intestate,  it  went  to  his  niece. 
i  He  was  buried  on  21  Jan.  1789  in  Lambeth 
j  Church,  his  pall-bearers  being,  by  his  own  re- 
quest,  Humphries,  Mendoza,  Big  Ben,  Ward, 
I  Ryan,  and  Johnston,  all  noted  pugilists.  His 
epitaph  was  as  follows  : — 

Hie  jacet 

lohannes  Broughton, 
Pugil  sevi  sui  prsestantissimus. 

Obiit 

Die  Octavo  lanuarii, 

Anno  Salutis  1789, 

^Etatis  suse  85. 

[Capt.  Godfrey's  Treatise  upon  the  Useful 
Science  of  Self-Defence,  1747;  Pugilistica; 
Boxiana;  Fistiana ;  Morning  Post,  January 
1789.]  J.  A. 

BROUGHTON,  JOHN  CAIN  HOB- 
HOUSE,  LOED.  [See  HOBHOTJSB.] 

BROUGHTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1634), 
catholic  historian,  was  born  at  Great  Stuke- 
ley,  Huntingdonshire,  towards  the  close  of 


Broughton 


463 


Broughton 


Queen  Mary's  reign.  In  his  preface  to  the 
'Monasticon  Britannicum'  he  claims  descent 
from  the  ancient  family  of  Broughton  of 
Broughton  Towers  in  Lancashire. 

After  studying  for  a  time  at  Oxford,  where 
however  he  was  not  entered  as  a  student, 
Broughton  proceeded  to  the  English  col- 
lege at  Eheims.  Here  he  devoted  himself 
chiefly  to  the  study  of  Hebrew  and  English 
antiquities,  and  theology.  On  24  Feb.  1592 
he  was  admitted  into  deacon's  orders,  and 
was  ordained  priest  on  4  May  1593,  the  same 
year  in  which  the  English  college  quitted 
Rheims  and  returned  to  their  old  home  at 
Douay  after  an  absence  of  fifteen  years. 
Soon  after  this  he  was  sent  to  England  for 
the  purpose  of  making  converts  to  the  Roman 
catholic  church,  and  of  furthering  the  poli- 
tical schemes  of  the  Jesuits.  John  Pits,  a 
contemporary  of  his,  speaks  of  him  as  being 
'most  diligent  in  gathering  fruit  into  the 
granary  of  Christ/  and  the  same  writer,  al- 
luding to  his  literary  acquirements,  says  that 
he  was  '  no  less  familiar  with  literature  than 
learned  in  Greek  and  Hebrew.'  Dodd,  writ- 
ing of  him  a  century  later,  says  '  he  was 
in  great  esteem  among  his  brethren,  an  as- 
sistant to  the  archpriest,  a  canon  of  the 
chapter,  and  vicar-general  to  Dr.  Smith, 
bishop  of  Calcedon.'  At  one  time  he  was 
secretary  to  the  Duchess  of  Buckingham, 
and  it  is  to  her  and  her  mot  her,  the  Countess 
of  Rutland,  that  his  '  Ecclesiasticall  His- 
toric' is  dedicated.  In  1626  we  find  him 
'  sojourner '  at  Oxford.  He  died  on  15  Feb. 
1634,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his 
father  and  mother  at  Great  Stukeley,  as 
we  learn  from  his  epitaph :  '  Quo  cum  matre, 
patre  sub  saxo  conditur  uno.' 

As  a  writer  he  was  dull,  painstaking, 
laborious,  inaccurate,  and  credulous  to  a 
degree  rare  even  for  the  age  in  which  he 
lived.  Among  his  principal  works  are : 
1.  '  A  New  Manual  of  Old  Catholic  Medita- 
tions,' 1617.  2.  'The  Judgment  of  the 
Apostles,'  Douay,  1632,  dedicated  to  Queen 
Marie,  wife  of  Charles  I.  These  two  works 
are  published  under  the  initials  '  R.  B.'  The 
letter  elicited  an  indignant  pamphlet  from 
one  '  P.  H.,'  entitled  '  A  Detection  or  Dis- 
covery of  a  Notable  Fraud  committed  by 
R.  B.,  a  Seminarie  Priest,'  in  which  Brough- 
ton's  manner  of  treating  Nos.  23  and  36  of 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles  is  strongly  assailed. 
3.  '  The  Ecclesiastical  Historie  of  Great  Brit- 
tame,'  Douay,  1633.  4.  <  A  True  Memorial 
of  the  Ancient,  most  Holy,  and  Religious 
State  of  Great  Britaine,'  1650.  In  a  later 
edition  (1654),  the  title  runs  '  Monasticon 
Britannicum,  or  a  Historical  Narration  ol 
the  first  Founding  and  Flourishing  State  o: 


the  Antient  Monasteries,  Religious  Rules, 
and  Orders  of  Great  Brittaine.'  5.  'An 
Apologetic  Epistle  in  answer  to  a  Book  that 
undertakes  to  prove  that  Catholics  cannot 
be  good  Subjects.'  6.  '  A  Continuation  of 
;he  Catholic  Apology  taken  from  Christian 
Authors.' 

[Records  of  the  English  Catholics  under 
he  Penal  Laws,  chiefly  from  the  Archives  of 
he  See  of  "Westminster,  1878;  Wood's  Fasti 
Bliss),  i.  428  ;  Wood's  History  and  Antiquities 
•f  the  University  of  Oxford ;  Dodd's  Church 
History  ;  Fuller's  Worthies ;  Pits,  De  Kebus  An- 
jlicis,  1619 ;  Histoire  du  College  de  Douay, 
1672  ;  Foley's  Eecords,  vi.  181.]  K  Gr.  * 

BROUGHTON,     SAMUEL    DANIEL 

1787-1837),  army  surgeon,  was  son  of  the 
Elev.  Thomas  Broughton,  M.A.,  who  became 
rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Bristol,  in  1781.     He 
was  born  in  Bristol  in  July  1787,  and  was 
educated  at  the  grammar  school  there,  under 
:he  care   of  the   Rev.  S.  Seyer,  author  of 
Memorials  of  Bristol.'     After  studying  at 
St.  George's  Hospital  he  became  assistant- 
surgeon  of  the  Dorsetshire  militia,  and  in  Oc- 
tober 1812  was  appointed  assistant-surgeon  of 
the  2nd  life  guards,  of  which  Mr.  J.  Carrick 
Moore,  elder  brother  of  the  late  General  Sir 
John  Moore,  was  then  surgeon.  Immediately 
afterwards  Broughton  was  appointed  addi- 
tional surgeon   with  temporary   rank,   and 
placed   in    medical   charge   of    the   service 
squadrons  of  the  regiment  ordered  abroad, 
with  which  he  was  present  in  the  Peninsula 
and  south  of  France  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
His  campaigning  experiences  from  Lisbon  to 
Boulogne  he  related  in  a  volume  of  '  Letters 
from  Portugal,  Spain,  and  France  in  1812, 
1813,  and  1814  '  (London,  8vo,  1815).     He 
was  also  with  his  regiment   at   the   battle 
of  Waterloo.     In   July  1821  he  succeeded 
to   the  surgeoncy   of  the  regiment   on  the 
resignation    of  Mr.   Moore,   who   had   just 
been  granted  a  pension  of  1,000/.  a  year  in 
recognition  of  the  distinguished  services  of 
his   late   brother.      Residing   constantly   in 
London  with  his  regiment,  Broughton  de- 
voted himself  with  great  assiduity  to  pro- 
fessional and  scientific  studies.      A  list  of 
original  papers,  chiefly  relating  to  physio- 
logical research,  contributed  by  him  to  various 
scientific  journals,  will  be  found  in  the  Royal 
Society's  '  Catalogue   of  Scientific  Papers,' 
1800-63,  vol.  i.     In  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Wilcox,  barrister-at-law,  he  produced  and 
delivered  some  valuable  lectures  on  forensic 
medicine  and  toxicology.      He  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  and  of  the 
Geological  Society.     In  1836  Broughton  re- 
ceived an  injury  in  the  leg,  caused  by  a  fall, 
which  resulted  in  disease  of  the  ankle-joint, 


Broughton 


464 


Broughton 


and  eventually  rendered  amputation  neces- 
sary. The  operation  was  performed  by  the 
eminent  surgeon  Listen,  but  terminated  -fa- 
tally on  the  tenth  day.  The  circumstances 
are  related  in  fuller  detail  in  '  Gent,  Mag.' 
N.S.  viii.  432.  Broughton's  death  occurred 
at  Regent's  Park  barracks  on  20  Aug.  1837. 
He  was  interred  at  Kensal  Green  cemetery. 
[Gent.  Mag.  new  ser.  viii.  432  ;  Kose's  New 
Biog.  Diet.  vol.  v.  (many  of  the  details  given  ap- 
pear to  be  incorrect) ;  Army  Lists ;  E.  Soc.  Cat. 
Scientific  Papers,  1800-63,  vol.  i. ;  Brit.  Mus. 
Cat. ;  Index  Brit.  Assoc.  Reports.]  H.  M.  C. 

BROUGHTON,  THOMAS  (1704-1774), 
divine,  biographer,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
"born  in  London  on  5  July  1704,  was  the  son 
of  the  rector  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and,  being  superan- 
nuated on  that  foundation,  went  about  1772 
to  Cambridge,  where  '  for  the  sake  of  a 
scholarship  he  entered  himself  of  Gonville 
and  Cains  College.'  In  1727,  after  taking 
B.A.,  he  was  admitted  to  deacon's  orders, 
and  in  1728  he  was  ordained  priest,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  M.A.  He  served  for  several 
years  as  curate  of  Offley,  Hertfordshire,  and 
in  1739  became  rector  of  Stepington,  Hunt- 
ingdonshire ;  the  patron,  the  Duke  of  Bedford, 
also  appointing  him  one  of  his  chaplains.  As 
reader  to  the  Temple,  to  which  he  was  chosen 
soon  afterwards,  he  won  the  favour  of  the 
master,  Bishop  Sherlock,  who  in  1744  pre- 
sented him  to  the  vicarage  of  Bedminster, 
near  Bristol,  with  the  chapels  of  St.  Mary 
Redcliffe,  St.  Thomas,  and  Abbot's  Leigh  an- 
nexed. To  the  same  influence  he  owed  a 
prebend  in  Salisbury  Cathedral,  and  on  re- 
ceiving this  he  removed  from  London  to 
Bristol,  where  he  died  on  21  Dec.  1774.  He 
was  an  industrious  writer  in  many  kinds  of 
composition.  He  published  (1742)  an  '  His- 
torical Dictionary  of  all  Religions  from  the 
Creation  of  the  World  to  the  Present  Times,' 
a  huge  work  in  two  volumes  folio  ;  he  trans- 
lated Voltaire's  e  Temple  of  Taste,'  and  part  of 
Bayle's  '  Dictionary ; '  vindicated  orthodox 
Christianity  against  Tindal ;  converted  a  Ro- 
man catholic  book  ('  Dorrel  on  the  Epistles 
and  Gospels ')  to  protestant  uses ;  edited  Dry- 
den  ;  wrote  in  defence  of  the  immortality  of 
the  soul ;  and  contributed  the  lives  marked 
'  T '  in  the  original  edition  of  the  '  Biographia 
Britannic*.'  Hawkins,  in  his  l  Life  of  John- 
son,' credits  Broughton  with  being  the  real 
translator  of  Jarvis's  '  Don  Quixote.'  '  The 
fact  is  that  Jarvis  laboured  at  it  many  years, 
but  could  make  but  little  progress,  for  being 
a  painter  by  profession,  he  had  not  been  ac- 
customed to  write,  and  had  no  style.  Mr. 
Tonson,  the  bookseller,  seeing  this,  suggested 


the  thought  of  employing  Mr.  Broughton  .  .  . 
who  sat  himself  down  to  study  the  Spanish 
language,  and  in  a  few  months  acquired,  as 
was  pretended,  sufficient  knowledge  thereof 
to  give  to  the  world  a  translation  of  "Don 
Quixote  "  in  the  true  spirit  of  the  original, 
and  to  which  is  prefixed  the  name  of  Jarvis.' 
Broughton  was  a  lover  of  music,  and  ac- 
quainted with  Handel,  whom  he  furnished 
with  words  for  some  of  his  compositions,  in- 
cluding the  drama  of  '  Hercules,'  first  given 
at  the  Haymarket  in  1745.  In  private  life 
he  was  of  a  mild  and  amiable  disposition,  but 
in  controversy,  though  not  discourteous  ac- 
cording to  the  standard  of  his  time,  he  was 
very  economical  in  his  concessions  to  his  op- 
ponents, and  he  has  been  characterised  in 
some  respects  as  a  weak  and  credulous 
writer. 

[Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis),  ii.  pref.  ix-x ;  G-rove's 
Diet,  of  Music,  i.  730  ;  Hawkins's  Life  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  1787,  p.  216;  Lowudes's  British  Li- 
brarian, 1839-42,  p.  1250.]  J.  M.  S. 

BROUGHTON,  THOMAS  (1712-1777), 
divine,  the  son  of  Thomas  Broughton,  who 
is  said  to  have  been  at  one  time  commis- 
sioner of  excise  at  Edinburgh,  was  born  at 
Oxford.  When  he  matriculated  at  University 
College,  Oxford,  on  13  Dec.  1731,  his  father  was 
described  as  of  '  Carfax  in  Oxford.'  He  was 
elected  Petreian  fellow  at  Exeter  College 
30  June  1733,  and  became  full  fellow  on 
14  July  1734,  taking  his  degree  of  B.A.  on 
22  March  1737.  Soon  after  becoming  an  under- 
graduate he  joined  the  little  band  of  young 
men  who  were  known  as  '  Methodists,'  and 
remained  a  sympathiser  with  the  Wesleys  for 
several  years,  until  differences  of  opinion  on 
the  Moravian  doctrines  led  to  their  separation. 
Broughton's  first  clerical  duty  was  at  Cow- 
ley,  near  Uxbridge,  and  he  was  curate  at  the 
Tower  of  London  in  1736.  Through  White- 
field's  influence  he  obtained  the  lectureship 
at  St.  Helen's,  Bishopsgate  Within,  but  as 
some  of  the  parishioners  objected  to  White- 
field's  preaching  from  its  pulpit  he  withdrew 
from  the  post.  He  visited  the  prisoners  in 
Newgate  and  was  indefatigable  in  doing 
good.  In  1741  he  was  appointed  lecturer  at 
Allhallows,  Lombard  Street,  and  two  years 
later  was  elected  secretary  to  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  a  position 
which  he  retained  until  his  death.  His  only 
other  preferment  was  the  living  of  Wotton 
in  Surrey,  which  he  held  from  1752  to  1777. 
He  died  at  the  society's  house  in  Hatton 
Garden,  London,  21  Dec.  1777.  He  held  his 
fellowship  at  Exeter  College  until  July  1741. 
In  1742  he  married  Miss  Capel,  by  whom  he 
had  fifteen  children,  five  of  them  dying  young. 


Broughton 


465 


Broughton 


A  portrait  of  Broughton  hangs  in  the  board- 
room of  the  S.  P.  C.  K.  Two  very  outspoken 
sermons  of  his  attained  great  popularity : 
•'  The  Christian  Soldier,  or  the  Duties  of  a 
Religious  Life  recommended  to  the  Army,' 
which  was  preached  in  1737,  printed  in  1738, 
and  reached  its  twelfth  edition  in  1818,  a 
Welsh  translation  having  appeared  in  1797 ; 
and  '  A  Serious  and  Affectionate  Warning  to 
Servants,'  occasioned  by  the  brutal  murder  of 
a  mistress  by  her  male  servant  aged  only  19, 
and  issued  in  1746,  ninth  edition  1818. 

[Tyerman's  Oxford  Methodists,  334-60;  Man- 
ning and  Bray's  Surrey,  ii.  158  ;  Boase's  Exeter 
College,  98.]  W.  P.  C. 

BROUGHTON",      THOMAS       DUER 

(1778-1835),  writer  on  India,  was  son  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Broughton,  rector  of  St.  Peter's, 
Bristol.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  went 
to  India  in  1795  as  a  cadet  on  the  Bengal  es- 
tablishment. He  was  actively  engaged  at  the 
siege  of  Seringapatam  in  1799,  and  was  after- 
wards appointed  commandant  of  the  cadet 
corps,  and  in  1802  military  resident  with  the 
Mahrattas.  For  a  short  time  previous  to 
the  restoration  of  Java  to  the  Dutch  he  held 
the  command  of  that  island.  He  became  a 
lieutenant  on  the  Madras  establishment  in 
1797,  and,  passing  through  the  intermediate 
grades,  became  colonel  in  1829.  His  death 
took  place  in  Dorset  Square,  London,  on 
16  Nov.  1835.  He  published:  1.  'Edward 
and  Laura/  a  novel,  freely  translated  from 
the  French.  2.  '  Letters  written  in  a  Mah- 
ratta  Camp  during  the  year  1809,  descriptive 
of  the  character,  manners,  domestic  habits, 
and  religious  ceremonies  of  the  Mahrattas,' 
London,  1813,  4to.  3.  f  Selections  from  the 
Popular  Poetry  of  the  Hindoos,'  London, 
1814,  8vo. 

[Gent.  Ma?.  KS.  v.  203  ;  Cat,  of  'Printed 
Books  in  Brit.  Mus.]  T.  C. 

BROUGHTON,  WILLIAM  GRANT, 
D.D.  (1788-1853),  metropolitan  of  Austral- 
asia, was  the  eldest  son  of  Grant  Broughton, 
by  His  wife  Phoebe  Ann,  daughter  of  John 
Rumball  of  Barnet,  Hertfordshire.  He  was 
born  in  Bridge  Street,  Westminster,  on  22  May 
1788,  and  educated  at  Barnet  grammar  school, 
but  was  removed  in  January  1797  to  the 
King's  School,  Canterbury,  where  in  the 
following  December  he  was  admitted  to  a 
King's  scholarship.  From  1807  to  1812  he 
was  clerk  in  the  East  India  House.  At  last 
being  able  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  own  in- 
clinations, he  became  a  resident  member  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  October  1814, 
was  sixth  wrangler  and  B.  A.  in  January  1818, 
proceeded  M.A.  in  1823,  and  B.D.  and  D.D. 

VOL.   VI. 


per  saltum  in  1836.  He  was  ordained  dea- 
con in  1818  and  admitted  to  priest's  orders 
during  the  same  year.  The  curacy  to  which 
he  was  ordained  was  that  of  Hartley  Wespall, 
Hampshire,  where  he  remained  from  1818  to 
1827.  While  here  he  published  in  1823  '  An 
Examination  of  the  Hypothesis  advanced  in  a 
Recent  Publication  entitled  "  Palaeoromaica," 
by  J.  Black,  that  the  text  of  the  Elzevir 
Greek  Testament  is  not  a  Translation  from 
the  Latin.'  This  work  was  dedicated  by 
Broughton  to  his  diocesan,  Bishop  Tomline, 
who  in  1827  removed  him  to  the  curacy  of 
Farnham.  The  vicinity  of  his  first  curacy 
to  Strathfieldsaye  led  to  his  introduction  to 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  to  the  chaplaincy  of  the  Tower  of 
London  on  6  Oct.  1828. 

Subsequently,  on  7  Dec.  1828,  at  the  ex- 
press desire  of  his  grace,  he  was  induced  to 
accept  the  arduous  office  of  archdeacon  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  arrived  in  Sydney 
on  13  Sept.  1829.  His  jurisdiction  extended 
over  the  whole  of  Australia,  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  and  the  adjoining  islands.  He  visited 
all  the  settlements  in  these  latitudes  con- 
nected with  his  archdeaconry,  and  endea- 
voured to  excite  the  settlers  and  the  govern- 
ment to  the  erection  of  churches  and  schools ; 
but  by  1834  he  had  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  only  way  to  succeed  was  to  appeal  to 
the  mother  country  for  the  urgently  needed 
assistance.  In  answer  to  his  application  to  the 
Societies  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge 
and  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
Foreign  Parts,  and  to  private  individuals,  a 
sum  of  about  13,000/.  was  placed  at  his  dis- 
posal, and  the  number  of  clergy  was  forth- 
with doubled.  Arrangements  were  also  made 
for  establishing  a  bishopric,  and  on  14  Feb. 

1836  Archdeacon  Broughton  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Australia  in  the  chapel  of  Lam- 
beth Palace.     On  his  return  to  Australia  on 
2  June  he  found  himself  involved  in  contro- 
versy respecting  the  education  of  the  people, 
and  his  efforts  were  to  a  great  extent  suc- 
cessful in  insuring  a  church  education  for  the 
children  belonging  to  the  church  establish- 
ment.    It  was  not  long  before  he  visited,  for 
the  purposes  of  confirmation  and  ordination, 
New  Zealand,   Van   Diemen's   Land,   Nor- 
folk Island,  and  Port  Phillip  (since  known 
as  Victoria),  as  well  as  the  settlements  in 
New  South  Wales.     Interesting  accounts  of 
his  missionary  tours  are  to  be  found  in  the 
second  and  third  volumes  of  ( The  Church  in 
the  Colonies'  published  by  the  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge.    On  16  March 

1837  the  corner-stone  of  St.  Andrew's  Cathe- 
dral, Sydney,  was  laid  by  Sir  Richard  Bourke, 
K.C.B.,  the  governor.   The  subdivision  of  the 

H   H 


Broughton 


466 


Broughton 


immense  diocese  of  Australia  took  place  in 
1847.  At  the  same  time  Sydney  was  made 
a  metropolitical  see,  and  the  Bishop  of  Aus- 
tralia thenceforth  bore  the  title  of  Bishop  of 
Sydney  and  Metropolitan  of  Australasia.  On 
9  March  1843  the  Rev.  John  Bede  Folding 
arrived  in  Sydney  bearing  an  appointment 
from  the  pope  with  the  title  of  Archbishop 
of  Sydney.  Broughton  thought  it  his  duty 
to  make  a  public  and  solemn  protest  against 
the  assumption  of  this  title.  Desiring  once 
more  to  confer  with  the  church  at  home  on  the 
state  of  the  churches  in  the  colonies,  he,  after 
a  most  tryingvoyage  in  a  fever  ship,  arrived  in 
England  on  20  Nov.  1852.  The  fatigues  and 
anxieties  of  that  voyage,  however,  weakened 
his  constitution,  and  he  succumbed  to  an  at- 
tack of  bronchitis  while  staying  at  11  Chester 
Street,  Bel  grave  Square,  London,  the  resi- 
dence of  Lady  Gipps,  the  relict  of  his  old 
friend  and  schoolfellow  and  a  late  governor 
of  New  South  Wales,  on  20  Feb.  1853,  and 
was  buried  in  the  south  aisle  of  Canterbury 
Cathedral  on  26  Feb.  He  had  married  in 
the  same  cathedral,  on  13  July  1818,  Sarah, 
eldest  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Francis, 
rector  of  St.  Mildred's,  Canterbury ;  she  died 
at  Sydney  on  16  Sept.  1849.  Broughton 
was  warmly  attached  to  the  principles  of 
the  English  reformation  and  to  the  doctrines 
contained  in  the  liturgy  and  articles  of  the 
church  of  England.  A  residence  of  twenty- 
five  years  in  the  Antipodes  had  withdrawn 
him  from  observation  at  home;  but  from 
time  to  time  came  tidings  of  his  noble  labours 
and  exemplary  fulfilment  of  the  lofty  func- 
tions of  a  Christian  bishop.  Some  of  his 
publications  were :  1.  '  A  Letter  to  a  Friend 
touching  the  question,  who  was  the  Author  of 
"EiKobi/  600-1X1*77,"  ascribing  it  to  J.  Gauden, 
Bishop  of  Worcester,' 1826.  2.  'Additional 
Reasons  in  Confirmation  of  the  Opinion  that 
Dr.  Gauden  was  the  Author/  1829.  3.  'A 
Letter  to  H.  Osborn  on  the  Propriety  and  Ne- 
cessity of  Collecting  at  the  Offertory,'  1848. 
4.  'A  Letter  to  N.  Wiseman  by  the  Bishop  of 
Sydney,  together  with  the  Bishop's  Protest, 
25  March  1843,  against  the  assumptions  of 
the  Church  of  Rome,'  1852.  Other  works  com- 
prised printed  charges,  sermons,  and  speeches. 

[Sermons  by  the  Right  Rev.  W.  G.  Broughton, 
ed.  with  a  Prefatory  Memoir  by  Benjamin  Har- 
rison (1857),  pp.  ix-xliv  ;  Gent.  Mag.  xxxix. 
431-6  (1853) ;  Beaton's  Australian  Dictionary 
of  Dates  (1879),  p.  26,  and  part  ii.  p.  66.1 

G.  C.  B. 

BROUGHTON,  WILLIAM  ROBERT 

(1762-1821),  captain  in  the  royal  navy,  after 
serving  as  a  midshipman  on  the  coast  of  North 
America  and  in  the  East  Indies,  and  as  lieu- 


tenant in  the  Burford,  in  the  several  engage- 
ments between  Hughes  and  Suffren,  was  in 
1790  appointed  to  command  the  Chathambrig, 
to  accompany  Vancouver  in  his  voyage  of  dis- 
covery.    He  was  for  some  time  employed  on 
the  survey  of  the  Columbia   river  and  the 
coasts  adjacent.     In  1793,  he  travelled  to- 
Vera  Cruz,  overland  from  San  Bias,  on  his- 
way  to  England  with  despatches.      On  his 
arrival  in  this  country  he   was  made  com- 
mander, 3  Oct.,  of  the  Providence,  a  small 
vessel  of  400  tons  burden,  and  was  again  sent 
out  to  the  north-west  coast  of  North  Ame- 
rica.    On  arriving  on  the  station  he  found 
Vancouver  gone ;   and  crossing  over  to  the 
other  side,  he  commenced,  and  during  the  next 
four  years  carried  out,  a  close  survey  of  the 
coast  of  Asia,  from  lat.  52°  N.  to  35°  N.,  in 
encouragement  of  which  important  work  he- 
was  advanced  to  post  rank  on  28  Jan.  1797. 
On  16  May  1797  the  Providence  struck  on  a 
coral  reef  near  the  coast  of  Formosa,  and  was 
totally  lost.     The  men,  however,  were  all 
saved  and  taken  to  Macao  in  the  tender,  in 
which  Broughton  afterwards  continued  the 
survey  till  May   1798,   when  he  was   dis- 
charged at  Trincomalee  for  a  passage  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  arrived  in  the  following  Febru- 
ary.    The  history    of  this   voyage  and  the- 
geographical  results  he  published  in  1804, 
under  the  title,  which  is  itself  a  summary 
of  the    work   of   the    expedition,    'Voyage 
of  Discovery  to  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  in 
which  the  coast  of  Asia  from  the  latitude  of 
35°  N.  to  the  latitude  of  52°  N.,  the  island 
of  Insu  (commonly  known  under  the  name 
of  the  land  of  Jesso),  the  north,  south,  and 
east  coasts  of  Japan,  the  Lieuxchieux  and 
the  adjacent  isles,  as  well  as  the  coast  of 
Corea,   have  been  examined  and  surveyed,, 
performed  in  H.M.  sloop  Providence  and  her 
tender  in  the  years  1795-6-7-8.'     The  origi- 
nal journals  from  which  this  work  was  ela- 
borated, as  well  as  that  of  the  journey  from 
San  Bias  to  Vera  Cruz,  are  now  in  the  library 
of  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution,  and 
contain  many  interesting  personal  notices. 
After  holding  some  other  commands  Brough- 
ton, in  1809,  commanded  the  Illustrious  in 
the  expedition  under  Lord  Gambier,  and  at 
the  court-martial  gave  evidence  which,  so  far 
as  it  went,  implied  a  general  agreement  with 
the  charges  made  by  Lord  Cochrane  [see  COCH- 
RANE,  THOMAS,  EARL  OP  DTTNDONALD].     In 
1810,  still  in  the  Illustrious,  he  went  out  to 
the  East  Indies,  and  was  present  at  the  re- 
duction of  the  Mauritius  in  December  [see 
BERTIE,  ALBEM ARLE]  .  In  the  following  spring 
he   had  charge   of    the   expedition   against 
Java,  which  assembled  at  Malacca  and  sailed 
thence  on  11  June.      The  passage  was  long 


Broun 


467 


Broun 


and  tedious,  and  Broughton,  in  the  opinion 
of  many,  was  unduly  cautious  (Lord  Minto  in 
India:  Life  and  Letters  of  Gilbert  Elliot, 
first  Earl  of  Minto,  1807-14,  edited  by  his 
.grandniece,  the  Countess  of  Minto,  280).  It 
was  the  beginning  of  August  before  the  troops 
were  landed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Batavia. 
On  9  Aug.  the  squadron  was  joined  by  Rear- 
admiral  the  Hon.  Robert  Stopford,  who  had 
come  on  to  take  the  command.  Broughton 
was  annoyed,  and  applied  for  a  court-martial 
on  the  rear-admiral  '  for  behaving  in  a  cruel, 
oppressive,  and  fraudulent  manner,  unbe- 
coming the  character  of  an  officer,  in  depriving 
me  of  the  command  of  the  squadron.'  On  the 
other  hand,  Lord  Minto  wrote  in  his  private 
letters :  '  The  little  commodore's  brief  hour  of 
authority  came  to  an  end,  to  the  great  relief 
of  all  in  the  fleet  and  army  '  (ibid.  282).  Pos- 
sibly this  opinion  reached  the  admiralty ;  at 
any  rate,  they  did  not  think  fit  to  grant 
Broughton's  request,  and  in  fact  approved  of 
the  course  taken  by  Stopford.  In  1812  Brough- 
ton returned  to  England.  He  was  made  a  O.B. 
at  the  peace,  and  during  his  later  years  re- 
sided at  Florence,  where  he  died  suddenly  on 
12  March  1821.  He  married  his  cousin  Je- 
mima, youngest  daughter  of  Rev.  Sir  Thomas 
Delves  Broughton,  bart.,  of  Doddington  Hall, 
Cheshire,  by  whom  he  had  three  daughters, 
and  one  son,  William,  afterwards  a  captain 
in  the  navy. 

[Official  letters  in  the  Public  Record  Office  ; 
Gent.  Mag.  (1821)  xci.  i.  376,  648.]  J.  K.  L. 

BROUN.     [See  BROWN  and  BROWNE.] 

BROUN,  JOHN"  ALLAN  (1817-1879), 
magnetician  and  meteorologist,  was  born  on 
.21  Sept.  1817  at  Dumfries,  where  his  father 
kept  a  preparatory  school  for  the  navy.  He 
•entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh  on  his 
father's  death  (about  1837).  There  his  turn 
for  physical  science  attracted  the  friendship  of 
Professor  J.  D.  Forbes.  Through  his  recom- 
mendation he  was  appointed  in  April  1842 
vdirector  of  the  magnetic  observatory  founded 
by  Sir  Thomas  Brisbane  at  Makerstoun,  and, 
after  a  short  preparatory  course  of  training  at 
Greenwich,  entered  upon  his  task  with  an  en- 
thusiasm which  quickly  widened  its  scope,  and 
.gave  to  the  establishment  a  high  rank  among 
those  engaged  in  simultaneous  observations 
on  the  plan  advocated  by  Humboldt.  Through- 
out the  years  1844-5  observations  with  all 
the  magnetic  and  meteorological  instruments 
were  made  hourly  (except  on  Sundays)  ;  and 
though  the  term  originally  fixed  for  the  ex- 
tended activity  of  the  observatory  expired  in 
1846,  a  limited  series  of  observations  was 
continued  for  three  years  longer  under  Broun's 


direction,  and  after  his  departure  until  1855. 
The  preparation  of  the  results  for  the  press 
cost  him  much  ungrateful  toil  in  developing 
and  testing  new  methods  of  correction,  which 
have  been  generally  adopted,  and  entitle  him 
to  a  place  among  the  founders  of  the  new  ob- 
servational science  of  terrestrial  magnetism. 
The  data  thus  laboriously  provided,  which 
were  of  permanent  and  standard  value,  ap- 
peared under  his  editorship  as  volumes  xvii.  to 
xix.  of  the  '  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh  '  (1845-50),  with  an  appendix, 
edited  by  Professor  Balfour  Stewart  (supple- 
ment to  vol.  xxii.  1860). 

Broun  left  Makerstoun  in  the  autumn  of 
1849,  and  spent  the  winter  in  Edinburgh 
engaged  in  completing  the  reduction  of  his 
observations  with  the  aid  of  his  friend  and 
assistant,  Mr.  John  Welsh,  afterwards  di- 
rector of  the  Kew  Observatory.  In  1850  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  married  Isaline  Val- 
louy,  daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  Huguenot  ex- 
traction in  the  Canton  du  Vaud,  by  whom  he 
had  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  In  the  fol- 
io wing  year  he  was  nominated,  at  the  instance 
of  Colonel  Sykes,  director  of  the  Trevandrum 
Magnetic  Observatory,  founded  by  the  Rajah 
of  Travancore  in  1841,  and  entered  upon  his 
arduous  duties  there  in  January  1852.  Nor 
did  he  limit  himself  to  those  officially  com- 
mitted to  him,  but  aimed  at  promoting  the 
general  welfare  of  the  province.  He  esta- 
blished a  museum,  issued  an  amended  almanac, 
attempted  a  reform  of  weights  and  measures, 
planned  and  superintended  the  construction 
of  public  gardens,  a  road  to  the  mountains, 
and  a  sanatorium.  Renewing  in  1855  an  ex- 
periment partially  carried  out  on  the  Cheviot 
hills  in  the  summer  of  1847  (Report  Brit. 
Assoc.  1847,  ii.  19 ;  1850,  ii.  7),  he  built  an  ob- 
servatory on  the  Agustia  Malley,  the  highest 
peak  of  the  Travancore  Ghats,  6,200  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  difficulties  in  the  way  were  very 
great,  owing  to  the  wild  nature  of  the  country, 
the  presence  of  wild  beasts,  the  superstitious 
fears  and  bodily  sufferings  of  the  natives ;  and 
Broun  himself  caught  a  chill  from  the  sud- 
den transition  of  temperature,  inducing  a 
permanent  deafness,  for  which  he  vainly 
sought  medical  assistance  in  Europe  in  1860. 
On  his  return  after  two  years  he  found  the 
Agustia  observatory  in  ruins,  and  rebuilt  it 
in  1863  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  final  set 
of  observations  with  new  instruments.  The 
results  went  to  show  that  both  magnetic  and 
barometrical  oscillations  remain  unchanged 
in  character  at  a  height  of  6,200  feet,  but  be- 
come during  the  daytime  reduced  in  amount 
by  one  half  (Proc.  R.  Soc.  xi.  298). 

In  April  1865  Broun  left  India  definitively, 
and  during  a  residence  of  some  years,  first  at 


Broun 


468 


Broun 


Lausanne,  then  at  Stuttgart,  devoted  his  en- 
tire energies  to  preparing  for  publication 
the  copious  materials  at  his  disposal.  His 
sole  recreation  was  an  hour's  music  with  his 
family  in  the  evenings ;  for  he  played  the 
violin  well,  and  wTas  an  ardent  admirer  of 
Beethoven.  His  insufficient  private  resources 
were  meantime  supplemented  by  a  small 
pension  from  the  Eajah  of  Travancore,  in 
whose  service  he  had  been  a  loser  in  point  of 
interest  upon  sums  advanced  for  scientific 
purposes.  In  1873  he  came  to  live  in  Lon- 
don, where  in  the  year  following  he  issued  a 
quarto  volume  entitled  '  Observations  of  Mag- 
netic Declination  made  at  Trevandrum  and 
Agustia  Malley  in  the  Observatories  of  his 
Highness  the  Maharajah  of  Travancore  in  the 
years  1852  to  1869.'  It  contains  an  exhaus- 
tive and  highly  valuable  discussion  of  the 
various  modes  of  solar  and  lunar  action  on 
magnetic  declination,  of  wrhich  element  alone 
upwards  of  300,000  reduced  observations 
were  available  from  the  thirteen  years  of  his 
administration.  The  publication,  however, 
went  no  further,  and  Broun  had  the  mortifi- 
cation of  seeing  his  life's  work  left  incom- 
plete, and  the  fruits  of  his  anxious  toils 
lying,  for  the  most  part,  useless.  He  had 
never  been  a  prosperous,  and  he  was  hence- 
forth a  disappointed  man.  A  devoted  adhe- 
rent of  the  Free  church  of  Scotland,  his 
scruples  about  subscription  had  debarred  him 
from  professional  employment  in  his  native 
country,  and  his  deafness  hindered  his  pro- 
motion in  the  branch  he  had  made  peculiarly 
his  own.  He  did  not,  however,  sink  into  in- 
action. Aided  by  a  grant  from  the  Eoyal 
Society,  he  undertook  to  complete  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  magnetic  observations  made  at 
the  various  colonial  stations.  The  task  was 
one  of  vast  and  undefined  extent,  and  his 
sense  of  responsibility  for  quarterly  payments 
added  anxiety  to  his  labour.  His  health 
began  to  give  way,  and  in  1878  he  had  a 
nervous  attack,  from  which  he  never  satis- 
factorily recovered.  A  trip  to  Switzerland 
produced  a  partial  rally,  but  on  22  Nov.  1879 
he  died  suddenly,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two. 

His  character  was  a  peculiarly  estimable 
one.  He  united  amiability  and  social  charm 
with  rigid  integrity  and  a  sensitiveness  of 
conscience  ill  fitted  to  advance  his  material 
interests.  His  scientific  merits  did  not  re- 
ceive the  cordial  recognition  they  deserved. 
He  took  a  prominent  part  in  ascertaining  the 
laws  of  terrestrial  magnetism.  The  discovery 
is  entirely  due  to  him  that  the  earth  loses  or 
gains  magnetic  intensity  as  a  whole — in  other 
words,  that  the  changes  in  the  daily  mean 
horizontal  force  are  nearly  the  same  all 
over  tlte  globe.  This  conclusion,  arrived  at 


through  a  laborious  investigation,  was  first 
published  in  a  letter  to  Sir  David  Brew- 
ster,  written  from  Trevandrum  on  21  Dec. 
1857  (Phil.  Mag.  xvi.  81,  August  1858).  In 
the  same  communication  the  existence  of  a 
magnetic  period  of  twTenty-six  days,  attri- 
buted to  the  sun's  rotation,  was  announced, 
and  the  evidence  on  both  points  was  detailed 
in  a  paper  read  before  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  on  4  Feb.  1861  (  Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed. 
xxii.  pt.  iii.  511).  Independently  of,  though 
subsequently  to  Kreil,  Broun  deduced  from 
the  Makerstoun  observations  the  fact  of  a 
lunar-diurnal  influence  on  the  declination- 
needle  (Report  Brit.  Assoc.  1846,  ii.  32),  a 
prolonged  study  of  which  showred  him  that  it 
varied  in  character  with  the  position  of  the 
sun  (Proc.  R.  Soc.  x.  484,  xvi.  59),  and  in. 
amount  inversely  as  the  cube  of  the  distance 
of  the  moon  (Trans.  R.  Soc.  Ed.  xxvi.  750). 
He  early  defined  the  annual  period  of  mag- 
netic intensity  as  consisting  of  a  maximum 
near  each  solstice,  with  minima  at  the  equi- 
noxes (Report  Brit.  Assoc.  1845,  ii.  15) ;  gave 
the  first  complete  account  of  the  daily  varia- 
tions of  the  needle  at  the  magnetic  equator 
(ib.  1860,  ii.  21),  and  reached,  in  the  course 
of  these  discussions,  the  remarkable  conclu- 
sion that  great  magnetic  disturbances  pro- 
ceed from  particular  solar  meridians. 

His  researches  contributed  largely  to  esta- 
blish meteorology  on  a  scientific  basis.  He 
discovered  the  26-day  period  of  atmospheric 
pressure,  showed  the  wide  range  of  simul- 
taneous barometrical  fluctuations,  initiated 
the  systematic  study  of  variously  elevated 
cloud-strata,  and  indicated  the  connection  be- 
tween atmospheric  movements  and  isobaric 
lines  (Proc.  R.  Soc.  xxv.  515).  But  he  lacked 
the  power  of  placing  his  ideas  in  a  striking- 
light,  and  the  independence  of  his  character 
did  not  permit  him  to  purchase  applause  for 
himself  by  flattering  the  opinions  of  others. 
The  Eoyal  Society  admitted  him  as  a  member 
in  1853,  and  awarded  him  a  royal  medal  in 
1878.  His  communications  to  the  Eoyal  So- 
ciety of  Edinburgh  wrere  honoured  with  the 
Keith  prize  in  1861. 

The  Eoyal  Society's  '  Catalogue  of  Scien- 
tific Papers  '  enumerates  (vols.  i.  and  vii.) 
fifty-one  of  his  productions,  besides  which  he 
contributed  to  the  '  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions '  a  paper  '  On  the  Variations  of  the 
Daily  Mean  Horizontal  Force  of  the  Earth's- 
Magnetism  produced  by  the  Sun's  Eotation, 
and  the  Moon's  Synodical  and  Tropical  Eevo- 
lutions'  (clxvi.  387,  1876)  ;  to  the  'Trans- 
actions of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh  * 
an  elaborate  treatise  'On  the  Decennial 
Period  in  the  Eange  and  Disturbance  of  the 
Diurnal  Oscillations  of  the  Magnetic  Needle, 


Broun 


469 


Brouncker 


and  in  the  Sunspot  Area,'  assigning  as  the 
length  of  that  period  1045  years  (xxvii.  563, 
1876),  with  a  '  Note  on  the  Bifilar  Magneto- 
meter' (xxviiii.  41).  He  wrote  frequently 
in  '  Nature.'  His  '  Reports  '  on  the  Makers- 
toun  and  Travancore  observatories  were  pub- 
lished respectively  at  Edinburgh  in  1850,  and 
at  Trevandrum  in  1857.  He  exhibited  at 
the  Loan  Exhibition  of  Scientific  Instru- 
ments in  1876  a  '  gravimeter'  of  his  own  in- 
vention, described  by  Major  J.  Herschel  in 
'  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society,'  xxxii. 
507. 

[Nature,  xxi.  112  (Balfour  Stewart);  Proc. 
E.  Soc.  xxviii.  65,  xxx.  iii.]  A.  M.  C. 

BROUN,  SIE  RICHARD  (1801-1858), 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Sir  James  Broun  of  Coalston  Park,  Loch- 
maben,  Dumfriesshire,  who  resumed  the  ba- 
ronetcy in  1826  (BTTRKE'S  Peerage,  Baronet- 
age, &c.,  title  'Broun.'  Doubts  have  been 
thrown  on  the  correctness  of  parts  of  this  pedi- 
gree, see  British  American  Association  and 
Nova  Scotia  Baronets,  Edinburgh,  1846,  and 
Notes  and  Queries,  various  notes  under  title 
{  Broun '  in  3rd  and  5th  series).  He  was 
born  at  Lochmaben  22  April  1801,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his  father 
30  Nov.  1844.  Before  1834  he  was  resident 
in  London,  and  there,  till  his  death  at  Sphinx 
Lodge,  Chelsea,  10  Dec.  1858,  he  was  busily 
engaged  in  the  projection  of  a  number  of 
schemes,  most  of  them  of  a  somewhat  fan- 
tastic nature,  and  in  the  compilation  of  vari- 
ous pamphlets,  articles,  and  letters  regarding 
them.  He  describes  himself  in  1856  as  '  The 
Honourable  Sir  Richard  Broun,  Knight,  and 
(eighth  baronet)  of  Scotland  and  Nova  Scotia, 
feudal  baron  of  Colstoun,  Haddingtonshire, 
and  chief  of  his  race  in  North  Britain ;  author 
of  various  works  on  heraldry,  agriculture,  co- 
lonisation, sanitation,  &c.'  His  chief  schemes 
were  a  plan  for  a  l  line  of  direct  elemental  in- 
tercourse between  Europe  and  Asia  by  route 
of  the  British  North  American  possessions, 
and  the  systematic  colonisation  of  the  vacant 
crown  territories  over  which  it  will  pass' 
(1833)  ;  a  plan  for  an  '  Anglo-Canadian  Com- 
pany, which  should  outrival  in  the  west  the 
East  India  Company '.  (British  and  American 
Intercourse,  London,!  852) ;  attempts  to  revive 
certain  supposed  privileges  of  the  baronets,  in 
connection  with  which  he  was  from  1835 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Committee  of  the 
Baronetage  for  Privileges,  and  wrote  the  fol- 
lowing works  :  '  Dignity,  Precedence,  &c.,  of 
the  Honourable  the  Baronettesses  of  the 
Realm  '  (1839) ;  and  <  The  Baronetage '  for 
1841,  1842,  1843,  and  1844.  He  was  also 
engaged  in  an  effort  to  revive  the '  illustrious 


and  sovereign  order  of  Knights  Hospitallers 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  and  of  the  Vene- 
rable Langue  of  England,'  and  he  held  various 
offices  in  the  reconstituted  '  langue '  (synop- 
tical sketch  of  the  order,  London,  1856).  He 
rendered,  however,  real  service  by  his  projec- 
tion in  1849  of  '  The  London  Necropolis  and 
National  Mausoleum  at  Woking.'  In  con- 
nection with  this  scheme  and  with  the  gene- 
ral question  of  extramural  interments  he  wrote 
'  Extramural  Burial,'  1850 ;  '  Extramural  Se- 
pulture,' 1850 ;  l  Extramural  Sepulture,  Syn- 
opsis of  the  London  Necropolis,'  1851 ;  'Ex- 
tramural Interment  and  the  Metropolitan 
Sanitary  Association,'  1852 ;  ( Metropolitan 
Interments,'  1852; '  Metropolitan  Extramural 
Interments,  Memorial  to  the  Lord  Mayor,' 
&c.,  1852 ;  '  Statement  as  to  Progress  of  Ne- 
cropolis Undertaking,'  1853 ;  various  Letters 
on  the  Necropolis  Undertaking,  1853-5. 

[British  American  Association  ;  Scots  Maga- 
zine for  1801,  Ixiii.  300  (Edinburgh,  1801); 
Dumfries  and  Galloway  Courier,  21  Dec.  1858 
(Dumfries,  1858) ;  Foster's  Peerage  and  Baro- 
netage, p.  682,  and  the  authorities  there  cited.] 

F.  W-T. 

BROUNCKER  or  BROUNKER,  WIL- 
LIAM, second  VISCOUNT  BKOTJNCKEK,  of 
Castle  Lyons,  in  the  Irish  peerage  (1620  ?— 
1684),  first  president  of  the  Royal  Society, 
was  bom  about  1620.  His  father,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Brouncker  (born  in  1585),  was  commis- 
sary-general of  the  musters  in  the  expedition 
against  the  Scots  in  1639 ;  was  afterwards 
one  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  I,  and 
vice-chamberlain  to  Prince  Charles ;  was 
created  doctor  of  civil  law  at  Oxford  on 
1  Nov.  1642 ;  was  made  Viscount  Brouncker, 
of  Castle  Lyons,  in  the  Irish  peerage,  12  Sept. 
1645 ;  died  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  in 
November  1642,  and  was  buried  on  20  Nov. 
in  Christ  Church  Cathedral.  Pepys  says  that 
he  gave  1,200/.  to  be  made  an  Irish  lord,  and 
swore  the  same  day  that  he  had  not  12<#. 
left  to  pay  for  his  dinner.  Brouncker's 
mother  was  Winifred,  daughter  of  William 
Leigh  of  Newenham,  Warwickshire,  who 
died  on  20  July  1649,  and  was  buried  by  her 
husband.  An  elaborate  monument  was  after- 
wards erected  above  their  grave.  Brouncker's 
grandfather  was  Sir  Henry  Brouncker,  presi- 
dent of  Munster,  who  died  on  3  June  1607, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  Cork,  having 
married  Anne,  daughter  of  Parker,  lord 
Morley.  The  family  is  traced  back  to  a 
Henry  Brouncker,  at  one  time  M.P.  for  De- 
vizes, and  the  purchaser  of  the  estate  of 
Melksham,  Wiltshire,  in  1544.  A  younger 
branch  changed  the  family  name  to  Branc- 
ker  [see  BKANCKER,  THOMAS].  The  original 


Brouncker 


470 


Brouncker 


branch  is  also  kno  wii  as  Bronkard,  Bro  unkard, 
and  Brunkard. 

Young  Brouncker  studied  mathematics  in  j 
his  youth  at  Oxford,  and  became  proficient  '• 
in  many  languages.  On  23  Feb.  1646-7  he  | 
was  created  doctor  of  medicine  at  Oxford,  j 
In  April  1660  he  subscribed  the  declaration  [ 
acknowledging  General  Monk  the  restorer  of 
the  laws  and  privileges  of  the  nation. 

Brouncker  chiefly  employed  himself  during  : 
the   Commonwealth   in  literary  work.     In  j 
1653  he  published,  under  the  pseudonym  of  j 
*  A  Person  of  Honour/  a  translation  of  Des- 
cartes's  '  Musical  Compendium,'  with  criti-  j 
cisms  of  his  own  (cf.  PEPYS'S  Diary,  25  Dec.  • 
1668).     He  prepared  a  new  division  of  the  | 
'  diapason  by  sixteen  mean  proportionals  into 
seventeen  equal  semitones,  the   method  of 
which  is  exhibited  by  him  in  an  algebraical 
process,  and  also  in  logarithms '  (HAWKINS,  | 
History  of  Music,  iv.  181).     Descartes  de-  j 
clined  to  accept  this  scheme.     In  1657  and 
1658  Brouncker  was  corresponding  on  ma- 
thematical topics  with  Dr.  John  Wallis,  who 
printed  the  letters  in  1658  in  '  Commercium 
Epistolicum.'    Brouncker  made  two  mathe- 
matical discoveries  of  importance.     He  was  j 
the  first  to  introduce   continued  fractions, 
and  to  give  a  series  for  the  quadrature  of  a 
portion  of  the  equilateral  hyperbola. 

After  the  Restoration  Brouncker  took  part 
in  the   meetings   of   scientific   students  in 
London  out  of  which  sprang  the  Royal  So-  ; 
ciety.      The   association  was    incorporated 
under  royal  charter,  first  on  15  July  1662,  I 
and  again  on  15  April  1663.     From  the  date 
of  the  society's  first  incorporation  till  30  Nov.  j 
1677,  when  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Sir  Joseph  Williamson,  Brouncker  held 
the  office   of  president,  to  which  he   was  \ 
elected  annually.     John  Evelyn,  the  diarist,  i 
was  his  intimate  friend,  and  the  two  often  ! 
discussed  scientific  questions  with  Charles  II.  j 
In  August  1662  Brouncker  built  a  yacht  for 
the  king,  'which  Mr.  Pitt,'  says  Pepys,  'cries 
up  mightily '  (Diary,  14  Aug.  and  3  Sept. 
1662).     He  was  president  of  Gresham  Col- 
lege from  1664  to  1667.     Brouncker,  Boyle, 
and  Sir  R.  Murray,  Evelyn  writes, '  were  the 
persons  to  whom  the  world  stands  obliged 
lor  the  promoting  of  that  generous  and  real 
knowledge  which  gave  the  ferment  that  has 
ever  since  obtained  and  surmounted  all  those 
many  discouragements  which  it  at  first  en- 
countered '  (Evelyn  to  Mr.  Wotton,  30  March 
1696,  in  Diary,  edited  by  Bray  and  Wheatley, 
iii.  481). 

Brouncker  was  appointed  chancellor  of 
Queen  Catherine  on  18  April  1662,  and  was 
commissioner  for  executing  the  office  of  lord 
high  admiral  from  12  Nov.  1664  (LTJTTEELL, 


Relation,  and  Savile  Correspondence,  Camd. 
Soc.  p.  256).  Pepys  has  much  to  say  of  him 
iu  this  office,  and  appears  to  have  lived  on 
terms  of  great  intimacy  with  him.  In  1681 
Brouncker  became,  after  much  litigation  with 
Sir  Robert  Atkyns,  master  of  St.  Catherine's 
Hospital,  near  the  Tower  of  London.  He 
died  at  his  house,  in  St.  James's  Street, 
Westminster,  on  5  April  1684,  and  was 
buried  nine  days  later  in  the  chapel  of  St. 
Catherine's  Hospital. 

Brouncker  was  the  author  of  the  following 
scientific  papers : l  Experiments  of  the  Recoil- 
ing of  Forces '  (SPEATT,  History  of  the  Royal 
Society, 233  et  seq.);  'An  Algebraical  Paper 
upon  the  Squaring  of  the  Hyperbola,'  and 
'  On  the  Proportion  of  a  Curved  Line  of  a 
Paraboloid  to  a  Straight  Line,  and  of  the 
Finding  a  Straight  Line  equal  to  that  of  a 
Cycloid '  (Philosophical  Transactions,  iii.  645, 
viii.  649). 

A  series  of  letters  from  Brouncker  to 
Archbishop  Ussher  are  printed  at  the  close 
of  Parr's  '  Life  of  Ussher.'  Sir  Peter  Lely 
painted  Brouncker's  portrait,  which  is  still  in 
the  possession  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Brouncker  was  succeeded  in  the  peerage 
by  his  brother  HENEY,  cofferer  to  Charles  II, 
and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  Duke 
of  York,  who  was  created  doctor  of  medicine 
at  Oxford  on  23  June  1646,  took  part  in  the 
siege  of  Colchester  in  1648,  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  trade  and  plantations  in 
1671,  and  died  on  4  Jan.  1687-8.  He  lived 
at  Sheen  Abbey,  and  was  buried  at  Richmond, 
Surrey.  Evelyn  says  of  him  that  he '  was  ever 
noted  for  a  hard,  covetous,  vicious  man ;  but 
for  his  worldly  craft  and  skill  in  gaming  few 
exceeded  him.'  Pepys's  friend,  Captain  Cocke, 
described  him  as  '  one  of  the  shrewdest  fel- 
lows for  parts  in  England,  and  a  dangerous 
man '  (Diary,  17  Feb.  1667-8).  It  is  certain 
that  he  pandered  to  all  the  Duke  of  York's 
vices.  He  presumed  so  much  on  his  intimacy 
with  the  duke  that  in  August  1667  he  was 
dismissed  the  court,  to  the  delight  (according 
to  Pepys)  of  all  honest  men.  The  Comte  de 
Grammont  describes  him  in  his  '  Memoires ' 
(chap,  xii.)  as  'le  premier  joueur  d'6checs  du 
royaume.'  He  married  Rebecca  Rodway, 
widow  of  Thomas  Jermyn,  brother  to  the 
Earl  of  St.  Albans.  With  his  death  the  title 
became  extinct. 

[Biog.  Brit.  (Kippis) ;  Wood's  Fasti  Oxon. 
(Bliss) ;  Notes  and  Queries,  5th  ser.  xi.  344 ; 
Pepys's  Diary,  passim ;  Kennett's  Register  ; 
Birch's  Hist.  Royal  Society;  Burke's  Extinct 
Peerage ;  Weld's  Hist.  Eoyal  Society ;  Button's 
Mathematical  Dictionary ;  Evelyn's  Diary ; 
Luttrell's  Relation  of  State  Papers,  s.  v.  '  Brun- 
kard.'] S.  L.  L. 


Browell 


471 


Browell 


BROWELL,  WILLIAM  (1759-1831), 
captain  in  the  royal  navy,  son  of  William 
Browell,  formerly  midshipman  of  the  Cen- 
tiirion  under  Commodore  Anson,  entered  the 
navy  in  1771  on  board  the  Merlin  sloop,  and, 
after  serving  on  various  ships,  was  moved 
shortly  before  the  engagement  off  Ushant  into 
the  Victory.  On  10  Nov.  1778  he  was  made 
lieutenant,  and  was  with  Captain  Macbride 
in  the  Artois  at  the  hard-fought  battle  on 
the  Doggerbank,  5  Aug.  1781.  In  the  ar- 
mament of  1790  he  was  for  a  short  time  in 
the  Canada,  and,  on  that  ship  being  paid  off, 
was  appointed  to  the  Alcide,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1793  to  the  Leviathan.  In  the 
Leviathan  he  was  present  at  the  opera- 
tions against  Toulon  under  Lord  Hood.  On 
25  May  1794  he  was  officially  discharged 
from  the  Leviathan  on  promotion ;  but  as 
the  ship  was  then  with  the  fleet  under  Lord 
Howe,  and  in  daily  expectation  of  a  battle, 
it  would  appear  probable  that  he  continued 
in  her  as  a  volunteer,  and  was  present  in 
the  action  of  1  June.  On  29  Nov.  he  was 
posted  into  the  Princess  Augusta  yacht. 
In  June  1795  Lord  Hugh  Seymour,  now  a 
rear-admiral,  hoisted  his  flag  in  the  Sans- 
pareil,  and  selected  Browell  as  his  flag-cap- 


tain. He  thus  had  a  distinguished  share 
in  the  battle  off  Lorient  on  23  June  1795, 
and  continued  in  the  Sanspareil  during  the 
next  two  years,  including  the  critical  time  of 
the  mutiny  at  Spithead.  The  squadron  under 
Lord  Hugh's  immediate  command  was,  how- 
ever, cruising  when  the  mutiny  broke  out, 
and  did  not  come  into  port  until  the  ships  at 
Spithead  had  returned  to  their  obedience. 
In  June  the  Sanspareil  was  one  of  a  squa- 
dron under  Sir  Roger  Curtis,  sent  for  a  few 
weeks  into  the  North  Sea.  On  its  return 
to  Spithead,  and  while  the  ship  was  re- 
fitting, Captain  Browell,  being  on  shore  at 
Gosport,  was  severely  crushed  by  a  bale  of 
wool  falling  from  a  height.  The  injury  to 
his  back  was  such  that  for  some  time  his 
life  was  despaired  of;  and  though,  after  a 
long  illness,  he  partially  recovered,  he  was 
never  again  fit  for  active  service.  In  1805 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  captains  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,  and  in  1809  was  ad- 
vanced to  be  lieutenant-governor,  a  position 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  22  July  1831. 

[Marshall's  Roy.  Nav.  Biog.  iii.  (vol.  ii.),  92 ; 
Annual  Biography  and  Obituary  (1832),  xvi. 
106  ;  official  documents  in  the  Public  Record 
Office.]  J.  K.  L. 


END    OF    THE    SIXTH    VOLUME. 


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