DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
LESLIE STEPHEN
VOL. VI.
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
MACMILLAN AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1886
DA
18
I
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE SIXTH VOLUME.
O. A
A. J. A. . .
T. A. A. . .
J. A
E. C. A. A.
W.E.A.A.
G. F. R. B.
B. B. . . .
G. T. B. . .
W. G. B. .
0. B-T. . .
G. C. B. . .
O. Gr. B. . .
H. B
J. B
R. H. B. . .
R. C. B. . .
A.H.B. .
G. W. B. .
M. B
H. M. C. .
A. M. C. ,
T. C
C. H. C. . .
W. P. C. .
H. C
M. C. .
OSMUND AIRY.
SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I.
T. A. ARCHER.
JOHN ASHTON.
E. C. A. AXON.
W. E. A. AXON.
G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
a. T. BETTANY.
THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D.
THE LATE OCTAVIAN BLEWITT.
G. C. BOASE.
THE VERY REV. Gr. Gf. BRADLEY.. D.D.,
DEAN OF WESTMINSTER.
HENRY BRADLEY.
JAMES BRITTEN.
R. H. BRODIE.
R. C. BROWNE.
A. H. BULLEN.
G-. W. BURNETT.
PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS.
H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.
Miss A. M. CLERKE.
THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
C. H. COOTE.
W. P. COURTNEY.
HENRY CRAIK, LL.D.
THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.
R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON.
A. D AUSTIN DOBSON.
F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
L. F Louis FAGAN.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.
J. Gr JAMES GAIRDNER.
R. Gf RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
J. W.-G-. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D.
J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
A. G-N. . . ALFRED GOODWIN.
G. G GORDON GOODWIN.
A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.
E. G EDMUND GOSSE.
A. H. G. . . A. H. GRANT.
N. G NEWCOMEN GROVES.
J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
R. H. ... ROBERT HARBISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
W. H-H. . . WALTER HEPWORTH.
J. H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS.
R. H-T. . . . ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S.
W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D.
C. K CHARLES KENT.
J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.
J. K. L. . . J. K. LAUGHTON.
S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE.
VI
List of Writers.
W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.
F. W. M. . F. W. MAITLAND.
W. M. ... WESTLAND MARSTON.
C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN.
J. M JAMES MEW.
A. M ARTHUR MILLER.
C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE.
N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.
H. F. M. . H. FORSTER MORLEY, D.Sc.
T. 0 THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN.
J. H. 0. . . THE KBV. CANON OVKRTON.
J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.
K. L. P. . . E. L. POOLE.
S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
E. K ERNEST EADFORD.
J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG.
C. J. E. . . THE KEV. C. J. EOBINSON.
J. H. K. . . J. H. ROUND.
J. M. S. . . J. M. SCOTT.
E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH.
B. C. S. . . B. C. SKOTTOWE.
E. S EDWARD SMITH.
G. B. S. . . G-. BARNETT SMITH.
W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE.
L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.
H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS.
W.K.W.S. THE KEV. W. K. W. STEPHENS.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON.
R. E. T. . . R. E. THOMPSON, M.D.
J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE.
T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES.
C. W THE LATE CORNELIUS WALFORD.
A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D.
M. G. W. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT.
T. W-R. . . THOMAS WHITTAKER.
H. T. W. . H. TRUEMAN WOOD.
W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Bottomley
Bouch
BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (/. 1820),
musician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire
in 1786. His parentage is not recorded, but
his musical education was begun at a very
early age; when only seven years old he
played a violin concerto in public. At the
age of twelve he was sent to Manchester,
where he studied under Grimshaw, organist
of St. John's Church, and Watts, the leader
of the concerts. Under Watts's direction he
at the same time carried on his violin studies
with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man-
chester. In 1801 Bottomley was articled
to Lawton, the organist of St. Peter's, Leeds,
and on the expiration of his term removed
to London to study the pianoforte under
Wcelfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his
native county, and obtained the appoint-
ment of organist to the parish church of
Bradford, but he made Halifax his home,
where he had a large teaching connection.
In 1820 he was appointed organist of Shef-
field parish church, which post he held for
some considerable time. The date of his
death is uncertain. Bottomley published
several original works, including ' Six Exer-
cises for Pianoforte,' twelve sonatinas for
the same instrument, two divertissements
with flute accompaniment, twelve valses,
eight rondos, ten airs varies, a duo for two
pianos, and a small dictionary of music (8vo),
published in London in 1816.
[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. pt. i. 138 a.] E. H.
BOUGH, SIR THOMAS (1822-1880),
civil engineer, the third son of William Bouch,
a captain in the mercantile marine, was born
in the village of Thursley, Cumberland, on
22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher,
Mr. Joseph Hannah, of Thursby, ' On the
Kaising of Water in Ancient and Modern
VOL. VI.
Times,' made so great an impression on his
mind that he at once commenced reading
books on mechanics. His first entrance into
business was in a mechanical engineering
establishment at Liverpool. At the age of
seventeen he engaged himself to Mr. Larmer,
civil engineer, who was then constructing the
Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Here he
remained four years. In November 1844 he
proceeded to Leeds, where he was employed
for a short time under Mr. George Leather,
M. Inst. C.E. Subsequently he was for four
years one of the resident engineers on the
Stockton and Darlington railway. In Janu-
ary 1849 he left Darlington and assumed
the position of manager and engineer of the
Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en-
gagement first brought to his notice the in-
convenient breaks in railway communication
caused by the wide estuaries of the Forth
and the Tay, the efforts to remedy which
afterwards occupied so much of his attention.
His proposal was to cross the estuaries by
convenient steam ferries, and he prepared
and carried into effect plans for a l floating
railway ' — a system for shipping goods trains
which has ever since been in operation.
Soon after completing this work Bouch left
the service of the Northern railway and
engaged in general engineering business.
He designed and carried out nearly three
hundred miles of railways in the north of
England and Scotland, the chief of these
being the South Durham and Lancashire
Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten
miles long, the latter being considered the
pattern of a cheaply constructed line. On
the introduction of the tramway system he
was extensively engaged in laying out lines,
including some of the London tramways,
the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram-
ways, and many others. In the course of his
B
Bouch
Boucher
professional work Bouch constructed a num-
ber of remarkable bridges, chiefly in connec-
tion with railways. At Newcastle-on-Tyne he
designed the Redheugh viaduct, a compound
or stiffened-suspension bridge of four spans,
two of 260 feet and two of 240 feet each.
His principal railway bridges, independent
of the Tay bridge, were the Deepdale and
Beelah viaduct on the South Durham and
Lancashire railway, the Bilston Burn bridge
on the Edinburgh, Loanhead, and Roslin
line, and a bridge over the Esk near Mont-
rose. In all these bridges the lattice girder
was used, because of its simplicity and its
slight resistance to the wind encountered at
such high elevations.
In 1863 the first proposals for a Tay bridge
were made public, but the act of parliament
was not obtained until 1870. The Tay bridge,
which crossed the estuary from Newport in
Fife to the town of Dundee, was within a
few yards of two miles long. It consisted of
eighty-five spans — seventy-two in the shal-
low water, and thirteen over the fairway
channel, two of these being 227 feet, and
eleven 245 feet wide. The system of wrought-
iron lattice girders was adopted throughout.
After many delays the line was completed
from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1877. The
inspection of the work by Major-general Coote
Synge Hutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the
board of trade, occupied three days, and on
31 May 1878 the bridge was opened with
much ceremony. The engineer was then
e'esented with the freedom of the town of
undee, and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted.
The traffic was continued uninterruptedly till
the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec. 1879, when
during a violent hurricane the central portion
of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrying
with it an entire train and its load of about
seventy passengers, all of whom lost their
lives. Under the shock and distress of mind
caused by this catastrophe Bouch's health
rapidly gave way, and he died at MofFat on
30 Oct. 1880. The rebuilding of the Forth
bridge was begun in 1882. Bouch became
an associate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers on 3 Dec. 1850, and was advanced
to the class of member on 11 May 1858.
He married, July 1853, Miss Margaret Ada
Nelson, who survived him with one son and
two daughters. His brother, Mr. William
Bouch, was long connected with the locomo-
tive department of the Stockton and Darling-
ton and North Eastern lines.
[Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Ixiii. 301-8 (1881) ; Illustrated
London News, with portrait, Ixxvii. 468 (1880);
Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Eeport of the
Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr. Rothery
upon the Fall of a portion of the Tay Bridge, in
Parliamentary Papers (1880), C 2616 and C
2616-i.] GK C. B.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1777-1818), divine,
was born in 1777. He was entered at St.
John's, Oxford ; proceeded B.A. on 23 May
1799 {Cat. Gmd. Oxon. p. 71) ; was elected
fellow of Magdalen at the same time (Preface
to his Sermons, p. 1) ; was admitted to holy
orders in 1801 (id. p. 5), and proceeded M.A.
on 29 April 1802. At this time he became
rector of Shaftesbury, and in 1804 vicar of
Kirk Newton, near Wooler, Northumberland.
He married and had several children. He
preached not only in his own parish, but in
the neighbouring district. One of his sermons
was delivered at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1810,
and another at Belford in 1816. He died on
12 Nov. 1818, at Kirk Newton. There is a
tablet to his memory on the north wall of
the church where he was buried (WILSON,
Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 73). After his
death a 12mo volume of his ' Sermons ' was
printed, dedicated to Shute Barrington, bishop
of Durham. The volume reached a second
edition in 1821.
[Preface to Sermons by the late Rev. John
Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private informa-
tion.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1819-1878), divine,
born in 1819, was the son of a tenant-farmer
in Moneyrea, North Ireland. Intended for
the Unitarian ministry (in accordance with the
theological views of his parents), he was care-
fully educated, and in 1837 was sent to the
Belfast Academy, then under Drs. Mont-
gomery and J. Scott Porter. Leaving the
academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at
Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and finally, in
1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hack-
ney, where for five years his fervour and elo-
quence drew full congregations from all parts
of the metropolis. In 1850 Boucher pub-
lished a sermon on ' The Present Religious
Crisis,' and the ' Inquirer ' speaks of another
of the same year on 'Papal Aggression/
About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic
views ; but he soon afterwards changed his
opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853,
and entered himself at St. John's, Cambridge,
to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded
B.A. in 1857 (LTJARD, Grad. Cant. p. 46),
and it was hoped that he would have a bril-
liant career in the establishment; but his
health failed ; he left Cambridge, and leading
the life of a thorough invalid in the neighbour-
hood, at Chesterton, for many years, he died
12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the
trustees of Dr. Williams's library, till his con-
Boucher
Boucher
version caused him to resign ; and he was a
member of the presbyterian board, visiting
Carmarthen College. He married Louise, a
daughter of Ebenezer Johnston, of Stamford
Hill, London, who survived him a year. He
left no issue.
[The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Luard's
Grad. Cant. p. 46 ; private information.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804),
divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber-
land ' statesman,' was born at Blencogo, a
small hamlet in the parish of Bromfield, be-
tween Wigton and Allonby, on 12 March
1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar
school. When about sixteen years old he
went to America to act as private tutor in
a Virginian family, and remained engaged
in tuition for some years, the stepson of
George Washington being numbered among
his pupils. Having resolved upon taking
orders he returned to England, and was
ordained by the Bishop of London in 1762.
For many years he had charge, in turn, of
several ecclesiastical parishes in America.
He was rector of Hanover, in King George's
County, in 1762 ; then of St. Mary's, in Caro-
lina; and lastly, in 1770, of St. Anne's, in
Annapolis. Whilst resident in the new
country he lived in intimate friendship with
Washington. They often dined together, and
spent many hours in talk ; but the time soon
came when they ' stood apart.' Boucher's
loyalty was uncompromising, and when the
American war broke out he denounced from
the pulpit the doctrines which were popular
in the colonies. ' His last sermon, preached
with pistols on his pulpit-cushion, concluded
with the following* words : " As long as I
live, yea, while I have my being, will I pro-
claim God save the king." ' Washington
shared in the denunciations of Boucher ; but
when the loyal divine published the discourses
which he had preached in North America be-
tween 1763 and 1775 he dedicated the col-
lection to the great American general, as ' a
tender of renewed amity.' Some time in the
autumn of 1775 he returned to England, and
soon after his struggles in opposition to the
advancement of the cause of the colonies
were rewarded by a government pension. In
January 1785 he was instituted to the vicar-
age of Epsom, on the presentation of the
Rev. John Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek
and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re-
tained until his death, which happened on
27 April 1804. Boucher was considered one
of the best preachers of his time, and was a
member of the distinguished clerical club,
still in existence (1886), under the fantastic
title of ' Nobody's Club.' He was thrice
married. His first wife, whom he married
in June 1772, was of the same family as
Joseph Addison ; the second, Mary Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles Foreman, was married
on 15 Jan. 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 1788 ;
by his third wife, widow of the Rev. Mr.
James, rector of Arthuret, and married to
Boucher at Carlisle in October 1789, he left
eight children [see BOTJCHIEE, BARTON]. Some
portions of Boucher's autobiography were
printed in 'Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i.
103-4, v. 501-3, vi. 21, 81, 141, 161.
Boucher was a man of widespread tastes
and of intense affection for his native county
of Cumberland. His anonymous tract, con-
taining proposals for its material advance-
ment, including the establishment of a county
bank, was signed 'A Cumberland Man,
Whitehaven, Dec. 1792,' and was reprinted
in Sir F. M. Eden's ' State of the Poor/ iii.
App. 387-401. To William Hutchinson's
1 Cumberland' he contributed the accounts
of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and
Sebergham, and the lives included in the
section entitled 'Biographia Cumbrensis.'
The edition of Relph's poetical works which
appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher,
and among the ' Original Poems ' of San-
derson (1800) is an epistle to Boucher on
his return from America. He published
several single sermons and addresses to his
parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the
title of l A View of the Causes and Conse-
quences of the American Revolution,' thirteen
of his discourses, 1763-1775. His ' Glossary
of Archaic and Provincial Words,' intended
as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to
which he devoted fourteen years, was left
uncompleted. Proposals for publication under
the direction of Sir F. M. Eden were issued
shortly before his death, and the part in-
cluding letter A was published in 1807, but
did not obtain sufficient encouragement to
justify the continuance of the work. A
second attempt at publication was made in
1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and
Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro-
duction to the whole work and the Glossary
as far as Blade. The attempt was again un-
successful ; and it is understood that most of
the materials passed into the hands of the
proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic-
tionary. A certain J. Odell, M. A., an Epsom
schoolmaster, published in 1806 an ' Essay on
the Elements of the English Language/
which was intended as an introduction to
Boucher's work.
[Gent. Mag. (1804), pt. ii. 591, by Sir F. M.
Eden (1831), 450 ; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v.
630-41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1859 ed.),
131-9, 169; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix.
B2
Bouchery
Bough
75-6, 282-4, 5th ser. ix. 50, 68, 89, 311, 371 ;
Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 625 ; Allen's
American Biog. Diet. (3rd ed.), 105-6; Hawks's
Eccles. Hist, of the United States, ii. 269.]
W. P. C.
BOUCHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712),
Latin poet, son of Arnold Bouchery, one of
the ministers of the Walloon congregation at
Canterbury, was born in that city in 1683,
and educated in the King's School there and
at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702,
M.A. 1706). It is said that at the time he
graduated M.A. he had migrated to Em-
manuel College, but the circumstance is not
recorded in the ' Cantabrigienses Graduati.'
He became rector of Little Blakenham in
Suffolk in 1709, and died at Ipswich on
24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me-
mory was erected in the church of St. George,
Canterbury, by his son, Gilbert Bouchery,
vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk. He published
an elegant Latin poem — ' Hymnus Sacer :
sive Paraphrasis in Deborae et Baraci Canti-
cum, Alcaico carmine expressa, e libri Judi-
cum cap. v.,' Cambridge, typis academicis,
1706, 4to.
[Addit. MS. 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff. 113, 1146;
Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 46; Hasted's
Kent, iv. 469 n.] T. C.
BOUCHIER, BARTON (1794-1865), re-
ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger
son of the vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev.
Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed
his name from Boucher to Bouchier after
1822. He was educated at Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thornbury,
of Avening, Gloucestershire (Gent. Mag.
1866, pp. 431-2). He proceeded B.A. in
1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at first
read for the bar. But he afterwards took
holy orders and became curate at Monmouth.
A sermon preached by him at Usk in 1822 for
the Christian Knowledge Society was pub-
lished by request. Bouchier held curacies
later at Old, Northamptonshire (Gent. Mag.
supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey,
from which place he issued an edition of
Bishop Andrewes's ' Prayers.' In 1836 he
published ' Prophecy and Fulfilment,' a little
book of corresponding texts ; and in 1845
'Thomas Bradley,' a story of a poor pa-
rishioner, and the first of a series of similar
pamphlets describing clerical experiences,
collected and published in various editions as
'My Parish,' and 'The Country Pastor,' from
1855 to 1860.
In 1852 Bouchier commenced the publica-
tion of his ' Manna in the House,' being ex-
positions of the gospels and the Acts, lasting,
with intervals, down to 1858 ; in 1854 he
wrote his 'The Ark in the House,' being
family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he
wrote his ' Manna in the Heart,' being com-
ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a
'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber-
deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on
Sundays, following up this appeal in 1854 by
'The Poor Man's Palace,' &c., a pamphlet ad-
dressed to the Crystal Palace directors. In
1856 he published ' Solace in Sickness,' a col-
lection of hymns, and in the same year was
made rector of Fonthill Bishop, Wiltshire.
He published his ' Farewell Sermon ' to his
Cheam flock, having preached it on 28 Sept.
In 1864 he published ' The History of Isaac.'
He died at the rectory 20 Dec. 1865, aged 71.
The editorship of ' The Vision,' a humorous
illustrated poem on Jonathan Boucher's phi-
lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden,
bart., and published in 1820, has been wrongly
attributed to Bouchier.
[G-ent. Mag. 4th ser. 1866, i. 431-2; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] J. H.
BOUCHIER or BOURCHIER,
GEORGE (d. 1643), royalist, was a wealthy
merchant of Bristol, fie entered into a plot
with Robert Yeomans, who had been one of
the sheriffs of Bristol, and several others, to
deliver that city, on 7 March 1642-3, to Prince
Rupert, for the service of King Charles I ; but
the scheme being discovered and frustrated,
he was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im-
prisonment, brought to trial before a council
of war. They were both found guilty and
hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May
1643. In his speech to the populace at the
place of execution Bouchier exhorted all
those who had set their hands to the plough
(meaning the defence of the royal cause) not
to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's
sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in
the king's service. There is a small portrait
of Bouchier in the preface to Winstanley's
' Loyall Martyrology,' 1665.
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843),
389; Lloyd's Memoires (1677), 565; Winstan-
ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5; Granger's Biog.
Hist, of England (1824), iii. 110; Barrett's
Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T. C.
BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822-1878), land-
scape painter, third child of a shoemaker,
originally from Somersetshire, was born at
Carlisle on 8 Jan. 1822, and when a boy
assisted at his father's craft. Later he was
for a short time engaged in the office of the
town clerk of Carlisle ; but, while still young,
abandoned the prospects of a law career, and
Boughen
Boughen
wandered about the country, making sketches
in water colour, and associating with gipsies.
In the course of his wanderings he visited
London several times ; first in 1838, when
he made some copies in the National Gallery.
He was never at any school of art. In 1845
he obtained employment as a scene-painter
at Manchester, and was thence taken by the
manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar-
ried Isabella Taylor, a singer at the theatre.
His abilities were recognised by Sir D.
Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to
give up his work at the theatre for land-
scape painting. He began in 1849 a more
earnest study of nature, working at Hamil-
ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest,
and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his
1 Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his
principal works may be mentioned : l Canty
Bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,'
1 London from Shooter's Hill,' ' Kirkwall,'
' Borrowdale ' (engraved in ' Art Journal,'
1871), ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban-
nockburn and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild-
ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra-
tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie
& Co. and by other publishers ; produced a
few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve-
ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up
the practice of scene-painting.
In 1856 he became an associate of the
Royal Scottish Academy, and on 10 Feb.
1875 a full member. For the last twenty
years of his life his abode was fixed at Edin-
burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878.
Although Bough at times painted in oil,
the majority of his works, and among them
his best, are in water colour. His style was
much influenced by his practice as a scene-
painter, and is characterised by great breadth,
freedom, and boldness of execution, with
power over atmospheric effects, but with at
times some deficiency in the quality of colour.
A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a
rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes
sarcastic manner, a warm heart and a mind
cultivated by loving knowledge of some
branches of older English literature. He was
a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and
the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection
of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow
Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh
in 1884.
[Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots-
man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in
Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 5 July 1884 ;
Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-H.
BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587-
1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck-
inghamshire, and received his education at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford
(B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed
chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ;
he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk-
shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated
to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The
presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe-
titioned against him in 1640 for having acted
as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected
from both his livings. Thereupon he retired
to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on
1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of
the garrison to the parliamentary forces;
he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent.
Wood says : ' This Dr. Boughen, as I have
been informed, lived to see his majesty re-
stored, and what before he had lost, he did
obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen
died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus
minus.' It is not improbable that he is
identical with the Edward Boughen, pre-
bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches-
ter, whose death occurred between 29 May
and 11 Aug. 1660 (WALKER, Sufferings of
the Clergy, ed. 1714, ii. 13).
Boughen was a learned man and a staunch
defender of the church of England. He
published : 1. Several sermons, including
' Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, ne-
cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity
in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can-
terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch-
bishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church,
April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635, 8vo ; reprinted in
1714, l with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D.,
rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some
account of the author, also vindicating him
and the preachers, who flourished under King
James I and King Charles I, from the reflec-
tions cast upon them in a late preface before
a sermon of Abp. Whit gift's.' 2. ' An Ac-
count of the Church Catholick : where it was
before the Reformation, and whether Rome
were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer
to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to.
A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris,
appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant,
as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho-
lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow
of New Coll. in Oxon.' (WooD, Athena Oxon.
ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. ' Observations upon
the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at
Westminster. After Advice had with their
Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of
Ministers pro Tempore, according to their
Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex-
amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645.
4. ' Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo-
sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng-
land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668,
Boughton
Boultbee
1671. The later editions bear this title : 'A
short Exposition of the Catechism of the
Church of England, with the Church Cate-
chism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in
English and Latin for the use of Scholars,'
Lond. 1671, 12mo. Some of the prayers an-
nexed are very singular. That for the king
implores ' that our sovereign King Charles
may be strengthened with the faith of Abra-
ham, endued with the mildness of Moses,
armed with the magnanimity of Joshua,
exalted with the humility of David, beauti-
fied with the wisdom of Solomon ; ' for the
queen : l That our most gracious queen Catha-
rine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving
to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise
as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah,'
&c. 5. 'Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience
sifted ; wherein is enquired whether the king
(considering his oath at coronation to protect
the clergy and their priviledges) can with a
safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of
Episcopacy,' Lond. 1648, 1650, 4to. Geree
published a reply under the title of Smoppayia,
the Sifter's Sieve broken.' 6. Poems in the
university collections on King James's visit
to Christ Church in 1605, and on the mar-
riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 388-90,
Fasti, i. 333, 347, ii. 100; Addit. MS. 5863,
f. 215 b ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill ; Kennett's Re-
gister and Chronicle, 597, 842, 843, 861
Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), 73.]
T. C.
BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr,
was an old widow of eighty years or more,
who held certain of Wycliffe's opinions. She
was said to be the mother of a lady named
Young, who was suspected of the like
doctrines. She was burnt at Smithfield
28 April 1494.
[Fabyan, p. 685, ed. Ellis ; Foxe's Acts and
Monuments, iii. 704, iv. 7, ed. 1846.] W. H.
BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1876), secre-
tary and director of the Liverpool, London,
and Globe Insurance Company, commenced
life in Liverpool as local agent for insurance
offices. In 1836 he founded the Liverpoo
Fire Office, which, after struggling with many
difficulties, became, through Boult's energy,
the largest fire insurance office in the world
After the great fires in Liverpool of 1842-i
Boult offered to the merchants of Liverpool
opportunities of insuring their merchandise
against fire in the various parts of the worlc
where it was lying awaiting transshipment
Agencies, which proved very successful, were
gradually opened in various parts of America
and Canada, in the Baltic, in the Mediter-
•anean, and afterwards in the East generally,
ind in Australia. About 1848 the company,
3n account of the number of its London clients,
>ecame known as the Liverpool and London ;
fterwards, on absorbing the business of the
jlobe Insurance Company, under the autho-
rity of parliament the present title of Liver-
3Ool, London, and Globe was assumed. The
company now transacts a large business in all
:he leading mercantile countries of the world,
its premiums from fire insurance alone con-
siderably exceeding one million per annum.
Boult was the principal means of intro-
ducing * tariff rating ' as applied to cotton mills,
whereby real improvements in construction
are taken into account in determining the pre-
miums ; he originated the Liverpool Salvage
Committee, did much to secure the passing of
the Liverpool Fire Prevention Act, and de-
vised a uniform policy for the tariff fire offices.
He made the circuit of the globe in order to
render himself familiar with the real nature
of the fire risks which his company, in com-
mon with other fire offices, was called upon
to accept ; became managing director of his
company, and gave evidence before various
parliamentary committees on points affecting
the practice of fire insurance, especially before
that on fire protection which sat in 1867. He
died in 1876, aged 67.
[Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W.
BOULTBEE, THOMAS POWNALL,
LL.D. (1818-1884), divine, the eldest son of
Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar
of Bidford, Warwickshire, was born on 7 Aug.
1818. He was sent to Uppingham school in
1833, which he left with an exhibition to St.
John's College, Cambridge. He took the de-
gree of B. A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In
March 1842 he was elected fellow of his col-
lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844. He took
orders immediately ; and after holding one or
two curacies, and taking pupils, he became
curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten-
ham, afterwards dean of Carlisle. From 1852
to 1863 he was theological tutor and chaplain
of Cheltenham College. In 1863 he assumed
the principalship of the newly instituted Lon-
don College of Divinity, at first located in a
private house at Kilburn, where the principal
entered upon his task with a single student.
Two years afterwards it was moved to St.
John's Hall, Highbury, and the number of
pupils rose to fifty or sixty. In 1884 the
number of students in residence was sixty-
eight. Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in
1872, and in October 1883 received from the
Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, the preben-
dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan.
Boulter
Boulter
1884, and was buried at Chesham, Bucking-
hamshire,'of which, his youngest son was vicar.
Besides a few sermons and occasional
papers, Dr. Boultbee published: 1. ' The
Alleged Moral Difficulties of the Old Tes-
tament, a Lecture delivered in connection
with the^Christian Evidence Society,' 28 June
1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. < The Annual
Address of the Victoria Institute, or Philoso-
phical Society of Great Britain,' 8vo, London,
1873. 3. ' A Commentary on the Thirty-nine
Articles, forming an Introduction to the
Theology of the Church of England,' 8vo,
London, 1871, and other editions. 4. ' A
History of the Church of England Pre-Re-
formation Period,' 8vo, London, 1879.
[Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873; Crockford's
Clerical Directory; Times, 1 Feb. 1884; Eev.
C. H. Waller, St. John's Hall, Highbury, in the
Eock, 8 Feb. 1884; Eecord, 1, 8, and 15 Feb.
1884, where appear a funeral sermon by Bishop
Eyle, and communications from Gr. C., A. P., and
the Eev. Thomas Lewthwaite, Newsome Vicarage,
Huddersfield.] A. H. G.
BOULTER, HUGH (1672-1742), arch-
bishop of Armagh, born in London 4 Jan.
1671-2, was descended from a 'reputable and
.estated family.' His father was John Boulter
of St. Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant
Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated
at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was
an associate of Addison, and was subse-
quently made fellow of Magdalen College
(B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, D.D. 1708). In
1700 he received the appointment of chaplain
to Sir Charles Hedges, secretary of state,
and afterwards acted in the same capacity to
Archbishop Tenison. Through the patronage
of Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland, Boul-
ter was appointed to St. Olave's, Southwark
(1708), and archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16).
With Ambrose Philips, Zachary Pierce,
bishop of Rochester, and others, Boulter
contributed to a periodical established in
1718, and entitled < The Free Thinker.' In
1719 Boulter attended George I as chaplain
to Hanover, and was employed to instruct
Prince Frederick in the English language.
The king in the same year appointed him
bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ Church,
Oxford. Five years subsequently George
nominated Boulter to the primacy of the
protestant church in Ireland, then vacant,
which he for a time hesitated to accept. The
king's letter for his translation from the see of
Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug.
1724. In November of that year he arrived
in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips accompanied
him as his secretary. As a member of the
privy council and lord justice in Ireland
Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity
to governmental business, as well as to the
affairs of the protestant church. He approved
of the withdrawal of Wood's patent for cop-
per coinage. On other points he differed both
with William King, archbishop of Dublin,
and with Swift. One of Swift's last public
acts was his condemnation of the measure
promoted by Boulter for diminishing the value
of gold coin and increasing the quantity of
silver currency, which it was apprehended
would, by causing an advance in the rent of
land, increase the absentee drain from Ire-
land. Swift, in some satirical verses, ridi-
culed Boulter's abilities. Through Sir Robert
Walpole and his connections in England
Boulter acquired a predominating influence
in administration and in the parliament at
Dublin, where he considered himself to be
the head of the * English interest.' Boulter's
state policy, to secure what he styled l a good
footing ' for the ' English interest ' in Ireland,
was to confer important posts in church and
state there on his own countrymen, to repress
efforts of the protestants in Ireland towards
constitutional independence, and to leave the
Roman catholics subjected to penal legisla-
tion. By a statute enacted through Boulter's
influence the Roman catholics were excluded
from the legal profession, and disqualified
from holding offices connected with the ad-
ministration of law. Under another act passed
through Boulter's exertions they were de-
prived of the right of voting at elections for
members of parliament or magistrates — the
sole constitutional right which they had been
allowed to exercise. Boulter forwarded with
great energy the scheme for protestant charter
schools, with a view to strengthen the ' Eng-
lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to
the church of England. He gave many liberal
contributions to protestant churches, and for
the relief of the poor in periods of distress in
Ireland. As a memorial of his charity, in
1741 a full-length portrait of him by Francis
Bindon was placed in the hall of the poor
house, Dublin. Boulter repeatedly held of-
fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab-
sence of the viceroy, Carteret, and his suc-
cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and Devonshire.
The death of Boulter occurred at London on
27 Sept. 1742. He was interred in the north
transept of Westminster Abbey, where a
marble monument and bust were placed over
his remains. * Sermons,' and l A Charge at
his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725,'
are his only published productions, with the
exception of a portion of his correspondence.
A selection of his letters was printed in two
volumes at Oxford in 1769, under the super-
intendence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted
Boulton
8
Boulton
as his, secretary in Ireland. This series con-
sists of letters from November 1724 to De-
cember 1738, to state officials and eminent
churchmen in England. They were repub-
lished at Dublin in 1770 by George Faulkner,
who, in his introduction to them, observed
that Boulter, with all his virtues, ' was too
partially favourable to the people of England
and too much prejudiced against the natives
of Ireland.' In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden
published at London ' Boulter's Monument,
a panegyrical poem.' This production, dedi-
cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re-
vised by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by him
in his dictionary. A full-length portrait
of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen College,
and a bust of him is in the library of Christ
Church, Oxford.
[Letters of Hugh Boulter, D.D., 1769-70;
Biographia Britannica, 1780; O'Conor's Hist, of
Irish Catholics, 1813 ; Stuart's Hist. Memoirs of
Armagh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott,
1824 ; Works of Samuel Johnson, 1825 ; Mant's
Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Boswell's Life
of Johnson, ed. Napier, 1884 ; C. J. Robinson's
Registers of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 315.]
J. T. GK
BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809),
engineer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept.
1728, where his father, Matthew Boulton the
elder, had long been carrying on the trade, ac-
cording to Dr. Smiles, of a silver stamper and
piercer. The Boultons were a Northamp-
tonshire family, but John, the grandfather
of the younger Matthew, settled in Lich-
field, and Matthew the elder was sent to
Birmingham to enter into business, in con-
sequence of the reduced fortunes of the
family. The younger Boulton entered his
father's business early, and soon set himself
to extend it. This he had succeeded in doing
to a considerable extent, when in 1759 his
father died. In the following year he mar-
ried Anne Robinson of Lichfield, with
whom he received a considerable dower.
Being thus able to command additional
capital, he determined to enlarge his opera-
tions still further, and with this view he
founded the famous Soho works. About the
same time he also entered into partnership i
with Mr. Fothergill. The works were opened
in 1762, and soon obtained a reputation for !
work of a higher character than it was then
usual to associate with the name of Birming-
ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve
not only the workmanship, but the artistic
merit of his wares, and for this purpose em-
ployed agents to procure for him the finest t
examples of art-work not only in metal, but
in pottery and other materials, which he :
employed as models for his own produc-
tions.
The growth of the factory, and the con-
sequent increased need for motive power
more abundant than the water-power with
which Soho was but scantily furnished, led
Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam
engine, then only used for pumping. He
himself made experiments, and constructed
a model of an improved engine, but nothing
came of it. Watt was then in partnership
with Roebuck, endeavouring unsuccessfully
to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a friend
of Boulton, and told him of Watt and his
experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to
Soho in 1767 and 1768 made him anxious
to secure the help of Boulton and to avail
himself of the resources in Soho in perfect-
ing the engine, while Boulton was on his
side desirous of getting Watt's aid in the
construction of an engine for the works.
For some time negotiations as to a partner-
ship between the two went on, but they
came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in
1772. As a set-off against a claim of 1,2007.,
Boulton then accepted Roebuck's share in
the engine patent, and entered into partner-
ship with Watt. In consequence of Boul-
ton's advice the act of parliament was pro-
cured by which the patent rights were
extended for a period of twenty-four years
(with the six expired years of the original
patent, thirty years in all). The history
of the difficulties which were vanquished
by the mechanical skill of one partner and
by the energy of the other will more fitly be
related in the account of Watt [see WATT,
JAMES], but it may be said here that if the
completion of the steam engine was due
to Watt, its introduction at that time
was due to Boulton. He devoted to the
enterprise not only all the capital he pos-
sessed, but all he could raise from any
source whatever, and indeed he brought
himself to the verge of bankruptcy before
the work was completed and the engine a
commercial success. He kept up the droop-
ing spirits of his partner, and would never
allow him to despond, when he was almost
inclined to despair of his own invention.
Of course at last he had his reward, but it
was not until after six or seven years' labour
and anxiety, and when he had passed his
sixtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1787 as the
year when Watt began to realise a profit
from the engine, but the greater outlay for
which Boulton had been responsible made
it some time later before he got clear from
his liabilities and began to make a profit.
The reform of the copper coinage was an-
other important movement with which
Boulton
Bouquet
Boulton was connected in the latter part of
his life. In 1788 he set up several coining
presses at Soho to be worked by steam (he
patented his press in 1790), and after making
large quantities of coins for the East India
Company, for foreign governments, and for
some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook
the production of a new copper coinage for
Great Britain. He also supplied machinery
to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced
in 1805, and until quite lately part at least
of our money was coined by the old machinery
constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was
not until the reorganisation of the mint ma-
chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was
finally abandoned.
In the scientific society of his time Boul-
ton held a prominent place. Among his
intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin,
Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow
of the Royal Society and a member of the
Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society
of note. His house at Soho was the meeting-
place for all scientific men, both English and
foreign. He died there 18 Aug. 1809.
[Smiles's Lives of Boulton and "Watt (founded
on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's
Life of Watt, London, 1858 ; Gent. Mag. 1809,
780, 883, 979.] H. T. W.
BOULTON, RICHARD (ft. 1697-1724),
physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was
the author of a number of works on the medical
and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason
of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con-
cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. ' An
Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,'
1699. 4. < Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by
his Letter to Dr. Leigh,' 1699. 5. ' System of
Rational and Practical Chirurgery,' 1699 ;
2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the
Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699-
1700. 7. ' Physico-Chirurgical Treatises of
the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve-
nerea,' 1714. 8. 'Essay on External Reme-
dies,' 1715. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721.
10. ' Vindication of the Compleat History of
Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the
Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though
apparently learned in the science of his pro-
fession, he was seemingly not successful in
his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane
he states that he undertook to write an
abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account
of ' misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in
another letter he mentions that successive
misfortunes had made him the object of his
compassion, and begs him to effect something
towards putting him in a way to live. In
the preface to the ' Vindication of the His-
tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for
some time out of England.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ;
Sloane MS. 4038.]
BOUND, NICHOLAS (d. 1613). [See
BOWNDE.]
BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-1765), gene-
ral, born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne,
Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet
in the regiment of Constant in the service of
the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was
made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he
passed into the service of the king of Sardinia,
and distinguished himself in the wars against
France and Spain. The accounts he sent to
Holland of these campaigns having attracted
| the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was
j engaged by him in the service of the republic.
As captain-commandant, with the rank of
I lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Swiss
guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748,
j he was sent to the Low Countries to receive
from the French the places they were about
to evacuate. A few months afterwards he
accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels
in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the
war between the French and English settlers
in America in 1754 he was appointed lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi-
ment which was then raised in three bat-
talions, and by his integrity and capacity
gained great credit, especially in Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent
by General Amherst from Canada with mili-
tary stores and provisions for the relief of
Fort Pitt, and on 5 Aug. was attacked by a
powerful body of the Indians near the defile
of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated
them that they gave up their designs against
Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set-
tlements. In the following year he was sent
from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and
succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese,
Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of
peace. At the conclusion of the peace with
the Indians he was made brigadier-general
and commandant of all troops in the south-
ern colonies of British America. He died in
the autumn of 1765 at Pensacola, from an
epidemic then prevalent among the troops.
[The account of General Bouquet's Expedition
against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published
at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London
in the following year. The work has been as-
cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the
United States, who supplied the map, but pro-
perly belongs to Dr. William Smith, provost of
the College of Philadelphia. An edition in
French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori-
cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at
Bouquett
IO
Bourchier
Amsterdam in 1769. An English translation of
this life is added to an edition of the work pub-
lished at Cincinnati in 1868, and forming vol. i.
of the Ohio Historical Series. The letters and
documents formerly belonging to Bouquet, and
relating to military events in America, 1757-
1765, occupy thirty volumes of manuscripts in
the British Museum, Add. MSS. 21631-21660.
In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven-
tory of his property and of his will.]
T. F. H.
BOUQUETT, PHILIP, D.D. (1669-
1748), Hebrew professor, was educated at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
in 1689 to a scholarship at Trinity College,
Cambridge. He became B.A. 1692, M.A.
1696,B.D. 1706,D.D. 1711. Whenavacancy
occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in
1704, which it was thought desirable to con-
fer on Sike, Bouquett was temporarily ap-
pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the
famous oriental scholar, for whom the post
was reserved. Sike was definitely elected in
August 1705, but on the professorship falling
vacant again seven years later, Bouquett was
elected to fill it permanently. He died senior
fellow of Trinity on 12 Feb. 1747-8, aged 79.
Cole describes him as 'born in France, an old
miserly refugee, who died rich in college, and
left his money among the French refugees.
He was a meagre, thin man, bent partly
double, and for his oddities and way of living
was much ridiculed.' He refused to sign the
petition against Dr. Bentley. Bouquett con-
tributed a copy of elegiacs to the university
collection of poems on the death of George I
and accession of George II in 1727.
[Welch's Al. West. 214 ; Gent. Mag. xviii. 92 ;
Cole's MSS. xxxiii. 274, xlv. 244, 334 ; Monk's
Life of Bentley, i. 186, 329-30.] J. M.
BOURCHIER, GEORGE. [See Bou-
CHIER.]
BOURCHIER, HENRY, EARL OP ESSEX
(d. 1483), was the son of Sir William Bour-
chier, earl of Ewe or Eu, and of Anne,
daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of
Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of
Stafford. He was therefore great-grandson of
Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed-
ward III, brother of Thomas [q.v.], archbishop
of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John,
duke of N orfolk, and half-brother of Humfrey,
duke of Buckingham. Early in the reign of
Henry VI he served in the French war, going
to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke
of York. He succeeded his father as earl of
Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament
by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the
barony of Bourchier. He served in France
under the Duke of York, was appointed lieu-
tenant-general in 1440, and in 1443 \vas cap-
tain of Crotoy in Picardy. He was summoned
to parliament as Viscount Bourchier in 1446.
He married Isabel, daughter of Richard, earl
of Cambridge, and aunt of Edward IV. In
1451 he served on the commission of oyer and
terminer for Kent and Sussex. The battle of
St. Albans made the Duke of York and his
party the masters of the king, and on 29 May
1455 Henry appointed Bourchier, the duke's
brother-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom.
Bourchier held office until 5 Oct. 1456, and
was then succeeded by the Earl of Shrewsbury
— a change that l perhaps indicates that the
mediating policy of the Duke of Buckingham
was exchanged for a more determined one'
(STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 176) ; for up to this
time the Bourcliiers, in spite of their close
connection with the house of York, held a kind
of middle place between the two parties, and,
though the queen's party came into power in
February, continued to hold office in what
may be called the Lancastrian government.
His and his brother's sudden discharge from
office was put down to the queen's influence
(Paston Letters, i. 408). In 1460 Bourchier
was with the Earls of March and Warwick
at the battle of Northampton, and was there-
fore by that time a declared partisan of the
duke. On the accession of his nephew, Ed-
ward IV, he was created earl of Essex (30 June
1461) ; lie was made treasurer for the second
time, and held office for a year. He received
from the king the castle of Werk and the
honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to-
gether with many other estates in different
counties. In 1471 the earl was again made
treasurer, and retained his office during the
rest of his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John
de Vere, earl of Oxford, landed at St. Osyth's,
Essex and others rode against him and com-
pelled him to re-embark (Paston Letters, iii.
92). In this year also he was for about a
month keeper of the great seal during the
vacancy of the chancellorship. Essex died
4 April 1483, and was buried at Bylegh. He
had a large family. His eldest son, William,
who married Anne Woodville, died during his
lifetime, and he was therefore succeeded by
his grandson, Henry [q. v.] His second son,
Sir Henry Bourchier, married the daughter
and heiress of Lord Scales ; the third son,
Humfrey, Lord Cromwell, died in the battle
of Barnet ; the fourth son, Sir John, married
the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of
Groby. He had four other children.
[Polydore Vergil's Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603;
Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; Will. Worcester ;
Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 129 ; Stubbs's Constitu-
tional History, iii. 176 ; Foss's Judges of Eng-
land, iv. 423.] W. H.
Bourchier
Bourchier
BOURCHIER, HENRY, second EAEL
OF ESSEX (d. 1539), was the son of William
Bourchier and the grandson of Henry Bour-
chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne
Woodville, sister of the queen of Edward IV.
He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was
a member of the privy council of Henry VII.
In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou-
logne. At the knighthood of Henry, duke ; endangered
folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di-
vision being made of the council in 1526 for
purposes of business, his name was placed
with those who were to treat of matters of
law. He joined in the letter sent by a num-
ber of English nobles to Clement VII in
1530, warning him that imless he hastened
the king's
of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro-
minent part in the ceremonies, and was one
of the challengers at the jousts held in honour
of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de-
tachment against the rebels at Blackheath.
He accompanied the king and queen when
they crossed to Calais in 1500, to hold an in-
terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The
next year he was one of those appointed to
meet Catherine of Arragon. On the acces-
sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of
the new bodyguard. During the early years
of the king's reign he took a prominent part
in the revels in which Henry delighted.
Constant references may be found in the
State Papers to the earl's share in these en-
tertainments. For example, in 1510 he and
others, the king among the number, dressed
themselves as Robin Hood's men in a revel
given for the queen's delectation. He was also
constantly employed in state ceremonies, such
as meeting papal envoys, as in 1514, when
the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in
1515, when he met the prothonotary who
brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ;
and in 1524, when Dr. Hanyball came over
with the golden rose for the king. These
and such like engagements necessarily put
him to great expense. He received some
grants from Henry, and appears both as a
pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On
one occasion his tailor seems to have had
some difficulty in getting his bill settled.
He served at the sieges of Terouenne and
Tournay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears '
(HERBEKT) in 1513, and the next year was
made chief captain of the king's forces. When
the king's sister Margaret, widow of James
IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought
refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in
company with the king, Suffolk, and Sir G.
Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in
her honour. In 1520 he attended the king
at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes.
He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of
Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed-
minster as his share of the duke's estates.
In 1525, when engaged in raising money for
the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote
to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in-
surrection, and by the king's command took
a company to the borders of Essex and Suf-
divorce, his supremacy would be
1. While riding a young horse, in
1539, he was thrown and broke his neck.
As he had no male issue by his wife Mary,
his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour-
chier) became extinct at his death. His
barony descended to his daughter Anne, who
married William Parr, afterwards Earl of
Essex.
[Hall's Chron. (Hen. VIII), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed.
1548; Stow's Annals; Polydore Vergil's Historia
Anglica, 1437, 1521, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Eic. Ill
and Hen. VII, Eolls Series ; Herbert's Life and
Keign of Henry VIII, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers,
Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim; Dugdale's Baron-
age, ii. 130.] W. H.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN
DE (d. 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as
deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford,
to represent him in the parliament summoned
in 1306 for the purpose of granting an aid on
the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving
knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to
postpone the assumption of the same rank
for three years in consideration of paying a
fine of lOOs. In 1314-y> he appears as one
of the justices of assize for the counties of
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap-
pears in various commissions for the years
1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he
was summoned to parliament at Westminster,
apparently for the first time, as a justice, and
on the '31st of the same month was appointed
a justice of the common bench. Next year
he was engaged in trying certain persons
charged with making forcible entry upon the
manors of Hugh le Despenser, in Glamorgan-
shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in-
vestigating a charge of malversation against
certain commissioners of forfeited estates in
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases
of extortion by sheriffs, commissioners of
array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford,
and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on
a special commission for the trial of persons
accused of complicity in the fabrication of
miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows
on which Henry de Montfort and Henry de
Wylyngton had been hanged at Bristol. In
February 1325-6 he was placed at the head
of a commission to try a charge of poaching
brought by the Bishop of London and the
dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a
Bourchier
12
Bourchier
number of persons alleged to have taken a
large fish, ' qui dicitur cete,' from the manor
of Walton, in violation of a charter of
Henry III, by which the chapter claimed the
exclusive right to all large fish found on
their estates, the tongue only being reserved
to the king. In the same year he was en-
gaged in trying cases of extortion by legal
officials in Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, and
Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the
conservators of the peace in Lincolnshire.
In December of this year he was summoned
to parliament for the last time. He was re-
appointed justice of the common bench
shortly after the accession of Edward III,
the patent being dated 24 March 1326-7.
The last fine was levied before him on Ascen-
sion day 1329. He died shortly afterwards,
as we know from the fact that in the follow-
ing year his heir, Robert, was put in posses-
sion of his estates by the king. By his mar-
riage with Helen, daughter and heir of
Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor
of Stanstead, in Halstead, Essex, adjoining
an estate which he had purchased in 1312.
He was buried in Stanstead Church.
[Parl. Writs, i. 164, 166, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139-
140, 236, 351, 419, pt, ii. 110-11, 119, 134-5,
139, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 188, 193, 230-2, 237,
241, 283, 288; Rot, Parl. i. 449 b • Dugdale's
Orig. 45 ; Rot. Orig. Abbrev. ii. 44 ; Gal. Rot.
Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m. 10 ; Rymer's Fcedera (ed.
Clarke), ii. 619 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 253 ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R.
BOURCHIER, JOHN, second BARON
BERNERS (1467 -1533), statesman and author,
was the son of Humphrey Bourchier, by
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney,
and widow of Sir Thomas Howard. His
father was slain at the battle of Barnet
(14 April 1471) fighting in behalf of Ed-
ward IV, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey (WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments,
1632, p. 482). His grandfather, John, the
youngest son of William Bourchier, earl of
Ewe, was created Baron Berners in 1455, and
died in 1474. Henry Bourchier [q. v.], the
Earl of Ewe's eldest son and the second Lord
Berners's granduncle, became Earl of Essex in
1461. Another granduncle, Thomas Bour-
chier [q. v.], was archbishop of Canterbury
from 1454 to 1486.
In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his
grandfather as Baron Berners. He is believed
to have studied for some years at Oxford, and
Wood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col-
lege. But little is known of his career till
after the accession of Henry VII. In 1492
he entered into a contract ' to serue the king in
his warres beyond see on hole yeere with two
speres ' (RYMER, Fc&dera, xii. 479). In 1497
he helped to repress the Cornish rebellion in
behalf of Perkin Warbeck. It is fairly cer-
tain that he and Henry VIII were acquainted
as youths, and the latter showed Berners
much favour in the opening years of his reign.
In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue to
Calais, and was present at the capture of
Terouenne. Later in the same year he was mar-
shal of the Earl of Surrey's army in Scotland.
When the Princess Mary married Louis XII
(9 Oct. 1514), Berners was sent with her to
France as her chamberlain. But he did not
remain abroad. On 18 May 1514 he had
been granted the reversion to the office of
chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 May
1516 he appears to have succeeded to the post.
In 1518 Berners was sent with John Kite,
archbishop of Armagh, on a special mission to
Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII
and Charles of Spain. The letters of the
envoys represent Berners as suffering from
severe gout. He sent the king accounts of
the bull-baiting and other sports that took
place at the Spanish court. The negotiations
dragged on from April to December, and the
irregularity with which money was sent to
the envoys from home caused them much
embarrassment (cf.Berners to Wolsey, 26 July
1518, in BRE WEE'S Letters fyc. of Henry
VIII}. Early in 1519 Berners was again
in England, and he, with his wife, attended
Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of
Gold in the next year. The privy council
thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of
the ceremonial which he forwarded to them.
Throughout this period Berners, when in
England, regularly attended parliament, and
was in all the commissions of the peace
issued for Hertfordshire and Surrey. But
his pecuniary resources were failing him.
He had entered upon several harassing law-
suits touching property in Staffordshire,
Wiltshire, and elsewhere. As early as 1511
he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the
loan was frequently repeated. In Decem-
ber 1520 he left England to become deputy
of Calais, during pleasure, with 100Z. yearly
as salary and 104/. as ' spyall money.' His
letters to Wolsey and other officers of state
prove him to have been busily engaged in suc-
ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica-
tions of Calais and in watching the armies of
France and the Low Countries in the neigh-
bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V.
In 1528 he obtained grants of manors in
Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Oxford-
shire. In 1529 and 1531 he sent Henry VIII
gifts of hawks (Privy Purse Expenses, pp. 54,
231). But his pecuniary troubles were in-
creasing, and his debts to the crown remained
Bourchier
Bourchier
unpaid. Early in 1532-3, while Berners was
very ill, Henry VIII directed his agents in
Calais to watch over the deputy's personal
effects in the interests of his creditors. On
16 March 1532-3 Berners died, and he was
buried in the parish church of Calais by his
special direction. All his goods were placed
under arrest and an inventory taken, which
is still at the Record Office, and proves
Berners to have lived in no little state.
Eighty books and four pictures are men-
tioned among his household furniture. By
his will (3 March 1532-3) he left his chief
property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his
executor, who became earl of Huntingdon in
1544 (Chronicle of Calais, Camd. Soc. p. 164).
Berners married Catherine, daughter of John
Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had a
daughter, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmund
Knyvet of Ashwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc-
ceeded to her father's estates in England.
Small legacies were also left to his illegiti-
mate sons, Humphrey, James, and George.
The barony of Berners was long in abey-
ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress
died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas
Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him
the barony, but died in 1616 before his claim
could be ratified. In 1720 Elizabeth, a great-
granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was confirmed
in the barony and bore the title of Baroness
Berners, but she died without issue in 1743,
and the barony fell again into abeyance. A
cousin of this lady in the third degree married
in 1720 Henry Wilson of Didlington, Norfolk,
and their grandson, Robert Wilson, claimed
and secured the barony in 1832. The barony
is now held by a niece of Henry William
Wilson (1797-1871), the third bearer of the
restored title.
While at Calais Berners devoted all his
leisure to literary pursuits. History, whether
real or fictitious, always interested him, and
in 1523 he published the first volume of his fa-
mous translation of (1) Froissart's Chronicles.
The second volume followed in 1525. Richard
Pynson was the printer. This work was un-
dertaken at the suggestion of Henry VHI
and was dedicated to him. Its style is re-
markably vivid and clear, and although a few
French words are introduced, Berners has
adhered so closely to the English idiom as
to give the book the character of an original
English work. It inaugurated the taste for
historical reading and composition by which
the later literature of the century is charac-
terised. Fabian, Hall, and Holinshed were
all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a
reprint of Berners's translation in 1812, and
although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart
(1803-5) has now very generally superseded
that of Berners, the later version is wanting
in the literary flavour which still gives
Berners's book an important place in Eng-
lish literature. But chivalric romance had
even a greater attraction for Berners than
chivalric history, and four lengthy transla-
tions from the French or Spanish were com-
pleted by him. The first was doubtless
(2) ' Huon of Burdeux,' translated from the
great prose French Charlemagne romance,
about 1530, but not apparently published
till after Lord Berners's death. It is pro-
bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in
1534 under the direction of Lord George
Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, who had urged
Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford
has a unique copy of this book. A second
edition, apparently issued by Robert Copland
in 1570, is wholly lost. Two copies of a third
revised edition, dated 1601, are extant, of
which one is in the British Museum and the
other in the Bodleian. The first edition was
reprinted by the Early English Text Society
1883-5. (3) < The Castell of Love ' (by D. de
San Pedro) was translated from the Spanish
1 at the instaunce of Lady Elizabeth Carew,
late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.'
The first edition was printed by Robert Wyer
about 1540, and a second came from the press
of John Kynge about the same time. (4) * The
golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour
and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a
French version of Guevara's ' El redox de
Principes.' It was completed only six days
before Berners's death, and was under-
taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis
Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534,
and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553, 1557,
and 1559. A very definite interest attaches
to this book. It has been proved that English
< Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of
the Spanish Guevara. Lyly's ' Euphues ' was
mainly founded on Sir Thomas North's * Dial
of Princes ' (1558 and 1567), and the ' Dial
of Princes' is a translation of an enlarged
edition of Guevara's ' El Redox/ which was
first translated into English by Berners. The
marked popularity of Berners's original trans-
lation clearly points to him as the founder of
'Guevarism' or so-called Euphuism in England
(LANDMANN'S Euphuismus, Giessen, 1881).
Berners also translated from the French
(5) 'The History of the moost noble and
valyaunt knight, Artheur of Lytell Brytaine.'
The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812.
Wood, following Bale, attributes to Berners
a Latin comedy, (6) ' Ite ad Vineam,' which
he says was often acted after vespers at
Calais, and a tract on (7) ' The Duties of the
Inhabitants of Calais.' Nothing is known
now of the former work ; but the latter may
Bourchier
Bourchier
not improbably be identified with the elabo-
rate ' Ordinances for watch and ward of
Calais' in Cotton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89-
102 b}. These ordinances were apparently
drawn np before 1532, and have been printed
at length in the ' Chronicle of Calais ' pub-
lished by the Camden Society, pp. 140-62.
Warton states, on the authority of Oldys,
that Henry, lord Berners, translated some of
Petrarch's sonnets, but the statement is pro-
bably wholly erroneous (Hist. EngL Poet.
iii. 58).
Holbein painted a portrait of Berners in
his robes as chancellor of the exchequer
(WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor-
num, i. 82). The picture is now at Key-
thorpe Hall, Leicestershire, in the posses-
sion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It
was engraved for the Early English Text ,
Society's reprint of ' Huon of Burdeux ' |
(1884).
[Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 132-3 ; Marshall's
Genealogist's Guide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foster's
Peerage ; Bale's Cent. Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 72 ; Brewer's Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-1534 ; Utter-
son's Memoir of Berners in his reprint of the
Froissart (1812); Walpole's Eoyal and Noble
Authors, i. 239-45 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Intro-
duction to the Early English Text Society's
reprint of Huon of Burdeux, ed. S. L. Lee.]
S. L. L.
BOURCHIER, SIB JOHN (d. 1660),
regicide, grandson and heir of Sir Ralph
Bourchier, of Benningborough, Yorkshire,
appears in 1620 in the list of adventurers
for Virginia as subscribing 371. 10s. In the
following year, having complained of the lord-
keeper for giving judgment against him in a
lawsuit, he was censured and obliged to
make a humble submission (Lords' Journals,
iii. 179-92). He suffered more severely in
a contest with Strafford concerning the en-
closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre,
near York. Sir John attempted to assert his
claims by pulling down the fences, for which
he was fined and imprisoned. Directly the
Long parliament met he petitioned, and his
treatment was one of the minor charges
against Strafford (RusHWORTH, Strajford's
Trial, p. 146 ; see also Straff. Corr. i. 86-88,
ii. 59). His name also appears among those
who signed the different Yorkshire petitions
in favour of the parliament, and a letter from
him describing the presentation of the peti-
tion of 3 June 1642 on Hey worth Moor, and
a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile
on that occasion, was printed by order of
the House of Commons (Commons' Journals,
6 June 1642). He entered the Long parlia-
ment amongst the ' recruiters ' as member
for Ripon (1645). In December 1648 he was
appointed one of the king's judges, and signed
the death-warrant. In February 1651, and
again in November 1652, he was elected a
member of the council of state, and finally
succeeded in obtaining a grant of 6,000/. out
of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it
is not evident what satisfaction he actually
obtained (Commons1 Journals, 31 July 1651).
At the Restoration he was, with the other
regicides, summoned to give himself up, and
the speaker acquainted the House of Com-
mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660
(Journals). While the two houses were
quarrelling over the exceptions to be made
to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as-
serting to the last the justice of the king's
condemnation. 1 1 tell you it was a just act ;
God and all good men will own it' (LuDLOw's
Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 358). Sir John's son,
Barrington Bourchier, having aided in the
Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's
estate (Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1661,
p. 557).
[Noble's Regicides and House of Cromwell,
ii. 36 ; the Fairfax Correspondence (Civil Wars),
i. 338, contains a letter from Sir John Bourchier
to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministers in
Yorkshire.] C. H. F.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, RO-
BERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son
of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common
pleas, began life in the profession of arms.
He was returned as a member for the county
of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In
1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench
in Ireland. He was present at the battle of
Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament
of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When
on his return to England the king displaced
his ministers, he committed the great seal,
which had long been held by Archbishop
Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chi-
chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus
became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan-
cellor. His salary was fixed at 500 L, besides
the usual fees. In the struggle between the
king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld
the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, in-
terrupted his address to the bishops in the
Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged
him to submit to the king. When the parlia-
ment of 1341 extorted from the king his assent
to their petitions that the account of the royal
officers should be audited, and that the chan-
cellor and other great officers should be
nominated in parliament, and should swear
to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he
had not assented to these articles, and would
Bourchier
Bourchier
not be bound by them, as they were contrary
to his oath and to the laws of the realm.
He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and
delivered it to parliament. He resigned his
office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to par-
liament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In
1346 he accompanied the king on his expedi-
tion to France. He was in command of a
large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in
the first division of the army. He married
Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas
Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead
for eight priests ; but it probably never con-
tained so many, as its revenues were very
small. The king granted him the right of
free warren, and license to crenellate his
house. He died of the plague in 1349, and
was buried at Halstead.
[Eolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131 ; Keturn
of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng.
Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's
Judges of England, iii. 399-402 ; Campbell's
Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's
Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391 ; Dugdale's
Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi.
1453.] W. H.
BpURCHIER, THOMAS (1404P-1486),
cardinal, was the third son of William
Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne
Plantagenet, second daughter of Thomas of
Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, youngest
son of Edward III. His father had won the
title he bore by his achievements under
Henry V in France, and transmitted it to
his eldest son, Henry [q. v.j, who afterwards
was created earl of Essex. A second son, by
right of his wife, was summoned to parlia-
ment as Lord Fitzwarren. The third, Thomas,
the subject of this article, was born about
1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death
of his father. A fourth, John Bourchier, was
ennobled as Lord Berners [see BOTJKCHIER,
JOHN]. A daughter Eleanor married John
Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur-
name, and the fourth duke, his son, conse-
quently speaks of the cardinal as his uncle
(Paston Letters, ii. 382).
Thomas Bourchier was sent at an early
age to Oxford, and took up his abode at
Nevill's Inn, one of five halls or inns which
occupied the site of what is now Corpus
Christi College. In 1424 he obtained the
prebend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathedral,
and before 1427 he was made dean of St.
Martin's-le-Grand, London. He also received
the prebend of West Thurrock, in the free
chapel of Hastings. In 1433, though not yet
of full canonical age, he was recommended
for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the
death of Thomas Polton. But Polton had
died at Basle while attending the general
council, and the pope had already nominated
as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis-
bury. On the other hand the commons in
parliament addressed the king in favour of
Bourchier, putting forward, according to the
royal letters, the 'nighness of blood that our
well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto
us and the cunning and virtues that rest in
his person.' Accordingly Brouns was trans-
lated to Rochester, and the pope cancelled his
previous nomination to Worcester by an ante-
dated bull in favour of Bourchier, whose no-
mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434.
The temporalities of the see were restored to
him on 15 April 1435.
Meanwhile, in 1434, Bourchier was made
chancellor of the university of Oxford, a po-
sition which he held for three years, and which
implies at least that he took some interest
in scholarship, though we have no evidence
that he himself was a distinguished scholar.
Wood says that he took part in a convocation
of the university as early as 1428. But we
may reasonably surmise that his subsequent
promotions were as much owing to high birth
as to great abilities. He had not remained
long in the see of Worcester when, in 1435,
the bishopric of Ely fell vacant. The chapter,
at the instigation of John Tiptoft, the prior,
agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes-
sengers to Rome to procure bulls for his
translation. The bulls came, but as the
government refused to ratify his election,
Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's
ministers wished to reward Cardinal Louis
de Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen (chan-
cellor of France under the English king) with
the revenues of the bishopric of Ely. So by
an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand-
ing the opposition of Archbishop Chichele,
the bishopric was not filled up, but the arch-
bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator
of the see. But when he died in 1443, there
was no further difficulty in the way of Bour-
chier's promotion. He was nominated by the
king, elected by the chapter, and having re-
ceived a bull for his translation, dated 20 Dec.
1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo-
ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444.
There is little known of his life at this
time beyond the story of his promotions, and
what we hear of his conduct as bishop is
from a very adverse critic, the historian of
the monastery of Ely, who says that he was
severe and exacting towards the tenants, and
that he would never celebrate mass in his
own cathedral except on the day of his in-
stallation, which he put off till two years
after his appointment. It appears that in 1 438
there was an intention of sending Bourchier,
Bourchier
16
Bourchier
then bishop of Worcester, with others to the
council of Basle ; but it does not appear that
he actually went (NICOLAS, Privy Council
Proceedings, v. 92, 99). That he was often
called to the king's councils at Westminster
there is ample evidence to show.
In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of
Canterbury, died. A deputation of the lords
rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to
the king, and to signify to him, if possible, that
a new chancellor, a new primate, and a new
council required to be appointed. But Henry's
intellectual prostration was complete, and he
gave no sign that he understood the simplest
inquiry. The lords accordingly appointed the
Duke of York protector, and on 30 March the
council, in compliance with a petition from
the commons, recommended the Bishop of
Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury ' for
his great merits, virtues, and great blood that
he is of ' (Rolls of Parl. v. 450). Bourchier
was translated on 22 April following ; and we
may presume that he owed his promotion to
the Duke of York's influence. On 6 Sept. in
the same year William Paston writes from
London to his brother : t My lord of Canter-
bury hath received his cross, and I was with
him in the king's chamber when he made his
homage ' (Paston Letters, i. 303) . Apparently
he paid a conventional reverence to the poor
unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe-
bruary following.
On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed
lord chancellor, and received the seals at
Greenwich from the king himself, who had
recovered from his illness at the new year.
His appointment, in fact, was one consequence
of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis-
bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the
Duke of York) could not have been acceptable
to the queen. Bourchier apparently had to
some extent the good-will of both parties,
and was expected to preserve the balance be-
tween them in peculiarly trying times. Little
more than two months after his appointment,
when the Duke of York and his friends took
up arms and marched southwards, they ad-
dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor
declaring that their intentions were peace-
able and that they came to do the king service
and to vindicate their loyalty. Bourchier
sent a special messenger to the king at Kil-
burn, but the man was not allowed to come
into the royal presence, and neither the letter
to the archbishop nor an address sent by the
lords actually reached the king (Rolls of Parl.
v. 280-1). The result was the first battle of
St. Albans, which was the commencement of
the wars of the Roses.
A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol-
lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech
as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount
Bourchier, was at the same time appointed
lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pro-
rogued to November. Before it met again
the king had fallen a second time into the
same melancholy state of imbecility, and for
a second time it was necessary to make York
protector. The archbishop resigned the great
seal in October 1456, when the queen had ob-
tained a clear advantage over the Duke of
York, and got the king, who had been long
separated from her, down to Coventry, where
a great council was held. These changes
raised misgivings, even in some who were
not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck-
ingham, who was a son of the same mother as
the two Bourchiers, was ill-pleased at seeing
his brothers discharged from high offices of
state, and it was^said that he had interposed to
protect the Duke of York himself from unfair
treatment at the council (Paston Letters, i.
408). But the archbishop was a peacemaker ;
and the temporary reconciliation of parties in
the spring of 1458 appears to have been greatly
owing to him. He and Waynflete drew up
the terms of the agreement between the lords
on both sides, which was sealed on 24 March,
the day before the general procession at St.
Paul's.
Shortly before this, in the latter part of
the year 1457, the archbishop had been called
upon to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chichester,
as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one,
for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He
was first turned out of the king's council, the
archbishop as the chief person there ordering
his expulsion, and then required to appear be-
fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His writings
were examined by three other bishops and
condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop,
as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that
high authorities were against him in several
points, and told him to choose between re-
cantation and burning. The poor man's spirit
was quite broken, and he preferred recanta-
tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the
archbishop for some time at Canterbury and
Maidstone, and afterwards committed by him
to the custody of the abbot of Thorney.
In April 1459 Bourchier brought before
the council a request from Pius II that the
king would send an ambassador to a council
at Mantua, where measures were to be con-
certed for the union of Christendom against
the Turks (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceed-
ings, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nuncio,
after remaining nearly a year and a half in
England, gave up his mission as hopeless and
recrossed the Channel. But at Calais the Earl
of Warwick, who was governor there, won
him over to the cause of the Duke of York.
Bourchier
Bourchier
He recrossed the Channel with the Earls of
Warwick, March, and Salisbury, giving their
enterprise the sanction of the church. Bour-
chier met them at Sandwich with his cross
borne before them. A statement of the Yorkist
grievances had been forwarded to him by the
earls before their coming, and apparently he
had done his best to publish it. Accompanied
by a great multitude, the earls, the legate, and
the archbishop passed on to London, which
opened its gates to them on 2 July 1460. Next
day there was a convocation of the clergy at
St. Paul's, at which the earls presented them-
selves before the archbishop, declared their
grievances, and swore upon the cross of St.
Thomas of Canterbury that they had no de-
signs against the king. The political situation
was discussed by the bishops and clergy, and it
was resolved that the archbishop and five of
his suffragans should go with the earls to the
king at Northampton and use their efforts for
a peaceful settlement. Eight days later was
fought the battle of Northampton, at which
Henry was taken prisoner. The archbishop,
as agreed upon in convocation, accompanied
the earls upon their march from London, and
sent a bishop to the king to explain their
attitude ; but the bishop (of whose name we
are not informed) acted in a totally different
spirit and encouraged the king's party to fight.
When the Duke of York came over from
Ireland later in the year and challenged the
crown in parliament, the archbishop came up
to him and asked if he would not first come
and pay his respects to the king. * I do not
remember,' he replied, l that there is any one
in this kingdom who ought not rather to
come and pay his respects to me.' Bourchier
immediately withdrew to report this answer
to Henry. When, after the second battle of
St. Albans, the queen was threatening Lon-
don, the archbishop had betaken himself to
Canterbury, awaiting better news with the
young Bishop of Exeter, George Nevill, whom
the Yorkists had appointed lord chancellor.
Bourchier, though he had shown in the
house of peers that he did not favour York's
repudiation of allegiance, could not possibly
sympathise with the disturbance of a parlia-
mentary settlement and the renewal of strife
and tumult. From this time, at all events,
he was a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke
of York's eldest son came up to London and
called a council at his residence of Baynard's
Castle on 3 March, he was among the lords
who attended and agreed that Edward was
now rightful king. On 28 June he set the
crown upon Edward's head. Four years later,
on Sunday after Ascension day (26 May)
1465, he also crowned his queen, Elizabeth
Woodville.
VOL. vr.
For some years nothing more is known of
the archbishop's life except that Edward IV
petitioned Pope Paul II to make him a car-
dinal in 1465, and it appears that he was
actually named by that pope accordingly on
Friday, 18 Sept. 1467. But some years elapsed
before the red hat was sent and his title of
cardinal was acknowledged in England. In
1469 the pope wrote to the king promising
that it should be sent very shortly ; but the
unsettled state of the country, and the new
revolution which for half a year restored
Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed
its transmission still further, and it was only
sent by the succeeding pope, Sixtus IV, in
1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May.
By this time the archbishop had given
further proofs of his devotion to Edward.
He and his brother, whom the king had
created earl of Essex after his coronation,
not only raised troops for his restoration in
1471, but were mediators with the Duke of
Clarence before his arrival in England, and
succeeded in winning him over again to his
brother's cause. After the king was again
peacefully settled on his throne he went on
pilgrimage to Canterbury at Michaelmas, ap-
rrently to attend the jubilee of St. Thomas
Becket, which, but for the state of- the
country, would have been held in the pre-
ceding" year. Edward had visited Canter-
bury before, soon after the coronation of his
queen, and bestowed on the cathedral a
window representing Becket's martyrdom,
of which, notwithstanding its destruction in
the days of Henry VIII, some fragments are
still visible.
Bourchier was hospitable after the fashion
of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can-
terbury an eastern patriarch, who is believed
to have been Peter II of Antioch. In
1455 — the year after he became archbishop
— he had purchased of Lord Saye and Sele
the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, which
he converted into a castellated mansion and
bequeathed to the see of Canterbury. It re-
mained as a residence for future archbishops
till Cranmer gave it up to Henry VIII.
Here Bourchier entertained much company,
among whom men of letters like Botoner and
patrons of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor-
cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians
like Hambois, Taverner, and others. That
he was a promoter of the introduction of
printing into England, even before the date
of Caxton's first work, rests only on the evi-
dence of a literary forgery published in the
seventeenth century.
In 1475 Bourchier was one of the four
arbitrators to whom the differences between
England and France were referred by the
0
Bourchier
18
Bourchier
peace of Amiens (RYMEK, xii. 16). In 1480,
feeling the effects of age, he appointed as his
suffragan William Westkarre, titular bishop
of Sidon. In 1483, after the death of Ed-
ward IV, he was again called on to take
part in public affairs in a way that must have
been much to his own discomfort. He went
at the head of a deputation from the council
to the queen-dowager in sanctuary at West-
minster, and persuaded her to deliver up her
second son Richard, duke of York, to the
keeping of his uncle, the protector, to keep
company with his brother, Edward V, then
holding state as sovereign in the Tower. The
cardinal pledged his own honour so strongly
for the young duke's security that the queen
at last consented. Within three weeks of the
time that he thus pledged himself for the
good faith of the protector he was called on
to officiate at the coronation of Richard III !
That he should have thus lent himself as
an instrument to the usurper must appear all
the more melancholy when we consider that
in 1471 he had taken the lead among the
peers of England (as being the first subject
in the realm) in swearing allegiance to
Edward, prince of Wales, as heir to the
throne (Parl. Rolls, vi. 234). But perhaps
we may overestimate the weakness involved
in such conduct, not considering the speci-
ous plea on which young Edward's title was
set aside, and the winning acts and plausible
manners which for the moment had made
Richard highly popular. The murder of the
princes had not yet taken place, and the
attendance of noblemen at Richard's corona-
tion was as full as it ever had been on any
similar occasion. After the murder a very
different state of feeling arose in the nation,
and the cardinal, who had pledged his word
for the safety of the princes, could not but
have shared that feeling strongly. How far
he entered into the conspiracies against
Richard III we do not know, but doubtless
he was one of those who rejoiced most sin-
cerely in the triumph of Henry VII at
Bosworth. Within little more than two
months of that victory he crowned the new
king at Westminster.
One further act of great solemnity it was
left for him to accomplish, and it formed the
fitting close to the career of a great peace-
maker. On 18 Jan. 1486 he married Henry
VII to Elizabeth of York, thus joining the
red rose and the white and taking away all
occasion for a renewal of civil war. He died at
Knowle on 6 April following, and was buried
in his own cathedral.
[W. Wyrcester; Contin. Hist.deEpp. Wygorn.,
and Hist. Eliensis in Wharton's Anglia Sacra ;
Nicolas's Privy Council Proceedings, vol. vi.; An
English Chronicle, ed. Davies (Camclen Society) ;
Registrum Johannis Whethamstede (Eolls ed.) ;
Hearne's Fragment, Fleetwood, and Warkworth
(three authorities which may be conveniently
consulted together in one volume, though very ill
edited, entitled ' Chronicles of the White Rose ') ;
Paston Letters ; Polydore Vergil ; Hall ; Pii
Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino compositi,
161 (ed. 1584); Rolls of Parliament; More's
Hist, of Richard III; Loci e Libro Veritatum
(Grascoigne), ed. Rogers; Babington's Introduc-
tion to Pecock's Represser ; Brown's Venetian
Calendar, i. 90, 91. A valuable modern life of
Bourchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the
Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G-.
BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?),
was a friar of the Observant order of the Fran-
ciscans. He was probably educated at Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of
his having graduated in that university.
When Queen Mary attempted to re-esta-
blish the friars in England, Bourchier be-
came a member of the new convent at Green-
wich ; but at that queen's death he left the
country. After spending some years in Paris,
where the theological faculty of the Sor-
bonne conferred on him the degree of doctor,
he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the
convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the
church of S. Maria di Ara Caeli, and subse-
quently became penitentiary in the church of
S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits,
his biographer, speaks of having sometimes
seen him.
He wrote several books, but the only one
that survives is the i Historia Ecclesiastica
de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci
dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia
sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio
sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia
tempore Elizabethse regnantis Reginse, idque
ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum prsesen-
tem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is
dated from Paris, ' ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan.
1582. The book was very popular among
catholics, and other editions were brought
out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in
1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of
his works was a treatise entitled ' Oratio doc-
tissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gon-
zagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem
pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conven-
tus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This
was published under the name of Thomas
Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have
been an alias of Bourchier.
Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans,
calls him, in his supplementary volume,
1 Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero An-
glice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis
autem Beccaro ' (an alternative form of
ajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con-
vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour-
3hier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S.
)lara and Parkinson, the author of ' Collec-
inea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two
listinct persons, who both took their degree
" D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers
however, of no better authority than
/'adding. Another treatise by Bourchier,
(De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur
juod a saecularibus judicari non debeant,' is
lentioned by Wadding as in his possession,
ut only in manuscript ; this was written at
'aris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno-
the 'Censura Orient alis Ecclesiae de
;ipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,' which
fas published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour-
•chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about
1586.
[Pits, De AngliaeScriptoribus, 789; "Wadding's
Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl.
ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's
Athene Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ;
Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran-
jiscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat.
Min. 48-55.] C. T. M.
BOURDIEU, ISAAC DU. [See Du
BOTJRDIETJ.]
BOURDIEU, JEAN DTI. [See Du
BOFRDIETJ.]
BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR
(1811-1883), Madras civil servant, was the
second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon,
vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon-
shire. He was educated partly by his father,
and partly at a school at Ramsgate ; having
been nominated to an Indian writership, he
proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828,
and in the following year to Madras. After
serving in various subordinate appointments
in the provinces, he was appointed secretary
to the board of revenue, and eventually in
1854 secretary to government in the depart-
ments of revenue and public works. Bour-
dillon had previously been employed upon an
important commission appointed under in-
structions of the late court of directors to
report upon the system of public works in the
Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major
{now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of
the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu-
tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B.,
of the Madras artillery. The report of the
commission, which was written by Bourdillon,
enforces in clear and vigorous language the
enormous importance of works of irrigation,
and of improved communications for the pre-
vention of famines and the development of
the country. The writer's accurate know-
ledge of details and breadth of view render
the report one of the most valuable state
papers ever issued by an Indian government.
Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise
on the ryotwar system of land revenue, which
exposed a considerable amount of prevalent
misapprehension as to the principles and
practical working of that system. Working
in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir
Thomas Py croft, he was instrumental in ef-
fecting reforms in the transaction of public
business, both in the provinces and at the
presidency. He especially helped to improve
the method of reporting the proceedings of
the local government to the government of
India and to the secretary of state, which for
some years put Madras at the head of all the
Indian governments in respect of the thorough-
ness with which its business was conducted
and placed before the higher authorities.
Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he
was compelled to leave India, and to retire
from the public service at a time when the
reputation which he had achieved would in
all probability have secured his advancement
to one of the highest posts in the Indian
service. To the last he devoted much time
and attention to Indian questions, occasion-
ally contributing to the ' Calcutta Review,'
and interesting himself among other matters
in the questions of provincial finance and of
the Indian currency. He revised for the
late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later
pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He
died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May
1883.
[Madras Civil List; Eeport of the Madras
Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church
of Scotland Mission Press, 1856 ; family papers
and personal knowledge.] A. J. A.
BOURGEOIS, SIR PETER FRANCIS
(1756-1811), painter, is said to have been
descended from a family of some importance
in Switzerland. His father was a watch-
maker, residing in London at the time of his
birth. He was intended for the army, and
Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a
commission, but he preferred to be an artist,
and was encouraged in his choice of profes-
sion by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De
Loutherbourg was his master, and he early
acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter.
In 1776 he set out on a tour through France,
Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810,
the year before his death, he exhibited 103
pictures at the Royal Academy and five at
the British Institution. In 1787 he was
elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem-
ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow-
ing year he was appointed landscape-painter
to George III.
c2
Bourke
20
Bourke
Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanis-
laus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed
him his painter and conferred on him the
honour of a knight of the order of Merit,
and his title was confirmed by George III.
Although he appears to have been successful
as a painter, he owed much of his good for-
tune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer,
who was employed by Stanislaus to collect
works of art, which ultimately remained on
his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desen-
fans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his
death inherited what, with some pictures
added by himself, is no\v known as the Dul-
wich Gallery. He died from a fall from his
horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the
chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed
371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,0001.
campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he-
was posted to the staff of the army in Por-
tugal as assistant quartermaster-general, and
on account of his knowledge of Spanish was
sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the head-
quarters of Don Gregorio Cuesta, the com-
mander-in-chief of the Spanish army. From
30 May to 28 June 1809 he fulfilled his diffi-
cult mission to Wellesley's entire satisfaction,
and then for some unexplained reason resigned
his post on the staff and returned to England.
He was again sent, on account of his know-
ledge of Spanish, on a detached mission to
Galicia in 1812. He was gazetted an assistant
quartermaster-general, and stationed at Co-
runna, whence he sent up provisions and
ammunition to the front, and acted in general
as military resident in Galicia. At the con-
to provide for the maintenance of the collec- j elusion of the war he was promoted colonel
--''-* Jl ' and made a C.B. He was promoted major-
general in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor
of the eastern district of the Cape of Good
Hope from 1825 to 1828, when he returned
to England. In 1829 he edited, with Lord
Fitzwilliam, the ' Correspondence ' of Ed-
mund Burke, whom he had often visited at
Beaconsfield in his own younger days. In
1831 he was appointed governor of New
South Wales in succession to General Dar-
ling.
When Bourke arrived he found the colony
divided into two parties. The emancipists, or
freed convicts,had been encouraged byGeneral
Macquarie to believe that the colony existed
for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Bris-
bane and Darling had been entirely governed
by the wealthy emigrants and poor adven-
turers, and given all power to the party of the
exclusivists or pure merinos. General Darling
had behaved injudiciously, and had got into
much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi-
tion of absolute impartiality to both parties.
He freed the press at once from all restrictions ;
and though himself foully abused, he would
not use his position to interfere. Still more
important was his encouragement of emigra-
tion. Under his influence a regular scheme
of emigration was established, evidence was.
taken in Australia and issued in England
by the first Emigration Society, which was.
established in London in 1833, and means
were provided for bringing over emigrants
by selling the land in the colony at a mini-
mum price. He succeeded in carrying what
is known as Sir Eichard Bourke's Church
Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular,
and he became still more so by his travels,
throughout the inhabited part of his vice- .
kingdom. He was made a K.C.B. in 1835.
He resigned his governorship on 6 Dec. 1837,
after six years of office, on being reprimanded
tion, and 2,000/. to repair and beautify the
west wing and gallery of the college. The
members of the college, however, determined
to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs.
Desenfans contributed 6,000/. apiece for this
purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir)
John Soane as the architect of the present
buildings, which were commenced in the year
of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mau-
soleum for his remains and those of Mr. and
Mrs. Desenfans.
Although Bourgeois generally painted land-
scapes, he attempted history and portrait.
Amongst his pictures were ' Hunting a Tiger,'
Mr. Kemble as ' Coriolanus,' and ' A Detach-
ment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty-
two of his own works were included in his
bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides
landscapes, may now be seen ' A Friar kneel-
ing before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,'
and a portrait of himself. Though an artist
of taste and versatility, his works fail to sus-
tain the reputation which they earned for
him when alive.
[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's
Diet. (Graves) ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818 ;
Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.] C. M.
BOURKE, SIB RICHARD (1777-1855),
colonial governor, was the only son of John
Bourke of Dromsally, a relation of Edmund
Burke, and was born in Dublin on 4 May
1777. He was originally educated for the
bar, and was more than twenty-one when
he was gazetted an ensign in the 1st or
Grenadier guards on 22 Nov. 1798. He
served in the expedition to the Helder, when
he was shot through the jaws at the battle
of Bergen, and was proiroted lieutenant and
captain on 25 Nov. 1799. As quartermaster-
general he served with Auchmuty's force at
Monte Video, and on the conclusion of the
Bourke
21
Bourke
by the secretary of state on account of his
dismissal of a Mr. Riddell from the executive
council. The sorrow at his departure was
genuine, and money was at once raised to
erect a statue to him. ' He was the most
popular governor who ever presided over the
colonial affairs' (BKAIM, History of New
South Wales, i. 275).
On returning home to Ireland Bourke
spent nearly twenty years at his country
seat, Thornfield, near Limerick. He was \
promoted lieutenant-general, and appointed
colonel of the 64th regiment in 1837, served
of it (' St. Petersburg and Moscow : A Visit
to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South-
well Bourke, Esq.,' 2 vols., Henry Colburn,
1846), which gave evidence of acute observa-
tion, and met with considerable success. In
1847 he took an active part in the relief of
the sufferers from the Irish famine. At the
general election in the same year he was
elected to parliament as one of the members
for the county of Kildare. In the following
year he married Miss Blanche Wyndham,
daughter of the first Lord Leconfield. In
1849 his grand uncle died, and his father suc-
the office of high sheriff of the county of ceeding to the earldom, he assumed the cour-
1 tesy title of Lord Naas. In 1852 he was
appointed chief secretary for Ireland in Lord
Derby's administration, and held the same
office during the subsequent conservative ad-
ministrations which came into power in 1858
and 1866, retaining it on the last occasion
until his appointment as viceroy and gover-
nor-general of India shortly before the fall of
Mr. Disraeli's government. He succeeded to
the Irish earldom on the death of his father
in 1867.
During all these years Lord Mayo had a
seat in the House of Commons, serving as
member for Kildare county from 1847 to
1852, for the Irish borough of Coleraine from
1852 to 1857, and for the English borough of
Cockermouth during the remainder of his
parliamentary life. His politics were those
of a moderate conservative. His policy was
Limerick in 1839, and was promoted general
in 1851. He died suddenly, at the age of
.•seventy-eight, at Thornfield, on 13 Aug. 1855.
[Gent. Mag. 1855, p. 428; Eoyal Military
•Calendar. For his Australian government con-
sult Braim's History of New South Wales,
from its Settlement to the Close of 1844, 2 vols.
1846 ; Lang's Historical and Statistical Account
of the Colony of New South Wales, from the
Foundation of the Colony to the Present Day,
1834, 1837, 1852, 1875; Flanagan's History of
New South Wales, 2 vols. 1862.] H. M. S.
BOURKE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL,
sixth EAEL or MAYO (1822-1872), viceroy
and governor-general of India, was the eldest
son of Robert Bourke, fifth earl of Mayo, who
succeeded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1849.
he earls of Mayo, like the earls and mar-
quises of Clanricarde, are said to have de-
scended from William Fitzadelm de Borgo,
who succeeded Strongbow in the government
of Ireland in 1066. Richard, the eldest of j
ten brothers and sisters, was born in Dublin
on 21 Feb. 1822, and spent his earlier years
at Hayes, a country house belonging to the
family in the county of Meath. He was edu-
cated at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity
College, Dublin, where, without going into
residence, he took an ordinary degree. His
father was a strong evangelical. His mother,
Anne Jocelyn, a granddaughter of the first
Earl of Roden, was a woman of considerable
culture, of deep religious feelings, and of
strong common sense. Brought up amidst
the sports of country life he became a clever
shot, an accomplished rider, and a good
swimmer. While an undergraduate he spent
much of his time at Palmerstown and in
London with his granduncle, the fourth Earl
of Mayo, whom Praed described as
A courtier of the nobler sort,
A Christian of the purer school,
Tory when whigs are great at court,
And protestant when papists rule.
^ In 1845 he made a tour in Russia, and after
Iiis return to England published an account
eminently conciliatory, combined with un-
flinching firmness in repressing sedition and
crime. While opposed to any measure for
disestablishing the protestant church in
Ireland, he was in favour of granting public
money to other institutions, whether catholic
or protestant, without respect of creed, ' esta-
blished for the education, relief, or succour of
his fellow-countrymen.' His view was that
no school, hospital, or asylum should languish
because of the religious teaching it afforded, or
because of the religion of those who supported
it. His opinions on these questions and on
the land question were very fully stated in a
speech made by him in the House of Commons
on 10 March 1868, in which he propounded a
policy which has been often described as the
' levelling-up policy,' involving the establish-
ment of a Roman catholic university, and such
changes in ecclesiastical matters as would
meet the just claims of the Roman catholic
portion of the community. He was in favour
of securing for tenants compensation for im-
provements effected by themselves, of pro-
viding for increased powers of improvement
by limited owners, and of written contracts in
supersession of the system of parole tenancies.
Lord Mavo's views on all these matters met
Bourke
22
Bourke
with full support from his political chief, Mr.
Disraeli, who, when announcing to the Buck-
inghamshire electors the appointment of his
friend to the office of viceroy and governor-
general of India, declared that ' a state of
affairs so dangerous was never encountered
with greater firmness, but at the same time
with greater magnanimity.' ' Upon that no-
bleman, for his sagacity, for his judgment,
fine temper, and knowledge of men, her ma-
jesty has been pleased to confer the office of
viceroy of India, and as viceroy of India I
believe he will earn a reputation that his
country will honour.' The resignation of the
ministry had actually taken place before the
governor-generalship became vacant ; but the
appointment was not interfered with by Mr.
Gladstone's government, and Lord Mayo was
sworn in as governor-general at Calcutta on
12 Jan. 1869.
Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of
the government of India and of the subordi-
nate governments had been mainly devoted
to internal administrative improvements, and
to the development of the resources of the
country. With the exception of the Orissa
famine no serious crisis had taxed the ener-
gies or the resources of the state, and Lord
Mayo received the government in a condition
of admirable efficiency, with no arrears of
current work (SiR JOHN STKACHEY'S Minute
on the Administration of the Earl of Mayo,
30 April 1872). But clear as the official file
was, and tranquil as was the condition of the
empire, several questions of first-rate impor-
tance speedily engaged the consideration of
the new viceroy. Of these the most important
were the relations of the government of India
with the foreign states on its borders, and
especially with Afghanistan, and the con-
dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding
the vigilant supervision of the late viceroy,
was not altogether satisfactory.
The condition of Afghanistan from the
time of the death of the amir, Dost Muham-
mad Khan, in 1863, up to a few months
before Lord Mayo's accession to office, had
been one of constant intestine war, three of
the sons of the late amir disputing the suc-
cession in a series of sanguinary struggles
which had lasted for five years. Sir John
Lawrence had from the first declined to aid
any one of the combatants in this internecine
strife, adhering to the policy of recognising
the de facto ruler, and at one time two de
facto rulers, when one of the brothers had
made himself master of Cabul and Candahar,
and the other held Herat. At length, in the
autumn of 1868. Shir Ali Khan having suc-
ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was
officially recognised by the governor-general
as sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan,,
and was presented with a gift of 20,000/.r
accompanied by a promise of 100,000/. more.
It was also arranged that the amir should
visit India, and should be received by the
viceroy with the honours due to the ruler of
Afghanistan. This position of affairs had
been brought to the notice of Lord Mayo
before his departure from England. While
fully realising the difficulties by which the
whole question was encompassed, he appears-
to have entertained some doubts as to the-
policy which so long had tolerated anarchy
in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of
the final decision to aid the re-establishment
of settled government in that country, he lost
no time on his arrival in giving effect to the
promises of his predecessor. A meeting with
the amir took place at Amballa in March
1869. The amir had come to India bent
upon obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a
treaty laying upon the British government
an obligation to support the Afghan govern-
ment in any emergency, and the recognition
by the government of India of his younger
son, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the-
exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan.
None of these requests were complied with.
But the amir received from Lord Mayo
emphatic assurances of the desire of the
government of India for the speedy consoli-
dation of his power, and of its determination
to respect the independence of Afghanistan.
He was encouraged to communicate fre-
quently and fully with the government of
India and its officers. Public opinion dif-
fered as to the success of the meeting. The
intimation that the government of India
would treat with displeasure any attempt of
the amir's rivals to rekindle civil war was
by some regarded as going too far, and by
others as not going far enough ; but the pre-
valent view was that good had been done,
and that Shir Ali had returned to Cabul
well satisfied with the result of his visit.
On the general question of the attitude of
the British government towards the adjoining
foreign states, Lord Mayo held that while
British interests and influence in Asia were
best secured by a policy of non-interference
in the affairs of such states, we could not
safely maintain Bowyer
handsome folios of * Domesday Book,' which
were not completed until 1783. He died on
18 Nov. 1777, aged 77. Most of his learned
pamphlets, essays, prefaces, corrections, and
notes have been reprinted as ' Miscellaneous
Tracts by the late William Bowyer . . . col-
lected and illustrated with notes by John
Nichols, F.S.L. Edin.,' London, 1785, 4to,
pp. 712.
Bowyer was a man of very small stature,
and in the jeux $ esprit of his day we find
him called 'the little man,' roviding new buildings, but served to esta-
)lish some bursaries. His bust, well known
to many generations of students, stood in a
niche of the quadrangle which was built
with his bequest, until a few years ago the
university deserted those buildings and moved
to its present situation, where the bust is still
preserved in the library. Boyd served the
offices of dean of faculty, rector, and vice-
chancellor in the university during several
years. His printed prose works appeared
between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical
works between 1640 and 1652. < The Battell
of the Soul in Death ' (1629), dedicated to
Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta
Maria, while the second volume contains a de-
dicatory letter to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia,
on the death of her son Frederick, is a sort
of prose manual for the sick. About 1640
Boydell
104
Boydell
he published a poem on General Lesly's vic-
tory at Newburn, which is marked by the
utmost extravagance and absurdity of lan-
guage and of metaphor. In 1640 he pub-
lished 'Four Letters of Comforts for the
deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord
Boyd.' The ' Psalms of David in Meeter,'
with metrical versions of the songs of the
Old and New Testament, was published in
1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd,
preserved in Glasgow University, are very
voluminous, and some extracts have been
published as curiosities. The chief portions
are the ' Four Evangels ' in verse, and a col-
lection of poetical stories, taken chiefly from
Bible history, which he calls * Zion's Flowers,'
and which, having been commonly called
' Boyd's Bible,' gave currency to the idea
that he had translated the whole Bible. The
stories are often absurd enough in style and
treatment, but the general notion of their
absurdities has been exaggerated from the
fact that they were abundantly parodied by
those whose object was to caricature the
presbyterian style which Boyd represented.
He seems to have been inclined to oppose
the policy of the royalist party even in earlier
days ; for though he wrote a Latin ode on
the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in
1633, his dedication of the ' Battell of the
Soul ' to the king contained what must have
been taken as a reflection on the want of
strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church.
In later years he became a staunch cove-
nanter, but did not relish the triumph of
Cromwell. In 1650 he preached before Crom-
well in the cathedral, and, as we are told,
1 railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom-
well's secretary, would have called him to
account, but Cromwell took means to pay
him back more effectually in kind by inviting
him to dine and then treating him to three
hours of prayers. After that, we are told,
Boyd found himself on better terms with the
Protector. Reflecting many of the oddities
and absurdities of style which were charac-
teristic of his time, Boyd seems nevertheless
to have been a man of considerable energy
and shrewdness, and to have won a fair
amount of contemporary popularity as an
author.
[Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin.
1878; Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, by Z. B.,
with introductory notice by Gr. Neil, Glasgow,
1855 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death,
Edin. 1629.] H. C.
BOYDELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en-
graver, print publisher, and lord mayor, was
born at Dorrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan.
1719. His father, Josiah, was a land surveyor,
and his mother's maiden name was Millies.
His grandfather was the Rev. J. Boydell,
D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple -
ton in Derbyshire. Boydell was brought up
to his father's profession, but when about
one-and-twenty he appears to have aban-
doned it in favour of art. He walked up to
London, became a student in the St. Martin's
Lane academy, and apprenticed himself to
W. H. Toms, the engraver. The year of his
apprenticeship is stated by himself to have
been 1741, but in another place he says that
he bound himself apprentice when ' within a
few months of twenty-one years of age.' It
is said that he was moved to do this by his
admiration of a print by Toms, after Bades-
lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his
own statement engraved upon his first print
that he ' never saw an engraved copper-plate
before he came on trial.' This first print,
which was begun immediately on being bound
apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le
Bas after Teniers. He soon began to publish
on his own account small landscapes, which
he produced in sets of six and sold for six-
pence. One of these was known as his
' Bridgebook ' because there was a bridge in
each view. As there were few print-shops at
that time in London, he induced the sellers
of toys to expose them in their windows, and
his most successful shop was at the sign of
the Cricket-bat in Duke's Court, St. Martin's
Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates
are included in the collection of his engravings
which he published in 1790, and the earliest
date to be found on any of them is 1744. In
the next year he appears to have commenced
the publication, at the price of one shilling
each, of larger views about London, Oxford,
and other places in England and Wales,
drawn and engraved by himself. This prac-
tice he continued with success for about ten
years, by which time he had amassed a small
capital. This was the foundation of his for-
tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790
in the British Museum, which was presented
by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp-
tor), is preserved an autograph note, in which
he calls it ' The only book that had the ho-
nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.'
In the * advertisement ' or preface to the
volume he speaks of his master Toms as one
1 who had himself never risen to any degree
of perfection,' and adds, 'indeed at that
period there was no engraver of any emi-
nence in this country.' Of his own engrav-
ings he speaks with proper humility, for
beyond a certain neatness of execution they
have little merit. ' The engraver has now
collected them,' he wrote, l more to show the
improvement of art in this country, since
Boydell
105
Boydell
the period of their publication, than from
any idea of their own merits.'
Though not altogether relinquishing the
burin till about 1767, he had long before
this commenced his career as a printseller
and a publisher of the works of other en-
gravers. After serving six years with Toms,
he purchased the remainder of his term of
apprenticeship, and the success of his prints,
especially of a volume of views in England
and Wales, published in 1751, enabled him
to set up in business on his own account.
The first engraving of great importance pro-
duced under his encouragement was Wool-
lett's plate after Wilson's ( Niobe,' published
in 1761. This was also (with the exception
of Hogarth's prints) the first important en-
graving by a British engraver after a British
painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Wool-
lett appended to ' Nollekens and his Times,'
recounts the history of this plate as told him
by Boydell. ' When I got a little forward in
the world,' said Boydell, 'I took a whole shop,
for at my commencement I kept only half a
one. In the course of one year I imported
numerous impressions of Vernet's celebrated
" Storm," so admirably engraved by Lerpi-
niere ; for which I was obliged to pay in
hard cash, as the French took none of our
prints in return. Upon Mr. Woollett's ex-
pressing himself highly delighted with this
Erint of the " Storm," I was induced, knowing
is ability as an engraver, to ask him if he
thought he could produce a print of the same
size, which I could send over, so that in
future I could avoid payment in money, and
prove to the French nation that an English-
man could produce a print of equal merit ;
upon which he immediately declared that he
should much like to try.'
The result was the print of ' Niobe,' for
which Boydell agreed to pay 100/., ' an un-
heard of price, being considerably more than
I had given for any copperplate.' He had,
however, to advance the engraver more than
this before the plate was finished. Very few
proofs were struck off, and 5s. only was
charged for the prints ; but the work brought
Boydell 2,000/. It was followed by the
' Phaeton,' also engraved by Woollett, after
Wilson, and published by Boydell in 1763.
These prints had a large sale on the con-
tinent, with which an enormous trade in
English engravings was soon established.
BoydelFs enterprise increased with his capi-
tal, and he continued to employ the latter in
encouraging English talent. In the list of
engravers employed by him are the names of
Woollett, M'Ardell, Hall, Earlom, Sharpe,
Heath, J. Smith, Val. Green, and other
Englishmen, and a large proportion of the
prints he published were, from the first, after
Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English
painters. His foreign trade spread the fame
of English engravers and English painters
abroad for the first time. The receipts from
some of the plates, especially the engravings
by Woollett after West's ' Death of General
Wolfe,' and ' Battle of La Hogue,' were
enormous. In 1790 he stated the receipts
from the former amounted to 15,000/. Both
were copied by the best engravers in Paris
and Vienna.
In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon-
don, having been elected alderman for the
ward of Cheap in 1782, and served sheriff
in 1785. During his career as a print pub-
lisher the course of the foreign trade in
prints was turned from an import to an ex-
port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf-
folk in the House of Lords that the revenue
coming into this country from this branch
of art at one time exceeded 200,000/. per
annum. Having amassed a large fortune,
Boydell in 1786 embarked upon the most
important enterprise of his life, viz. the pub-
lication, by subscription, of a series of prints
illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures
painted expressly for the work by English ar-
tists. For this purpose he gave commissions
to all the most celebrated painters of this
country for pictures, and built a gallery in
Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution
of this project extended over several years.
In 1789 the Shakespeare Gallery contained
thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in
1802 one hundred and sixty-two, of which
eighty-four were of large size. The total
number of works executed was 170, three of
which were pieces of sculpture, and the artists
employed were thirty-three painters and two
sculptors, Thomas Banks and the Hon. Mrs.
Darner. It appears from the preface to the cata-
logue of 1789, and from other recorded state-
ments of Boydell, that he wished to do for Eng-
lish painting what he had done for English
engraving, to make it respected by foreigners,
and there is independent evidence of the
generous spirit in which he conducted the
enterprise. Northcote, in a letter addressed
to Mrs. Carey, 3 Oct. 1821, says : * My picture
of " The Death of Wat Tyler " was painted
in the year 1786 for my friend and patron
Alderman Boydell, who did more for the ad-
vancement of the arts in England than the
whole mass of nobility put together. He
paid me more nobly than any other person
has done ; and his memory I shall ever
hold in reverence.'
Boydell's l Shakespeare ' was published in
1802, but the French revolution had stopped
his foreign trade, and placed him in such
Boydell
106
Boydell
serious financial difficulties that in 1804 he
was obliged to apply to parliament for permis-
sion to dispose of his property by lottery. This
property was very considerable. In the pre-
vious year Messrs. Boydell had published a
catalogue of their stock in forty-eight volumes,
which comprised no less than 4,432 plates,
of which 2,293 were after English artists. In
a letter read to the House of Commons Boy-
dell wrote : 'I have laid out with my brethren,
in promoting the commerce of the fine arts in
this country, above 350,000/.' In his printed
lottery scheme it is stated that it had been
proved before both houses of parliament that
the plates from which the prize prints were
taken cost upwards of 300,000/., his pictures
and drawings 46,266/., and the Shakespeare
Gallery upwards of 30,000/. The lottery
consisted of 22,000 tickets, all of which were
sold. The sum received enabled Boydell to
pay his debts, but he died at his house in
Cheapside on 12 Dec. 1804, before the lottery
was drawn.
This was done on 28 Jan. 1805, when the
chief prize, which included the Shakespeare
Gallery, pictures and estate, fell to Mr. Tassie,
nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos
in glass, who sold the property by auction.
The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon.
Mrs. Darner realised 6,181 1. 18s. 6d. The
gallery was purchased by the British Insti-
tution, and Banks's 'Apotheosis of Shake-
speare ' was reserved for a monument over
the remains of Boydell. This piece of sculp-
ture, however, after remaining for many
years in its original position over the en-
trance to the gallery, has now been removed
to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Although Boydell appears to have been
responsible for an imposition on the public
in regard to Woollett's print of < The Death
of General Wolfe/ the entire property of
which fell into his hands after the engraver's
death — the plate was repaired and unlettered
proofs printed and sold — his career was one
of well-won honour and success, until the
French revolution marred his prosperity.
His influence in encouraging native art in
England was great, and salutary, assuming
proportions of national importance. It is
true that the Boydell ' Shakespeare,' taken as
a whole, seems now to shed little lustre on
the English school, but this was not Boy-
dell's fault ; he employed the best artists he
could get — Reynolds, Stothard, Smirke, Rom-
ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of
Derby, Angelica Kauffman, Westall, Hamil-
ton, and others. It must also be remembered
that this was the first great effort of the kind
ever made by English artists, and its influ-
ence cannot easily be overestimated. Boy-
dell deserves great credit for his patriotism,
generosity to artists, and public spirit. To
the corporation of London he presented the
frescoes by Rigaud on the cupola of the com-
mon-council chamber, and many other paint-
ings, including Reynolds's ' Lord Heathfield ;'
to the Stationers' Company, West's ' Alfred
the Great ' and Graham's ' Escape of Mary
Queen of Scots.' It was his intention, before
the reverse of his fortunes, to bequeath the
Shakespeare gallery of paintings to the na-
tion. In 1748 he married Elizabeth Lloyd,
second daughter of Edward Lloyd of the
Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire, by whom
he had no issue. He was buried at St. Olave's,
Coleman Street.
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Redgrave's Diet. o-.
Artists (1878) ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves, now in
course of publication) ; Annual Eeg. (1804) ;
Gent. Mag. (1804); Hayley's Life of Eomney;
Nollekens and his Times; Pye's Patronage of
British Art ; A Collection of Views in England
and Wales by J. B. (1790) ; Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Works revised by Steevens, with plates,
9 vols. (1802) ; A Description of several Pictures
presented to the Corporation of London by J. B.
(1794); Catalogues of Pictures in Shakespeare
Gallery (1789-1802); Hansard's Parliamentary
Debates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249.] C. M.
BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752-1817),
painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman
John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor
House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan.
1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art
and his capacity in design, he was sent to Lon-
don and placed under the care and patronage
of his uncle, whose partner and successor he
eventually became. He drew from the an-
tique, studied painting under Benjamin West,
and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving
from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boy-
dell undertook the publication of the series
of engravings from the famous Houghton
collection previous to its removal to thb
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his
nephew and Joseph Farington to make the
necessary drawings from the pictures for the
use of the engravers. Boydell painted seve-
ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal-
lery, and exhibited portraits and historical
subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772
and 1799. He resided for some time at
Hampstead, and during the French war as-
sisted in forming the corps known as the
Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he
was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of
the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his
uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but
ill-health compelled him to resign this latter
office within a few years. During the latter
part of his life he resided at Halliford, Middle-
Boyer
107
Boyer
sex, and lie died there on 27 March 1817. He
was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his
principal paintings may be mentioned : a por-
trait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited
at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by
Valentine Green : a portrait of his wife, when
Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhi-
bited in 1773 ; and * Coriolanus taking leave
of :his Family/ also exhibited in 1773. He
engraved some excellent plates in mezzo-
tinto : ' Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rem-
brandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo
Maratti ; ' The Virgin and Child,' after Par-
migiano ; ' Charles I,' after A. van Dyck.
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410 ; MS. notes
in the British Museum.] L. F.
BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), miscella-
neous writer, was born on 24 June 1667, at
Castres, in Upper Languedoc, where his father,
who suffered for his protestant zeal, was one of
the two consuls or chief magistrates. Boyer's
education at the academy of Puylaurens was
interrupted by the religious disturbances, and
leaving France with an uncle, a noted Hugue-
not preacher, he finished his studies at Frane-
ker in Friesland, after a brief episode, it is said,
of military service in Holland. Proceeding
to England in 1689 he fell into great poverty,
and is represented as transcribing and pre-
paring for the press Dr. Thomas Smith's
edition of Camden's Latin correspondence
(London, 1691). A good classical scholar,
Boyer became in"1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst,
afterwards first Earl Bathurst, whose father
Sir Benjamin was treasurer of the household
of the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. Pro-
bably through this connection he was ap-
pointed French teacher to her son William,
duke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared
and to whom he dedicated ' The Complete
French Master,' published in 1694. Disap-
pointed of advancement on account of his zeal
for whig principles, he abandoned tuition for
authorship. In December 1 699 he produced on
the London stage, with indifferent success, a
modified translation in blank verse of Racine's
' Iphigenie,' which was published in 1700 as
' Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a tragedy
written by Mr. Boyer.' A second edition of
it appeared in 1714 as ' The Victim, or Achilles
and Iphigenia in Aulis,' in an ' advertisement'
prefixed to which Boyer stated that in its first
form it had ' passed the correction and appro-
bation ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the
Hague the work which has made Boyer's a
familiar name, his ' Dictionnaire Royal Fran-
cais et Anglais, divisS en deux parties,' osten-
sibly composed for the use of the Duke of Glou-
cester, then dead. It was much superior to
every previous work of the kind, and has been
the basis of very many subsequent French-
English dictionaries ; the last English un-
abridged edition is that of 1816 ; the edition
published at Paris in 1860 is stated to be the
41st. For the English-French section Boyer
claimed the merit of containing a more com-
plete English dictionary than any previous
one, the English words and idioms in it being
defined and explained as well as accompanied
by their French equivalents. In the French
preface to the whole work Boyer said that
1,000 English words not in any other English
dictionary had been added to his by Richard
Savage, whom he spoke of as his friend, and
who assisted him in several of his French
manuals and miscellaneous compilations and
translations published subsequently. Among
the English versions of French works exe-
cuted in whole or in part by Boyer was a
popular translation of Fenelon's { Tel6maque,'
of which a twelfth edition appeared in 1728.
In 1702 Boyer published a ' History of
William III,' which included one of James II,
and in 1703 he began to issue t The History
of the Reign of Queen Anne digested into
annals,' a yearly register of political and mis-
cellaneous occurrences, containing several
plans and maps illustrating the military
operations of the war of the Spanish succes-
sion. Before the last volume, the eleventh,
of this work appeared in 1713, he had com-
menced the publication of a monthly periodi-
cal of the same kind, < The Political State of
Great Britain, being an impartial account of
the most material occurrences, ecclesiastical,
civil, and military, in a monthly letter to a
friend in Holland' (38 volumes, 1711-29). Its
contents, which were those of a monthly news-
paper, included abstracts of the chief political
pamphlets published on both sides, and, like
the ' Annals,' is, both from its form and mat-
ter, very useful for reference. ' The Political
State ' is, moreover, particularly noticeable as
being the first periodical, issued at brief in-
tervals, which contained a parliamentary chro-
nicle, and in which parliamentary debates were
reported with comparative regularity and with
some approximation to accuracy. In the case
of the House of Lords' reports various devices,
such as giving only the initials of the names
of the speakers, were resorted to in order to
escape punishment, but in the case of the
House of Commons the entire names were
frequently given. According to Boyer's own
account (preface to his folio History of Queen
Anne, and to vol. xxxvii. of the Political
State) he had been furnished by members of
both houses of parliament (among whom he
mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of
their speeches, and he had even succeeded in
becoming an occasional ' ear-witness ' of the
Boyer
108
Boyes
debates themselves. When he was threatened
at the beginning of 1729 with arrest by the
printers of the votes, whose monopoly they
accused him of infringing, he asserted that for
thirty years in his ' History of King William/
his ' Annals/ and in his ' Political State/ he
had given reports of parliamentary debates
without being molested. The threat induced
him to discontinue the publication of the de-
bates. He intended to resume the work, but
failed to carry out his intention (see Gent.
Mag. for November 1856, Autobiography of
Sylvanus Urban). He died on 16 Nov. 1729,
in a house which he had built for himself at
Chelsea.
Besides conducting the periodicals men-
tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Post-
boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-sheet.
His connection with it ended in August 1709,
through a quarrel with the proprietor, when
Boyer started on his own account a ' True Post-
boy/ which seems to have been short-lived.
A ' Case ' which he printed in vindication of
his right to use the name of ' Post-boy ' for
his new venture gives some curious particu-
lars of the way in which the news-sheets of
the time were manufactured. Boyer was
also the author of pamphlets, in one of which,
' An Account of the State and Progress of
the present Negotiations of Peace/ he attacked
Swift, who writes in the ' Journal to Stella '
(16 Oct. 1711), after dining with Boling-
broke : f One Boyer, a French dog, has
abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got
him up in a messenger's hands. The secre-
tary ' — St. John — ' promises me to swinge him.
... I must make that rogue an example for
warning to others.' Boyer was discharged
from custody through the intervention, he
says, of Harley, to whom he boasts of having
rendered services (Annals of Queen Anne, vol.
for 1711, pp. 264-5). Though he professed
a strict political impartiality in the conduct
of his principal periodicals, Boyer was a zea-
lous whig. For this reason doubtless Pope
gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad ' (book ii.
413), where, under the soporific influence of
Dulness, ' Boyer the state, and Law the stage
gave o'er ' — his crime, according to Pope's ex-
planatory note, being that he was ' a volu-
minous compiler of annals, political collec-
tions, &c.'
Of Boyer's other writings — the list of those
of them which are in the library of the British
Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of
print in its new catalogue — mention may be
made of his folio ' History of Queen Anne '
(1722, second edition 1735), with maps and
plans illustrating Marlborough's campaigns,
and ' a regular series of all the medals that
were struck to commemorate the great events
of this reign ; ' and the ' Memoirs of the Life
and Negotiations of Sir William Temple,
Bart., containing the most important occur-
rences and the most secret springs of affairs in
Christendom from the year 1655 to the year
1681 ; with an account of Sir W. Temple's
writings/ published anonymously in 1714,
second edition 1715. Boyer's latest produc-
tion— in composing which he seems to have
been assisted by a ' Mr. J. Innes ' — was ' Le
Grand Theatre de 1'Honneur/ French and
English, 1729, containing a dictionary of he-
raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry, with
engravings of the arms of the sovereign prin-
ces and states of Europe. It was published
by subscription and dedicated to Frederick,
prince of Wales.
[Boyer's "Works ; obituary notice in vol.
xxxviii. of Political State, of which the Memoir
in Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, is mainly
a reproduction ; Haag's La France Protestante,
2nd edition, 1881; Grenest's Account of the Eng-
lish Stage, ii. 166-9; Catalogue of the British
Museum Library.] F. E.
BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811-
1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811,
entered Merchant Taylors' School in the
month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin
Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident
in Charterhouse Square. After a very credit-
able school career extending over nearly ten
years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law
exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford,
having relinquished a scholarship which he had
gained in the previous year at Lincoln College.
He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second
class in classics, his papers on history and
poetry being of marked excellence. Soon
afterwards he was appointed second master
of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and
eventually succeeded to the head-mastership,
which he filled for many years. He proceeded
M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford
(whither he was summoned to act as ex-
aminer at responsions in 1842), and among
a large circle of discriminating friends, he
enjoyed a high reputation for culture and
scholarship. l There was not an English or
Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not
familiar, and from whom he could not make
the most apposite quotations. With th$ best
prose authors in our own and in French,
and indeed other continental literature, he
was thoroughly acquainted ' (AKCHDEACON
HESSE Y). The fruits of his extensive read-
ing and literary taste are to be seen in his
published works, which evince also consider-
able originality of thought, terseness of ex-
pression, and felicity of illustration. The
closing years of his life were largely devoted
Boyle
109
Boyle
to practical benevolence, in the exercise of
which he was as humble as he was liberal.
He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May
1879.
His writings comprise: 1. 'Illustrations
of the Tragedies of ^Eschylus and Sophocles,
from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,'
1844. 2. ' English Repetitions, in Prose and
Verse, with introductory remarks on the
cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849.
3. ' Life and Books, a Record of Thought
and Reading,' 1859. 4. ' Lacon in Council,'
1865. The two latter works remind one
very much in their style and texture of
1 Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare.
[Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors'
School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon
Hessey, Dr. Seth B. "Watson, and other personal
friends of Mr. Boyes ; Preface and Appendix to
Sermon by Rev. J. G-. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.]
C. J. R.
BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth EAKL OF OR-
RERY in Ireland, and first BARON MARSTON,
of Marston in Somersetshire (1676-1731),
grandson of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery
[q. v.], was born at Chelsea in 1676, and suc-
ceeded his brother as Earl of Orrery in 1703.
Educated at Christ Church, he joined the wits
engaged in a struggle with Bentley, who re-
presented the scholarship of the Cambridge
whigs. Sir W. Temple had made some rash
statements as to the antiquity of Phalaris in
a treatise on ancient and modern learning,
and this was the subject of attack by Wotton,
a protege" of Bentley's, in his ' Reflections on
Ancient and Modern Learning/ published in
1694. By way of covering Temple's defeat,
the Christ Church scholars determined to
publish a new edition of the epistles of Pha-
laris. This was entrusted to Boyle, who,
without asserting the epistles to be genuine,
as Temple had done, attacked Bentley for
his rudeness in having withdrawn too ab-
ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's
Library, which Boyle had borrowed. Bentley
now added to a new edition of Wotton's ' Re-
flections ' a ' Dissertation ' upon the epistles,
from his own pen [see BENTLEY, RICHARD,
1662-1742J. Boyle was aided by Atterbury
and Smalridge in preparing a defence, pub-
lished in 1698, entitled ' Dr. Bentley's Dis-
sertations .... examined.' Bentley returned
to the charge and overwhelmed his opponents
by the wealth of his scholarship. The dispute
led to Swift's ' Battle of the Books.' Before
succeeding to the peerage Boyle was elected
M.P. for Huntingdon, but his return was
disputed, and the violence of the discussion
which took place led to his being engaged in
a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley,
in which he was wounded. He subsequently
entered the army, and was present at the battle
of Malplaquet, and in 1709 became major-
general. In 1706 he had married Lady Eliza-
beth Cecil, daughter of the Earl of Exeter. We
find him afterwards in London, as the centre
of Christ Church men there, a strong adhe-
rent of the party of Harley, and a member
of ' the club ' established by Swift. As envoy
in Flanders he took part in the negotiations
that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and
was afterwards made a privy councillor and
created Baron Marston. He was made a
lord of the bedchamber on the accession of
George I, but resigned this post on being de-
prived of his military command in 1716. Swift,
in the ' Four Last Years of the Queen,' adduces
Orrery's support of the tory ministry as a proof
that no Jacobite designs were entertained by
them ; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery
was thrown into the Tower for six months
as being implicated in Layer's plot, and was
released on bail only in consequence of Dr.
Mead's certifying that continued imprison-
ment was dangerous to his life. He was
subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug.
1731. Besides the works above named, he
wrote a comedy called 'As you find it.' The
astronomical instrument, invented by Gra-
ham, received from his patronage of the in-
ventor the name of an ' Orrery.'
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles ; Bentley's
Dissertation ; Swift's Battle of the Books ; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, DAVID, LORD BOYLE (1772-
1853), president of the Scottish court of ses-
sion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle
of Shewalton, near Irvine, the third son of
John, second Earl of Glasgow, was born at
Irvine on 26 July. 1772 ; was called to the
Scottish bar on 14 Dec. 1793 ; was gazetted
(9 May 1807), under the Duke of Portland's
administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ;
and in the general election of the following
month was returned to the House of Commons
by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent
until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a
lord of session and of justiciary. He was ap-
pointed lord justice clerk on 15 Oct. 1811. He
was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the
privy council of George IV, at whose corona-
tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir
Walter Scott to have shown to great advan-
tage in his robes.
After acting as lord justice clerk for nearly
thirty years, Boyle was appointed lordjustice-
general and president of the court of session,
on the resignation of Charles Hope, lord Gran-
ton. Boyle resigned office in May 1852, de-
clining the baronetcy which was offered to
Boyle
no
Boyle
him, and retired to his estate at Shewalton,
to which he had succeeded on the death of a
brother in 1837. He died on 30 Jan. 1853.
Boyle was always distinguished for his
noble personal appearance. Sir J. W. Gordon
painted full-length portraits of him for the
Faculty of Advocates and for the Society of
Writers to the Signet. Mr. Patrick Park
also made a bust of him for the hall of the So-
ciety of Solicitors before the Supreme Courts
in Edinburgh.
Boyle was twice married : first, on 24 Dec.
1804, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alex-
ander Montgomerie of Annick, brother of
the twelfth Earl of Eglintoun, who died on
14 April 1822 ; he had nine children by her,
the eldest of whom, Patrick Boyle, succeeded
to his estates; and secondly, on 17 July 1827,
to Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of David
Smythe of Methven, lord Methven, a lord of
session and of justiciary, who died on 25 Dec.
1880, leaving four children.
[Wood's Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ;
Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent.
Mag., passim ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of
the College of Justice, 1813; Caledonian Mer-
cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Feb. 1853; Edin-
burgh Evening Courant and Ayr Observer,
8 Feb. 1853; Times, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated
London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1853.]
A. H. G.
BOYLE, HENRy, LORD CARLETON
(d. 1725), politician, was the third and
youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of
Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter
of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson
of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.]
He sat in parliament for Tamworth from
1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University-
after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton
supported his opponent — from 1692 to 1705,
and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710.
Although he was at the head of the poll at
Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try
his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he
was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter
year he became the chancellor of the ex-
chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord
treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was
made a principal secretary of state in the
room of Harley. Two years later he was
displaced for St. John, and the act formed
one of those bold steps on the part of the
tory ministry which ' almost shocked ' Swift.
Boyle is generally said to have been the
messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his
mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and
a definite promise of preferment and the pro-
spect of still greater advancement, secured
the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of
Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is'said,
for his good offices on this occasion, the third
volume of the ' Spectator ' was dedicated to
Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians
no one had ' made himself more friends and
fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist,
was another of the men of letters whom he
befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of
the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On
20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as
Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and
from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the
council in Walpole's administration. He
died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on
14 March 1725. He left this house, known
as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales,
and it was long notorious as the abode of
the prince regent : the name is still per-
petuated in Carlton House Terrace. The
winning manners and the tact of Lord Car-
leton have been highly praised. He was
never guilty, so it was said by his pane-
gyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any
acts to injure the success of the whig cause.
Swift, however, accuses him of avarice.
[Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's
Works ; Chalmers ; Cooper's Annals of Cam-
bridge, iv. 19, 40, 47 ; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.]
W. P. C.
BOYLE, HENRY, EARL OF SHANNON
(1682-1764), born at Castlemartyr, county
Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant-
colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger
Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry
Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien,
daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of
Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry
Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and
on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705,
Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the
family estates at Castlemartyr, which had
been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected
knight of the shire for Cork, and married
Catherine, daughter of-Chidley Coote. After
her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta
Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative,
Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That
nobleman entrusted the management of his
estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much
enhanced their value, and carried out and
promoted extensive improvements in his dis-
trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself
in parliament at Dublin in resisting success-
fully the attempt of the government to obtain
a vote for a continuation of supplies to the
crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Wai-
pole is stated to have entertained a high opi-
nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy
of Boyle, and to have styled him ' the King
of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was
Boyle i]
made a member of the privy council, chan-
cellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of
revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same
year elected speaker of the House of Commons
there. Through his connections, Boyle exer-
cised extensive political influence, and was
parliamentary leader of the whig party in
Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popu-
larity by opposing the government proposal
for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex-
chequer. In commemoration of the parlia-
mentary movements in this affair, medals
were struck containing portraits of Boyle
as speaker of the House of Commons. For
having opposed the government, Boyle and
some of his associates were dismissed from
offices which they held under the crown.
After negotiations with government, Boyle,
in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was
granted an annual pension of two thousand
pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of
Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of
Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for
many years in the House of Peers in Ireland,
and frequently acted as lord justice of that
kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in
his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year
of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were
engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks.
[Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland ;
Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of
Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS. ; Works
of Henry Grattan, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin,
1854-59.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, JOHN, fifth EARL OF CORK, fifth
EARL OF ORRERY, and second BARON MAR-
STOBT (1707r1762), was born on 2 Jan. 1707,
and was the only son of Charles Boyle, fourth
earl of Orrery [q. v.], whom he succeeded as
fifth earl in 1731. Like his father, he was
educated at Christ Church. He took some
part in parliamentary debates, chiefly in op-
position to Walpole. On the death, in 1753,
of his kinsman, Richard Boyle, the Earl of
Cork and Burlington [q. v.], he succeeded
him as fifth earl of Cork, thus uniting the
Orrery peerage to the older Cork peerage.
His father, from some grudge, left his library
to Christ Church, specially assigning as his
reason his son's want of taste for literature.
According to Johnson, the real reason was
that the son would not allow his wife to as-
sociate with the father's mistress. The pas-
sage in the will seems to have stimulated
the son to endeavour to disprove the charge,
and he has succeeded in making his name re-
membered as the friend first of Swift and
Pope, and afterwards of Johnson. His ' Re-
marks on Swift,' published in November
t Boyle
1751, attracted much attention as the first
attempt at an account of Swift, and 7,500
copies appear to have been sold within a
month. But neither Lord Orrery's ability,
nor his acquaintance with Swift, was such as
to give much value to his l Remarks.' The
acquaintance had begun about 1731 (appa-
rently from an application by Swift on behalf
of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her
poems to Orrery, although Swift had pre-
viously seen a good deal of his father), when
Swift was already sixty-four years old, and
their meetings, during the few succeeding
years before Swift became decrepit, were not
very frequent. If we are to judge, however,
from the expressions used by Swift, both in
his letters to Orrery and in correspondence
with others, the friendship seems to have
been cordial so far as it went. In one of the
earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be ' a
great example, restorer, and patron of virtue,
learning, and wit ; ' and he writes to Pope
that, next to Pope himself, he loves l no man
so well.' Pope, too, writes of Orrery to
Swift as one ' whose praises are that precious
ointment Solomon speaks of.' A bond of
sympathy existed between Swift and Orrery
in a common hatred of Walpole's govern-
ment. It was to Orrery's hand that Swift
entrusted the manuscript of his l Four Last
Years of the Queen ' for delivery to Dr. King
of Oxford ; and Orrery was the go-between
employed by Pope to get his letters from
Swift. In his will Swift leaves to Orrery a
portrait and some silver plate. On the other
hand, there are traditional stories of con-
temptuous expressions used by Swift of
Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may
have inspired in Orrery that dislike which
made his ' Remarks ' so full of rancour and
grudging criticism. The ' Remarks on the
Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift,' pub-
lished in 1751, are given in a series of
letters to his son and successor, Hamilton
Boyle (1730-1764), then an undergraduate
at Christ Church, and are written in a stilted
and affected style. The malice which he
showed made the book the subject of a bitter
attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v.],
who did something to clear Swift from the
aspersions ca'st on him by Orrery. But the
grudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift's
genius shown in the ' Remarks ' are mainly due
to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was
filled with literary aspirations, and, as Ber-
keley said of him, ' would have been a man
of genius had he known how to set about it.'
But he had no real capacity for apprehending
either the range of Swift's intellect or the
meaning of his humour. Orrery was after-
wards one of those who attempted to patronise
Boyle
112
Boyle
Johnson, by whom he was regarded kindly
and spoken of as one ( who would have been
a liberal patron if he had been rich.'
Orrery married in 1728 Lady Harriet
Hamilton, third daughter of the Earl of
Orkney, and after her death he married, in
1738, Miss Hamilton, of Caledon, in Tyrone.
He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743,
114-b and F.R.S. in 1«&. He died on 16 Nov.
1762. He wrote some papers in the 'World'
and the l Connoisseur,' and various prologues
and fugitive verses. His other works are :
1. 'A Translation of the Letters of Pliny the
Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751). 2. ' An Essay
on the Life of Pliny.' 3. ' Memoirs of Robert
Carey, Earl of Monmouth,' published from the
original manuscript, with preface and notes.
4. ' Letters from Italy in 1754 and 1755,'
published after his death (with a life) by the
Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774.
[Buncombe's Life, as above ; Swift's and Pope's
Letters; Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 153, 232; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, JOHN (1563 ?-l 620), bishop of
Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of
Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl
of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563.^Kjohn
Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford,
and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield
in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary
assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork,
and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed
to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and
Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618.
He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was
buried at Youghal.
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ec-
clesise Hibernicae, 1 851 ; Brady's Records of Cork,
Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580 ?-
1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore,
born in London about 1580, was son of Mi-
chael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle,
archbishop of Tuam [q. v.l Michael Boyle
entered Merchant Taylors School, London,
in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College,
Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A.
5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D.
9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He be-
came a fellow of his college,and no high opinion
was entertained there of his probity in matters
affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap-
pointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire.
Through the influence of his relative, the Earl
of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore
in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford
and Lismore in 1619. He held several
other appointments in the protestant church,
and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was
>, buried in the cathedral there.
After ' 1563.' insert * He was admitted to
Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1583, and
proceeded B.A. in 1586, M.A. in 1590,
B.D. in 1598, and D.D. in 1614 (Venn,
Alumni Cantab.^ pt. i, i. 196).'
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739 ; Robinson's
Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30 ;
Wood's Athense Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88 ; Wood's
Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elrington's
Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise
Hibernicae, 1851 ; Brady's Kecords of Cork,
Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the younger (1609?-
1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of
Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q.v.], and
nephew of the elder Michael [q. v.], was born
about 1609. He was apparently educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded
M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated
M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory
in the diocese of Cloyne, received the degree of
D.D., was made dean of Cloyne, and during the
war in Ireland acted as chaplain-general to
the English army in Munster. In 1650 the pro-
testant royalists in Ireland employed Boyle,
in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and
Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be-
half with Oliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented
the conduct of Boyle in conveying Cromwell's
passport to him, which he rejected. Letters
of Boyle on these matters have been recently
printed in the second volume of the ' Con-
temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641-
1652.' At the Restoration, Boyle became privy
councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi-
shop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. In addition
to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re-
ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in
his diocese, on the ground of being unable to
find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser-
vices in England in connection with the Act
for the Settlement of Ireland, the House of
Lords at Dublin ordered a special memorial
of thanks to be entered in their journals in
1662. Boyle was translated to the see of
Dublin in 1663, and appointed chancellor of
Ireland in 1665. In the county of Wicklow
he established a town, to which he gave
the name of Blessington, and at his own
expense erected there a church, which he sup-
plied with plate and bells. In connection
with this town he in 1673 obtained the title
of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son,
Murragh. In 1675 Boyle was promoted from
the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An
autograph of Boyle at that time has been
reproduced on plate Ixxix of 'Facsimiles
of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2.
On the accession of James II, he was con-
tinued in office as lord chancellor, and ap-
pointed for the third time as lord justice
in Ireland, in conjunction with the Earl of
Granard, and held that post until Henry,
earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant
in December 1685. In Boyle's latter years
his faculties are stated to have been much
Boyle i
impaired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702,
in his ninety-third year, and was interred in
St. Patrick's Cathedral there. Little of the
wealth accumulated by Boyle was devoted
to religious or charitable uses. Letters and
papers of Boyle are extant in the Ormonde
archives at Kilkenny Castle and in the
Bodleian Library. Portraits of Archbishop
Boyle were engraved by Loggan and others.
Boyle's son, Murragh, viscount Blessington,
was author of a tragedy, entitled ' The Lost
Princess.' Baker, the dramatic critic, cha-
racterised this production as 'truly con-
temptible,' and added that the ' genius and
abilities of the writer did no credit to the
name of Boyle/ Viscount Blessington died
25 Dec. 1712, and was succeeded by his son
Charles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one time go-
vernor of Limerick, and lord j ustice of Ireland
in 1696. The title became extinct on the
death of the next heir in 1732.
[Carte's Life of Ormonde, 1736 ; Wood's Fasti
(Bliss), i. 498; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 130;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland;
Peerage of Ireland; BiographiaDramatica, 1812;
Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; G-ranard
Archives, Castle Forbes; Elrington's Life of
Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse,
1851; Reports of Royal Commission on Hist.
MSS.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MURRAGH, VISCOUNT BLES-
SINGTON. [See under BOYLE, MICHAEL,
1609 P-1702.]
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF CORK
(1566-1643), an Irish statesman frequently
referred to as the ' great earl,' was descended
from an old Hereford family, the earliest of
which there is mention being Humphry de
Binvile, lord of the manor of Pixeley Court,
r Ledbury, about the time of Edward
Confessor. He was the great-grandson
1 Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire,
a younger branch of the family, and the
jond son of Roger Boyle, who had removed
Faversham, Kent, and had married there
>an, daughter of Robert Naylor of Canter-
iry (pedigree in ROBINSON'S Mansions of
Herefordshire, pp. 94-5). In his ' True Re-
lembrances ' he says : 'I was born in the city
'" Canterbury, as I find it written by my
TI father's hand, the 13th Oct. 1566.' After
fivate instruction in ' grammar learning'
>m a clergyman in Kent, he became 'a
lolar in Bennet's (Corpus Christi) College,
mbridge,' into which he was admitted in
L583 (MASTERS, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll.,
1831, p. 459). On leaving the university
entered the Middle Temple, but, finding
dmself without means to prosecute his
( studies, he became clerk to Sir Richard Man-
VOL. VI.
3 Boyle
wood, chief baron of the exchequer. In this
employment he discovered no prospect ade-
quate to his ambition, and therefore resolved
to try his fortunes in Ireland. Accordingly,
on Midsummer's eve, 23 June 1588, he landed
in Dublin, his whole property, as he tells us,
amounting only to 277. 3*. in money, a dia-
mond ring and a bracelet, and his wearing
apparel. With characteristic astuteness he
secured introductions to persons of high influ-
ence, and he was even affirmed to have done so
by means of counterfeited letters. At any rate,
as early as 1590 his name appears as escheator
to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa-
tion which he doubtless knew how to utilise
to his special personal advantage. In 1595
he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter
and coheiress of William Ansley, who died
in 1599 in childbed, leaving him an estate of
500/. a year in lands, ' which,' he says, ' was
the beginning of my fortune.' The last state-
ment must, however, be compared with the
fact that some time before this he had been
the victim of prosecutions, instigated, accord-
ing to his own account, by envy at his pro-
sperity. About 1592 he was imprisoned by
Sir William Fitzwilliam on the charge of
having embezzled records, and subsequently
he was several times apprehended at the in-
stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of
charges, one of them being that of stealing a
horse and jewel nine years before, of which
he was acquitted by pardon (Answers of Sir
Richard Boyle to the Accusations against him,
17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 12). Find-
ing these prosecutions unsuccessful, Sir Henry
Wallop and others, according to Boyle, ' all
joined together by their lies complaining
against me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing
that I came over without any estate, and
that I made so many purchases as it was not
possible to do without some foreign prince's
purse to supply me with money ' ( True Re-
membrances}. To defeat these machinations
Boyle resolved on the bold course of pro-
ceeding to England to justify himself to the
queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose
was frustrated by the outbreak of the re-
bellion in Munster. As the result of the
rebellion was to leave him without ' a penny
of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time
to be in danger from the accusations of his
enemies. Indeed, his fortunes in Ireland
were now so desperate that he was compelled
to leave the country and resume his legal
studies in his old chambers in the Temple.
Scarcely, however, had he entered upon them
when the Earl of Essex offered him employ-
ment in connection with ' issuing out his
patents and commissions for the government
of Ireland.' This at once caused him again
I
Boyle
114
Boyle
to experience the attentions of Sir Henry
Wallop, ' who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious
in his own heart that I had sundry papers
and collections of Michael Kittlewell, his late
treasurer, which might discover a great deal of
wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late
accounts ... he renewed his former com-
plaints against me to the queen's majesty.' In
consequence of this Boyle was conveyed a close
prisoner to the Gatehouse, and at the end of
two months underwent examination before
the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that
the complaints were in any way modified or
altered, but if they were not his account of
them in his ' True Remembrances ' is not only
inadequate but misleading. His examination
before the Star-chamber had no reference
whatever to his being in the pay of the king
of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism — the ac-
cusations he specially instances as ' formerly '
made against him by Sir Henry Wallop —
but bore chiefly on the causes of his previous
imprisonments, and on several asserted in-
stances of trafficking in forfeited estates (see
Articles wherein Richard Boyle, prisoner, is
to be examined, Add. MS. 19832, f. 8, and
Articles to be proved against Richard Boyle,
Add. MS. 19832, f. 9). It can scarcely be
affirmed that he came out of the ordeal of
examination with a reputation utterly un-
sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of
his explanations was condoned by the reve-
lations he made regarding the malversations
of his accuser as treasurer of Ireland, and
according to his own account he had no
sooner done speaking than the queen broke
out ' By G — 's death, these are but inventions
against the young man, and all his sufferings
are but for being able to do us service.' Sir
Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the
treasurership by Sir George Carew [q. v.],and
a few days afterwards Boyle received the
office of clerk of the council of Munster. He
was chosen by Sir George Carew, who was
also lord president of Munster, to convey to
Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinsale
in December 1601, and after the final reduc-
tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. 1602,
sent over to England to give information in
reference to the condition of the country.
On the latter occasion he came provided by
Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc-
tion to Sir Walter Raleigh, recommending
him as a proper purchaser for all his lands in
Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.'
Through the mediation of Cecil, terms were
speedily adjusted, and for the paltry sum of
1,000/. Boyle saw himself the possessor of
12,000 acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip-
perary, exceptionally fertile, and present-
ing unusual natural advantages for the de-
velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended
on his own energy and skill in making proper
use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it
such a bad bargain that he was glad to be
rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the
country it was even possible that no amount
of enterprise and skill might be rewarded
with immediate success. Boyle, however,
possessed the advantage of being always on
the spot, and of dogged perseverance in the
one aim of acquiring wealth and power.
Before the purchase could be completed Ra-
leigh was attainted of high treason, but in
1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro-
perty from the crown, and paid the purchase-
money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no
doubt whatever as to the honourable cha-
racter of his dealings with Raleigh, who
throughout life remained on friendly terms
with him. The attempt of Raleigh's widow
and son to obtain possession of the property
was even morally without justification. It
had become to its possessor a source of im-
mense wealth, but the change was the result
solely of his marvellous energy and enter-
prise. Cromwell, when he afterwards be-
held the prodigious improvements Boyle had
effected, is said to have affirmed that, if there
had been one like him in every province, it
would have been impossible for the Irish
to raise a rebellion (Cox, Hist. Ireland,
vol. ii.) One of the chief causes of his suc-
cess was the introduction of manufactures
and mechanical arts by settlers from Eng-
land. From his ironworks alone, according
to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/.
(Ireland's Nat. Hist. (1652), p. 112). At
enormous expense he built bridges, con-
structed harbours, and founded towns, pro-
sperity springing up at his behest as if by a
magician's wand. All mutinous manifesta-
tions among the native population were kept
in check by the thirteen strong castles erected
in different districts, and defended by well-
armed bands of retaineis. At the same time,
for all willing to work, immunity from the
worst evils of poverty was guaranteed. C n
his vast plantations he kept no fewer thain
4,000 labourers maintained by his moneT-
His administration was despotic, but eji-
lightened and beneficent except as regarded
the papists. For his zeal in putting into
execution the laws against the papists IJie
received from the government special co^-
mendation — a zeal which, if it arose from \ a
mistaken sense of duty, would deserve at leaa t
no special blame ; but probably self-interesp
rather than duty was what chiefly inspirecjl
it, for by the possession of popish houses h(P
obtained a considerable addition to his wealth!
The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng-
Boyle i
lish rule in the south of Ireland and his
paramount influence in Munster marked him
out for promotion to various high dignities.
On the occasion of his second marriage on
25 July 1603 to Catherine Fenton, daughter
of Sir George Fenton, principal secretary of
state, he received the honour of knighthood.
On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy
councillor for the province of Munster, and
12 Feb. 1612 a privy councillor of state for
the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616
he was created Lord Boyle, baron of Youghal,
and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dungarvan
and Earl of Cork. On 26 Oct. 1629 he was
appointed one of the lords justices of Ireland,
and on 9 Nov. 1631 he was constituted lord
high treasurer. So greatly was he esteemed
for his abilities and his knowledge of affairs
that, ' though he was no peer of England, yet
he was admitted to sit in the Lords House
upon the woolsack ut consularius ' (BORLASE, |
Reduction of Ireland, 219). For his pro- ;
motion and honours he was in a great |
degree indebted first to Sir George Carew,
and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland.
On the appointment of Wentworth, after- j
wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in |
1633, he, however, discovered not only that
the fountain of royal favour was, so far as 1
he was concerned, completely intercepted, |
but that all his astuteness would be required j
to enable him to hold his own against the
overmastering will of Strafford. The action
of Strafford in regard to the immense tomb
of black marble which the earl had erected
for his wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca-
thedral, Dublin, was, though not unjustifi-
able, sufficiently indicative of the general
character of his sentiments towards him. It
was utterly impossible, indeed, that there
could be harmonious action between men of
such consuming ambition placed in circum-
stances where their vital interests so conflicted.
At first Strafford had the advantage, but the
Earl of Cork's patience and self-control, dis-
ciplined by a long course of trials and hard-
ships, never for a moment failed him. In
e management of intrigue he was much
re than a match for Strafford, who found
purposes thwarted by causes in a great
ee beyond his ken, and ultimately fell
ictim to the hostility provoked by his
e of ' thorough.' One of the first intima-
.ons made to the council after Wentworth's
irrival was the intention of the king to issue
t commission for the remedying of defec-
ive titles to estates. The real design of the
;ommission was to enable the king to obtain
noney by confiscating estates to which the
title was doubtful. It was too probable that
the Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind
Boyle
were set on foot, would not escape scatheless.
A charge was preferred against him in regard
to his possession of the college and revenues
of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the
defence, adjourned the court, and sent word
to the Earl of Cork that, if he consented to
abide by his award, he would prove the best
friend he ever had. The earl at once agreed,
whereupon he intimated the decision ' that
he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds
for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col-
lege property, and surrender all the advow-
sons and patronage — everything except the
college house and a few fields near the town.'
On learning the sentence Laud wrote to
Wentworth in high glee : ' No physic is better
than a vomit if it be given in time, and there-
fore you have taken a very judicious course to
administer one so early to my lord of Cork '
(Laud to Wentworth, 15 Nov. 1633, Letters
and Despatches of Thomas, Earl of Strafford,
i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of
Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he
never permitted himself to indulge in ex-
pressions of anger or to show any direct
hostility to Strafford. While undoubtedly
working to undermine his authority, he even
took pains to let it be known indirectly to
Strafford how thoroughly he admired his rule.
Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov. 1638,
mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to
him in high terms of his ' prudence, inde-
fatigable industry, and most impartial justice '
(Letters of Strafford, ii. 245), to which the un-
suspecting Strafford replies : ' It must be con-
fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had
more taken from him than any one, nay than
any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro-
ceeding with me I do acknowledge his in-
genuity as well as his justice' (Letters, ii, 271).
Possibly the Earl of" Cork deemed it best, in
the uncertain condition of the struggle at
this time, to be secure against any result ; but
even to the last, when the fall of Strafford
seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro-
minent part against him. At the trial he bore
witness with seeming reluctance. ' Though
I was prejudiced,' he says, l in no less than
40,000/. and 200 merks a year, I put off my
examination for six weeks.' He also states
that he was ' so reserved in his answers, that
no matter of treason could by them be fixed
upon the Earl of Strafford.' All the same,
but for the Earl of Cork, Stratford's Irish
policy would very likely not have been met
with the skilful and persistent opposition
which led to his impeachment ; and in any
case that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear
witness against him was not inspired by affec-
tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an
entry in his diary on the day of Strafford's
12
Boyle
116
Boyle
execution : < This day the Earl of Stratford Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford,
was beheaded. No man died more universally and the second son of Michael Boyle, mer-
hated, or less lamented by the people.' , chant, of London, and Jane, daughter and co-
Short ly after his return from England — heir to William Peacock. He became warden
whither he had gone as a witness at Strafford's of Youghal on 24 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water-
trial — the rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- ford on 10 May 1603, archdeacon of Limerick
land. Sudden as was the outbreak, the earl on 8 May 1605, and bishop of Cork, Cloyne,
was not taken by surprise, for from the be- and Koss on 22 Aug. 1620, these three prefer-
ginning he had carefully prepared against ! ments being obtained through the interest of
such a contingency. In Munster, therefore, ( his cousin, the first Earl of Cork. He was
the rebels, owing to the stand made by the j advanced to the see of Tuam on 30 May 1638.
Earl of Cork, found themselves completely I On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he
checkmated. Repairing to Youghal he sum- retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of
moned all his tenants to take up arms, and Killala, and others, to Galway for protection,
placed his sons at their head without delay, j where, when the town rose in arms against
In a letter to Speaker Lenthall, giving an the garrison, his life was preserved through
account of his successes, he states that, his ! the influence of the Earl of Clanricarde.
ready money being all spent in the payment ! He died at Cork on 19 March 1644, and was
of his troops, he had converted his plate into buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. . He is
coin {State Papers of the Earl of Orrery, p. 7). said to have repaired more churches and con-
At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642, his i secrated more new ones than any other bishop
four sons held prominent commands, and his
eldest son was slain on the field. The Earl
of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1643, and was
buried at Youghal. He left a large family,
many of whom were gifted with exceptional
talents, and either by their achievements or in-
fluential alliances conferred additional lustre
on his name. Of his seven sons, four were
ennobled in their father's lifetime. Eichard
[q. v.l was first earl of Burlington ; Roger
[q. v.J was first earl of Orrery ; Robert [q. v.],
the youngest, by his scientific achievements,
became the most illustrious of the Boyles ;
and of the eight daughters, seven were mar-
ried to noblemen.
[Earl of Cork's True Remembrances, printed
in Birch's edition of Robert Boyle's works ; Bud-
gell's Memoirs of the Boyles (1737), pp. 2-32;
A Collection of Letters chiefly written by Richard
Boyle, Earl of Corke, and several members of his
family in the seventeenth century, the originals
of which are in the library of the Royal Irish
Academy, and a copy in the British Museum
Harleian MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his
of his time. By his marriage to Martha,
daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of
Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and
nine daughters.
[Ware's Works (ed. Harris), i. 566, 616-7 ;
Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), i. 145.]
T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF BTTR-
LINGTON and second EARL OF CORK (1612-
1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle
[q. v.], first earl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh-
ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and was born at the
college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1612 (EARL OF
CORK, True Remembrances). On 13 Aug. 1624
he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord
deputy of Ireland. In his twentieth year he
was sent under a tutor to ' begin his travels
into foreign kingdoms,' his father allowing
him a grant of a thousand pounds a year
($.) On the continent he spent over two
years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy.
Shortly after his return he made the ac-
examination before the Privy Council in 1598 Mary, he accepted no office under the new
I regime. It was the Earl of Burlington who
was the first occupant of Burlington House,
/ Piccadilly. He died 15 Jan. 1697-8. His son
t Charles, lord Clifford, was father of Charles,
third earl of Cork, and of Henry, lord Car- |
leton [q. v.]
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Family of the
Boyles, pp. 32-3 ; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed.
1789, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii.
471-4.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, third EARL OF BUR- '
LINGTON and fourth EARL OF CORK (1695-
1753), celebrated for his architectural tastes
and his friendship with artists and men of let-
ters, was the only son of Charles, third earlof j
Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry i
Noel, Luffenham, Rutlandshire. He was born I
25, April 1695, and succeeded to the title and |
estates of his father in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714
he was sworn a member of the privy council.
In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute-
nant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in
June following custos rotulorum of the North
and West Ridings. In August of the same
year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire-
land. In June 1730 he was installed one of
the knights companions of the Garter, and in
June of the folio wing year constituted captain
of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Having
before he attained his majority spent several
years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an
enthusiastic admirer of the architectural
genius of Palladio, and on his return to Eng-
land not only continued his architectural
studies, but spent large sums of money to
gratify his tastes in this branch of art. His
earliest project was about 1716, to alter and
partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic-
cadilly, which had been built by his great
grandfather, the first earl of Burlington.
The professional artist engaged was Campbell,
who in f Vitruvius Britannicus,' published
in 1725, during the earl's lifetime, takes
credit for the whole design. Notwithstand-
ing this, Walpole asserts that the famous
colonnade within the court was the work of
Burlington ; and in any case it D ay be as-
sumed that Campbell was in a g: jat degree
guided in his plans by his patron's sugges-
tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon-
sible for the character of the building is
further supported by the fact that it formed a
striking and solitary exception to the bastard
and commonplace architecture of the period.
It undoubtedly justified the eulogy of Gay :
Beauty within ; without, proportion reigns.
(Trivia, book ii. line 494.)
But, as was the case in most of the designs
of Burlington, the useful was sacrificed to
the ornamental. The epigram regarding the
building attributed to Lord Hervey — who,
if he did make use of it, must have trans-
lated it from Martial, xii. 50 — contained a
spice of truth as well as malice. He says
that it was
Possessed of one great hall of state,
Without a room to sleep or eat.
The building figures in a print of Hogarth's
intended to satirise the earl and his friends,
entitled ' Taste of the Town,' afterwards
changed to ' Masquerades and Operas, Bur-
lington Gate.' Hogarth also published
another similar print entitled ' The Man of
Taste,' in which Pope is represented as white-
washing Burlington House and bespattering
the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Burlington
appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bur-
lington House was taken down to make way
for the new buildings devoted to science and
art. In addition to his town house Bur-
lington had a suburban residence at Chis-
wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House
Boyle
118
Boyle
and erected near it, in 1730-6, a villa built
after the model of the celebrated villa of Pal-
ladio. This building also provoked the satire
of Lord Hervey, who said of it that ' it was
too small to live in and too large to hang to
a watch.' The grounds were laid out in the
Italian style, adorned with temples, obelisks,
and statues, and in these ' sylvan scenes ' it
was the special delight of Burlington to en-
tertain the literary and artistic celebrities
whom he numbered among his friends. Here,
relates Gay,
Pope unloads the boughs within his reach,
The purple vine, blue plum, and blushing peach.
(Epistle on a Journey to Exeter.)
Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth
epistle of his Moral Essays, ' Of the Use of
Riches,' afterwards changed to ' On False
Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon-
shire to regain his health, addressed to him
his ' Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716.
Both poets frequently refer in terms of warm
eulogy to his disinterested devotion to lite-
rature ai d art ; but Gay, though he was en-
tertained by him for months, when he lost
in the South Sea scheme the money obtained
from the publication of his poems, expressed
his disappointment that he had received from
him so 'few real benefits' (CoxE, Life of
Gay, 24). This, however, was mere unrea-
sonable peevishness, for undoubtedly Bur-
lington erred rather on the side of generosity
than otherwise. Walpole says of him ' he
possessed every quality of a genius and artist
except envy.' He was a director of the
Royal Academy of Music for the performance
of Handel's works, and about 1716 received
Handel into his house (SCHOELCHEE, Life of
Handel, p. 44). At an early period he was a
patron of Bishop Berkeley. The architect
Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy,
resided in his house till his death in 1748,
and Burlington used every effort to secure
him commissions and extend his fame. His
enthusiastic admiration of Inigo Jones in-
duced him to repair the church at Covent
Garden. It was at his instance and by his help
that Kent published the designs of Inigo
Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful
edition of Palladio's ' Fabbriche Antiche,'
1730.
Burlington supplied designs for various
buildings, including the assembly rooms at
York built at his own expense, Lord Harring-
ton's house at Petersham, the dormitory at
"Westminster School, the Duke of Richmond's
house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in
Cork Street. The last two were pulled down
many years ago. Of General Wade's house
Walpole wrote, l It is worse contrived in the
inside than is conceivable, all to humour the
beauty of front,' and Lord Chesterfield sug-
gested that, ' as the general could not live in
it to his ease, he had better take a house over
against it and look at it.' Burlington ' spent,'
says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to
public works, and was known to choose that
the expense should fall on himself rather
than that his country should be deprived
of some beautiful edifices.' On this account
he became so seriously involved in money
difficulties that he was compelled to part
with a portion of his Irish estates, as we
learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is
now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in
Ireland for 200,000/., which won't pay his
debts ' (Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xix. 129).
He died in December 1753. By his wife,
Lady Dorothy Savile, daughter and coheiress
of William, marquis of Halifax, he left three
daughters, but no male heir. His wife was
a great patroness of music. She also drew
in crayons, and is said to have possessed a
genius for caricature.
[Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; Walpole's
Anecdotes of Painting;. Works of Pope, Gay,'
and Swift ; Wheatley's Bound about Piccadilly,
46-59.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, HON. ROBERT (1627-1691),
natural philosopher and chemist, was the \
seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard I
Boyle, the 4 great ' Earl of Cork, by his second 1
wife Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey
Fenton, principal secretary of state for Ire-
land, and was born at Lismore Castle, in the
province of Munster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627.
He learned early to speak Latin and French,
and won paternal predilection by his aptitude !
for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of ,
mind. His mother died when he was three \
years old, and at the age of eight he was sent \
to Eton, the provost then being his father's
friend, Sir Henry Wotton, described by
Boyle as ' not only a fine gentleman himself,
but very well skilled in the art of making
others so.' Here an accidental perusal of
Quintus Curtius 'conjured up in him' (he
narrates in an autobiographical fragment)
' that unsatisfied appetite for knowledge that
is yet as greedy as when it first was raised ; '
while ' Amadis de Gaule,' which fell into his
hands during his recovery from a fit of tertian
ague, produced an unsettling effect, counter- j
acted by a severe discipline — self-imposed )
by a boy under ten — of mental arithmetic
and algebra.
From Eton, after nearly four years, he was
transferred to his father's recently purchased !
estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his
education continued by the Rev. Mr. Douch,
Boyle
119
Boyle
and later by a French tutor named Mar-
combes. With him and his elder brother
Francis he left England in October 1638,
and, passing through Paris and Lyons, settled
during twenty-one months at Geneva, where
he acquired the gentlemanly accomplish-
ments of fluent French, dancing, fencing,
and tennis-playing. From this time, when
he was about fourteen, he dated his ' con-
version,' or that express dedication to religion
from which he never afterwards varied. The
immediate occasion of this momentous resolve
was the awe inspired by a thunderstorm.
At Florence during the winter of 1641-2
he mastered Italian, and studied 'the new
paradoxes of the great star-gazer Galileo/
whose death occurred during his stay (8 Jan.
1642). He chose in Rome to pass for a
Frenchman, and with the arrival of the party
at Marseilles, about May 1642, Boyle's record
of his early years abruptly closes. A serious
embarrassment here awaited them. A sum
of 250/., with difficulty raised by Lord Cork
during the calamities of the Irish rebellion,
was embezzled in course of transmission to
his sons. Almost penniless, they made their
way to Geneva, M. Marcombes' native place,
and there lived on credit for two years. At
length, by the sale of some jewels, they
raised money to defray their expenses home-
wards, and reached England in the summer
of 1644. They found their father dead, and
the country in such confusion that it was
nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who
had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could
make his way thither.
But civil distractions were powerless to
extinguish scientific zeal. From the meet-
ings in London in 1645 of the ' Philosophi-
cal,' or (as he preferred to call it) the ' In-
visible College,' incorporated, after the Re-
storation, as the Royal Society, Boyle de-
rived a definitive impulse towards experi-
mental inquiries. He was then a lad of
eighteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow-
ledged leader of the movement thus origi-
nated. Chemistry was from the first his
favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported
and bewitched me,' he wrote from Stalbridge
to his sister, Lady Ranelagh, 31 Aug. 1649,
as to ' make me fancy my laboratory a kind
of Elysium.' Compelled to visit his disor-
dered Irish estates in 1652 and 1653, he de-
scribed his native land as 'a barbarous country,
where chemical spirits were so misunder-
stood, and chemical instruments so unpro-
curable, that it was hard to have any Her-
metic thoughts in it.' Aided by Sir William
Petty, he accordingly practised instead ana-
tomical dissection, and satisfied himself ex-
perimentally as to the circulation of the
blood. On his return to England in June
1654 he settled at Oxford in the society of
some of his earlier philosophical associates,
and others of the same stamp, including
Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkins, and
Seth Ward. Meetings were alternately held
in the rooms of the warden of Wadham
(Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining
University College, and experiments were
zealously made and freely communicated.
Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number
of operators at work, and engaged Robert
Hooke as his chemical assistant. Reading
in 1657, in Schott's ' Mechanica hydraulico-
Eneumatica,' of Guericke's invention for ex-
austing the air in a closed vessel, he set
Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and
the result was the so-called l machina Boyle-
ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting
all the essential qualities of the modern air-
pump. By a multitude of experiments per-
formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the
effects (at that time very imperfectly recog-
nised) of the elasticity, compressibility, and
weight of the air ; investigated its function
in respiration, combustion, and the convey-
ance of sound, and exploded the obscure notion
of &fuga vacui. /A. first instalment of results
was published at Oxford in 1660, with the
title, l New Experiments Physico-Mechanical
touching the Spring of the Air and its Effects,
made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical
Engine.' His 'Defence against Linus,' ap-
pended, with his answer to the objections of
Hobbes, to the second edition (1662), con-
tained experimental proof of the proportional
relation between elasticity and pressure, still
known as ' Boyle's Law ' ( Works, folio ed.
1744, i. 100). This approximately true prin-
ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was
at once generalised and accepted, and was
confirmed by Mariotte in 1676. j
Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo-
gical subjects attention as earnest as if it
had been undivided. At the age of twenty-
one he had already written, besides a treatise
on ethics, several moral and religious essays,
afterwards published. His veneration for
the Scriptures induced him, although by
nature averse to linguistic studies, to learn
Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac
enough to read them in the originals. At
Oxford he made some further progress in this
direction,with assistance from Hyde, Pococke,
and Clarke ; applied himself to divinity under
Barlow (afterwards bishop of Lincoln) ; and
encouraged the writings on casuistry of Dr.
Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/. a
year. Throughout his life he was a munifi-
cent supporter of projects for the diffusion
of the Scriptures. He bore wholly, or in
Boyle
I2O
Boyle
part, the expense of printing the Indian, Irish,
and Welsh Bibles (1685-86) ; of the Turkish
New Testament, and of the Malayan version
of the Gospels and Acts (Oxford, 1677). As
governor of the Corporation for the Spread
of the Gospel in New England, and as direc-
tor of the East India Company (the charter
of which he was instrumental in procuring),
he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal
pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris-
tianity in those regions. He contributed,
moreover, largely to the publication of Bur-
net's l History of the Reformation,' bestowed
a splendid reward upon Pococke for his trans-
lation into Arabic of Grotius' ' De Veritate,'
and during some time spent 1,0001. a year in
private charity. Nor was science forgotten.
Besides his heavy regular outlay, and help
afforded to indigent savants, we hear in 1657,
in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for
investing 12,000/. in forfeited Irish estates,
the proceeds to be devoted to the advance-
ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase
to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi-
larly applied, but that, being ' cast upon im-
j>ropriations,' he felt bound to consecrate it
to religious uses.
On the Restoration, he was solicited by
the Earl of Clarendon to take orders ; but
excused himself, on the grounds of the absence
of an inner call, and of his persuasion that
arguments in favour of religion came with
more force from one not professionally pledged
to uphold it. This determination involved
the refusal of the provostship of Eton, offered
to him in 1665. He also repeatedly declined
a peerage, and died the only untitled member
of his large family.
In 1668 he left Oxford for London, and re-
sided until his death in Lady Ranelagh's house
in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Royal
Society perhaps furnished in part the induce-
ment to this move. Boyle might be called
the representative member of this distin-
guished body. He had taken a leading part
in its foundation ; he sat on its first council ;
the description and display of his ingenious
experiments gave interest to its proceedings ;
he was elected its president 30 Nov. 1680,
but declined to act from a scruple about
the oaths, and was replaced by Wren. His
voluminous writings flowed from him in
an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691, and
procured him an immense reputation, both
at home and abroad. Most of them ap-
peared in Latin, as well as in English, and
were more than once separately reprinted.
I In the < Sceptical Chymist ' (Oxford, 1661)
he virtually demolished, together with the
peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the
Spagyristic doctrine of the tria prima, tenta-
tively substituting the principles of a ' me-
chanical philosophy/ expounded in detail in
his ' Origin of Forms and Qualities ' (1666).
Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these
accord, in the main, with the views of many
recent physicists. They postulate one uni-
versal kind of matter, admit in the construc-
tion of the visible world only moving atoms,
and derive diversity of substance from their
various modes of grouping and manners of
movement, j, Boyle added as a corollary the
transmutability of differing forms of matter
by the rearrangement of their particles ef-
fected through the agency of fire or otherwise ;
referred ' sensible qualities ' to the action of
variously constituted particles on the human
frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase-
ology of the time, that ' the grand efficient of
forms is local motion ' ( Works, ii. 483). He
acquiesced in, rather than accepted, the cor-
puscular theory of light, but clearly recog-
nised in heat the results of a ( brisk ' molecular
agitation (ibid. i. 282).
In 'Experiments and Considerations touch-
ing Colours ' (1663) he described for the first
time the iridescence of metallic films and
soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydrostatical Paradoxes '
(1666) he enforced, by numerous and striking
experiments (presented to the Royal Society
in May 1664), the laws of fluid equilibrium.
His statement concerning the ' Incalescence
of Quicksilver with Gold' (Phil. Trans.
21 Feb. 1676) drew the serious attention of
Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's
Works, v. 396), and a widespread sensatio'n
was created by his ' Historical Account of a
Degradation of Gold ' (1678), the interest of
both these pseudo-observations being derived
from their supposed connection with alche-
mistic transformations. Boyle's faith in their
possibility was further evidenced by the re-
peal, procured through his influence in 1689,
of the statute 5 Henry IV against ' multi-
plying gold.'
Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents
were Newton, Locke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- |
denburg, Wallis, Beale, and Hartlib. To him
Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1659, his scheme for
the foundation of a ' physico-mathematic col-
lege,' and Newton, 28 Feb. 1679, his ideas
regarding the qualities of the aether. Na-
thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 \
his ' History of Generation ; ' Wallis in 1659
his essay on the ' Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in 1666
his ' Methodus curandi Febres,' intimating
Boyle's frequent association with him in his
visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed
to him in 1686 the letters constituting his
'Travels.' Wholesale plagiarism and theft
formed a vexatious, though no less flattering,
tribute to his fame. Hence the ' Advertise-
Boyle
121
Boyle
ment about the loss of many of his Writings/
published in May 1688, in which he described
the various mischances, both by fraud and
accident, having befallen them, and declared
his intention to write thenceforth on loose
sheets, as offering less temptation to thieves
than bulky packets, and to send to press with-
out the dangerous delays of prolonged re-
vision. In the same year he gave to the
world * A Disquisition concerning the Final
Causes of Natural Things,' and in 1690 ' Me-
dicina Hydrostatica ' and 'The Christian
Virtuoso,' setting forth the mutual service-
ableness of science and religion. The last
work published by himself was entitled ' Ex-
perimenta et Observationes Physicee,' part i.
(1691) ; the second part never appeared.
In 1689 the failing state of his health com-
pelled him to suspend communications to the
Royal Society, and to resign his post, filled
since 1661, as governor of the Corporation for
the Spread of the Gospel in New England.
About the same time he publicly notified his
intention of excluding visitors on certain por-
tions of four days in each week, thus reserving
leisure to ' recruit ' (as he said) ' his spirits,
to range his papers, and to take some care of
his affairs in Ireland, which are very much
disordered, and have their face often changed
by the public calamities there.' He was also
desirous to complete a collection of elaborate
chemical processes, which he is said to have
entrusted to a friend as t a kind of Hermetick
legacy,' but which were never made known.
Some secrets discovered by him, such as the
preparation of subtle poisons and of a liquid
for discharging writing, he concealed as mis-
chievous.
From the age of twenty-one he had suffered
from a torturing malady, of which he dreaded
the aggravation, with the approach of death,
beyond his powers of patient endurance. But
his end was without pain, and almost with-
out serious illness. His beloved sister, Ca-
therine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and
noble personage, died 23 Dec. 1691. He sur-
vived her one week, expiring three-quarters
of an hour after midnight, 30 Dec., aged
nearly 65, and was buried 7 Jan. 1692 in
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Dr.
Burnet preached his funeral sermon. By his
will he founded and endowed with 50/. a
year the < Boyle Lectures,' for the defence of
Christianity against unbelievers, of which the
first set of eight discourses was preached by
Bentley in 1692.
' Mr. Boyle,' Dr. Birch writes (Life, p. 86),
'was tall of stature, but slender, and his
countenance pale and emaciated. His con-
stitution was so tender and delicate that he
had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he
went abroad, according to the temperature of
the air, and in this he governed himself by
his thermometer. He escaped, indeed, the
small-pox during his life, but for almost forty
years he laboured under such a feebleness of
body and lowness of strength and spirits that
it was astonishing how he could read, medi-
tate, ,try experiments, and write as he did.
He had likewise a weakness * His eyes, which
made him very tender of them, .*nd extremely
apprehensive of such distempers as might
affect them.' To these disabilities was added
that of a memory so treacherous (by his own
account) that he was often tempted to abandon
study in despair. He spoke with a slight
hesitation ; nevertheless at times ' distin-
guished himself by so copious and lively a
flow of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir William
Davenant both thought him equal in that
respect to the most celebrated geniuses of
that age.' He never married, but Evelyn
was credibly informed that he had paid court
in his youth to the Earl of Monmouth's beau-
tiful daughter, and that his passion inspired
the essay on ' Seraphic Love,' published in
1660. It was, however, already written in
1648, and Boyle himself assures us, 6 Aug.
of that year, that he ' hath never yet been
hurt by Cupid ' ( Works, i. 155). The story
is thus certainly apocryphal.
The tenor of his life was in no way in-
consistent with his professions of piety. It
was simple and unpretending, stainless yet
not austere, humble without affectation. His
temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub-
dued to mildness ; his religious principles
were equally removed from laxity and in-
tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per-
secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree
the credulousness of his age. He publicly
subscribed to the truth of the stories about
the ' demon of Mascon,' and vouched for the
spurious cures of Greatrakes the 'stroker.'
Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in-
separable from the cultivation of a philosophy
' that valued no knowledge but as it had a
tendency to use.' His view of astronomical
studies is, in this respect, characteristic. If
the planets have no physical influence on
the earth, he admits his inability to propound
any end for the pains bestowed upon them ;
' we know them only to know them ' (ibid. v.
124).
Yet his services to science were unique.
The condition of his birth, the elevation of
his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of
his researches, combined to lend dignity and
currency to their results. These were coex-
tensive with the whole range, then accessible,
of experimental investigation. He personi-
fied, it might be said, in a manner at once
Boyle
122
Boyle
impressive and conciliatory, the victorious
revolt against scientific dogmatism then in
progress. Hence his unrivalled popularity
and privileged position, which even the most
rancorous felt compelled to respect. No
stranger of note visited England without
seeking an interview, which he regarded it as
an obligation of Christian charity to grant.
Three successive kings of England conversed
familiarly with him, and he was considered
to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of
the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr.
Boyle,' Hughes wrote in the 'Spectator'
(No. 554), ' was the person who seems to have
been designed by nature to succeed to the
labours and inquiries of that extraordinary
genius. By innumerable experiments he, in
a great measure, filled up those plans and
outlines of science which his predecessor had
sketched out.' Addison styled him (No. 531)
' an honour to his country, and a more dili-
gent as well as successful inquirer into the
works of nature than any other one nation
has ever produced.' 'To him,' Boerhaave
wrote, ' we owe the secrets of fire, air, water,
animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his
works may be deduced the whole system of
natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar-
tem Medicam, p. 152).
It must be admitted that Boyle's achieve-
ments are scarcely commensurate to praises
of which these are but a sample. His name
is identified with no great discovery ; he pur-
sued no subject far beyond the merely illus-
trative stage ; his performance supplied a
general introduction to modern science rather
than entered into the body of the work. But
such an introduction was indispensable, and
was admirably executed. It implied an ' ad-
vance all along the line.' Subjects of inquiry
were suggested, stripped of manifold obscuri-
ties, and set in approximately true mutual
relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the
experimental method was vividly exhibited,
and its use rendered easy and familiar. Boyle
was the true precursor of the modern chemist.
Besides clearing away a jungle of perplexed
notions, he collected a number of highly sug-
gestive facts and observations. He was the
first to distinguish definitely a mixture from
a compound ; with him originated the defi-
nition of an ' element ' as a hitherto unde-
composed constituent of a compound; he
introduced the use of vegetable colour-tests
of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint
as to the method of preparing phosphorus
(discovered by Brandt in 1669) he arrived at
it independently, communicated it 14 Oct.
1680 in a sealed packet to the Royal Society,
and published it for the first time in 1682
(Works iv. 37). In a tract printed the same
year he accurately described the qualities
of the new substance under the title of the
' Icy Noctiluca.' He, moreover, actually pre-
pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver
placed over water, but failed to .distinguish
it from what he called 'air generated de
novo' (ibid. i. 35).
In physics, besides the great merit of having
rendered the air-pump available for experi-
ment and discovered the law of gaseous
elasticity, he invented a compressed-air
pump, and directed the construction of the
first hermetically sealed thermometers made
in England. He sought to measure the ex-
pansive force of freezing water, first used
freezing mixtures, observed the effects of
atmospheric pressure on ebullition, added
considerably to the store of facts collected
about electricity and magnetism, determined
the specific gravities and refractive powers
of various substances, and made a notable
attempt to weigh light. He further ascer-
tained the unvarying high temperature of
human blood, and performed a variety of
curious experiments on respiration. He aimed
at being the disciple only of nature. Down
to 1657 he purposely refrained from ' seriously
or orderly ' reading the works of Gassendi,
Descartes, or 'so much as Sir F. Bacon's
" Novum Organum," in order not to be pos-
sessed with any theory or principles till he
had found what things themselves should
induce him to think ' (ibid. 194). And, al-
though he professed a special reverence for
Descartes, as the true author of the ' tenets
of mechanical philosophy' (ibid. iv. 521),
we find, nine years later, that he had not yet
carried out his intention of thoroughly study-
ing his writings (ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was
no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his
scientific efforts bore the broad Baconian
stamp ; nor was the general voice widely in
error which declared him to have (at least
in part) executed what Verulam designed.
The style of his writings, which had the
character rather of occasional essays than of
systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical
affectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole-
rably prolix, its not rare felicities of phrase
being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He
endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro-
cesses of compulsory concentration. Boulton's
first epitome of his writings appeared in
1699-1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second,
of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols.
8vo) ; and Dr. Peter Shaw's abridgment of.
his philosophical works in 1725 (3 vols. 8vo).
The first complete edition of his writings
was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio
volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4to, London,
1772). It included his posthumous remains
Boyle
123
Boyle
and correspondence, with a life of the author
founded on materials collected with abortive
biographical designs by Burnet and Wotton,
and embracing Boyle's unfinished narrative
of his early years entitled ' An Account of
Philaretus during his Minority.' More or
less complete Latin editions of his works
were issued at Geneva in 1677, 1680, and
1714; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Venice
in 1695. A French collection, with the title
' Recueil d'Exp^riences,' appeared at Paris in
1679. Of his separate treatises the follow-
ing, besides those already mentioned, deserve
to be particularised: 1. '.Some Considera-
tions touching the Usefulness of Experimental
Natural Philosophy' (Oxford, 1663, 2nd part
1671). 2. ' Some Considerations touching
the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1663),
extracted from an 'Essay on Scripture,'
begun 1652, and published, after the writer's
death, by Sir Peter Pett. 3. ' Occasional
Reflections upon several Subjects' (1664,
reprinted 1808), an early production satirised
by Butler in his ' Occasional Reflection on
Dr. Charlton's feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gres-
ham College,' and by Swift in his ' Medita-
tion on a Broom Stick,' who nevertheless was
probably indebted for the first idea of * Gul-
liver's Travels ' to one of the little pieces thus
caricatured (' Upon the Eating of Oysters,'
Works , ii. 219). 4. ' New Experiments and
Observations touching Cold, or an Experi-
mental History of Cold begun ' (1665), con-
taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine
of ' antiperistasis ' (in full credit with Bacon)
and of Hobttjs's theory of cold. 5. ' A Con-
tinuation of New Experiments Physico-
Mechanical touching the Spring and Weight
of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third
series appeared in 1682). 6. ' Tracts about
the Cosmical Qualities of Things' (1670).
7. ' An Essay about the Origin and Virtues
of Gems' (1672). 8. 'The Excellency of
Theology compared with Natural Philosophy '
(1673). 9. ' Some Considerations about the
Reconcilableness of Reason and Religion'
(1675). 10. ' The Aerial Noctiluca ' (1680).
11. 'Memoirs for the Natural History of
Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High
Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God'
(1685). 13. ' A Free Enquiry into the vul-
garly received Notion of Nature' (1686).
14. 'The General History of the Air de-
signed and begun' (1692). 15. ' Medicinal
Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both
posthumous.
Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub-
lished at London in 1688 and subsequent
years. He bequeathed his mineralogical col-
lections to the Royal Society, and his portrait
by Kerseboorn, the property of the same
body, formed part of the National Portrait
Exhibition in 1866.
[Life by Birch ; Biog. Brit. ; "Wood's Fasti Oxon.
(Bliss), ii. 286 ; Burnet's Funeral Sermon ; Watt's
Bibl. Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 155 ;
Poggendorff's Gesch. d. Physik, p. 466 ; Libes's
Hist. Phil, des Progres de la Physique, ii. 134 ;
A. Crum Brown's Development of the Idea of
Chemical Composition, pp. 9-14.] A. M. C.
BOYLE, ROGER, BARON BROGHILL, and
first EAKL OF ORRERY (162] -1679), states-
man, soldier, and dramatist, the third son of
Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Cathe-
rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, was
born at Lismore 25 April 1621. In recogni-
tion of his father's services he was on 28 Feb.
1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age
of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin
(BTJDGELL, Memoirs of the Boyles, p. 34), and
according to Wood (Athena, ed. Bliss, iii.
1200) he also 'received some of his academical
education in Oxon.' After concluding his
university career he spent some years on the
continent, chiefly in France and Italy, under
a governor, Mr. Markham. Soon after his
return to England, he was entrusted by the
Earl of Northumberland with the command
of his troop in the Scotch expedition. On
his marriage to Lady Margaret Howard,
third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set
out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on
the very day that the great rebellion broke
out. When the Earl of Cork summoned his
retainers, Lord Broghill was appointed to a
troop of horse, with which he joined the Lord
President St. Leger. It was only Broghill's
acuteness that prevented St. Leger from be-
lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry,
the leader of the Irish rebels, that he was act-
ing on the authority of a commission from the
king. Under the Earl of Cork he took part
in the defence of Lismore, and he held a com-
mand at the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642.
When the Marquis of Ormonde resigned his
authority to the parliamentary commissioners
in 1647, Lord Broghill, though a zealous
royalist, continued to serve under them until
the execution of the king. Immediately on
receipt of the news he went over to Eng-
land, where he lived for some time in strict
retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At
last, however, he determined to make a stre-
nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and
the royal cause, and, on the pretence of visiting
a German spa for the sake of his health, re-
solved to seek an interview with Charles II
on the continent, with a view to concoct
measures to aid in his restoration. With
this purpose he arrived in London, having
meanwhile made application to the Earl of
Boyle
124
Boyle
Warwick for a pass, only communicating his I
real design to certain royalists in whom he
had perfect confidence. While waiting the '
result of his application, he was surprised by
a message from Oliver Cromwell of his in-
tention to call on him at his lodgings. Crom-
well at once informed him that the council
were completely cognisant of the real charac-
ter of his designs, and that but for his inter-
position he would already have been l clapped
up in the Tower ' (MoEBiCE, Memoirs of the \
Earl of Orrery, p. 11). Broghill thanked
Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked j
his advice as to what he should do, whereupon ;
Cromwell offered him a general's command
in the war against the Irish. No oaths or
obligations were to be laid on him except a
promise on his word of honour faithfully to
assist to the best of his power in subduing
Ireland. Broghill, according to his biographer,
asked for time to consider ' this large offer,'
but Cromwell brusquely answered that he
must decide on the instant ; and, finding that
' no subterfuges could any longer be made
use of,' he gave his consent.
The extraordinary bargain is a striking
proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men
and of his consciousness of the immense diffi-
culty of the task he had in hand in Ireland.
The trust placed by him in Broghill's stead-
fastness and abilities was fully justified by
the result. By whatever motives he may have
been actuated, there can be no doubt that
Broghill strained every nerve to make the
cause of the parliament in Ireland triumph-
ant. Indeed but for his assistance Cromwell's
enterprise might have been attended with
almost fatal disasters. With the commission
of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately
proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for
Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster
that he soon found himself at the head of a
troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro-
perty, and 1,500 well-appointed infantry,
many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi-
quin. After joining Cromwell at Wexford,
he was left by him ' at Mallow, with about
six or seven hundred horse and four or five
hundred foot,' to protect the interests of the
parliament in Munster, and distinguished
himself by the capture of two strong garri-
sons (CAKLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxix.) This
vigorous procedure greatly contributed to
drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they
shortly afterwards surrendered. Cromwell
then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill
was ordered to attack a body of Irish under
the titular bishop of Ross, who were march-
ing to its relief. This force he met at Ma-
croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated,
taking the bishop prisoner. While prepar-
ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received
a message from Cromwell, whose troops had
been decimated by sickness and the sallies
of the enemy, to join him with the utmost
haste ; and on his arrival Clonmel was taken
after a desperate struggle. Cromwell, whose
presence in Scotland had been for some time
urgently required, now left the task of com-
pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the
hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at
the siege of Limerick. News having reached
the besiegers that preparations were being
made for its relief, Broghill was sent with a
strong detachment to disperse any bodies of
troops that might be gathering for this purpose.
By a rapid march he intercepted a strong force
under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the
army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so
completely routed them that all attempts to
relieve Limerick were abandoned.
On the conclusion of the war Broghill re-
mained in Munster to keep the province in
subjection, with Youghal for his headquarters
(MoEKiCE, 19). While the war was proceed-
ing he had been put in possession of as much
of Lord Muskerry 's estates as amounted to
1,000/. a year, until the country in which his
estate was situated was freed from the enemy
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 473),
and at its close Blarney Castle, with lands
adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/.,
was bestowed upon him, the bill after long
delay in parliament receiving the assent of
Cromwell in 1657 (Commons' Journal). Ire-
ton, who had been so suspicious of Broghill's
intentions as to advise that he should ' be
cut off,' died from exposure at Limerick, and
Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied
implicitly on Broghill's good faith, gradually
received him into his special confidence.
Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal
cause was for the time hopeless, devoted all
his energies to make the rule of Cromwell a
success. Actuated at first by motives of self-
interest, he latterly conceived for Cromwell
strong admiration and esteem. In Crom-
well's parliament which met in 1654 he sat
as member for Cork, and on the list of the
parliament of 1656 his name appears as
member both for Cork and Edinburgh. His
representation of the latter city is accounted
for by the fact that this year he was sent as
lord president of the council to Scotland.
That he remained in Scotland only one year
was due not to any failure to satisfy either
the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the
condition he made on accepting office, that he
should not be required to hold it for more
than a year. According to Robert Baillie
he 'gained more on the affections of the
people than all the English that ever were
Boyle
among us ' (Journals, iii. 315). After his
return to England he formed one of a special
council whom the Protector was in the habit
of consulting on matters of prime importance
(WHITELOCKE, Memorials, 656). He was
also a member of the House of Lords, nomi-
nated by Cromwell in December 1657 (Par I.
Hist. iii. 1518). It was chiefly at his in-
stance that the parliament resolved to recom-
mend Cromwell to adopt the title of king
(LUDLOW, Memoirs, 247), and he was one
of the committee appointed to discuss the
matter with Cromwell (Monarchy asserted \
to be the best, most ancient, and legall form
of government, in a conference held at White-
hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com-
mittee of Parliament, 1660, reprinted in
the State Letters of the Earl of Orrery,
1742). Probably it was after the failure of !
this negotiation that he brought before Crom-
well the remarkable proposal for a marriage
between Cromwell's daughter Frances and
Charles II (MoKRiCE, Memoirs of the Earl
of Orrery, 21). After the death of Oliver he
did his utmost to consolidate the government
of his son Richard, who consulted him in his
chief difficulties, but failed to profit suffi-
ciently by his advice. Convinced at last
that the cause of Richard was hopeless, he
passed over to Ireland, and obtaining from
the commissioners the command in Munster,
he, along with Sir Charles Coote, president
of Connaught, secured Ireland for the king.
His letter inviting Charles to land at Cork
actually reached him before the first commu-
nication of Monk, but the steps taken by
Monk in England rendered the landing of
Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con-
vention parliament Broghill sat as member
for Arundel, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was
created Earl of Orrery. About the close of
the year he was appointed one of the lord
justices of Ireland, and it was he who drew
up the act of settlement for that kingdom.
On the retirement of Lord Clarendon, the lord
high chancellor, he was offered the great
seals, but, from considerations of health, de-
clined them. He continued for the most
part to reside in Ireland in discharge of his
duties as lord president of Munster, and
in this capacity was successful in defeating
the attempt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral
of France, to land at Kinsale. The presi-
dency of Munster he, however, resigned in
1668 on account of disagreements with the
Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly
afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeached in
the House of Commons for ' raising of moneys
by his own authority upon his majesty's sub-
jects ; defrauding the king's subjects of their
estates/ but the king by commission on 11 Dec.
5 Boyle
suddenly put a stop to the proceedings by
proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach-
ment of the Earl of Orrery, Parl. Hist. iv.
434-40), and no further attempt was made
against him. He died from an attack of gout
16 Oct. 1679. He was buried at Youghal.
He left two sons and five daughters.
The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author
of an anonymous pamphlet l Irish Colours
displayed, in a reply of an English Protes-
tant to a letter of an Irish Roman Catholic/
1662. The ' Irish Roman Catholic' was
Father Peter Welsh, who replied to it by
' Irish Colours folded.' Both were addressed
to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was
the author of the pamphlet is not impossible,
but the statement is unsupported by proof.
It is probable, therefore, that it has been con-
founded with another reply to the same letter
professedly written by him and entitled ' An
Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed
and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator
to the Sec. and Reg. Popish Priests of Ire-
land.' This pamphlet has for sub-title ' A
full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish
rebels and the beginning of the rebellion
there. Necessary to be considered by all
adventurers and other persons estated in that
kingdom.' Both the letter of Welsh and this,
reply to it have been reprinted in the l State
Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742.
In 1654 he published in six volumes the first
part of a romance, ' Parthenissa/ a complete
edition of which appeared in three volumes
in 1665 and in 1677. The writer of the
notice of Orrery in the ' Biographia Britan-
nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance
to its remaining unfinished, but finished.it
certainly was, and if it had not been, its tedi-
ousness would not have been relieved by
adding to its length. More substantial merit
attaches to his ' Treatise of the Art of War/
1677, dedicated to the king. He claims for
it the distinction of being the first l Entire
Treatise on the Art of War written in our
language/ and the quality of comprehensive-
ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does
of the ' choice and educating of the soldiery ;
the arming of the soldiery ; the disciplining
of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons ;
the marching of an army ; the camping of
an army within a line or intrenchment ; and
battles.' The treatise is of undoubted inte-
rest as indicating the condition of the art at
the close of the Cromwellian wars, and, like
his political pamphlet, is written in a terse
and effective style.
Not content to excel as a statesman and
a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure
to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden
is to be believed, the hours he chose for the
Boyle
126
Boyle
recreation were not the most auspicious.
' The muses,' he says, ' have seldom employed
your thoughts but when some violent fit of
gout has snatched you from affairs of state,
and, like the priestess of Apollo, you never
come to deliver your oracles but unwillingly
and in torment ' (Dedication prefixed to The
Rivals). Commenting on this, Walpole re-
marked that the gout was a ' very impotent
muse.' Like his relative Eichard, second
earl of Burlington, Orrery was on terms of
intimate friendship with many eminent men
of letters — among others Davenant, Dryden,
and Cowley. Besides several dramas he was
the author of ' A Poem on his Majesty's
happy Restoration,' which he presented to
the king, but which was never printed ; ' A
Poem on the Death of Abraham Cowley,'
1677, printed in a ' Collection of Poems ' by
various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re-
published in Budgell's ' Memoirs of the
Family of the Boyles,' and prefixed by Dr.
Sprat to his edition of Cowley's works ; ' The
Dream ' — in which the genius of France is in-
troduced endeavouring to persuade Charles II
to become dependent on Louis XIV — pre-
sented to the king, but never printed, and
now lost ; and ' Poems on most of the Festi-
vals of the Church,' 1681. Several of the
tragedies of Orrery attained a certain success
in their day. They are written in rhyme
with an easy flowing diction, and, if some-
what bombastic and extravagant in sentiment,
are not without effective situations, and mani-
fest considerable command of pathos. The
earliest of his plays performed was ' Henry V,'
at Lincoln's Inn Fields, as is proved by the
reference of Pepys, under date 13 Aug. 1664.
He then saw it acted, and he makes a
later reference, under date 28 Sept. of the
same year, to ' The General ' as ' Lord Brog-
hill's second play.' Downes asserts that
< Henry V ' was not brought out till 1667,
when the theatre was reopened, but it was
then only revived, and was performed ten
nights successively. The play was published
in 1668. It is doubtful if Orrery was the
author of' The General ' — at least there is no
proof of his having acknowledged it. ' Mus-
tapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent,'
was brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields
3 April 1665, and played before their majes-
ties at court 20 Oct. 1666 (EVELYN). ' The
Black Prince,' published 1669, and played for
the first time at the king's house 19 Oct. 1667
(PEPYS), was not very successful, the read-
ing of a letter actually causing the audience
to hiss. ' Tryphon,' a tragedy, published in
1672, and acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields
8 Dec. 1668, met with some applause, but
showed a lack of invention, resembling his
other tragedies too closely in its construction.
These four tragedies were published together
in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his 'Dramatic
Works.' Of Orrery's two comedies, ' Guzman '
and ' Mr. Anthony,' * the former,' according
to Downes, 'took very well, the latter but
indifferent.' Pepys, who pronounced ' Guz-
man ' to be ' very ordinary,' mentions it as
produced anonymously 16 April 1669. It
was published posthumously in 1693. ' Mr.
Anthony ' was published in 1690, but is not
included in the ' Dramatic Works.' Two
tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu-
mously, ' Herod the Great,' in 1694, along
with his four early tragedies and the comedy
' Guzman ;' and ' Altemira ' in 1702, in which
year it was put upon the stage by his grand-
son Charles Boyle. The ' Complete Drama-
tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,' including
all his plays with the exception of 'Mr.
Anthony,' appeared in 1743. The Earl of
Orrery is the reputed author of ' English
Adventures, by a Person of Honour,' 1676,
entered in the catalogue of the Huth Li-
brary.
[State Letters of Eoger Boyle, 1st Earl of
Orrery, containing a series of correspondence
between the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship,
from the Kestoration to the year 1668, together
with some other letters and pieces of a different
kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by
the Eev. Mr. ThomasMorrice, his lordship's chap-
lain, 1742 ; Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles, 34-
93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Book whilst Governor
of Minister (1644-49), Add. MS. 25287 ; Letters
to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109-188;
Ludlow's Memoirs ; Whitelocke's Memorials ;
Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; Old-
mixon's History of the Stuarts ; Carte's Life of
Ormonde ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), especially
during the Protectorate ; Pepys's Diary; Evelyn's
Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), iii.
177 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1200-1;
Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors (Park), v.
191-7; Genest's History of the .Stage; Biog.
Brit. (Kippis), ii. 4 7 9-92; Lodge's Irish Peerage
(1789), i. 178-192.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, ROGER (1617 P-1687), bishop of
Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, where he was elected a fellow. On the out-
break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor
to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained
until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he
became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone
in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was
advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on
12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the see of
Down and Connor. On 21 Sept. 1672 he
was translated to the see of Clogher. He died
at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth
year of his age, and was buried in the church
Boyne
127
Boys
at Clones. He was the author of ' Inquisitio
in fidem Christianorum hujus Saeculi,' Dub-
lin, 1665, and 'Summa Theologies Chris-
tianas,' Dublin, 1681. His commonplace book
on various subjects, together with an abstract
of Sir Kenelm Digby's ' Treatise of Bodies,' is
in manuscript in Trinity College Library,
Dublin.
[Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, iii. 80,
207-8; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 190, 213, ii.
203.] T. F. H.
BOYNE, VISCOUNT. [See HAMILTON,
GUSTAVUS.]
BOYNE, JOHN (d. 1810), water-colour
painter, caricaturist, and engraver, was born
in county Down, Ireland, between 1750 and
1759. His father was originally a joiner by
trade, but afterwards held for many years
an appointment at the victualling office at
Deptford. Boyne was brought to England
when about nine years of age, and subse-
quently articled to William Byrne, the land-
scape-engraver. His master dying just at
the expiration of his apprenticeship, he made
an attempt to carry on the business himself,
but being idle and dissipated in his habits,
he was unsuccessful. He then joined a com-
pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford,
where he enacted some of Shakespeare's
characters, and assisted in a farce called
' Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode
of life, he returned to London in 1781, and
took to the business of pearl-setting, being
employed by a Mr. Flower, of Chichester
Rents, Chancery Lane. Later on we find
him in the capacity of a master in a draw-
ing school, first in Holborn, and afterwards
in Gloucester Street, Queen Square, where
Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne
died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June
1810. His most important artistic produc-
tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays,
spiritedly drawn and tinted ; also ' Assigna-
tion, a Sketch to the Memory of the Duke of
Bedford ;' < The Muck Worm,' and ' The Glow
Worm.' His ' Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now
in the South Kensington Museum, was en-
graved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub-
lished ' A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri-
dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a
Member of the Society of the Freedom of the
Press.'
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red-
grave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (rf.1461),
Carmelite, was educated at Oxford, and lec-
tured in theology at that university ; he also
visited for purposes of study the university of
Cambridge and several foreign universities.
He became head of the Carmelite community
at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451.
The following are the titles of works written
by Boys : 1. ' De duplici hominis immorta-
litate.' 2. ' Adversus Agarenos.' 3. ' Contra
varies Gentilium Ritus.' 4. 'De Spiritus
Doctrina.' 5. ' De vera Innocentia.'
[Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis,
p. 454 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Bibliotheca Car-
melitana.] A. M.
BOYS, EDWARD (1599-1667), divine, a
nephew of Dr. John Boys (1571-1625), dean
of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas
Boys of Hoad Court, in the parish of Blean,
Kent, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter
of Richard Rogers, dean of Canterbury, and
lord suffragan of Dover, was born in 1599
(W. BERET, County Genealogies, Kent, p.
445). Educated at Eton, he was elected
a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of
that house graduated B.A. in 1623, M.A.
in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1631.
He proceeded B.D., was appointed one of
the university preachers in 1634, and in
1639, on the presentation of William Pas-
ton, his friend and contemporary at college,
became rector of the tiny village of Maut-
boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful
authority, to have been one of the chap-
lains to Charles I (R. MASTERS, Hist. Cor-
pus Christi College, pp. 242-3). After an
incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died
at Mautboy on 10 March 1666-7, and was
buried in the chancel (BLOMEFIELD, Nor-
folk, ed. Parkin, xi. 229-30). An admired
scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher,
and in great favour with his bishop, Hall,
Boys was deterred from seeking higher pre-
ferment by an exceeding modesty. After
his death appeared his only known pub-
lication, a volume of 'Sixteen Sermons,
preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon-
don, 1672. The editor, Roger Flynt, a fellow-
collegian, tells us in his preface that it was
with difficulty he obtained leave of the dying
author to make them public, and gained it
only upon condition 'that he should say
nothing of him.' From which he leaves the
reader to judge 'how great this man was,
that made so little of himself.' He speaks,
nevertheless, of the great loss to the church
' that such a one should expire in a country
village consisting onely of four farmers.' In
1640 Boys had married Mary Herne, who
was descended from a family of that name
long seated in Norfolk. His portrait by W.
Faithorne, at the age of sixty-six, is prefixed
to his sermons.
Boys
128
Boys
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. vi. 374-5; Masters's
Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. (Lamb), p. 353 ; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6 ;
General Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Chambers, i.
249, ii. 1336.] G-. G.
BOYS, EDWARD (1785-1866), captain,
son of John Boys (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered
the navy in 1796, and after serving in the
North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the
Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the
Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when
in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the
French, and continued so for six years, when
after many daring and ingenious attempts he
succeeded in effecting his escape. On his re-
turn to England he was made lieutenant,
and served mostly in the West Indies till the
peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander ;
but, consequent on the reduction of the navy
from its war strength, had no further em-
ployment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he
was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal.
On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of
captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866.
Immediately after his escape, and whilst in
the West Indies, he wrote for his family
an account of his adventures in France ; the
risk of getting some of his French friends into
trouble had, however, made him keep this
account private, and though abstracts from it
had found their way into the papers it was
not till 1827 that he was persuaded to pub-
lish it, under the title of ' Narrative of a Cap-
tivity and Adventures in France and Flanders
between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a
book of surpassing interest, and the source
from which the author of ' Peter Simple '
drew much of his account of that hero's es-
cape, more perhaps than from the previously
published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's ad-
ventures [see ASHWORTH, HEBTRY]. Captain
Boys also published in 1831 ' Remarks on the
Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich
or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the
present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was
captain of the Excellent and superintendent
of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth
1869-74, director of naval ordnance from
1874-8, and second in command of the Chan-
nel fleet in 1878-9.
[O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Berry's Kentish
Genealogies.] J. K. L.
BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of
Canterbury, was descended from an old
Kentish family who boasted that their ances-
tor came into England with the Conqueror,
and who at the beginning of the seventeenth
century had no less than eight branches,
each with its capital mansion, in the county
of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas
Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter
and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He
was born at Eythorn in 1571, and pro-
bably was educated at the King's School in
Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge, where Arch-
bishop Parker had founded some scholarships
appropriated to scholars of that school. He
took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but
migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently
on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow-
ship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Cold-
well, and which was filled up by the election
of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was
forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His
first preferment was the small rectory of
Betshanger in his native county, which he
tells us was procured for him by his uncle
Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls
' my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears
to have resided upon this benefice and to have
at once begun to cultivate the art of preach-
ing. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the
mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon
afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but
the aggregate value of these preferments was
quite inconsiderable, and when he married
Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury,
in 1599, he must have had other means of
subsistence than his clerical income. The
dearth of competent preachers to supply the
London pulpits appears to have been severely
felt about this time, and in January 1593
Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor
and heads of the university of Cambridge
complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge
divines to take their part in this duty. The
same year that the primate appointed Boys
to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at
St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only
twenty-seven years of age. Two years after
he was called upon to preach at the Cross
again, and it was actually while he was in
the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made
his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1).
Next year we find him preaching at St.
Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping
his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded
D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the
Latin sermon he then delivered is among his
printed works. Whitgift's death (February
1604) made little alteration in his circum-
stances ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him
into his favour, and he preached at Asliford,
on the occasion of the primate holding his
primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607.
Two years after this Boys published his
first work, * The Minister's Invitatorie, being
An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip-
tures used in our English Liturgie : together
with a reason why the Church did chuse
Boys
129
Boys
the same.' The work was dedicated to Ban-
croft, who had lately been made chancellor
of the university of Oxford, and in the * dedi-
catorie epistle ' Boys speaks of his ' larger
exposition of the Gospels and Epistles ' as
shortly about to appear. It appeared accord-
ingly next year in 4to, under the title of
' An Exposition of the Dominical Epistles
and Gospels used in our English Liturgie
throughout the whole yeere,' and was dedi-
cated to his 'very dear uncle/ Sir John
Boys of Canterbury. In his dedication Boys
takes the opportunity of mentioning his
obligations to Sir John and to Archbishop
Whitgift for having watered what 'that
vertuous and worthy knight ' had planted.
The work supplied a great need and had a
very large and rapid sale ; new editions fol-
lowed one another in quick succession, and
it would be a difficult task to draw up an
exhaustive bibliographical account of Boys's
publications.
Archbishop Bancroft died in November
1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri-
macy in the spring of 1611. Boys dedicated
to him his next work, ' An Exposition of the
Festival Epistles and Gospels used in our
English Liturgie,' which, like its predeces-
sors, was published in 4to, the first part in
1614, the second in the following year.
Hitherto he had received but scant recogni-
tion of his services to the church, but prer
ferment now began to fall upon him liberally.
Abbot presented him with the sinecure rec-
tory of Hollingbourne, then with the rectory
of Monaghan in 1618, and finally, on the
death of Dr. Fotherby, he was promoted by
the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter-
bury, and installed on 3 May 1619. Mean-
while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi-
tion of the proper Psalms used in our English
Liturgie,' and dedicated it to Sir Thomas
Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot-
ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a
member of the high commission court, and
in 1622 he collected his works into a folio
volume, adding to those previously published
five miscellaneous sermons which he calls
lectures, and which are by no means good
specimens of his method or his style. These
were dedicated to Sir Dudley Digges of
Chilham Castle, and appear to have been
added for no other reason than to give occa-
sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish
magnate.
On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed
at Dover. Charles I saw her for the first
time on the 13th, and next day the king at-
tended service in Canterbury Cathedral, when
Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre-
served. It is a poor performance, stilted and
VOL. VI.
unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it
has the merit of being short.
Boys held the deanery of Canterbury for
I little more than six years, and died among
his books, suddenly, in September 1625.
There is a monument to him in the lady
i chapel of the cathedral. He left no chil-
dren ; his widow died during the rebellion.
Boys's works continued to be read and used
I very extensively till the troublous times set
! in ; but the dean was far too uncompromising
an A.nglican, and too unsparing in his denun-
ciation of those whom he calls the novelists,
to be regarded with any favour or toleration
by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed
by any who sympathised with the puritan
theology. When he began to be almost for-
gotten in England, his works were translated
into German and published at Strasburg in
1683, and again in two vols. 4to in 1685. It
may safely be affirmed that no writer of the
seventeenth century quotes so widely and
so frequently from contemporary literature
as Boys, and that not only from polemical
or exegetical theology, but from the whole
range of popular writers of the day. Bacon's
1 Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn-
ing,' Sandys's 'Travels,' Owen's, More's, and
Parkhurst's ' Epigrams,' ' The Vision of Piers
Plowman,' and Verstegan's 'Restitution,'
with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans-
lation of Du Bartas's ' Divine Weeks,' must
have been bought as soon as they were pub-
lished. Indeed Boys must have been one
of the great book collectors of his time.
Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely
proverbs, of allusions to the manners and
customs of the time, of curious words and
expressions.
[The works of John Boys, D.D., and Dean of
Canterbury, folio, 1622, pp. 122,491,508, 530,
972, &c. ; Remains of the Reverend and Famous
Postiller, John Boys, Doctor in Divinitie, and
late Dean of Canterburie .... 4to, 1631 (this
contains ' A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of
the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ;
Masters's History of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss),
ii. 860; Fasti, ii. 276, 345 ; Nasmith's Catalogue
of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Neve's Fasti ;
Camb. Met. Soc. Proc. ii. 141 ; Fuller's Church
Hist B. x. cent. xvi. sec. 19-24.] A. J.
BOYS, JOHN (1561-1644). [See Bois.]
JOHN (1614P-1661), translator
of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (b. 1690)
of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of
Edward Boys, 1599-1677 [q. v.] His mother
was Mary, daughter of Martin Fotherby,
bishop of Salisbury. He was born about
1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d.
Boys
130
Boys
1625), brother of the dean, John Boys [q. v.],
inherited the estate of Hoad Court from his
uncle, Sir John Boys, an eminent lawyer, who
died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659-
1660 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter-
bury a declaration in favour of the assembly
of a free parliament, drawn up by himself in
behalf (as he asserted) ( of the nobility, gentry,
ministry, and commonalty of the county of
Kent.' But the declaration gave offence to
the magistrates, and the author, as he ex-
plained in his 'Vindication of the Kentish
Declaration,' only escaped imprisonment by
retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his
friends were less successful. In February
1659-60 he went to London with his kins-
man, Sir John Boys [q. v.] of Bonnington,
and presented to Monk, at Whitehall, a
letter of thanks, drawn up by himself ' ac-
cording to the order and advice of the
gentlemen of East Kent.' He also prepared
a speech for delivery to Charles II on his
landing at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but < he
was prevented therein by reason his majesty
made no stay at all in that town,' and he
therefore sent Charles a copy of it.
Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas-
sical attainments. In 1661 he published two
translations from Virgil's ' JEneid.' The first
is entitled, t JEneas, his Descent into Hell:
as it is inimitably described by the Prince
of Poets in the Sixth of his JEneis,' Lon-
don, 1661. The dedication is addressed to
Sir Edward Hyde, and congratulates him on
succeeding to the office of lord chancellor.
His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend,
Thomas Philipott, contribute commendatory
verses. The translation in heroic verse is
of very mediocre character, and is followed
by 181 pages of annotations. At their close
Boys mentions that he has just heard of the
death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept.
1660), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug-
gested by Virgil's lament for Marcellus. The
volume concludes with ' certain pieces relat-
ing to the publick,' i.e. on the political mat-
ters referred to above, and with a congratu-
latory poem (dated Canterbury, 30 Sept.
1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William
Somner, on the completion of his ' Dictiona-
rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys's se-
cond book is called '^Eneas, his Errours on
his Voyage from Troy into Italy ; an essay
upon the Third Book of Virgil's "^Eneis." '
It is dedicated to Lord Cornbury, Clarendon's
son. A translation of the third book of the
'^Eneid' in heroic verse occupies fifty-one
pages, and is followed by ' some few hasty
reflections upon the precedent poem.' Boys's
enthusiasm for Virgil is boundless, but his
criticism is rather childish.
Boys married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil-
liam Kingsley, archdeacon of Canterbury, by
whom he had three sons — Thomas, who died
without issue ; John, a colonel in the army,
who died 4 Sept. 1710; and Sir William Boys,
M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Boys
himself died in 1660-1, and was buried in the
chancel of the church of Hoad.
[Hasted's Kent, i. 565 ; Corser's Anglo-Poet.
Collect, ii. 323-5; Brit. Mus. Cat; Berry's
Kentish Genealogies, p. 445.] S. L. L.
BOYS, SIR JOHN (1607-1664), royalist
military commander, was the eldest son and
heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent,
by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of
Northborne. He was baptised at Chillen-
don, Kent, on 5 April 1607. In the civil
war he became a captain in the royal army
and governor of Donnington Castle in Berk-
shire. This castle, which is within a mile of
Newbury, was garrisoned in 1643 for King
Charles I, and commanded the road from
Oxford to Newbury and the great road from
London to Bath and the west. Boys, by
the bravery with which he defended the castle
during a long siege, showed himself well
worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was
first attacked by the parliamentary army,
consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under
the command of Major-general Middleton,
who attempted to take the castle by assault,
but was repulsed with considerable loss.
Middleton lost at least 300 officers and men in
this fruitless attempt. Not long afterwards,
on 29 Sept. 1644, Colonel Horton began a
blockade, having raised a battery at the foot
of the hill near Newbury, from which he
plied the castle so incessantly during a period
of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap
of ruins, having beaten down three of the
towers and a part of the wall. Nearly 1,000
great shot are said to have been expended
during this time. Horton having received
reinforcements sent a summons to the go-
vernor, who refused to listen to any terms.
Soon afterwards the Earl of Manchester came
to the siege with his army, but their united
attempts proved unavailing ; and after two
or three days more of ineffectual battering
the whole army rose up from before the walls
and marched in different directions. When
the king came to Newbury (21 Oct. 1644)
he knighted the governor for his good ser-
vices, made him colonel of the regiment
which he had before commanded as lieu-
tenant-colonel to Earl Rivers, the nominal
governor of Donnington, and to his coat
armour gave the augmentation of a crown
imperial or, on a canton azure. During the
second battle of Newbury Boys secured the
Boys
Boys
king's artillery under the castle walls. After
the battle, when the king had gone with
his army to Oxford, the Earl of Essex with
his whole force besieged Donnington Castle
with no better success than the others had
done. He abandoned the attempt before the
king returned from Oxford for the purpose o
relieving Donnington on 4 Nov. 1644. Th
place was then re victualled, and his majest
slept in the castle that night with his arm
around him. In August 1648 Boys mad
a.' fruitless attempt to raise the siege o
Deal Castle. A resolution put in the Sous
of Commons at the same time to banis
him as one of the seven royalists who ha
been in arms against the parliament sine
1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 h
was a prisoner in Dover Castle for petition
ing for a free parliament, but was released o
23 Feb. 1659-60. He apparently received th
office of receiver of customs at Dover from
Charles II.
Sir John Boys died at his house at Bon
nington on 8 Oct. 1664, and was buried in
the parish church of Goodnestone-next
Wingham, Kent. The inscription describe
his achievements in the wars. By his first
wife, Lucy, he had five daughters. He hac
no children by his second marriage wit]
Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathanie
Finch, serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Si
John Fotherby of Barham, Kent.
There is a portrait of Boys engraved by
Stow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money
in his ' Battles of Newbury ' (1884).
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Kebellion (1843)
429, 499 ; Heath's Chronicle of the Civil Wars
62; Walter Money's Battles of Newbury (1884)
Hasted's Kent, iii. 705; Lysons's Berkshire, 356
357 ; Berry's Pedigrees of Families in Kent, 441
Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 51
52.] T. C.
BOYS, JOHN (1749-1824), agriculturist,
only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter
of William Cooper of Ripple, was born in
November 1749. At Betshanger and after-
wards at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill
and success, and as a grazier was well known
for his breed of South Down sheep. He was
one of the commissioners of sewers for East
Kent, and did much to promote the drainage
of the Finglesham and Eastry Brooks. At
the request of the board of agriculture he
wrote f A General View of the Agriculture of
the County of Kent,' 1796, and an ' Essay on
Paring and Burning,' 1805. He died on
16 Dec. 1824. By his wife Mary, daughter of
the Rev. Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry-
cum-Word, he had thirteen children, eight
•sons and five daughters.
[Berry's Pedigrees of the County of Kent,
p. 446; Gent. Mag. xcv. (pt. i.) 86-7.]
T. F. H.
BO YS,THOMAS (1792-1880), theologian
and antiquary, son of Rear-admiral Thomas
Boys of Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent,
and educated at Tonbridge grammar school
and Trinity College, Cambridge. The failure
of his health from over-study prevented his
taking more than the ordinary degrees (B.A.
1813, M.A. 1817), and, finding an active life
necessary to him, he entered the army with
a view to becoming a military chaplain, was
attached to the military chest in the Peninsula
under Wellington in 1813, and was wounded
at the battle of Toulouse in three places, gain-
ing the Peninsular medal. He was ordained
deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822. While in
the Peninsula he employed his leisure time in
translating the Bible into Portuguese, a task
he performed so well, that his version has
been adopted both by catholics and protes-
tants, and Don Pedro I of Portugal publicly
thanked him for his gift to the nation. In
1848 he was appointed incumbent of Holy
Trinity, Hoxton ; but before that he had es-
tablished his reputation as a Hebrew scholar,
being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col-
lege, Hackney, from 1830 to 1832, and pro-
fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary College,
Islington, in 1836. While holding this last
post, he revised Deodati's Italian Bible, and
also the Arabic Bible. His pen was rarely
idle. In 1825 he published a key to the
Psalms, and in 1827 a * Plain Exposition of
the New Testament.' Already in 1821 he
had issued a volume of sermons, and in 1824
a book entitled l Tactica Sacra,' expounding a
theory that in the arrangement of the New
Testament writings a parallelism could be
detected similar to that used in the writings
of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub-
lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Proofs
of the Miraculous Faith and Experience of
the Church of Christ in all ages, from authen-
;ic records of the Fathers, Waldenses, Huss-
tes . . . an historical sketch suggested by
3. W. Noel's " Remarks on the Revival of
Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same
year produced a plea for verbal inspiration
mder the title 'A Word for the Bible,' and
1834 ' A Help to Hebrew.' He was also a fre-
uent contributor to 'Blackwood 'of sketches
nd papers, for the most part descriptive of
his Peninsular experiences. The most im-
>ortant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal,
vhich ran from November 1849 to July 1850.
rlis acquaintance with the literature and an-
iquities of the Jews was very thorough, but
>erhaps the best proofs of his extensive learn-
Boys
132
Boys
ing are to be found in the numerous letters
and papers, sometimes under his own name,
and sometimes under the assumed name of
'Vedette/ contributed to the second series of
'Notes and Queries.' Of these the twelve
papers on Chaucer difficulties are a most
valuable contribution to the study of early
English literature. He died 2 Sept. 1880,
aged 88.
[Times, 14 Sept. 1880; Men of the Time,
1872 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] E. B.
BOYS, THOMAS SHOTTER (1803-
1874), water-colour painter and lithographer,
was born at Pentonville on 2 Jan. 1803. He
was articled to George Cooke, the engraver,
with the view of following that profession,
but when, on the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, he visited Paris, he was induced by
Bonington, under whom he studied, to de-
vote himself to painting. He exhibited at
the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824,
and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded
to Brussels, but on the outbreak of the revo-
lution there returned to England. Paying
another visit to Paris, he remained there until
1837, and then again came to England for the
purpose of lithographing the works of David
Roberts and Clarkson Stanfield. Boys's great
work, 'Picturesque Architecture in Paris,
Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen,' &c., appeared in
1839, and created much admiration. King
Louis-Philippe sent the artist a ring in re-
cognition of its merits. He also published
' Original Views of London as it is,' drawn
and lithographed by himself, London, 1843.
He drew the illustrations to Blackie's ( His-
tory of England,' and etched some plates for
Ruskin's 'Stones of Venice.' Boys was a
member of the Institute of Painters in Water
Colours, and of several foreign artistic so-
cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu-
seum possesses two fine views of Paris by
him, drawn in water-colours, and another is
in the South Kensington Museum.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Recent and Living Painters and Engravers,
London, 1866, 8vo; MS. notes in the British
Museum.] L. F.
BOYS, WILLIAM (1735-1803), surgeon
and topographer, was born at Deal on 7 Sept.
1735. He was of an old Kent family (HAS-
TED, History of Kent, iii. 109), being the
eldest son of Commodore William Boys,
R.N., lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hos-
pital, by his wife, Elizabeth Pearson of Deal
( Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). About 1755
he was a surgeon at Sandwich, where he was
noted for his untiring explorations of Rich-
borough Castle, for skill in deciphering anciert
manuscripts and inscriptions, for his zeal in
collecting antiquities connected with Sand-
wich, and for his studies in astronomy, natural
history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married
Elizabeth Wise, a daughter of Henry Wise,
one of the Sandwich jurats (ib.\ and by her
he had two children. In 1761 he was elected
jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the
same year, 1761, she died, and in the next
year, 1762, he married Jane Fuller, coheiress
of her uncle, one John Paramor of Staten-
borough ($.) In 1767 Boys was mayor of
Sandwich. In 1774 his father died atGreen-
i wich (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} In 1775
i appeared his first publication — a memorial
i to resist a scheme for draining a large tract
I of the neighbouring land, which it was thought
i would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew
it up as one of the commissioners of sewers,
on behalf of the corporation, and it was pub-
| lished at Canterbury in 1775 anonymously
i (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). In 1776
Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again
served as mayor. In 1783 his second wife
died, having borne him eight or nine children
(ib., and HASTED, Hist, of Kent, iv. 222 n.}
In the same year Boys furnished the Rev. John
Duncombe with much matter relating to the
Reculvers, printed in Duncombe's ' Antiqui-
ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published
' Testacea Minuta Rariora,' 4to, being plates
and description of the tiny shells found on
the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, ' that
inquisitive naturalist ' (Introd. p. i). The book
was put together by George Walker, Boys
himself being too much occupied by his pro-
fession. In 1786 Boys issued proposals for
publishing his ' Collections for a History of
Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover
its expenses, and placed his materials in the
hands of the printers (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vi.
613). In 1787 Boys published an < Account
of the Loss of the Luxborough,' 4to (NICHOLS,
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in
which his father (Commodore Boys) had been
one of the men compelled to resort to this
horrible means of preserving life. Boys had
a series of pictures hung up in his parlour
portraying the whole of the terrible circum-
stances (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon-
don to the Isle of Wight, quoted in NICHOLS'S
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} Of this ' Account/ as
a separate publication, there is now no trace ;
but it appears in full in the 'History of
Greenwich Hospital,' by John Cooke and
John Maule, 1789, pp. 110 et seq.; it is also
stated there that six small paintings in the
council room of the hospital (presumably
replicas of those seen by Pennant in the
possession of William Boys) represent this
passage in the history of the late gallant
Boyse
133
Boyse
lieutenant-governor. In 1788 appeared the
first part of * Sandwich,' and in 1789 Boys was
appointed surgeon to the sick and wounded
seamen at Deal. Over the second part of
' Sandwich ' there was considerable delay and
anxiety (Letter from Denne, NICHOLS'S
Lit. III. vi. 613) ; but in 1792 the volume
was issued at much pecuniary loss to Boys.
In 1792 Boys also sent Dr. Simmons some
* Observations on Kit's Coity House/ which
were read at the Society of Antiquaries, and
appeared in vol. xi. of ' Archaeologia.' In
1796 he gave up his Sandwich practice and
went to reside at Walmer, but returned to
Sandwich at the end of three years, in 1799.
His health had now declined. He had apo-
plectic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy
on 15 March 1803, aged 68.
Boys was buried in St. Clement's Church,
Sandwich, where there is a Latin epitaph to
his memory, a suggestion for a monument with
some doggerel verses, from a correspondent to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii.
612), having fallen through. He was a
member of the Linnean Society, and a con-
tributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (In-
dex, vol. iii. preface, p. Ixxiv). A new fern
found by him at Sandwich was named Sterna
Boysii, after him, by Latham in his ' Index
Ornithologicus.'
[Watt's Bibl. Brit., where 'Sandwich5 is said,
•wrongly, to have consisted of three parts, and to
have been published in London ; Grent. Mag.
Ixxiii. pt. i. 293, 421-3; Hasted's Kent, iii. 109,
557 n. u, iv. 222 n. i ; Nichols's Lit. 111. iv. 676,
vi. 613, 653, 685, 687 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix.
24-27 nn.] J. H.
r BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby-
terian minister, born at Leeds on 14 Jan. 1660,
was one of sixteen children of Matthew Boyse,
a puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row-
ley, New England, and afterwards a resident
for about eighteen years at Boston, Mass. He
was admitted into the academy of Richard
Frankland, M.A., at Natland,near Kendal, on
16 April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to
the academy at Stepney under Edward Veal,
B.D. (ejected from the senior fellowship at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1661 ; died 6 June
1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministerial en-
gagement was at Glassenbury, near Cran-
brook, Kent, where he preached nearly a year
(from the autumn of 1679). He was next
domestic chaplain, during the latter half of
1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager
Countess of Donegal (Letitia, daughter of Sir
William Hickes) in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
For six months in 1682 he ministered to the
Brownist church at Amsterdam, in the ab-
sence of the regular minister, but he did not
swerve from his presbyterianism. He would
have settled in England but for the penal
Laws against dissent. On the death of his
friend T. Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him
at Dublin, and there pursued a popular
ministry for forty-five years. His ordination
sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejected
from Broad winsor, Dorsetshire. The pres-
byterianism of Dublin and the south of Ireland
was of the English type ; that of the north
was chiefly Scottish in origin and discipline.
But there was occasional co-operation, and
there were from time to time congregations
in Dublin adhering to the northern body.
Boyse did his part in promoting a community
of spirit between the northern and southern
presbyterians of Ireland. Naturally he kept
up a good deal of communication with Eng-
lish brethren. From May 1691 to June 1702
Boyse had Emlyn as his colleague at Wood
Street. Meanwhile Boyse came forward as a
controversialist on behalf of presbyterian dis-
sent. In this capacity he proved himself cau-
tious, candid, and powerful ; ' vindication,' the
leading word on many of his polemical title-
pages, well describes his constant aim. First of
his works is the ' Vindicise Calvinisticse,' 1688,
4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa-
ture W. B., D.D.), in reply to William King
(1650-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, who had attacked the presbyterians
in his f Answer ' to the ' Considerations ' of
Peter Manby (d. 1697), ex-dean of Derry,
who had turned catholic. Again, when Go-
vernor Walker of Derry described Alexander
Osborne (a presbyterian minister, originally
from co. Tyrone, who had been called to
Newmarket, Dublin, 6 Dec. 1687) as ' a spy
of Tyrconnel,' Boyse put forth a ' Vindica-
tion/ 1690, 4to, a tract of historical value.
He was a second time in the field against
King, now bishop of Derry (who had fulmi-
nated against presbyterian forms of worship),
in l Remarks,' 1694, and l Vindication of the
Remarks,' 1695. Early in the latter year he
had printed anonymously a folio tract, f The
Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland
in reference to a Bill of Indulgence,' &c., to
which Tobias Pullen, bishop of Dromore,
wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony
Dopping, bishop of Meath, another reply, like-
wise anonymous. Both prelates were against
a legal toleration for Irish dissent. Boyse re-
torted on them in ' The Case . . . Vindicated,'
1695. But the day for a toleration was not yet
come. The Irish parliament rejected bill after
bill brought forward in the interest of dis-
senters. The harmony of Boyse's ministerial
relations was broken in 1702 by the episode
of his colleague's deposition, and subsequent
trial, for a blasphemous libel on the ground
Boyse
134
Boyse
of an anti-trinitarian publication [see EMLYN,
THOMAS]. Boyse (who had himself been under
some suspicion of Pelagianism) moved in the
matter with manifest reluctance, had no hand
in the public prosecution, and made strenuous,
and at length successful, efforts to free Emlyn
from incarceration. Boyse drew up, with much
moderation, ' The Difference between Mr. E.
and the Dissenting Ministers of D. truly re-
presented ; ' and published ' A Vindication
of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour,'
1703, 8vo (2nd ed. 1710, 8vo), in answer to
Emlyn's * Humble Inquiry.' Emlyn thinks
that Boyse might have abstained from writing
against him while the trial was pending ; but
it is probable that Boyse's able defence of the j
doctrine in dispute gave weight to his inter- I
cession. Boyse at this early date takes note j
that ' the Unitarians are coming over to the
deists in point of doctrine.' Emlyn's place as
Boyse's colleague was supplied by Richard
Choppin, a Dublin man (licensed 1702, or-
dained 1704, died 1741). In 1708 Boyse issued
a volume of fifteen sermons, of which the last
was an ordination discourse on 'The Office of a
Scriptural Bishop,' with a polemical appendix.
This received answers from Edward Drury
and Matthew French, curates in Dublin, and
the discourse itself was, without Boyse's con-
sent, reprinted separately in 1709, 8vo. He
had, however, the opportunity of adding a vo-
luminous postscript, in which he replied to the
above answers, and he continued the contro-
versy in * A Clear Account of the Ancient
Episcopacy,' 1712. Meantime the reprint of
his sermon, with postscript, was burned by
the common hangman, by order of the Irish
House of Lords, in November 1711. This
was King's last argument against Boyse ; now
the archbishop of Dublin writes to Swift,
' we burned Mr. Boyse's book of a scriptural
bishop.' Once more Boyse came forward in
defence of dissent, in ' Remarks,' 1716, on a
pamphlet by William Tisdall, D.D., vicar of
Belfast, respecting the sacramental test. Boyse
had been one of tliepatroni of the academy at
Whitehaveri (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon,
M.D., and on its cessation he had to do with
the settlement in Dublin of Francis Hutche-
son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of
a somewhat similar institution, in which
Boyse taught divinity. He soon became in-
volved in the nonsubscription controversy.
At the synod in Belfast, 1721, he was present
as a commissioner from Dublin ; protested with
his colleague, in the name of the Dublin pres-
bytery, against the vote allowing a voluntary
subscription to the Westminster Confession ;
and succeeded in carrying a ' charitable decla-
ration,' freeing nonsubscribers from censure
and recommending mutual forbearance. The
preface to Abernethy's ' Seasonable Advice/
1722, and the postscript to his ' Defence ' of
the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's
collected works, though signed also by his
Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop-
pin. In the same year he preached (24 June)
at Londonderry during the sitting of the
general synod of Ulster. His text was John
viii. 34, 35, and the publication of the dis-
course, which strongly deprecated disunion,
was urged by men of both parties. Next year,
being unable through illness to offer peaceful
counsels in person, he printed the sermon.
Perhaps his pacific endeavours were dis-
counted by the awkward circumstance that
at this synod (1723) a letter was received from
him announcing a proposed change in the
management of the regium donum, viz. that
it be distributed by a body of trustees in Lon-
don, with the express view of checking the
high-handed party in the synod. The rupture
j between the southern and northern presby-
i terians was completed by the installation of
! a nonsubscriber, Alexander Colville, M.D.,
1 on 25 Oct. 1725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the
! Dublin presbytery ; Boyse was not one of the
i installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy
letter to the presbyterian ministers of the
north, in ' vindication ' of a private commu-
nication on their disputes, which had been
| printed without his knowledge. Writing to
i the Rev. Thomas Steward of Bury St. Ed-
i munds (d. 10 Sept. 1753, aged 84) on 1 Nov.
I 1726, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the
! nonsubscribers as 'the late shameful rup-
! ture,' and gives an account of the new presby-
j tery which the general synod, in pursuance
j of its separative policy, had erected for Dub-
lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly
on Boyse, considering the moderation of his
views and temper. He always wrote like a
gentleman. He published several sermons
against Romanists, and a letter (with appen-
dix) 'Concerning the Pretended Infallibility of
the Romish Church,' addressed to a protestant
divine who had written against Rome. His
' Some Queries offered to the Consideration
of the People called Quakers, &c.,' called
forth, shortly before Boyse's death, a reply
| by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin schoolmaster. It
is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re-
( lief from domestic sorrow, due to his son's
career. He died in straitened circumstances
on 22 Nov. 1728, leaving a son, Samuel [q. v.]
(the biographers of this son have not usually
mentioned that he was one of the deputation
to present the address from the general synod
of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a
daughter, married to Mr. Waddington. He
was succeeded in his ministry by Abernethy
(in 1730). Boyse's works were collected by
Boyse
himself in two huge folios, London,
(usually bound in one ; they are the earliest ii
not the only folios published by a presbyterian
minister of Ireland). Prefixed is a recom-
mendation (dated 23 April 1728) signed by
Calamy and five other London ministers.
The first volume contains seventy-one ser-
mons (several being funeral, ordination, and
anniversary discourses ; many had already
been collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo),
and several tracts on justification. Embedded
among the sermons (at p. 326) is a very cu-
rious piece of puritan autobiography, ' Some
Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of
Mr. Edmund Trench.' The second volume is
wholly controversial. Not included in these
volumes are : 1. ' Vindication of Osborne ' (see
above). 2. 'Sacramental Hymns collected
(chiefly) out of such Passages of the New Tes-
tament as contain the most suitable matter of
Divine Praises in the Celebration of the Lord's
Supper, &c.,' Dublin, 1693, small 8vo, with
another title-page, London, 1693. (This
little book, overlooked by his biographers, is
valuable as illustrating Boyse's theology : it
nominally contains twenty-three hymns, but
reckoning doublets in different metres there
are forty-one pieces by Boyse, one from George
Herbert, and two from Mr. Patrick, i.e. Simon
Patrick, bishop of Ely. In a very curious
preface Boyse disclaims the possession of any
poetic genius ; but his verses, published thir-
teen years before Isaac Watts came into the
field, are not without merit. To the volume is
prefixed the approval of six Dublin ministers,
headed by ' Tho. Toy,' and including ' Tho.
Emlin.') 3. 'Case of the Protestant Dis-
senters ' (see above. The tract is so rare that
Reid knows only of the copy at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin. The vindication of it is in the
' Works '). 4. ' Family Hymns for Morning
and Evening Worship. With some for the
Lord's Days. . . . All taken out of the Psalms
of David,' Dublin, 1701, 16mo. (Unknown
to bibliographers. Contains preface, recom-
mendation by six Dublin ministers, and
seventy-six hymns, in three parts, with music.
Boyse admits ' borrowing a few expressions
from some former versions.' The poetry is
superior to his former effort. A copy, un-
catalogued, is in the Antrim Presbytery
Library at Queen's College, Belfast.) 5. 'The
Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting
Ministers of D., &c.' (see above. Emlyn re- '[
prints it in the appendix to his ' Narrative,'
1719, and says Boyse drew it up). Of his
separate publications an incomplete list is
furnished by Witherow. The bibliography
of the earlier ones is better given in Reid.
Boyse wrote the Latin inscription on the
original pedestal (1701) of the equestrian
Boyse
statue of William III in College Green,
Dublin.
[Choppin's Funeral Sermon, 1728 ; Towers, in
Biog. Brit. ii. (1780), 531 ; Calamy's Hist. Ace.
of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 515; Thorn's
Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1864, 68 ;
Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyte-
rianism in Ireland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 79, 2nd ser.
1880, p. 74 ; Keid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland
(ed. Killen), 1867,vols.ii. iii. ; Anderson's British
Poets, 1794,x. 327 ; Monthly Kepos. 1811, pp.204,
261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm-
strong's Appendix to Ordination Service (James
Martineau), 1829, p. 70 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire-
Ian d(ed. A rchdall), 1789 (re Countess Donegal);
Winder's MSS. in Kenshaw Street Chapel Li-
brary, Liverpool (re Whitehaven) ; Narrative of
the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the
Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ;
manuscript extracts from Minutes of General
Synod, 1721 ; Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quak. 1782,
p. 82.] A. G.
BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet,
was the son of Joseph Boyse [q. v.], a dissent-
ing minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708.
He was educated at a private school in Dub-
lin and at the university of Glasgow. His
studies were interrupted by his marriage when
twenty with a Miss Atchenson. He returned
to Dublin with his wife, and lived in his
father's house without adopting any profes-
sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730
Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed
a letter on Liberty in the ' Dublin Journal,'
No. xcvii., in 1726, but his regular commence-
ment as an author dates from 1731, when he
printed his first book, 'Translations and
Poems/ in Edinburgh. He was patronised
by the Scottish nobility, and in this volume
and in some later poems wrote in praise of his
patrons. An elegy on the death of Viscountess
•stormont, called ' The Tears of the Muses/
1736, procured for Boyse a valuable reward
Torn her husband, and the Duchess of Gordon
*uve the poet an introduction for a post in
jhe customs. The day on which he ought to
lave applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to
.ose the place rather than face the rain. Debts
at length compelled him to fly from Edin-
burgh. His patrons gave him introductions
:o the chief poet of the day, Mr. Pope, to the
.ord chancellor, and to Mr. Murray, after-
wards Lord Mansfield, and then solicitor-
general. Boyse had, however, not sufficient
steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted
the opportunities which these introductions
might have given him of procuring a start in
the world of letters or a settlement in life.
Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse
never called again. The phrases of Johnson
may be recognised in a description of him at
Boyse
136
Boyse
this time, which relates that l he had no power
of maintaining the dignity of wit, and though
his understanding was very extensive, yet but
a few could discover that he had any genius
above the common rank. He had so strong a
propension to groveling that his acquaintance
were generally of such a cast as could be of
no service to him ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets,
1753, v. 167). In 1739 Boyse published < The
Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 « The Praise ot
Peace, a poem in three cantos from the Dutch
of Mr. Van Haren.' He translated Fenelon
on the demonstration of the existence of God,
and modernised the ' Squire's Tale ' and the
1 Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. These, with se-
veral papers in the ' Gentleman's Magazine '
signed Alcseus, were his chief publications in
London. At Reading, in 1747, he published,
in two volumes, ' An Historical Review of the
Transactions of Europe, 1739-45.' When
the payments of the booksellers did not satisfy
his wants, Boyse begged from sectaries, to
whom his father's theological reputation was
known, and when their patience was exhausted
from any one likely to give. Two of his begging
letters are preserved in the British Museum
(Sloane MS. 4033 B). A sentence in one
of these shows how abject a beggar the poet
had become. * You were pleased,' he writes
to Sir Hans Sloane, l to give my wife the en-
closed shilling last night. I doubt not but
you thought it a good one, but as it happened
otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa-
sioned by the mistake.' The letter is dated
14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re-
duced to greater straits. ' It was about the
year 1740 that Mr. Boyse, reduced to the last
extremity of human wretchedness, had not a
shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put
on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried
to the pawnbrokers, and he was obliged to be
confined to bed with no other covering than
a blanket. Daring this time he had some
employment in writing verses for the maga-
zines, and whoever had seen him in his study
must have thought the object singular enough.
He sat up in bed with a blanket wrapped
about him, through which he had cut a hole
large enough to admit his arm, and placing
the paper upon his knee scribbled, in the best
manner he could, the verses he was obliged
to make ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, v. 169).
Necessity is the mother of invention, and
Boyse's indigence led him to the discovery of
paper collars. ' Whenever his distresses so
pressed as to induce him to dispose of his
shirt, he fell upon an artificial method of sup-
plying one. He cut some white paper in
slips, which he tyed round his wrists, and in
the same manner supplied his neck. In this
plight he frequently appeared abroad, with
the additional inconvenience of want of
breeches ' (CiBBER, v. 169). In the midst of
this deserved squalor, and with vicious pro-
pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse
had some knowledge of literature and some
interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation.
It was this and his miseries, and some traces
which he now and then showed of a religious
education, not quite obliterated by a neglect
of all its precepts, which obtained for him the
acquaintance of Johnson. Shiel's ' Life of
Boyse ' (CIBBER, v. 160) contains Johnson's
recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at
Reading, where Boyse had gone to live. On
his return to London two years later he mar-
ried again. His second wife seems to have
been an uneducated woman, but she induced
him to live more regularly and to dress de-
cently. His last illness had, however, begun,
and after a lingering phthisis he died in
lodgings near Shoe Lane in May 1749. John-
son could not collect money enough to pay
for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction
from other paupers for Boyse, that the ser-
vice of the church was separately performed
over his corpse.
Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is
said to have had a taste for painting and for
music,and an extensive knowledge of heraldry.
' The Deity, a Poem,' is the best known of his
works. It appeared in 1729, went through
two editions in the author's lifetime, and has
been since printed in several collections of the
English poets (' The British Poets,' Chiswick,
1822, vol. lix.; Park's 'British Poets,' London,
1808, vol. xxxiii.) Fielding quotes some lines
from it on the theatre of time in the com-
parison between the world and the stage,
which is the introduction to book vii. of
1 Tom Jones.' He praises the lines, and says
that the quotation f is taken from a poem
called the Deity, published about nine years
ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A
proof that good books no more than good men
ido always survive the bad.' It was perhaps
a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made
Fielding praise him. The poem was obviously
suggested by the ' Essay on Man,' and the
arrangement of its parts is that common in
theological treatises on the attributes of God.
The edition of 1749 contains some alterations.
These are unimportant, as ' celestial wisdom '
(1739) altered to 'celestial spirit' (1749);
' doubtful gloom ' (1739) to ' dubious gloom '
(1749) ; while the few added lines can neither
raise nor depress the quality of the poem. In
some of Boyse's minor poems recollections of
Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior
may be traced. False rhymes are not un-
common in his verse, but the lines are usually
tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on
Brabazon
137
Brabazon
Loch Kian, in which Lord Stair's character is
compared to the steadfast rock of Ailsa, with
a coincident allusion to the Stair crest and
the family motto ' Firm.' Four six-line verses
entitled ' Stanzas to a Candle/ in which the
author compares his fading career to the nick-
ering and burning out of the candle on his
table, are the most original of all Boyse's
poems. They are free from affectation, and
show Boyse for once in a true poetic mood,
neither racking his brains for imagery nor
using his memory to help out the verse ; not
writing at threepence a line for the bookseller,
but recording a poetic association clearly de-
rived from the object before him.
[Gibber's Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol. v. ;
Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1791; Sloane MS.
4033 B ; Boyse's Works.] N. M.
BRABAZON, ROGER LE (d. 1||17),
judge, descended from an ancient family of
Normandy, the founder of which, Jacques le
Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with
William the Conqueror, his name occurring
in the Roll of Battle Abbey. The name is
variously spelt Brabacon, Brabancon, and
Brabanson, and was originally given to one of
the roving bands of mercenaries common in
the middle ages. His great-grandson Thomas
acquired the estate of Moseley in Leicester-
shire, by marriage with Amicia, heiress of
John de Moseley. Their son, Sir Roger, who
further acquired Eastwill in the same county,
married Beatrix, the eldest of the three sisters,
and coheirs of Hansel de Bisset, and by her
had two sons, of whom the elder was Roger,
the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider-
able learning, and practised before the great
judge De Hengham. His first legal office was
as justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in
Lancashire, which he held in 1287. In 1289,
when almost all the existing judges were re-
moved for extortion and-corrupt practices,
Brabazon was made a justice of the king's
bench, receiving a salary of 331. 6s. 8d. per
annum, being as much greater (viz. 61. 13s. 4rf.)
than the salaries of the other puisne justices as
it was less than the salary of the chief justice.
"When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator
between the rival claimants to the crown of
Scotland, resolved to claim the suzerainty for
himself, Brabazon (though not then chief jus-
ticiary as one account has it, the office then
no longer existing) was employed to search
for some legal justification for the claim. By
warping the facts he succeeded in making out
some shadow of a title, and accordingly at-
tended Edward and his parliament at Nor-
ham. The Scottish nobles and clergy assem-
bled there on 10 May 1291, and Brabazon,
speaking in French, the then court language of
Scotland, announced the king's determination,
and stated the grounds for it. A notary and
witnesses were at hand, and he called on the
nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para-
mount of Scotland. To this the Scotch de-
murred, and asked time for deliberation. Bra-
bazon referred to the king, and appointed the
day following for their decision ; but the time
was eventually extended to 1 June. Brabazon,
however, did not remain in Scotland till then,
but returned south to the business of his court,
acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng-
land in this year. After the Scottish crown
had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con-
tinued to be employed upon a plan for the
subjection of Scotland. He was one of a body
of commissioners to whom Edward referred a
complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgess
of Berwick, that English judges were exer-
cising jurisdiction north of the Tweed ; and
when the Scottish king presented a petition,
alleging that Edward had promised to observe
the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon re-
jected it, and held that if the king had made
any promises, while the Scottish throne was
vacant, in derogation of his just suzerainty,
such promises were temporary only and not
binding; and as to the conduct of the judges
they were deputed by the king as superior and
direct lord of Scotland, and represented his
person. Encouraged by this decision, Mac-
Duff, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish
king to the English House of Lords, and on
the advice of Brabazon and other judges it
was held that the king must come as a vassal
to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy
three of his castles were seized. He is found
in 1293 sitting in Westchepe, and with other
judges sentencing three men to mutilation by
loss of the right hand. But, although sitting
as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the
political events in which he was engaged, had
completely overshadowed Gilbert de Thorn-
ton, the chief justice of his court. The time
was now arrived to reward him. In 1295
Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra-
bazon succeeded him, and being reappointed
immediately upon the accession of Edward II,
6 Sept. 1307, continued in that office until his
retirement in 1316. He had been a commis-
sioner of array for the counties of Nottingham,
Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore-
land, and York, in 1296, and was constantly
summoned to the parliaments which met at
Westminster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle,
Northampton, Stamford, and York up to
1314. In 1297 Brabazon's position pointed
to him naturally as a member of the council
of Edward, the king's son, when left by his
father in England as lieutenant of the king-
dom. On 1 April 1300 he was appointed to
Brabazon
138
Brabazon
perambulate the royal forests in Salop, Staf-
fordshire, and Derby, and call the officers to
account. In 1305 he is named with John de j
Lisle as an additional justice in case of need j
in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Middlesex, pur-
suant to an ordinance of trailbaston, and al-
though the writ is cancelled, he certainly
acted, for he sat at Guildhall ' ad recipiendas
billas super articulis de trailbaston.' In
the same year, being present at the parlia-
ment held at Westminster, he was appointed
and sworn in as a commissioner to treat with
the Scotch representatives concerning the
government of Scotland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he
sat at the Tower of London on the trial of the
Earl of Athole and convicted him. In 1308,
having been appointed to try certain com-
plaints against the bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, Brabazon was ordered (19 Feb.) to
adjourn the hearing, in order to attend the
coronation of Edward II. He was twice as-
signed to hold pleas at York in 1309 and
1312, was detained specially in London in the
summer of 1313 to advise the king on matters
of high importance, and was still invested
with the office of commissioner of forests in
Stafford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and
Oxon, as late as 1316.
All these labours told severely on his health.
Broken by age and infirmity he, on 23 Feb.
1316, asked leave to resign his office of chief
justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda-
tory patent of discharge ; but he remained a
member of the privy council, and was to at-
tend in parliament whenever his health per-
mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge,
but did not long survive. He died on 13 June
1317, and his executor, John de Brabazon,
had masses said for him at Dunstable Abbey.
He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He
appears to have had a high character for learn-
ing. To his abilities his honours and offices
bear testimony, whatever blame may attach
to him for his course in politics. He was
a landowner in several counties. In 1296 he
is enrolled, pursuant to an ordinance for the
defence of the sea-coast, as a knight holding
lands in Essex, but non-resident, and in the
year following he was summoned as a land-
owner in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to
attend in person at the muster at Nottingham
for military service in Scotland with arms and
horses. In 1310 he had lands in Leicester-
shire, and in 1316 at Silbertoft and Sulby in
Northamptonshire, at East Bridgeford and
Hawkesworth in Nottinghamshire, and at
Rollright in Oxfordshire. The property at
East Bridgeford came to him through his wife
Beatrix, daughter of Sir John de Sproxton,
with the advowson of the church appurtenant
to the manor. As to this he was long engaged
in a dispute, for after he had presented a clerk
to the living and the ordinary had instituted
him, one Bonifacius de Saluce or Saluciis,
claiming apparently through some right con-
nected with the chapel of Trykehull, intruded
upon the living and got possession, and
though Brabazon petitioned for his removal
as early as 1300, the intruding priest was
still unousted in 1315. Brabazon left no issue,
his one son having died young ; he had a
daughter, Albreda, who married William le
Graunt ; his property passed to his brother
Matthew, from whom descend the present
earls of Meath, barons Brabazon of Ardee, in
Ireland.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives
of the Chief Justices, i. 78 ; Dugdale's Origines ;
Tytler's Scotland, i. 80 ; History of the Family
of Brabazon ; Kot. Pat. 9 Edw. II ; Thurston's
Notts, i. 294 ; Biographical Peerage, iv. 30 ;
Boberts's Calend. Genealogicum, 461 ; Parlia-
mentary Bolls, i. 138, 218, 267, 301 ; Palgrave's
Parliamentary Writs, i. 490, ii. 581; Luard's
Annales Monastic!, iii. 410, iv. 506; Stubbs's
Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280.]
J. A. H.
BRABAZON, Sm WILLIAM (d. 1552),
vice- treasurer and lord justice of Ireland,
was descended from the family of Roger le
Brabazon [q. v.], and was the son of John
Brabazon of Eastwell, Leicestershire, and a
daughter of — Chaworth. After succeeding
his father he was knighted on 20 Aug. 1534,
and appointed vice-treasurer and general
receiver of Ireland. In a letter from Chief-
justice Aylmer to Lord Cromwell in August
1535 he is styled ' the man that prevented
the total ruin and desolation of the king-
dom.' In 1536 he prevented the ravages
of O'Connor in Carberry by burning several
villages in Offaly and carrying away great
poil.
tive a speech in support of establishing the
popo that ho ponDuadod tno pajiiamont to
paoo tho bill fog that pujpooo. Ao a i-eoult >*&
of thio; many poligiouo hotieoo wore in 1539
anrronflQrod tn thp king For these and
other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con-
stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was
again appointed to the same office on 1 April
1546. In the same year he drove Patrick
O'More and Brian O'Connor from Kildare.
In April 1547 he was elected a member of
the privy council of Ireland. In the spring
of 1548 he assisted the lord deputy in sub-
duing a sedition raised in Kildare by the
sons of Viscount Baltinglass. He was a
third time made lord justice on 2 Feb. 1549.
In August 1550, with the aid of 8,000/. and
400 men from England, he subdued Charles
Brabourne
139
Brabourne
Mac-Art-Cavenagh, who, after making sub-
mission and renouncing his name, received
pardon. Brabazon died on 9 July 1552 (as
is proved by the inquisitions taken in the
year of his death), not in 1548 as recorded
on his tombstone. His heart was buried
with his ancestors at Eastwell, and his body
in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church,
Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter
and coheir to Nicholas Clifford of Holme,
he left two sons and three daughters.
[Lodge's Peerage (Archdall), i. 265-70 ; Genea-
logical History of the Family of Brabazon ; Gal.
State Papers, Irish Series; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Series, Henry VIII; Cal. Carew MSS.
vol. i. ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. i.] T. F. H.
BRABOURNE, THEOPHILUS (b.
1590), writer on the Sabbath question, was
a native of Norwich. The date of his birth
is fixed by his own statement in 1654 : ' I am
64 yeares of age ' (Answer to Cawdry, p. 75).
His father was a puritan hosier, who edu-
cated his son at the free school of Norwich till
he was fifteen years of age, and designed him
for the church. Incidentally he mentions
some curious particulars of Sunday trading
in Norwich during his schoolboy days, and
says that the city waits played regularly at
the market cross { on the latter part of the
Lord's day,' in the presence of thousands of
people. When the lad should have gone to
Cambridge, the silencing of many puritan
ministers for non-compliance with the cere-
monies induced the father to take him into
his own business, and send him to London,
as factor for selling stockings wholesale. He
remained in London till his marriage to
Abigail, daughter of Koger and Joane Gal-
liard. He was thus brother-in-law of Ben-
jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard.
After his marriage, Brabourne lived for two or
three years at Norwich with his father, and
resuming his intention of entering the minis-
try, he studied privately under ' three able
divines.' He seems to have been episcopally
ordained before 1628, and it is probable that
he officiated (Collings says he got a curacy
of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in-
dication of his having been connected with
any other place after he left London, though
Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls
him a Suffolk minister. In 1628 appeared
his 'Discourse upon the Sabbath Day/ in
which he impugns the received doctrine of
the sabbatical character of the Lord's day,
and maintains that Saturday is still the
sabbath. Hence Robert Cox regards him
as ' the founder in England of the sect at
first known as Sabbatarians, but now calling
themselves seventh-day baptists.' This is
quite incorrect ; Brabourne was no baptist,
founded no sect, and, true to the original
puritan standpoint [see BKADSHAW, WIL-
LIAM], wrote vehemently against all separa-
tists from the national church, and in fa-
vour of the supremacy of the civil power in
matters ecclesiastical. His attention had
been drawn to the Sabbath question (' Dis-
course,' p. 59) by a work published at Ox-
• ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces-
tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con-
cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com-
' mandment.' Broad rests the authority of
I the Lord's day on the custom of the early
church and the constitution of the church of
j England. Brabourne leaves it to every
i man's conscience whether he will keep the
sabbath or the Lord's day, but decides that
those who prefer the former are on the safe
side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground
1 in his ' Defence ... of the Sabbath Day,'
1632, a work which he had the boldness to
dedicate to Charles I. Prior to this publica-
| tion he appears to have held discussions on
i the subject with several puritan ministers in
' his neighbourhood, and claimed to have al-
ways come off victorious. He tells us that
he held a conference, lasting ' many days, an
houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hoi-
born, with Francis White (bishop of Nor-
wich 1629-31, of Ely 1631-8). This was
the beginning of his troubles ; in his own
words, he was l tossed in the high commis-
sion court near three years.' He lay in the
Gatehouse at Westminster for nine weeks,
and was then publicly examined before the
high commission, ' near a hundred ministers
present (besides hundreds of other people).'
The king's advocate pleaded against him,
and Bishop White ' read a discourse of near
an hour long ' on his errors. Sir H. Martin,
one of the judges of the court, moved to sue
the king to issue his writ de hceretico combu-
rendo, but Laud interposed. Brabourne was
censured, and sent to Newgate, where he
remained eighteen months. When he had
been a year in prison, he was again exa-
mined before Laud, who told him that if he
had stopped with what he said of the Lord's
day, namely that it is not a sabbath of
divine institution, but a holy day of the
church, ' we should not have troubled you.'
Ultimately, he made his submission to the
high commission court. The Document is
called a recantation, but when safe from the
clutches of the court, Brabourne explained
that all he had actually retracted was the
word 'necessarily.' He had affirmed 'that
Saturday ought necessarily to be our sab-
bath j ' this he admitted to be a ' rash and
Brabourne
140
Brabourne
of God's, the Sabbath Day. . . . Under-
taken against all Anti-Sabbatharians, both of
Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana-
baptists ; and by name and especially against
these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut-
chinson, M. Furnace, M. Benton, M. Gallard,
M. Yates, M. Clmppel, M. Stinnet, M. John-
son, and M. Wade. The second edition,
corrected and amended; with a supply of
many things formerly omitted. . . .' 1632,
4to (according to Watt, the first edition was
presumptuous error,' for his opinion, though
true, was not ' a necessary truth.' Bra-
bourne's book was one of the reasons which
moved Charles I to reissue on 18 Oct. 1633
the declaration commonly known as the
Book of Sports ; it was by the king's com-
mand that Bishop White wrote his ' Treatise
of the Sabbath Day,' 1635, 4to, in the dedi-
cation of which (to Laud) is a short account
of Brabourne. Returning to Norwich in
1635, Brabourne probably resumed his minis-
try; but he got some property on the death of ! in 1631, 4to, and there was another edition
a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- I in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten-
ing1. In 1654 he writes in his reply to John j net of Abingdon, the first English seventh-
The
The
16mo
„ A ---„-- the
Collings was a bitter antagonist of j Change of Church-Discipline. . . . Also a
his non-presbyterian neighbours. Brabourne | Reply to Mr. Collins his answer made to
had written in 1653 l The Change of Church- j Mr. Brabourne's first part of the Change of
Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all Church-Discipline . . .' 1654, 4to (the reply
sorts. This stirred Collings to attack him | has a separate title-page and pagination, ' A
in ' Indoctus Doctor Edoctus,' &c. 1654, 4to.
A second part of Brabourne's tract pro-
Reply to the " Indoctus Doctor Edoctus/' '
1654, 4to). 5. ' The Second Vindication of
voked ' A New Lesson for the Indoctus my first Book of the Change of Discipline ;
Doctor,' &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabourne | being a Reply to Mr. Collings his second
wrote a f Second Vindication ' in reply. This ; Answer to it. Also a Dispute between Mr.
pamphlet war is marked by personalities, in \ Collings and T. Brabourne touching the
which Collings excels. Collings tells us | Sabbath Day,' 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. ' An
that Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, Answer to M. Cawdry's two books of the
had tried several employments. He had Sabbath lately come forth,' &c, 1654, 12mo.
been bolt-poake, weaver, hosier, maltster (in 6. l Answers to two books on the Sabbath :
St. Augustine's parish), and was now ' a j the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no
nonsensical scribbler,' who was forced to j Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren, the
publish his books at his own expense. While Jews' Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, 8vo (not
this dispute with Collings was going on, seen ; Jeremy Ives's book was published 1659,
Brabourne brought out an ' Answer ' to 4to ; Edmund Warren's (of Colchester) was
the ' Sabbatum Redivivum,' &c., of Daniel i also published 1659, 4to). 7. ' God save
1 ' and his Parlia
Theophilus
Brabourn unto the hon. Parliament, that, as
all magistrates in the Kingdome doe in their
office, so Bishops may be required in their
office to own the King's supremacy,' &c. 1661,
4to (published 5 March ; there is ; A Post-
script, (sic) i Of many evils' (sic) which follow
of the quest
to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was
unconvinced by Cawdrey. Five years later
he wrote on liis favourite theme against
Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard
of Brabourne till after the Restoration, when
he put out pamphlets rejoicing in liberty of
conscience, and defending the royal supre-
macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these
pamphlets he spells his name Brabourn. The
last of them was issued 18 March 1661.
Nothing is known of Brabourne later.
He published : 1. ' A Discourse upon the
Sabbath Day . . . Printed the 23th (sic) of
Decemb. anno dom. 1628,' 16mo (Brabourne
maintains that the duration of the sabbath is
' that space of time and light from day-peep
or day-break in the morning, until day be
quite off the sky at night). 2. ' A Defence
of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance
upon the King's grant to Bishops of a coer-
cive power in their courts for ceremonies ').
9. ' Of the Lavvfnluess (sic) of the Oath of
allegiance to the King, and of the other
oath to his supremacy. Written for the
benefit of Quakers and others, who out of
scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of
allegiance and supremacy,' 1661, 4to (pub-
lished 18 March, not included in Smith's
' Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana,' 1872).
[Wood's Athense Oxon. i. (1691), 333 ; Brook's
Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362 ; Barham's
Collier's Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii. 76 ; Hunt's Eel.
Bracegirdle
141
Bracegirdle
Thought in England, 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's
Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, xi.
1875 (Laud), 237 seq. ; Cox's Literature of the
Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c. ; Browne's
Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf-
folk, 1877, 494 n ; works cited above.] A. G.
BRACEGIRDLE, ANNE (1663 P-1748),
one of the most popular and brilliant of Eng-
lish actresses, was born about 1663, presu-
mably in one of the midland counties. Curll
(History of the English Stage) calls her the
daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle, of North-
•^mptonshire (? Northampton), esq., says 'she
• Rtifl the good fortune to be well placed when
j aii infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and
• his wife/ and adds that ' she performed the
page in "The Orphan," at the Duke's Theatre
in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.'
' The Orphan ' was first played, at Dorset
Garden, in 1680. With the addition of a de-
cade to Mrs. Bracegirdle's age, which this
date renders imperative, this story, though
without authority and not undisputed, is re-
concilable with facts. Downes (JRoscius An-
glicanus) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in
connection with the Theatre Royal in 1688,
in which year she played Lucia in Shadwell's
' Squire of Alsatia.' Maria in Mountfort's
' Edward III,' Emmeline in Dryden's ' King
Arthur,' Tamira in D'Urfey's alteration of
Chapman's 'Bussy d'Ambois,' and other
similar parts followed. In 1693 Mrs. Brace-
girdle made, as Araminta in the ' Old Bache-
lor,' her first appearance in a comedy of
Congreve, the man in whose works her chief
triumphs were obtained, and whose name
has subsequently, for good or ill, been most
closely associated with her own. In the
memorable opening, by Betterton, of the
little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695,
with 'Love for Love,' Mrs. Bracegirdle
played Angelica. Two years later she enacted
Belinda in the ' Provoked Wife ' of Van-
brugh, and Almeria in Congreve's l Mourning
Bride.' To these, which may rank' as her
principal ' creations,' may be added the he-
roines of some of Rowe's tragedies, Selina in
1 Tamerlane,' Lavinia in the ' Fair Penitent,'
and in such alterations of Shakespeare as
were then customary ; Isabella (' Measure for
Measure '), Portia (' Merchant of Venice '),
Desdemona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford,
with other characters from plays of the epoch,
showing that her range included both comedy
and tragedy. In the season of 1706-7 Mrs.
Bracegirdle at the Haymarket came first into
competition with Mrs. Oldfield, before whose
star, then rising, her own went down. Accord-
ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield,
published in 1730, the year of her death, and
quoted by Genest (vol. ii. p. 375), the question
whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle
was the better actress in comedy was left to
the town to settle. ' Mrs. Bracegirdle accord-
ingly acted Mrs. Brittle ' (in Betterton's
t Amorous Widow ') f on one night, and Mrs.
Oldfield acted the same part on the next
night ; the preference was adjudged to Mrs.
Oldfield, at which Mrs. Bracegirdle was very
much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit,
being allowed by Swiney to be in the season
before Mrs. Bracegirdle's, added so much to
the affront that she quitted the stage imme-
diately.' That from this time (1707) she re-
fused all offers to rejoin the stage is certain.
Once again she appeared upon the scene of
her past triumphs. This was on the occasion
of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and
13 April 1709, when, with her companion
Mrs. Barry, she came from her retirement,
and played in ' Love for Love ' her favourite
role of Angelica [see BETTEETON, THOMAS].
After this date no more is publicly heard
of her until 18 Sept. 1748, when her body
was removed from her house in Howard
Street, Strand, and interred in the east
cloisters of Westminster Abbey. Of her
long life less than a third was directly con-
nected with the stage. An amount of pub-
licity unusual even in the case of women of
her profession was thrust upon her during
her early life. To this the murder of
Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun,
due to the passion of the former for Mrs.
Bracegirdle and his jealousy of his victim,
contributed. An assumption of virtue, any-
thing but common in those of her position
in the days in which she lived, was, however,
a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far
the merit of 'not being unguarded in her
private character,' which, without a hint of
a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Gibber, is her
due, it is useless now to inquire. Evidence
will be judged differently by different minds.
Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de-
clares ' She seems to have been a cold, vain,
and interested coquette, who perfectly under-
stood how much the influence of her charms
was increased by the fame of a severity
which cost her nothing, and who could ven-
ture to flirt with a succession of admirers
in the just confidence that no flame which
she might kindle in them would thaw her
own ice ' (History of England, iii. 380, ed.
1864). For this statement, to say the least
rash, the authorities Macaulay quotes, un-
friendly as they are, furnish no justification.
Tom Brown, of infamous memory, utters
sneers concerning her Abigail being ' brought
to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to
her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious
though atrocious publication, ( A Comparison
Bracegirdle
142
Bracken
between Two Stages,' expresses his want of
faith in the story of her innocence, concern-
ing which, without arraigning it, he says (p.
18), 'I believe no more on't than I believe
of John Mandevil.' Wholly valueless is the
evidence of these two indirect assailants
against the general verdict of a time known
to be censorious. Mrs. Bracegirdle may at
least claim to have had the highest reputa-
tion for virtue of any woman of her age ; and
her benevolence to the unemployed poor of
Clare Market and adjacent districts, l so that
she could not pass that neighbourhood with-
out the thankful acclamations of people of
all degrees, so that, if any one affronted her,
they would have been in danger of being
killed directly ' (TONY ASTON), is a pleasing
trait in her character. The story is worth
repeating that ' Lord Halifax, overhearing
the praise of Mrs. Bracegirdle's virtuous be-
haviour by the Dukes of Dorset and Devon-
shire and other nobles, said, " You all com-
mend her virtue, &c., but why do we not
present this incomparable woman with some-
thing worthy her acceptance ?" His lordship
deposited 200 guineas, which the rest made
up to 800 and sent to her ' (Tour ASTON).
Whether, as is insinuated in some quarters,
she yielded to the advances of Congreve,
whose devotion to her, like the similar de-
votion of Howe, seemed augmented by her
success in his pieces, and whose testimony
in his poems appears, like all other testimony,
to establish her virtue, remains undeter-
mined. In her own time she was suspected,
though her biographers ignore the fact, of
being married to Congreve. In a poem
called 'The Benefits of a Theatre,' which
appears in ' The State 'Poems,' vol. iv. p. 49,
and is no more capable of being quoted than
are the other contents of that valuable but
unsavoury receptacle, Congreve and Mrs.
Bracegirdle, unmistakably associated under
the names of Valentine and Angelica, are
distinctly, though doubtless wrongly, stated
to be married. Congreve left her in his will
a legacy of 200/. Grarrick, who met Mrs.
Bracegirdle after she had quitted the stage,
and heard her repeat some lines from Shake-
speare, is said to have expressed an opinion
that her reputation was undeserved. Colley
Gibber denied her any 'greater claim to
beauty than what the most desirable brunette
might pretend to,' but states that 'it was
even a fashion among the gay and young to
have a taste or tendre for Mrs. Bracegirdle.'
She inspired the best authors to write for
her, and two of them, Congreve and Howe,
1 when they gave her a lover, in her play,
seemed palpably to plead their own passion,
and made their private court to her in ficti-
tious character.' Aston, bitter in tongue as
he ordinarily is, shared his father's belief in
her purity, and has left a sufficiently tempting
picture of her. ' She was of a lovely height,
with dark-brown hair and eyebrows, black
sparkling eyes and a fresh blushy complexion,
and, whenever she exerted herself, had an
involuntary flushing in her breast, neck, and
face, having continually a cheerful aspect, and
a fine set of even white teeth, never making
an exit but that she left the audience in an
imitation of her pleasant countenance ' (Brief
Supplement, pp. 9-10).
[G-enest's History of the Stage ; Gibber's Apo-
logy, by Bellchambers ; Egerton's Life of Ann
Oldfield, 1731 ; Stanley's Historical Memorials
of Westminster Abbey; W. Clark Eussell's
Representative Actors ; A Comparison between
the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Aston's Brief Sup-
plement to Colley Gibber, n. d. ; Downe's Roscius
Anglicanus.] J. K
BRACEGIRDLE, JOHN (d. 1613-14),
poet, is supposed to have been a son of John
Bracegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon-
Avon from 1560 to 1569. He was matricu-
lated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge,
in December 1588, proceeded B.A. in 1591-
1592, commenced M.A. in 1595, and pro-
ceeded B.D. in 1602. He was inducted to
the vicarage of Rye in Sussex, on the pre-
sentation of Thomas Sackville, lord Buck-
hurst, 12 July 1602, and was buried there on
8 Feb. 1613-14.
He is author of ' Psychopharmacon, the
Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo-
sophie, contained, in five bookes, called the
Consolation of Philosophic, compiled by
Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boe-
thius,' translated into English blank verse,
except the metres, which are in many dif-
ferent kinds of rhyme, Addit. MS. 11401.
It is dedicated to Thomas Sackville, earl of
Dorset.
[Wheler's Stratford -upon- A von, 31 ; Cooper's
Athenae Cantab, ii. 430; Sussex Archaeological
Collections, xiii. 274.] T. C.
BRACKEN, HENRY, M.D. (1697-1764),
writer on farriery, was the son of Henry
Bracken of Lancaster, and was baptised
there 31 Oct. 1697. His early education
was gained at Lancaster under Mr. Bordley
and the Rev. Thomas Holmes, and he was
afterwards apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth-
ington, a physician in extensive practice at
Wigan. At the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, about 1717, he went to London,
and passed a few months as a pupil at St.
Thomas's Hospital. Thence he went over to
Bracken
143 Brackenbury
Paris to attend the Hotel-Dieu, and subse-
quently to Leyden, where he studied under
Herman Boerhaave, and took his degree of
M.D., but his name is omitted from the 'Al-
bum Studiosorum Academiae Lugd. Bat./
printed in 1875. On his return to London he
attended the practice of Drs. Wadsworth and
Plumtree, and soon began to practise on his
own account at Lancaster, and before long be-
came widely known as a surgeon and author.
About 1746 he was charged with abetting the
Jacobite rebels and thrown into prison, but
was discharged without trial, there appearing
to have been no ground for his arrest ; indeed,
he had previously rendered a service to the
king by intercepting a messenger to the
rebels, and sending the letters to the general
of the king's forces, and for this act he had
been obliged to keep out of the way of the
Pretender's followers. He received much
honour in his native town, and was twice
elected mayor— in 1747-8 and 1757-8. In
his method of practice as a medical man he
was remarkably simple, discarding many of
the usual nostrums. In private life he was
liberal, generous, charitable, and popular ;
but his love of horse-racing, of conviviality,
and of smuggling, which he called gambling
with the king, prevented him from reaping
or retaining the full fruits of his success.
He published several books on horses, writ-
ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound-
ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to
be placed by John Lawrence at the head of all
veterinary writers, ancient or modern. Their
dates and titles are as follows : in 1735, an
edition of Captain William Burdon's ' Gentle-
man's Pocket Farrier,' with notes ; in 1738,
1 Farriery Improved, or a Oompleat Treatise
upon the Art of Farriery,' 2 vols., which
went through ten or more editions ; in 1742,
1 The Traveller's Pocket Farrier ; ' in 1751,
' A Treatise on the True Seat of Glanders in
Horses, together with the Method of Cure,
from the French of De la Fosse.' He wrote
also ' The Midwife's Companion,' 1737, which
he dedicated to Boerhaave (it was issued
with a fresh title-page in 1751) ; ' Lithiasis
Anglicana ; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into
the Nature and Origin of the Stone and
Gravel in Human Bodies,' 1739 ; a transla-
tion from the French of Maitre-Jan on the
eye ; and some papers on small-pox, &c.
On the establishment of the London Medical
Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the
literary assistance of Bracken, 'for whose
abilities,' he observed, 'I have long had a
great esteem, and who has laboured more
successfully for the improvement of medicine
than most of his contemporaries.' Bracken
died at Lancaster, 13 Nov. 1764.
[Prefaces to Bracken's writings ; Letter to Dr.
Preston Christopherson, printed in the Preston
Guardian, 4 Sept. 1880 ; Georgian Era, ii. 561 ;
John Lawrence's Treatise on Horses, 2nd ed. 1802,
i. 29-32 ; information furnished by Alderman W.
Roper of Lancaster.] C. W. S.
BRACKENBURY, SIR EDWARD
(1785-1864), lieutenant-colonel, a direct
descendant from Sir Robert Brackenbury,
lieutenant of the Tower of London in the
time of Richard III, was second son of
Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin-
colnshire, by his wife Janetta, daughter of
George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was born
in 1785. Having entered the army as an
ensign in the 61st regiment in 1803, and be-
come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same
year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at
Scylla Castle and at Gibraltar, 1807-8, and
in the Peninsula from 1809 to the end of the
war in 1814. At the battle of Salamanca he
took a piece of artillery from the enemy,
guarded by four soldiers, close to their re-
tiring column, without any near or imme-
diate support, and in many other important
engagements conducted himself with distin-
guished valour. As a reward for his nume-
rous services he received the war medal with
nine clasps.
On 22 July 1812 he was promoted to a
captaincy, and after the conclusion of the
war was attached to the Portuguese and
Spanish army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec.
1816, when he was placed on half-pay. He
served as a major in the 28th foot from
1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan. 1828, when he was
again placed on half-pay. His foreign services
were further recognised by his being made a
knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower
and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish
order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of
the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis.
Brackenbury, who was knighted by the
king at Windsor Castle on 26 Aug. 1836,
was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Lincoln. He attained to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel on 10 Jan. 1837,
and ten years afterwards sold out of the
army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln-
shire, on 1 June 1864.
He was twice married : first, on 9 June
1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward
Bromhead of Reepham near Lincoln, and,
secondly, in March 1847, to Eleanor, daughter
of Addison Fenwick of Bishopwearmouth,
Durham, and widow of W. Brown Clark of
Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in
1862.
[Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon's The
Sixty-first Regiment (1837), pp. 24, 31, 67.]
G. C. B.
Brackenbury
144
Bracton
BRACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788-
1864), poet, was born in 1788 at Langton,
probably Lincolnshire, where he spent his
early years. On 28 Oct. 1808 he was a stu-
dent at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In 1810 he published his 'Natale Solum and
other Poetical Pieces ' by subscription. In
1811 he proceeded B.A. (ROMILLY, Grad.
Cant. p. 45) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to
the Madras establishment, and returning after
some years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819.
From 1828 to 1856 he was chaplain and secre-
tary to the Magdalen Hospital, Blackfriars
Road, London. In 1862 he became rector of
Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart-
disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76.
[Brackenbury 's Natale Solum, &c. pp. 2, 10,
28, 58, 120 ; Gent. Mag. 1864, p. 668; Brayley's
Surrey, v. 321 ; private information.] J. H.
BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON,
VISCOUNT. [See EGERTON.]
BRACTON, BRATTON, or BRETTON,
HENRY DE (d. 1268), ecclesiastic and judge,
was author of a comprehensive treatise on the
law of England. Three places have been con-
jecturally assigned as the birthplace of this
distinguished jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly,
near Okehampton in Devonshire, Bratton
Fleming, near Barnstaple in the same county,
and Bratton Court, near Minehead in Somer-
setshire. The pretensions of Bratton Clovelly
seem to rest entirely upon the fact that an-
ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Travers
Iwiss, in his edition of Bracton's great work,
' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise/ in-
clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the
ground that one Odo de Bratton was per-
petual vicar of the church there in 1212
(Rot . Lit. Pat. i. 93 b), when the rectory was
conferred on William de Ralegh, a justice
itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de
Pateshull, Bracton is known to have had in
his possession almost certainly for the pur-
poses of his work. Bracton cites Ralegh's
decisions less frequently indeed than those
of Pateshull, whom he sometimes refers to
with a familiarity which seems to imply per-
sonal intimacy, as ' dominus Martinus,' or
simply Martinus (lib. iv., tract i., cap. xxvii.,
fol. 205 b, xxviii. fol. 207 6), but more fre-
quently than those of any other j udge. Ralegh
was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these
data, which it must be owned are rather
slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton
stood to both Pateshull and Ralegh in the
relation of a pupil, and that it was while the
latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he
came into connection with him. Collinson,
the historian of Somersetshire, is mistaken
in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc-
ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in
the Black Book of the Exchequer as holding
lands at Bratton, near Minehead, under Wil-
liam de Mohun, 12 Henry II (1166), and
that he lies buried in the church of St.
Michael in Minehead under a monument re-
presenting him in his robes, since it has been
established by Sir Travers Twiss that Bracton
was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral
before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a
little to the south of the entrance to the
choir, at which a daily mass was regularly
said for the benefit of his soul for the space
of three centuries after his decease. At the
same time, if Bracton was really a landowner
in the neighbourhood of Minehead, a monu-
ment may have been put up to his memory
by his relatives in the parish church there.
It seems impossible to decide upon the claims
of the three competing villages. Some un-
certainty also exists as to the orthography
of the judge's name, of which four principal
varieties — Bracton, Bratton, Bretton, and
Bryckton — are found. Bryckton may be dis-
missed without hesitation as corrupt, and
Bretton is almost certainly a dialectical
variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be-
tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to
decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols
to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris-
ing from the similarity between the tt and
the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen-
tury handwriting. The passage cited by Sir
Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii. liv-v) as evidence
that the judge himself considered Bracton to
be the correct spelling of his name appears
rather to militate against that view. The
passage in question refers to the fatal effect
of clerical errors in writs. According to the
reading of a manuscript (Rawlinson, c. 160,
in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers
Twiss's opinion (i. xxi, Iii), has been faith-
fully copied from a manuscript older than
any now extant (BRACTON, ed. Twiss, iii.
212), the writer says that if a person writes
Broctone for Bractone, or Bractone for Brat-
tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe-
rence can be drawn from the passage, it
would seem to be that, in the author's opinion,
Brattone, and not Bractone, was the true
form of the name. That it was so in fact
seems to be as nearly proved as such a thing
can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls
extending from 1250 to 1267, i.e. during
nearly the whole of Bracton's official life, and
numbering nearly a hundred in all. While
Bratton and Bretton occur with about equal
frequency, no single instance of Bracton is
discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five
entries in Bishop Branscombe's register cited
Bracton
145
Bracton
"by Sir Travers Twiss, four have Bratton and
one Bracton. The deed of 1272 endowing
a chantry for the benefit of his soul speaks
of Henry de Bratton, and so does the deed of
1276 with a like object. This chantry, which
existed until the reign of Henry VIII, seems
to have been always known as Bratton's
chantry. The earliest extant biographical
notice of Bracton occurs in Leland's ' Com-
mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis ' (i. cap.
cclxxvi.) He says he took it l ex inscriptione
libri Branomensis bibliothecae.' Bale, in his
* Illustrium Majoris Britannia) Scriptorum
Catalogus,' appropriates his account very
much as it stands, adding only that Bracton
was of good family, that his university was
Oxford, and that he was one of the justices
itinerant before he became chief justice. The
reference to the 'Branomensis bibliotheca'
he suppresses, probably because he could
make nothing of it. Tanner, who also re-
peats Leland, tries to emend the text by
inserting ' edidit ' after ( librum,' and appends
the following note : ' " In Bravionensis seu
Wigorniensis bibliothecse serie quadam legi
memoriaque retinui." Ita legit MS. Lei.
Trin.' It is clear that in any case the passage
is corrupt. The subsequent biographers of
Bracton until Foss do little more than repeat
Bale's statements, and these are only very
partially confirmed by the records. Dugdale
mentions him as a justice itinerant in Not-
tinghamshire and Derbyshire in 1245, and
places him in the commission of the follow-
ing year for Northumberland, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, and Lancashire. As he is de-
scribed as a justice in the record of a fine
levied in this year, preserved in the Register
of Waltham Abbey (Harl MS. 391, fol.
71), in close connection with Henry de Ba-
thonia and Jeremiah de Caxton, both jus-
tices of the Curia Regis, it is probable that
he was then one of the regular justices.
Against this, however, must be set the fact
that the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to
which reference has already been made does
not begin until 1250. After 1246 Dugdale
ignores him until 1260, from which date
until 1267 he mentions him pretty frequently
as a justice itinerant in the western counties.
After 1267 all the records are silent as to his
doings. During a portion of his career he
seems to have stood well with the king ; for
in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of
the town house of the Earl of Derby, then
recently deceased, during the minority of the
heir, being therein designated ' dilecto clerico
nostro.' In 1263-4 (21 Jan.) he was ap-
pointed archdeacon of Barnstaple, but re-
signed the post in the following May on being
created chancellor of the cathedral of Exeter.
VOL. VI.
He also held a prebend in the church of
Exeter, and another in that of Bosham in
Sussex, a peculiar of the bishops of Exeter,
from some date prior to 1237 until his death,
which occurred in 1268, and probably in the
summer or early autumn of that year, as
Oliver de Tracy succeeded him as chancellor
of Exeter Cathedral on 3 Sept., and Edward
Delacron, dean of Wells, and Richard de
Esse in the prebends of Bosham and Exeter
respectively in the following November. He
is known to have left some manuscripts to
the chapter of Exeter by his will, and it may
have been one of these that Leland saw, sup-
posing * Exoniensis bibliothecse ' to be the
true reading. For the statement that he dis-
charged the duties of chief justice for twenty
Siars no foundation is now discoverable,
uring the earlier portion of his official life
(1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and
if Bracton was ever chief justice, it must
have been either before 1258 or after 1265.
It is possible that, while the office was in
abeyance, the king entrusted his f dear clerk '
with some of the duties incident to it. It
is also possible, as Foss has conjectured, that
Bracton held the office during the interval
between the death of Hugh le Despenser and
the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 March
1267-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if he
was ever regularly appointed, no record of
the fact should have survived. Of his al-
leged connection with Oxford it is also im-
possible to discover any positive evidence.
That he was an Oxford man is intrinsically
probable from the character of his treatise,
1 De Legibus et Coiisuetudinibus Anglise.'
It bears such evident traces throughout of
the influence of the civil law as to leave no
doubt that the author was familiar not merely
with the Summa or manual of the civil law
compiled by the celebrated glossator, Azo
of Bologna, but with the Institutes and
Digest of Justinian, and Oxford was at that
time the seat of the study of the civil law
in this country. Moreover, Bracton's first
two books, 'De Rerum Divisione' and 'De
acquirendo Rerum Dominio,' have a deci-
dedly academic air, for they are carefully
mapped out according to logical divisions
such as a professor writing for a society of
students would naturally affect ; and though,
from a reference to the candidature of Richard,
earl of Cornwall, for the imperial crown in
the latter book (ii. cap. xix. § 4, fol. 47), it
is clear that that passage was written as late
as 1257, it by no means follows that the
book as a whole does not belong to a much
earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be
affirmed with any confidence that Bracton
could not have acquired the accurate and
L
Bracton
146
Bracton
extensive knowledge of the Roman law which
he undoubtedly did possess without residing
in Oxford, and neither the title l dominus ' by
which he is usually designated in ecclesiastical
records, and which, as Sir Travers Twiss has
pointed out, was the proper appellation of a
professor of law at the university of Bologna ;
under the privilege accorded by Frederic I at |
the diet of Roncaglia (1158), nor that of
' magister ' given him by Gilbert Thornton
(chief justice), who epitomised his work in
1292, can be relied on as necessarily importing
an academical status. The date of the com-
position of his work is approximately fixed
by a reference to the Statute of Merton
(1235) on the one hand, and the absence of
any notice of the changes in the law intro-
duced by the Provisions of Westminster
(1259) on the other. The work seems never
to have received a final revision, and it is
probable that the order of arrangement of
the several treatises does not in all cases
correspond with the order of composition.
Bracton's relation to the civil and canon law
has been ably discussed by Professor Giiter-
bock of Konigsberg, who agrees in the main
with the view taken by Spence, that he did
not so much romanise English law as syste-
matise the results which a series of clerical
judges, themselves familiar with the civil
and canon codes, and using them to supple-
ment the inadequacy of the common law,
had already produced, a conclusion which is
in accordance with the strictly practical
purpose apparent throughout the treatise.
This view is also adopted by Sir Travers
Twiss. Bracton's position in the history
of English law is unique. The treatise ' De
Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise ' is the
first attempt to treat the whole extent of
the law in a manner at once systematic and
practical. The subject-matter of the work
is defined in the proem to be ' facta et casus,
qui quotidie emergunt et eveniunt in regno
Anglise,' and to this he for the most part
strictly limits himself, citing cases in support
of the principles he enunciates in the most
exemplary manner. Hence the influence of
the work was both immediate and enduring.
Besides the abridgment by Thornton, of
which, though none is now known to exist,
Selden had an imperfect copy, two other sum-
maries of it were compiled during the reign
of Edward I by two anonymous authors, one
in Latin, of which the title ' Fleta ' is thought
to conceal some reference either to the Fleet
Prison or to Fleet Street, the other in Norman-
French known as Britten. Through Coke,
who had a high respect for Bracton, and fre-
quently cited him, both in his judgments and
in his ' Commentary ' on Littleton, his influ-
ence has been effective in moulding the exist-
ing common law of England. Some remark-
able passages relating to the prerogative of
the king (i. cap. viii. § 5, fol. 5 ; ii. cap. xvi.
§ 3, fol. 34 ; iii. tract i. cap. ix. fol. 107 b}
were cited by Bradshaw in his judgment on
Charles I, and by Milton in his ( Defence of
the People of England/ as showing that the-
doctrine of passive obedience was repugnant
to the ancient common law of this country.
The bibliography of Bracton may be put
into very small compass. A considerable
portion of the treatise found its way into
print in 1557, in the shape of quotations
made by Sir William Staundeford in hi&
' Plees del Coron.' The first printed edition
of the entire work was published by Richard
Tot tell in 1569 (fol.), with a preface by one
T. N. (whose identity has never been deter-
mined), in which credit is taken for a careful
recension of the text. The next edition (4to)
appeared in 1640, being a mere reprint of
that of 1569. In spite of the labours of T. N.
the text remained in so unsatisfactory a con-
dition that Selden never cited it without
collation with manuscripts in his own pos-
session. No other edition appeared until
1878, when Sir Travers Twiss issued the first
volume of the recension and translation un-
dertaken by him by the direction of the
master of the rolls. The sixth and last vo-
lume appeared in 1883. For information
concerning the apparatus criticus available
for the establishment of the text reference
may be made to vol. i. pp. xlix-lxvi of this
edition, to the ( Law Magazine and Review,'
N.S., i. 560-1, ii. 398, to the < Athenaeum'
(19 July 1884), where Professor VinogradoiF,^
of Moscow, gives an interesting account of
the discovery by him among the Additional
MSS. in the British Museum (Addit. MS.
12269) of a collection of cases evidently com-
piled for Bracton's use, and actually used and
annotated by him for the purpose of his work,,
and also to an article in the ' Law Quarterly
Review ' for April 1885, in which the same
writer suggests one obvious and two unwar-
rantable alterations of the text, impugns the
authority of Rawl. MS. c. 160, on which
Sir Travers Twiss's recension is based, on the
ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui-
sition on degrees of affinity, and argues from
other passages that the text as it stands is
the result of the gradual incorporation with
Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc-
cessive commentaries.
[Lysons's Devonshire, ii. 66, 67 ; Domesday
Book, fol. 96, 101 b, 105 b, 107; Collinson's
Somersetshire, ii. 31 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. ii.
82 ; Britton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv ; Valor.
Eccl. ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257;
Bradberry
147
Bradbridge
Spence's Eqxiitable Jurisdiction of Court of
Chancery, i. 120; Tanner's Notitia Monastica
(ed. Nasmith), Sussex, v. ; Fourth Report of Dep.
Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat.,
cent. iii. art. xcviii. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dug-
dale's Orig. 56; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 12, 19;
Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 405, 417; Bracton
(ed. Twiss), i. ix-xviii, ii. vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v.
Ixxx ad fin., vi. lix-lxiii ; Cobbett's State Trials,
ii. 693, iv. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People
of England, cap. viii. ad fin. ; Henricus de Brac-
ton und sein Verhaltniss zum romischen Rechte
von Dr. Carl Griiterbock, Berlin, 1862 (this work
has been translated by Brinton Coxe, Philadel-
phia. 1866); Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. R.
BRADBERRY,sometimes called BRAD-
BURY, DAVID (1736-1803), nonconfor-
mist minister, appears to have been resident
in London in 1766, and for a time was minis-
ter of the congregation at Glovers' Hall, Lon-
don, which then belonged to the baptists;
but he went from Ramsgate to Manchester,
where he succeeded the Rev. Timothy Priest-
ley, brother of Joseph Priestley, 14 Aug. 1785,
as the minister of a congregational church in
Cannon Street. He was not very successful in
his ministry, which was disturbed by con-
troversy, especially with some Scotch mem-
bers, who were anxious to import the fashion
of 'ruling elders,' and who eventually seceded
and erected in Mosley Street what was then
the largest dissenting chapel in Lancashire
(HALLEY). He resigned his position in
1794 and left the neighbourhood. He is
buried in Bunhill Fields, where his grave-
stone states that he 'died 13 Jan. 1803, aged
67 years ; having been a preacher of the
gospel forty-two years.'
Bradberry was the author of : 1. ' A Chal-
lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Chief
of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amos iv. 12, Lon-
don, printed for the author, 1766. 2. t Letter
relative to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. ' Tete-
lestai, the Final Close,' a poem, in six parts,
Manchester, 1794. This poem describes the
day of judgment from an ' evangelical ' stand-
point, and is remarkable for its unusual
metre. The book is also a literary curiosity
from its long and quaint dedication, addressed
to the Deity , who is styled, among many other
titles, ' His most sublime, most high and
mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most
faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se-
rene, most reverend,' and ' Governor-general
of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop
of Souls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals,
Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of
Rights and Finisher of Fates, Father of
Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf. Notes and
Queries, 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.)
[Manual of the Chorlton Road Congregational
| Church, 1877 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii.
220 ; Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism, &c. ;
j British Museum General Catalogue ; Allibone's
Dictionary; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxviii. pt. ii.
p. 516; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849, p. 11.1
W. E. A. A.
BRADBRIDGE or BRODEBRIDGE,
WILLIAM (1501-1578), bishop of Exeter,
sprang from a Somersetshire family now ex-
tinct, but variously known as Bradbridge,
: Bredbridge, or Brodbridge. William Brad-
i bridge was born in London in 1501. From the
j fact that he succeeded one Augustine Brad-
bridge as chancellor of Chichester, who was
afterwards appointed treasurer and preben-
dary of Fordington, diocese of Sarum,inl566,
and who died the next year, it is possible
the latter was a brother. One Nicholas
Bradbridge was prebend of Lincoln in 1508,
and a Jone and George Bradbridge were
respectively martyred during the Marian
persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury.
William took his B.A. degree at Magdalen
College, Oxford, on 15 July 1528, but whether
as demy or non-foundationer does not appear.
In 1529 he became a fellow of his college,,
MA. on 6 June 1532, B.D. on 17 June 1539,
' being then arrived to some eminence in the
theological faculty' (WTOOD). On 26 March
1565 he supplicated the university for a D.D.
degree, but was not admitted. Yet Strype-
(Parker, book iv. 4) calls him D.D. He
espoused the reformed religion, and had to-
flee with Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi-
tives in 1553. He is found, however, in
England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on
the presentation of Ralph Henslow, he was
appointed prebendary of Lyme and Halstock,
Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester,
and in 1561 a dispensation was granted him
on account of this as regarded part of his
term of residence at Salisbury. He sub-
scribed the articles of 1562 as a member of
the lower house of convocation, and when
the puritanical six articles of the same year
were debated in that assembly, in common
with all those members who had been brought
into friendly contact with the practice of
foreign churches during the reign of Mary,
be signed them, but was outvoted by a
majority of one. He also subscribed the
articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated
to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April
1562, and was allowed to hold the chancel-
lorship in commendam with his bishopric.
On Low Sunday 1563 he preached the annual
Spittal sermon, and on 23 June of the same
year, showing himself conformable to the
discipline which was then being established,
was elected dean of Salisbury by letters from
L2
Bradbridge
148
Bradbridge
Queen Elizabeth, in the place of the Italian*
Peter Vannes. Here he was a contemporary
of Foxe, the martyrologist, and Harding, the
chief opponent of Jewell. On 26 Feb. 1570-1
the queen issued her significavit in his favour
to the archbishop, and he was duly elected
bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de-
claration of the queen's supremacy and doing
homage, the temporalities of the see were
restored to him on the 14th. He is still
termed B.D. (State Papers, Domestic, Eliz.
vol. Ixxxii.) His election was confirmed
the next day, and he was consecrated at
Lambeth on the 18th by Archbishop Parker
and Bishops Home and Bullingham of Win-
chester and Worcester. Although Wood says
'he laudably governed the see for about
eight years/ his administration was some-
what halting and void of vigour, the weak-
ness of age probably colouring his judgment
and prompting him to love retirement. He
exerted himself, however, to collect 250/.
among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall
for the use of Exeter College, whence his
name is inserted in its list of benefactors.
Oliver believes that either by his predecessor,
Bishop Alley, or by him, portions of the
palace at Exeter were taken down as being
superfluous and burdensome to the diminished
resources of the see. The bishop still kept
up his scholarship. In 1572 the Books of
Moses were allotted to him to translate for
the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at
least to one ' W. E.,' whom Strype takes
for 'l William Exon.' Hoker, however, says
(Antique Description of Exeter} : ' He was a
professor of divinity, but not taken to be so
well grounded as he persuaded himself. He
was zealous in religion, but not so forwards
as he was wished to be.' In 1576, when
papists on one side and schismatics on the
other were troubling the church, a glimpse
is obtained of Bradbridge's administration.
He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle-
men who would not attend church, but
could not induce them to conform. At
length as he saw ' they craved ever respite
of time and in time grew rather indurate
than reformed,' in compliance with an order
that such should be sent up to the privy
council or the ecclesiastical commission held
at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to
their reducement,' he wrote on the subject to
the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert
Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis
Ermyn. He begged the treasurer to prevail
with the archbishop or bishop of London ' to
take some pains with them,' adding that ' the
whole country longed to hear of their godly
determination, viz. what success they should
have with these gentlemen.' In the same
year another dangerous opinion in his dio-
cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher,
a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an
oath taken on one of the gospels ( was of no
more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly.'
All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and
on the bishop proceeding' to Liskeard the man
maintained his view in writing. As the town
was in such confusion that no trial could
be held with any prospect of justice, the
bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In
the meantime he sent for Dr. Tremayn, the
archbishop's commissary, and other learned
divines, and consulted on the point, saying
'that truly the Cornishmen were, many of
them, subtle in taking an oath,' and that if
the reverence due to scripture were abated
it would let in many disorders to the state.
Unluckily Strype does not give the conclu-
sion of these trials.
About this time the bishop was very uneasy
regarding an ecclesiastical commission which
he heard would probably be granted to several
in his diocese. Dr. Tremayn headed a party
against him, but the bishop withstood him,
and wrote to the treasurer that the commis-
sion was not required, adding that ' he spake
somewhat of experience, that his diocese was
great, and that the sectaries did daily in-
crease. And he persuaded himself he should
be able easier to rule those whom he partly
knew already than those which by this means
might get them new friends.' Indeed he
found the cares of his position so heavy that
he earnestly supplicated the treasurer (11
March 1576) that he might be suffered to
resign the bishopric and return to his deanery
of Sarum, urging 'the time serveth, the place
is open.' In his latter years he delighted
to dwell in the country, which proved very
burdensome to all who had business with
him. Newton Ferrers was his favourite re-
sidence, the benefice of which, together with
that of Lezante in Cornwall, the queen had
allowed him to hold in commendam in con-
sequence of the impoverished state of the see,
as had been the case with his predecessors.
Benefices were given to his successor also.
At the age of seventy he embarked largely in
agricultural speculations, which eventually
ruined him. ' Hitherto,' says Fuller, ' the
English bishops had been vivacious almost to
a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty
years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de-*
ceased within the compasse of two years.'
Among them was Bradbridge, who died
suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77,
no one being with him, at Newton Ferrers.
Izacke (Memorials of Exeter} sums up the
prevailing opinion of him, ' a man only me-
morable for this, that nothing memorable is
Bradburn
149
Bradbury
recorded of him saving that he well governed
this church about eight years.' When he
died he was indebted to the queen 1,4001. for
tenths and subsidies received in her behalf
from the clergy, so that immediately after
his death she seized upon all his goods. The
patent book of the see records that he ' had
not wherewith to bury him.' He was buried
in his own cathedral, on the north side of
the choir near the altar, under a plain altar
tomb, and around him lie his brother pre-
lates, Bishops Marshal, Stapledon, Lacy, and
Woolton. A simple Latin inscription was
put over him, now much defaced, record-
ing that he was 'nuper Exon. Episcopus.'
A shield containing his arms still remains,
1 Azure, a pheon's head argent.' His will is
in the Prerogative Office. No portrait of him
is known to exist. His register concludes
his acts with the old formula, ' Cujus animse
propitietur Deus. Amen.'
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 817;
Strype's Annals of the Keformation, 8vo, Cran-
mer, Parker, i. 377, ii. 416 ; Cardwell's Con-
ferences, p. 119 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Jones's Fasti
Ecclesiae Sarisb.pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hoker
and Izacke's Memorials of Exeter ; Fuller's Church
History, 16th Century; Oliver's Lives of the
Bishops of Exeter.] M. GK W.
BRADBURJST, SAMUEL (1751-1816),
methodist preacher, was an associate of Wes-
ley, and an intimate disciple of Fletcher ot
Madeley. He was the son of a private in the
army, and was born at Gibraltar. On his
father's return to England, when he was
about twelve years old, he was apprenticed
to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course
of youthful profligacy became a methodist at
the age of eighteen, entered the itinerant
ministry about three years later, and con-
tinued in it more than forty years till his
death. Bradburn was, according to the testi-
mony of all who heard him, an extraordinary
natural orator. He had a commanding figure,
though he grew corpulent early in life, a re-
markably easy carriage, and a voice and in-
tonation of wonderful power and beauty. By
assiduous study he became perhaps the great-
est preacher of his day, and was able constantly
to sway and fascinate vast masses of the people.
His natural powers manifested themselves
from the first time that he was called upon
to speak in public. On that occasion he was
suddenly impelled to take the place of an
absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with-
out hesitation, though for months previously
he had been trembling at the thought of
such an ordeal. In the evening of the same
day a large concourse came together to hear
him again, when he preached for three hours,
and found, at the same moment in which he
exercised the powers, that he had obtained the
fame of an orator. Bradburn was a man of
great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity.
Of this once famous preacher nothing remains
but a volume of a few posthumous sermons of
no particular merit.
[Bradburn's Life (written by his daughter in
the same year that he died) ; a second biography
(1871), by T. W. Blanshard, under the somewhat
affected title of The Life of Samuel Bradburn,
the Methodist Demosthenes.] K. W. D.
BRADBURY, GEORGE (d. 1696), judge,
was the eldest son of Henry Bradbury of St.
Martin's Fields, Middlesex. Of his early years
nothing is known. He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Middle Temple on 28 June 1660,
was created a master of arts by the university
of Oxford 28 Sept, 1663, and was called to
the bar on 17 May 1667. For some time his
practice in court was inconsiderable. He first
occurs as junior counsel against Lady Ivy in
a suit in which she asserted her title to lands in
Shadwell, 3 June 1684. The deeds upon which
she relied were of doubtful authenticity, and
Bradbury won commendation from Chief-jus-
tice Jeffreys,who was try ing the case, for inge-
niously pointing out that the date which the
deeds bore described Philip and Mary, in
whose reign they purported to have been exe-
cuted, by a title which they did not assume
till some years later. But the judge's temper
was not to be relied upon. Bradbury repeat-
ing his comment, Jeffreys broke out upon
him : ' Lord, sir ! you must be cackling too ;
we told you your objection was very inge-
nious, but that must not make you trouble-
some. You cannot lay an egg but you must
be cackling over it.' Bradbury's name next
occurs in 1681, when he was one of two trus-
tees of the marriage settlement of one of the
Carys of Tor Abbey. His position in his pro-
fession must consequently have been consider-
able, and in December 1688, when the chiefs
of the bar were summoned to consult with
the peers upon the political crisis, Bradbury
was among the number. In the July of the
year following he was assigned by the House
of Lords as counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair,
Dr. Elliott, and others, who were impeached
for dispersing proclamations of King James.
The impeachment was, however, abandoned.
On 9 July, upon the death of Baron Carr, he
was appointed to the bench of the court of
exchequer, and continued in office until his
death, which took place 12 Feb. 1696. The
last judicial act recorded of him is a letter
preserved in the treasury in support of a
petition of the Earl of Scarborough, 19 April
1695.
Bradbury
150
Bradbury
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; State Trials, x
616, 626; Luttrell's Diary, i. 490, 555, 557, iv
117; Parliamentary History, v. 362; Pat. 1 W
and M. p. 4 ; Nicholls's Herald and Genealogist,
viii. 107; Eedington's Treasury Papers, i. 438;
Cat. Oxford Graduates; Woolrych's Life of
Jeffreys.] J. A. H.
BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-1860),
writer on printing, was the eldest son of
William Bradbury, of the firm of Bradbury
& Evans, proprietors of ' Punch/ founders of
the 'Daily News,' the 'Field,' and other
periodicals, and publishers for Dickens and
Thackeray. In 1850 he entered as a pupil in
the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna, where
he became acquainted with the art of nature
printing, a process whereby natural objects
are impressed into plates, and afterwards
printed from in the natural colours. In 1855
he produced in folio the fine f nature-printed '
plates to Moore and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great
Britain and Ireland.' These were followed by
' British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal
octavo, and a reproduction of the i Ferns,' also
in octavo. In the same year, and again in 1 860,
he lectured at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain on the subject of nature printing.
He paid much attention to the production of
bank notes and the security of paper money,
on which he discoursed at the Royal Insti-
tution. This lecture was published in 1856,
in quarto, with plates by John Leighton,
F.S.A. In 1860 this subject was pursued by
the publication of ' Specimens of Bank Note
Engraving,' &c. Another address on ' Print-
ing : its Dawn, Day, and Destiny,' was issued
in 1858. He died by his own hand 2 Sept.
1860, aged 29, leaving a business he had
founded in Fetter Lane, and afterwards
moved to Farringdon Street, which was car-
ried on under the name of Bradbury, Wilkin-
son & Co. At the time of his death he thought
of producing a large work in folio on the
graphic arts of the nineteenth century, but
he never got beyond the proof of a prospectus
that was ample enough to indicate the wide
scale of his design.
[Information supplied by Mr. John Leighton,
F.S.A.; JBigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of
Printing, i. 23, 77-8 ; Proceedings of Royal In-
stitution.] C. W. S.
BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-1759),
congregational minister, born in Yorkshire,
was educated for the congregational ministry
in an academy at AtterclifFe. Of Bradbury
as a student we have a glimpse (25 March
1695) in the diary of Oliver Hey wood, who
gave him books. He preached his first ser-
mon on 14 June 1696, and went to reside as
assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas
Whitaker, minister of the independent con-
gregation, Call Lane, Leeds. Bradbury speaks
of Whitaker's ' noble latitude,' and commends
him as being orthodox in opinion, yet no slave
to 'the jingle of a party' (' The Faithful
Minister's Farewell, two sermons [Acts xx.
32] on the death of Mr. T. Whitaker,' 1712,
8vo). From Leeds, in 1697. Bradbury went
to Beverley, as a supply ; and in 1699 to New-
castle-on-Tyne, first assisting Richard Gilpin,
M.D. (ejected from Greystock, Cumber-
land), afterwards Bennet, Gilpin's successor,
both presbyterians. It seems that Bradbury
expected a co-pastorate, and judging from
Turner's account (Mon. Repos. 1811, p. 514)
of a manuscript ' Speech delivered at Madam
Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr. Thos. Brad-
bury,' his after influence was not without its
effect in causing a split in the congregation.
It is significant that Bennet's ' Irenicum,'
1722, did more than any other publication
to stay the divisive effects of Bradbury's
action at Salters' Hall. Bradbury went to
London in 1703 as assistant to Galpine, in
the independent congregation at Stepney.
On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become
colleague with Samuel Wright at Great
Yarmoutli, but declined. After the death
of Benoni Rowe, Bradbury was appointed
(16 March 1707) pastor of the independent
congregation in New Street, by Fetter Lane.
He was ordained 10 July 1707 by ministers
of different denominations ; his confession of
faith on the occasion (which reached a fifth
edition in 1729) is remarkable for its uncom-
promising Calvinism, but is expressed entirely
in words of scripture. His brother Peter be-
came his assistant, Bradbury took part in the
various weekly dissenting lectureships, de-
livering a famous series at the Weighhouse on
the duty of singing (1708, 8vo), and a sermon
before the Societies for Reformation of Morals
(1708, 8vo). His political sermons attracted
much attention, from the freedom of their style
and the quaintness of their titles. Among
them were ' The Son of Tabeal [Is. vii. 5-7]
on occasion of the French invasion in favour
of the Pretender,' 1708, 8vo (four editions) ;
' The Divine Right of the Revolution '
[1 Chron. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo ; ' Theocracy ;
the Government of the Judges applied to the
Revolution' [Jud. ii. 18], 1712, 8vo ; ' Steadi-
ness in Religion . . . the example of Daniel
under the Decree of Darius,' 1712, 8vo;
' The Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan
compared in their regard for civil liberty'
[Gen. xlix. 14-18], 1712, 8vo (a 5th of No-
vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston,
U.S., in 1768) ; ' The Lawfulness of resist-
ing Tyrants, &c.' [1 Chron. xii. 16-18], 1714,
8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EIKO>J>
Bradbury
Bradbury
^; a sermon [Hos. vii. 7] preached
29 May, with Appendix of papers relating to
the Restoration, 1660, and the present settle-
ment,' 1715, 8vo ; ' Non-resistance without
Priestcraft ' [Rom. xiii. 2], 1715, 8vo (5 Nov.) ;
* The Establishment of the Kingdom in the
hand of Solomon, applied to the Revolution
and the Reign of King George ' [1 K. ii. 46],
1716, 8vo (5 Nov.); 'The Divine Right of
Kings inquired into ' [Prov. viii. 15], 1718,
•8vo; ' The Primitive Tories ; or . . . Perse-
cution, Rebellion, and Priestcraft ' [Jude 11],
1718, 8vo (four editions). Bradbury boasted
of being the first to proclaim George I, which ;
he did on Sunday, 1 Aug. 1714, being ap-
prised, while in his pulpit, of the death of Anne
lay the concerted signal of a handkerchief.
The report was current that he preached from
2 K. ix. 34, ' Go, see now this cursed woman
and bury her, for she is a king's daughter ;'
but perhaps he only quoted the text in con-
versation. Another story is to the effect
that when, on 24 Sept., the dissenting mi-
nisters went in their black gowns with an
address to the new king, a courtier asked,
* Pray, sir, is this a funeral ? ' On which
Bradbury replied, 'Yes, sir, it is the funeral
of the Schism Act, and the resurrection of
liberty.' Robert Winter, D.D., Bradbury's
descendant, is responsible for the statement
that there had been a plot to assassinate him,
and that the spy who was sent to Fetter Lane
was converted by Bradbury's preaching. On
the other hand it is said that Harley had
offered to stop his mouth with a bishopric.
Bradbury's political harangues were some-
times too violent for men of his own party.
Defoe wrote ' A Friendly Epistle by way of
reproof from one of the people called Quakers,
to T. B., a dealer in many words,' 1715, 8vo
{two editions in same year). With the re-
ference of the Exeter controversy to the
judgment of the dissenting ministers of Lon-
don, a large part of Bradbury's vehemence
passed from the sphere of politics to that of
theology. The origin of the dispute belongs !
to the life of James Peirce (1674-1726), the '
leader of dissent against Wells and Nicholls.
Peirce, the minister of James's Meeting,
Exeter, was accused, along with others, of
favouring Arianism. The Western Assembly
was disposed to salve the matter over by ad-
mitting the orthodoxy of the declarations of
faith made by the parties in September 1718.
But the body of thirteen trustees who held the
property of the four Exeter meeting-houses
appealed to London for further advice. After
much negotiation the whole body of London
dissenting ministers of the three denomina-
tions was convened at Salters' Hall to con-
sider a draft letter of advice to Exeter. Brad-
bury put himself in the front of the conserva-
tive party ; the real mover on the opposite
side was the whig politician John Shute Bar-
rington, viscount Barring-ton, a member of
Bradbury's congregation, and afterwards the
; Papinian of Lardner's letter on the Logos.
The conference met on Thursday, 19 Feb. 1719
(the day after the royal assent to the repeal
of the Schism Act), when Bradbury proposed
that, after days of fasting and prayer, a de-
putation should be sent to Exeter to offer
advice on the spot ; this was negatived. At
the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad-
bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice,
embodying a declaration of the orthodoxy of
the conference, in words taken from the As-
sembly's catechism. This was rejected by
fifty-seven to fifty-three. Sir Joseph Jekyll,
master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene,
is author of the often-quoted saying, 'The
Bible carried it by four.' At the third meet-
ing, 3 March, the proposition was renewed, but
the moderator, Joshua Oldfield, would not take
a second vote. Over sixty ministers went up
into the gallery and subscribed a declaration
of adherence to the first Anglican article, and
the fifth and sixth answers of the Assembly's
catechism. They then left the place amid
hisses, Bradbury characteristically exclaim-
ing, ' 'Tis the voice of the serpent, and may
be expected against a zeal for the seed of the
woman.' Thus perished the good accord of
English dissent. Principal Chalmers, of
King's College, Old Aberdeen, who was pre-
sent at the third meeting, and in strong
sympathy with Bradbury's side, reported to
Calamy that ' he never saw nor heard of such
strange conduct and management before.'
The nonsubscribing majority, to the num-
ber of seventy-three, met again at Salters'
Hall on 10 March, and agreed upon their ad-
vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March.
Bradbury and his subscribers (61, 63, or 69)
met separately on 9 March, and sent off" their
advice on 7 April. The remarkable thing is
that the two advices (bating the preamble) are
in substance and almost in terms identical ;
and the letter accompanying the nonsub-
scribers' advice not only disowns Arianism,
but declares their ( sincere belief in the
doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the proper
divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, which they
apprehend to be clearly revealed in the Holy
Scriptures.' Both advices preach peace and
charity, while owning the duty of congrega-
tions to withdraw from ministers who teach
what they deem to be serious error. Neither
was in time to do good or harm, for the Exeter
trustees had taken the matter into their own
hands by formally excluding Peirce and his
colleague from all the meeting-houses. Brad-
Bradbury
Bradbury
bury had his share in the ensuing pamphlet
war, which was political as well as religious, for ,
a schism in dissent was deprecated as inimical
to the whig interest. He printed ' An Answer j
to some Reproaches cast on those Dissenting
Ministers who subscribed, £c./ 1719, 8vo ; '.
a sermon on ' The Necessity of contending
for Revealed Religion' [Jude 3], 1720, 8vo
(appended is a letter from Cotton Mather on
the late disputes) ; and ' A Letter to John j
Barrington Slmte, Esq.,' 1720, 8vo. Barring- |
ton left Bradbury's congregation, and joined
that of Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., independent
minister and nonsubscriber, at Pinners' Hall. I
Bradbury was brought to book by ' a Dis-
senting Layman' in 'Christian Liberty as-
serted, in opposition to Protestant Popery,'
1719, 8vo, a letter addressed to him by name,
and answered by ' a Gentleman of Exon,'
in { A Modest Apology for Mr. T. Bradbury,'
1719, 8vo. But most of the pamphleteers
passed him by as ' an angry man, that makes
some bustle among you' (Letter of Advice to
the Prot. Diss., 1720, 8vo) to aim at Wil-
liam Tong, Benjamin Robinson, Jeremiah
Smith, and Thomas Reynolds, four presby-
terian ministers who had issued a whip for
the Salters' Hall conference in the subscrib-
ing interest, and who subsequently published
a joint defence of the doctrine of the Trinity.
In 1720 an attempt was made to oust Brad-
bury from the Pinners' Hall lectureship ; in
the same year he started an anti-Arian Wed-
nesday lecture at Fetter Lane. This did not
mend matters. There appeared ' An Appeal
to the Dissenting Ministers, occasioned by the
Behaviour of Mr. Thomas Bradbury,' 1722,
8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the ' Moral Philo-
sopher,' 1737), who had made an unusually
orthodox confession at his ordination [see
BOWDEN. JOHN] in 1716, but was now on
his way to ' Christian deism,' wrote his ' Ab-
surdity of opposing Faith to Reason ' in reply
to Bradbury's 5th of November sermon, 1722,
on ' The Nature of Faith.' He had previously
attacked Bradbury in a postscript to his
' Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm,'
1719, 8vo. Returning to a former topic,
Bradbury published in 1724, 8vo, ' The Power
of Christ over Plagues and Health,' prefix-
ing an account of the anti-Arian lectureship.
He published also * The Mystery of Godli-
ness considered,' 1726, 8vo, 2 vols. (sixty-one
sermons, reprinted Edin. 1795). In 1728
his position at Fetter Lane became uncom-
fortable ; he left, taking with him his brother
Peter, now his colleague, and most of his flock.
The presbyterian meet ing-house i n NewCourt ,
Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was vacant
through the removal of James Wood (a sub-
scriber) to the Weighhouse in 1727 ; Brad-
bury was asked, 20 Oct. 1728, to New Court,
and accepted on condition that the congrega-
tion would take in the Fetter Lane seceders-
and join the independents. This arrange-
ment, which has helped to create the false
impression that at Salters' Hall the presby-
terians and independents took opposite sides
as denominations, was made 27 Nov. 1728y
Peter continuing as his brother's colleague
(he probably died about 1730, as Jacob Fowler
succeeded him in 1731 ). Bradbury now pub-
lished ' Jesus Christ the Brightness of Glory/
1729, 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3) ; and
a tract ' On the Repeal of the Test Acts/
1732, 8vo. His last publication seems to-
have been ' Joy in Heaven and Justice on
Earth,' 1747, 8vo (two sermons), unless hi&
discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle-
ming drew * The Character of the Rev. Tho.
Bradbury, taken from his own pen/ 1749,
8vo, are later. Doubtless he was a most
effective as well as a most unconventional
preacher ; the lampoon (about 1730) in the
Blackmore papers may be accepted as evi-
dence of his 'melodious' voice, his 'head
uplifted/ and his ' dancing hands.' The stout
Yorkshireman reached a great age. He died
on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and was buried in
Bunhill Fields. His wife's name was Rich-
mond ; he left two daughters, one married
(1744) to John Winter, brother to Richard
Winter, who succeeded Bradbury, and father
to Robert Winter, D.D., who succeeded
Richard; the other daughter married (1768)
George Welch, a banker. Besides the publi-
cations noticed above, Bradbury printed seve-
ral funeral and other sermons, including two
on the death of Robert Bragge (died 1738;.
' eternal Bragge ' of Lime Street, who preached
for four months on Joseph's coat). His 'Works/
1762, 8vo, 3 vols. (second edition 1772), con-
sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly political.
[Memoir by John Brown, Berwick, 1831;
Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, ii. 367- and
index ; Thompson's MS. List of Academies (with
Toulmin's and Kentish's additions) in Dr. Wil-
liams's Librnry ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood,
1842, p. 385 ; Christian Reformer, 1847, p. 399 ;
Bogue and Bennet's Hist, of Dissenters, vol. iii.
1810, pp. 489 seq. ; Mon. Repos. 1811, pp. 514,.
722 ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in
Norf. and Suff., 1877, p. 242 ; James's Hist. Presb.
Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 23 seq., Ill seq.,.
690, 705 seq. ; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own
Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 403 seq. ; Salmon's Chronol.
Historian, 2nd ed. 1733, pp. 406-7; Chr. Mode-
rator, 1826, pp. 193 seq. ; Pamphlets of 1719 on
the Salters' Hall Conference, esp. A True Re-
lation, &c. (the subscribers' account), An Au-
thentick Account, &c. (nonsubscribers'), An Im-
partial State, &c. (these give the main facts ; the-
argumentative tracts are legion) ; Blackmore
Braddock
153
Braddock
Papers in possession of E. D. Darbishire, Man-
chester (the verses on the London ministers
are given in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 454, by
A. B. K., i.e. Eobert Brook Aspland).] A. G.
^BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695-1755),
je^' ^major-general, wag gQn ^ Major-general Ed-
: jUtjU/- ward Braddock,regimental lieutenant-colonel
^/ bitk of the Coldstream guards in 1703. After serv-
'yF v»e/u -YT «ing with credit in Flanders and Spain the elder
Braddock retired from the service in 1715, and
died on 15 June 1720 at Bath, where he was
buried in the Abbey Church. Braddock the
younger entered the army as ensign in Colonel
Cornelius Swann's company of his father's
regiment on 29 Aug. 1710, and became a lieu-
tenant in 1716. He is said to have fought
a duel with swords and pistols with a Colonel
Waller in Hyde Park on 26 May 1718. Both
battalions of the Coldstreams were then en-
camped in the park. He became lieutenant
of the grenadier company in 1727, and cap-
tain and lieutenant-colonel in the regiment
in 1735. Walpole (Letters, ii. 460-2) has
raked up some discreditable stories of him
at this period of his life, which possibly need
qualification; Walpole is, at any rate, dis-
tinctly wrong in stating that Braddock was
subsequently * governor ' of Gibraltar. He be-
came second major in the Coldstreams in 1743,
first major in 1745, and lieutenant-colonel
21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded
war service is in September 1746, when the
second battalion of his regiment, under his
command, was sent to join, but did not actu-
ally take part in Admiral Lestock's descent
on L'Orient, after which the battalion re-
turned to London. He embarked in com-
mand of it again in May 1746, and proceeded
to Holland, where he served under the Prince
of Orange in the attempt to raise the siege
of Bergen-op-Zoom, and was afterwards quar-
tered at Breda and elsewhere until the bat-
talion returned home in December 1748. On
17 Feb. 1753 Braddock was promoted from
the Guards to the colonelcy of the 14th foot
at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, as
then was customary ; but there is no record
of his having exercised any higher command
in that garrison. He became a major-general
29 March 1754, and soon after was appointed
to the command in America, with a view to
driving the French from their recent encroach-
ments. The warrant of appointment, of which
there is a copy in the archives at Philadelphia,
appoints Braddock to be ' general and com-
mander-in-chief of all our troops and forces
yl are in North America or yl shall be sent
or rais'd there to vindicate our just rights and
possessions.' Braddock, who must have been
then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil-
liam, duke of Cumberland, to whom he pro-
bably owed the appointment, although his
detractors alleged that his sturdy begging for
place under pressure of his gambling debts
was the real cause. He arrived at his resi-
dence in Arlington Street from France on
\ 6 Nov., and left for Cork, where his reinforce-
ments were to rendezvous on the 30th. Before
leaving he executed a will in favour of Mr.
! Calcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife,
better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy
! [q. v.] This lady, a natural daughter of an
i old brother officer, had been petted from her
earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls
her second father, and who, she admits, was
' misled as to her relations with Calcraft (BEL-
LAMY, Apoloffy, in. 206). Delays occurring
at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from
the Downs with Commodore Keppel on
24 Dec. 1754, arriving in Hampton Roads,
Virginia, 20 Feb. 1755. He found everything
in the utmost confusion. The colonies were
at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea-
lousies were rife ; no magazines had been
collected ; the promised provincial troops had
| not even been raised, and the few regulars
already there were of the worst description.
Braddock summoned a council of provincial
governors to concert measures for carrying
out his instructions. Eventually it was re-
solved to despatch four expeditions — three in
the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and
the French posts in Nova Scotia ; one in the
south against Fort Duquesne, on the present
site of Pittsburg. The troops for the latter
rendezvoused, under Braddock's command, at
Fort Cumberland, a stockaded post on the Po-
tomac, about halfway between the Virginian
seaboard and Fort Duquesne, a distance of
two hundred and twenty miles : and after de-
lays caused by what George Washington, then
a young officer of provincials and a volunteer
with the expedition, termed the 'vile mis-
management ' of the horse-transport, and the
desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a
spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June,
where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock
pushed on with twelve hundred chosen men,
regulars and provincials, who reached the Mo-
nongahela river on 8 July, in excellent order
and spirits, and crossed the next morning with
colours flying and music playing. During the
advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when
about seven miles from Fort Duquesne, the
head of the column encountered an ambuscade
of French and Indians concealed in the long
grass and tangled undergrowth of the forest
openings. Flank attacks by unseen Indians
threw the advance into wild disorder, which
communicated itself to the main body coming
up in support, leading to terrible slaughter,
Braddock
'54
Braddock
and ending, after (it is said) two hours' fight-
ing, in a panic-stricken rout. Braddock, who
strove bravely to re-form his men, after having
several horses shot under him, was himself
struck down by a bullet, which passed through
his right arm and lodged in the body. His
aide-de-camp Orme and some provincial offi-
cers with great difficulty had him carried off i
the field. He rallied sufficiently to give di- j
rections for succouring the wounded, but gra-
dually sank and died at sundown on Sunday, !
13 July 1755, at a halting-place called Great
Meadows, between fifty and sixty miles from
the battlefield. ' We shall know better how to j
deal with them next time ' were his last words
as he rallied momentarily before expiring. He '
was buried before dawn in the middle of the
track, and the precaution was taken of passing
the vehicles of the retreating force, now re- ;
duced to some degree of order, over the grave, !
to efface whatever might lead to desecration
by the pursuers. Long after, in 1823, the
grave was rifled by labourers employed in the
construction of the national road hard by, and
some of the bones, still distinguishable by mili-
tary trappings, were carried off. Others were
buried at the foot of a broad spreading oak,
which marks or marked the locality, about a
mile to the west of Fort Necessity.
No portrait of Braddock is known to exist,
but he is described as rather short and stout in
person in his later years. To failings common
among military men of his day he added the
unpopular defects of a hasty temper and a
coarse, self-assertive manner, but his fidelity
and honour as a public servant have never
been questioned, even by those who have por-
trayed his character in darkest colours. He was
a severe disciplinarian, but his severity, like his
alleged incapacity as a general, has probably
been exaggerated. The difficulties he appears
to have encountered at every step have been
forgotten, as well as the fact that the ponderous
discipline in which he had been trained from
his youth up, and which was still associated
with the best traditions of the English foot,
had never before been in serious collision with
the tactics of the backwoods. Two shrewd
observers among those who knew him person-
ally judged him less harshly than have most
later critics. Wolfe, on the first tidings of
the disaster, wrote of Braddock as ' a man of
courage and good sense, although not a master
of the art of war,' and added emphatic tes-
timony to the wretched discipline of most
line regiments at the time (WRIGHT, Life of
Wolfe, p. 324). Benjamin Franklin said of
him : ' He was, I think, a brave man, and
might have made a good figure in some Eu-
ropean war, but he had too much self-confi-
dence, and had too high an idea of the validity
of European troops, and too low a one of
Americans and Indians ' (SPARKS, Franklin,
i. 140). One of Braddock's order-books, said
to have belonged to Washington, is preserved
in the library of Congress, and a silken mili-
tary sash, worked with the date 1707, and
much stained as with blood, which is believed
to have been Braddock's sash, is in the posses-
sion of the family of the late General Zachary
Taylor, United States army, into whose hands
it came during the Mexican war. In after
years more than one individual sought a
shameful notoriety by claiming to have trai-
torously given Braddock his death-wound
during the fight. Mr. Winthrop Sargent has
exposed the absurdity of these stories. One
is reproduced in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd
ser. xii. 5. Braddock had two sisters, who
received from their father a respectable for-
tune of 6,000 1., and both of whom predeceased
their brother. The unhappy fate of Fanny
Braddock, the surviving sister, who committed
suicide at Bath in 1739, has been recorded by
Goldsmith (Miscellaneous Works, Prior's ed.
iii. 294). Descendants of abrother were stated
in 'Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some
time back to be living at Martham in Norfolk,
in humble circumstances, and to believe them-
selves entitled to a considerable amount of
money, the papers relating to which had been
lost. No account has been found of moneys
standing to the credit of Braddock or his re-
presentatives in any public securities.
The accounts of the Fort Duquesne expe-
dition published at the time appear to have
been mostly catchpenny productions; but
two authentic narratives are in existence. Of
these one is the manuscript journal of Brad-
dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme,
Coldstream guards, who afterwards retired
from the service and died in 1781. This is
now No. 212 King's MSS. in British Museum.
The other is the manuscript diary of a naval
officer attached to Braddock's force, which is
now in the possession of the Rev. F. O. Morris
of Nunburnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by
whom it was published some years ago under
the title, ' An Account of the Battle on the
Monagahela River, from an original docu-
ment by one of the survivors ' (London, 1854,
8vo). Copies of these journals have been em-
bodied with a mass of information from Ame-
rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop
Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming
vol. v. of ' Memoirs of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania' (Philadelphia, 1856). A
map of Braddock's route was prepared from
traces found still extant in 1846, when a rail-
way survey was in progress in the locality,
and first appeared in a Pittsburg periodical,
entitled ' Olden Time ' (vol. ii.) An excel-
Braddocke
'55
Braddon
lent account of Braddock's expedition and of
the events leading up to it is given in Park-
man's ' Montcalm and Wolfe,' vol. i. Some
brief military criticisms were contributed by
Colonel Malleson to the ' Army and Navy
Magazine/ March 1885, pp. 401, 404-5. The
Home Office and War Office Warrant and
Military Entry Books in the Record Office in
London contain references to the expedition,
but none of any special note.
[Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards
(London, 1832), i. 388-9, vol. ii. Appendix; Home
Office Military Entry Books, 10-27 ; Cannon's
Hist. Eecord 14th (Buckinghamshire) Foot;
Carter's Hist. Kecord 44th (East Essex) Foot ;
"Walpole's Letters (eel. Cunningham, 1856), ii.
460-2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy
(5 vols., London, 1786), iii. 206 ; Beatson's Naval
and Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol-
lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 296 etseq. ; Memoirs Hist.
Soc. of Pennsylvania, vol. v. ; Parkman's Mont-
calm and Wolfe (London, 1884) ; Army and Navy
Mag. liii. 385-405 ; American Magazine of His-
tory, ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, 462, viii. 473, 500, 502;
Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Eeport, i. 226 a ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd ser.
xii. 5.] H. M. C.
BRADDOCKE, JOHN (1656-1719), di-
vine, was a native of Shropshire, and received
his education at St. Catharine's Hall, Cam-
bridge, where he was elected to a fellowship
(B.A. 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving the
university about 1689, he became chaplain
to Sir James Oxenden, bart., of Dean, near
Canterbury, and chaplain to Dr. John Bat-
tely, rector of the neighbouring parish of
Adisham. In 1694 he was nominated by
Archbishop Tenison to the perpetual curacy
of Folkestone, and on 1 April 1698 he was
presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's,
alias Hackington, near Canterbury. On the
promotion of Dr. Offspring Blackall, his con-
temporary at college and intimate friend, to
the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was
made the bishop's chaplain, though he got
nothing by the appointment except the title.
In 1709 he was collated by Archbishop Teni-
son to the mastership of Eastbridge hospital
in Kent. He died in his vicarage house on
14 Aug. 1719, in his sixty-fourth year.
He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of the Fathers
and Schools considered, concerning the Ar-
ticles of a Trinity of Divine Persons and the
Unity of God. In answer to the Animad-
versions on the Dean of St. Paul's Vindica-
tion of the Doctrine of the Holy and ever
Blessed Trinity, in defence of those sacred Ar-
ticles, against the objections of the Socinians,
and the misrepresentations of the Animad-
verter.' Part I, 1695, 4to. 2. ' Deus unus et
trinus,' 4to. This \vas entirely printed, except
the title-page, but was suppressed, and never
j published, by the desire of Archbishop Teni-
son, who thought the controversy ought not
to be continued.
[MS. Addit. 5863, f. 1146; Cantabrigienses
Graduati (1787), 49 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 388, 601 ,
iv. 628.1 T. C.
BRADDON, LAURENCE (d. 1724),
politician, the second son of William Brad-
don of Treworgy, in St. Genny's, Cornwall,
was called to the bar at the Middle Temple,
and for some time worked hard at his pro-
fession. When the Earl of Essex died in
the Tower in 1683, Braddon adopted the
belief that he had been murdered, and worked
actively to collect sufficient evidence to prove
the murder. He set on foot inquiries on
the subject in London, and when a rumour
reached him that the news of the earl's death
was known at Marlborough on the very day
of, if not before, the occurrence, he posted off
thither. When his action became known at
court, he was arrested and put under restraint.
For a time he was let out on bail, but on
7 Feb. 1683-4 he was tried with Mr. Hugh
Speke at the king's bench on the accusation
of conspiring to spread the belief that the
Earl of Essex was murdered by some persons
about him, and of endeavouring to suborn
witnesses to testify the same. Braddon was
found guilty on all the counts, but Speke
was acquitted of the latter charge. The one
was fined 1,000 J. and the other 2,000/., with
sureties for good behaviour during their lives.
Braddon remained in prison until the landing
of William III, when he was liberated. In
February 1695 he was appointed solicitor to
the wine licence office, a place valued at IOQI.
per annum. His death occurred on Sunday,
29 Nov. 1724.
Most of Braddon's works relate to the
death of the Earl of Essex. The ' Enquiry
into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther
of the late Earl of Essex ' (1689) was probably
from his pen, and he was undoubtedly the
author of ' Essex's Innocency and Honour
vindicated' (1690), 'Murther will out'
(1692), ' True and Impartial Narrative of
the Murder of Arthur, Earl of Essex ' (1729),
as well as ' Bishop Burnet's late History
charg'd with great Partiality and Misrepre-
sentation' (1725) in the bishop's account of
this mysterious affair. Braddon also pub-
lished ' The Constitutions of the Company of
Watermen and Lightermen,' and an ' Ab-
stract of the Rules, Orders, and Constitu-
tions ' of the same company, both of them
issued in 1708. ' The Miseries of the Poor
are a National Sin, Shame, and Danger ' was
the title of a work (1717) in which he
Brade
156
Bradfield
argued for the establishment of guardians of
the poor and inspectors for the encourage-
ment of arts and manufactures. Five years
later he brought out 'Particular Answers to
the most material Objections made to the
Proposals for relieving the Poor.' The re-
port of his trial was printed in 1684, and
reprinted in ' Cobbett's State Trials,' ix.
1127-1228, and his impeachment of Bishop
Burnet's i History ' is reprinted in the same
volume of Cobbett, pp. 1229-1332.
[Hist. Kegister (1724), 51 ; Kippis's Biog.
Brit. iii. 229-30; North's Examen, 386-8;
Wilts Archaeological Mag. iii. 367-76 ; Notes
and Queries (1863), 3rd ser. iv. 500; Ealph's
Hist, of England, i. 761-5 ; Luttrell's State
Affairs, i. 286, 299-306, iii. 441 ; Bibl. Cornub.
i. 40, iii. 1091 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Keport,
406-7.] W. P. C.
BRADE, JAMES. [See BRAID.]
BRADE, WILLIAM (ft. 1615), an Eng-
lish musician, was violist to the Duke of
Holstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham-
burg at the beginning of the seventeenth
century. He was living at Hamburg on
19 Aug. 1609, when he dedicated a volume
of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke
of Schleswig, and he probably remained at
the same town until 14 Feb. 1619, when
he was appointed capellmeister to Johann
Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His
salary in this post was 500 thalers per an-
num, besides a thaler a week for i kostgeld '
when at court, and when following the mar-
grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals
weekly, with sufficient beer, a stoup of wine
daily, free lodgings, and all disbursements.
He also received two suits of clothes (' Ehren-
kleid'), and his son, Christian Brade, had
300 thalers, with clothes, boots, shoes, and
maintenance. Brade had full authority over
the court band, but the care of the boys of
the chapel was given to a vice-capellmeister.
He does not seem to have remained long at
Berlin, as a report on the margrave's band,
drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of
the past capellmeisters, and in the following
year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy-
ing his post. Nothing more is known of
him ; but Dr. Rimbault (an untrustworthy
guide) says (GROVE, Diet, of Music, i. 269 a)
that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the
authority for which statement cannot be
discovered.
The greatest confusion exists as to the
bibliography of Brade's works, all of which
are extremely rare. F6tis and Rimbault
copy Gerber's ' Lexikon der Tonkiinstler '
(Leipzig, 1812), i. 493, with the exception
that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Oder as
Frankfort, which is additionally misleading.
The list given by these authorities differs
materially from the following, which is taken
from Moller's l Cimbria Literata,' 1744, ii.
103, and is reprinted in the 'Lexikon der
hamburgischen Schriftsteller/ 1851, i. 364:
1. ' Musicalische Concerten,' Hamburg, 1609,
4to. 2. ' Newe ausserlesene Paduanen, Gal-
liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran-
ten, auf allerlei Instrumenten zu gebrau-
chen,' Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. 'Newe
ausserlesene Paduanen und Galliarden, midt
6 Stimmen, auf allerhand Instrumenten, in-
sonderheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Hamburg,
1614, 4to. 4. ' Newe ausserlesene liebliche
Branden, Intraden, Masqueraden, Balletten,
Alamanden, Couranten, Volten, Aufziige und
frembde Tantze, samt schonen lieblichen
Friihlings- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5
Stimmen ; auf allerlei Instrumenten, inson-
derheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Liibeck, 1617,
8vo. 5. 'Newe lustige Volten, Couranten,
Balletten, Paduanen, Galliarden, Masquera-
den, auch allerlei Arten newer franzosischer
Tantze, mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instru-
menten zu gebrauchen,' Berlin, 1621, 4to.
Fetis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of
2 as 1609, and the place of publication of 5
as Frankfurt a. d. Oder. Bohn's 'Biblio-
graphic der Musik-Druckwerke bis 1700'
(p. 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the
title-page, by which it would seem that 1609
is the right date. A manuscript ' Fancy ' by
Brade is in the library of the Royal College
of Music.
[The authorities quoted above ; Fetis's Bio-
graphie desMusiciens (1837), ii. 293 a ; Mendel's
Musikalisches Lexicon, i. 162 ; Brand's Biblio-
theca Librorum German icorum Classica (1611),
555; L. Schneider's Geschichte derChurfurstlich-
Brandenburgischen und Koniglich-Preussischen
Capelle, pp. 29, 30, 31.] W. B. S.
BRADFIELD, HENRY JOSEPH
STEELE (1805-1852), surgeon and author,
was born on 18 May 1805 in Derby Street,
Westminster, where his father, Thomas Brad-
field, was a coal merchant. Whilst still under
age he published in 1825 ' Waterloo, or the
British Minstrel, a poem.' He was bred to-
the art of surgery, and on 26 April 1826 left
England in the schooner Unicorn in Lord
Cochrane's expedition to Greece, during
which he was present in several engagements-
by land and sea. After his return he pub-
lished ' The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians,
a poem,' 1830 ; ' Tales of the Cyclades, poems/
1830: and in 1839 edited a work entitled 'A
Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's-
" Russia.'" On 1 Sept. 1832 he received from
the King of the Belgians a commission as
sous-lieutenant in the Bataillon Etranger
Bradford
157
Bradford
of Belgium, and was appointed to the 1st
regiment of lancers. At one time he held a
commission in the Royal West Middlesex
Militia. He was appointed on 31 Dec. 1835
stipendiary magistrate in Tobago, from which
he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May
1836. He was reappointed to the southern
or Cedros district on 13 April 1839, but
soon returned to England, having been su-
perseded in consequence of a quarrel with
some other colonial officer. In 1841 he
again went to the West Indies in the capa-
city of private secretary to Colonel Mac-
donald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and
in 184:2 he acted for some time as colonial
secretary in Barbados. The charges which
had occasioned his previous return were,
however, renewed, and the government can-
celled his appointment. From that period
he lived very precariously, and for many
years solicited in vain a reversal of his sen-
tence at the colonial office. He turned his
moderate literary talents to account, and
among some communications he made to
the * Gentleman's Magazine ' were articles on
1 The Last of the Paleologi ' in January 1843,
and a ' Memoir of Major-general Thomas
Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe'
in August, September, and October in the
same year. Latterly he practised all the arts
of the professional mendicant. He com-
mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic
acid in the coffee-room of the St. Alban's
Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Square,
London, on 11 Oct. 1852.
[Cochrane's Wanderings in Greece (1837), p.
SO; Gent. Mag. (1853), xxxix. 102; Morning
Post, 13 Oct. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Oct. p. 6.1
G. C. B.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro-
testant martyr, was born of gentle parents
about 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A
local tradition claims him as a native of the
chapelry of Blackley. He was educated at
the grammar school, Manchester. In his
' Meditations on the Commandments,' written
during his imprisonment in the reign of Queen
Mary, he speaks of the ' particular benefits '
that he had received from his parents and
tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered
the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton,
Rutlandshire, who was treasurer at various
times of the king's camps and buildings in
Boulogne. At the siege of Montreuil in
1544 Bradford acted as deputy-paymaster
under Sir John Harrington. On 8 April 1547
he entered the Inner Temple as a student of
common law. Here, at the instance of a fel-
low-student, Thomas Sampson, afterwards
dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention
to the study of divinity. A marked change
now came over his character. He sold his
' chains, rings, brooches, and jewels of gold,'
and gave the money to the poor. Moved by
a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to
be made to the crown of a sum of money
which he or Sir John Harrington had frau-
dulently appropriated. The facts are not
very clear. Sampson in his address * To the
Christian Reader,' prefixed to Bradford's
' Two Notable Sermons,' 1574, states that the
fraud was committed by Bradford and with-
out the knowledge of his master ; but Brad-
ford's own words, in his last examination
before Bishop Gardiner, are : ' My lord, I set
my foot to his foot, whosoever he be, that can
come forth and justly vouch to my face that
ever I deceived 'my master. And as you are
chief justice by office in England, I desire
justice upon them that so slander me, because
they cannot proAre it ' (Examination of Brad-
ford, London, 1561, sig. a vi.) In May 1548
he published translations from Artopoaus
and Chrysostom, and in or about the follow-
ing August entered St. Catharine's Hall,
Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and
profiting in knowledge and godly conversa-
tion ' were such, that on 19 Oct. 1549 the
university bestowed on him, by special grace,
the degree of master of arts. The entry in
the grace book describes him as a man of
mature age and approved life, who had for
eight years been diligently employed in the
study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip-
tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to
a fellowship at Pembroke Hall. In a letter
to Traves, written about November 1549, he
says: 'My fellowship here is worth seven
pound a year, for I have allowed me eighteen-
pence a week, and as good as thirty-three
shillings fourpence a year in money, besides
my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am
bound to nothing but once or twice a year to
keep a problem. Thus you see what a good
Lord God is unto me.' Among his pupils at
Pembroke Hall was John Whitgift, after-
wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of his
intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he
accompanied on a visit to Oxford in July
1550. On 10 Aug. of the same year he was
ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley at Fulham,
and received a license to preach. The bishop
made him one of his chaplains, received him
into his own house, and held him in the
highest esteem. 1 1 thank God heartily,' wrote
Ridley to Bernhere [q. v.] after Bradford's
martyrdom, ' that ever I was acquainted with
our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I
had such a one in my house.' On 24 Aug.
1551 Bradford received the prebend of
Kentish Town, in the church of St. Paul. A
Bradford
158
Bradford
few months later he was appointed one of the
king's six chaplains in ordinary. Two of the
chaplains remained with the king, and four
preached throughout the country. Bradford
preached in many towns of Lancashire and
Cheshire, also in London and Saffron Wai-
den. Foxe says that ' sharply he opened and
reproved sin ; sweetly he preached Christ
crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and
errors ; earnestly he persuaded to godly life.'
John Knox, in his ' Godly Letter,' 1554,
speaks with admiration of his intrepidity in
the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with
passionate earnestness. He takes the first
words that come to hand, and makes no at-
tempt to construct elaborate periods. ' Let
us, even to the wearing of our tongue to the
stumps, preach and pray,' he exclaims in the
'Sermon on Repentance;' and not for a
moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke
out boldly and never shrank from denouncing
the vices of the great. In a sermon preached
before Edward VI he rebuked the worldliness
of the courtiers, declaring that God's ven-
geance would come upon the ungodly among
them, and bidding them take example by the
sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke
of Somerset. At the close of his sermon,
with weeping eyes and in a voice of lamen-
tation, he cried out aloud : ' God punished
him ; and shall He spare you that be double
more wicked ? No, He shall not. Will ye
or will ye not, ye shall drink the cup of the
Lord's wrath. Judicium Domini, .Indicium
Domini ! The judgment of the Lord, the
judgment of the Lord ! '
On 13 Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces-
sion of Queen Mary, a sermon in defence of
Bonner and against Edward VI was preached
at St. Paul's Cross by Gilbert Bourne [q. v.],
rector of High Ongar in Essex, and afterwards
bishop of Bath and Wells. The sermon gave
great offence to the hearers, who would have
pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to
pieces if Bradford and John Rogers, vicar of
St. Sepulchre's, had not interposed. On the
same day in the afternoon Bradford preached
at Bow Church, Cheapside, and reproved the
people for the violence that had been offered
in the morning to Bourne. Within three
days after this occurrence Bradford was sum-
moned before the privy council on the charge
of preaching seditious sermons, and was com-
mitted to the Tower, where he wrote his
treatise on * The Hurt of Hearing Mass.' At
first he was permitted to see no man but his
keeper ; afterwards this severity was relaxed,
and he was allowed the society of his fellow-
prisoner, Dr. Sandys. On 6 Feb. 1553-4
Bradford and Sandys were separated; the
latter was sent to the Marshalsea, and the
former was lodged in the same room as Cran-
mer, Latimer, and Ridley, the Tower being-
then very full owing to the imprisonment of
; Wyatt and his followers. Latimer, in his
protest addressed to the queen's commis-
sioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker
Society), tells how he and his fellow-prisoners-
* did together read over the New Testament
1 with great deliberation and painful study/
On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the
King's Bench prison. Here, probably by the
favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, the knight-
I marshal of the prison, he was occasionally
j allowed at large on his parole, and was suf-
fered to receive visitors and administer the
1 sacrament. Once a week he used to visit
the criminals in the prison, distributing
charity among them and exhorting them to
amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-5 he was
brought up for examination before Bishops
Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There
is an account (first published in 1561) in his
own words of his three separate examinations
before the commissioners on 22, 29, and
30 Jan. The commissioners questioned him
closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en-
deavoured to convince him that his views
were heretical ; but he answered their argu-
ments with imperturbable calmness, and re-
fused to be convinced. Accordingly he was
condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was
committed to the Compter in the Poultry.
It was at first determined to have him burned
at his native town, Manchester ; but, whether
in the hope of making him recant or from
fear of enraging the people of Manchester,
the authorities finally kept him in London
and waited some months before carrying
out the sentence. At the Compter he was
visited by several catholic divines, who en-
deavoured unsuccessfully to effect his conver-
sion. Among these were Archbishop Heath,
Bishop Day, Alphonsus a Castro, afterwards
archbishop of Compostella, and Bartholomew
Carranza, confessor to King Philip, and after-
wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as
he refused to recant, a day was fixed for car-
rying out the sentence. On Sunday, 30 June
1555, he was taken late at night from the
Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in
tears bidding him farewell. In spite of the
lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad,
and as he passed along Cheapside the people
wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread
that he was to be burned at four o'clock the
next morning, and by that hour a great con-
course of people had assembled ; but it was
not until nine o'clock that he was brought to .
the stake. ' Then,' says Foxe, l was he led
forth to Smithfield with a great company of
weaponed men to conduct him thither, as the-
Bradford
Bradford
like was not seen at no man's burning ; for
in every corner of Smithfield there were some,
besides those who stood about the stake.' A
young man named John Leaf was his fellow-
martyr. After taking a faggot in his hand
and kissing it, Bradford desired of the sheriffs
that his servant might have his raiment.
Consent being given, he put off his raiment
and went to the stake. Then holding up his
hands, and looking up to heaven, he cried :
' 0 England, England, repent thee of thy
sins, repent thee of thy sins. Beware of
idolatry, beware ,of false antichrists ; take
heed they do not deceive you.' As he was
speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be
tied if he would not keep silence. ' O master
sheriff,' said Bradford, * I am quiet. God for-
give you this, master sheriff.' Then having
asked the people to pray for him he turned
to John Leaf and said : ' Be of good comfort,
brother, for we shall have a merry supper
with the Lord this night.' His last words
were : ' Strait is the way and narrow is the
gate that leadeth to salvation, and few there
be that find it.'
Bradford was a man of singularly gentle
character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that
he was ' of a more soft and mild nature than
many of his fellows.' There is a tradition
that on seeing some criminals going to exe-
cution ht> xclaimed : ' But for the grace of
God there goes John Bradford.' Often when
engaged in conversation he would suddenly
fall into a deep reverie, during which his eyes
would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles.
In all companies he would reprove sin and
misbehaviour in any person, ' especially
swearers, filthy talkers, and popish praters ; '
but the manner of his reproof was at once so
earnest and so kindly that none could take
offence. His life was passed in prayer and
study. He seldom slept more than four hours,
and he ate only one meal a day. In person
he was tall and slender, of a somewhat san-
guine complexion, and with an auburn beard.
A portrait of him (which is engraved in
Baines's ' History of Lancashire, ii. 243) is
preserved in the Chetham Library at Man-
chester. A more modern portrait is in Pem-
broke Hall, Cambridge.
The following is a list of Bradford's wri-
tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the
Lawe and of the Gospell, gathered owt of the
hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . .
Translated into English,' London, 1548, 8vo.
2. ' A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me-
lanchthon], translated into English,' London,
n. d. 8vo. 3. ' Two Notable Sermons, the one
of Repentance, and the other of the Lorde's
Supper,' London, 1574, 1581, 1599, 1617 ; the
* Sermon on Repentance ' had been issued se-
parately in 1553 and 1558. 4. ' Complaint of
I Verity e,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed
I in a collection issued by William Copland.
j 5. 'A Godlye Medytacyon,' London, 1559.
' 6. ' Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes.
Prayer, the Beleefe, and Ten Commande-
ments ... whereunto is annexed a defence
of the doctrine of God's eternal election and
j predestination,' London, 1562,1578, 1604, &c.
• 7. ' Meditations ; ' from his autograph in a
! copy of Tyndale's New Testament. 8. ' Medi-
tations and Prayers from manuscripts in Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, and elsewhere/
9. ' All the Examinacions of the Constante
Martir of God, M. John Bradforde, before
the Lord Chancellour, B. of Winchester,
the B. of London, and other comissioners ;
whereunto ar annexed his priuate talk and
conflictes in prison after his condemnacion,r
' &c. 1561. 10. ' Hurte of hering Masse,' n. d.
I (printed by Copland), 1580, 1596. 11. 'A
' FruitefulT Treatise and full of heavenly con-
| solation against the feare of death,' n. d.
12. Five treatises, namely (1) ' The Old Man
and the New;' (2) ' The Flesh and the Spirit ; *
(3) 'Defence of Election;' (4) 'Against the
Fear of Death ; ' (5) ' The Restoration of all
Things.' 13. ' Ten Declarations and Ad-
dresses.' 14. 'An Exhortation to the Brethren
in England, and four farewells to London,
Cambridge, Lancashire, and Cheshire, and
Saffron Walden ; ' from Coverdale's ' Letters
of the Martyrs ' and Foxe's ' Acts and Monu-
ments.' 15. 'Sweet Meditations of the
Kingdom of Christ,' n. d. 16. Letters from
Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' 1563, 1570,
and 1583 ; Coverdale's ' Letters of the Mar-
tyrs,' Strype's 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' and
manuscripts in Emmanuel College, Cam-
bridge, and British Museum. It is probable
that Bradford contributed to 'A Confuta-
cion of Four Romish Doctrines,' a treatise en-
titled 'An Exhortacion to the Carienge of
Chryste's crosse, with a true and briefe confu-
tacion of false and papistical! doctryne,' n. d.,
printed abroad. A complete collection of
Bradford's writings, very carefully edited
by Rev. Aubrey Townsend, was published at
Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols.
8vo, 1848-53.
[Life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts
and Monuments ; Strype ; Holling worth's Man-
cuniensis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Baines's Lanca-
shire, ii. 243-54; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, i. 125;
Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses.] A. H. B.
BRADFORD, EARL or. [See NEWPORT,
FRANCIS.]
BRADFORD, JOHN (d. 1780), Welsh
poet, was born early in the eighteenth cen-
Bradford
160
Bradford
tury. In 1730, while still a boy, be was ad-
mitted a * disciple ' of the bardic chair of
Glamorgan, in which chair he himself pre-
sided in 1750. Some of his poems, ' moral
pieces of great merit,' according to Dr. Owen
Pughe, were printed in a contemporary Welsh
periodical entitled the ' Eurgrawn.'
[Owen Pughe's Cambrian Biography.]
A. M.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1750-1805), dis-
senting minister, was born at Hereford in
1750, the son of a clothier, educated at Here-
ford grammar school, and at Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of
B.A. On leaving college he accepted a
curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he
married when twenty-eight years of age, and
had a family of twelve children. About this
time his religious opinions became decidedly
Calvinistic, and he preached in several of
Lady Huntingdon's chapels. On account of
this irregularity the rector discharged him
from his curacy. He then joined the Countess
of Huntingdon's connection, and, after spend-
ing some time in South Wales, removed to
Birmingham, and preached with great popu-
larity in the old playhouse, which the countess
had purchased and made into a chapel for
him. Subsequently he left the connection
of the countess for a new chapel in Bar-
tholomew Street, supplementing his small
income by making watch-chains. Not being
successful, he removed to London in 1797,
and preached till his death in the City Chapel,
Grub Street. He died 16 July 1805, and
was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some account
of his life is given in an octavo volume, chiefly
controversial, by his successor, William Wales
Home. Bradford published : 1 . ' The Law
of Faith opposed to the Law of Works,' Bir-
mingham, 1787 (being an answer to the bap-
tist circular letter signed Joshua Thomas).
2. * An Address to the Inhabitants of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of
two Ministers sent by the Countess of Hunt-
ingdon,' 1788. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns '
(some of them composed by himself), 1792.
4, 'The Difference between True and False
Holiness.' 5. 'A Christian's Meetness for
Glory.' 6. ' Comfort for the Feeble-minded.'
7. 'The Gospel spiritually discerned.' 8. 'One
Baptism.' A fine octavo edition of ' Bun-
van's Pilgrim's Progress, with Notes by John
Bradford,' was published in 1792. Mr. Offor
says, ' These notes are very valuable.'
[Bunjan's Works (ed. Offor), with notes to
the Pilgrim by Bradford ; Gadsby's Memoirs of
Hymn Writers ; Home's Life of the Rev. John
Bradford, 1806.] J. H. T.
BRADFORD, SAMUEL, D.D. (1652-
1731), bishop successively of Carlisle and
Rochester, was the son of William Bradford,
a citizen of London, who distinguished him-
self as a parish officer at the time of the plague,
and was born in St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on
20 Dec. 1652. He was educated at St. Paul's
School ; and when the school was closed, owing
to the plague and the fire of London, he at-
tended the Charterhouse. He was admitted
to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1669, but
left without a degree in consequence of re-
ligious scruples. He devoted himself for a
time to the study of medicine ; but, his former
scruples being removed, he was admitted in
1680, through the favour of Archbishop San-
croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate,
and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 July
1697. He shrank from taking orders until
after the Revolution, and acted as private
tutor in the families of several country gen-
tlemen. Bradford was ordained deacon and
priest in 1690, and in the spring of the follow-
ing year was elected by the governors of St.
Thomas's Hospital the minister of their church
in Southwark. He soon received the lecture-
ship of St. Mary-le-Bow, and was tutor to the
two grandsons of Archbishop Tillotson, with
whom he resided at Carlisle House, Lambeth.
In November 1693 Dr. Tillotson collated
Bradford to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow ;
he then resigned his minor ecclesiastical pre-
ferments, but soon after accepted the lecture-
ship of All Hallows, in Bread Street.
Bradford was a frequent preacher before
the corporation of London, and was a staunch
whig and protestant. On 30 Jan. 1698 he
preached before William III, who was so
much pleased that in March following he ap-
pointed Bradford one of the royal chaplains
in ordinary. The appointment was continued
by Queen Anne, by whose command he was
created D.D. on the occasion of her visit to
the university of Cambridge, 16 April 1705 ;
and on 23 Feb. 1708 was made a prebendary
of Westminster.
In 1699 Bradford delivered the Boyle lec-
ture in St. Paul's Cathedral, and preached
eight sermons on ' The Credibility of the
Christian Revelation, from its Intrinsick Evi-
dence.' These, with a ninth sermon preached
in his own church in January 1700, were is-
sued with other Boyle lectures delivered
between 1691 and 1732, in 'A Defence of Na-
tural and Revealed Religion,' &c. 3 vols. fol.,
London, 1739.
Bradford was elected master of Corpus
Christi College on 17 May 1716; and on
21 April 1718 was nominated to the bishop-
ric of Carlisle, to which he was consecrated
on 1 June following. In 1723 he was trans-
Bradford
161
Bradford
lated to the see of Rochester, and was also
appointed to the deanery of Westminster,
which he held in commendam with the bi-
shopric of Rochester. In 1724 Bradford re-
signed the mastership of Corpus Christi, and
in 1725 became the first dean of the revived
order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731,
at the deanery of Westminster, and was buried
In the abbey. JWWjflWS'SWISJ &.£
Bradford s wife, who survived him, was
a daughter of Captain Ellis of Medbourne
in Leicestershire, and bore him one son
and two daughters. One of the latter was
married to Dr. Reuben Clarke, archdeacon
of Essex, and the other to Dr. John Denne,
archdeacon of Rochester. His son, the Rev.
William Bradford, died on 15 July 1728,
aged thirty-two, when he was archdeacon of
Rochester and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bradford published more than a score of
separate sermons. One of these — a ' Discourse
concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regenera-
tion,' 2nd ed., 8vo, London, 1709 — attained a
singular popularity. A ninth edition was pub-
lished in 1819 by the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
[Graduati Cantab. 1787; Gent. Mag. May
1731; Chronological Diary, 1731; Birch's Life
of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752 ; History and An-
tiquities of Rochester, &c., 1817; R. Masters's
Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (Lamb), 1831 ; Le
Neve's Fasti, 1851.] A. H. G.
BRADFORD, SIB THOMAS (1777-
1853), general, was the eldest son of Thomas
Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaster, and
Ashdown Park in Sussex, and was born on
1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign
In the 4th regiment on 20 Oct. 1793. He was
promoted major into the Nottinghamshire
Fencibles, then stationed in Ireland, in 1795.
He gave proof of military ability during the
Irish rebellion, and in 1801 was promoted
"brevet lieutenant-colonel, and appointed as-
sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was
again brought on to the strength of the army
as major in 1805, and served with Auchmuty
as deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the
expedition to South America. In June 1808
he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur
Wellesley to Portugal, and was present at
the battles of Vimeiro and Corunna. On his
return to England he became assistant adju-
tant-general at Canterbury, and lieutenant-
colonel in succession of the 34th and 82nd
regiments in 1809. In 1810 he was promoted
•colonel, and took the command of a brigade
in the Portuguese army. He proved himself
one of the most successful Portuguese briga-
diers, and at the attack on the Arapiles in
the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade
VOL. 71.
showed itself worthy of a place beside the
British army. In 1813 he was promoted
major-general, and made a mariscal de campo
in the Portuguese service, receiving the com-
mand of a Portuguese division. He com-
manded this division at Vittoria, at the siege
of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the
Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was
so severely wounded that he had to return to
England.
In 1814 he was placed on the staff of the
northern district, and made K.C.B. and
K.T.S. ; but he missed the battle of Water-
loo, at which his younger brother, Lieutenant-
colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B.,
who had also been a staff officer in the
Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the
seventh division of the army of occupation
in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops
in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted
lieutenant-general in May 1825, and was thei*
appointed commander-in-chief of the troops
in the Bombay presidency. He held this
command for four years, and on his return to
England in 1829 received the colonelcy of
the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made
G.C.H., in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro-
moted general, and in 1846 exchanged the
colonelcy of the 38th for that of the 4th regi-
ment. He died in London on 28 Nov. 1853,
aged 75.
[Royal Military Calendar ; obituary notices
in the Times, Gent. Mag., and Colburn's United
Service Magazine.] H. M. S.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657),
second governor of Plymouth, New England,
and one of the founders of the colony, was
born in a small village on the southern border
of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in
Mather's ' Magnalia,' the chief authority on
his early life, wrongly printed Ansterfield,
and was first identified as Austerfield by
Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the
Early History of the Founders of New Eng-
land). William was the eldest son and third
child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter
of John Hanson, and according to the entry
still to be found in the parish register was
baptised 19 March 1589-90. The family held
the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 his two
grandfathers, William Bradford and John
Hanson, were the only persons of property in
the township. On the death of his father,
on 15 July 1591, he was left, according to
Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance/
and ' was cast on the education, first of his
grandparents and then of his uncles, who de-
voted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs
of husbandry.' He is said to have had serious
impressions of religion at the age of twelve
Bradford
162
Bradford
or thirteen, and shortly afterwards began to
attend the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Clifton, i
puritan rector of Babworth. Notwithstand- !
ing the strong opposition of his relations and i
the scoffs of his neighbours, he joined the com-
pany of puritan separatists, or Brownists,who
first met at the house of William Brewster
[q.v.] at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, in 1606,
and were presided over by Clifton. The com- i
munity within a short period obtained con-
siderable accessions, but, being threatened
with persecution, resolved to remove to Hol-
land. Bradford, along with the principal
members of the party, entered into negotia-
tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to
embark them at Boston, but betrayed their
intention to the magistrates, who sent some
of them to prison, and compelled others to
return to their homes. Bradford after seve-
ral months' imprisonment succeeded, in the
spring of the following year, in reaching
Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster-
dam, he became apprenticed to a French
protest ant who was engaged in the manufac-
ture of silk. On coming of age he converted
his estate in England into money, and entered
into business on his own account, in which
he is said to have been somewhat unsuccess-
ful. About 1609 he removed with the com-
munity to Leyden, and when, actuated by a
desire to live as Englishmen under English
rule, they resolved to emigrate to some Eng- \
lish colony, he was among the most zealous
and active in the promotion of the enterprise.
Their choice lay between Guinea and New
England, and was finally decided in favour
of the latter. By the assistance of Sir Edwin
Sandys, treasurer, and afterwards governor
of Virginia, a patent was granted them for
a tract of country within that colony, and on
5 Sept. 1620 Bradford, with the first com-
pany of ( Pilgrim Fathers,' numbering in all
a hundred men, women, and children, em-
barked for their destination in the Mayflower
at Southampton. By stress of weather they
were prevented landing within the territory of
the Virginia Company, and finding themselves
in a region beyond the patent, they drew up
and signed a compact of government before
landing at the harbour of Plymouth— already
so named in Smith's map of 1616. Under
this compact Carver was chosen the first
governor, and on his death on 21 April 1621
the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected
every year continuously, with the exception
of two intervals respectively of three years
and two years at his own special request.
This fact sufficiently indicates his paramount
influence in the colony, an influence due both
to the unselfishness and gentleness of his
nature, and to his great practical abilities as
a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to*
his energy and forethought that the colony
at the most critical period of its history was
not visited by overwhelming disaster. Among
the earliest acts of his administration was to-
send an embassy to confirm a league with the
Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered
by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to
that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding his.
friendship it was found necessary in 1622, on
account of the threats of the sachem of Narra-
gansett, to fortify the town, but no attack was
made. Another plot entered into among cer-
tain chiefs to exterminate the English was,
through the sachem of Masassoit, disclosed to
Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem
the ringleaders were seized and put to death.
The friendship of the Indians, necessary as it
was in itself, was also of the highest advan-
tage on account of the threatened extinction
of the colony by famine. The constant ar-
rival of new colonists frequently reduced
them almost to the starving point. The
scarcity was increased by the early attempts
at communism, and it was not till after an
agreement that each family should plant for
themselves on such ground as should be as-
signed them by lot, that they were relieved
from the necessity of increasing their supplies
of provisions by traffic with the Indians.
In 1629 a patent was obtained from the
council of New England, vesting the colony
in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso-
ciates, and assigns, confirming their title to
a certain tract of land, and conferring the
power to frame a constitution and laws. In
framing their laws, the model adopted by
the colonists was primarily and principally
the ' ancient platform of God's law, and
secondly the laws of England. At first the
whole body of freemen assembled for legis-
lative, executive, and judicial business, but
in 1634 the governor and his assistants were
constituted a judicial court, and afterwards
the supreme judiciary. The first assembly of
representatives met in 1639, and in the fol-
lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re-
quest, surrendered the patent into the hands
of the general court, reserving to himself
only his proportion as settler by previous
agreement. He died on 9 May 1657. His
first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at
Leyden on 20 Nov. 1613, was drowned at
Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on
14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter,
widow of Edward Southworth, a lady with
whom he had been previously acquainted in
England, and who, at his request, had arrived
in the colony with the view of being mar-
ried to him. By his first marriage he had
one son, and by his second two sons and a
Bradford
163
Bradford
daughter. His son William, by the second
marriage (born on 17 June 1624, died on
20 Feb. 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the
colony, and attained high distinction during
the wars with the Indians.
Though not enj oy ing special educational ad-
vantages in early life, Bradford possessed
more literary culture than was common
among those of similar occupation to him-
self. He had some knowledge of Latin and
Greek, and knew sufficient Hebrew to enable
him to l see with his own eyes the ancient
oracles of God in their native beauty.' He
was also well read in history and philosophy,
and an adept in the theological discussion
peculiar to the time. He employed much of
his leisure in literary composition, but the
only work of his which appeared in his life-
time was ' A Diary of Occurrences ' during
the first year of the colony, from their land-
ing at Cape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec.
1621. This book, written in conjunction
with Edward Winslow, was printed at
London in 1622, with a preface signed by
G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind
him are thus referred to in a clause of his
will : ' I commend unto your wisdom and
discretion some small books written by my
own hand, to be improved as you shall see
meet. In special I commend to you a little
book with a black cover, wherein there is a
word to Plymouth, a word to Boston, and a
word to New England.' These books are all
written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the
Historical Society of Massachusetts there is a
transcript copy of these verses which bears date
1657. It contains (1) * Some observations
of God's merciful dealings with us in this
wilderness,' published first in a fragmentary
form in 1794 in vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 77-84,
of the ' Collections of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society,' by Belknap, among whose
papers the fragment of the original manu-
script was found, and in 1858 presented
to the society ; published in complete form
in the ' Proceedings ' of the society, 1869-70,
pp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to Plymouth,'
first published in 'Proceedings,' 1869-70,
pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) « Of Boston in New
England,' and ' A Word to New England,'
published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the
' Collections ;' (5) * Epitaphium Meum,' pub-
lished in Morton's ' Memorial,' pp. 264-5 of
Davis's edition ; and (6) a long piece in verse
on the religious sects of New England, which
has never been published. In 1841 Alexander
Young published * Chronicles of the Pilgrim
Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602
to 1625,' containing, in addition to other
tracts, the following writings belonging to
Bradford: (1) A fragment of his 'History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his-
tory of the community before its removal to
Holland down to 1620, when it set sail for
America, printed from a manuscript in the
records of the First Church, Plymouth, in
the handwriting of Secretary Morton, with
the inscription, ' This was originally penned
by Mr. Wm. Bradford, governor of New
Plymouth ; ' (2) the ' Diary of Occurrences r
referred to above, first printed 1622, again
in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in
the fourth volume of his ' Pilgrims,' thus re-
printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ' Collections,' and the
portions omitted in the abridgment reprinted
with a number of errors in vol. xix. of the
' Collections,' from a manuscript copy of the
original made at Philadelphia ; (3) ' A. Dia-
logue or the Sum of a Conference between
some young men born in New England and
sundry ancient men that came out of Hol-
land and Old England,' 1648, printed from
a complete copy in the records of the First
Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied
by Secretary Morton, but existing also in
a fragmentary form in the handwriting of
Bradford in the Cabinet of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ; (4) a ' Memoir of
Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from
the original manuscript into the church re-
cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter-
book, containing letters to him, rescued from a
grocer's shop in Halifax, the earlier and more
valuable part having been destroyed. Brad-
ford was the author of two other dialogues
or conferences, of which the second has ap-
parently perished, but the third, l concerning
the church and government thereof,' having
the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some
old papers taken from the remains of Mr.
Prince's collection, belonging to the old South
Church of Boston, and published in the i Pro-
ceedings ' of the Massachusetts Historical So-
ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-64. Copies of several
of his letters were published in the ' Collec-
tions ' of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to
JohnWinthrop in vol.vi. 4th series, pp. 156-61.
The manuscripts of Bradford were made use
of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for
their historical works, and are the principal
authorities for the early history of the colony.
Besides the manuscripts already mentioned,
they had access to a connected ' History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' by Bradford, which
at one time existed in Bradford's own hand-
writing in the New England Library, but
was supposed to have been lost during the war
with England. In Anderson's 'History of
the Colonial Church,' published in 1848, the
manuscript was referred to as ' now in the
M2
Bradford
164
Bradford
possession of the Bishop of London,' but
the statement not having come under the
notice of any one in New England interested
in the matter, it was not till 1855 that cer-
tain paragraphs in a ' History of the Pro-
testant Episcopal Church of America,' by
Samuel Wilberforce, published in 1846, pro-
fessedly quoted from a l MS. History of Ply-
mouth in the Fulham Library,' led to its
identification. These paragraphs were shown
by J. W. Thornton to the Rev. Mr. Barry,
author of ' The History of Massachusetts,'
who brought them under the notice of Sam.
G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden-
tified with certain passages from Bradford's
* History,' quoted by the earlier historians.
On inquiry in England the surmise was con-
firmed, and a copy having been made from
the manuscript in Bradford's handwriting in
the Fulham Library, it was published in
vol. iii. (1856) of the 4th series of the < Col-
lections ' of the Mass. Hist. Soc. The manu-
script is supposed to have been taken to Eng-
land in 1774 by Governor Hutchinson, who
is the last person in America known to have
had it in his possession. The printed book-
plate of the New England Library is pasted
on one of the blank leaves.
[The chief original sources for the life of Brad-
ford are his own writings ; Mather's Magnalia,
vol. ii. chap. i. ; ShurtlefFs Eecollections of the
Pilgrims in Russell's Guide to Plymouth ; Mor-
ton's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning
the Early History of the Founders of New Ply-
mouth, 1849. See also Belknap's American Bio-
graphy, ii. 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the
Pilgrims ; Fessenden's Genealogy of the Bradford
Family ; .Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the
First Settlers of New England, i. 231 ; Raine's
History of the Parish of Blyth; Hutchinson's
History of Massachusetts; Collections of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series,
vol. iii. ; Winsor's Governor Bradford's Manu-
script History of Plymouth Plantation and its
Transmission to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who
identified Bradford's Manuscript? 1883.]
T. F. H.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752),
the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the
son of William and Anne Bradford of Lei-
cestershire, where the family had held a good
position for several generations. He is usually
said to have been born in 1658, and on his
tombstone the date is 1660, but both dates
are contradicted by the ' American Almanac'
for 1739, printed by himself, where, under the
month of May, the following entry appears :
< The printer born the 20th, 1663.' He learned
his art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace-
church Street, London. Sowles was an inti-
mate friend of William Penn and George Fox,
and his daughter Elizabeth married Bradford.
It says much for the enlightened forethought
i of Penn that he induced Bradford to ac-
j company him in his first voyage to Penn-
j sylvania, on which he sailed 1 Sept. 1682.
| Bradford returned to London, but he set out
again in 1685, hoping to embrace within his
operations the whole of the middle colonies.
In 1692 he was printing for Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island,
and in 1702 also for Maryland. The earliest
issue from his press is an almanac for 1686
(printed in 1685), entitled ' America's Mes-
senger/ of which there is a copy in the
Quakers' Library, London. In 1686, aloi
with some Germans of the name of Ritten"!
house, he erected on the Wissahickon, near
Philadelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta'
blished in America. Apart from almanac^
his first publication was in 1688, a volumf
entitled ' The Temple of Wisdom/ which in'
eluded the essays and religious meditation)
of Francis Bacon. Of this book there ij
a copy in the Quakers' Library, London
The honour of being the first to propose th«
printing of the Bible in America is usuallf
assigned to Cotton Mather, but in 1688, seveL
years before Mather, Bradford had entered
upon the project of printing a copy of the Holy
Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the
Book of Common Prayer. In 1689 he was
summoned before the governor and council
of Pennsylvania for printing the charter.
During the disputes in the colony caused by
the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford,
who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub-
lishing the writings of Keith and Budd, and
his press, type, and instruments were seized.
Not only, however, were they restored to him
by Fletcher, governor of New York, during his
temporary administration of Pennsylvania,
but at the instance of Fletcher he went to
New York, where, on 12 Oct. 1693, he was
appointed royal printer at a salary of 40£,
which was raised in 1696 to 60/., and in
1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deacon
of Trinity Church, New York, from which
he received 30/. on bond, to enable him to
print the Common Prayer and version of the
Psalms, and when the enterprise did not pay
the bond was returned to him. In 1725 he
began the publication of the 'New York
Gazette/the first newspaper published in New
York, which he edited until his eightieth
year. He was also appointed king's printer
for New Jersey, as appears from the earliest
copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717.
He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty-
nine. He was buried in the grounds of
Trinity Church, New York, where there is
a monument to his memory. His character
Bradick
165
Bradley
is thus summed up in the ' New York Ga-
zette ' of 25 May 1752 : ' He was a man of
great sobriety and industry, a real friend to
the poor and needy, and kind and affable to
all. He was a true Englishman. His tem-
perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he
was a stranger to sickness all his life.'
[New York Gazette, 25 May 1752 ; New York
Historical Magazine, iii. 171-76 (containing ca-
talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ;
Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians,
1859, pp. 124-9 ; Penington's An Apostate ex-
posed, or George Keith contradicting himself
and his brother Bradford, 1695; the Tryals of
Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and
Wm. Bradford, Quakers, for several great mis-
demeanours (as was pretended by their adver-
saries) before a Court of Quakers, at the Session
held at Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, 9th, 10th,
and 12th day of December 1692, printed first
beyond the sea, and now reprinted in London
for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1
T. F. H.
BRADICK, WALTER (1706-1794), a
merchant at Lisbon, was ruined by the earth-
quake which destroyed that city in 1755.
Returning to England he had the further
misfortune to lose his eyesight, and in 1774,
on the nomination of the queen, he was ad-
mitted to the Charterhouse, where he died
on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ' Cho-
heleth, or the Royal Preacher,' a poem, and he
was the author of ' several detached publica-
tions.' A contemporary record of his death
affirms that i Choheleth ' ' will be a lasting
testimony to his abilities,' but it may be
doubted whether the work is now extant.
[Information from Master of Charterhouse ;
Gent. Mag. Ixv. pt. i. 83.] J. M. S.
BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871),
eminent as a preacher and writer of sermons
published between 1818 and 1853, belonged
to the evangelical school of the church of
England. He was born at Halstead, Essex,
in February 1789. His parents, Thomas and
Ann Bradley, were both of Yorkshire origin,
but settled in "Wallingford, where their son
Charles, the elder of two sons, passed the
greater part of the first twenty-five years of
his life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep-
herd of Yattenden, took pupils and edited
several school books, one or two of which are
still in use. He was, for a time after his mar-
riage, a member of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford,
but was ordained on reaching the age of 23,
without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812
became curate of High "Wycombe. Here for
many years he combined the work of a
private tutor with the sole charge of a large
parish. Among his pupils were the late
Mr. Smith O'Brien, the leader for a short
time of the so-called national party in Ire-
land ; Mr. Bonamy Price, professor of poli-
tical economy in the university of Oxford ;
and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more
than half a century in the diocese and city
of Winchester. His powers as a preacher
soon attracted attention. He formed the ac-
quaintance of William Wilberforce, Thomas
Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and
others ; and a volume of sermons, published
in 1818 with a singularly felicitous dedica-
tion to Lord Liverpool, followed by a second
edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The
sixth edition was published in 1824, the
eleventh in 1854.
In the year 1825 he was presented by
Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids,
afterwards of Lichfield) to the vicarage of
Glasbury in Brecknockshire. Here a volume
of sermons was published in 1825, which
reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained
the living of Glasbury till his death, but in
the year 1829 became the first incumbent of
St. James's Chapel at Clapham in Surrey,
where he resided, with some periods of absence,
till 1852.
By this time his reputation as a preacher
was fully established. His striking face and
figure and dignified and impressive delivery
added to the effect produced by the substance
and style of his sermons, which were pre-
pared and written with unusual care and
thought. A volume of sermons published in
1831, followed by two volumes of 'Practical
Sermons' in 1836 and 1838, by ' Sacramental
Sermons ' in 1842, and ' Sermons on the Chris-
tian Life ' in 1853, had for many years an
exceedingly large circulation, and were widely
preached in other pulpits than his own, not
only in England and Wales, but in Scotland
and America. Of late years their sale greatly
declined, but the interest taken in them has
revived, and a volume of selections was pub-
lished in 1884.
Quite apart from the character of their
contents, as enforcing the practical and spe-
culative side of Christianity from the point
of view of the earlier leaders of the evange-
lical party in the church of England, the
literary merits of Bradley's sermons will
probably give them a lasting place in litera-
ture of the kind. No one can read them
without being struck by their singular sim-
plicity and force, and at the same time by
the sustained dignity and purity of the lan-
guage.
Bradley was the father of a numerous
family. By his first wife, who died in 1831,
he had thirteen children, of whom twelve
survived him. The eldest of six sons was
Bradley
166
Bradley
the late Rev. C. Bradley of Soutligate, well
known in educational circles. The fourth is
the present dean of Westminster (late master
of University College, Oxford, and formerly of
Marlborough College). By his second mar-
riage in 1840 with Emma, daughter of Mr.
John Linton, he also left a large family, one
of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer-
ton College, Oxford, author of a work on
ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrew
Cecil, fellow of Balliol, is professor of English
literature at Liverpool.
Bradley spent the last period of his life at
Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871.
[Personal knowledge.]
G. G. B.
BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816-1863),
journalist, was born at Whitby in Yorkshire
in 1816, and apprenticed to a firm of printers
in his native town. After being for several
years a reporter on the ' York Herald ' he
was appointed editor of the ' Sunderland and
Durham County Herald,' and about 1848 he
became editor and one of the proprietors of
the ' Newcastle Guardian.' He resided at
Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. 1863,
being greatly respected, and for a consider-
able period an influential member of the
town council. Bradley published ' A Con-
cise and Practical System of Short -hand
Writing, with a brief History of the Progress
of the Art. Illustrated by sixteen engraved
lessons and exercises,' London, 1843, 12mo.
The system is a variation of Dr. Mayor's.
[Whitby Times, 23 Oct. 1863; Rockwell's
Teaching, Practice, and Literature of Shorthand,
70.] T. C.
BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), as-
tronomer-royal, was the third son of William
Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at
Bradley Castle, county Durham, from the
fourteenth century, by his marriage, in 1678,
with Jane Pound of Bishop's Canning in
Wiltshire. He was born at Sherbourn in
Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March
1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain-
able. He was educated at the Northleach
grammar school, and was admitted as a com-
moner to Balliol College, Oxford, 15 March
1711, when in his eighteenth year, proceeding
B.A. 15 Oct. 1714, and M.A. 21 June 1717.
His university career had little share in
moulding his genius. His uncle, the Rev.
James Pound, rector of Wanstead in Essex,
was at that time one of the best astronomical
observers in England. A warm attachment
sprang up between him and his nephew. He
nursed him through the small-pox in 1717 ;
he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from
a somewhat straitened home ; above all, he
discerned and cultivated his extraordinary
talents. Bradley quickly acquired all his
instructor's skill and more than his ardour.
Every spare moment was devoted to co-
operation with him. His handwriting ap-
pears in the WTanstead books from 1715, and
the journals of the Royal Society notice
a communication from him. regarding the
aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formally
introduced to the learned world by Halley,
who, in publishing his observation of an ap-
pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717,
prophetically described him as ' eruditus
juvenis,qui simul industria et ingenio pollens
his studiis promovendis aptissimus natus
est ' (Phil Trans, xxx. 853). The skill with
which he and Pound together deduced from
the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral-
lax between 9" and 12", was praised by the
same authority (ib. xxxi. 114), who again
imparted to the Royal Society ' some very
curious observations' made by Bradley on
Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for
the sun of less than 10" ( Journal Books R.
Soc. 16 Nov. 1721). The entry of one of
these states that 'the 15-feet tube was moved
by a machine that made it to keep pace with
the stars' (BRADLEY, Miscellaneous Works,
p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving
automatic movement to a telescope.
Doubtless with the view of investigating
annual parallax, Bradley noted the relative
positions of the component stars of y Virginis,
12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719
and 1 Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter
observation about 1759 brought the discovery
of their orbital revolution almost within his
grasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyne to
Herschel, served to confirm and correct its
theory (Phil Tram, xciii. 363).
Bradley's first sustained research, however,
was concerned with the Jovian system. He
early began to calculate the tabular errors of
each eclipse observed, and the collation of older
observations with his own afforded him the
discovery that the irregularities of the three
inner satellites (rightly attributed to their
mutual attraction) recur in the same order
after 437 days. His ' Corrected Tables ' were
finished in 1718, but, though printed in the
following year with Halley's i Planetary
Tables,' remained unpublished until 1749, by
which time they had become obsolete. The
appended 'Remarks' ( Works, p. 81), de-
scribing the 437-day cycle, are stated by the
minutes to have been read before the Royal
Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then
already a fellow ; he was elected 6 Nov. 1718,
on the motion of Halley, and under the pre-
sidential sanction of Newton.
The choice of a profession meantime be-
Bradley
167
Bradley
•came imperative. He had been brought up
to the church, and in 1719 Hoadly, bishop
of Hereford, presented him to the vicarage of
Bridstow. On this title, accordingly, he was
ordained deacon at St. Paul's, 24 May, and
priest, 25 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine-
cure rectory of Llandewi-Velfry in Pem-
brokeshire was procured for him by his friend
•Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the Prince of
Wales, and he also became chaplain to the
bishop of Hereford. His prospects of promo-
tion were thus considerable, but he continued
to frequent Wanstead, and took an early op-
portunity of extricating himself from a posi- !
tion in which his duties were at variance with |
his inclinations. The Savilian chair of as- !
tronomy at Oxford became vacant by the
death of Keill in August 1721. Bradley was
•elected to fill it 31 Oct., and, immediately re-
signing his preferments, found himself free to
follow his bent on an income which amounted
in 1724 to 138/. 5s. 9d. He read his in-
augural lecture 26 April 1722.
In 1723 we find him assisting his uncle
in experiments upon Hadlev's new reflector
(Phil. Trans, xxxii. 382) ; and Hadley's ex-
ample and instructions encouraged him, about
the same time, to attempt the grinding of
specula (SMITH, A Compleat System of Op-
ticks, ii. 302). In this he was only partially
successful, though his mechanical skill sufficed
at all times for the repair and adjustment of
his instruments. His observations and ele-
ments of a comet discovered by Halley 9 Oct.
1723 formed the subject of his first paper in
•' Philosophical Transactions ' (xxxiii. 41 ; see
NEWTON'S Principia, 3rd edit. lib. iii. prop. 42,
3>. 523, 1726). Bradley was the first successor
of Halley in the then laborious task of com-
puting the orbits of comets. He published
parabolic elements for those of 1737 and 1757
(Phil. Trans, xl. iii, 1. 408), and by his com-
munication to Lemonnier of the orbit of, and
process of calculation applied to, the comet
of 1742, knowledge of his method became
diffused abroad.
By the death of Pound, which took place
16 Nov. 1724, he lost 'a relation to whom he
was dear, even more than by the ties of blood.'
He continued, however, to observe with his
instruments, and to reside with his widow
(visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his
lectures) in a small house in the town of
Wanstead memorable as the scene of his chief
discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24|-foot te-
lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction
of the zenith at the house of Mr. Samuel Moly-
neux on Kew Green. It had been resolved by
him and Bradley to subject Hooke's supposed
detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to
& searching inquiry, and the first observation
for the purpose was made by Molyneux at
noon 3 Dec. 1725. It was repeated by Bradley,
' chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec., when, to
his surprise, he found the star pass a little more
to the southward. This unexpected change,
which was in the opposite direction to what
could have been produced by parallax, con-
tinued, in spite of every precaution against
error, at the rate of about \" in three days ;
and at the end of a year's observation the star
had completed an oscillation 39" in extent.
Meanwhile an explanation was vainly
sought of this enigmatical movement, per-
ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with
their latitude, by other stars. A nutation of
the earth's axis was first thought of, and a test
star, or ' anti-Draco,' on the opposite side of
the pole (35 Camelopardi) was watched from
7 Jan. 1726; but the quantity of its motion was
insufficient to support that hypothesis. The
friends next considered 'what refraction
might do,' on the supposition of an annual
change of figure in the earth's atmosphere
through the action of a resisting medium;
this too was discarded on closer examination.
Bradley now resolved to procure an instru-
ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a zenith-
sector of 12£ feet radius, and 12£° range, was
mounted for him by Graham in the upper
part of his aunt's house. Thenceforth he
trusted entirely to the Wanstead results. A
year's assiduous use of this instrument gave
him a set of empirical rules for the annual
apparent motions of stars in various parts of
the sky ; but he had almost despaired of being
able to account for them, when an unex-
pected illumination fell upon him. Accom-
panying a pleasure party in a sail on the
Thames one day about September 1728, he
noticed that the wind seemed to shift each
time that the boat put about, and a question
put to the boatman brought the (to him) signi-
ficant reply that the changes in direction of
the vane at the top of the mast were merely
due to changes in the boat's course, the wind
remaining steady throughout. This was the
clue he needed. He divined at once that the
progressive transmission of light, combined
with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must
cause an annual shifting of the direction in
which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an
amount depending upon the ratio of the two
velocities. Working out the problem in de-
tail, he found that the consequences agreed
perfectly with the rules already deduced from
observation, and announced his memorable
discovery of the * aberration of light ' in the
form of a letter to Halley, read before the
Royal Society 9 and 16 Jan. 1729 (Phil.
Trans, xxxv. 637).
Never was a more minutely satisfactory
Bradley
168
Bradley
explanation offered of a highly complex phe-
nomenon. It was never disputed, and has
scarcely been corrected. Bradley found the
< constant' of aberration to be 20-25" (reduc-
ing it, however, in 1748 to 20"). Struve fixed
it at 20-445". Bradley concluded, from the
amount of aberration, the velocity of light to
be such as to bring it from the sun to the
earth in 8m 13s, although Roemer had, from
actual observation, estimated the interval at
llm. The best recent determination (Glase-
napp's) of the 'light equation' is 8m 21s.
Bradley's demonstration of his rules for
aberration remained unpublished till 1832
( Works, p. 287). He observed only the effects
in declination ; but his theory was verified as
regards right ascension also, by Eustachio
Manfredi at Bologna in 1729. The subject
was fully investigated by Clairaut in 1737
(Mem. de FAc. 1737, p. 205). An important
secondary inference from the Wanstead ob-
servations was that of the vast distances of
even the brighter stars. Bradley stated deci-
sively that the parallax neither of y Draconis
nor of r) Ursse Majoris reached V, and be-
lieved that he should have detected half that
quantity (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 660. Double
parallaxes are there spoken of). This well-
grounded assurance shows an extraordinary
advance in exactness of observation.
Bradley succeeded Whiteside as lecturer
on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729,
and resigned the post in 1760, after the close
of his seventy-ninth course. There was no
endowment, Lord Crewe's benefaction of 30/.
per annum becoming payable only in 1749 ;
but fees of three guineas a course, with an
average attendance of fifty-seven, produced
emoluments sufficient for his wants. His
lectures were delivered in the Ashmolean
Museum, of which he vainly sought the
keepership in 1731. In 17^32 he took a share
in a trial at sea of Hadley's sextants, and wrote
a letter warmly commendatory of the inven-
tion ( Works, p. 505). His removal to Oxford
occurred in May of the same year, when he oc-
cupied a house in New College Lane attached
to his professorship. His aunt, Mrs. Pound,
accompanied him, with two of her nephews,
and lived with him there five years. He trans-
ported thither most of his instruments, but
left Graham's sector undisturbed. An im-
portant investigation was in progress by its
means, for the purposes of which he made dur-
ing the next fifteen years periodical visits to
Wanstead.
It is certain that Halley desired to have
Bradley for his successor, and it is even said
that he offered to resign in -his favour. But
death anticipated his project, 14 Jan. 1742.
Through the urgent representations of George,
earl of Macclesfield, who quoted to Lord-
chancellor Hardwicke Newton's dictum that
he was ' the best astronomer in Europe,' Brad-
ley was appointed astronomer-royal 3 Feb.
1742. The honour of a degree of D.D. was
conferred upon him by diploma at Oxford
22 Feb., and in June he went to live at
Greenwich. His first care was to remedy, so
far as possible, the miserable state of the in-
struments, and to procure an assistant in- the
person of John Bradley, son of his eldest
brother, who, at a stipend of 26/., diligently
carried out his instructions during fourteen
years, and Avas replaced successively by Mason
and Green.
With untiring and well-directed zeal Brad-
ley laboured at the duties of his new office.
He took his first transit at Greenwich
25 July 1742, and by the end of the year 1500
had been entered. The work done in 1743
was enormous. The records of observations-
with the transit instrument fill 177, with
the quadrant 148 folio pages. On 8 Aug.
255 determinations of the former, 181 of
the latter kind were made. His efforts to-
wards a higher degree of accuracy were un-
ceasing and successful ; yet he never pos-
sessed an achromatic telescope. He recognised
it as the first duty of an astronomer to make
himself acquainted with the peculiar defects,
of his instruments, and was indefatigable in
I testing and improving them. By the addi-
! tion of a finer micrometer screw, 18 July 1745,
he succeeded in measuring intervals of half a
\ second with the eight-foot quadrant erected
by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from
attempting further refinements by discover-
j ing it a year later to be sensibly eccentric.
At various times between 1743 and 1749 he
made experiments on the length of the seconds
pendulum, giving the most accurate result
i previous to Kater's in 1818. The great comet
! of 1743 was first seen at Greenwich 26 Dec.,
and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744.
i Bradley roughly computed its trajectory, but
| went no further, it is conjectured, out of kind-
ness towards young Betts, who had the ambi-
tion to try his hand on it. He also observed
the first comet of 1748, and calculated that of
1707. His observations of Halley's comet
in 1759 have for the most part perished.
The time was now ripe for the publication
of his second great discovery. From the first
the Wanstead observations had shown the
displacements due to aberration to be at-
tended by a ' residual phenomenon.' A slight
progressive inequality was detected, occasion-
ing in stars near the equinoctial colures an
excess, in those near the solstitial colures a
defect of movement in declination, as com-
pared with that required by a precession of
Bradley
169
Bradley
50". The true explanation in a ' nodding '
movement of the axis, due to the moon's
unequal action upon the equatorial parts of
the earth, was more than suspected early in
1732 ; but Bradley did not consider the proof
complete until he had tracked each star
through an entire revolution of the moon's
nodes (18*6 years) back to its mean place (al-
lowance being made for annual precession).
In 'September 1747 he was at length fully
satisfied of the correspondence of his hypo-
thesis with facts ; and 14 Feb. 1748 a letter
to the Earl of Macclesfield, in which he set
forth the upshot of his twenty years' watch-
ing and waiting, was read before the Royal
Society (Phil. Trans, xlv. 1). The idea of a
possible nutation of the earth's axis was not
unfamiliar to astronomers ; and Newton had
predicted the occurrence of a semi-annual,
but scarcely sensible, effect of the kind. A
phenomenon such as Bradley detected, how-
ever, depending on the position of the lunar
orbit, was unthought of until its necessity
became evident with the fact of its existence.
The complete development of its theory went
beyond his mathematical powers, and he
invited assistance, promptly rendered by
D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley 's coefficient
of nutation (9") has proved nearly a quarter
of a second too small. He might probably
have gone even nearer to the truth had he
trusted more implicitly to his own observa-
tions. His confidence was, however, em-
barrassed by the proper motions of the stars,
the ascertainment of which he, with his
usual clear insight into the conditions of exact
astronomy, urged upon well-provided obser-
vers ; while his sagacious hint that they
might be mere optical effects of a real trans-
lation of the solar system (Phil. Trans, xlv.
40) gave the first opening for a scientific
treatment of that remarkable subject.
As regards nutation, the novelty of his an-
nouncement had been somewhat taken off by
previous disclosures. On his return from Lap-
land, Maupertuis consulted him as to the re-
duction of his observations, when Bradley
imparted to him, 27 Oct. 1737, his incipient
discovery. Maupertuis was not bound to
secrecy, nor did he observe it. He trans-
mitted the information to the Paris Academy
(Mem. de TAc. 1737, p. 411), while Lalande
published in 1745 (ib. 1745, p. 512) the con-
firmatory results of observations undertaken
at Bradley 's suggestion.
The discovery of aberration earned for its
author, 14 Dec. 1730, exemption on the part
of the Royal Society from all future pay-
ments ; that of nutation was honoured in
1748 with the Copley medal. His heightened
reputation further enabled him to ask and
obtain a new instrumental outfit for the Royal
Observatory. He took advantage of the annual
visitation by members of the Royal Society
to represent its absolute necessity ; and a
petition drawn up by him and signed by the
president and members of council in August
1748 produced an order for 1,000/. under the
! sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's
handwriting informs us, by the treasurer of
the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of
old stores. The wise expenditure of this
paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modern
practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate
in the co-operation of John Bird. The eight-
foot mural quadrant, for which he paid him
300 /., was an instrument not unworthy the
eye and hand that were to use it. He had
also from him a movable quadrant forty
inches in radius, and a transit-instrument of
eight-feet focal length. From Short a six-
foot reflector was ordered, but not delivered
until much later ; and 20/. was paid for a
magnetic apparatus, changes in dip and va-
riation having been objects of attention to
Bradley as early as 1729. For the Wanstead
sector, removed to Greenwich in July 1749,
45/. was allowed to him.
The first employment of Bird's quadrant
was in a series of observations, 10 Aug. 1750
to 31 July 1753, for the purpose of deter-
mining the latitude of the observatory and
the laws of refraction. Simultaneously with
Lacaille and Mayer, Bradley introduced the
improvement of correcting these for barome-
trical and thermometrical fluctuations. His
formula for computing mean refraction at
any altitude closely represented the actual
amounts down to within 10° of the horizon
(GRANT, Hist. Phys. Astr. pp. 329-30). After
its publication by Maskelyne in 1763, it was
generally adopted in England, and was in
use at Greenwich down to 1833.
In 1751 Bradley made observations for
determining the distances of the sun and
moon in concert with those of Lacaille at
the Cape of Good Hope (Mem. de VAc. 1752,
p. 424). From the combined results for
Mars, Delisle deduced a solar parallax of
10-3" (BRADLEY, Misc. Works, p. 481). A
series of 230 comparisons with the heavens-
of Tobias Mayer's ' Lunar Tables,' between
December 1755 and February 1756, enabled
Bradley to report them to the admiralty as-
accurate generally within V. His hopes of
bringing the lunar method of longitudes into
actual use were thus revived ; and he under-
took, aided by Mason, a laborious correction
of the remaining errors founded on 1,220
observations. The particulars of these were
inserted in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1774^
but the amended tables, completed from
Bradley
170
Bradley
them in 1760, never saw the light, and were |
superseded by Mayer's own improvements in
1770. The regular work of the observatory, !
consisting in meridian observations of the
sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile
carried on with unremitting diligence and j
unrivalled skill.
The salary of astronomer-royal was then,
as in Flamsteed's time, 100/. a year, reduced j
to 907. by fees at public offices. This pit- j
tance was designed to be supplemented by i
Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's
name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which
was, however, refused on the honourable
ground of incompatibility of clerical with
official obligations. His disinterestedness
was compensated by a crown pension of
2501. per annum, granted under the privy
seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his suc-
cessors. Honours now fell thickly upon him.
From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a
member of the council of the Royal Society,
and he occupied that position uninterruptedly
from 1752 until his death. In July 1746
Euler wrote to announce his admission to
the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was as-
sociated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg
respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably
in acknowledgment of his services in super-
intending the construction of a quadrant by
Bird for the latter body, complimented with
its full membership in 1754 ; while the in-
stitute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June
1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe
but sought a correspondence with him,
which he usually declined, being averse to
writing, and leaving many letters unan-
swered.
No direct descendant of Bradley survives.
He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter
of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Glouces-
tershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daugh-
ter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745,
who married in 1771 her first cousin, the
Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an
only daughter, who died childless in 1806.
Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Mac-
clesfield grew closer after his removal to
Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him
in the establishment (about 1739) of an ob-
servatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the
reform of the calendar, calculating the tables
appended to the bill for that purpose. Until
near the close of his life he continued to re-
side about three months of each year at Ox-
ford, but resigned his readership through ill-
health in 1760. For several years he had
felt the approach of an obscure malady in
occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours
in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his
hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a
heavy cloud of depression settled over his
spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension
of surviving his mental faculties, which re-
mained nevertheless clear to the end. He
attended, for the last time, a meeting of the
Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a
paper of instructions for Mason, on his de-
parture to observe the transit of Venus, the
latest astronomical event in which he took
an active interest. But already in May he
was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and
when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761,
arrived, he was unable to use the telescope.
He, however, took a final observation with the
transit-instrument in September, after which
his handwriting disappears from the Green-
wich registers. The few months that remained
he spent at Chalford, being much attached
to his wife's relations, and there died, in the
house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's
acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth
year, and was buried with his wife and mother
at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on
examination to be a chronic inflammation
of the abdominal viscera. The case was
described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the
1 Philosophical Transactions ' (lii. 635).
In character Bradley is described as ' hu-
mane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son,
an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a
steady friend ' (Suppl. to New Biog. Diet.,
1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives
experienced his generosity. His life was
blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper
mild and placid. He was habitually taci-
turn, but was clear, ready, and open in ex-
plaining his opinions to others. No homage
could overthrow his modesty or disturb his
caution. He was always more apprehen-
sive of injuring his reputation than san-
guine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from
publicity; polished composition, moreover,
was irksome to him. His only elaborate
pieces were the accounts of his two leading
discoveries ; and the preservation of several
unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords
evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of
expression. Nor had he any taste for ab-
stract mathematics. His great powers were
those of sagacity and persistence. He pos-
sessed l a most extraordinary clearness of
perception, both mental and "organic ; great
accuracy in the combination of his ideas ;
and an inexhaustible fund of that " industry
and patient thought " to which Newton as-
cribed his own discoveries ' (RiGAUD, Me-
moirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive
than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and
precision. No discrepancy was too minute
for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible
causes and their consequences was keen, dis-
Bradley
171
Bradley
passionate, and complete ; his mental grasp
was close and unrelaxing. He ranks as the
founder of modern observational astronomy ;
nor by the example of his ' solicitous accu-
racy' alone or chiefly, though this was much.
But his discoveries of aberration and nuta-
tion first rendered possible exact knowledge
of the places of the fixed stars, and thereby
of the movements of the other celestial bodies.
Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in his
diligent and faithful record of the state of
the heavens in his time, a mass of docu-
mentary evidence invaluable for the testing
of theory, or the elucidation of change.
The publication, for the benefit of his
daughter, of his observations, contained in
thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, was
interrupted by official demands for their pos-
session, followed up by a lawsuit commenced
by the crown in 1767, but abandoned in 1776.
The Rev. Mr. Peach, Bradley's son-in-law,
thereupon offered them to Lord North, to be
printed by the Clarendon Press, and after
many delays the first of two volumes ap-
peared in 1798, under the editorship of Dr.
Hornsby, with the title ' Astronomical Ob-
servations made at the Royal Observatory
at Greenwich, from the year 1750 to the year
1762;' the second, edited by Dr. Abram
Robertson, in 1805. They number about
60,000, and fill close upon 1,000 large folio
pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the
observations of Bliss and Green down to
15 March 1765, was included in the second
volume. A catalogue of 387 stars, computed
by Mason fromBradley's original manuscripts,
and appended to the 'Nautical Almanac'
for 1773, formed the basis of a similar work
inserted by Hornsby in vol. i. (p. xxxviii); and
1,041 of Bradley's stars, reduced by Pilati,
were added toPiazzi's second catalogue (1814).
In the hands of Bessel, however, his obser-
vations assumed a new value. With extra-
ordinary skill and labour he deduced from
them in 1818 a catalogue of 3,222 stars for
the epoch 1755, so authentically determined
as to afford, by comparison with their later
places, a sure criterion of their proper mo-
tions. The title of ' Fundamenta Astrono-
mise ' fitly expressed the importance of this
work. More accurate values for precession
and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad-
ley's observations of the moon and planets,
when reduced by Airy, supplied valuable
data for the correction of the theories of
those bodies.
Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford
{by Hudson), at Shirburn Castle, at Green-
wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society.
A dial, erected in 1831 by command of
William IV, marks the spot at Kew where
he began the observations which led to the
discoveries of aberration and nutation. His
communications to the Royal Society, besides
those already adverted to, were on ' The Longi-
tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York,
from Wanstead and London, determined by
Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter '
(Phil. Trans, xxxiv. 85) ; and ' An Account
of some Observations made in London by
Mr. George Graham, and at Black River in
Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concern-
ing the going of a Clock ; in order to deter-
mine the Difference between the Lengths of
Isochronal Pendulums in those Places ' (ib.
xxxviii. 302). His ' Directions for using
the Common Micrometer ' were published by
Maskelyne in 1772 (ib. Ixii. 46). The origi-
nals of Bradley's Greenwich observations
having been deposited in the Bodleian, the
confused mass of his remaining papers, dis-
interred by Professor S. P. Rigaud, afforded
materials for a large quarto volume, pub-
lished by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the
title ' Miscellaneous Works and Correspon-
dence of James Bradley, D.D., Astronomer-
Royal.' It includes, besides the Kew and Wan-
stead journals, every record of the slightest
value in his handwriting, not omitting papers
already printed in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions,' with many letters addressed to him
by persons of eminence in England and abroad,
and in some cases his replies. The prefixed
memoir embodies all that the closest inquiry
could gather concerning him. The investi-
gation of his early observations, thus brought
to light after nearly a century's oblivion,
was made the subject of a prize by the Royal
Society of Copenhagen in 1832 ; whence the
publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of
' Reduction of the Observations made by
Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine
the Quantities of Aberration and Nutation '
(Oxford, 1838).
[Rigaud's Memoirs of Bradley ; New and Gen.
Biog. Diet. xii. 54, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippis);
Fouchy's Eloge, Mem. de 1'Ac. des Sciences,
1762, p. 231 (Hist.) ; same trans, in Annual Keg.
1765, p. 23, and Gent. Mag. xxxv. 361; Delambre's
Hist, de 1'Astronomie au xviii* siecle, p. 413 ;
Thomson's Hist, of K. Soc. p. 344 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.] A. M. C.
BRADLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con-
veyancing barrister, was a contemporary of
James Booth [q. v.], who has been called the
patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradley-
was called to the bar by the society, of Gray's
Inn, and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with
geat success for upwards of half a century,
e is said to have managed the concerns of
almost the whole county of Durham, and,
Bradley
172
Bradley
though & provincial counsel, his opinions were
everywhere received with the greatest respect.
His drafts, like Booth's, were prolix to excess,
but some of them were, to a very recent period,
in use as precedents in the northern counties.
He published (London, 1779) ' An Enquiry
into the Nature of Property and Estates as
defined by English Law, in which are con-
sidered the opinions of Mr. Justice Black-
stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro-
perty.' There was also published in 1804
in London ' Practical Points, or Maxims in
Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi-
ence of a late eminent conveyancer (Brad-
ley), with critical observations on the various
parts of a Deed by J. Ritson.' This was
a collection of Bradley's notes on points of
practice, and the technical minutiae of con-
veyancing as they were suggested in the
course of his professional life. Ritson was
a contemporary and fellow-townsman of
Bradley. The latter by his will left a con-
siderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the
purchase of books calculated to promote the
interests of religion and virtue in Great Bri-
tain and the happiness of mankind. Lord
Thurlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside
the charitable disposition of Bradley in favour
of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton-
on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788, and was buried in
the parish church of Greatham, where a
mural monument was erected to his memory
on the north side of the chancel.
[Gent. Mag. vol. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1184; David-
son's Conveyancing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin's Legal
Bibliograph, p. 141 ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham,
iii. 140.] E. H.
BRADLEY, RICHARD (d. 1732), bo-
tanist and horticultural writer, was a very
popular and voluminous author. His first
essays in print were two papers published in
the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1716,
on mouldiness in melons, and the motions of
;7*X the sap. He was elected F.R.S. in 17D3;
and professor of botany at Cambridge on
10 Nov. 1724, the latter by means of a pre-
tended verbal recommendation from Dr. Wil-
liam Sherard to Dr. Bentley, with pompous
assurances that he would found a public bo-
tanic garden in the university by his private
purse and interest. Very soon after his elec-
tion the vanity of his promises was seen, and
his entire ignorance of Latin and Greek ex-
cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after-
wards succeeded him, was appointed to read
the prescribed courses of lectures, in conse-
quence of Bradley's neglect to do so. In
1729 he gave a course of lectures on ' Ma-
teria Medica,' which he afterwards published.
In 1731 it is stated that ' he was grown so
scandalous that it was in agitation to turn
him out of his professorship,' though the
details of his delinquency do not appear to
be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Nov.
1732.
The use of Bradley's name was paid for
by the publishers of a translation of Xeno-
phon's ' Economics ' solely on account of his
popularity, as he knew nothing of the ori-
ginal language. His botanical publications
show acuteness and diligence, and contain
indications of much observation in advance
of his time.
Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes-
sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley,
but they have not been maintained distinct
by succeeding botanists.
His works include : 1. ( Historia planta-
rum succulentarum, &c.,' London, 1716-27,
5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734.
2. ' New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening,' London, 1717 (two editions), 8vo,
1731. 3. ' Gentleman's and Farmer's Calen-
dar,' London, 1718, 8vo ; French translations
(1723, 1743, 1756). 4. < Virtue and Use of
Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con-
tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8vo.
5. ' Philosophical Account of the Works of
Nature,' London (1721 and 1739), 8vo.
6. ' Plague of Marseilles considered,' London,
1721, 8vo. 7. ' New Experiments and Ob-
servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724,
8vo. 8. ' Treatise of Fallowing,' Edinburgh,
1724, 8vo. 9. 'Survey of Ancient Hus-
bandry and Gardening collected from Cato,
Varro, Columella, &c.,' London, 1725, 8vor
and several small treatises on gardening and
agriculture. Part II. of Co-well's ' Curious
and Profitable Gardener, concerning the great
American Aloe,' has been attributed with
little reason to Bradley.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790),
| ii. 129-33; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51,
j 709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed. vi.
1 (1812), 415-16; Kees's Cyclop, v. art. 'Bradley';
Seguier's Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller's Bibl. Bot.
ii. 133-7 ; Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 31, id. ed. 2,
| p. 38.] B. D. J.
BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670),
divine, a native of Berkshire, states that he
was 72 years old in 1669, and was therefore
born in 1597. He became a battler of Exeter
College, Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A.
on 21 July 1620. He was chaplain to the
Duke of Buckingham for several years, and
accompanied him in the expedition to Ro-
chelle and the Isle of Rhe in 1627. After
Buckingham's murder in the following year he
became chaplain to Charles I, and on 16 June
1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap-
Bradley
173
Bradock
plied to the council to take Bradley with him
as chaplain of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom.
1628-9, p. 579). Soon afterwards (5 Mayl631)
Bradley married Frances, the daughter of Sir
John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefract, and
he was presented by his father-in-law about
the same time to the livings of Castleford
and Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch
royalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on
20 Dec. 1642, and was expelled a few years
later by the parliamentary committee from
both his Yorkshire livings. ' His lady and
all his children/ writes Walker, ' were turned
out of doors to seek their bread in desolate
places,' and his library at Castleford fell
into the hands of his oppressors. He pub-
lished in London in 1658 a curious pamph-
let entitled < A Present for Csesar of 100,000/.
in hand and 50,000/. a year,' in which he re-
commended the extortion of first-fruits and
tithes according to their true value. The
work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver '
Cromwell. At the Restoration he was re- I
stored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary j
to vindicate his 'pamphlet in another tract
entitled < Appello Csesarem ' (York, 1661). |
But his conduct did not satisfy the govern-
ment, and in an assize sermon preached at
York in 1663 and published as ' Caesar's Due '
and the Subject's Duty,' he said that the '
king had bidden him ' preach conscience to
the people and not to meddle with state j
affairs,' and that he had to apologise for his
sermons preached against the excise and the
excisemen, the Westminster lawyers, and
*the rack-renting landlords and depopula- j
tors.' He also expressed regret for having
suggested the restoration of the council of
the north. In 1666 he was made a pre-
bendary of York. He died in 1670.
His publications consist entirely of ser-
mons. The earliest, entitled ' Comfort from
the Cradle,' was preached at Winchester and
published at Oxford in 1650; four others,
? -eached at York Minster, were published at
ork between 1661 and 1670, and six occa-
sional sermons appear to have been issued col-
lectively in London in 1667. Walker de-
scribes Bradley as ' an excellent preacher '
and ' a ready and acute wit.'
A son, Savile, was at one time fellow of
New College, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of
Magdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells
a curious story about his ordination in 1661.
[Wood's Athenae Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. xliii, iii.
719 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 392, ii. 52 ; Walker's Suffer-
ings, ii. 85 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
S. L. L.
BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751-
1813), physician, was a native of Worcester,
where for some time he conducted a school
in which mathematics formed a prominent
study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu-
cation, and, devoting himself to medical
studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra-
duated M.D. in 1791, his dissertation, which
was published, being information from Rev. P. Vance-Smith,
educated at the Bolton grammar school and : Hmdley-J A. G.
Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, but did not j BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746),
graduate. This was due to the influence of j Jacobite rebel, born in 1717, was the only
his uncle Holmes, then a minister in North- j child of a well-to-do Roman catholic in trade
amptonshire, under whom he studied divinity, j ftt Manchester. He was educated at the free
Returning to Lancashire, he was ordained school, and learned some classics there. About
minister of Hindley. With other Lancashire | 1734 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Charles
ministers, he was concerned in the royalist j Worral, a Manchester factor, trading at the
rising under Sir George Booth [q. v.] He i Golden Ball, Lawrence Lane, London. In
was ejected in 1662, but, continuing to preach, I 1740 Bradshaw was called back to Man-
he suffered some months' imprisonment at the | Chester through the illness of his father, and
instance of his relative Sir Roger Bradshaw, I after his father's death he found himself in
an episcopalian magistrate. On the indulgence possession of a thriving trade and several
of 1672 he got possession of Rainford Chapel, ' thousand pounds. Very quickly (about 1741)
in the parish of Prescot. The neighbouring j he took a London partner, Mr. James Daw-
clergy now and then preached for him, read- son, near the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and
ing the prayer-book ; hence the churchwarden i he married a Miss Waggstaff of Manchester,
was able to say ' yes ' to the question at visi- She and an only child both died in 1743.
tations : ' Have you common prayer read , Bradshaw thereupon threw in his lot with
yearly in your chapel ? ' Pearson, the bishop the Pretender. He was one of the rebel cour-
of Chester, would not sustain informations , tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745.
against peaceable ministers, so Bradshaw was J He visited his own city on 29 Nov., where he
not disturbed. He was also one of the Monday j busied himself in recruiting at the Bell Inn.
lecturers at Bolton. He died at Rainford in He was a member of the council of war, and
1702, in his sixty-seventh year, his death being received his fellow-rebels in his own house,
the result of a mishap while riding to preach, j Having accepted a captaincy in Colonel
His son Ebenezer, presbyterian minister at I Towneley's regiment he marched to Derby,
Ramsgate, was ordained 22 June 1694 in Dr. | paying his men out of his own purse; he
Annesley's meeting-house, Bishopsgate With- j headed his company on horseback in the skir-
in, near Little St. Helen's (this was at the j mish at Clifton Moor ; he attended the Pre-
tender's levSe on the retreat through Carlisle
first public ordination among presbvterians
after the Restoration). Bradshaw published :
1. ' The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd,' &c.,
1677, 12mo (sermons on Cant, v., preface by
Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., who died 21 June
1697, aged 52). 2. < The Trial and Triumph
of Faith.' Halley confuses him (ii. 184) with
another James Bradshaw, born at Darcy
Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at
Brasenose College, Oxford, presbyterian rector
of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege
of Lathom House by sermons from Jerem.
xv. 14, in which he compared Lathom's seven
towers to the seven heads of the beast. He
was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hotham
for not observing the parliamentary fast, but
called to Macclesfield, whence he was ejected
in 1662. He preached at Houghton Chapel,
and subsequently at Bradshaw Chapel,reading
some of the prayers, but not subscribing. He
died in May 1683, aged 73.
[Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 16, 123; Cala-
my's Continuation, 1727, pp. 17, 140 ; Palmer's
Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, i. 337, ii. 364; Hat-
field's Manch. Socin. Controversy, 1825, p. 140;
Halley's Lane., its Puritanism and Nonconf., 1 869,
in December ; and preferring to be in Lord
Elcho's troop of horse when the rebels were
striving to keep together in Scotland in the
early weeks of 1746, he fought at Falkirk.
He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and
finally at Culloden, on 16 April in the same
year, where in the rout he was taken prisoner.
His passage to London was by ship, with forty-
two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the
New Gaol, Southwark ; his trial took place
at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that
occasion he was dressed in new green cloth,
and bore himself somewhat gaily. His counsel
urged that he had always had 'lunatick
pranks,' and had been driven entirely mad by
the death of his wife and child. He was
found guilty, and having been kept in gaol
nearly a month more, he was executed on
Kennington Common, 28 Nov. 1746, aged
only 29.
[Ho well's State Trials, xviii. 415-24.1
J.H.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (1602-1659), regi-
cide, was the second surviving son of Henry
Bradshaw, a well-to-do country gentleman,
Bradshaw
177
Bradshaw
of Marple and Wibersley halls, Stockport,
Cheshire, who died in 1654. His mother
was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning-
ton of Offerton in the same county, who
was married at Stockport on 4 Feb. 1593,
and died in January 1603-4. The eldest
surviving son, Henry, the heir to the family
property, was born in 1600. Francis, the
youngest son, was baptised on 13 Jan. 1603-4.
John was born at Wibersley Hall in 1602,
and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec.
in that year. Educated first at the free school
of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools
at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan-
cashire. There is a doubtful tradition that he
spent some time in his youth at Macclesfield,
and there wrote on a gravestone the lines :
My brother Henry must heir the land,
My brother Frank must be at his command ;
Whilst I, poor Jack, will do that
That all the world will wonder at.
He studied law in London, and was called
to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627.
He had previously served for several years
as clerk to an attorney at Congleton, an'd ap-
parently practised as a provincial barrister.
He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and
high steward of the borough several years
later (Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 328). He
formally resigned the office in May 1656.
At Congleton he maintained no little state,
and possessed much influence in the neigh-
bourhood. He was steward of the manor of
Glossop, Derbyshire, in 1630.
' All his early life,' writes Bradshaw's
friend, Milton, in the l Second Defence of the
People of England '(1654), ' he was sedulously
employed in making himself acquainted with
the laws of his country; he then practised
with singular success and reputation at the
bar.' Before 1643 he had removed from
Congleton to Basinghall Street, London,
and in that year was a candidate for the
post of judge of the sheriffs' court in Lon-
don. The right of appointment was claimed
by both the court of aldermen and the court
of common council, and the latter elected
Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time
the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a
rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once
upon the duties of the office, and continued
in it till 1649, when other employment com-
pelled him to apply for permission to nominate
a deputy. Proctor meanwhile brought an
action against him in the king's bench. The
suit lingered till February 1654-5, when the
claim of the court of common council to the
appointment was established.
In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the
counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord
VOL. VI.
Macguire of Fermanagh and HughMacmahon
for their part in the Irish rebellion of 1641.
Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and
the latter received much assistance from Brad-
shaw in his elaborate argument proving that
Irish peers were amenable to English juries.
The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac-
guire. In 1645 Bradshaw was counsel for
John Lilburne in his successful appeal to
the House of Lords against the sentence
pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for
publishing seditious books eight years before.
The commons nominated Bradshaw one of
the commissioners of the great seal on 8 Oct.
1646, but the lords declined to confirm this
arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap-
pointed chief justice of Chester, and on
18 March following a judge in Wales. In
June he was one of the counsel retained
(with Oliver St. John, Jermin, and William
Prynne) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins
on the charge of passing judgment of death
on men who had fought for the parliament.
In a letter to the mayor of Chester (1 Aug.
1648) he promises to resume his practice of
holding 'the grand sessions' at Chester after
1 the sad impediment ' of the wars, but only
promises attention to the city's welfare on
condition of its inhabitants' constant com-
pliance with the directions of parliament
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 344). On
12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad-
shaw and several other lawyers of their party
serjeants-at-law.
On 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords rejected the
ordinance of the commons for bringing the
king to trial before a parliamentary com-
mission. The commons straightway re-
solved to proceed on their sole authority.
Certain peers and judges had been nominated
members of the commission ; but the names
of the former were now removed (3 Jan.),
and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele,
all lawyers without seats in the house, sub-
stituted. On 6 Jan. the ordinance for the
trial passed its final stage. On 8 Jan. the
commission held its first private meeting in
the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis-
cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw
did not put in an appearance. A second
meeting took place two days later, from
which Bradshaw was also absent. The com-
missioners then proceeded to elect a presi-
dent, and the choice fell upon the absent
lawyer. Mr. Say filled the post for the
rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum-
mons was sent to Bradshaw to be present at
the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. He then
appeared and ' enlarged upon his own want
of abilities to undergo so important a charge.
. . . And when he was pressed ... he re-
Bradshaw
178
Bradshaw
quired time to consider it.' The next day
he formally accepted the office, with (it is
said) every sign of humility. It was re-
solved by the court that he should hence-
forward bear the title of lord president.
Clarendon is probably right in describing
Bradshaw as 'not much known [at this
time] in Westminster Hall, though of good
practice in the chamber.' There were cer-
tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa-
tion both in parliament and at the bar who
might have been expected to be chosen be-
fore Bradshaw president of the great com-
mission. But there were obvious reasons
for appointing a lawyer of comparatively
little prominence. The proceedings demanded
a very precise observance of legal formali-
ties, and a lawyer was indispensable. But
the anti-royalists had very few lawyers among
them who believed in the justice or legality
of the latest development of their policy.
Whitelocke and Widdrington both refused to
serve on the commission ; Serjeant Nicholas,
who had been nominated to the commission
at the same time as Bradshaw, declined to
take part in the trial ; the parliamentary
judges Rolle, St. John, and "Wilde deemed
the proceedings irregular from first to last ;
Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the
commons had appointed solicitor-general on
12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against
the king, and his place was filled for the
occasion by John Cook, a man of far smaller
ability. But the commissioners, whether or
no they had any misgivings, were resolved
to prove their confidence in the man of their
choice. Everything was done to lend dignity
to the newly elected president. The deanery
at Westminster was handed over to him as
his residence for the future, but during the
trial it was arranged that he should lodge at
Sir Abraham Williams's house in Palace Yard
to be near Westminster Hall. He was given
scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard.
Although his stout-heartedness is repeatedly
insisted on by his admirers, Bradshaw had
some fear of personal violence at this time.
' Besides other defence,' saysKennett, 'he had
a high-crowned beaver hat lined with plated
steel to ward off blows/ The hat is now in
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (Complete
Hist. iii. 181 n. ; GKANGEK, Biog. Hist. ii. 397).
Private meetings of the commission, at-
tended by less than half the full number of
members, were held under Bradshaw's presi-
dency in the Painted Chamber at Westmin-
ster almost every day of the week preceding
the trial, and on the morning of each day of
the trial itself. The trial opened at West-
minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9.
Bradshaw's name was read out by a clerk,
and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair,
' having a desk with a crimson velvet cushion
before him.' He was surrounded by atten-
dants, and placed in the midst of his colleagues.
The president addressed the prisoner as soon
as he was brought into court as ( Charles
Stuart, king of England,' and invited him to
plead, but the king persistently declined the
invitation on the ground of the court's in-
competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and
impatient appeals had no effect upon him.
Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed-
ings to the following Monday. The same
scene was repeated on that and the next two
days. The president repeatedly rebuked the
prisoner for his freedom of language, and abso-
lutely refused to allow him to make a speech.
On 25 Jan. twenty-nine witnesses were hur-
riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and
the commissioners framed a sentence of death
at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber.
It was read over by them on the morning of
the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad-
shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and
pronounced judgment in a long-winded and
strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw
spoke, Charles made an earnest appeal to
be heard in his defence. Some of the com-
missioners were anxious to grant him this
request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it.
After the sentence was pronounced, the king
renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly
told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards
to remove him. On 30 Jan., the day of the
execution, the commission held its last meet-
ing in private ; the death-warrant was duly
engrossed and signed by fifty-eight members.
Bradshaw's signature headed the list.
Bradshaw was censured by crowds of
pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal
behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf.
Reason against Treason, or a Bone for Brad-
shaw to pick, 9 July 1649). His friends
professed to admire his self-confidence and
dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous
judicial experience. On the whole it appears
that he behaved very much as might be ex-
pected of a commonplace barrister suddenly
called from the bench of a city sheriffs' court
to fill a high and exceptionally dignified
judicial office.
The lord president's court was re-esta-
blished, with Bradshaw at its head, on 2 Feb.
1648-9, and throughout the month it was
engaged in trying leading royalists for high
treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke
of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and Henry Rich,
earl of Holland. Bradshaw, arrayed in his
scarlet robes, pronounced sentence of death
upon them all in very lengthy judgments.
He showed none of these prisoners any
Bradshaw
179
Bradshaw
mercy, but he appeared to least advantage
as the judge of Eusebius Andrews [q. v.], a
royalist charged with conspiracy against the
Commonwealth. He sought by repeated
cross-examinations to convict Andrews out
of his own mouth, and kept him in prison for
very many months. Finally Bradshaw con-
demned him to death on 6 Aug. 1650 (F.
BUCKLEY'S account of the trial, 1660, re-
printed in State Trials, v. 1-42). Bradshaw
did not continue, however, to perform work of
this kind. His place was filled by Serjeant
Keeble in 1651, and by Serjeant 1'Isle in 1654.
Bradshaw found other occupation in the
council of state, to which he was elected by
a vote of the commons on its formation
(14 Feb. 1648-9), and chosen its permanent
president (10 March). He did not attend
its sittings till 12 March, after which he was
rarely absent. No other member was so re-
gular in his attendance. He was in frequent
correspondence with Oliver Cromwell during
the campaigns of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland
and Scotland, and during those years offices
and honours were heaped upon him. On
20 July 1649 parliament nominated him at-
torney-general of Cheshire and North Wales,
and eight days later chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster, a post in which he was con-
tinued by a special vote of the house on
18 July 1650. On 19 June 1649 parliament,
having taken his great merit into considera-
tion, paid him a sum of 1,000/., and on 15 Aug.
1649 formally handed over to him lands worth
2,0001. a year. The estates assigned him were
those of the Earl of St. Albans and Lord Cot-
tington. He was re-elected by parliament a
member of the council of state (12 Feb.
1649-50, 7 Feb. 1650-1, 24 Nov. 1651, and 24
Nov. 1652), and presided regularly at its sit-
tings, signing nearly all the official correspon-
dence. He was not very popular with his col-
leagues there. He seemed ' not much versed in
suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/ and spent
much of their time by his own long speeches.'
Cromwell's gradual assumption of arbi-
trary power did not meet with Bradshaw's
approval. On 20 April 1653 Cromwell, who
had first dissolved the Long parliament, pre-
sented himself later in the day before the
council of state, and declared it at an end.
Bradshaw, as president, rose and addressed
the intruder in the words : ' Sir, we have
heard what you did at the house in the
morning, and before many hours all Eng-
land will hear it ; but, sir, you are mis-
taken to think the parliament is dissolved,
for no power under heaven can dissolve them
but themselves ; therefore take you notice of
that '(LuDLOW, Memoirs, 195) . Bradshaw did
not sit in Barebones's parliament, which met
on 4 July 1653, but an act was passed (16 Sept. )
by the assembly continuing him in the chan-
cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
I elected to the next parliament, which assem-
bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 12 Sept.
to sign the ' recognition ' pledging members
to maintain the government ' as it is settled
in a single person and a parliament.' He was
summoned by Cromwell before the council
of state formed by him on becoming pro-
tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud-
low, and was bidden by Cromwell to take
out a new commission as chief justice of
Chester. He refused to submit to the order.
He declared that he had been appointed
during his good behaviour, and had done
nothing to forfeit his right to the place, as
he would prove before any twelve j urymen.
Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad-
shaw immediately afterwards went his circuit
as usual. But Cromwell revenged himself
by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence
in Cheshire. In the parliament which met
17 Sept. 1656 Bradshaw failed to obtain a seat,
owing to the machinations of Tobias Bridges,
Cromwell's major-general for the county
(THTTBLOE, vi. 313) . There had been a proposal
to nominate him for the city of London, but
that came to nothing. * Serjeant Bradshaw/
writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom-
well in Ireland (26 Aug. 1656), 'hath missed
it in Cheshire, and is chosen nowhere else.'
Bradshaw was now an open opponent of
the government. According to an anony-
mous letter sent to Monk he entered early in
1655 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pride,
and others, to seize Monk as a first step
towards the army's overthrow (THUELOE,
Papers, iii. 185). He was also suspected,
on no very valid ground, of encouraging
the fifth-monarchy men in the following
year. In August 1656 an attempt was made
by Cromwell to deprive him of his office of
chief justice of Chester (THUKLOE). In private
and public Bradshaw vigorously denounced
Cromwell's usurpation of power, and he is
credited with having asserted that if such
conduct ended in the Protector's assumption
of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had
committed the most horrid treason [in their
treatment of Charles I] that ever was heard
of (^Bradshaw's Ghost, being a Dialogue be-
tween the said Ghost and an apparition of the
late King, 1659). Under date 3 Dec. 1657
Whitelocke writes of the relations between
Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste
between them' was perceived to increase.
During the last years of the protectorate
Bradshaw took no part in politics.
The death of the great Protector (3 Sept.
1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom-
N2
Bradshaw
1 80
Bradshaw
well (25 May 1659), restored to Bradshaw
some of his lost influence. The reassembled
Long parliament nominated him on 13 May
one of the ten members of the reestablished
council of state who were not to be members
of parliament. On 3 June 1659 he was
appointed a commissioner of the great seal
for five months with Serjeants Fountaine
and Tyrrel. But Bradshaw's health was ra-
pidly failing, and on 9 June he wrote to the
parliament asking to be temporarily relieved
during indisposition of the duties of commis-
sioner of the seal. On 22 July he took the
necessary oath in the house to be faithful to
the Commonwealth, but was still unable to
attend to the work of the office. Matters went
badly in his absence. The Long parliament
again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing
of the speaker's (Lenthall) arrest, 13 Oct., by
Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on his way
to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from his sick
bed, and presented himself at the sitting of the
council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea-
voured to justify the army's action, but Brad-
shaw, { weak and extenuated as he was,' says
Ludlow, ( yet animated by ardent zeal and
constant affection to the common cause, stood
up and interrupted him, declared his abhor-
rence of this detestable action ; and telling
the council, that being now going to his God,
he had not patience to sit there to hear His
great name so openly blasphemed.' According
to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he
raved like a madman, and flung out of the room
in a fury ( The Lives . . . of the prime actors
. . . of that horrid murder of . . . King
Charles, 1661). On arriving home at the
deanery of Westminster, which he had con-
tinued to occupy since his appointment as
lord president, he became dangerously ill, and
' died of a quartan ague, which had held him
for a year,' on 31 Oct. 1659 (Mercurius Poli-
ticus, 31 Oct.) 'He declared a little be-
fore he left the world that if the king were
to be tried and condemned again, he would
be the first man that would do it ' (PECK,
Desiderata Ouriosa, xiv. 32). He was buried
with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey
(22 Nov.), and his funeral sermon — an ela-
borate eulogy — was preached by John Howe,
preacher at the abbey since 1654 (Merc.
Pol. 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describes him
as 'a strict man, and learned in his pro-
fession ; no friend of monarchy.' Clarendon
writes of him with great asperity, while
Milton's stately panegyric, written in Brad-
shaw's lifetime (1654), applauded his honest
devotion to the cause of liberty. He was not
a great man, but there is no reason to doubt
his sincere faith in the republican principles
which he consistently upheld. He was ap-
parently well read in history and law. Ac-
cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a
study for himself on the roof of Westminster
Abbey, which was well stocked with books.
Charles II, in a letter to the mayor of Bris-
tol (8 March 1661-2), states that Bradshaw's
gipers, which were then in the hands of one
eorge Bishop, included ' divers papers and
writings ' taken by Bradshaw ' out of the
office of the King's Library at Whitehall,
which could not yet be recovered' (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 328). Bradshaw is
stated to have supplied ' evidences ' to March-
mont Needham, when translating Selden's
' Mare Clausum ' (NICOLSON, Hist. Libr.
iii. 124). He fully shared the piety of the
leaders of the parliament, and, in spite of his
high-handed conduct as lord president of the
commission, does not seem to have been of
an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock
found a document a few years ago which
proved that Bradshaw, after obtaining the
§^ant of the estates of a royalist named Richard
reene at Stapeley, heard of the destitute
condition of Greene's three daughters ; where-
upon he ordered (20 Sept. 1650) his steward
to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe-
nceum, 23 Nov. 1878). Similarly, on receiving
the tithes of Feltham, Middlesex, he issued
an address (4 Oct. 1651) to the inhabitants of
the parish, stating that his anxiety l touching
spyritualls ' had led him to provide and endow
a minister for them without putting them to
any charge (Athenceum for 1878, p. 689).
On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that
Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted
by act of parliament, together with Crom-
well, Ireton, and Pride, all of whom died
before the Restoration. As early as 3 May
1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted
from any future pardon in a proclamation
issued by Charles II. On 12 July 1660 the
sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to
the house Bradshaw's goods (Commons Jour-
nal, viii. 88). On 4 Dec. 1660 parliament
directed that the bodies of Bradshaw, Crom-
well, and Ireton ' should be taken up from
Westminster ' and hanged in their coffins at
Tyburn. This indignity was duly perpetrated
30 Jan. 1660-1. The regicides' heads were
subsequently exposed in Westminster Hall
and their bodies reburied beneath the gallows
(PEPTS'S Diary, 4 Feb. 1660-1).
Bradshaw married Mary (b. 1596), daughter
of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but
had no children. She died between 1655 and
1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
On 9 Sept. 1661 directions were given for the
removal of her body to the churchyard outside
the abbey ( Westminster Abbey Register, Harl.
Soc. p. 522). By his will, made in 1655 and
Bradshaw
181
Bradshaw
proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed by
Earwaker), Bradshaw bequeathed most of his
property, which consisted of estates in Berk-
shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somerset, and
Middlesex, to his wife, if she survived him,
for her life, with reversion to Henry (d. 1698),
his brother Henry's son. He also made chari-
table bequests for establishing a free school
at Marple, his birthplace ; for increasing the
schoolmasters' stipends at Bunbury and Mid-
dleton, where he had been educated ; and for
maintaining good ministers at Feltham and
Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted
property by parliament. By one codicil he
left his houses and lodgings at Westminster
to the governors of the school and alrnshouses
there, and added a legacy of 10/. to John
Milton, the poet. After the .Restoration, how-
ever, all Bradshaw's property was confiscated
to the crown under the act of attainder.
Two engraved portraits of Bradshaw are
mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii. 71) — one
in his iron hat by Vandergucht, for Claren-
don's ' History,' and another in 4to, ' partly
scraped and partly stippled.'
HENRY BRADSHAAV, the president's elder
brother, signed a petition for the establish-
ment of the presbyterian religion in Cheshire
on 6 July 1646 ; acted as magistrate under
the Commonwealth; held a commission of
sergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse-
quently one of lieutenant-colonel in Colonel
Ashton's regiment of foot; commanded the
militia of the Macclesfield hundred at the
battle of Worcester (1651), where he was
wounded; sat on the court-martial which
tried the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at
Chester in 1652 ; was charged with this offence
at the Restoration ; was imprisoned by order
of parliament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660 ;
was pardoned on 23 Feb. 1660-1 ; and, dying
at Marple, was buried at Stockport on 15
March 1660-1 (EARWAKER'S East Cheshire,
ii. 62-9; ORMEROD, Cheshire, pp. 408-11).
[Noble's Lives of the Eegicides, i. 47-66;
Foss's Judges, vi. 418 et seq. ; Earwaker's East
Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii.
408-9 ; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Eng-
land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebellion ; White-
locke's Memorials ; Ludlow's Memoirs; Thurloe's
State Papers; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1649-
1658; Carlyle's Cromwell; Commons' Journal,
vi. vii. viii. ; State Trials, iii. iv. v. Many attacks
on Bradshaw were published after his death.
The chief of them, besides those mentioned above,
are The Arraignment of the Divel for stealing
away President Bradshaw, 7 Nov. 1659 (fol. sh.) ;
The President of Presidents, or an Elogie on the
death of John Bradshaw, 1659 ; Bradshaw's
Ultimum Vale, being the last words that were
ever intended to be spoke of him, as they were
delivered in a sermon Preach'd at his Interment
by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England,
Oxf. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinner; or,
Bradshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with his
last will and testament, Lond. 1659. Marchmont
Needham published, 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech 'in-
tended to have been spoken ' at his execution at
Tyburn, but ' for very weightie reasons omitted.'
The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity
of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom-
well's new-erected Slaughter-House, a bitter at-
tack on Bradshaw's judicial conduct, appeared in
1705.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (Jl. 1679), poli-
tical writer, son of Alban Bradshaw, an at-
torney, of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that
town in 1659. He was admitted a scholar of
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1674, and
was expelled from that society in 1677 for
robbing and attempting to murder one of
the senior fellows. He was tried and con-
demned to death, but after a year's imprison-
ment was released. Wood says that Bradshaw,
' who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee
ad omnia, retir'd afterwards to his own
country, taught a petty school, turn'd quaker,
was a preacher among them, and wrote and
published "The Jesuits Countermin'd ; or,
an Account of a new Plot, &c.," London,
1679, 4to.' When James II came to the
throne, Bradshaw ' turned papist.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 619.]
T. C.
BRADSHAW, RICHARD (Jl. 1650),
diplomatist, and a merchant of Chester, ap-
pears in December 1642 as one of the col-
lectors of the contribution raised for the
defence of that city (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th
Rep. p. 365). During the civil war he served
as quartermaster-general of the horse under
the command of Sir William Brereton [q. v.]
(Petition in Commons Journals, 23 Jan. 1651).
In the year 1649 he was mayor of Chester,
and in January 1650 was appointed by par-
liament resident at Hamburg. In Novem-
ber 1652 he was for a short time employed
as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in
April 1657 was sent on a similar mission to
Russia. He returned to England in 1659,
and was in January 1660 one of the commis-
sioners of the navy (Mercurius Politicus,
28 Jan. 1660). He is said by Heath to have
been the kinsman of President Bradshaw;
and from the tone of his letters, and his
attendance at Bradshaw's funeral, this ap-
pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood
states that he was the nephew of John
Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of the latter's
family given in Earwaker's ' History of
Cheshire ' does not confirm this statement.
[Bradshaw has left a large correspondence. The
Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain several let-
Bradshaw
182
Bradshaw
ters of 1649-51 . In the Sixth Eeport of the Koyal
Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 426-44,
is a report by Mr. Horwood on a collection of
letters to and from Bradshaw in the possession of
Miss Ffarington. His official correspondence is
contained in the Thurloe State Papers. Some
other letters may be found in the Calendar of
Domestic State Papers. Mercurius Politicus, Nos.
135 to 144, contains a full account of Bradshaw's
Mission to Copenhagen (18 Dec. 1652 to 10 Feb.
1653). Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, pp. 485-90,
contains depositions relative to the plot for his
murder formed during his stay there. Peck terms
him the nephew of President Bradshaw.]
C. H. F.
BRADSHAW, THOMAS (fi. 1591),
poet, was the author of 'The Shepherd's
Starre, now of late scene and at this hower
to be obserued, merueilous orient in the East :
which bringeth glad tydings to all that may
behold her brightnes, having the foure ele-
ments with the foure capital! vertues in her,
which makes her elementall and a van-
quishor of all earthly humors. Described
by a Gentleman late of the Right worthie
and honorable the Lord Burgh, his companie
£ retinue in the Briell in North-holland/
London, 1591. The dedication is addressed
to the well-known Earl of Essex and to
' Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of Gaynsburgh,
Lord Gouernour of the towne of Bryell and
the fortes of Newmanton and Cleyborow in
North Holland for her Maiestie.' Alexander
Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the
author (dated ' from the court of Greenewich
upon Saint George's day, 1591, Aprill 23')
in which he says that he has taken the liberty
of publishing this book in its author's ab-
sence abroad. The preliminary poems by
I. M. and Thomas Groos deal with Brad-
shaw's departure from England. The volume
consists of ' A Paraphrase upon the third of
the Canticles of Theocritus/ in both verse
and prose. The author's style in the preface
is highly affected and euphuistic, but the
Theocritean paraphrase reads pleasantly. The
book is of great rarity. A copy is in the
British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro-
ceeded B.A. at Oxford in 1547, and suppli-
cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549
(Or/. Univ. JReg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 212).
[Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618),
puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw,
of a Lancashire family, was born at Market
Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1571. His early
schooling at Worcester was paid for by an
uncle, on whose death his education was
gratuitously continued by George Ainsworth,
master of the grammar school at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch. In 1589 Bradshaw went to Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. and MA., but was unsuccessful
in competing for a fellowship (1595) with
Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich.
Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton
[q. v.], the first master of Emmanuel, he ob-
tained a tutorship in the family of Sir Thomas
Leighton, governor of Guernsey. Here he
came under the direct influence of the puritan
leader, Thomas Cartwright [q. v.], who had
framed (1576) the ecclesiastical discipline of
the Channel Islands on the continental model,
and was now preaching at Castle-cornet.
Between Cartwright and Bradshaw a strong
and lasting affection- was formed. Here also
he met James Montague (afterwards bishop
of Winchester). In 1599, when Montague
was made first master of Sidney Sussex Col-
lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointed
one of the first fellows. He had a near es-
cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at
Harston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour-
neying on horseback to the university. He
took orders, some things at which he scrupled
being dispensed with, and preached occasion-
ally at Abington, Bassingbourne, and Steeple-
Morden, villages near Cambridge. He left
Cambridge, having got into trouble by dis-
tributing the writings of John Darrel [q. v.],
tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601,
through Chaderton's influence, he was invited
to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the
diocese of Rochester. He was very popular,
and the parishioners applied (25 April 1602),
through Sir Francis Hastings, for the arch-
bishop's confirmation of his appointment to
the living. A report that he held unsound
doctrine had, however, reached London ; and
Bradshaw was cited on 26 May to appear
next morning before Archbishop Whitgift,
and Bancroft, bishop of London, at Shorne,
near Chatham. He was accused of teaching
' that man is not bound to love God, unless
he be sure that God loves him.' Bradshaw
repudiated this heresy, and offered to produce
testimony that he had taught no such thing.
However, he was simply called upon to sub-
scribe ; he declined, was suspended, and bound
to appear again when summoned. The vicar,
John Philips, stood his friend, and the pa-
rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of
Rochester, for his restoration, but without
effect. Under this disappointment, Bradshaw
found a retreat in the family of Alexander
Redich, of Newhall, close to Stapenhill, Der-
byshire. Redich procured him a license from
William Overton, bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, to preach in any part of his diocese.
Accordingly he preached at a private chapel
in Redich's park, and subsequently (from
Bradshaw
183
Bradshaw
1604) in Stapenhill Church. Although he
drew no emolument from his public work,
the hospitality of his patron was liberally
extended to him. Soon after his marriage
he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill
parish, and his wife made something by
needlework and by teaching a few children.
Bradshaw was one of a little knot of puritan
divines who met periodically at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch, Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Sta-
penhill. Neither in form nor in aim was this
association a presbyterian classis. Whether
Bradshaw ever held Cartwright's views of ec-
clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear ; it is plain
that he did not adhere to them. Neal places
both him and his neighbour Hildersham, of
Ashby , among the beneficed clergy who inl 586
declared their approbation of Cartwright's
1 Book of Discipline ; ' but the chronology in
both cases is manifestly wrong. Even Cart-
wright and his immediate coadjutors declared
in April 1592 that they never had exercised
any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or so much as
proposed to do so, till authorised by law.
The exercises of the association with which
Bradshaw was connected were limited to a
public sermon and a private conference. In
these discussions Bradshaw's balanced judg-
ment gave him a superiority over his brethren,
who called him ' the weighing divine.' He
was strongly averse to ceremonies, both as
unlawful in themselves and imposed by the
undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was
in London, probably on a publishing errand,
in 1605 ; he had been chosen lecturer at
Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop
would not authorise him. He had already
published against ceremonies, and though
his tracts were anonymous, their paternity
was well understood. He now put forth his
most important piece, ' English Puritanisme,'
1605, 4to, which professed to embody the
views of the most rigid section of the party.
His views of doctrine would have satisfied
Henry Ainsworth [q. v.] ; he was at one with
Ainsworth as regards the independence of
congregations, differing only as to the ma-
chinery of their internal government ; he was
no separatist, but he wanted to see the church
purified. Moreover, he entertained a much
stronger feeling than Ainsworth of the duty
of submission to the civil authority. Let the
king be a ' very infidel ' and persecutor of the
truth, or openly defy every law of God, he
held that he still retained, as ' archbishop and
general overseer of all the churches within
his dominions,' the right to rule all churches
within his realm, and must not be resisted in
the name of conscience ; those who cannot
obey must passively take what punishment
he allots. The key to Bradshaw's own scheme
of church polity is the complete autonomy of
individual congregations. He would have
them disciplined inwardly on the presbyterian
plan, the worshippers delegating their spi-
ritual government to an oligarchy of pastors
and elders, power of excommunication being
reserved to ( the whole congregation itself.'
But he would subject no congregation to any
ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is
within itself.' To prevent as far as possible
the action of the state from being warped by
ecclesiastical control, he would enact that
no clergyman should hold any office of civil
authority. Liberty of conscience is a prin-
ciple which his view of the royal supremacy
precludes him from directly stating ; but he
very carefully guards against the possible
abuse of church censures, and holds it a sin
for any church officers to exercise authority
over the body, goods, lives, liberty of any man.
In spite of the safeguard provided by the auto-
cratic control which he proposed to vest in the
civil power, the system of which Bradshaw was
the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed
as abandoning every recognised security for
the maintenance of protestant uniformity.
That on his principle congregations might set
up the mass was doubtless what was most
feared ; ' puritan-papist ' is the significant title
jiven in 1605 to a writer on Bradshaw's side,
who would ' persuade the permission of the
promiscuous use and profession of all sorts
of heresies.' But before very long the ap-
pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as
Wightman confirmed the impression that the
scheme of Bradshaw and his friends would
never do. Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism
bore no name, but its authorship was never
any secret. It was not enough to answer
him by the pen of the Bishop of London's
Welsh chaplain ; his London lodgings were
searched by two pursuivants, deputed to seize
him and his pamphlets. His wife had sent
him out of the way, and, not half an hour
before the domiciliary visit, had succeeded in
cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace.
They carried this spirited lady before the high
commission, but could extract nothing from
her under examination, so they bound her to
appear again when summoned, and let her go.
Ames's Latin version of the ' English Puri-
tanisme ' carried Bradshaw's views far and
wide (see AMES, WILLIAM, 1576-1633, and
BBOWHB'Sj5i0£. of Congregationalism in Norf.
and Suff. 1877, p. 66 seq.) His Derbyshire re-
treat was Bradshaw's safe sanctuary ; thither
he returned from many a journey in the cause
he loved ; his friends there were influential ;
and there was much in his personal address
which, when his surface austerity yielded to
the natural play of a bright and companionable
Bradshaw
184
Bradshaw
disposition, attached to him the affectionate '
regard of men who did not share his views. !
No encomium from his own party gives so |
sympathetic a picture of his character as we
find in the graphic touches of his compeer,
Bishop Hall, who puts the living man before I
us, ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty
in friendship, regardless of the world, a de-
spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.' In
the year before his death Bradshaw got back
to Derbyshire from one of his journeys, and
the chancellor of Overall, the bishop of Co-
ventry and Lichfield, •' welcomed him home
with a suspension from preaching.' But ' the
mediation of a couple of good angels ' (not
'two persons of some influence,' as Rose
suggests, but coins of the realm) procured the
withdrawal of the inhibition, and Bradshaw
was left to pursue his work in peace. On
a visit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma-
lignant fever, which carried him off in 1618.
A large company of ministers attended him
to his burial in Chelsea Church on 16 May.
The funeral sermon was preached by Thomas
Gataker [q. v.], who subsequently became his
biographer. Bradshaw married a widow at
Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place
till a short time prior to his election by the
vestry as afternoon lecturer at Christ Church.
He left three sons and a daughter ; the eldest
son, John, was born in Threadneedle Street,
and 'baptized in the church near thereto
adjoyning, where the minister of the place,
somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake,
instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John.' He
became rector of Etchingham, Sussex. Brad-
shaw published : 1. ' A Triall of Subscription
by way of a Preface unto certaine Subscribers,
and reasons for lesse rigour against Nonsub-
scribers,' 1599, 8vo (anon.) 2. ' Humble
Motives for Association to maintain religion
established,' 1601, 8vo (anon.) 3. * A con-
sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco-
pall,' 1604, 12mo (anon. ; the positions at-
tacked are four, viz. that religion needs
ceremonies, that they are lawful when their
doctrine is lawful, that the doctrine of the
Anglican ceremonies is part of the gospel,
that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. 'A
shorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme
. . . the use of the crosse in baptisme is not
indifferent, but utterly unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.) 5. ' A Treatise of Divine Worship,
tending to prove that the Ceremonies imposed
. . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.); reprinted 1703, 8vo, with preface
and postscript, signed D. M. (Daniel Mayo),
t in defence of a book entitled " Thomas
against Bennet" ' [see BENTSTET, THOMAS, D.D.]
6. ' A Proposition concerning kneeling in the
very act of receiving, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon.)
7. 'A Treatise of the nature and use of things
indifferent, tending to prove that the Ceremo-
nies in present controversie . . . are neither
in nature or use indifferent,' 1605, 8vo (anon. ;
a note prefixed implies that it was circu-
lated anonymously in manuscript and pub-
lished by an admirer of the unknown author).
8. l Twelve generall arguments, proving that
the Ceremonies imposed ... are unlawful!,
and therefore that the Ministers of the Gos-
pell, for the . . . omission of them in church
service are most unjustly charg'd of dis-
loyaltie to his Majestie,' 1605, 12mo (anon.)
9. l English Puritanisme : containeing the
maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those
that are called Puritanes . . .' 1605, 8vo
(anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to :
the article AMES, WILLIAM, speaks of this as
the earliest edition of the original ; it was
translated into Latin for foreign use, with
preface by William Ames, D.D., and title
' Puritanismus Anglicanus,' 1610, 8vo. Neal
gives an abstract of this work and No. 10,
carefully done ; but the main fault to be found
with Neal is his introduction of the phrase
* liberty of conscience, which implies rather
more than Bradshaw expressly contends for).
10. ' A Protestation of the King's Supremacie :
made in the name of the afflicted Ministers,
. . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; it was in explanation
of the statement of the church's attitude
towards civil governors, contained in the fore-
going, and concludes with an earnest plea
for permission openly and peacefully to exer-
cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub-
ject only to the laws of the civil authority).
11. 'A myld and just Defence of certeyne
Arguments ... in behalf of the silenced
Ministers, against Mr. G. Powell's Answer to
them,' 1606, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell was
chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London, and
had published against toleration (1605). In
reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of
the deprived and silenced Ministers' Argu-
ments, . . .' 1606, 4to ; and in reply to
Bradshaw's defence he wrote 'A Rejoinder
to the mild Defence, justifying the Con-
sideration,' &c., 1606, 4to). 12. < The Un-
reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa-
rant, by an Examination of Mr. Johnson's
pretended Reasons,published in 1608, whereby
heelaboureth to justifie his Schisme from the
Church Assemblies of England,' Dort, 1614,
4to. (Francis Johnson's < Certayne Reasons
and Arguments ' was written while Johnson
was at one with Ainsworth in advocating a
separatist congregational polity. John Canne,
who subsequently became pastor of Johnson's
Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis-
tinguish himself as a fifth-monarchy man,
published ' A Necessitie of Separation from
Bradshaw
185
Bradshaw
the Church of England, proved from the
Nonconformists' Principles/ 1634, 4to, in
reply to Bradshaw and Alexander Leighton,
M.D., a non-separatist presbyterian. Gataker
then brought out a supplemented edition
of Bradshaw's book, 'The Unreasonable-
ness of the Separation made apparent, in
Answere to Mr. Francis Johnson ; together
with a Defence of the said Answere against the
Keply of Mr. John Canne,' 1640, 4to.) 13.
1 A Treatise of Justification,' 1615, 8vo ; trans-
lated into Latin, 'Dissertatio de Justifica-
tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, 12mo ; Oxford,
1658, 8vo. (Gataker says that John Prideaux,
D.D., a strong opponent of Arminianism, after-
wards bishop of Worcester, expressed pleasure
at meeting Bradshaw's son, l for the old ac-
quaintance I had, not with your father, but
with his book of justification.') 14. The 2nd
edition of Cartwright's ' A Treatise of the
Christian Religion, . . .' 1616, 4to, has an
address ' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B.
(Bradshaw). Probably posthumous was 15,
*A Preparation to the receiving of Christ's
Body and Bloud, . . .' 8th edit., 1627, 12mo.
Certainly posthumous were 16, 'A Plaine
and Pithie Exposition of the Second Epistle
to the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by
Gataker). 17. 'A Marriage Feast/ 1620, 4to
(edited by Gataker). 18. t An Exposition of
the XC. Psalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to.
(The first of these seems to have been sepa-
rately published as * A Meditation on Man s
Mortality ; ' the other is the same as 14.) In ad-
dition to the above, Brook gives the following,
without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian
Reproof.' 20. < A Treatise of the Sin against
the Holy Ghost/ 21. < A Twofold Catechism.'
22. < An Answer to Mr. G. Powell ' (probably
the same as 11, but possibly a reply to one of
Powell's earlier tracts). 23. ' A Defence of
the Baptism of Infants.' A collection of
Bradshaw's tracts was published with the
title, ' Several Treatises of Worship & Cere-
monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford,
1660, 4to ; it contains Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly-
leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed
in Aug. 1660 by J. Rothwell, at the Foun-
tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All
the tracts, except 3 and 4, have separate title-
pages, though the paging runs on, and are
sometimes quoted as distinct issues.
[Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology,
1677 ; Neal'sHist. of the Puritans, Dublin, 1759,
i. 381, 418; ii. 62 seq., 106; Brook's Lives of
the Puritans, 1813, ii. 212, 264 seq., 376 seq.;
Brook's Memoirs of Cart-wright, 1845, pp. 434,
462 ; Fisher's Companion and Key to the Hist,
of England, 1832, pp. 728, 747; Rose, Biog.
Diet. 1857, v. 1; Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861,
1 ii. 236, 405 seq. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Eel.
: Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, 99,
101 ; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, ii. 534 seq.,
, iii. 565 seq. ; extracts from Stapenhill Registers,
per Rev. E. Warbreck. The list of Bradshaw's
; tracts has been compiled by help of the libraries
; of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata-
logue of the Advocates' Library, Edin., and a
private collection. Further search would pro-
bably bring others to light. They are not easy
to find, owing to their anonymity.] A. G-.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700),
hack writer, was originally educated for the
church. The eccentric bookseller John Dun-
I ton, from whom our only knowledge of him
is derived, has left a flattering account of his
abilities. ' His genius was quite above the
common order, and his style was incompa-
rably fine. . . . He wrote for me the parable of
the magpies, and many thousands of them
sold.' Bradshaw lived in poverty and debt,
and under the additional burden of a melan-
i choly temperament. Dunton's last experi-
ence of him was in connection with a
j literary project for which he furnished cer-
i tain material equipments ; possessed of these,
I Bradshaw disappeared. The passage in which
' Dunton records this transaction has all his
j characteristic nai'vetS, though it may be
j doubted whether, if Bradshaw lived to read
| it, he derived much satisfaction from the
j plenary dispensation which was granted him
— ' If Mr. Bradshaw be yet alive, I here de-
: clare to the world and to him that I freely
forgive him what he owes both in money and
books if he will only be so kind as to make
! me a visit.' Dunton believed Bradshaw to
be the author of the ' Turkish Spy/ but this
conjecture is negatived by counter claims
supported on better authority (Gent. Mag.
Ivi. pt. i. p. 33 : NICHOLS, Literary Anecdotes,
. i. 413 ; D'ISEAELI, Curiosities of Literature,
5th ed. ii. 134).
[Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705, ed.
! 1818.] J. M. S.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. (1671-
1 1732), bishop of Bristol, was born at Aberga-
1 venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1671
(CooPER, Biographical Dictionary}. He was
educated at New College, Oxford, taking his
degree of B. A. 14 April 1697, and proceeding
M. A. 14 Jan. 1700. He was ordained deacon
4 June 1699, and priest 26 May 1700, and
was senior preacher of the university in
1711- On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap-
lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor-
wich, he published a sermon preached in St.
Paul's Cathedral. After having been for some
time incumbent of Fawley, near Wantage,
in Berkshire, he was appointed on 21 March
1717 to a prebend of Canterbury, which he
Bradshawe
186
Brad street
resigned on his appointment as canon of Christ
Church, Oxford, on 24 May 1723. He received
the degree of D.D. on 27 Aug. of the same
year ; and on 29 Aug. 1724 was nominated
to both the deanery of Christ Church and
the bishopric of Bristol, receiving the two
Preferments in commendam. He published in
730 a ' Sermon preached before the House of
Lords on 30 Jan. 1729-30.' Bradshaw died at
Bath on 16 Dec. 1732. He was buried in
Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat stone,
about two feet beyond the bishop's stall to-
wards the chancel, was inscribed : ' William
Bradshaw, D.D., Bishop of Bristol and Dean
of Christ Church, in Oxford ; died 16 Dec.
1732, aged 62 ' (Rawlinson MSS. 4to, i. 267).
It is also erroneously said that Bradshaw was
buried at Bath (LE NEVE, Fasti) ; ' ibique
jacet sepultus' (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus).
Bradshaw left 300/. to Christ Church.
[Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ; Cooper's
Biog. Diet. 1873; History of the University of
Oxford, 1814; Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ed. Ri-
chardson, 1743; Le Neve's Fasti, 1854; Daily
Journal, 19 Dec. 1732 ; Britton's Abbey and Ca-
thedral Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popular
History of Bristol, 1861.] A. H. G.
BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1635),
fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, was the
author of ' Canticvm Evangelicvm Summam
Sacri Evangelii contin ens,' London, 1635, 8vo,
dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwaring, knight.
This book is unnoticed by all bibliographers.
[Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vi, 143.]
T. C.
BRADSTKEET, ANNE (1612-1672),
poetess, was born in 1612, probably at North-
ampton, and was the second of the six children
of Thomas Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wife
( Works in Prose and Verse, Introd. p. xiv).
Her father was once page to Lord Compton,
then, steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and
finally governor of Massachusetts. In 1628
Anne had the small-pox. Later in the same
year she married Simon Bradstreet, son of
Simon Bradstreet, a nonconformist minister
in Lincolnshire : the younger Simon had been
eight years in the Earl of Lincoln's family
under Anne's father (Magnolia Christi Ame-
ricana, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 was steward
to the Countess of Warwick (Worlds, &c.,
Introd. p. xxii). On 29 March 1630 the Brad-
streets, the Dudleys, and Arbella (the Earl of
Lincoln's sister, wife of Isaac Johnson), with
many others, set sail for New England, and
on 12 June landed at Salem, whence they re-
moved at once to Charlestown (ib. p. xxxi).
In 1632 Anne had a ' fit of sickness,' and in
1634 the party settled at Ipswich, Massa-
chusetts (Works, Introd. p. xxxv). Simon
Bradstreet formed a plantation at Merrimac
in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her
' Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.' At Ipswich,
on Monday, 28 Sept. 1640, she at last be-
came a mother, and she could eventually
write, 23 June 1659 (Poems, p. 245) :
I had eight birds hatcht in one nest,
Four cocks there were and hens the rest.
In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in
honour of Du Bartas, and she shortly made a
collection of her poems. The chief of them
was entitled ' The Four Elements ; ' she dedi-
cated the volume in verse to her father, under
date 20 March 1642. These poems were dis-
tributed in manuscript, and gained her great
celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her as ' a
crown to her father ' (Magnalia, bk. ii. p. 17),
whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebrated
poet of her time in America' (Poets and Poetry
of America, p. 92). The book was at last pub-
lished, in London, 1650, under the title ' The
Tenth Muse,' . . . ' By a Gentlewoman in
Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on
27 Dec., Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's
mother, died (Poems, p. 220) ; in 1644 her
father married again (having three more
children by this marriage). In 1653 Anne's
father died. In 1661 she had a further long
and serious illness, and her husband, then
secretary to the colony, had to proceed to
England on state business. Anne wrote
1 Poetical Epistles' to him. By 3 Sept.
1662 he had returned. Anne Bradstreet
wrote poems in 1665 and 1669 commemo-
rating the deaths of three grandchildren ; and
on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her last poem,
beginning
As weary pilgrim, now at rest.
After this Anne Bradstreet's health failed
entirely, and she died of consumption, at An-
dover, Massachusetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60.
It is not known where Anne Bradstreet
was buried. Her poems, says Cotton Mather,
are a ' monument for her memory beyond the
stateliest marbles ; ' and these ' Poems ' were
issued in a second edition, printed by John
Foster, at Boston (America), in 1678. Anne
Bradstreet also left a small manuscript book
of ' Meditations,' designed for the use of her
children. Extracts from this book appeared,
with the title of ' The Puritan Mother,' in the
American ' Congregational Visitor,' 1844 ; in
Dr. Budington's * History of the First Church
in Charlestown,' and in many American
newspapers to which they were contributed
by Mr. Dean Dudley ( Works, Introd. p. x). In
1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne
Bradstreet's ' Works,' and there these ' Medi-
tations,' together with all that Anne Brad-
street ever wrote, are given in their entirety.
Brad street
187
Bradstreet
Simon Bradstreet (a portrait of whom is
in the senate chamber of the State House,
Massachusetts) married again after Anne's
death, and became governor of Massachusetts
in 1679, not dying till 1697, aged 94. Amongst
Anne's descendants are Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Dana, and Dr. Channing, besides
many other of the best-known Americans.
[Works of Anne Bradstreet, in Prose and
Verse (ed. Ellis), U.S. A. 1867; Anne Bradstreet's
Poems, 2nd ed. Boston, 1678 ; Mather's Magnalia
Christi Americana, bk. ii. pp. 17, 19.] J. H.
BRADSTREET, DUDLEY (1711-1763),
adventurer, was born in 1711 in Tipperary,
where his father had obtained considerable
property under the Cromwellian grants,
which, however, was much reduced by debts.
Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his
early years in charge of a foster father in
Tipperary. While a youth he became a
trooper, but soon quitted the army and traded
unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and sub-
sequently as a brewer. For several years, in
Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an er-
ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro-
jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet
was employed by government officials to act
as a spy among suspected persons. He was
also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of
Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them
with information on the movements of Prince
Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet as-
sumed the character of a devoted adherent to
the Stuart cause, and, under the name of ' Cap-
tain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to the
prince and his council at Derby. There he
acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of
Cumberland, and, without being suspected
by the Jacobites, continued on good terms
with them, and took his leave as a friend
when they commenced their return march to
Scotland. Bradstrefct's notices of Prince
Charles and his associates are graphic. He
describes circumstantially the executions, in
August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and
Lord Balmerino, at which he states he was
present. Although Bradstreet's services as
a secret agent were admitted by the govern-
ment officials, he was unable to obtain from
them either money or a commission in the
army, which he considered had been promised
to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing
his case under the notice of the king, from
whom he consequently received the sum of
one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet
subsequently subsisted for a time on the re-
sults of schemes, his success in which he
ascribed to the l superstition ' of the English
people, and ' their credulity and faith in
wondrous things.' The last of his devices
at London appears to have been that styled
the ' bottle conjurer,' which, with the assist-
ance of several confederates, he carried out
with great gains in January 1747-8. On his
adventures in connection with the affair Brad-
street wrote a play, in five acts, styled l The
Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer,' which he
states was revised for him by some of the
best judges and actors in England, including
Mrs. Woffington, who gave him ' the best
advice she could about it.' This play was
four times performed with great success at
London, but on the fifth night, when Brad-
street was to have taken the part of ' Spy,'
the principal character, it was suppressed by
the magistrates of Westminster. ' The Bottle
Conjurer' was printed by Bradstreet with his
' Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet
returned to Ireland, where he owned a small
property in land. He attempted unsuccess-
fully to carry on trade as a brewer in West-
meath, and became involved in contests with
officials of the excise. To raise funds, he
printed an account of his life and adventures.
The work is written with vivacity and de-
scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multi-
farnham, Westmeath, in 1763. His brother,
Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in
Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759,
and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet
[q. v.], third baronet, was a younger brother
of Sir Simon, the first baronet's son and
heir.
[The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Cap-
tain Dudley Bradstreet, 1755; Dublin Journal,
1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.]
J. T. G.
BRADSTREET, ROBEET (1766-
1836), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was
born at Highana, Suffolk, in 1766, and edu-
cated under the care of the Rev. T. Foster,
rector of Halesworth in that county. On
4 June 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of
St. John's College, Cambridge, and he became
a fellow-commoner of that society on 23 Jan.
1786. The dates of his degrees are B.A.
1786, M.A. 1789. Bradstreet was the pos-
sessor of an estate at Bentley in Suffolk,
with a mansion called Bentley Grove, which,
it is believed, he inherited from his father.
He resided for several years abroad, and
witnessed many of the scenes of the French
revolution, of which he was at one time an
advocate. He married in France, but took
advantage of the facility with which the
marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on
his return to England he married, in 1800,
Miss Adham of Mason's Bridge, near Had-
leigh, Suffolk, by whom he had a numerous
family. For some time he lived at Higham
Bradstreet
188
Bradwardine
Hall, Raydon, but removing thence, lie re-
sided at various places, and at length died at
Southampton on 13 May 1836.
He was the author of ' The Sabine Farm,
a poem : into which is interwoven a series
of translations, chiefly descriptive of the
Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an
excursion from Rome to Licenza,' London,
1810, 8vo. There are seven engraved plates
in the work, and an appendix contains * Mis-
cellaneous Odes from Horace.'
[London Packet, 20-23 May 1836, p. 1, col. 1 ;
Addit. MS. 19167, f. 237; Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii)
420, N.S., vi. 108.] T. C.
BRADSTREET, SIR SAMUEL (1735?-
1791), Irish judge, the representative of a
family who had settled in Ireland in the
time of Cromwell, was born about 1735,
being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad-
street, a barrister, who was created a baronet
of Ireland on 14 July 1759. Samuel Brad-
street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary
term, 1758. * He was appointed in 1766 to the
recordership of Dublin. In June 1776 Brad-
street — who, at the death of Sir Simon, his
elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the
title as third baronet — was elected represen-
tative of the city of Dublin in the Irish House
of Commons. He was re-elected in October
1783, and was distinguished as a member of
the l patriotic party,' from which, however,
according to Sir Jonah Barrington, he was one
of the ' partial desertions.' ' Mr. Yelverton,
the great champion of liberty, had been made
chief baron, and silenced ; Mr. Bradstreet [i.e.
Sir Samuel Bradstreet] became a judge [in
January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly
had accepted the office of paymaster, and
had renegaded' (Historic Anecdotes, ii. 166).
Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Maryborough,
Queen's County, where he summed up for the
conviction of Captain (afterwards General)
Gillespie, for the murder of William Barring-
ton, younger brother of Sir Jonah Barrington,
whom he held to have been unfairly slain by
Captain Gillespie in a duel. In 1788 Brad-
street was appointed a commissioner of the
great seal, in association with the Archbishop
of Dublin and Sir Hugh Carleton, chief jus-
tice of the court of common pleas. Bradstreet
died at his seat at Booterstown, near Dublin,
on 2 May 1791, and was succeeded in the
baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four
sons by his wife Eliza, whom he married
in 1771, and who died in 1802, only daugh-
ter and heiress of James Tully, M.D., of
Dublin.
[Dublin Gazette, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-15
Jan. 1784; London Gazette, 10-13 Jan. 1784;
Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1766-1776; St.
James's Chronicle, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer-
age and Baronetage, 1884; Smyth's Chronicle of
the Law Officers of Ireland, 1839 ; B. H. Blacker's
Parishes of Booterstown and Donny brook, 1860-
74 ; Members of Parliament : Parliament of Ire-
land, 1559-1800, 1878; Barrington's Historic
Memoirs of Ireland, 1833 ; Barrington's Rise and
Fall of the Irish Nation ; Barrington's Personal
Sketches of his own Time, 1869-1 A- H. G.
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?-
1349), archbishop of Canterbury, is com-
monly called DOCTOR PROFUNDTJS. His sur-
name is variously spelt Bragwardin (Ger-
son), Brandnardinus (Gesner), Bredwardyn
(Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William
de Dene). In public documents he is usually
designated as Thomas de Bradwardina or de
Bredewardina. His family may have ori-
lally come from Bradwardine near Here-
ford, but he himself says that he was born
in Chichester, and implies that his father and
grandfather were also natives of that city.
Birchington indeed (WHARTON, Anglia Sa-
cra, i. 42) says that he was born at Hertfield
(Hartfield) in the diocese of Chichester, and
William de Dene (Ana. Sac. i. 376) gives
Condenna (probably Cowden) in the diocese
of Rochester as his birthplace, but neither of
these writers supports his statement by any
evidence.
At Chichester Thomas may have become
acquainted with the celebrated Richard of
Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who
held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe-
dral early in the fourteenth century, and from
that enthusiast in study and diligent collec-
tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste
for learning. Nothing, however, is known re-
specting his education before he went to Ox-
ford, nor has the exact date of his going
thither been ascertained. All we know for
certain is that he was entered at the college,
then recently founded by W alter de Merton,
and in 1325 his name appears as one of the
proctors of the university. In this capacity
he had to take part in a dispute between
the university and the archdeacon of Oxford.
The archdeaconry was held in commendam
by Galhardus de Mora, cardinal of St. Lucia ;
the duties of the office were discharged by
deputy, and the emoluments were farmed by
men whose object was to make as much gain
for themselves as they could. They claimed
spiritual jurisdiction over the university for
the archdeacon. The chancellor and proctors
resisted the claim, maintaining that the dis-
cipline of the university pertained to them.
The cardinal archdeacon having complained
to the pope, the chancellor, proctors, and
certain masters of arts were summoned to
Avignon to answer for their conduct, but they
Bradwardine
189
Bradwardine
declined to appear and lodged a counter suit
against the archdeacon in the king's court.
The king, Edward III, compelled the arch-
deacon to submit to the arbitration of Eng-
lish judges, and the controversy ended in
favour of the university, which was exempted
from all episcopal jurisdiction.
During his residence in Oxford, Thomas
Bradwardine obtained the highest reputation
as a mathematician, astronomer, moral phi-
losopher, and theologian. At the request of
the fellow's of Merton he delivered to them
a course of theological lectures, which he
afterwards expanded into a treatise. This
work earned him the title of Doctor Profun-
dus : in his owTn day it was commonly called
' Summa Doctoris Profundi,' but in later
times it has been entitled 'De Causa Dei
contra Pelagium, et de virtute causarum ad
suos Mertonenses libri tres.' This treatise
was edited by Sir Henry Savile in 1618 in
a folio volume of nearly 1,000 pages. It con-
tinued to be for ages a standard authority
amongst theologians of the Augustinian and
Calvinistic school. Dean Milner gives a sum-
mary of its contents in his f Church History '
(iv. 79-106). According to Bradwardine the
whole church had in his day become deeply
infected with Pelagianism. 'I myself/ he
says, l was once so foolish and vain when I
first applied myself to the study of phi-
losophy as to be seduced by this error. In
the schools of the philosophers I rarely heard
a word said concerning grace, but we were
continually told that we were the masters
of our own free actions, and that it was
in our own power to do well or ill.' He en-
deavours to prove, with much logical force
and mathematical precision, that human ac-
tions are totally devoid of all merit, that
they do not deserve grace even of congruity,
that is as being meet and equitable — the
most specious form of Pelagianism, and one
which wras most commonly entertained in
that day. He maintains that human nature
is absolutely incapable of conquering a single
temptation without a supply of divine grace,
and that this grace is the free and unmerited
gift of God, whose knowledge and power are
alike perfect. If God did not bestow His
grace freely, He could not foresee how He
would confer His gifts, and therefore His fore-
knowledge would not be absolute ; so that the
doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free
grace are linked together. Underlying all
the hard and dry reasoning, however, of this
treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and
genuine piety which occasionally breaks out
into fervent meditation and prayer, full of
love, humility, and thankfulness.
The estimation in which Thomas Brad-
wardine was held as a theologian in his own
century is indicated by the way in which
Chaucer refers to him. In the ' Nun's Priest's
Tale ' the speaker, touching on the question of
God's foreknowledge and man's free-will, is
made to say :
But I ne cannot boult it to the bren,
As can the holy doctour S. Austin,
Or Boece, or the Bishop Bradwirdyn.
About 1335 Bradwardine was, with seven
other Merton men, summoned to London by
Richard of Bury, who had been made bishop
of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the
following year, and who surrounded himself
with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains,
partly from a love of splendour, partly from
a love of the society of men of learning who
could assist him in the formation of his library.
In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtained for
his chaplain Bradwardine the chancellorship
of St. Paul's Cathedral with the prebend of
Cadington Minor attached to it. He soon
afterwards accepted also a prebendal stall in
Lincoln Cathedral, although not without some
scruples and hesitation, owing to the objec-
tions then becoming prevalent against the
non-residence of beneficiaries.
On the joint recommendation of Arch-
bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham
he was appointed one of the royal chaplains.
Although the title of confessor was borne
by all the king's chaplains, the language of
Birchington seems to imply that Bradwar-
dine actually received the confession of Ed-
ward III, which, considering what the life
of the king then was, must have been a very
difficult and unpleasant office if it was con-
scientiously discharged. He joined the court
in Flanders and accompanied the king,
16 Aug. 1338, in his progress up the Rhine
to hold a conference at Coblenz with his
brother-in-law Lewis of Bavaria.
At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the
king that Richard Coeur de Lion had offered
public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his
escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca-
thedral had been destroyed by fire, but the
new structure, which has not been completed
till our own day, was in course of erection.
The plans were submitted to the king, and
after consultation with Bradwardine he sub-
scribed a sum equal to 1,500/. according to
the present value of money. Bradwardine
continued to be in attendance upon the king-
up to the date of the victory of Cressy and
the capture of Calais. He was so diligent
in his exhortations to the king and the sol-
diers that many attributed the successes of
the English arms to the favour of Heaven
obtained through the wholesome warnings
Bradwardine
190
Brady
and the holy example of the royal chaplain.
After the battles of Cressy and Neville's
Cross he was appointed one of the commis-
sioners to treat of peace with King Philip.
Archbishop Stratford died 23 Aug. 1348,
and the chapter of Canterbury, thinking to
anticipate the wishes of the king, elected
Bradwardine to the vacant see without
waiting for the congt d'Slire. The king,
however, was offended by the irregularity,
and requested the pope to set aside the elec-
tion and appoint John of Ufford by provision.
The appointment was merely a device in
order to vindicate his own right of nomina-
tion, which had been infringed by the pre-
mature action of the chapter ; for John of
Ufford was aged and paralytic, and died of
the plague before his consecration.
After the death of John of Ufford the
chapter applied for the conge d'elire, which
was sent with the recommendation to elect
Bradwardine. The pope, Clement VI, also
issued a bull in which he affected to supersede
the election of the chapter, and appointed
Thomas by provision. Bradwardine was on
the continent at the time of his election, and
repaired without delay to the papal court at
Avignon for consecration, which took place
19 July 1349. The pope was so completely in
the power of Edward at this time that he had
once bitterly remarked, if the King of England
were to ask him to make a bishop of a jack-
ass, he could not refuse. The cardinals had
resented the saying, and one of them, Hugo,
cardinal of Tudela, a kinsman of the pope,
had the ill taste to make the consecration of
Bradwardine an occasion for indulging their
spleen. In the midst of the banquet given
by the pope, the doors of the hall being
suddenly thrown open a clown entered seated
upon a jackass and presented a humble peti-
tion that he might be made archbishop of
Canterbury. Considering the European re-
putation of Bradwardine for learning and
piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable;
the pope rebuked the offender, and the rest
of the cardinals marked their displeasure by
vying with one another in the respect which
they paid to the new archbishop.
Although the Black Death was now raging
in England, Bradwardine hastened thither.
He landed at Dover on 19 Aug., did hom-
age to the king at Eltham, and received the
temporalities from him on the 22nd. Thence
he went to London, and lodged at La Place,
the residence of the Bishop of Rochester in
Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival
he had a feverish attack, which was attribu-
ted to fatigue after his journey, but in the
evening tumours under the arms and other
symptoms of the deadly plague which was
then ravaging London made their appear-
ance, and on the 26th the archbishop died.
Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the
disease, the body was removed to Canterbury
and buried in the cathedral.
His works are : 1. ' De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium et de virtute causarum,' edited by
Sir Henry Savile, London, 1618. 2. ' Trac-
tatus de proportionibus,' Paris, 1495. 3. ' De
quadrature, circuli,' Paris, 1495. 4. ' Arith-
metica speculativa,' Paris, 1502. 5. ' Geo-
metria speculativa,' Paris, 1530. 6. ' Ars
Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec-
tion, British Museum, No. 3744. This last is
an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory
by the method of mentally associating certain
places with certain ideas or subjects, or the
several parts of a discourse.
[Sir Henry Savile, in the preface to his edition
of Bradwardine's work De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium, has collected all the notices of his
life, which are but scanty. See also Birchington
and William of Dene, Hist. Eoff., and William
de Chambre, Hist. Dunelm., in Wharton's Anglia
Sacra, vol. i. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops,
vol. iv.] W. K. W. S.
BRADY, SIB ANTONIO (1811-1881),
admiralty official, was born at Deptford on
10 Nov. 1811, being the eldest son of Anthony
Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then
storekeeper at the Royal William victualling
yard, Plymouth, by his marriage, on 20 Dee.
1810, with Marianne, daughter of Francis
Perigal and Mary Ogier. He was educated
at Colfe's school, Lewisham, and then entered
the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic-
toria victualling yard, Deptford, on 29 Nov.
1828, and, having served there and at Ply-
mouth and Portsmouth, was, through the
recommendation of Sir James Graham, pro-
moted to headquarters at Somerset House as
a second-class clerk in the accountant-gene-
ral's office on 26 June 1844. He was gradu-
ally promoted until in 1864 he became re-
gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently
assisted very materially in reorganising the
office, he was made the first superintendent
of the admiralty new contract department on
13 April 1869, when an improved salary of
1,000/. a year was allotted to him. He held
this appointment until 31 March 1870, when
he retired on a special pension. He was
knighted by the queen at Windsor on 23 June
1870.
After his retirement Sir Antonio devoted
himself to social, educational, and religious
reform. Having taken a great interest in the
preservation of Epping Forest for the people,
he was appointed a judge in the ' Verderer's
court for the forest of Epping.' He was
Brady
191
Brady
associated with church work of all kinds.
He published in 1869 ' The Church's Works
and its Hindrances, with suggestions for
Church Reform.' The establishment of the
Plaistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the East
London Museum at Bethnal Green, and the
West Ham and Stratford Dispensary was in
a great measure due to him.
Brady was a member of the Ray, the Pa-
laeontographical, and Geological Societies.
So long ago as 1844 his attention had been
attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick-
earth which occupy the valley of the Roding at
Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou-
raged by Professor Owen he commenced col-
lecting the rich series of mammalian remains
in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com-
prising amongst others the skeletons of the
tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceros, horse,
elk, stag, bison, ox, hippopotamus, &c. This
valuable collection of pleistocene mammalia
is now in the British Museum of Natural His-
tory, Cromwell Road. In his l Catalogue of
Pleistocene Mammalia from Ilford, Essex,'
1874, printed for private circulation only,
Brady acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr.
William Davies, F.G.S., his instructor in the
art of preserving fossil bones. He died suddenly
at his residence, Maryland Point, Forest Lane,
Stratford, on 12 Dec. 1881. He was buried in
St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on 16 Dec.
His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of
George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on
18 May 1837, and by her, who survived him,
he left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector
of Wennington, Essex, and two daughters.
[Stratford and South Essex Advertiser, 16 and
23 Dec; 1881 ; Nature (1881-2), xxv. 174-5, by
Henry Woodward; Guardian (1881), p. 1782;
and collected information.] Gr. C. B.
BRADY, JOHN (d. 1814), clerk in the
victualling office, was the author of ' Clavis
Calendaria; or a Compendious Analysis of
the Calendar : illustrated with ecclesiastical,
historical, and classical anecdotes,' 2 vols.,
London, 1812, 8vo ; 3rd edit., 1815. The com-
piler also published an abridgment of the
work, and some extracts from it appeared in
1826, under the title of ' The Credulity of
our Forefathers.' This book, once very po-
pular, has been long since superseded. Brady
died at Kennington, Surrey, on 5 Dec. 1814.
His son, John Henry Brady, arranged and
adapted for publication 'Varieties of Lite-
rature ; being principally selections from the
portfolio of the late John Brady/ London,
1826, 8vo.
[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 36, 416;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in
Brit. Mus.] T. C.
BRADY, SIR MAZIERE (1796-1871),
lord chancellor of Ireland, born on 20 July
1796, was a great-grandson of the Rev. Nicho-
las Brady, D.D. [q. v.], the psalmist, and
the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a
gold and silver thread manufacturer in Dub-
lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity College,
Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a scholarship
there, and twice carried off the vice-chancel-
lor's prize for English verse. He proceeded
B.A. (1816) and M.A. (1819), and was called
to the Irish bar in Trinity term of 1819. In
1833, under the ministry of Earl Grey, he, as
an avowed liberal, was appointed one of the
commissioners to inquire into the state of the
Irish municipal corporations. In 1837 he was
made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes-
sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], and became at-
torney-general in 1839. In the year following
he was promoted to the bench as chief baron
of the Court of Exchequer. He was raised to
the bench of the Irish Court of Chancery,
somewhat against his inclination, in 1846.
He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the
Russell administration, 1847-52. He became
in 1850 the first vice-chancellor of the Queen's
University, of the principles of which founda-
tion Brady was a constant advocate. From
1853 to 1858 Brady was again lord chancellor
of Ireland. He resumed the post once more in
1859, and held it through the second adminis-
trations of Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell
until the overthrow of the latter in 1866. On
28 June of that year he sat for the last time
in the Irish Court of Chancery. He retired
amidst general regret. He was fond of scien-
tific studies, especially geology. In 1869 he
was created a baronet by Mr. Gladstone. He
died at his residence in Upper Pembroke
Street, Dublin, on Thursday, 13 April 1871.
At the time of his death, besides holding the
vice-chancellorship of the Queen's Univer-
sity, he was a member of the National Board
of Education, and president of the Irish Art
Union, and of the Academy of Music.
Brady was twice married : first, in 1823,
to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan
of Dublin, who died in 1858 : and secondly
to Mary, second daughter of the Right Hon.
John HatcheU, P.C., of Fortfield House,
co. Dublin. His first wife left him five
children, by the eldest of whom, Francis
William Brady, Q.C., he was succeeded in
his title and estates.
[Catalogue of Dublin Graduates, 1869 ; Free-
man's Journal, 14 and 18 April 1871 ; Daily News,
15 April 1871; Irish Times, 18 April 1871;
Times, 15 and 13 April 1871 ; Burke's Lives of
the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, 1872 ; Wills's
Irish Nation, its History and its Biography, 1875 ;
Debrett's Baronetage, 1884.] A. H. G.
Brady
192
Brady
BRADY, NICHOLAS (1659-1726),
divine and poet, son of Major Nicholas
Brady, who served in the king's army in the
rebellion, and Martha, daughter of Luke
Gernon, a judge, was born at Bandon, county
Cork, on 28 Oct. 1659. After he had for
some time attended a school called St. Fin-
berry's, kept by Dr. Tindall, he was sent to j
England at the age of twelve, and admitted j
into the college of Westminster in 1673.
Thence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- [
ford, where he matriculated 4 Feb. 1678-9, |
proceeding B.A. in Michaelmas term 1682. j
He then returned to Ireland, lived with his
father at Dublin, and took his B.A. degree at
the university there in 1685, proceeding M.A. |
the next year. Entering orders he was in- j
stituted prebendary of Kinaglarchy in the
church of Cork in July 1688, and a few
months later was presented to the livings of
Killmyne and Drinagh in Cork diocese. He
was also chaplain to Bishop Wetenhall. j
During the revolution he warmly upheld i
the cause of the Prince of Orange, and j
suffered some loss in consequence. His in- j
terest with James's general, MacCarthy, j
enabled him to save the town of Bandon,
though James thrice commanded that it i
should be burnt. The people of the town j
having suffered considerable loss sent him j
with a petition to the English parliament j
praying for compensation. During his visit I
to London his preaching was much admired ; i
he was chosen lecturer at St. Michael's, !
Wood Street, and, on 10 July 1691, was ap- !
pointed to the church of St. Catherine Cree, j
where he remained until 1696. The sermon j
he preached on his resignation was printed, i
London, 1696, 4to. On his resignation he
received the living of Richmond, Surrey, 1
which he held until his death. From 1702 j
to 1705 he also held the rectory of Stratford- |
on-Avon, which he resigned on his appoint-
ment to the rectory of Clapham on 21 Feb.
1705-6. Although his ecclesiastical prefer-
ments brought him in an income of 600/. a
year, his expensive habits, and especially his
love of hospitality, obliged him to keep a
school at Richmond. This school is men-
tioned in terms of praise in a paper of Steele's
in the ' Spectator' (No. 168). On 15 Nov.
1699 the university of Dublin conferred on
him the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in recog-
nition of his abilities, and sent him the
diploma of doctor by the senior travelling
fellow of the society. Brady was chaplain to i
William III, to Mary, to Anne both as !
princess of Wales and as queen, and to the j
Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In j
1690 he married Letitia, daughter of Dr. j
Synge, archdeacon of Cork, and had by her ,
four sons and four daughters. He died at
Richmond 20 May 1726, and was buried in
that church. His funeral sermon, preached
by the Rev. T. Stackhouse, vicar of Been-
ham [q. v.], was published under the title
of ' The Honour and Dignity of True Mini-
sters of Christ,' London, 1726.
Brady's best known work is (1) the metrical
version' of the Psalms, which he undertook
while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con-
junction with Nahum Tate [q. v.] When
their work was complete and had been sub-
mitted to and revised by the archbishop of
Canterbury and the bishops, the authors
petitioned the king that he would allow it
to be used in the public services of the
church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec.
1696, made an order in council that it might
' be used in all churches ... as shall think
fit to receive the same.' The ' New Version,'
as the work of Brady and Tate is called to
distinguish it from the version of T. Stern-
hold and J. Hopkins, was well received by
the whigs. Some of the stiffer tories among
the clergy, however, objected to it, and their
objections, which seem to have been that the
new version was too poetical, that there was
no need of change, and, as was hinted, that
they were offended at the recommendation
of the whig bishops and at the ' William R.'
on the order allowing its use, were answered
by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's
and Mr. Brady's New Version, by a True
Son of the Church of England,' London,
1698. The use of the 'New Version' was
condemned by Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in
his ' Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by
T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with
critical observations on the New Version
compared with the Old,' London, 1710, and
Brady's share in the work was sneered at
by Swift in his ' Remarks on Dr. Gibbs's
Psalms.' Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy
entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Im-
postors,' acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692,
the prologue being spoken by Betterton, and
the epilogue, the work of Shadwell, by Mrs.
Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the
some year, with a dedication to the Earl of
Dorset, but without the author's name. The
plot is concerned with the history of the
Goths and Vandals. It was slightly recast
for representation in 1729, the Goths and
Vandals being turned into Portuguese and
Spaniards. In 1692 (3) an 'Ode for St.
Cecilia's Day,' which will be found in
Nichols's 'Select Collection of Poems,' v.
302. (4) ' Proposals for the publication of a
translation of Virgil's JEneids in blank verse,
together with a specimen of the performance.'
This translation was published by subscrip-
Brady
193
Brady
tion, being completed in 1726. Johnson
says that ' when dragged into the world it
did not live long enough to cry,' he had not
seen it and believed that he had been in-
formed of its existence by ' some old cata-
logue.' It is not in the library of the British
Museum, and has not been seen by the pre-
sent writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons,
1704-6, republished with a third volume by
Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting,
Surrey, in 1730, a volume of ' Select Sermons
preached before the Queen and on other oc-
casions,' 1713. A considerable number of
sermons, most of them republished in collec-
tions, were also published separately. Among
these was a sermon preached in Chelsea
Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell,
in November 1692 (London, 1693).
[Rawlinson MSS. 4to, 5305, fol. 16, 248-57 ;
Gibber's Lives of the Poets, iv. 62; Nichols's
Select Collection of Poems, v. 302 ; Biog. Brit,
ii. 960 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 173,
183; Todd's Dublin Graduates, 62 ; Newcourt's
Repertorium, i. 381 ; Dugdale's Warwickshire,
680 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and
full Account (as above), 1698 ; Bishop Beveridge's
Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710 ; Swift's
Works (Scott, 2nd ed.), xii. 261 ; Johnson's
Works (Life of Dryden), ix. 431 (ed. 1806) ;
Brady's Rape, 1692; Genest's History of the
Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266 ; Biog. Dram. i. i. 58 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 809.]
W. H.
BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian
and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk.
He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge,
on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was
created doctor by virtue of the king's letters
in September 1660 (KENNET, Register, 251),
and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed
master of his college by royal mandate (KEN-
NET, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or
1685) he held the office of keeper of the re-
cords in the Tower, and took deep interest in
studying the documents under his charge.
He was admitted fellow of the College of
Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician
in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In
this capacity he was one of those who deposed
to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct.
1688. He was regius professor of physic at
Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university
in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He
died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money
to Caius College.
He wrote : 1. A letter to Dr. Sydenham,
dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical ques-
tions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epi-
stolse Responsoriae duse,' 1680, 8vo. 2. ' An
Introduction to Old English History com-
prehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol.
VOL. VI.
3. ' A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols.,
1685, 1700, fol. 4. < An Historical Treatise
of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing
their original,' &c., 1690 ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol.
5. ' An Inquiry into the remarkable instances
of History and Parliamentary Records used
by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreason-
ableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to.
His historical works are laborious, and are
based on original authorities ; they are marked
by the author's desire to uphold the royal
prerogative. In his preface to his ' Treatise
on Boroughs ' he says that he is able to show
that they 'have nothing of the greatness and
authority they boast of, but from the bounty
of our ancient kings and their successors.'
[Kennet's Register and Chronicle, 251, 870;
Biographia Britannica, i. 959 ; Munk's Coll. of
Phys. (1878), i. 418; Ackermann's History of
the University of Cambridge, i. 106.] W. H.
BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? -1827),
general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian
army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account
has it Cootehill), some time between October
1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian
service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that
date his name appears as ' Peter,' but in all
subsequent rolls he is called ' Thomas.' He
served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the in-
fantry regiment ' Wied.' On 10 April 1774
he was promoted ensign in the infantry regi-
ment ' Fabri ; ' he became lieutenant 30 Nov.
1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784,
and captain in 1788. He distinguished him-
self as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in
1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross
for personal bravery at the storming of Novi
on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war.
He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served
on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that
year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the
corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was
transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi-
ment ' Murray,' of which he became colonel
on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frank-
enthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795,
and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796
at Ukerad. He was promoted to major-
general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served
in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799.
He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801,
and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy
of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of in-
fantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor
of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy
councillor in recognition of his services as
a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809
be took a leading part in the battle of As-
pern, a large portion of the Austrian army
being under his conduct. General Brady was
Bragg
194
Bragge
retired on the pension of a full general on
3 Sept. 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827.
[Archives of the Imperial Royal Ministry of
War, Vienna ; information from local sources.]
H. M. C.
fc BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenant-
general, colonel 28th foot, M.P. for Armagh,
was at Blenheim as an ensign in the 1st
foot guards, his commission bearing date
10 March 1702. He appears to have after-
wards served in the 24thfoot, which was much
distinguished in allMarlborough's subsequent
campaigns under the command of Colonel
Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same
regiment of guards. The English records of
this period contain no reference to Bragg, but
in a set of Irish military entry-books, com-
mencing in 1713, which are preserved in the
Four Courts, Dublin, his name appears as
captain in Primrose's regiment, lately re-
turned from Holland to Ireland ; his com-
mission is here dated 1 June 1715, on which
day new commissions were issued to all of-
ficers in the regiment in consequence of the
accession of George I. On 12 June 1732 Bragg
was appointed master of the Royal Hospital,
Kilmainham, in succession to Major-general
Robert Stearne, deceased, and on 16 Dec.
following he became lieutenant-colonel of
Colonel Robert Hargreave's regiment, after-
wards known as the 31st foot. On 10 Oct.
1734 he succeeded Major-general Nicholas
Price as colonel of the 28th foot, an appoint-
ment which he held for twenty-five years,
and which originated the name 'The Old
Braggs,' by which that regiment was long
popularly known. As a brigadier-general
Bragg accompanied Lord Stair to Flanders,
where he commanded a brigade. He be-
came a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in
1751 was appointed to the staff in Ireland.
He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on
6 June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small
fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville.
[Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards, vol. iii. (Lon-
don, 1874); Treasury Papers, xciii. List of
Recipients of Queen's Bounty for Blenheim;
Irish Military Entry Books in Public Record
Office, Dublin ; Gent. Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190,
xv. 389, xvii. 496, xxi. 477, xxix. 293 ; De la
WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Eep.]
H. M. C.
BRAGGE, WILLIAM (1823-1884), en-
gineer and antiquary, was born at Birming-
ham 31 May 1823, his father being Thomas
Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some years
of general tuition, Bragge studied practi-
cal engineering with two Birmingham firms,
and in his leisure applied himself closely to
the study of mechanics and mathematics. In
1845 he entered the office of a civil engineer,
and engaged in railway surveying. He acted
first as assistant engineer and then as en-
gineer-in-chief of part of the line from Chester
to Holy head.
Through the recommendation of Sir Charles
Fox, Bragge was sent out to Brazil as the
representative of Messrs. Belhouse & Co.,
of Manchester, and he carried out the light-
ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with gas.
This was followed by the survey of the first
railway constructed in Brazil — the line from
Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis — for which he
received several distinctions from the em-
peror Don Pedro. The emperor in later years
visited Bragge at Sheffield.
In 1858 Bragge left South America. He
became one of the managing directors of the
firm of Sir John Brown & Co., and was elected
mayor of Sheffield. The rolling of armour
plates, the manufacture of steel plates, the
adoption of the helical railway buffer-spring,
and other developments of mechanical enter-
prise, were matters in which he rendered
effective aid to his firm. Bragge filled the
office of master cutler of Sheffield, and took
great interest in the town's free libraries,
school of art, and museums. In 1872 he
resigned his position of managing director to
his firm, which had been converted into a
limited company, and went over to Paris as
engineer to the Soci^te" des Engrais, which
had for its object the utilisation of the sew-
age of a large part of Paris. The scheme
proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy
pecuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876
Bragge returned to his native town of
Birmingham, settling there, and developing
a large organisation for the manufacture
of watches by machinery on the American
system.
The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which
he found time to cultivate in spite of his
labours in business, were manifested in his
numerous collections. Amongst these was
a unique Cervantes collection, which in-
cluded nearly every work written by or re-
lating to the great Spanish writer. This
collection, which consisted of 1,500 volumes,
valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to his
native town, but unfortunately it was de-
stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free
Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems and
precious stones which Bragge collected from
all parts of Europe was purchased for the
Birmingham Art Gallery. The most re-
markable collection formed by Bragge was
one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in
which every quarter of the world was repre-
sented. A catalogue prepared and published
Braham
195
Braham
by the collector showed that he had brought j
together 13,000 examples of pipes. China, I
Japan, Thibet, Van Diemen's Land, North j
and South America, Greenland, the Gold j
Coast, and the Falkland Islands, all furnished j
specimens. ' There were also samples of some j
hundreds of kinds of tobacco, of every con-
ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare
Chinese snuff-bottles, and also of all known
means of procuring fire, from the rude In-
dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of
Paris or Vienna.' This collection was broken
up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable j
collection of manuscripts, which realised
12,500Z. He was always ready to place his
treasures at the disposal of public bodies for |
exhibition.
Bragge was a fellow of the Society of An-
tiquaries, of the Anthropological Society, of
the Royal Geographical Society, and of many
foreign societies.
Bragge, who married a sister of the Rev.
George Beddow, died at Handsworth, Bir-
mingham, on 6 June 1884. For some time
before his death he was almost totally blind.
[Bragge's Bibliotheca Nicotiana, a catalogue
of books about tobacco, together with a cata-
logue of objects connected with the use of tobacco
in all its forms, Birmingham. 1880; Brief Hand
List of the Cervantes Collection, presented to the
Birmingham Free Library, Reference Depart-
ment, by William Bragge, Birmingham, 1874;
Times, 10 June 1884 ; Birmingham Daily Post,
9 June 1884.] G. B. S.
BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards
COUNTESS WALDEGKAVE. [See WALDE-
GKAVE.]
BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 P-1856), tenor
singer, was born in London about the year
1774. His parents were German Jews, who
died when Braham was quite young, leaving
him to what one of his biographers describes
as ' the seasonable and affectionate attention
of a near relation.' Whether it was at this
time, or at an earlier age, that the future
singer gained his living by selling pencils in
the streets is not chronicled. Braham's first
contact with music took place at the synagogue
in Duke's Place. There he met with a chorister,
a musician of his own race named Leoni, who
discovered the germs of his talent. Leoni
adopted the orphan, and gave him thorough
instruction in music and singing, with such
good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap-
peared at Covent Garden on the occasion of
a benefit performance for his master, and
sang Arne's bravura air, ' The Soldier Tired,'
between the acts of the 'Duenna.' About
this time John Palmer had started the
Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but,
not being able to obtain a license for dramatic
performances, he opened the house on 20 June
1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita-
tions, glees, songs, &c. Here Braham sang
for about two years, until his voice broke.
Even at this early period of his career his
bravura singing must have been remarkable.
His voice had a compass of two octaves, and
some of his most successful parts were Cupid
in Carter's * The Birthday,' and Hymen in
Reeves's ( Hero and Leander.' He sang again
at Covent Garden as Joe in < Poor Vulcan '
on 2 June 1788. About this time Braham's
master, Leoni, became bankrupt, and the
future tenor was once more thrown upon his
own resources. After his voice broke he con-
tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear-
ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rane-
lagh, but his main occupation consisted in
teaching the pianoforte. He met with a
wealthy patron, a member of the Goldsmid
family, and when the change in his voice was
settled, on the advice of the flute-player
Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under
Rauzzini in 1794. Braham remained at Bath
until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him,
induced Storace to procure him an engage-
ment at Drury Lane, for which house Storace
was just then engaged upon an opera. This
work was ' Mahmoud,' but before it was
finished the composer died, and the work
was completed as a pasticcio by his sister,
Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble,
Mrs. Bland, and Braham, sang in it on its
production, 30 April 1796. Braham's success
was signal, and in the following season he
appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in
Gretry's ' Azor et Z6mire ' on 26 Nov. 1796,
and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac-
chini's 'Evelina,' as well as in the annual
oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at
Gloucester. In the following year, on the
advice of the fencer M. St. George, Braham
decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ac-
cordingly, he left England with Nancy Sto-
race, with whom he lived for several years,
and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here
the two singers gave a series of concerts,
under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar-
nais. These were so successful, that they
remained eight months in Paris, and did not
reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which
they first visited, Braham sang at the Per-
gola as Ulysses in an opera by Basili, and as
Orestes in Moneta's _ Tii _< _i- • -
bable effects of Mr. Gilbert's Bill, to which are
added Remarks on Dr. Price's account of the
National Debt ' (1776), his object was to reply
to the economists who bewailed the increase
of local taxation and of the national debt.
cxxiv. ; Nichols's Illustrations, vi. 528-34; Cat.
Brit. Mus. Lib.] F. E.
BRAND, THOMAS (1635-1691), non-
conformist divine, born in 1635, was the son
He drew a rather ingenious distinction be- ! of the rector of Leaden Roothing, Essex. He
tween fiscal charge and fiscal burden. A "'"" ^""" ^ "* "D:~u~- '~ °*— "— J TT ---- " "
long as prices steadily rose he argued tha
though more money might be taken out o
the taxpayer's pocket, the quantity of com
modities which the sum levied by taxation
would purchase steadily decreased, and that
thus if ' burden ' were interpreted to be the
amount of commodities of the power of pur-
chasing which the community was deprivec
by taxation, its increase need not be and had
not been at all proportionate to the increase
of charge. In this way he proved to his own
satisfaction that the burden of the amount
paid to the creditors of the nation at the
peace of Utrecht was nearly the same as
when he wrote, and that the alarm of Dr,
Price and others at the increase of the na-
tional debt was wholly baseless. Of such
other of Brand's pamphlets on economic
subjects as are in the library of the British
Museum, the most interesting is his ' Deter-
mination of the average price of wheat in
war below that of the preceding peace, and
of its readvance in the following.' Here
he sought to prove on theoretical grounds
that war lowers while peace raises the price
of wheat, and he then proceeded to endeavour
to confirm the soundness of this position by
an appeal to statistics. Of Brand's political
pamphlets the chief appears to be his ' His-
torical Essay on the Principles of Political
Associations in a State, chiefly deduced from
the English and Jewish histories, with an ap-
plication of those principles in a comparative
view of the Association of the year 1792 and
of that recently instituted by the Whig Club '
(1796). The intended drift of this elaborate
disquisition was that the existing tory asso-
ciations were praiseworthy and useful.
The main authority for Brand's meagre
biography is chapter xxiv. of Beloe's ' Sexa-
genarian/ which is devoted to him, but in
which, as usual in that work, the name of
the subject of the notice is not mentioned.
Brand's name is, however, supplied together
with what appears to be a complete list of
his separate publications (the library of the
British Museum is without several of them),
in the memoir of him in Nichols's l Illus-
trations of the Literary History of the
Eighteenth Century,' vi. 528-34, which is an
expansion of the chapter in the ' Sexagena-
Nichols
phlets in all.
enumerates thirteen pam-
was educated at Bishop's Stortford, Hertford-
shire, and Merton College, Oxford. There he
specially studied law, and afterwards entered
the Temple. An acquaintance formed with
Dr. Samuel Annesley [q. v.] led to a resolution
to join the ministry. He entered the family
of the Lady Dowager Roberts of Glassenbury,
Kent, the education of whose four children
he superintended. He caused the whole of
his salary to be devoted to charity. He soon
preached twice every Sunday, and frequently
a third time in the evening, at a place two
miles distant. He established weekly lec-
tures at several places, and monthly fasts. On
the death of the Rev. Mr. Poyntel of Staple-
hurst, he left Lady Roberts, went to Staple-
hurst, and was ordained. About two years after
he married a widow, by whom he had several
children, who all died young. He continued at
Staplehurst till driven away by persecution.
After many wanderings he settled near Lon-
don. He built many meeting-houses, and
contributed to their ministers' salaries. Cate-
chising the young was also a favourite occu-
pation, in which he was very successful. He
gave away thousands of catechisms and other
books, and even went to the expense of re-
printing twenty thousand of Joseph Alleine's
' Treatise on Conversion ' to be given away,
altering the title to a ' Guide to Heaven.' A
portion of this expense was defrayed by some
of his friends. Many other small books were
given away by him, and he and his friends
sold bibles much under cost price to all who
desired them, provided they would not sell
:hem again. Brand maintained children of
ndigent parents, and put them to trades.
Dr. Earle, many years a distinguished mi-
nister of the presbyterian congregation in
rlanover Street, London, was one of his
)rote'ge's. Brand spent little on himself.
lis charities were computed to amount to
above 300/. a year. He said he { would not
ell his estate because it was entailed, but he
would squeeze it as long as he lived.' Brand
lied 1 Dec. 1691, and was buried in Bunhill
ields. The inscription on his gravestone is
ecorded in ' Bunhill Memorials,' by J. A.
ones.
[Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Brand (with a
sermon preached on the occasion of his death),
by the Rev. Samuel Annesley, LL.D. 1692 pre-
printed with additions, and dedicated to Thomas
Brand, Lord Dacre, by William Chaplin), Bishop's
Brandard
216
Brande
Stortford, 1822 ; Nonconformist Memorial, iii.,
1803 ; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849.]
J. H. T.
BRANDARD, ROBERT (1805-1862),
engraver, was born at Birmingham. He
came to London at the age of nineteen, and
after studying for a short time with Edward
Goodall, the eminent landscape-engraver,
practised with much ability in the same
branch of the art. His earliest efforts were
plates for Brockedon's ' Scenery of the Alps,'
Captain Batty's ' Saxony,' and Turner's ' Eng-
land ' and ' Rivers of England.' He also en-
graved after Stanfield, Herring, Callcott, and
others for the ' Art Journal,' and produced
some etchings from his own designs, one
series of which was published by the Art
Union in 1864. Amongst his best works
were two plates after Turner entitled ' Cross-
ing the Brook ' and ' The Snow-storm,' which
were exhibited after his death at the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862. Brandard also
practised painting both in oils and water-
colours, and exhibited frequently at the Bri-
tish Institution, the Royal Academy, and
Suffolk Street, between 1831 and 1858. He
died at his residence, Campden Hill, Ken-
sington, on 7 Jan. 1862. One of his oil-
paintings, entitled ' The Forge,' was pur-
chased by the second Earl of Ellesmere, and
three others, views of Hastings, are in the
South Kensington Museum, forming part of
the Sheepshanks Collection.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS (1788-
1866), chemist, and editor of the ' Dictionary
of Science and Art,' was born in Arlington
Street, St. James's, on 11 Feb. 1788, his father
being an apothecary. He was educated in
private schools at Kensington and at West-
minster. It was his father's wish that his
son William should enter the church ; but the
boy expressed so strong an inclination for the
medical profession that he was, on 2 Feb.
1802, apprenticed to his brother, who was a
licentiate of the Company of Apothecaries.
About this period the family removed from
Arlington Street to Chiswick. The young
Brande here became acquainted with Mr.
Charles Hatchett, who was devoting his at-
tention to chemical investigations, and espe-
cially to the analysis of minerals. Mr. Hat-
chett allowed him to assist in his laboratory
and he encouraged him in the study of the
classification of ores and rocks, supplying
him with duplicates from his own cabinets
This formed the foundation of the minera-
logical series which were in future years
ised in the lectures and classes of the Royal
institution. Mr. Charles Hatchett, whose
daughter Brande subsequently married, sedu-
ously encouraged his love of science.
In 1802 Brande visited his uncle at Han-
over, and in 1803 was in Brunswick and
jfbttingen. The breaking out of the war,
and the advance of the French on Hanover,
interfered with his linguistic and scientific
studies, and he had much difficulty in es-
caping to Hamburg, where he embarked in
a Dutch merchant-vessel for London, which
tie reached after passing a month at sea.
Brande re-entered his brother's employment
in 1804. He became a pupil at the Ana-
tomical School in Windmill Street, and
studied chemistry under Dr. George Pearson
at St. George's Hospital. He also made the
acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards Sir Benjamin)
Brodie, and formed friendships with Sir Eve-
rard Home, Dr. Pemberton, and other men of
eminence.
Brande has left us an interesting note of
this date. He says : * I was now full of
ardour in the prosecution of chemistry ; and
although my brother — with whom I still
lived, whose apprentice I was, and in whose
shop, notwithstanding all other associations,
I still worked, and passed a large part of my
time — threw every obstacle in the way of
my chemical progress that was decently in
his power, I found time, however, to read,
and often to experiment, in my bedroom late
in the evening. I thus collected a series of
notes and observations which I fondly hoped
might at some future period serve as the basis
of a course of lectures, and this in time they
actually did. It was at this period that, in
imitation of Mr. Hatchett's researches, I
made some experiments on benzoin, the re-
sults of which were published in " Nicholson's
Journal " for February 1805.' This, his first
contribution to scientific literature, appeared
when he was only a little more than sixteen
years of age. In 1805 Brande became a
member of the Westminster Medical Society,
and in June of that year he read before
the members a paper on ' Respiration,' which
he contributed afterwards to ' Nicholson's
Journal.'
Early in life Brande appears to have been
introduced to Davy, and shortly after the
return of the latter from Germany he renewed
the acquaintance and attended his lectures
at the Royal Institution.
In 1805 Mr. Hatchett presented to the
Royal Society a paper by Brande ' On some
Experiments on Guaiacum Resin,' which was
printed in the * Philosophical Transactions '
for 1806. Sir Everard Home entrusted
Brande with the analysis of calculi selected
Brande
217
Brande
from the collection in the College of Sur-
geons. The results were communicated to
the Royal Society on 19 May 1808, and
published — with some observations by Sir
Everard Home — in the ' Transactions.' Two
other important papers by him were published
by the Royal Society in 1811 and 1813.
These were ' On the State and Quantity of
Alcohol in Fermented Liquids,' and for them
Brande received the Copley medal.
In 1808 Brande commenced lecturing, giv-
ing two courses on pharmaceutical chemistry
at Dr. Hooper's Medical Theatre in Cork
Street, Burlington Gardens. He subse-
quently lectured at the New Medico-Chemical
School in Windmill Street, on physics and
chemistry, and gave a course of lectures
on 'Materia Medica' at the house of Dr.
Pearson.
In 1809 Brande was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. In 1812 he accepted the
appointment of professor of chemistry and
superintending chemical operator to the
Apothecaries' Company. He soon after be-
came professor of materia medica, and de-
livered annually a course of lectures on that
subject. In the spring of this year Sir Hum-
phry Davy ' could not pledge himself to con-
tinue the lectures which he has been accus-
tomed to deliver to the Royal Institution ; '
but he was willing to accept the offices of
Erofessor of chemistry and director of the
iboratory and mineralogical collection with-
out salary, and on 1 June he was, at a special
general meeting, appointed to these offices.
Under this arrangement with Sir Humphry
Davy, Brande was elected in December of the
same year to lecture on l Chemical Philo-
sophy.' In April 1813 Davy ' begged leave
to resign his situation of honorary professor.'
Brande was then elected to the professorship
of chemistry. The rooms in the Royal In-
stitution building which had been occupied
by Sir Humphry Davy were prepared for
him, and a few months later he was appointed
superintendent of the house, and was allowed
to transfer his chemical class of medical
students from Windmill Street to the labo-
ratory of that establishment.
Brande delivered, for Sir Humphry Davy, a
course of lectures on ' Agricultural Chemistry '
before the Board of Agriculture. On the
death of Dr. Pearson the chemical lectures
were transferred from St. George's Hospital
to the Royal Institution, and Brande, now
assisted by Faraday, devoted himself entirely
to chemical investigations and to lectures
on the science. For several years Brande's
position was a responsible one. Officially
he must be regarded as the leading chemist
of the metropolis at the time ; his assistant
Faraday was travelling with Davy on the
continent.
In 1823 the government consulted Brande
on the manufacture of iron and steel, the
object of the proposed inquiry being to obtain
a more coherent metal for the dies used in
the coinage. The report, which was of an
especially practical character, led to consider-
able improvement and much economy in the
Mint. As soon as it became possible Brande
was appointed by the crown as superinten-
dent of the die department. This appoint-
ment he held conjointly with his other posts
for many years. In 1854 he was appointed
the- chief officer of the coinage department
at the Royal Mint, when he resigned the
professorship at the Royal Institution.
On the return of Faraday from the con-
tinent in 1825 he was associated with Brande
in the lectures delivered in the theatre of
the Royal Institution, and in editing the
' Quarterly Journal of Science and Art,'
which had been published since 1816. From
1816 to 1826 Brande was one of the secre-
taries of the Royal Society. In 1836 he was
named one of the original fellows of the
University of London and a member of the
senate of that body. In 1846 he became ex-
aminer in chemistry, which office he retained
until 1858. He died in 1866.
Brande received the honorary degree of
doctor of civil law in the university of Ox-
ford. He was a fellow of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, and a member of several
foreign societies.
Brande published in the l Transactions of
j the Royal Society,' and in several scientific
journals, twenty-seven papers, all of them
the result of close investigation. Among
the more important were ' Chemical Re-
searches on the Blood and some other Ani-
mal Fluids,' in 1811 ; ' On some Electro-
chemical Phenomena,' which was the sub-
ject of the Bakerian lecture for 1813; 'On
Electro-magnetic Clocks,' in 1817; several
papers on the ' Destructive Distillation of
Coal,' and on 'Coal Gas as an Illuminant,'
between 1816 and 1819. ' The Outlines of
Geology ' were published in the ' Quarterly
Journal of Science ' in 1825 to 1827. The
other papers were connected with his position
as chemist to the Apothecaries' Company,
and related mainly to pharmaceutical in-
quiries. The ' London Pharmacopoeia/ which
was an ill-arranged collection of recipes, was
greatly improved by Brande, especially in its
chemistry. Brande's ( Manual of Chemistry,'
which went through six editions, was the
text-book of the day. His 'Dictionary of
Pharmacy and Materia Medica' was one of
the most useful books ever placed in the
Brander
218
Brandon
hands of a medical student. His ' Dictionary
of Science and Art/ of which he became the
editor in 1842, was a laborious undertaking,
supplying a serious want. He was engaged
in revising a new edition of this work when
death brought his active life to a close.
During forty-six years Brande laboured
most industriously in the front ranks of
science. Although, unlike his friends Davy
and Faraday, he failed to connect his name
with any important discovery, he aided in
the development of several branches of
science, and by his earnest truthfulness — pre-
ferring demonstration to speculation — he
fitted himself for an important position at a
time when science was undergoing remark-
able changes.
[Dr. Bence- Jones in Proceedings of Eoyal In-
stitution ; Proceedings of the Eoyal Society, vol.
xvi. pt. ii. and Catalogue of Scientific Papers, i.
564; Quarterly Journal of Science, iv. 1818-
1822 ; Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philo-
sophy.] R. H-T.
BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720-1787),
merchant and antiquary, descended from a
Swedish family, was born in London in 1720,
and brought up to trade, which he carried on
with great success in the City. For many
years he was a director of the Bank of Eng-
land. Having inherited the fortune of his
uncle, Mr. Spicker, he employed much of his
wealth in forming collections of literary
interest. Among his principal curiosities
was the magnificent chair in which the first
emperor of Germany was said to have been
crowned. Engraved upon it in polished iron
were scenes from Roman history, from the
earliest times to the foundation of the em-
pire. Brander was a fellow of the Royal
Society, a curator of the British Museum,
and one of the first supporters of the So-
ciety for the Encouragement of Arts. While
he lived in London in partnership with Mr.
Spalding, his library and pictures narrowly es-
caped the flames which destroyed their house
in White Lion Court, Cornhill, on 7 Nov. 1766.
Thence he removed to Westminster, and at
length into Hampshire, where he purchased
the site of the old priory at Christchurch.
Having completed his villa and gardens in
this beautiful spot, he married, in 1780, Eliza-
beth, widow of John Lloyd, vice-admiral of
the blue, daughter of Mr. Gulston of Widdial,
Hertfordshire. In the winter of 1786 he had
just completed the purchase of a house in
St. Alban's Street, London, when he was
seized with an illness which carried him off
on 21 Jan. 1787.
To him the British Museum is indebted
for a collection of fossils found in the cliffs
about Christchurch and the coast of Hamp-
shire. Copper-plate engravings of them, ex-
ecuted by Green, and accompanied by a
scientific Latin description by Dr. Solander,
were published in a volume entitled * Fossilia
Hantoniensia collecta, et in Museo Britan-
nico deposita, a Gustavo Brander,' 1766.
Brander communicated an account of the
effect of lightning on the Danish church in
Wellclose Square to the 'Philosophical Trans-
actions ' (xliv. 298) ; and from a manuscript
in his possession Dr. Pegge printed in 1780,
for private circulation, ' The Forme of Cury.
A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled
about the year 1390.'
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 260 and index;
Addit. MS. 29533, f. 55 ; Ayscough's Cat. of the
Sloane and Birch MSS. 743, 908.] T. C.
BRANDON, CHARLES, DUKE or SUF-
FOLK (d. 1545), was the son and heir of Wil-
liam Brandon, who was Henry VII's standard-
bearer at Bosworth Field, and was on that
account singled out by Richard III, and
killed by him in personal encounter. This
William, who with his brother Thomas had
come with Henry out of Brittany, does not
appear to have been a knight, though called
Sir William by Hall the chronicler, and thus
some confusion has arisen between him and
his father, Sir William Brandon, who sur-
vived him.
It is quite uncertain when Charles Brandon
was born, except that (unless he was a posthu-
mous child) it must of course have been before
the battle of Bosworth. It is not likely, how-
ever, to have been many years earlier. No
mention of him has been found before the
accession of Henry VIII, with whom he
appears to have been a favourite from the
first. In personal qualities, indeed, he was
not unlike his sovereign ; tall, sturdy, and va-
liant, with rather a tendency to corpulence,
and also with a strong animal nature, not
very much restrained at any time by conside-
rations of morality, delicacy, or gratitude.
In 1509, the first year of Henry's reign, he
was squire of the royal body, and was ap-
pointed chamberlain of the principality of
North Wales (Calendar of Henry VIII, i.
695). On 6 Feb. 1510 he was made marshal
of the king's bench, in the room of his uncle,
Sir Thomas Brandon [q. v.], recently deceased
(ib. 859). On 23 Nov. 1511 the office of mar-
shal of the royal household was granted to
him and Sir John Care we in survivorship (ib.
1989). On 29 March 1512 he was appointed
keeper of the royal manor and park of Wan-
stead, and on 2 May following ranger of the
New Forest (ib. 3103, 3176). By this time
he was no longer esquire, but knight of the
royal body. On 3 Dec. the same year he re-
Brandon
219
Brandon
ceived a grant of the wardship of Elizabeth,
daughter and sole heiress of John Grey, vis-
count Lisle (ib. 3561), of which he very soon
took advantage in a rather questionable way,
by making a contract of marriage with her ;
and next year, on 15 May, he was created
Viscount Lisle, with succession to the heirs
male of himself and Elizabeth Grey, vis-
countess Lisle, his wife, as she is called in
the patent (ib. 4072). But in point of fact
she was not his wife, for when she came of
age she refused to marry him, and the patent
was cancelled.
Other grants he continued to receive in
abundance ; stewardships of various lands in
Warwickshire or in Wales, either tempora-
rily or permanently in the hands of the crown
(ib. 3841, 3880, 3920-1). But his first con-
spicuous actions were in the year 1513, when,
under the title of Lord Lisle, he was appointed
marshal of the army that went over to invade
France. He took a prominent part in the
operations against Terouenne, and at the
siege of Tournay he first of all obtained pos-
session of one of the city gates (ib. 4459).
While before Terouenne he sent a message
to Margaret of Savoy, the regent of the Ne-
therlands, through her agent in the camp
Philippe de Br6gilles, who, in communicating
it, said he was aware that Brandon was a
second king, and he advised her to write to him
a kind letter, ' for it is he,' wrote BrSgilles,
' who does and undoes ' (ib. 4405). Early in
the following year (1514) the king deter-
mined to send him to Margaret to arrange
about a new campaign (ib. 4736, 4831). On
1 Feb. he was created Duke of Suffolk, and,
adorned with that new title, he went over to
the Low Countries. On 4 March Henry VIII
wrote to Margaret's father, the emperor Maxi-
milian, that a report had reached England
that Suffolk was to marry his daughter, at
which the king affected to be extremely dis-
pleased. Henry pretended that the rumour
had been got up to create differences between
them. In point of fact Henry was not only
fully cognisant of Suffolk's aspirations, but
had already pleaded his favourite's cause with
Margaret personally at Tournay; and this
notwithstanding the engagement he was still
under to Lady Lisle. Some curious flirtation
scenes had actually taken place between them
at Lille, of which Margaret seems afterwards
to have drawn up a report in her own hand
(ib. 4850-1).
In October following, immediately after
the marriage of Louis XII to Henry VIII's
sister Mary, Suffolk was sent over to France
to witness the new queen's coronation at St.
Denis, and to take part in the jousts to be
held at Paris in honour of the event. This
at least seemed to be the principal object of
his mission, and as regards the tourney he
certainly acquitted himself well, overthrowing
his opponent, horse and man. But another
object was to make some arrangements for a
personal interview between the English and
French kings in the following spring (ib.
5560), and also to convey a still more secret
proposal for expelling Ferdinand of Arragon
from Navarre (ib. 5637) ; both which projects
were nipped in the bud by the death of
Louis XII on 1 Jan. following.
When the news of this event reached Eng-
land, it was determined at once to send an
embassy to the young king, Francis I, who
had just succeeded to the throne ; and Suffolk,
who had not long returned from France, was
appointed the principal ambassador. They had
a formal audience of the king at Noyon on
2 Feb., after which Francis sent for the duke
to see him in private, and to his consternation
said to him, ' My lord of Suffolk, there is a
bruit in this my realm that you are come to
marry with the queen, your master's sister.'
Suffolk in vain attempted to deny the charge,
for Francis had extracted the confession from
Mary herself — by what dishonourable over-
tures we need not inquire — and Francis, to
put him at his ease, promised to write to
Henry in his favour. The truth was that
Henry himself secretly favoured the project,
and only wished for some such letter from
Francis to make it more acceptable to the old
nobility, who regarded Suffolk as an upstart.
Wolsey, too, then at the commencement of
his career as a statesman, was doing his best
to smooth down all obstacles. But the pre-
cipitancy of the two lovers nearly forfeited
all their advantages. Mary was by no means
satisfied that, although Henry favoured her
wishes to some extent, he might not be in-
duced by his council to break faith with her
and sacrifice her to political considerations
again. Suffolk's discretion was not able to
subdue his own ardour and hers as well, and
they were secretly married at Paris.
So daring and presumptuous an act on the
part of an upstart nobleman was not easily
forgiven. Many of the king's council would
have put Suffolk to death ; the king himself
was extremely displeased. But there was a
way of mitigating the king's displeasure to
some extent, and the king was satisfied in the
end with the gift of Mary's plate and jewels
and a bond of 24,000£, to repay by yearly
instalments the expenses the king had in-
curred for her marriage with Louis. Suffolk
and his wife — the French queen as she was
continually called — lived for a time in com-
parative retirement as persons under a cloud ;
but after a while they were seen more fre-
Brandon
220
Brandon
quently at court, and Suffolk rose again into
favour. But the most marvellous thing is that
he should have escaped so easily when other
circumstances are taken into account, to which
little or no allusion seems to have been made
at the time, even by his enemies. Either the
facts were unknown, or, what is more probable,
they were not severely censured by the spirit
of the times. Whatever be the explanation, it
is certain that Suffolk when he married Mary
had already had two wives, and that the first
was still alive. Some years later he applied
to Clement VII for a bull to remove all ob-
jections to the validity of his marriage with
Mary, and from the statements in this docu-
ment it appears that his early history was as
follows : As a young man during the reign of
Henry VII he had made a contract of mar-
riage with a certain Ann Brown ; but before
marrying her he obtained a dispensation and
married a widow named Margaret Mortymer,
alias Brandon, who lived in the diocese of
London. Some time afterwards he separated
from her, and obtained from a church court
a declaration of the invalidity of the marriage,
on the grounds, first, that he and his wife
were in the second and third degrees of af-
finity ; secondly, that his wife and his first
betrothed were within the prohibited degrees
of consanguinity ; and thirdly, that he was
first cousin once removed of his wife's former
husband. These grounds being held suffi-
cient to annul the marriage, he actually mar-
ried the lady to whom he had been betrothed,
Ann Brown, and had by her a daughter,
whom, after his marriage with Mary, he for
some time placed under the care of his other
love, Margaret of Savoy. Years afterwards
the bull of Clement was required to defeat
any attempt on the part of Margaret Mor-
tymer to call in question either of his succeed-
ing marriages. When all this is considered,
together with the fact that he had the same
entanglements even at the time he proposed
to make Lady Lisle his wife, we can under-
stand pretty well what a feeble bond matri-
mony was then considered to be. .Suffolk's
father had been a grossly licentious man (Pas-
ton Letters, iii. 235). So were most of
Henry VIII's courtiers, and so, we need not
say, was Henry himself. The laxity of Suf-
folk's morality was certainly no bar to his
progress in the king's favour. He went with
Henry in 1520 to the Field of the Cloth of
Gold. He was one of the peers who sat in
the year following as judges upon the Duke of
Buckingham. In 1 522, when Charles V visited
England, he received both the king and the
emperor at his house in Southwark, and they
dined and hunted with him. In 1523 he
commanded the army which invaded France.
From Calais he passed through Picardy, took
Ancre and Bray, and crossed the Somme,
meeting with little resistance. His progress
created serious alarm at Paris ; but the end
of the campaign was disgraceful. As winter
came on, the troops suffered severely. Suf-
folk, though brave and valiant, was no general,
and he actually, without waiting for orders,
allowed them to disband and return home.
On the arrival of Cardinal Campeggio in
England in 1528, Suffolk's house in the suburbs
(probably the house in Southwark already
mentioned) was assigned him as a temporary
lodging. Suffolk undoubtedly was heartily
devoted to the object for which Campeggio
came, or was supposed to come — the king's
divorce from Catherine of Arragon. Nor did
he scruple to insinuate that it was another
cardinal, his old benefactor Wolsey, who was
the real obstacle to the gratification of the
king's wishes. With an ingratitude which
shrank from no degree of baseness he had been
carefully nourishing the suspicions entertained
by the king of his old minister upon this subject,
and being sent to France in embassy while the
divorce cause was before the legates, he ac-
tually inquired of the French king whether
he could not give evidence to the same effect.
So also, being present when Campeggio ad-
journed the legatine court in England from
July to October, and probably when everyone
was convinced even at that date that it would
not sit again, Suffolk, according to the graphic
account in Hall, ' gave a great clap on the
| table with his hand, and said : " By the mass,
| now I see that the old said saw is true, that
there was never legate nor cardinal that did
good in England ! " ' But Hall does not give
us the conclusion of the story, which is sup-
plied by Cavendish. ' Sir,' said Wolsey to
the duke in answer, ' of all men in this realm
ye have least cause to dispraise or be offended
with cardinals ; for if I, simple cardinal, had
not been, you should have had at this present
no head upon your shoulders wherein you
should have had a tongue to make any such
report in despite of us, who intend you no
manner of displeasure.' And after some al-
lusions, of which Suffolk well understood the
meaning, he concluded : 'Wherefore, my lord,
hold your peace and frame your tongue like
a man of honour and wisdom, and speak not so
quickly and so reproachfully by your friends ;
for ye know best what friendship ye have re-
ceived at my hands, the which I yet never
revealed to no person alive before now, neither
to my glory ne to your dishonour.'
But Suffolk rose upon Wolsey's fall. The
old nobility, which had once been jealous both
of him and Wolsey as upstarts promoted by
the king, had now freer access to the council
Brandon
221
Brandon
board, at which Suffolk took a position second
only to that of Norfolk. The readers of
Shakespeare know how he and Norfolk went
together from the king to demand the great
seal from Wolsey without any commission
in writing. The fact is derived from Caven-
dish, who tells us that they endeavoured to
extort its surrender to them by threats ; but
Wolsey's refusal compelled them to go back
to the king at Windsor and procure the
written warrant that he required. Soon
after this (1 Dec. 1529) we find Suffolk
signing, along with the other lords, the bill
of articles drawn up against Wolsey in par-
liament, and a few months later he signed
with the other lords a letter to the pope, to
warn him of the dangers of delaying to accede
to Henry VIII's wishes for a divorce.
In 1532 Suffolk was one of the noblemen
who accompanied Henry VIII to Calais to
the new meeting between him and Francis I.
This was designed to show the world the en-
tire cordiality of the two kings, who became
in turn each other's guests at Calais and Bou-
logne, and at the latter place, on 25 Oct., the
Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were elected
and received into the order of St. Michael at
a chapter called by Francis for the purpose.
In the beginning of April 1533 he was sent
with the Duke of Norfolk to Queen Cathe-
rine, to tell her that the king had now mar-
ried Anne Boleyn, and that she must not
pretend to the name of queen any longer.
Not long afterwards he was appointed high
steward for the day at the coronation of
Anne Boleyn. On 24 June, little more than
three weeks later, his wife, 'the French
queen,' died ; and after the fashion of the
times he immediately repaired his loss by
marrying, early in September, Katharine,
daughter of the widowed Lady Willoughby,
an heiress, whose wardship had been granted
to him four years before (Calendar of Henry
VIII, iv. 5336 (12), vi. 1069). That same
month he was present at the christening of
the Princess Elizabeth at Greenwich. At the
close of the year he was sent, along with the
Earl of Sussex and some others, to Buckden,
where the divorced Queen Catherine was
staying, to execute a commission which, it is
somewhat to his credit to say, he himself re-
garded with dislike. They were to dismiss
the greater part of Catherine's household,
imprison those of her servants who refused
to be sworn to her anew as 'Princess of
Wales ' and no longer queen, and make her
remove to a less healthy situation — Somers-
ham, in the Isle of Ely. He and the others
did their best, or rather their worst, to fulfil
their instructions ; but they did not give the
king satisfaction. They deprived Catherine
of almost all her servants, but though they
remained six days they did not succeed in re-
moving her. Suffolk himself, as he declared
to his mother-in-law, devoutly wished before
setting out that some accident might happen
to him to excuse him from carrying out the
king's instructions (ib. vi. 1541-3, 1508,1571).
In 1534 he was one of the commissioners
appointed to take the oaths of the people in
accordance with the new Act of Succession,
binding them to accept the issue of Anne
Boleyn as their future sovereigns (ib. vii. 392).
Later in the year he was appointed warden
and chief justice of all the royal forests on
the south side of the Trent (ib. 1498 (37) ).
But his next conspicuous employment was in
the latter part of the year 1536, when he was
sent against the rebels of Lincolnshire and
afterwards of Yorkshire, whom, however, he
did not subdue by force of arms, but rather
by a message of pardon from the king, who
promised at that time to hear their grievances,
though he shamefully broke faith with them
afterwards. Within the next ' two or three
years took place the suppression of the greater
monasteries, and Suffolk got a large share of
the abbey lands. It is curious that he ob-
tained livery of his wife's inheritance only in
the thirty-second year of Henry VIII, seven
years after he had married her ; but the grant
seems to apply mainly to reversionary inte-
rests on her mother's death.
For some years after the rebellion he took
no important part in public affairs. He was
present at the christening of the young prince,
afterwards Edward VI, .and at the burning
of the Welsh image called Darvell Gadarn,
in Smithfield. He was a spectator of the
great muster in London in 1539, and was one
of the judges who tried the accomplices of
Catherine Howard in 1541. On 10 Feb. 1542
he and others conveyed that unhappy queen
by water from Sion House to the Tower of
London prior to her execution. That same
year he was appointed warden of the marches
against Scotland ( Undated Commission on the
Patent Rolls, 34 Hen. VIII). In 1544, the
king being then in alliance with the emperor
against France, Suffolk was again put in com-
mand of an invading army. He made his
will on 20 June before crossing the sea. He
was then great master or steward of the king's
household, an office he had filled for some
years previously. He crossed, and on 19 July
sat down before Boulogne, on the east side of
the town. After several skirmishes he ob-
tained possession of a fortress called the Old
Man, and afterwards of the lower town, called
Basse Boulogne. The king afterwards came
in person and encamped on the north side of
the town, which, being terribly battered, after
Brandon
222
Brandon
a time surrendered, and the Duke of Suffolk
rode into it in triumph.
Early next year (1545) he sat at Baynard's
Castle in London on a commission for a ' be-
nevolence ' to meet the expenses of the king's
wars in France and Scotland. On St. George's
day he stood as second godfather to the infant
Henry Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of South-
ampton, the father of Shakespeare's friend ;
but he was now near his end. On 24 Aug. he
died at Guildford. In his will he had desired
to be buried at Tattershall in Lincolnshire ;
but the king caused him to be buried at
Windsor at his own charge.
[Besides the Calendar above mentioned the
original authorities are Hall and Wriothesley's
Chronicles, Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, and Dug-
dale's Peerage and the documentary authorities
there referred to.] J. Gr.
BRANDON, HENRY (1535-1551) and
CHARLES (1537 P-1551), DUKES OF SUF-
FOLK, were the sons of Charles, duke of Suf-
folk fq. v.], by his last wife, Katharine Wil-
loughby. Henry was born on 18 Sept. 1535,
and Charles, the younger, probably two years
later. The date'in the former case is fixed
by the inquisitio post mortem held after the
father's death (1545). Henry succeeded to
the dukedom, and held it for nearly six years.
Their mother seems to have been very careful
of their education, and appointed Thomas Wil-
son, afterwards the celebrated Sir Thomas,
secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, their
tutor. The elder, Henry, was then sent to
be educated with Prince Edward, afterwards
King Edward VI, by Sir J ohn Cheke. In 1 550
we find Henry named as a hostage on the peace
with France (RYMEE, xv. 214) ; but he does
not seem to have been required to go thither.
By this time he and his brother were pur-
suing their studies at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, from which place, after the sweating
sickness broke out in July 1551, they were
hastily removed to the bishop of Lincoln's
palace at Buckden in Huntingdonshire ; but
there they both caught the infection and died
in one day, 1 6 July. As the younger survived
the elder for about half an hour, they were both
considered to have been dukes of Suffolk ; and
their fate made a remarkable impression on
the world at the time. They seem to have
attained to a wonderful proficiency in learn-
ing, and a brief memoir of the two — a work
now of extreme rarity — published the same
year by their old tutor, Wilson, contains
epistles, epitaphs, and other tributes to their
praise from Walter Haddon and other learned
men both of Cambridge and of Oxford. Of
the elder it was said by Peter Martyr that
he was the most promising youth of bis day,
except King Edward. Their portraits by
Holbein were engraved by Bartolozzi.
[Vita etobitus duorumfratruniSuffolcensium,
1551 ; Machyn's Diary, 8, 318; Dugdale's Ba-
ronage ; Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, i.
105, 541 ; Original Letters (Parker Soc.), ii. 496.1
J. GK
BRANDON, JOHN (/. 1687), divine,
son of Charles Brandon, a doctor of Maiden-
head, was apparently born at Bray, near that
town, about 1644. He entered Oriel College,
Oxford, as a commoner on 15 Feb. 1661-2,
and proceeded B.A. on 11 Nov. 1665. Wood
says that ' he entertained "for some time cer-
tain heterodox opinions, but afterwards being
orthodox,' took holy orders. He became rec-
tor of Finchamstead, and for some years
preached a weekly lecture on Tuesdays at
Reading. He was the author of ' To irvp TO
altoviov, or Everlasting Fire no Fancy ; being
an answer to a late Pamphlet entit. "The
Foundations of Hell-Torments shaken and re-
moved,"' London, 1678. The book was dedi-
cated to Henry, earl of Starlin, from 'War-
grave (Berks), 20 July 1676.' The pamphlet
to which Brandon replied here was ' The Tor-
ments of Hell ' (London, 1658), by an ana-
baptist, named Samuel Richardson. Nicholas
Chewney had anticipated Brandon in answer-
ing the work in 1660. Brandon also pub-
lished, besides a number of sermons, ' Happi-
ness at Hand, or a plain and practical dis-
course of the Joy of just men's souls in the
State of Separation from the Body,' London,
1687. This was dedicated to Dr. Robert
Woodward, chancellor of the bishop of Salis-
bury's court.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 505; Brit. Mus.
Cat.] S. L. L.
BRANDON, JOHN RAPHAEL (1817-
1877), architect, and joint author with his
brother, Joshua Arthur Brandon, of several
architectural works, received his early pro-
fessional training from Mr. W. Parkinson,
architect, to whom he was articled in 1836.
Although fairly successful in private practice,
which he carried on along with his brother
at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, the brothers
Brandon are best known as authors. They
were both ardent students of Gothic architec-
ture, and directed their studies entirely to
English examples. The result of their labours
is a series of three works ably illustrative of
the purest specimens of Early English eccle-
siastical architecture. The most important
of these is their work on ' Parish Churches '
(Lond. 1848), which consists of a series of
perspective views of sixty-three churches se-
lected from most of the counties of England,
Brandon
223
Brandon
accompanied by plans of each drawn to a
uniform scale and a short letterpress descrip-
tion. It was first published in parts between
March 1846 and December 1847. The work
is a faithful record of antiquities which few
can visit for themselves. Their 'Analysis
of Gothic Architecture' (London, 1847),
which the authors say aims at being a prac-
tical rather than an historical work on Eng-
lish church architecture, consists of a col-
lection of upwards of 700 examples of doors,
windows, and other details of existing eccle-
siastical architecture industriously compiled
from actual measurements taken from little
known parish churches throughout the coun-
try, with illustrative remarks on the various
classes of items. The last of the series, and
probably the most useful to the profession, is j
their l Open Timber Roofs of the Middle Ages '
(London, 1849), a collection of perspective [
and geometric and detail drawings of thirty- j
five of the best roofs found in different parish
churches in eleven different English counties,
with an introduction containing some useful
hints and information as to the timber roofing
of the middle ages. The drawings given
show at a glance the form and principle of
construction of each roof, and the letterpress
proves how fully the authors appreciated the
spirit of the mediaeval builders. The work
' serves the one useful and necessary purpose
of showing practically and constructively
what the builders of the middle ages really
did with the materials they had at hand, and
how all those materials, whatever they were,
were made to harmonise' (Builder, xxxv.
1051). Of Brandon's original professional
labours the best known are the large church
in Gordon Square, London, executed in con-
junction with Mr. Ritchie for the members
of the catholic apostolic church ; the small
church of St. Peter's in Great Windmill
Street, close to the Haymarket ; and a third
in Knightsbridge, unfortunately not favour-
ably situated for architectural display. In
these he faithfully endeavoured to carry out
the mediaeval spirit and mode of work, and
no doubt in the first case he has to a great
extent succeeded. But he failed to become
a successful architect. His temperament was
over-sensitive, and he latterly fell into ex-
treme mental dejection ; on 8 Oct. 1877 he
committed suicide by shooting himself in his
chambers, 17 Clement's Inn. His wife and
one child predeceased him.
BRANDON, JOSHUA ARTHUR (1802-1847),
architect and joint author with his brother,
John Raphael Brandon, prosecuted his pro-
fession with zeal and ability, and had before
his early death at the age of twenty-five at-
tained what promised to become a consider-
able practice, particularly in church archi-
tecture, for which his studies along with his
brother and the fame of their joint publica-
tions so well fitted him. The 'brothers were
most intimately associated in their profes-
sional studies and labours, and their names
cannot be separated.
[Builder, vol. v. 1847, xxxv. 1041 and 1051;
Times, 12 Oct. 1877,] G-. W. B.
BRANDON, RICHARD (d. 1649), exe-
cutioner of Charles I, was the son of Gregory
Brandon, common hangman of London in
the early part of the seventeenth century,
and the successor of Derrick. Anstis tells
the story that Sir William Segar, Garter king
of arms, ignorant of the elder Brandon's
occupation, was led by Ralph Brooke, York
herald, to grant him a coat of arms in De-
cember 1616 (Register of the Garter, ii. 399).
Both father and son were notorious charac-
ters in London, the former being commonly
called ' Gregory,' and the latter ' Young Gre-
gory,' on account of the elder Brandon's long
tenure of office. From an early age ' Young
Gregory ' is said to have prepared himself for
his calling by decapitating cats and dogs.
He succeeded his father shortly before 1640
(Old Newes Newly Revived, 1640). In 1641
he was a prisoner in Newgate on a charge of
bigamy, from which he seems to have cleared
himself (The Organ's Eccho, 1641). He was
the executioner of Straffbrd (12 May 1641)
and of Laud (10 Jan. 1644-5) (cf. Canter-
bury's Will, 1641). Brandon asserted, after
judgment had been passed on Charles I
(27 Jan. 1648-9), that he would not carry
out the sentence. On 30 Jan., however, he
was ' fetched out of bed by a troop of horse,'
and decapitated the king. He < received
30 pounds for his pains, all paid in half-
crowns, within an hour after the blow was
given,' and obtained an orange ' stuck full of
cloves ' and a handkerchief out of the king's
pocket ; he ultimately sold the orange for
10*. in Rosemary Lane, where he lived. He
executed the Earl of Holland, the Duke of
Hamilton, and Lord Capel in the following
March, with the same axe as he had used on
the king, suffered much from remorse, died
on 20 June 1 649, and was buried the next day
in Whitechapel churchyard. On 15 Oct.
1660 William Hulett, or Hewlett, was con-
demned to death for having been Charles's
executioner; bnt three witnesses asserted
positively that Brandon was the guilty per-
son, and their statement is corroborated by
three tracts, published at the time of Bran-
don's death— i The Last Will and Testament
of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and
hangman to the Pretended Parliament,' 1649 ;
Brandon
224
Brandreth
' The Confession of Richard Brandon, the
Hangman,' 1649 ; ' A Dialogue, or a Dispute
between the Late Hangman and Death,' 1649.
Other persons who have been credited with
executing Charles I are the Earl of Stair
(HoNE, Sixty Curious Narratives, pp. 138-
140), Lieutenant-colonel Joyce (LiLLT, Life
and Times}, and Henry Porter (Cal. State
Papers, Dom. 29 April 1663 ; Lords1 Journal,
xi. 104), but all the evidence points to Bran-
don as the real culprit. Very many references
to Brandon and his father are met with in
contemporary dramatic and popular litera-
ture.
[Cat. of Satirical Prints in Brit. Mus., Div. I ;
Ellis's Orig. Letters, 2nd ser. iii. 340-41 ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. ii. v. vi., 2nd ser. ix. xi.,
3rd ser. vii.s 4th ser. iii., oth ser. v.] S. L. L.
BRANDON, SAMUEL (16th cent.), is
the author of ' The Tragi-comcedi of the Vir-
tuous Octavia,' 1598, 12mo. Concerning his
life no particulars whatever are preserved. His
solitary play is a work of some merit and of
considerable value and rarity. The plot, taken
from the life of Augustus by Suetonius, and
that of Mark Antony by Plutarch, follows
to some extent classical models. Its scene
is Rome, and its catastrophe the death of
Mark Antony. The fact that at the close
the heroine, who oscillates between love for
her husband and jealousy of Cleopatra, is still
alive, is the excuse for calling it a tragi-
comedy. Weak in structure and deficient
in interest, the ( Virtuous Octavia ' has claims
to attention as poetry. It is written in de-
casyllabic verse with rhymes to alternate
lines, and includes choruses lyrical in form
and fairly spirited. Two epistles between
Octavia and Mark Antony, ' in imitation of
Ovid's style, but writ in long Alexandrins '
(LANGBAINE, p. 30, ed. 1691), are added. These
epistles 'are dedicated to the honourable,
virtuous, and excellent Mrs. Mary Thin ' (ib^)
The play itself is dedicated to Lady Lucia
Audelay. At the close of the work are the
Italian words : ' L' acq ua non temo dell' eterno
oblio.'
[Langbaine'sDramaticPoets ; Baker, Reed, and
Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Collier's History
of English Dramatic Poetry, 1879; Lowndes's
Bibliographer's Manual.] J. K.
BRANDON, SIR THOMAS (d. 1509),
diplomatist, was the son of William Bran-
don and Elizabeth Wynfyld, and uncle to
the celebrated Charles Brandon [q.v.], duke
of Suffolk. His family were staunch sup-
porters of the Lancastrian cause. His brother,
William, was slain at the battle of Bos-
worth gallantly defending the standard of
Henry VII. A contemporary manuscript
speaks of Sir Thomas as having 'greatly
favoured and followed the party of Henry,
earl of Richmond.' He married Anne, daugh-
ter of John Fiennes, Lord Dacre, and
widow of the Marquis of Berkeley. She died
in 1497 without issue. He was appointed
to the embassy charged with concluding
peace with France in 1492, and again in-
1500 he formed one of the suite which ac-
companied Henry VII to Calais to meet
the Archduke Philip of Austria. In 1503,
together with Nicholas West, subsequently
bishop of Ely, he was entrusted with the
important mission of concluding a treaty with
the Emperor Maximilian at Antwerp. The
principal object of this treaty was to induce
Maximilian to withdraw his support from
Edmund de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and
banish him and the other English rebels
from his dominions. Other points touched
upon were the treatment of Milan and the
question of Maximilian receiving the garter.
Maximilian, according to his custom, behaved
with much indecision, and, after solemnly
ratifying the treaty, allowed the English
ambassadors to leave, 'marvailing of this
soden defection seyng divers matters as un-
determyned.' On his return to England,
Brandon was treated with much considera-
tion by Henry VII, and we find him holding
such offices as those of master of the king's
horse, keeper of Freemantill Park, and mar-
shal of the King's Bench. He was noted
for his prowess as a knight and skill in mili-
tary affairs. In the records of a tournament
held in 1494 to celebrate the creation of the
king's second son as knight of the Bath and
Duke of York, Thomas Brandon is mentioned
as having distinguished himself. For his
prowess in arms he was made a knight of
the Garter. In October 1507 he was sent
to meet Sir Balthasar de Castiglione, am-
bassador to the Duke of Urbino, who came to
England to receive the order of the Garter
in his master's name. Brandon died in 1509.
[Add. MS. 6298 ; The Order of the Garter (Ash-,
mole), 1672 ; Anstis's Order of the Garter, 1724 ;
Rymer's Fcedera, xiii. 35 ; G-airdner's Letters and
Papers illustrative of the reigns of Rich. Ill and
Henry VII ; Collins's Peerage of England, 1812 ;
Brewer's Letters and Papers, Foreign and Do-
mestic, of the reign of Henry VIII.] N. G.
BRANDRETH, JEREMIAH, otherwise
styled JEREMIAH COKE (d. 1817), leader of
an attempted rising against the government
in the midland counties, was, according to
three several accounts, a native of Ireland, of
Exeter, and — the most probable — of Wilford,
Nottingham, but nothing is known regarding
his parentage and very little regarding his
Brandreth
225
Brandreth
early life. For some time he was in the army,
but shortly before the attempted rising he
lived with his wife and three children at
Sutton-in-Ashfield, where he was occupied
as a framework knitter. His striking per-
sonal appearance and his daring and reckless
energy seem to have exercised an extraor-
dinary influence over his associates, by whom
lie was known merely as the ' Nottingham
Captain.' In reality he was the tool and
dupe of a person of the name of Oliver, who
encouraged him to undertake his quixotic
enterprise, by asserting that he was acting
in concert with others, who were fomenting
a general insurrection thoughout England.
Acting on the instructions and assurances of
Oliver, Brandreth, on 9 June 1817, assembled
about fifty associates, collected from adjoin-
ing districts, in Wingfield Park. Having
made a number of calls at farmhouses for
guns, in the course of which they shot a
farm-servant dead, the insurgents were pro-
ceeding on their march towards Nottingham,
which they supposed was already in the hands
•of their friends, when they were suddenly con-
fronted by a company of hussars. Brandreth
attempted to rally his straggling followers
to meet the threatened attack of the cavalry,
Imt they at once threw down their arms and
iled in all directions. Brandreth remained
in concealment till 50/. was offered for his
capture, upon which a friend betrayed him
to the government. He was tried by a
special commission at Derby in October fol-
lowing, and along with two of his associates
was executed at Nuns Green, Derby, 7 Nov.
He is said to have been about twenty-five
years of age. He refused to make any con-
fession or to give any particulars regarding
his past life.
[Button's Nottingham Date Book, pp. 335-42 •
Bailey's Annals of Nottingham, iii. 292-9 ;
Howell's State Trials (1817), xxxii. 755-955;
Trial of Jeremiah Brandreth for High Treason,
1817 ; Hunt's Green Bag Plot, 1819 ; Gent. Mag.
Ixxxvii. pt. ii. 358-60, 459-62.] T. F. H.
BRANDRETH, JOSEPH, M.D. (1746-
1815), physician, was born at Ormskirk,
Lancashire, in 1746. After graduating M.D.
at Edinburgh in 1770, where his thesis, ' De
Febribus intermittentibus,' was published,
he exercised his profession in his native town
until about 1776, when he succeeded to the
practice of Dr. Matthew Dobson, at Liver-
pool, on the retirement of that gentleman to
Bath. He remained at Liverpool for the
remainder of his life, and became an emi-
nently successful and popular practitioner.
He was a man of wide and various reading,
and possessed a most accurate and tenacious
VOL. VI.
memory, which he attributed to his habit of
depending on it without referring to notes.
He established the Dispensary at Liverpool
in 1778, and for thirty years gave great at-
tention to the Infirmary. The discovery of
the utility of applying cold in fever is as-
cribed to him. This remedy he described in
a paper ' On the Advantages arising from the
Topical Application of Cold Water and
Vinegar in Typhus, and on the Use of Large
Doses of Opium in certain Cases' (Med.
Commentaries, xvi. p. 382, 1791). He died
at Liverpool, 10 April 1815.
[Monthly Repository, 1815, p. 254; Gent.
Mag. Ixxxv. pt. i. 472 (taken from Liverpool
Mercury, 14 April 1815) ; Picton's Memorials of
Liverpool, 2nd ed. 1875, pp. 133, 147, 355;
Evans's Cat. of Portraits, ii. 49 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.] C. W. S.
BRANDRETH, THOMAS SHAW
(1788-1873), mathematician, classical scho-
lar, and barrister-at-law, descended from a
family that has been in possession of Lees in
Cheshire from the time of the civil war, was
born 24 July 1788, the son of Joseph Bran-
dreth, M.D. [q. v.] He was sent to Eton,
and was prepared by Dr. Maltby, afterwards
bishop of Durham, for Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, where he took his B. A. degree in 1810,
with the distinctions of second wrangler,
second Smith's prizeman, and chancellor's
medallist, and his degree of M.A. in 1813.
He was elected to a fellowship at his col-
lege, was called to the bar, and practised
at Liverpool, but his taste for scientific
inventions interfered not a little with his
success as a barrister. He was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1821 for his
' distinguished mathematical attainments.'
He had previously invented his logometer,
or ten-foot gunter. He also invented a
friction wheel and a double-check clock es-
capement, all of which he patented. His
scientific tastes drew him into close friend-
ship with George Stephenson, and he was one
of the directors of the original Manchester
and Liverpool railway, but resigned shortly
before its completion. " He took an active part
in the survey of the line, especially of the part
across Chatmoss. The famous House of Com-
mons limitation of railway speed to ten miles
an hour, which threatened to destroy the hopes
of the promoters of steam locomotion, led
Brandreth to invent a machine in which the
weight of a horse was utilised on a moving
platform, and a speed of fifteen miles an hour
was expected ; but the success of the ' Rocket'
soon established the supremacy of steam, and
Brandreth's invention was only used where
steam power proved too expensive, as in Lorn-
Brandt
226
Brandwood
bardy and in some parts of the United States,
where it is still employed. These scientific
pursuits and his removal to London, where
he had no longer the legal connection, con-
siderably reduced his practice, and though he
was offered a judgeship at Jamaica, he decided
to retire to Worthing and devote himself to
the education of his children. He had mar- j
ried in 1822 a daughter of Mr. Ashton Byrom
of Fairview, near Liverpool, and had, besides
two daughters, five sons, who all distin-
guished themselves in the navy, at Cambridge,
or in India. At Worthing he resumed his
classical studies, and pursued a learned and
difficult inquiry into the use of the digamma
in the Homeric poems, and published the re-
sults in a treatise entitled ' A Dissertation on
the Metre of Homer ' (Pickering, 1844), and
also a text of the ' Iliad ' with the digamma
inserted and Latin notes ('OMHPOY /IAIA2,
littera digamma restituta, Pickering, 2 vols.
1841). This was followed by a translation of
the 'Iliad ' into blank verse, line for line (Pick-
ering, 2 vols. 1846), which was well received
as an accurate and scholarly version. He
also took a lively interest in the affairs of the
town, and was largely instrumental in per-
fecting the extensive water and drainage im-
provements of Worthing, where he was chair-
man of the first local board, and a justice of
the peace for West Sussex. He died in 1873.
[Private information.] S. L.-P.
BRANDT, FRANCIS FREDERICK
(1819-1874), barrister and author, eldest son
of the Rev. Francis Brandt, rector of Aid-
ford, Cheshire, 1843-50, who died 1870, by
Ellinor, second daughter of Nicholas Grim-
shaw of Preston, Lancashire, was born at
Gawsworth Rectory, Cheshire, in 1819. He
was educated at the Macclesfield grammar
school, entered at the Inner Temple in 1839,
and practised for some years as a special
pleader. Called to the bar at the Inner
Temple on 30 April 1847, he took the North
Wales and Chester circuit. He was a suc-
cessful and popular leader of the Chester and
Knutsford sessions, had a fair business in
London, especially as an arbitrator or referee,
was one of the revising barristers on his cir-
cuit, and was employed for many years as a
reporter for the 'Times' in the common
pleas. About 1864 he was offered and de-
clined an Indian judgeship. In his earlier
days he was a writer in magazines and in
1 Bell's Life.' The first of his books appeared
in 1857, and was entitled * Habet ! a Short
Treatise on the Law of the Land as it affects
Pugilism,' in which he attempted to show
that prize-fighting was not of itself illegal.
His next work was a novel called ' Frank
Morland's Manuscripts, or Memoirs of a
Modern Templar,' 1859, which was followed
by ' Fur and Feathers, the Law of the Land
relating to Game, &c.,' 1859, ( Suggestions for
the Amendment of the Game Laws,' 1862,
and ' Games, Gaming, and Gamesters' Law,y
1871, a book of considerable legal and anti-
quarian research, which reached a second
edition. He died at his chambers, 8 Fi'g-
tree Court, Temple, London, on Sunday,
6 Dec. 1874, having suffered much from a
neuralgic complaint, and was buried at Christ
Church, Todmorden. He was a zealous and
efficient member of the Inns of Court Rifle
Corps. Brandt was never married.
[Law Times (1874), Iviii. 125.] G. C. B.
BRANDWOOD, JAMES (1739-1826),
quaker, was born at New House in Entwisle,
near Rochdale, on 11 Nov. 1739, where his
parents were of yeoman stock. After a visit
to the Friends' meeting at Crawshawbooth,
Brandwood ceased to attend the services at
Turton chapel. He never married, and prac-
tised as a land surveyor and conveyancer, and
is also said to have acted as the steward of
the Turton estate. He had the character of
a plain, conscientious countryman, and after
his death a selection from his letters on
religious subjects was published. Brandwood
joined the quakers in 1761, and a meeting
was shortly afterwards settled at Edgworth,
where he resided many years. His religious
views deprived him of his fair share in the
patrimonial inheritance, and he received only
an annuity of 25/. As a recognised minister
of the Society of Friends he visited various
parts of England, and in 1787 went to Wales
in company with James Birch. In the ' testi-
mony ' respecting him we are told : ' About
the sixtieth year of his age, this, our dear
friend, through a combination of circum-
stances, appeared to be in some degree under
a cloud ; he became less diligent in attending
meetings, and in 1813 was discontinued as
an acknowledged minister.' In 1824, when
he settled at Westhoughton, he was rein-
stated as a minister, and visited many of the
southern meetings. He died on 23 March
1826. He was buried in the Friends' burial-
ground at Westhoughton. A selection was
made from his letters and papers. These
were edited by JohnBradshaw of Manchester,
and deal with matters of religious experi-
ence, ranging in date from 1782 to 1823. The
earliest is an essay ' On War, Oaths, and
Gospel Ministry,' and the latest is a letter
to a clergyman of the church of England,
written when the author was in his eighty-
fourth year. They were published in 1828,
two years after Brand wood's death.
Branker
227
Branston
[Letters and Extracts of Letters of the late
James Brandwood (a minister of the Society of
Friends), of Westhoughton, formerly of Edg-
worth, Manchester, 1828 ; Scholes's Biographical
Sketch of James Brandwood, Manchester, 1882 ;
Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books, London,
1867.] W. E. A. A.
BRANKER,
BRANCKEK.]
THOMAS.
[See
BRANSBY, JAMES HEWS (1783-
1847), Unitarian minister, was a native of
Ipswich. His father, John Bransby (d.
17 March 1837, aged seventy-five), was an
instrument maker, a fellow of the Royal As-
tronomical Society, author of a treatise on
1 The Use of the Globes, &c.,' 1791, 8vo, and
editor of the ' Ipswich Magazine,' 1799. The
son became heterodox in opinion, and was
educated for the Unitarian ministry, in the
academy maintained at Exeter from 1799 to
1804 by Timothy Kenrick and Joseph Bret-
land. On 1 May 1803 (Letter, p. 15) he
was invited to become minister at the * new
meeting' (opened 31 Oct. 1802) to the old
presbyterian congregation at Moreton Hamp-
stead, Devonshire. Here he kept a school,
and among his pupils was John Bowring,
afterwards Sir John Bowring, in whose au-
tobiography are some amusing particulars of
his master. In 1805 Bransby removed to
Dudley. He continued to keep a preparatory
school for boys. He was by no means un-
popular, but his eccentricities gradually ex-
cited considerable remark, particularly as he
developed a tendency which is perhaps best
described as kleptomania. At length he com-
mitted a breach of trust, involving forgery,
which was condoned on condition of his
quitting Dudley in 1828 for ever. He was
succeeded, on 1 July 1829, by Samuel Bache
[q. v.] Bransby retired to Wales, and sup-
ported himself by teaching,ir
ney to Ireland, to represent to the king, then -ce
engaged in attempting to reform the adminis-
E 2
Braybroke
244
Brayley
tration of that country, the necessity of taking
steps to curb the insolence of the Lollards,
who had nailed the principal articles of their
creed to the door of St. Paul's. Braybroke was
so far successful that Richard, on his return to
England, compelled the principal offenders,
Thomas Latimer and Richard Story, under
pain of death, to take an oath of recantation.
In the following year he was appointed, with
the archbishop of York, to levy a contribution
of 4d. per pound upon the value of all bene-
fices in the kingdom, imposed by the pope for
the benefit of the archbishop of Canterbury.
The death of the archbishop (Courtney) soon
relieved him from this unpopular duty. The
bishop's last important public act was the re-
form of the chapter of St. Paul's. The canons
residentiary had for some time past steadily
refused to fill up any vacancies in their body
unless the candidate for election would give
security that he would expend in the first
year after his election, in eatables and drink-
ables and other creature comforts, at least
seven hundred marcs, a sum many times ex-
ceeding the annual value of the richest pre-
bend. As a result the number of canons in
residence had dwindled down from thirty, the
full complement, to two, who divided between
themselves the whole revenue of the church,
and, not content with that, engrossed even the
bread and ale, which from time immemorial
had been the due of the non-resident canons.
To put an end to this fraud the bishop obtained
from the king a writ, dated 26 April 1398,
addressed to himself and the dean and chapter,
commanding them upon their allegiance, and
under pain of a fine of 4,000/., to make by
Michaelmas, at the latest, statutes regulating
the mode of election modelled on those in
force at Salisbury, and to observe them faith-
fully for the future. Braybroke was a trier
of petitions in most of Richard II's parlia-
ments ; he celebrated high mass in the lady
chapel at St. Paul's, on occasion of a convo-
cation of the clergy there in 1399, and was a
member of Henry IVs privy council for the
first three years of his reign. As to the
precise date of his death there was formerly
much doubt, five several dates being as-
signed by different writers, viz. 8 Dec. 1401
17 Aug. 1404, 27 Aug. 1404, 28 Aug. 1404,
and 27 Aug. 1405. That the first date is er-
roneous is proved by a deed of grant of the
manor of Crendon in Bedfordshire, preserved
in the archives of All Souls' College, Oxford
to which he was party, and which bears date
16 Feb. 1403-4. He was buried in the lady
chapel at St. Paul's, and a fine brass above
his tomb remained intact as late as 1641, when
Dugdale, who gives an engraving of it, saw it
The inscription on the plate assigns 27 Aug
1404 as the date of death, and with this God-
win (De Prcesul. 186) agrees. Braybroke was
hroughout his life a close friend of William
of Wykeham. The brass was destroyed during
he civil war. Dugdale relates that on the
burning of the church in 1666 Braybroke's
coffin was shattered by the. fall of a portion of
the ruins, and the body was taken out in a
state of perfect preservation, 'the flesh, sinews,
and skin cleaving fast to the bones,' so ' that
being set upon the feet it stood as stiff as a
plank, the skin being tough like leather, and
not at all inclined to putrefaction, which some
attributed to the sanctity of the person, of-
fering much money for it.'
[Le Neve's Fasti, i. 398, 591, ii. 99, 293, 6-15,
iii. 184, 186; Hardy's Cat. Lord Chancs. 43, 44;
Walsingham (Eolls Series), ii. 49, 65, 70, 162 ;
Dugdale's Hist, of St. Paul's (ed. Ellis), 16, 27, 33,
57, 124, 219, 358 ; Chrcmicon a Mon. St. Albani,
1328-88 (Rolls Series), 383; Holinshed anno
1387; Wilkins's Concilia, iii. 194, 196,. 218;
Wharton's Hist, de Episc. Londin. ; Cat. of Ar-
chives of All Souls' Coll. 27 ; Foss's Lives of the
Judges. E. W. Brabrook, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.S.L.,
contributed an elaborate paper on Braybroke to
the Transactions of the London and Middlesex
Archaeological Society, vol. iii. pt. x. in 1869.]
J. M. R.
BRAYBROOKE,LoEDs. [See NEVILLE.]
the monastery of Cluain Fearta, ' the lawn
of the grave/ now Clonfert, in the barony
and county of Longford, which afterwards-
became a bishop's see.
He subsequently visited St. Columba at
Hy, in company with two other saints. This
must have been after 563, when he was in
Brent
261
Brent
his seventy-ninth, year. On this occasion he
may have founded the two churches in Scot-
land of which he was patron (REEVES).
The last time we hear of him is at the in-
auguration of Aedh Caemh, the first Christian
king of Cashel, in 570, when he took the
place of the official bard, MacLenini, who
was a heathen. On this occasion Brendan
was the means of the bard's conversion, when
he gave him the name of Colman. He is since
known as St. Colman of Cloyne. Brendan
died in 577, in the ninety-fourth year of his
age. His day in the calendar is 16 May.
[Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum, Maii, torn, iii ,
Antverpiae, 1680 ; Colgan's Egressio Familise
Brendani, i. 72 ; Wright's Early English Ballads
(Percy Society), vol. xiv., 1844 ; Schroder's
Sanct Brandan, Erlangen, 1871 ; Eeeves's Adam-
nan's Life of Columba, 1857, pp. 55, 220, 223;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 22, &c. ; Dirndl, De
Mensura Orbis, Paris, 1814; O'Curry's MS. Ma-
terials of Irish History, p. 288, Dublin, 1861;
Beatha Breanainn, MS., in the Book of Lismore,
Royal Irish Academy, Dublin ; the Book of
Munster, MS. 23, E 26, in Eoyal Irish Aca-
demy.] T. 0.
BRENT, CHARLOTTE (d. 1802), after-
wards MKS. PINTO, singer, was the daughter
of a fencing-master and alto singer, who
sang in Handel's ' Jephtha ' in 1752. Miss
Brent was a favourite pupil of Dr. Arne, and
for her he composed much of his later and
more florid music, after his wife had retired
from public life. Miss Brent's first ap-
pearance took place in February 1758 at a
concert. On 3 March of the same year she
sang at Drury Lane in Arne's ' Eliza,' per-
formed as an oratorio for the composer's
benefit. Her voice at this time had not at-
tained its full strength, and Garrick (who
was no musician) refused to give her an en-
gagement. However, she was more fortunate
at Covent Garden, where she appeared as
Polly in the 'Beggar's Opera' on 10 Oct. 1759,
and repeated the same part for thirty-seven
consecutive nights. The following are some
of the principal parts which she played at
Covent Garden during her ten years' con-
nection with it. Rachel in the ' Jovial Crew'
(14Feb. 1760), Sabrina in ' Comus ' (27 March
1760), the Fine Lady in ' Lethe ' (8 April
1760), Sally in 'Thomas and Sally (28 Oct.
1760), Mandane in ' Artaxerxes ' (2 Feb.
1762), Margery in the ' Dragon of Wantley '
(4 May 1762), Rosetta in 'Love in a Vil-
lage ' (8 Dec. 1762), Flirtilla in the ' Guar-
dian Outwitted ' (12 Dec. 1764), Patty in the
1 Maid of the Mill ' (31 Jan. 1765), Miss Biddy
in ' Miss in her Teens ' (22 March 1766),
Lady Lucy in the ' Accomplished Maid '
(3 Dec. 1766), Rosamund in the opera of that
name (21 April 1767), Jacqueline in the
' Royal Merchant ' (14 Dec. 1767), Sophia in
'Tom Jones ' (14 Jan. 1768), and Thais in the
' Court of Alexander ' (1770). She was the
original Sally, Mandane, Flirtilla, Rosetta,
and Patty, most of which parts were written
to display her perfect execution and good
style. In 1764-5 Tenducci and Miss Brent
performed in ' Samson ' and other Handelian
selections at Ranelagh. She sang at the
Hereford festival in 1765, at Gloucester in
1766, and at Worcester in 1767. In the au-
tumn of 1766 she became the second wife of
Thomas Pinto ; her marriage is said to have
so disgusted Dr. Arne that on hearing her men-
tioned he exclaimed, ' Oh, sir, pray don't name
her ; she has married a fiddler.' About 1770
she left Covent Garden, where Miss Catley
was beginning to occupy the place she had
hitherto filled, and for the next ten years she
went a succession of tours with her husband
in Scotland and Ireland, appearing at Dub-
lin in 1773 as Urganda in Michael Arne's
' Cymon.' Although she had acquired large
sums of money, she was embarrassed in her
old age. In 1784 she was living in Black-
moor Street, Clare Market. On 22 April of
this year she reappeared at Covent Garden for
one night in ' Comus,' singing for the bene-
fit of Hull, the stage-manager. It was said
that her voice still ' possessed the remains of
those qualities for which it had been so much
celebrated — power, flexibility, and sweetness.'
After her husband's death she devoted her-
self to the education of her talented step-
grandson, G. F. Pinto [q. v.], whose prema-
ture decease she survived. In the latter part
of her life Mrs. Pinto lived at 6 Vauxhall
Walk, and was so poor that Fawcett, the ac-
tor, used to give her a dinner every Sunday,
and ' sometimes a bit of finery, of which she
was very fond.' Here she died 10 April 1802,
and was buried (in the same grave as G. F.
Pinto) in the churchyard of St. Margaret's,
Westminster, 011 the 15th of the same month.
The only portrait of her seems to be a small
medallion with Beard in 'Thomas and Sally,'
printed for Robert Sawyer.
[Information from Mr. W. H. Husk ; Thespian
Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1805; European Magazine,
xli. 335 ; Grenest's History of the Stage, vol. iv.;
Busby's Anecdotes, i. 119; Parke's Musical Me-
moirs, i. 57, 150; Pohl's Mozart in London, 43 ;
Annals of the Three Choirs, 41, 43.] W. B. S.
BRENT, JOHN (1808-1882), antiquary
and novelist, was born at Rotherhithe on
21 Aug. 1808, and was the eldest son of a
father of the same name, a shipbuilder there,
who about the year 1821 removed to Canter-
bury, and became thrice mayor of the city
Brent
262
Brent
and deputy-lieutenant of the county. His
mother was Susannah, third daughter of^the
Rev. Sampson Kingsford of Sturry, near Can-
terbury (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvii. pt. ii. 1074).
In his early days he carried on the business of
a miller, occupied for many years a seat on the
council of the Canterbury corporation, and
was elected an alderman, but resigned that po-
sition on being appointed city treasurer. Brent
died at his house on the Dane John, Canter-
bury, 23 April 1882. During the course of a
long life, he was indefatigable in his attempts
to throw light on the past history of the city
and county in which he dwelt. He became
a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in April
1853, and was also a member of the British
Archaeological Association and of the Kent
Archaeological Society. His contributions to
antiquarian literature are mostly to be found
in the various publications of these societies.
To the forty-first volume of the ' Archseologia '
(pp. 409-20) he communicated a paper of value
to ethnological science, being an account of his
' Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Stowting, in Kent, during the autumn of I860.'
In 1855 he had published a revised edition of
Felix Summerly's 'Handbook for Canterbury,'
and in 1875 there appeared his ' Catalogue of
the Antiquities in the Canterbury Museum,'
of which he was honorary curator. His work
Canterbury in the Olden Time,' 8vo,
1860 (enlarged edition in 1879), from its re-
search and originality, bears testimony to his
unwearied industry and his ability as an an-
tiquarian topographer. Brent also claims
notice as a poet and novelist, having published
1. ' The Sea Wolf, a Romance,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1834. 2. < Lays of Poland,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1836. 3. ' Lays and Legends of Kent,"
12mo, Canterbury, 1840 ; second edition, 1851.
4. ' Guillemette La Delanasse,' a poem, 12mo,
Canterbury, 1840. 5. ' The Battle Cross. A
Romance of the Fourteenth Century,' 3 vols
12mo, London, 1845. 6. ' Ellie Forestere, a
novel,' 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1850. 7. ' Sun-
beams and Shadows,' poems, printed for pri-
vate circulation, 1853. 8. 'Village Bells,
Lady Gwendoline, and other Poems,' 8vo
London, 1865; second edition, 1868. 9. ' Ata-
lanta, Winnie, and other Poems,' 12mo, Lon-
don, 1873. 10. ' Justine,' a poem, 12mo, Lon-
don, 1881. A collected edition of his poems
was published in 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1884
Numerous tales, poems, and miscellaneous
articles from his pen are also to be found in
the various magazines devoted to light lite-
rature. At the time of the insurrection in
Poland, Brent became the local secretary o
the Polish Association.
[Information from Mr. Cecil Brent, F.S.A.
Journal of the British Archaeological Associa-
ion, xxxviii. 235-6 ; Gruillaumet's Tablettes
3iographiques; Kentish Chronicle, 29 April
882; Times, 29 April 1882; Koach Smith's
Retrospections, i. 159.] Gr. G-.
BRENT, SIR NATHANIEL (1573?-
L652), warden of Merton College, Oxford,
was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wol-
brd, Warwickshire, where he was born about
L573. His grandfather's name was Richard,
and his great-grandfather was John Brent
of Cosington, Somersetshire. He became
portionist,' or postmaster, of Merton Col-
lege, Oxford, in 1589; proceeded B.A. on
20 June 1593 ; was admitted probationer fel-
,ow there in 1594, and took the degree of
M.A. on 31 Oct. 1598. He was proctor of
the university in 1607, and admitted bachelor
of law on 11 Oct. 1623. In 1613 and 1614
tie travelled abroad ' into several parts of the
Learned world, and underwent dangerous ad-
ventures in Italy to procure the " History of
the Council of Trent," which he translated
into English' (WOOD). In 1616 Carleton,
ambassador at the Hague, writes to Win-
wood that he leaves Brent, *' one not un-
known to your honour,' to conduct the busi-
ness of the embassy during his temporary
absence at Spa. On 31 Oct. of the same
year Carleton writes again to Winwood that
Brent is bringing home despatches, and
hopes to secure an office in Ireland, for which
Carleton recommends him highly. On 26 Nov.
Winwood replied that the post in question,
that of ' secretary of Ireland,' had been con-
ferred on Sir Francis Annesley before Brent's
arrival in England. Soon after the close of
his foreign tour Brent married Martha, the
daughter and heiress of Robert Abbot, bishop
of Salisbury, and niece of George Abbot,
archbishop of Canterbury.
The influence of the Abbots secured Brent's
election in 1622 to the wardenship of Merton
College, in succession to Sir Henry Savile.
He was afterwards appointed commissary of
the diocese of Canterbury, and vicar-general
to the archbishop, and on Sir Henry Marten's
death became judge of the prerogative court.
During the early years of Laud's primacy
(1634-7), Brent made a tour through the
length and breadth of England south of the
Trent, reporting upon and correcting eccle-
siastical abuses (GAKDINEK, Hist. 1884, viii.
108-17; cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 131-
147). But Brent chiefly owed his fame to his
connection with Merton College. Wood, who
was largely indebted to Brent, refers to him
as one who, ' minding wealth and the settling1
a family more than generous actions,' al-
lowed the college to lose much of the re-
putation it had acquired under Sir Henry
Savile (WooD, Athena, ed. Bliss, ii. 316).
Brent
263
Brent
Complaints were frequently made of Brent's
long sojourns in London, where he had a
house of his own in Little Britain. On
23 Aug. 1629 he was knighted at Woodstock
by the king, who was preparing to pay a
state visit to Oxford. On 24 Aug. Brent
entertained the French and Dutch ambas-
sadors at Merton, and on 27 Aug. gave a
dinner to the king and queen. In 1629-30
he was admitted to the freedom of the city
of Canterbury honoris causa, (Hist. MSS.
Comm. 9th Rep. 163 £). In August 1636
Brent presented Prince Charles and Prince
Rupert for degrees, when Laud, who had
become chancellor in 1639, was entertain-
ing the royal family. In 1638 Laud held
a visitation of Merton College, and in-
sisted on many radical reforms. Laud stayed
at the college for many weeks, and found
Brent an obstinate opponent. Laud complains
in his 'Diary' that 'the warden appeared
very foul.' Some outrageous charges of mal-
administration were indeed brought against
Brent by some of those whom Laud examined,
but the visitor took no public proceedings
against Brent on these grounds. His let-
ters to the warden are, however, couched in
very haughty and decisive language. Brent
ultimately gained the victory over Laud.
The tenth charge in the indictment drawn
up against the archbishop in 1641 treats of
the unlawful authority exercised by him at
Merton in 1638. The warden came forward
as a hostile witness at Laud's trial. His testi-
mony as to Laud's intimacy with papists and
the like was very damaging to the archbishop,
but it does not add much to his own reputa-
tion. Laud replied to Brent's accusations
in his ' History of the Troubles and Trial '
(Anglo-Cath. Libr. iv. 194). On the out-
break of the civil wars Brent sided with the
parliament. Before Charles I entered Ox-
ford (29 Oct. 1642), the warden had aban-
doned Oxford for London. On 27 Jan. 1644-
1645 Charles I wrote to the loyal fellows at
Merton that Brent was deposed from his
office on the grounds of his having absented
himself for three years from the college, of
having adhered to the rebels, and of having
accepted the office of judge-marshal in their
ranks. He had also signed the covenant.
The petition for the formal removal of Brent,
to which the king's letter was an answer,
was drawn up by John Greaves, Savilian
professor of geometry. On 9 April the great
William Harvey was elected to fill Brent's
Elace ; but as soon as Oxford fell into the
ands of Fairfax, the parliamentary general
(24 June 1646), Brent returned to Merton,
and apparently resumed his post there with-
out any opposition being offered him. In
1647 Brent was appointed president of the
famous parliamentary commission, or visita-
tion, ordered by the parliament 'for the due
; correction of offences, abuses, and disorders '
in the university. The proceedings began
I on 3 June, but it was not until 30 Sept.
1 that the colleges were directed to forward
to Merton their statutes, registers, and ac-
counts to enable Brent and his colleague
to really set to work. On 12 April 1648
Brent presented four of the visitors for the
degree of M.A. Early in May of the same
year Brent showed more mercy than his
colleagues approved by ' conniving ' at An-
thony a Wood's retention of his postmaster-
ship in spite of his avowed royalism. Wood
tells us that he owed this favour to the in-
tercession of his mother, whom Brent had
known from a girl. On 17 May 1649 Fairfax
and Cromwell paid the university a threaten-
ing visit, and malcontents were thenceforth
proceeded against by the commission with the
utmost rigour. But Brent grew dissatisfied
with its proceedings. The visitors claimed to
rule Merton College as they pleased, and, with-
out consulting the warden, they admitted fel-
lows, masters, and bachelors of arts. On
13 Feb. 1650-1 he sent a petition of protest
against the conduct of the visitors to parlia-
ment. The commissioners were ordered to
answer Brent's complaint, but there is no
evidence that they did so, and in October
1651 Brent retired from the commission. On
27 Nov. following he resigned his office of
warden, nominally in obedience to an order
forbidding pluralities, but his refusal to sign
' the engagement,' which would have bound
him to support a commonwealth without a
king or a house of lords, was probably the
more direct cause of his resignation. Brent
afterwards withdrew to his house in Little
Britain, London, and died there on 6 Nov.
1652. He was buried in the church of St. Bar-
tholomew the Less on 17 Nov. Wood states
that he had seen an epitaph in print on Brent
by one 'John Sictar, a Bohemian exile, whom
Brent had provisioned ' in his lifetime.
Brent's daughter Margaret married Ed-
ward Corbet of Merton College, a presbyte-
rian, on whom Laud repeatedly refused to
confer the living of Chartham. Brent's lite-
rary work was small. In 1620 he translated
into English the ' History of the Council of
Trent ' by Pietro Soane Polano (i.e. Pietro
Sarpi). A second edition appeared in 1629,
and another in 1676. Archbishop Abbot had
caused the Latin original to be published for
the first time in 1619 in London. In 1625,
' at the importunity of George [Abbot], arch-
bishop of Canterbury,' Brent edited and re-
published the elaborate defence of the church
Brentford
264
Brenton
of England * Vindicise Ecclesiee Anglicanse,'
first published in 1613 by Francis Mason,
archdeacon of Norfolk (STRYPE, Parker, i.
117). He did ' review it,' says Wood (Athena
Oxon., Bliss, ii. 307), ' examine the quota-
tions, compare them with the originals, and
at length printed the copy as he found it
under the author's hands.'
[Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College, Ox-
ford; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 332-6,
and passim ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. iii. ; Laud's
Works; Oal. State Papers (Dom.), 1615-50;
Burrow's Parliamentary Visitation of Oxford
(Camden Soc.)]. S. L. L.
BRENTFORD, EAEL or. [See RUTH-
TEN.]
BRENTON, EDWARD PELHAM
(1774-1839), captain in the royal navy,
younger brother of Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel
Brenton [q. v.], was born at Rhode Island on
20 July 1774. He entered the navy in 1788,
and, after serving in the East Indies and in
the Channel fleet, was made lieutenant on
27 May 1795. His services in that rank in
the North Sea, on the Newfoundland station,
and in the West Indies, call for no special
notice. On 29 April 1802 he was made
commander, and on the renewal of the war
in 1803 was appointed to the command of
the Merlin, and employed in the blockade
of the north coast of France. On 16 Dec.
1803 he succeeded in a gallant attempt to
destroy the Shannon frigate, which had got
on shore not far from Cape Barfleur, and
had been taken possession of by the French.
In January 1805 he was appointed to the
Amaranthe brig, in which he cruised with
some success in the North Sea ; and in 1808
he was sent to the West Indies, where, for his
distinguished gallantry in the attack on a
small French squadron under the batteries of
St. Pierre of Martinique, he was advanced to
post rank, his commission being dated back
to 13 Dec. 1808, the day of the action. An-
ticipating his promotion, the admiral, Sir
Alexander Cochrane, had appointed him act-
ing captain of the Pomp6e (74), bearing the
broad pennant of Commodore Cockburn, under
whose immediate command he served with
the brigade of seamen landed for the reduc-
tion of Martinique. He afterwards returned
to Europe, with the commodore, in the Belle-
isle, in charge of the garrison, who, according
to the capitulation, were to be conveyed to
France and there exchanged. As, however,
the French government refused to restore an
equivalent number of English, the prisoners,
to the number of 2,400, were carried to
Portsmouth and detained there till the end
of the war. Captain Brenton was after-
wards employed in convoy service, and in
August 1810 was appointed to command the
Spartan frigate, in succession to his brother
[see BRENTON, Sm JAHLEEL]. In the course
of 1811 the Spartan was sent to North
America, and continued on that station
during the greater part of the war with the
United States, but met with no opportunity
of distinguished service. She returned to
England in the autumn of 1813, when
Brenton went on half-pay ; nor did he ever
serve again, with the exception of a few
months in the summer of 1815, when he
acted as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Sir
Benjamin Hallowell.
Brenton now devoted a large portion of
his time to literary pursuits, and published
in 1823 a l Naval History of Great Britain
from the year 1783 to 1822,' 5 vols. 8vo ;
and in 1838 the ' Life and Correspondence
of John, Earl of St. Vincent,' 2 vols. 8vo.
As an officer of rank, who had been actively
employed during all the important part of
the period of his history, his opportunities
of gaining information were almost un-
equalled; but he seems to have been con-
stitutionally incapable of sifting such evidence
as came before him, and to have been guided
more frequently by prejudice than by judg-
ment. The plan of his work is good and
comprehensive, but the execution is feeble,
and its authority as to matter of fact is of
the slenderest possible. In addition to these
more important literary labours, he took an
active, and latterly an absorbing, part in
the promotion of temperance societies, in
the establishment and conduct of the Society
for the Relief of Shipwrecked Mariners,
and more especially of the Children's Friend
Society, the intention of which was, in
many respects, better than the results.
These, in fact, drew down on him and his
management much harsh criticism, which
he felt severely, and which to a serious
extent embittered the closing years of his
life. He died suddenly on 6 April 1839.
He married, in March 1803, Margaret Diana,
daughter of General Cox, by whom he had
a large family.
In addition to the more bulky works
already mentioned, he was also the author
of ' The Bible and Spade : an Account of
the Rise and Progress of the Children's
Friend Society,' 1837, 12mo; and of several
pamphlets on 'Suppression of Mendicity,'
' Poor Laws,' ' Juvenile Vagrancy,' and
similar subjects.
[Marshall's Royal Nav. Eiog.v. (suppl. parti.)
411; Memoir of Captain Edward Pelham Bren-
ton, with Sketches of his Professional Life and
Exertions in the Cause of Humanity as con-
Brenton
265
Brenton
nected with the Children's Friend Society, &c. ;
Observations upon Brenton's Naval History and
Life of the Earl of St. Vincent, by his brother,
Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, 1842, 8vo, a
very one-sided view of Captain Brenton's great
merits as an historian and as a philanthropist ;
Quarterly Eeview, Ixii. 424, a severe, but not
too severe, article on the Life of Lord St. Vincent.]
J. K. L.
BRENTON, SIK JAHLEEL (1770-
1844), vice-admiral, eldest son of Rear-
admiral Jahleel Brenton, the head of a family
which had emigrated to America early in
the seventeenth century, was born in Rhode
Island on 22 Aug. 1770. When the war of
independence broke out, Mr. Brenton, then
a lieutenant in the navy, adhered to the
royalist party, and his wife and children
were sent to England. He himself was in
1781 promoted to the command of the Queen,
armed ship, on board which ship his son
Jahleel was entered as a midshipman. For
two years the boy served under his father's
immediate command, and on the peace in
1783 was sent to school at Chelsea, where,
and afterwards in France, he continued till
1787, when he again entered the navy as a
midshipman. In 1790, having passed his
examination, and seeing no chance of either
employment or promotion, he accepted a com-
mission in the Swedish navy, and took part
in the battles of Biorkosund on 3 and 4 June,
and of Svenskasund on 9 July. In later life,
when deeply impressed by religious ideas, he
'felt and acknowledged the guilt of this
step.' On 20 Nov. 1790 he was promoted to
the rank of lieutenant in the English navy,
and returned home in consequence. His
service during the succeeding years, mostly
in the Mediterranean, does not require any
special notice. In the battle off Cape St.
Vincent he was, still a lieutenant, on board
the Barfleur, and in the course of 1798 he
obtained from the commander-in-chief an
acting order to command the Speedy brig,
though he was not confirmed in the rank till
3 July 1799. His conduct on several occa-
sions in action with the enemy's gunboats
won for him the approval of the admiralty
and his post rank, 25 April 1800, when he
was appointed temporarily to the Genereux
prize, giving up the command of the Speedy
to Lord Cochrane, who rendered her name
immortal in the history of our navy. In the
following January he was appointed to the
Caesar, as flag-captain to Sir James Saumarez,
and had thus an important part in the un-
fortunate battle of Algeziras on 6 July, and
in the brilliant defeat of the allied squadron
in the Straits on 12 July 1801. He con-
tinued in the Caesar, after the peace, till
March 1 802, when he obtained leave to re-
: turn to England, chiefly, it would seem, in
order to be married to Miss Isabella Stewart,
an American lady to whom he had been long
engaged.
In March 1803 he was appointed to the
Minerve frigate, but had only just joined her
j when a severe wound, given by a block fall-
I ing on his head, compelled him to go on
I shore ; he was not able to resume the com-
! mand till June, and in his first cruise, having
! chased some vessels in towards Cherbourg
I in a thick fog, the ship got aground under
| the guns of the heaviest batteries (2 July
I 1803). After sustaining the enemy's fire
for ten hours, and failing in all attempts to
! get her off, Brenton was compelled to sur-
render. He and the whole ship's company
were made prisoners of war, and so the
greater number of them continued till the
peace in 1814 ; but Brenton himself was for-
tunate in being exchanged in December 1806
for a nephew of MassSna, who had been taken
prisoner at Trafalgar. He was shortly after-
wards tried for the loss of the Minerve, and
on his honourable acquittal was at once ap-
pointed to the Spartan, a new frigate of 38
guns, ordered to the Mediterranean. The
service there was arduous and honourable,
but years passed away without leading to
any especial distinction. In October 1809
the Spartan was part of the force engaged in
the reduction of the Ionian Isles, and in May
1810, whilst cruising in company with the
Success, of 32 guns, and the Espoir brig,
chased a small French squadron into Naples.
This consisted of the Ceres frigate of the
same force as the Spartan, though with about
one-fourth more men, the Fama frigate of
28 guns, a brig, a cutter, and seven gunboats.
Brenton, feeling certain that the French ships
would not come out in the face of two fri-
gates, despatched the Success to the south-
ward, and on the morning of 3 May stood
back towards Naples, hoping to tempt the
enemy to come out. They had anticipated
his wish, and having taken on board some
400 soldiers, in addition to their already
large complements, met the Spartan in the
very entrance of the bay, about midway be-
tween Ischia and Capri. The action that
ensued was extremely bloody, for the Spar-
tan's broadsides told" with terrible effect on
the crowded decks of the Ceres and her
consorts, while on the other hand the heavy
fire of the gunboats inflicted severe loss
on the Spartan. Brenton himself was badly
wounded in the hip by a grapeshot, and
during the latter part of the fight the Spar-
tan was commanded by her first-lieutenant,
Willes, the father of the present Admiral
Brenton
266
Brereley
Sir George Ommanney Willes. The brig was
captured, but, the Spartan's rigging being
much cut, the Ceres and Fama succeeded in
getting under some batteries in Baia Bay
(JAMES, Naval History, edit. 1859, v. 115).
For his gallant and skilful conduct of the
action Willes was deservedly promoted ; and
Captain Brenton's bravery, his tactical skill,
and the severity of his wound won for him
sympathy and admiration which forgot to
remark on his mistaken judgment in sending
the Success away — mistaken, for the resolve
of the enemy to come out was formed quite
independently of the Success's absence. The
Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's voted him a sword,
value one hundred guineas ; the king of the
Two Sicilies presented him with the Grand
Cross of St. Ferdinand ; he was made a baronet
on 3 Nov. 1812, and aK.C.B. on 2 Jan. 1815.
Brenton's wound made it necessary for
him to return to England, which he was per-
mitted to do in the Spartan ; and for nearly
two years he was on shore, suffering much
pain, aggravated by the loss of all his pro-
perty by the failure of his agents, and by the
loss of a prize appeal which involved him
to the extent of 3,000£ This liability, how-
ever, some friends took on themselves, trust-
ing to have it made good from the bankrupt's
estate ; and a pension of 300/. in considera-
tion of his wound relieved him of this pressing
pecuniary anxiety. In March 1812, having
partly recovered from his wound, he ac-
cepted the command of the Stirling Castle,
74 guns, in the Channel ; but feeling that his
lameness and the occasional pain incapacitated
him for active service, he soon resigned the
appointment. Towards the close of 1813 he
was appointed commissioner of the dockyard
at Port Mahon, and on the abolition of that
establishment at the peace he was sent to the
Cape of Good Hope in the same capacity. The
establishment there was also reduced on the
death of Napoleon in 1821, and Brenton re-
turned to England in January 1822. He then
for some time had the command of the royal
yacht, and afterwards of the guardship at
Sheerness. He attained his flag in 1830, and
in 1831, on the death of Captain Browell,
was appointed lieutenant-governor of Green-
wich Hospital. In course of seniority he
would have been included in the promotion
on the queen's coronation, and have been
made a vice-admiral ; but that being incom-
patible with his office at Greenwich, the rank
was held in abeyance, though given him, with
his original seniority, on his retirement in
1840. His health had during all these years
been very broken, and he died on 3 April
1844.
During a great part of his life he devoted
much time and energy to business connected
with religious or charitable organisations,
and in assisting his brother [see BRENTON",
EDWARD PELHAM], of whom he wrote a me-
moir referring chiefly to these pursuits. He
was also the author of ' The Hope of the
Navy, or the True Source of Discipline and
Efficiency ' (cr. 8vo, 1839), a religious essay ;
'An Appeal to the British Nation on be-
half of her Sailors ' (12mo, 1838) ; and some
pamphlets. He was twice married : his first
wife died in 1817, and in 1822 he married a
cousin, Miss Harriet Brenton, who survived
him. He left only one son, Lancelot Charles
Lee Brenton, who, after taking his degree at
Oxford, became a nonconformist minister;
on his death, without issue, the baronetcy
became extinct.
[Memoir of the Life and Services of Vice-
admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, Bart., K.C.B., edited
by the Kev. Henry Kaikes, Chancellor of the
Diocese of Chester, 8vo, 1846 — a ponderous
work, smothered in a confused mass of religious
meditation ; a somewhat abridged edition, edited
by Sir L. Charles L. Brenton, was published in
1855; some of Sir Jahleel's official correspon-
dence, whilst at the Cape, with Colonel (after-
wards Sir Hudson) Lowe is in Brit. Mus. Add.
MSS. 20139, 20189-91, 20233.] J. K. L.
BRERELEY, JOHN. [See ANDERTON,
JAMES.]
BRERELEY or BRIERLEY, ROGER
(1586-1637), divine and poet, was born on
4 Aug. 1586, at Mar land, then a hamlet in
the parish of Rochdale, where Thomas Brere-
ley, his father, and Roger, his grandfather,
were farmers. The name is spelled in many
ways, but it seems best to adhere to the
form which constantly recurs in the Roch-
dale baptismal register, as this undoubtedly
represents the right pronunciation. From
his father's brother Richard the Brearleys of
Handworth, Yorkshire, are descended. He
had three brothers and two sisters younger
than himself. Brereley himself began life as a
puritan. He took orders and became perpetual
curate of Grindleton Chapel, in the parish of
Mitton in Craven. The stipend (in 1654)
was worth 51. He held (in 1626) a close in
Castleton, in the manor of Rochdale, which
had belonged to his grandfather. His preach-
ing was simple and spiritual, and his followers
soon became distinguished as a party. As
early as 1618 Nicholas Assheton, recording
the burial of one John Swinglehurst, adds
'he died distract; he was a great follower
of Brierley.' J. C., the writer of the first
notice of his life, says : ' Because they could
not well stile them by the name of Breirlists,
finding no fault in his doctrine, they then
Brereley
267
Brereton
styled his hearers by the name of Grinde-
tonians (sic), by the name of a town in Cra-
van, called Grindleton, where this author did
at that time exercise his ministry, thinking
by his name to render them odious, and brand
them for some kind of sectaries ; but they
could not tell what sect to parallel them to,
hence rose the name Grindletonism.' And
Brereley himself, in his piece ' Of True Chris-
tian Liberty,' writes : —
I was sometime (as then a stricter man)
By some good fellows tearm'd a puritan.
And now men say, I'm deeply drown'd in schism,
Retyr'd from God's grace unto G-rindletonism.
In a sermon preached at Paul's Cross on
II Feb. 1627, and published under the title
of 'The White Wolfe,' 1627, Stephen Deni-
son, minister of St. Catherine Cree, charges
the ' Gringltonian familists ' with holding
nine points of an antinomian tendency. These
nine points are repeated from Denison by
Ephraim Pagitt in his ' Heresiography ' (2nd
ed. 1645, p. 89), and glanced at by Alexander
Koss, Havo-cpcia (2nd ed. 1655, p. 365). Pagitt
is the authority Sir Walter Scott gives for
the extraordinary collocation ( Woodstock,
1826, iii. 205): 'Those Grindletonians or
Muggletonians in whom is the perfection of
every foul and blasphemous heresy, united
with such- an universal practice of hypo-
critical assentuation, as would deceive their
master, even Satan himself.' The nine points
may perhaps be a caricature of positions ad-
vanced by some of Brereley's hearers, but
they bear no resemblance to his own teaching.
If Denison derived them from the ' fifty ar-
ticles ' mentioned by J. C., as exhibited against
Brereley at York by direction of the high
commission, we can easily understand that
* when he came to his trial not one of them
[was] directly proved against him.' This trial
must have been prior to 1628, for it was held
before Archbishop Tobias Matthew, who died
29 March in that year. Matthew, a strict
and exemplary prelate, sustained Brereley in
the exercise of his ministry, and before leav-
ing York he preached in the cathedral. It is
certain that Brereley was not conscious of any
deflection from Calvinistic orthodoxy. He
expressly censures Arminius (Serm. 21), 'who
will needs set rules and laws to God.' He
calls the heresies of Nestorius, Eutyches, &c.,
' little holes in Christ's ship ' (Poems, p. 46).
Although his language about the second
Person of the Trinity may be thought to
show traces of Socinian influence, no anti-
trinitarian heresy seems to have been charged
upon him. Denison's most damaging point
is clean contrary to Brereley's own language.
He quaintly owns that ' men no angels are,'
and he doubts the possibility of perfection in
the saints on earth. He is very strong against
mere forms ; for instance, he calls ' bread and
wine a silly thing, where the heart is not led
further' (Serm. 9). But he was the very
opposite of a sectary, and desired to remain
a humble son of the church. In 1631 Brereley
was instituted to the living of Burnley, Lan-
cashire. He died in June 1637, the Burnley
register recording that ' Roger Brearley,
minister,' was buried 13 June. He was mar-
ried, and had a daughter Alice, living in 1636.
His literary remains are : 1. ( A Bundle of
Soul-convincing, directing, and comforting
Truths; clearly deduced from divers select
texts of Holy Scripture. . . . Being a brief
summary of several sermons preached at large
by ... M. Rodger Breirly . . . Edinburgh,
printed for James Brown, bookseller in Glas-
gow, 1670, sm. 8vo (this, which can hardly
be the first edition, consists of twenty-seven
sermons, and the biographical f Epistle to the
Reader,' by J. C., who says of the origin of
the volume : 'After his death a few headnotes
of some of his sermons came to my view,' per-
haps implying that the notes were Brereley's
own). 2. Another edition, London, printed
by J. R. for Samuel Sprunt, 1677, 18mo, is
probably a reprint from an earlier issue ; it
reckons the sermons as twenty-six in number,
what is Sermon 22 in the 1670 edition being
not numbered, but headed ' Exposition,' &c.
(it is on the beatitudes). It contains also,
after the sermons, the following pieces in
verse: 'The Preface of Mr. Brierly ; ' 'Of
True Christian Liberty ; ' ' The Lord's Reply/
four pieces thus headed, alternated with three
pieces headed 'The Soul's Answer,' 'The
Song of the Soul's Freedom,' ' Self Civil
War.' The spelling of the poems is often in-
teresting, as indicating a northern pronuncia-
tion, and there are a few Lancashire words ;
the punctuation is atrocious. There is often
much pathos in Brereley's rude lines : his
spirit reminds one of Juan de Vald6s, none
of whose writings were translated in his time.
[Eaine's Journal of Nicholas Assheton, Chet.
Soc. vol. xiv. 1848, 4to, pp. 89-96 (including ex-
tracts from Brereley's poems) ; Halley's Lanca-
shire, its Puritanism and Nonconformity, 1869,
i. 159-64; Whitaker's Craven (ed. Morant),
1878, p. 34 ; Whitaker's Whalley (ed. Nichols and
Lyons), ii. 169; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi.
388, 517 (more extracts fmm the poems) ; certi-
fied extracts from Eochdale parish register;
works cited above.] A. Gr.
BREHETON, JOHN (/.1603), voyager
to New England, has left few records of his
life. His birthplace is unknown, and to which
branch of the Breretons of Brereton, Cheshire,
he belonged is uncertain, although he was
Brereton
268
Brereton
probably a relative of Sir William Brereton
(1604-1661) [q.v.], major-general of Cheshire, j
who, before his military career, was interested j
in American colonisation, grants of land along !
the north-eastern coast of Massachusetts Bay i
having been made to him by Sir Ferdinando j
Gorges at a time when he intended to settle j
there. John Brereton was admitted sizar at
Caius College, Cambridge, 1587, and was B. A.
1592-3. Hejoined Captain Bartholomew Gos-
nold, Bartholomew Gilbert, Gabriel Archer,
and others to make the first English attempt
to settle in the land since called New England.
Twenty-four gentlemen and eight sailors left
Falmouth in a small bark, the Concord, on
26 March 1603, twelve of them intending
to settle, while twelve "others returned home
with the produce of the land and of their
trading with the natives. The voyage was
sanctioned by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had
an exclusive crown grant of the whole coast.
Instead of making the circuitous route by
the Canaries, Gosnold steered, as the winds
permitted, due west, only southing towards
the Azores, and was the first to accomplish
a direct course to America, saving ' the better
part of a thousand leagues.' By 15 May the
voyagers made the headland which they
named Cape Cod. Here Gosnold, Brereton,
and two others went ashore on ' the white
sands,' the first spot in New England ever
trodden by English feet. Doubling the Cape
and passing Nantucket, they touched at
Martha's Vineyard, and passing round Dover
Cliff entered Buzzard's Bay, which they
called Gosnold's Hope, reached the island
of Cuttyhuiik, which they named Elizabeth's
Island. Here they determined to settle ;
in nineteen days they built a fort and store-
house in an islet in the centre of a lake of three
miles compass, and began to trade with the
natives in furs, skins, and the sassafras plant.
They sowed wheat, barley, and peas, and in
fourteen days the young plants had sprung
nine inches and more. The country was fruit-
ful in the extreme. It was decided, however,
that so small a company would be useless for
colonisation ; their provisions, after division,
would have lasted only six weeks. The whole
company therefore sailed for England, making
a very short voyage of five weeks, and landed
at Exmouth on 23 July. Their freight real-
ised a great profit, the sassafras alone selling
for 336Z. a ton.
Brereton wrote ' A Briefe Relation of the
Description of Elizabeth's He, and some others
towards the North Part of Virginie . . .
written by John Brierton, one of the Voyage,'
London, 1602, 8vo. A second impression was
published the same year entitled ' A brief and
true Relation of the Discovery of the North
Part of Virginia . . . written by John Brere-
ton, one of the Voyage,' London, 1602, 8vo.
To this edition is added ' A Treatise of M.
Edward Hayes, containing important induce-
ments for the planting in these parts,' &c.
Purchas gives a chapter headed ' Notes taken
out of a Tractate written by James Rosier
to Sir Walter Raleigh ; ' but this is signed
1 John Brereton,' and is evidently part of a
letter written by him. Rosier was not with
Brereton, but was a fellow-voyager in Wey-
mouth's expedition five years afterwards. Of
Brereton nothing more is known. Captain
John Smith, in his ' Adventures and Dis-
courses,' speaks of ' Master John Brereton and
his account of his voyage ' as fairly turning
his brains, and impelling him to cast in his
lot with Gosnold and Wingfield, and make
that subsequent voyage which resulted in the
planting and colonisation of Virginia in 1607.
[Stith's Hist, of Virginia, p. 30, Massa-
chusetts Historical Collections, 3rd. ser. viii.
83-123; Purchas His Pilgrimes, ' the 4th part.'
pp.1646, 1656; Belknap's American Biog. (Hub-
bard's), 1844, ii. 206 ; Anderson's Hist, of Com-
merce, A.D. 1602; Hakluyt, iii. 246; Pinkerton's
Voy. and Trav. xii. 219, xiii. 19 ; Bancroft's
United States, i. 88 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 51 ;
Holmes's Annals of America, i. 117; Beverley's
Hist, of Virginia, p. 19 ; the Adventures and Dis-
courses of Capt. John Smith (Ashton's reprint,
1883), p. 69; Biogr. Brit, under ' Greenville,'
p. 2284, note/.] J. W.-GK
BRERETON, OWEN SALUSBURY
(1715-1798), antiquary ,was born in 1715. His
father was Thomas Brereton, afterwards of
Shotwick Park, Cheshire, who came into the
possession of that estate thro ugh marriage with
Catherine, daughter of Mr. Salusbury Lloyd.
Owen Brereton was the son of a former mar-
riage with a Trelawney, and added the name
of Salusbury on succeeding to estates in the
counties of Chester, Denbigh, and Flint on
his father's death about the year 1756. He
was admitted a scholar of Westminster
School in 1729, and was elected to Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1734. He was called
to the bar in 1738, and in that year held the
post of a lottery commissioner. In Septem-
ber 1742 he was appointed recorder of Liver-
pool, an office he retained till his death,
a period of fifty-six years. When he pro-
posed to resign in 1796, he was requested
by the corporation to retain the situation,
and they appointed a deputy to relieve him
of the pressure of its duties. He became a
member of the Society of Arts in 1762, and
was vice-president from 1765 to 1798, in
which capacity he rendered great service to
the society. He was also a member of the
Royal Society and of the Society of Anti-
Brereton
269
Brereton
quaries (elected 1763), a bencher of Lincoln's
Inn, treasurer of that body, and keeper of
the Black Book. He was member of parlia-
ment for Ilchester in Somerset from 1775 to
1780, and constable of Flint Castle from
1775. He died at his residence at Windsor,
on 8 Sept. 1798, in his eighty-fourth year, and
was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
on 22 Sept.
To the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1781
he contributed an account of a storm at East-
bourne, and to the l Archseologia ' he sent
several papers: 1. ( Round Towers in Ire-
land,' ii. 80. 2. ' Observations in a Tour
through North Wales, Shropshire, &c.,' iii.
111. 3. ' Extracts from a MS. relating to
the Household of Henry VIII,' iii. 145.
4. l Particulars of a Discovery of Gold Coins
at Fenwick Castle,' v. 166. 5. ' Description
of third unpublished Seal of Henrietta Maria,
daughter of Henry IV of France,' v. 280.
6. 'Brereton Church Window/ ix. 368.
7. ' Silver Coin of Philip of France,' x. 465.
In vols. viii. x. xi. and xii. of the same work
are particulars of various objects of antiquity
exhibited by him. The paper on Brereton
Church contains several unaccountable in-
accuracies, which have been commented upon
by Mr. Ormerod in his ' History of Cheshire.'
[John Holliday in Trans, of the Society of
Arts, xix. 4-8, with portrait ; same article in
Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Q-ent. Mag. 1798, Ixviii.
part ii. p. 816 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby,
1882, ii. 573; Welch's Westminster Scholars,
1788; Return of Members of Parliament, 1878,
ii. 154.] C. W. S.
BRERETON, THOMAS (1691-1722),
dramatist, was descended from a younger
branch of the noble family of Brereton in
Cheshire, his father being Major Thomas
Brereton of the queen's dragoons. He was
born in 1691, and after attending the free
school of Chester, and a boarding school
in the same city, kept by a Mr. Dennis,
a French refugee, he matriculated at Brase-
nose College, Oxford, 16 April 1709, pro-
ceeding B.A. 14 Oct. 1712. His father died
before he reached his majority, leaving him
a considerable fortune, which, however, he
soon dissipated, his wife and family being
compelled by destitution to retire to their
relations in Wales in 1721. The same year
he received from the government a small office
connected with the customs at Chester. In
connection with the election of a relative
as member of parliament for Liverpool he
wrote a libellous attack on the rival candi-
date, and to escape prosecution was advised
to abscond. To baffle pursuit he determined
to cross the Saltney when the tide was coming
in. In the middle of the stream he quitted
his horse, resolving to trust to his remarkable
powers as a swimmer, but he was unable to
reach the shore. His death took place in
February 1722. Brereton was the author of
two tragedies, or rather English adaptations
of French plays, but they were never acted
and do not possess much merit. They are :
1. ' Esther, or Faith Triumphant, a sacred
Tragedy in Rhyme, with a chorus after the
manner of the ancient Greeks; translated
with improvements from Racine,' 1715 ; and
2. ' Sir John Oldcastle, or Love and Zeal, a
Tragedy,' 1717, founded on the 'Polyeucte'
of Corneille. To ' Esther' he prefixed a 'large
dedication to the Lord Archbishop of York,
in defence of such compositions against the
rants of Tertullian and Mr. Collier.' He
also published ' A Day's Journey from the
Vale of Evesham to Oxford, to which are
added two Town Eclogues,' no date ; ' An
English Psalm ... on the late Thanksgiving
Day,' 1716 ; ' George, a poem, humbly in-
scribed to the Right Honourable the Earl of
Warrington,' 1715 ; and ' Charnock Junior,
or the Coronation, being a Parody on Mack
Flecknoe, occasioned by Dr. S 1's late
exploit at St. Andrews,' 1719. This had
been published in 1710, badly printed and
without the author's knowledge. It is a
burlesque on Dr. Sacheverell's progress after
his trial. He married Jane (b. 1685), daughter
of Thomas Hughes of Bryn Griffith, Mold,
Flintshire, on 29 Jan. 1711. Two daughters
survived him. His wife died at Wrexham
on 7 Aug. 1740. She wrote a good deal of
verse in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' and
elsewhere, which was collected after her
death and published, together with some of
her letters (1744).
[Rawlinson MSS. 4to,i. 379; Jacob's Poetical
Register (ed. 1723), i. 283 ; Biogr. Dramatica
(ed. Baker), i. 63-4 ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Mrs.
Jane Brereton's Poems.] T. F. H.
BRERETON, THOMAS (1782-1832),
lieutenant-colonel, was born in King's County,
Ireland, on 4 May 1782. He went as a
volunteer to the West Indies with his uncle,
Captain Coghlan, in 1797, and received his
commission as ensign in the 8th West India
regiment in 1798, being promoted lieutenant
1800, and captain 1804. With the excep-
tion of a short term of service in Jersey in
1803-4, he appears to have remained in the
West Indies until 1813, acting for a time as
brigade-major to his relative, General Brere-
ton, governor of St. Lucia, and being present
at the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.
In consequence of ill-health and of inju-
ries received during a hurricane in 1813, he
Brereton
270
Brereton
returned that year to England invalided. In
1814 he was appointed lieutenant-governor
of Senegal and Goree, and the next year was !
made lieutenant-colonel of the Royal African
corps. In December 1816 he was again in-
valided, and returned to England. He was ;
appointed to a command on the frontier of
the Cape Colony in 1818, visited England in j
1819, and commanded the Cape Town garri-
son until 1823. In the meanwhile he had ,
exchanged first into the 53rd regiment, after-
wards into the Royal York Rangers, and in
1821 into the 49th regiment. On his final re-
turn to England he was appointed inspecting
field officer of the Bristol recruiting district.
As senior officer on the spot he had command
of the troops quartered in the neighbourhood
of Bristol at the outbreak of the Reform riots
in that city on Saturday, 29 Oct. 1831. These
troops were composed of a squadron of the
14th light dragoons and a troop of the 3rd j
dragoon guards. About five p.m. of 29 Oct. j
the mayor was forced to read the Riot Act, j
and Brereton was called on to bring his force j
at once into Bristol. During the half-hour j
that passed before his arrival the lower part
of the mansion house was sacked. Brereton ;
appears to have been ordered by the magis-
trates to clear the streets. Their orders,
however, did not seem to him to warrant
any forcible measures, and he ordered Cap-
tain Gage to disperse the mob without draw-
ing swords or using any violence. Brereton
endeavoured to bring the people to good hu-
mour, and came in from time to time to tell
the magistrates that he had been shaking
hands with them, and that they were gradu-
ally dispersing. As, on the contrary, the
numbers and threatening aspect of the mob
increased, at eleven p.m. he ordered Gage to
clear the streets by force. The soldiers were
badly pelted, and Gage asked the mayor to
allow them to use their carbines to dislodge
those who were pelting them from a dis-
tance. Brereton, however, thought this was
unnecessary, and the request was refused. A
soldier belonging to a troop of the 14th, de-
tailed to protect the council house, shot a
rioter who had struck him with a stone, and
this added to the rage of the mob. The
streets were, however, cleared by the sabres
of the dragoons, and were kept free during
the remainder of the night. On Sunday the
riot broke out afresh, and the sack of the
mansion house was completed. The 14th
were fiercely attacked, and, as they had no
orders to retaliate, the men suffered se-
verely. Brereton ordered that they should
leave Queen's Square, in which the mansion
house stood, and that the 3rd dragoons should
take their place. In obeying the order they
were so pressed by the rioters that they were
forced to fire on them. Brereton, however,
rode down from College Green to the square,
and, it is said, assured the rioters that there
should be no more firing, and that the 14th
should be sent out of the city. On his ap-
plying to the magistrates to allow him to re-
move the 14th he was told that they would
not agree to his doing so. Brereton, how-
ever, ordered them to Keynsham, declaring
that if they were kept in Bristol every man
would be sacrificed, and the troop of the
3rd dragoons was left alone to protect the
city. The mob then broke open and set fire
to the bridewell, the gaol, and the Glouces-
ter county gaol, and released the prisoners.
Meanwhile, Brereton ordered Cornet Kelson
to go down to the city gaol, but on Kelson
asking for orders said he had none to give,
that he could find no magistrates to give
him the authority he needed, and that no
violence was to be used. During these pro-
ceedings the soldiers were in too small force
to interfere with any effect, and it is said
that Brereton went to bed for some hours.
By midnight the bishop's palace, the mansion
house, the custom house, and a large num-
ber of other buildings were destroyed. In
the course of the night the Doddington
yeomanry were brought into Bristol; but
some difficulty having arisen as to their
I billets, Brereton told their captain that they
could be of no use, and that if the people were
let alone they would be peaceable. Accord-
ingly the yeomanry returned to Doddington.
Early in the morning of Monday Brereton
went down to Queen's Square in company
with Major Mackworth, and in his presence
Mackworth and the 3rd dragoons charged and
dispersed the crowd. Major Beckwith, of
the 14th, now arrived from Gloucester, and,
having brought back the division of the 14th
previously sent away by Brereton, took the
command of the cavalry, made repeated
charges on the rioters, and restored some
measure of security. On 4 Nov. the magis-
trates sent documents to Lord Melbourne
and Lord Hill defending their own conduct
during the riots, and laying much blame
on Brereton, whom they accused of dis-
regarding their orders, of forsaking his post,
and of withdrawing the 14th from the
city. In consequence of these charges a
military commission was held to inquire into
Brereton's conduct. This was followed by
a court-martial on him, which was opened
at Bristol on 9 Jan. 1832 by Sir Henry Fane
as president. The substance of the eleven
charges made against him was that he had
been negligent and inactive; that he had
not obeyed or supported the civil authority ;
Brereton
271
Brereton
that lie had improperly withdrawn the 14th ;
that he had refused to give Cornet Kelson the
needful orders, and had neglected to take ad-
vantage of the arrival of the yeomanry. On
Friday, the fifth day of the trial, the proceed-
ings were stopped by the news of Brereton's
death : he had shot himself in his bed early
that morning. The verdict at the inquest
was that ' he died from a pistol-wound, in-
flicted on himself while under a fit of tem-
porary derangement.' His unfortunate errors
seem to have been the fruit of undecided
character rather than of any deliberate neg-
lect. On 4 May 1782 he had married Olivia
Ross, daughter of Hamilton Ross, formerly
of the 81st regiment and then a merchant at
the Cape. Mrs. Brereton died on 14 Jan.
1829, leaving two daughters, who survived
their father.
[Colburn's United Service Journal, 1831, pt.
iii. 433, 1832, pt. i. 257 ; Monthly Repository
(new series), v. 840, vi. 130; Somerton's Narra-
tive of the Bristol Riots ; Court-martial on
Lieutenant-colonel Brereton in Somerton's Bristol
Riots Tracts ; Trial of C. Pinney, late Mayor of
Bristol; Gent. Mag. 1832, i. 84.] W. H.
BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1604-
1661), parliamentary commander, son of Wil-
liam Brereton of Handforth, Cheshire, and
Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Richard
Holland of Dent on, Lancashire, was baptised
at the collegiate church, Manchester, in 1604.
On 10 March 1626-7 he was created a baro-
net. In 1634-5 he travelled through a large
part of Great Britain and Ireland, and crossed
over into Holland and the United Provinces.
He kept a * Diary' of his travels, which was
published by the Chetham Society in 1844,
and affords various interesting information
regarding the social condition of Scotland
and England ; it also manifests a serious and
religious cast of thought. Brereton's natural
bias towards puritanism was doubtless further
confirmed by his marriage to Susanna, fourth
daughter of Sir George Booth of Dunham Mas-
sey, and by intercourse with his near neigh-
bours, Henry Bradshaw and Colonel Duken-
field. He was elected to represent his native
county in parliament in 1627-8 and 1639-40.
The name of William Brereton occurs in the
parish register of Wanstead, Essex, attached
to a document signed by fifty of the principal
inhabitants, expressive of their attachment to
the church of England and abhorrence of papal
innovations, but there is no evidence to sup-
port the supposition of Lysons (Environs of
London, iv. 243) that the name was that of Sir
William Brereton of Handforth. According
to Clarendon, he was ' most considerable for
a known averseness to the government of the
church' (History, vi. 270). On the first
symptoms of the approaching civil war he
put himself at the head of the movement in
Cheshire. In August 1642 the houses of
parliament drew up instructions to him as
one of the deputy-lieutenants of the county
(Advice and Directions of both Houses of
Parliament to Sir William Brereton and the
rest of the Deputy-lieutenants of the County
of Chester, published at London on 19 Aug.
1642). Subsequently he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief of the forces in Cheshire and
the neighbouring counties to the south. Hav-
ing entered Cheshire from London with one
troop of horse and a regiment of dragoons,
Brereton, after a severe conflict, completely
defeated Sir Thomas Aston near Nantwich
on 28 Jan. 1642-3, the accidental explosion of
a piece of the royalists' cannon greatly aiding
his victory. This enabled him to occupy Nant-
wich, which became the headquarters of the
parliamentary party, while Chester was for-
tified by the royalists. From these places
the two parties 'contended,' in the words of
Clarendon, ' which should most prevail upon,
that is, most subdue, the affections of the
county to declare for and join them ' (History,
vi. 270). Clarendon states that the lower
orders were specially devoted to Brereton, and
that he obtained much advantage from their
readiness to supply him with intelligence. For
a considerable time it required his utmost
energy to enable him to hold his own. He again
inflicted a severe defeat, 13 March 1642-3, on
Sir Thomas Aston, who attempted to hold
Middlewich on behalf of the king, but after the
royalists had been strengthened by troops from
Ireland, Brereton was himself worsted at the
same place. Meanwhile, in the summer of
1643, he captured successively Stafford, Wol-
verhampton, and Whitchurch, besides various
strongholds. During his absence Nantwich,
while held by Sir George Booth, was closely
besieged by Lord Byron, but, with the assist-
ance of Sir Thomas Fairfax, Brereton, on
14 Feb. 1643-4, totally routed the besieging
forces, the greater part of them escaping to
Chester, while large numbers surrendered.
Having parted from Sir Thomas Fairfax, he
?roceeded towards Chester, and in August
644 defeated at Tarvin Prince Rupert, who
was marching to its relief. Following on this
came the capture of the town and castle of
Liverpool, and the town and castle of Shrews-
bury. After their defeat at Rowton Heath in
September 1645, the royalists could make no
further stand in Cheshire, and Beeston Castle
and Chester were closely invested. Brereton
obtained a complete victory over the king's
forces under Sir William Vaughan on 1 Nov.
at Denbigh, and all hope of succour being cut
Brereton
272
Brereton
off, the garrison at Beeston Castle surrendered
the same month, and that of Chester in Febru-
ary 1645-6. Immediately advancing south-
wards against Prince Maurice with 1,000 foot,
Brereton found that the enemy had disap-
peared. On 6 March he captured Lichfield,
and on 12 May Dudley Castle. On the 22nd
of the latter month he dispersed near Stow-
in-the-Wold the forces of Lord Ashley, the
last important body of the royalists in arms.
After the conclusion of the war he received
the chief forestership of Macclesfield forest,
and the seneschalship of the hundred of
Macclesfield. He also obtained various
grants of moneys and lands, among other
properties which came into his possession
being that of the archiepiscopal palace of
Croydon. In an old pamphlet, ' The Myste-
ries of the Good Old Cause ' (1663), which
mentions his possession of the palace, he is
described as ' a notable man at a thanks-
giving dinner, having terrible long teeth and
a prodigious stomach, to turn the arch-
bishop's chapel at Croydon into a kitchen ;
also to swallow up that palace and lands at
a morsel.' He died at Croydon on 7 April
1661. His body was removed thence to be
interred in the Handforth chapel in Cheadle
church, but there is a tradition that in cross-
ing a river the coffin was swept away by a
flood, and this is confirmed by the fact that
there is no entry of the burial, but only of the
death, in the Cheadle registers. By his first
wife he had two sons and two daughters,
and by his second wife two daughters.
There are rude portraits of Brereton in Ri-
craft's ' England's Champions ' and Vicars's
' England's Worthies.' In the Sutherland
collection of portraits in the Bodleian Li-
brary there is an illustration of him on horse-
back drawn by Robert Cooper.
[Ricraft's -Survey of England's Champions,
1647; Vicars's England's Worthies, 1647; Cla-
rendon's History ; Binghall's Providence Im-
proved, written 1 628-73, published at Chester in
1778, containing an account of the siege of Nant-
wich ; Cheshire Successes, 1642; Magnalia Dei,
a Relation of some of the many remarkable
Passages in Cheshire before the Siege of Nampt-
wich . . . and at the happy Raising of it by ...
Sir Tho. Fairfax and Sir William Brereton, &c.,
London, 1643 ; History of the Siege of Chester,
1793; Sir William Brereton's Letter sent to the
Hon, William Lenthall, Esq., Speaker of the Hon.
House of Commons, concerning ... the Siege
... of Chester, 5 March 1645 ; Chester's En-
largement after Three Years' Bondage, 1645;
the various contemporary accounts which were
published of his more remarkable victories. Dr.
Gower, in Account of Cheshire Collections (p. 43),
mentions the Journals of Sir Wm. Breret on in five
folio volumes, written in a small hand, describing
every circumstance that occurred during the four
years he was general. The only document now
known to be in existence, corresponding in any
degree to this description, is his letter-book from
April to June 1642, and from December 1644 to
December 1646 ; Add. MSS. 11331-3. Detailed
accounts of Brereton's career are contained in
Archseologia, vol. xxxiii., Ormerod's Cheshire, and
Earwaker's East Cheshire.] T. F. H.
BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1789- 7*
1864), lieutenant-general and colonel-corn-
| mandant 4th brigade royal artillery, was de- '*
i scendedfrom the very ancient Cheshire family
i of Brereton of Brereton Hall, through its
! Irish branch, the Breretons of Carrigslaney,
i co. Carlow, of whom some particulars are
given by Sir F. Dwarris in ' Archaeologia,'
vol. xxxiii., and in Mervyn Archdall's edition
of l Lodge's Peerage of Ireland,' ii. 251. In.
the only biographical notice wherein his
parentage is given he is described as a son
of Major Robert Brereton, who fought at
Culloden, and younger half-brother of Major-
general Robert Brereton of New Abbey, co.
Kildare (formerly of 30th and 63rd regi-
ments), and lieutenant-governor of St. Lucia,
who died in 1818. He was born in 1789, and
entered the Royal Military Academy as a
cadet in 1803, whence he passed out in May
1805 as a second lieutenant royal artillery.
He served in the Peninsular and Waterloo
campaigns from December 1809 to June
1815, including the defence of Cadiz, where
he commanded the guns at Fort Matagorda,
the battle of Barossa, where he was wounded,
the Burgos retreat, the battles of Vittoria
and the Pyrenees, the siege of San Sebastian,
where he was temporarily attached to the
breaching batteries, the battles of Orthez,
Toulouse, QuatreBras, and Waterloo. During
the greater part of the time he was one of-
the subalterns of the famous troop of the
royal horse artillery commanded by Major
Norman Ramsay, with which he was severely
wounded at Waterloo. He became a second
captain in 1816, and was placed on half pay
the year after. He was brought on full pay
again in 1823, and, after a quarter of a cen-
tury of further varied service at home and in
the colonies, was sent to China, where he was
second in command under General d'Aguilar
in the expedition to the Bocca Tigris, and at
the capture of the city of Canton in 1848.
During the early part of the Crimean war,,
Colonel Brereton, who was then on the
strength of the horse brigade at Woolwich,,
was present with the Black Sea fleet, as a
guest on board H.M.S. Britannia, carrying the
flag of his relative, Vice-admiral Sir J. D.
Dundas, and directed the fire of her rockets
in the attack upon the forts of Sevastopol on
a> f
alw
Brerewood
273
Brerewood
17 Oct. 1854. He became a major-general
in December 1854, and was made K.C.B. in
1861. For a short period he was at the
head of the Irish constabulary. Brereton,
who had been promoted to the rank of lieu-
tenant-general a few days before, died at his
chambers in the Albany, London, on 27 July
1864, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.
He wrote a brief narrative entitled 'The
British Fleet in the Black Sea,' which was
privately printed (1857 ? see Brit. Mus. Cat.}
Selections from Paixhans' ' Constitution Mi-
litaire de France,' translated by him in 1850,
appear in ' Proceedings Royal Art. Inst.,'
vol. i. (1857). By his will, executed 10 April
1850, and proved 16 Aug. 1864 (personalty
sworn under 25,000/.), he left the sum of
1,000£, whereof the interest is to be applied
in perpetuity to encouraging the game of
cricket among the non-commissioned officers
of horse and foot artillery stationed at Wool-
wich.
[Archseologia, vol. xxxiii. ; Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland, ed. Archdall, ii. 251 ; Burke's Landed
Gentry (1868) ; Kane's List Off. Eoyal Art. (re-
vised ed. Woolwich, 1869); Hart's Army Lists;
Duncan's Hist. E. Art. i. 223, ii. 362, 364, 385,
430, 432, 434, 437 ; Proc. E. Art. Inst, vol. i. ;
Ann. Eeg. 1864; Illust. Lond. News, xlv. 154,
299 (will).] H. M. C.
BREREWOOD or BRYERWOOD,
EDWARD (1565 P-1613), antiquary and ma-
thematician, son of Robert Brerewood, a wet-
glover ,who had thrice been mayor of Chester,
was born and educated in that city. In 1581
he was sent to Brasenose College, Oxford,
where he had the character of a very hard
student, He graduated B. A. 15 Feb. 1586-7,
M.A. 9 July 1590, and ' being candidate for
a fellowship, he lost it without loss of credit,
for where preferment goes more by favour
than merit, the rejected have more honour
than the elected' (FULLER, Worthies, ed. 1662,
Cheshire, 190). Then he migrated to St. Mary
Hall, and on 26 Sept, 1592, when Queen
Elizabeth was at Oxford, he replied at a dis-
putation in natural philosophy. In March
1596 he was chosen the first professor of as-
tronomy in Gresham College, London, where,
as at Oxford, ' he led a retired and private
course of life, delighting with profound spe-
culations, and the diligent searching out of
hidden verities.' Brerewood, who was a
member of the Old Society of Antiquaries,
died on 4 Nov. 1613, and was buried in the
church of Great St. Helen. His large and
valuable library he bequeathed with his other
effects to his nephew Robert [q.v.] (afterwards
knight and a justice of the common pleas), a
son of his elder brother, John Brerewood.
VOL. VI.
His works are: 1. 'De ponderibus et pretiis
veterum nummorum, eorumque cum recentio-
ribus collatione,' London, 1614, 4to. This was
first published by his nephew, and afterwards
inserted in the ' Apparatus' of the 'Biblia
Polyglotta,' by Brian Walton, and also in the
' Critici Sacri,' vol. viii. 2. ' Enquiries touch-
ing the Diversities of Languages and Religions
through the chief parts of the world,' London,
1614, 1622, 1635, 4to, 1647, &c. 8vo. This
was likewise published by his nephew, and
afterwards translated into French by J. de
la Montagne, Paris, 1640, 8vo, and into Latin
by John Johnston. Father Richard Simon
made some remarks on Brerewood's work,
under the pseudonym of le Sieur de Moni, in
a treatise entitled ' Histoire critique de la
creance et des coutumes des nations du Le-
vant,' Frankfort (really printed at Amster-
dam), 1684. In 1693 it was reprinted, and
again since that date with the following al-
terations in the title: — 'Histoire critique
des dogmes, des controverses, des coutumes,
et des ceremonies des Chretiens orientaux/
3. ' Elementa Logicse, in gratiam studiosse j u-
ventutis in academia Oxoniensi,' London,1614t
1615, &c. 8vo. 4. ' Tractatus quidam logici
de praedicabilibus, et preedicamentis,' Oxford,
1628, 1637, &c. 8vo. This book was first pub-
lished by Thomas Sixesmith, M. A., fellow of
Brasenose College, Oxford. A manuscript of
it is preserved in Queen's College library in
that university. The work is sometimes quoted
as 'Brerewood de moribus.' 5. 'Tractatus
duo : quorum primus est de meteoris, secundus
de oculo,' Oxford, 1631, 1638, 8vo. These
two tracts were also published by Sixesmith.
6. 'A Treatise of the Sabbath,' Oxford, 1630,
1631, 4to. This book was written as a letter
to Nicholas Byfield [q. v.], preacher at Chester,
having been occasioned by a sermon of his
relating to the morality of the Sabbath. It
is dated from Gresham House 15 July 1611.
The original manuscript is in the British Mu-
seum (Addit. MS. 21207). Richard Byfield
f q. v.], Nicholas's brother, wrote a reply to it.
7. ' Mr. Byfield's Answer, with Mr. Brere-
wood's Reply,' Oxford, 1631, 4to. These were
both printed together, with the second edition
of the former. 8. ' A second Treatise of the
Sabbath, or an Explication of the Fourth Com-
mandment,' Oxford, 1632, 4to. 9. 'Commen-
tarii in Ethica Aristotelis,' Oxford, 1640, 4to.
These commentaries relate only to the first
four books, and were published by Sixesmith.
The original manuscript, which was finished
27 Oct. 1586, is in the library of Queen's Col-
lege, Oxford. It is written, says Wood, ' in
the smallest and neatest character that mine
eyes ever yet beheld.' 10. ' A Declaration of
the Patriarchal Government of the antient
Brerewood
274
Bretland
Church/ Oxford, 1641, 4to, London, 1647,
Bremen, 1701, 8vo. The Oxford edition is
subjoined to a treatise called ' The original
of Bishops and Metropolitans, briefly laid
down by Archbishop Ussher,' &c.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 139, Fasti,
i. 236, 251 ; Ward's Gresham Professors, 74, 336,
with the author's manuscript notes ; Archaeologia,
i. p. xix; Gent. Mag. Ixi. (ii.) 714.] T. C.
BREREWOOD, SIR ROBERT (1588-
1654), judge, belonged to a family of re-
spectable citizens of Chester, who had held
municipal office. His grandfather, Robert,
is called a wet-glover by trade, and was once
sheriff, in 1566, and thrice mayor, in 1584,
1587, and 1600, in which last year he died
in office. His father, John, the eldest son of
Robert the elder, was sheriff of Chester, and
his uncle Edward [q. v.] was a scholar of emi-
nence, the first Gresham professor of astro-
nomy. Two of Edward Brerewood's treatises
were published by his nephew in 1614, on
the author's death. Robert Brerewood was
born hi Chester in 1588. In 1605, at the age
of seventeen, he was sent to Oxford, and ma-
triculated at Brasenose College, and two years
later was admitted a member of the Middle
Temple. Probably he was his uncle's heir,
for in dedicating one of Edward Brerewood's
posthumous works to the archbishop of Can-
terbury, he says of him, ' Succeeding him in
his temporall blessings I doe endevour to suc-
cede him in his virtues.' He was called to
the bar on 13 Nov. 1615, and continued to
practise for two-and-twenty years. He also
turned his attention to literature, and pub-
lished some of the works of his uncle Ed-
ward. In 1637 he was appointed a judge of
North Wales, probably through the local in-
fluence of his family, as he had constantly
maintained his connection with Cheshire, and
in 1639*he was elected recorder of his native
town. *He had been appointed reader at the
Middle Temple in Lent term 1638, and in
1640 was raised to the degree of serjeant-at-
law. In Hilary term 1641 he was appointed
king's serjeant, was knighted in 1643, and
raised to the bench about a month after, on
31 Jan. 1644. The king being then at Oxford,
he was sworn in there. Though he continued
to sit until the end of the civil war, he never
sat in Westminster Hall, and after the exe-
cution of Charles I he retired into private life.
He died on 8 Sept. 1654, and was buried in
St. Mary's Church, Chester. He was twice
married : first to Anna, daughter of Sir Ran-
dle Mainwaring of Over Peover, Cheshire,
and second to Katherine, daughter of Sir
Richard Lea of Lea and Dernhall, Cheshire,
and had several children by each of his wives.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
220; Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 139-40; Gent.
Mag. Ixi. 714; Books of the Middle Temple; The
Vale Royal of England (Smith and Webb), p. 85 ;
Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 181, 182; Archseologia
(Soc. Antiquaries), i. xx n.] J. A. H.
BREREWOOD, THOMAS (d. 1748),
poetical writer, was son of Thomas Brere-
wood of Horton, Cheshire, and grandson of
Sir Robert Brerewood [q. v.], justice of the
court of common pleas. Ho led the life of a
country gentleman at Horton, and died in
1748. Some pieces of poetry by him were
printed in the earlier numbers of the ( Gen-
tleman's Magazine ; ' after his death there
appeared a work by him in rhymed verse
of little merit (with a eulogistic preface by
an anonymous editor), entitled f Galfred and
Juetta, or the Road of Nature, a Tale in
three cantos,' London, 1772, 4to, pp. 56.
[Gent. Mag. vii. 760, xiv. 46, xvi. 157, 265,
xxiv. 428, Ixi. 714; Universal Catalogue for
1772, art. 78 ; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv.
511.] T. C.
BRETLAND, JOSEPH (1742-1819),
dissenting minister, son of Joseph Bretland,
an Exeter tradesman, was born at Exeter
22 May 1742. He was for several years a
day scholar at the Exeter grammar school,
and was placed in business in 1757, but shortly
after left it for the ministry. For this work
he received a special education, his course of
study being finished in 1766. From 1770 to
1772 he was minister of the Mint Chapel, and
from the latter year until 1790 kept a classical
school at Exeter. He resumed his duties at
the Mint Chapel in 1789, and continued there
until 1793. For three years, 1794-7, he acted
as minister at the George's meeting-house in
Exeter, and on the establishment in 1799 of
an academy in the West of England for
educating ministers among the protestant
dissenters, he was appointed one of its tutors.
This position he retained down to its dis-
solution in 1805, and he then retired into
private life. In 1795 Bretland married Miss
Sarah Moffatt. He died at Exeter 8 July
1819. He is described as a believer in the
unity of the Deity and in the simple hu-
manity of Jesus Christ, and he is styled a
scholar of 'extensive and solid learning.'
Many of his theological papers are in Dr.
Priestley's ' Theological Repository ' and in the
' Monthly Repository.' He composed seve-
ral sermons and many prayers for the use of
Unitarians, including a ' Liturgy for the Use
of the Mint Meeting in Exeter,' 1792. After
his death there were printed at Exeter two
volumes of ' Sermons by the late Rev. Joseph
Bretland, to which are prefixed Memoirs of
Bretnor
275
Breton
his Life, by Wm. Benjamin Kennaway, 1820.'
He was much attached to Dr. Priestley, and
edited a new edition of his ' Rudiments of
English Grammar : ' many of his letters to
the doctor are printed in J. T. Rutt's me-
moirs of Priestley.
[Life by Kennaway; Rutt's Priestley, passim;
Monthly Repository, 1819, pp. 445, 473, 494,
559.] * W. P. C.
BRETNOR, THOMAS (fl. 1607-1618),
almanac maker, calls himself on the title-
page of one of his almanacs * student in
astronomic and physicke,' and on that of
another, ' professor of the mathematicks and
student in -physicke in Cow Lane, London.'
His extant works are as follows : 1. ' A.
Prognostication for this Present Yeere . . .
M.DC.VII. . . . Imprinted at London for the
Companie of Stationers ' (a copy is in the
British Museum). ' Necessary observations
in Phlebotomie' and 'Advertisements in
Husbandrie ' are introduced into the work.
2. ' A Newe Almanacke and Prognostication
for . . . 1615 ' (copies are in the Huth Li-
brary and the Bodleian). 3. ' Opiologia, or
a Treatise concerning the nature, properties,
true preparation, and safe vse and administra-
tion of Opium. By Angelus Sala Vincen-
tines Venatis, and done into English and
something enlarged by Tho. Bretnor, M.M.,'
London, 1618. This translation, which is
made from the French, is dedicated ' to the
learned and my worthily respected friends
D. Bonham and Maister Nicholas Carter,
physitians.' In an address to the reader
Bretnor defends the use of laudanum in
medicine, promises to prepare for his readers
•* the chiefest physicke I vse my selfe/ and
mentions his friends ' Herbert Whitfield in
Newgate Market,' and ' Maister Bromhall,' as
good druggists. Bretnor was a notorious
character in London, and is noticed by Ben
Jonson in his ' Devil is an Ass ' (1616), i. 2,
and by Thomas Middleton in his ' Fair
Quarrel ' (1617), vi.
[Nares's Glossary (ed. Halliwell), s.v. ' Bret-
nor ; ' Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Middleton's Works (ed.
A. H. Bullen), iv. 263.] S. L. L.
BRETON, JOHN LE (d. 1275), bishop of
Hereford, was chosen bishop about Christmas
1268, being then a canon of Hereford, and was
consecrated 2 June 1269. For about two
years before this he was a justice of the king's
court. He died 12 May 1275. Some fifty
years after his death, perhaps sooner, the be-
lief was current that he wrote the book now
known to lawyers as ' Britton.' That book
(first printed without date about 1540, re-
printed in 1640, and carefully edited by F. M.
Nichols in 1865) is in the main Bracton's
treatise on English law condensed, re-
arranged on a new plan, purged of speculative
jurisprudence, turned from Latin into French,
and put into the mouth of Edward I, so
that the whole law appears as the king's
command. Seemingly, it is an unfinished
work, but it became very popular, and was
often copied in manuscript. Frequent refe-
rence is made in it to statutes passed after
the bishop's death, and from the internal
evidence we must suppose it written shortly
after 1290. Possibly we have but the bishop's
book as altered by a later hand, or possibly,
as Selden suggested, there has been some con-
fusion between the bishop and the contem-
porary judge whom we call Bracton [q. v.],
but whose name seems really to have been
Bratton. The book ' Britton ' might fairly be
called a Bracton for practising lawyers, and
in fourteenth-century manuscripts the two
books are indiscriminately called Bretoun,
Brettoune, and the like.
[For election, consecration, and death, see the
following Chronicles under years 1268-9, 1275 :
Gervase of Canterbury (ed. Stubbs) ; Annals of
Winchester, Waverley, Osney. Wykes, and
Worcester (all in Annales Monastici, ed. Luard,
who, vol. ii. p. xxxvii, discusses date of conse-
cration) ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglican*,
ed. Hardy, i. 459-60. For judicial employment :
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission),
ii. 444-82 ; Liber de Antiquis Legibus (Camden
Society), year 1267. Judge and bishop same
man: Ann. Osney, year 1268. The statement
that he wrote a law book is in the following,
under year 1275: F. Nicolai Triveti Annales
(ed. Hog.) ; Chronicle of Rishanger (ed. Riley) ;
Flores Historiarum Matth. Westm. (ed. 1570,
but it is not in the first edition, nor in many
manuscripts — see Hardy, Catalogue of Materials
for British History, iii. 209). The authorship
of Britton is discussed by Selden, Notes to
Hengham, ed. 1616, pp. 129-31 and Dissertation
suffixed to Fleta, pp. 458-9, also in F. M.
Nichols's preface to edition (1865) of Britton;
Foss's Judges of England.] F. W. M.
BRETON, NICHOLAS (1545 P-1626 ?),
poet, was descended from an ancient family
originally settled at Layer-Breton, Essex.
His grandfather, William Breton of Col-
chester, died in 1499, and was buried there in
the monastery of St. John. His father, also
William Breton, was a younger son, came to
London and amassed a fortune in trade. His
' capitall mansion house ' was in Red Cross
Street, in the parish of St. Giles Without
Cripplegate, and he owned tenements in other
parts of London, besides land in Essex and Lin-
colnshire. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter
of John Bacon, and by her he had two sons,
T2
Breton
276
Breton
Richard and Nicholas, and three daughters,
Thamar, Anne, and Mary. He died 12 Jan.
1558-9, while his sons were still boys, and left
by will to Nicholas the manor of Burgh-in-
the-Marsh, nearWainfleet, Lincolnshire, forty
pounds in money, l one salt, all gilte, w* a
cover . . . vj silver sppnes, and the gilte
bedsted and bedd that I lye in at London/
with all its furniture (will printed in Dr. Gro-
sart's pref. to BRETON'S Works, pp. xii-xvii).
This property was to be applied by the child's
mother to his ' mayntenaunce and fynding '
until he was twenty-four years old, when he
was to enter into full possession. William
Breton left much to his wife on the condi-
tion that she should remain unmarried, but
before 1568 she had become the wife of
George Gascoigne, the poet, who died 7 Oct.
1577, and was thus for more than nine years
Nicholas Breton's stepfather.
From the fact that Breton was a boy in
1559, the year of his father's death, the date
of his birth may be conjecturally placed in
1545, but no sure information is at present
accessible. From his ' Floorish vpon Fancie '
we know that in 1577 Breton was settled in
London and had lodgings in Holborn. The
Rev. Richard Madox, chaplain to a naval ex-
pedition in 1 582, whose unpublished diary is in
Sloane MS. 1008, records under date 14 March
1582[-3] that while on the continent, appa-
rently at Antwerp, he met l Mr. Brytten, once
of Oriel Colledge, wch made wyts will [i.e.
the prose tract, ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's Will,
or Wil's Wit,' entered on the Stationers'
Register 7 Sept. 1580]. He speaketh the
Italian well/ No university document sup-
ports the statement that Breton was edu-
cated at Oriel College, but in l The Toyes of
an Idle Head,' the appendix to his first pub-
lished book, ' A Floorish vpon Fancie,' he
refers to himself as ' a yong gentleman who
. . . had spent some years at Oxford.' He
also dedicates the l Pilgrimage to Paradise '
(1592) ' to the gentlemen studients and
scholers of Oxforde.' On 14 Jan. 1592-3 he
married Ann Sutton at St. Giles's Church,
Cripplegate, the church of the parish in
which stood his father's 'capitall mansion
house.' On 14 May 1603, according to the
St. Giles's parish register, a son Nicholas
was born ; on 16 March 1605-6 another son,
Edward; and on 7 May 1607 a daughter,
Matilda. In the burial register of the same
church are recorded the deaths of Mary,
daughter of ' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on
2 Oct. 1603, and of Matilda, daughter of
' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on 27 July 1625.
But of Breton's own death no record has yet
been found. His last published work bears
the date 1626. The Captain Nicholas Bre-
I ton, son of John Breton of Tamworth, who
! served under Leicester in the Low Countries
\ in 1586, purchased an estate at Norton, North-
| amptonshire, and died there in 1624, has
often been erroneously identified with the
j poet (SHAW, Staffordshire, i. 422 ; BRIDGES,
Northamptonshire, i. 78 ; PHILLIPPS, Thea-
trum Poetarum, 1800, p. 321).
These scanty facts are all that is known
of the poet's life. His voluminous works
in prose and verse were issued in rapid suc-
cession between 1577 and 1626. Among his
early patrons, the chief was Mary, countess
of Pembroke ; he dedicated to her the
' Pilgrimage to Paradise,' 1592, to which is
added the ' Countesse of Pembrooke's Love/
where he speaks of himself as ' Your Ladi-
shipp's unworthy named Poet.' He also
wrote for her his ' Auspicante Jehoua/ 1597,
and the Countess of Pembroke's * Passion.'
Passages in ' Wit's Trenchmour ' (1597) re-
fer to the rejection of the poet's love-suit
by a lady of high station, and it seems not
improbable that Breton's intimacy with the
Countess of Pembroke passed beyond the
bounds of patron and poet. Whatever the
character of the relationship, it ceased after
1601.
As a literary man Breton impresses us most
by his versatility and his habitual refinement.
He is a satirical, religious, romance, and pas-
toral writer in both prose and verse. But he
wrote with exceptional facility, and as a con-
sequence he wrote too much. His fertile
fancy often led him into fantastic pueri-
lities. It is in his pastoral lyrics that he is
seen at his best. The pathos here is always
sincere ; the gaiety never falls into grossness,
the melody is fresh and the style clear. His
finest lyrics are in ' England's Helicon ' and
the collection of poems published by him-
self under the title of the ' Passionate Shep-
heard.' 'Wit's Trenchmour/ an angling idyll,
is the best of his prose tracts, and had the
author not yielded to the temptation of di-
gressing from his subject in the latter half
of the book, he might have equalled Izaak
Walton on his own ground. Throughout
his works runs a thorough sympathy with
country life and rural scenery ; the pic-
turesque descriptions of country customs in
his ' Fantasticks ' and the ' Town and Coun-
try ' are of value to the social historian. Bre-
ton's satire, most of which appeared under
the pseudonym of Pasquil, is not very im-
pressive ; he attacks the dishonest prac-
tices and artificiality of town society, but
writes, as a rule, like a disappointed man.
Of the coarseness of contemporary satirists
he knows nothing. He lacks the drastic
power of Nash, who wrote under the same
Breton
277
Breton
pseudonym, and his refinement brought down
on him N ash's censure. Nash speaks of Bre-
ton, in allusion to his ' Bower of Delights,'
as ' Pan sitting in his Bower of Delights, and
a number of Midases to admire his mise-
rable hornpipes.' In his religious poems
and tracts there is a passionate yearning
and rich imagery which often suggest South-
well, or even Crashaw, but they are defaced
by wire-drawn conceits and mystical subtle-
ties. He was probably an earnest student of
Spenser, for whom he wrote a sympathetic
epitaph.
The enthusiasm for the Virgin Mary ex-
hibited in a few poems, very generally attri-
buted to Breton, has led to the belief that the
poet was an ardent catholic. But it is almost
certain — as we state below — that the un-
doubtedly catholic poems ascribed to Breton
were by another hand ; his long intimacy
with the protestant Countess of Pembroke,
which probably rested mainly on common
religious sentiments, the direct attacks on
Romanism which figure in many of Breton's
prose tracts, and his sympathetic references
to the practices of the English reformed
church, point in quite the opposite direction.
His description of the Virgin, saints, and
angels, only noticed by him as part of the
acknowledged host of heaven, and his con-
stantly recurring comparison of his own spi-
ritual condition to that of Mary Magdalen,
merely illustrate the strength of his religious
fervour (see Dr. BBJNSLEY NICHOLSON'S notes
in Notes and Queries, 5th series, i. 501-2).
Breton's popularity lasted through the first
half of the seventeenth century. A highly
eulogistic sonnet ' in authorem ' is prefixed by
Ben Jonson to Breton's ' Melancolike Hu-
mours,' 1600, and Francis Meres in his ' Pal-
ladis Tamia,' 1598, classes him with the
greatest writers of the time. Sir John Suck-
ling, in ' The Goblins,' iv. i. (DODSLEY, Old
Plays, 1826, x. 143), joined his name with
that of Shakespeare : —
The last a well-writ piece, I assure you,
A Breton I take it, and Shakespeare's very way.
Less respectful reference to the poet's vo-
luminousness is made in Beaumont and
Fletcher's ' Scornful Lady ' (ii. 3), and
' Wit without Money ' (iii. 4). At a later
date, Richard Brome, in his 'Jovial Crew'
( Works, iii. 372), speaks of 'fetching sweet-
meats' for ladies and courting them 'in a
set speech taken out of old Britain's works.'
At the end of the seventeenth century Bre-
ton seems to have completely dropped out
of notice, but his reputation was restored by
Bishop Percy, who printed his ' Phillida and
Corydon' and 'The Shepherd's Address to
his Muse ' (both from ' England's Helicon ')
in his 'Reliques of Ancient Poetry.' In
most of the subsequent poetical collections
Breton has been represented.
I. Breton's POETICAL productions, all biblio-
graphical rarities, are as follows : —
1. 'The Workes of a young Wit trust
up with a Fardell of prettie fancies, profit-
able to young Poetes, prejudicial to no man,
and pleasant to every man to passe away
idle time withall. Whereunto is joined an
odde kinde of wooing with a bouquet of
comfittes to make an end withall. Done by
N. B., Gent.,' 1577. Only one copy of this
work (entered on the Stationers' Register
under date June 1577) is now extant; it
belongs to Mr. Christie-Miller of Britwell.
George Ellis printed two poems from it in
his ' Specimens of Early English Poets '
(3rd edition, 1803), ii. 270-8; and Mr. W.
C. Hazlitt has reprinted 'The Letter Dedi-
catorie to the Reader' (dated 14 May 1577)
in his ' Prefaces &c. from Early Books,' 1874.
2. ' A Floorish vpon Fancie. As gallant a
glose vpon so trifling a text as ever was
written. Compiled by N. B., Gent. To
which are annexed The Toyes of an Idle
Head ; containing many pretie Pamphlets
for pleasaunt heads to passe away Idle time
withall. By the same Authour,' London, 'im-
printed by Richard Jhones,' 1577 and 1582.
This work was entered on the Stationers'
Register 2 April 1577 ; the only extant copy
of the edition published in 1577 is now at
Britwell ; that of 1582 is carelessly reprinted
in Park's ' Heliconia ' (cf. W. C. HAZLITT'S
Prefaces, $c. (1874), p. 55). 3*. 'The Pilgrim-
age to Paradise, coyned with the Countesse
of Penbrooke's love, compiled in verse by
Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Oxford, by
Joseph Barnes, 1592, entered on the Sta-
tioners' Register 23 Jan. 1590-1, with
the dedication to Mary, countess of Pem-
broke. John Case, M.D., prefixes a letter,
addressed in high praise of the author, ' to my
honest trve friend, Master Nicholas Breton/
and William Gager, doctor of laws, and Henry
Price add Latin verses (cf. Addit. MS. 22583,
f. 86). 4. ' The Countess of Penbrook's Pas-
sion,' first privately printed by Mr. Halli-
well-Phillipps, from a manuscript preserved
in the Public Library at Plymouth in his
' Brief Description of the Plymouth Manu-
scripts' (1853), pp. 177-210. An anonymous
writer in 'Notes and Queries' (1st series, v.
487) described another manuscript of this
poem in his possession. A manuscript older
than either of these is in the British Museum
(Sloane MS. 1303), and this was printed for
the first time in 1862, under the title of ' A
Poem on our Saviour's Passion/ as the work of
Breton
278
Breton
Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. Horace
Walpole, in his ' Royal and Noble Authors/
similarly attributed the poem to the Countess
of Pembroke, but George Steevens, to whom
the Plymouth manuscript at one time pro-
bably belonged, describes it as Breton's work
(STEEVENS'S Sale Catalogue, 997) ; its iden-
tity of style with the ' Countesse of Pem-
brooke's Love/ mentioned above, removes
almost all doubt as to its authorship. Dr.
Brinsley Nicholson discussed the question
in the ' Athenaeum ' (9 March 1878), and,
while arriving at this conclusion, pointed out
that the author was somewhat indebted to
Thomas Watson's 'Tears of Fancie.' The
title may be compared with ' The Countess
of Pembroke's Arcadia/ by Sidney, 'The
Countess of Pembroke's Emanuel ' (1591),
and 'The Countess of Pembroke's Yuy
Church' (1591-2), by Abraham Fraunce.
5*. 'Pasquil's Mad-cappe, Throwne at the
Corruptions of these Times, with his Message
to Men of all Estates/ 1626. It was en-
tered on the Stationers' Register 20 March
1599-1600, and again on 29 July 1605, but
no earlier copy than that of 1626 is extant.
6. 'Pasquil's Fooles-cap sent to svch (to
keepe their weake braines warme) as are not
able to conceive aright of his Mad-cap. With
Pasquil's Passion for the World's wayward-
nesse, begun by himselfe and finished by his
friend Morpherius/ 1600 (entered on Sta-
tioners' Register 10 May 1600). The only
copy known is in the Bodleian. The dedica-
tion, addressed 'to my very good friende,
Master Edward Conquest/ is signed ' N. B.'
7. 'Pasquil's Mistresse, or the Worthie and
Vnworthie Woman; with his Description
and Passion of that Furie, Jealousie/ 1600.
The dedicatory epistle is signed ' Salohcin
Treboun/ apparently an anagram upon Nicho-
las Breton. A unique copy is at Britwell.
8*. ' Pasquil's Passe and Passeth Not, set
downe in three pees, his Passe, Precession,
and Prognostication/ London, 1600 (en-
tered on Stationers' Register 29 May 1600).
The dedication, signed ' N. B./ is ad-
dressed ' to my . . . good friend M. Griffith
Pen.' 9. ' Melancholike Humours, in verses of
Diverse Natures set downe by Nich. Breton,
Gent./ London, 1600. This was reprinted
privately at the Lee Priory Press by Sir S.
Egerton Brydges. It is dedicated to ' Master
Thomas Blunt/ and ' Ben. lohnson ' prefixes
a sonnet ' in authorem. Copies are in the
Huth Library and the Bodleian. 10. ' Marie
Magdalen's Love : a Solemne Passion of the
Sovles Love, by Nicholas Breton/ London,
by John Danter, 1595. The first part is a
prose commentary on St. John x. 1-18. The j
second is a poem in six-line stanzas, and was I
republished separately in 1598 and *1623.
It was entered on the Stationers' Register
20 Sept. 1595. It is almost certain that
' Marie Magdalen's Love/ a catholic treatise,
was by another hand, and bound up by the
publisher — who leaned towards Catholicism
himself — with Breton's undoubted work, to
secure a sale for it. 11*. 'A Diuine Poeme
diuided into two partes : The Ravisht Soule
and the Blessed Weeper. Compiled by Nicho-
las Breton, Gentleman/ London, 1601, dedi-
cated to the Countess of Pembroke. A copy
is in the Huth Library. It was reprinted in
' Excerpta Tudoriana.' 12*. ' An Excellent
Poeme, vpon the Longing of a Blessed Heart,
which, loathing the world, doth long to be
with Christ ; with an addition vpon the defi-
nition of love. Compiled by Nicholas Breton,
Gentleman/ London, 1601. It was privately
reprinted by Sir Egerton Brydges in 1814.
The dedication is addressed to Lord North,
and ' H. T., Gent./ contributes a sonnet in
praise of the author. A copy is in the Huth
Library. 13. ' The Soules Heavenly Exercise,
set down in diverse godly meditations, both
prose and verse, by Nicholas Breton, Gent./
London, 1601, dedicated to William Rider,
lord mayor of London. This little quarto is
not mentioned by any of the bibliographers or
writers on Breton. A copy which is believed
to be unique is in private hands ; it is bound
in old vellum, with Queen Elizabeth's crest
stamped upon it in gold. 14*. ' The Soules
Harmony. Written by Nicholas Breton/
London, 1602. Dedicated to Lady Sara
Hastings. 15. ' Olde Madcapps newe Gally-
mawfrey, by Ni. Breton/ London (Richard
lohnes), 1602, and dedicated to Mistress
Anne Breton of Little Calthorpe, Leicester-
shire, entered on the Stationers' Register
4 June 1602. A unique copy is in Mr. Christie-
Miller's library at Britwell. 16. 'The Mother's
Blessing/ London, 1602, with a dedication
signed Nich. Breton, addressed to ' M. Thomas
Rowe, sonne to the Lady Bartley of Stoke/
The only complete copy known is in the li-
brary of Sir Charles Isham of Lamport Hall,
Northampton. 17. 'The Passionate Shep-
heard, or the Shepheardes Love ; set downe
in Passions to his Shepherdesse Aglaia/ Lon-
don, 1604. Breton here writes under the
pseudonym of Bonerto. The only perfect
copy known belonged to Mr. Frederic Ouvry,
and was reprinted by him in 1877. 18*. 'The
Soules Immortall Crowne, consisting of
Seaven Glorious Graces/ London, 1605, de-
dicated to James I. A manuscript of the
work, signed by Breton, is in the British Mu-
seum (MS. Royal, 18 A, Ivii.) 19. ' A Trve
Description of Vnthankfulnesse, or an Enemie
to Ingratitude. Compiled by Nicholas Breton,
Breton
279
Breton
Gent./ London, 1602 ; dedicated to ' Mistris
Mary Gate,' daughter of Sir Henry Gate of
Seamer, Yorkshire. Acopyis in the Bodleian.
20. ' The Honovr of Valovr. By Nicholas Bre-
ton, Gent., 'London, 1605. A unique copy is in
the Huth Library ; it is dedicated to Charles
Blount, earl of Devon. 21. l An Invective
against Treason/ printed by Dr. Grosart from
the Koyal MS. (17 C, xxxiv.) in the British
Museum, with a dedication, signed ' Nich.
Breton/ to the Duke of Lennox. An edition
entitled 'The State of Treason with a Touch
of the late Treason/ was published in 1616,
but no copy is now known. The poem refers
to the Gunpowder Plot. 22. ' I would and
I would not/ London, 1614. The address to
the reader is signed ' B. N./ but the style
of the poem and the initials (probably re-
versed) give the poem a title to be connected
with Breton's name.
Breton was a regular contributor to the
poetical collections of his age, and his poeti-
cal fame induced an enterprising publisher,
Richard Jones, to put forth two miscellanies
under his name. In the Stationers' Re-
gister, under date 3 May 1591, ' Bryton's
Bowre of Delights' was entered to Jones,
and published in the same year as * contayn-
ing many most delectable and fine deuices
of rare epitaphes, pleasant poems, pastorals,
and sonets, by N. B., Gent.' Of this publica-
tion Mr. Christie-Miller owns a unique copy.
Breton says in an epistle (12 April 1592) pre-
fixed to his 'Pilgrimage to Paradise:' 'There
hath beene of late printed in London by one
Richarde Joanes, a printer, a booke of English
verse, entituled " Breton's Bower of Delights."
I protest it was done altogether without my
consent or knowledge, and many things of
other men mingled with a few of mine, for ex-
cept "Amoris Lachrimse," an epitaph vpon Sir
Phillip Sydney, and one or two other toies,
which I know not how he vnhappily came by,
I have no part of any of them.' George Ellis
printed in his ' Specimens of the Early English
Poets/ 3rd edition, 1803 (ii. 286-8), ' a sweet
contention between love, his mistress, and
beauty ' from a copy of ' The Bowre of De-
lights/dated 1597. A similar story may be told
of 'The Arbor of Amorous Deuices : Wherein
young Gentlemen may reade many pleasant
fancies and fine Deuices : And thereon me-
ditate diuers sweete Conceites to court the
loue of faire Ladies and Gentlewomen. By
N. B., Gent./ London, 1597 (cf. BEATJCLERC'S
Sale Catalogue, 1781; W. C. HAZLITT'S
Handbook}. Only one copy of this book is still
extant, and that has lost its title-page and is
otherwise defective ; it is in the Capell collec-
tion at Trinity College, Cambridge. There
is an entry on the Stationers' Register of
' The Arbour of Amorus Delightes, by N. B.,
Gent./ under date 7 Jan. 1593-4. This book
is only in part Breton's ; it contains poems
by other hands, collected together by the
printer, Richard Jones. Two pieces are from
Tottel's ' Miscellany/ a third is from Sidney's
' Arcadia.' The most beautiful poem in the col-
lection is the well-known * A Sweete Lullabie/
beginning, ' Come little babe, come silly soule/
and it has been assumed by many to be by
Breton, but ' Britton's Divinitie ' is Breton's
sole undoubted contribution to the volume.
In the ' Phoenix Nest/ published in 1593, five
poems are described as ' by N. B., Gent.' In
' England's Helicon/ published in 1600, eight
poems are signed l N. Breton/ among them
being the far-famed ' Phillida and Corydon '
(originally printed anonymously in 1591 in
' The . . . Entertainment gieven to the Queen
. . . by the Earle of Hertford '), and several of
Breton's most delicate pastorals. Some songs
set to music in Morley's 'New Book of Tabla-
ture/ 1596, and Dowland's ' Third Book of
Songs/ 1603 (see COLLIEE'S Lyrical Poems,
published by Percy Society), have on internal
grounds been ascribed to Breton. Sir Egerton
Brydges printed in his ' Censura Literaria' as
a poem of Breton's a few verses beginning
' Among the groves, the woods, the thickets/
described in John Hynd's ' Eliosto Libidinoso/
1606, as ' a fancie which that learned author,
N. B., hath dignified with respect.' Part of
the poem was printed anonymously from
Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6910, in 'Excerpta
Tudoriana.' To ' The Scvller/ 1612, by John
Taylor, the Water Poet, 'thy loving friend
Nicholas Breton' contributed a poem 'in
laudem authoris.' A seventeenth-century
manuscript collection of verse by various
authors of the sixteenth and the seventeenth
centuries (in the possession of Mr. F. W. Co-
sens) contains transcripts of many of Breton's
poems, some of which were printed in ' Eng-
land's Helicon/ others in 'The Arbor of
Amorous Devices/ 1597 ; and one, ' Amoris
Lachrimsefor the Death of Sir Philip Sidney/
in ' Britton's Bowre of Delights/ 1591 ; there
are also some thirty short pieces, fairly at-
tributable to Breton, which do not appear
to have been printed in the poet's lifetime ;
they were published for the first time by
Dr. Grosart. Among the Tanner MSS. at the
Bodleian are five short poems by Breton of no
particular literary interest.
II. Breton's PROSE works are : —
1 *. ' Auspicante Jehoua, Marie's Exercise/
London (by T. Este), 1597. There is a dedi-
cation, signed ' Nich. Breton/ addressed to
Mary, countess of Pembroke, and another
' to the Ladies and Gentlewomen Readers/
One copy is in the Cambridge University
Breton
280
Breton
Library. 2. * Wits Trenchmour, in a con-
ference betwixt a Scholler and an Angler.
Written by Nicli. Breton, Gentleman/ Lon-
don, 1597 (Trenchmour is the name of a
boisterous dance). A unique copy is in Mr.
Huth's library. The dedication is addressed
to ' William Harbert of the Red Castle in
Montgomery-shire.' Izaak Walton is usually
said, without much reason, to have been in-
debted to this work for the suggestion of
his ' Angler.' 3**. ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's
Will or Wil's Wit, Chuse you whether. Com-
piled by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Lon-
don (by Thomas Creede), 1599. The book is
entered on the Stationers' Register 7 Sept.
1580. The Rev. Richard Madox refers to the
book as its author's chief work in his ' Diary,'
under date 14 March 1582-3. There is a dedi-
cation * To Gentlemen Schollers and Students,
whatsoever,' and two copies of unsigned
verses, 'ad lectorem, de authore,' together
with some stanzas by W[illiam] S[mith].
The book contains : (1) ' A Pretie and Wittie
Discourse betwixt Wit and Will, in which
several songs appear.' (2) ' The Author's
Dreame of strange effects as followeth.'
(3) 'The Scholler and the Soldiour . . .
the one defending Learning, the other Mar-
tiall Discipline, in which the Soldier gets the
better of the argument.' (4) 'The Miseries
of Manillia, the most unfortunate Ladie that
ever lived,' a romance. (5) 'The Praise
of Vertuous Ladies, an invective written
against the discourteous discourses of certaine
malicious persons, written against women
whom Nature, Wit, and Wisedom (well con-
sidered) would us rather honour than disgrace.'
This piece was reprinted by Sir Egerton
Brydges in 1815. (6) ' A Dialogue between
Anger and Patience.' (7) 'A Phisitions
Letter,' with practical directions for healthy
living. (8) ' A Farewell.' The whole work
was republished in 1606*, and a very limited
reprint was issued by Mr. J. O. Halliwell-
PhiUipps in 1860. 4. ' The Strange Fvtvres
of Two Excellent Princes [Fantiro and
Penillo], in their Lives and Loves to their
equall Ladies in all the titles of true honour,'
1600, a story from the Italian. A unique copy
is in the Bodleian, dedicated to ' lohn Line-
wray, Esquire, clerk of the deliueries, and the
deliuerance of all her Maiestie's ordenance.'
5. 'Crossing of Proverbs, Crosse Answeres
and Crosse Humours, by N. B., Gent.,' Lon-
don, 1616, pts. i. and *ii. 6. ' The Figvre
of Foure' was first entered on the Sta-
tioners' Register 10 Oct. 1597, and again
19 Nov. 1607. Ames notes an edition of
1631. But all that seems to have survived
of this book is an edition of ' the second part,'
issued in 1636 (of which a unique copy is in
the Bodleian). The address to the reader is
signed ' N. B.' *A reprint of this part, dated
1654, consists of 104 fantastic paragraphs,
each describing four things of similar quality.
7**. ' Wonders Worth the Hearing, which
being read or heard in a Winter's evening
by a good fire, or a Summer's morning in the
greene fields, may serve both to purge me-
! lancholy from the minde & grosse humours
I from the body,' London, 1602. The dedica-
tion, signed 'Nich. Breton,' and dated 22 Dec.
1602, is addressed ' to my honest and loving
friend, Mr. lohn Cradocke, cutler, at his
house without Temple Barre.' The book con-
tains quaint descriptions of Elizabethan
manners. 8. 'A Poste with a Packet of
Mad Letters,' was published first in 1603
| (entered on Stationers' Register 18 May
1602), of which a copy is in the Advocates'
Library, Edinburgh. *An edition, ' the
fourth time enlarged,' appeared in 1609, and
it appeared again in a much enlarged shape
(two parts)* in 1637. Frequent editions
were issued down to 1685. It is dedicated to
' Maximillion Dallison, of Hawlin,' Kent. It
consists of letters from persons in a variety
of situations, several of which are signed
' N. B.,' and read like extracts from the author's
actual correspondence. One letter (Let. ii.
19) of this kind, ' To my dearest beloved friend
on earth, H. WT.,' tells the story of a life of
sorrows, which has been assumed to be auto-
biographical. 9. ' A Mad World, my Masters,
a merry dialogue betweene two travellers
[Dorindo and Lorenzo],' London, 1603 and
1635. The first edition is dedicated to John
Florio. Both editions are in the Bodleian.
Middleton's play with the same title was
published in 1608. 10*. 'A Dialogue full
of Pithe and Pleasure : between three Phy-
losophers : Antonio, Meondro, and Dinarco :
Vpon the Dignitie or Indignitie of Man.
Partly translated out of Italian and partly
set down by way of observation. By Nicholas
Breton, Gentleman,' London, 1603, dedicated
to ' lohn Linewray, Esquier, Marster Sur-
veior Generall of all her Maiesties Ordinance.'
11*. Grimello's Fortunes, with his Entertain-
ment in his Travaile,' London, 1604. Two
copies are in the Bodleian and one in the
Huth Library. The address ' to the reader '
is signed 'B. N.' 12*. ' An Olde Man's Lesson
and a Yovng Man's Love, by Nicholas Bre-
ton,'London, 1605. One copy is in the Huth
Library, dedicated to Sir John Linwraye,
knight . . . of his Maiesties Ordinance.' 13. 'I
pray you be not Angrie : A pleasant and
merry Dialogue betweene two Travellers as
they met on the Highway [touching their
crosses, and of the vertue of patience]. By
N. B.,' London, 1605 and (with a slightly
Breton
281
Brett
different title-page) 1624. In the Bodleian
Library copy of the first edition the signa-
ture of the address to the reader is ' Nicho-
las Breton.' 14*. 'A Murmurer,' written
' against murmurers and murmuring/ Lon-
don, 1607. The dedication, to ' the Lords of
his Maiesties most Honorable privie Coun-
sel,' is signed ' Nicholas Breton.' One copy
is at Bridgewater House. 15**. ' Divine
Considerations of the Soule ... By N. B.,
G.,' London, 1608. It is dedicated to ' Sir
Thomas Lake, one of the Clarkes of his
Maiesties Signet, health, happinesse, and
Heaven,' with the signature of ' Nich. Bre-
ton.' 16. ' Wits Private Wealth stored with
Choice of Commodities to content the Minde,'
1612* and 1639— a collection of proverbial
remarks — dedicated to ' lohn Crooke, son and
heire to Sir lohn Crooke, knight,' with the
signature of * N. Britton.' 17*. ' Characters
upon Essaies, Morall and Diuine,' London,
1615, dedicated by 'Nich. Breton' to Sir
Francis Bacon. 18. 'The Good and the
Badde, a Description of the Worthies and
Vnworthies of this Age,' London, *1616 and
1643, dedicated by 'Nicholas Breton' to
Sir Gilbert Houghton. 19**. ' Strange Newes
ovt of Divers Countries,' London, 1622,
with an address to the reader signed ' B. N.'
20*. ' Fantasticks, serving for a perpetuall
Prognostication,' London, 1626. Copies are
in Mr. Huth's and Dr. Grosart's libraries.
There is a dedication to ' Sir Marke Ive, of
Riuers Hall in Essex,' signed ' N. B.' Extracts
appear in J. O. Halliwell's * Books of Cha-
racters,' 1857. 21. 'The Court and Country,
or a briefe Discourse betweene the Courtier
and Countryman, of the Manner, Nature, and
Condition of their lives. Dialoguewise set
downe. . . . Written by N. B., Gent.,' Lon-
don, 1618. A unique copy belongs to Mr.
Christie-Miller of Britwell. ' Nich. Breton '
signs the dedication to ' Sir Stephen Poll of
Blaikmoore in Essex.' Mr. W. C. Hazlitt
reprinted this book in his ' Inedited Tracts '
(Roxburghe Club, 1868). 22. ' An Eulogistic
Character of Queen Elizabeth, dedicated by
the author, Nicholas Breton, to Robert Cecil,
earl of Salisbury,' is extant in Breton's hand-
writing, in the Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6207
ff. 14-22. It was printed by Dr. Grosart for
the first time.
The most serious mistake made by Breton's
bibliographers has been the ascription to |
him of ' Sir Philip Sydney's Ourania ... by
N. B.' 1606. The author of this work is Na-
thaniel Baxter [q. v.] In the British Museum
Catalogue ' Mary Magdalen's Lamentations
for the Losse of Her Maister Jesus, London,
1604, and ' The Passion of a Discontented
Mind,' London, 1601, 1602, 1621, are errone-
ously ascribed to Breton. Robert Southwell
was more probably the author of the latter.
A unique copy of the first edition is in the
Huth Library, and the second edition (in the
Bodleian) is reprinted in J. P. Collier's ' Il-
lustrations,' vol. i. The Rev. Thomas Corser
ascribes ' The Case is Altered. How ? Aske
Dalio and Millo,' London, 1604 and 1635, to
Breton ; Mr. J. P. Collier assigns it to Francis
Thynne, although internal evidence fails to
support this conclusion.
Breton's name was pronounced Britton.
[Dr. Grosart has collected most of Breton's
works in his edition, privately published, in the
Chertsey Worthies Library (1877). The poeti-
cal works numbered above 1, 7, 13, and 15 do
not appear there. The editions marked * and
** are in the British Museum, and the latter
are believed to be unique. See also Corser's Col-
lectanea ; Kitson's Anglo-Poetica ; Ellis's Speci-
mens of the Early EnglishPoets (1803) and Hun-
ters MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS.
24487, if. 307 et seq., which is especially valu-
able.] S. L. L.
BRETON, WILLIAM. [See BRITON.]
BRETT, ARTHUR (d. 1677 ?), poet, was,
Wood believes, ' descended of a genteel family.'
Having been a scholar of Westminster, he
was elected to a studentship at Christ Church,
Oxford, in 1653. He proceeded B.A. in
1656 and M.A. in 1659. He was one of the
' Terras filii ' in the act held in St. Mary's
Church, 1661, ' at which time he showed him-
self sufficiently ridiculous.' Having taken
orders, he became vicar of Market Lavington,
Wiltshire, but he seems after a while to have
given up the living. He came up to London,
and there fell into poverty, begging from
gentlemen in the streets, and especially from
Oxford men. He was somewhat crazed, ac-
cording to Wood, who met him by chance
in 1675, and was perhaps annoyed by his
importunity, for he writes with some bitter-
ness of him. Brett was ' a great pretender to
poetry.' He wrote : 1. ' A Poem on the Re-
storation of King Charles II,' 1660, included
in ' Britannia rediviva.' 2. ' Threnodia, on
the Death of Henry, Duke of Gloucester,'
1660. 3. ' Poem on the Death of the Prin-
cess of Orange,' 1660. 4. ' Patientia victrix,
or the Book of Job in Lyric Verse,' 1661 ;
and is also said to have written an essay on
poetry. He died in his mother's house in
the Strand ' about 1677.' Wood knows not
' where his lean and macerated carcase was
buried, unless in the yard of St. Clement's
church, without Temple Bar.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. col. 1144; Fasti, ii.
192, 220 (Bliss); Welch's Alumni Westmon.
(1852), 141.] W. H.
Brett
282
Brett
BRETT, HENRY (d. 1724), colonel, of
Sandywell Park, Gloucestershire, the asso-
ciate of Addison and Steele, was eldest son
of Henry Brett of Cowley, Gloucestershire,
the descendant of the old Warwickshire
family of Brett of Brett's Hall (see AT-
KYNS'S Gloucestershire, p. 400 ; DUGDALE'S
Warwickshire, ii. 1039). Colley Gibber, who
was intimate with him, says that young
Brett was sent to Oxford and entered at the
Temple, but was an idler about town in 1700,
when he married Ann, the divorced wife of
Charles Gerard, second earl of Macclesfield,
who succeeded to the title in 1693. She was
daughter of a Sir Richard Mason, knight,
of Sutton, Surrey, and married the Earl of
Macclesfield, then Lord Brandon, in 1683,
but separated from him soon after. She had
afterwards two illegitimate children, one of
whom, by Richard Savage, fourth and last
earl Rivers, was popularly identified with
the unfortunate poet, Richard Savage (see
Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vi. 361 et seq.)
The countess was divorced in 1698, when
her fortune of 12,000/. (or, as some accounts
have it, 25,000/.) was returned to her, and
two years later she married Henry Brett. He
was a very handsome young fellow, and the
lady's sympathy is said to have been evoked
by an assault committed upon him by bailiffs
opposite her windows. After his marriage
Henry Brett was for a short time member for
the borough of Bishop's Castle, Salop. He
also obtained in 1705 the lieutenant-colonelcy
of a regiment of foot newly raised by Sir
Charles Hotham, but parted with it soon after.
Brett was a well-known member of the little
circle of which Addison was the head, and
which held its social gatherings at Will's
and afterwards at Button's. He is supposed
to be the Colonel Rambler of the 'Tatler*
(No. 7). He rebuilt Sandywell Park, which
he sold to Lord Conway, and at one time
had a share in the patent of Drury Lane
Theatre (CiBBEK, Apology, p. 212). He sur-
vived his friend Addison, and died, rather
suddenly, in 1724. His will, wherein he is
simply described as Henry Brett, and be-
queaths all his real and personal property to
his loving spouse Ann Brett, except his lottery
tickets, half the proceeds of which, in the event
of their drawing prizes, are to go to his sister
Miller, was dated 14 Sept. 1724, and proved
by his widow two days later. After her father's
death, his daughter, Anna Margharetta Brett,
who appears to have been the sole issue of
the marriage, and who is described as a dark,
Spanish-looking beauty, became the recog-
nised mistress — the first English one — of
King George I, then in his sixty-fifth year,
by whom she is believed to have had no
children. The young lady's ambition and
prospects of a coronet were disappointed
through the death of the king in 1727, and
she subsequently married Sir William Lemanr
second baronet, of Northaw or Northall, Hert-
fordshire, and died without issue in 1743,
Mrs. Brett lived to the age of eighty. She
died at her residence in Old Bond Street,
London, on 11 Oct. 1753. She is said to
have been a woman of literary tastes, and
Colley Cibber is stated to have esteemed her
judgment so highly as to have submitted to
her revision the manuscript of his best play,
the ' Careless Husband,' which was first put
on the boards in 1704.
Colonel Arthur Brett (whose daughter
married Thomas Carte, the historian) is
sometimes confounded with Henry Brett.
[Collins's Peerage (1812), ix. 400, 404; Col-
lins's Baronetage, iii. (ii.) 461, iv. 406; Walpole's
Letters, i. p. cv ; Apology for Life of Colley
Cibber (1740, 4to), pp. 212, 214; Gloucester-
shire Notes and Queries, clxxxvi. (March 1881),
dccxcvii. (July 1882), where some of the details
given are incorrect; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
vi. 361 et seq., 5th ser. xi. 295, xii. 196 ; Gent.
Mag. xxiii. 541.] H. M. C.
BRETT, GEORGE. [See KEYNES.]
BRETT, JOHN (d. 1785), captain in the
royal navy, was probably the son or near
kinsman of Captain Timothy Brett, with
whom he went to sea in the Ferret sloop
about the year 1722, with the rating of cap-
tain's servant. In May 1727 he followed
Timothy Brett to the Deal Castle, and in the
following November to the William and
Mary yacht. On 2 March 1733-4 he was
promoted to be lieutenant ; in 1740 he com-
manded the Grampus sloop in the Mediter-
ranean ; and on 25 March 1741 was posted
into the Roebuck of 40 guns by Vice-admiral
Haddock, whom he brought home a passenger,
invalided, in May 1742. In November 1742
he was appointed to the Anglesea, and in
April 1744 to the Sunderland of 60 guns.
He was still in the Sunderland and in com-
pany with the Captain, Hampton Court .and
Dreadnought, when, on 6 Jan. 1744-5, they
fell in with, and did not capture, the two
French ships, Neptune and Fleuron [see
GRIFFIN, THOMAS ; MOSTYN, SAVAGE]. For-
tunately for Captain Brett's reputation, the
Sunderland had her mainmast carried away at
an early period of the chase, and he thus es-
caped a share of the obloquy which attached
to the others. He was afterwards sent out
to join Commodore Warren at Cape Breton,
and took part in the operations which re-
sulted in the capture of Louisburg. In
1755 he commanded the Chichester in the
Brett
283
Brett
squadron sent under Rear-admiral Holburne
to reinforce Boscawen on the coast of North
America. On 19 May 1756 he was appointed
to the St. George, and on 1 June was ordered
to turn over to the Namur. Three days
afterwards a promotion of admirals came
out, in which Brett was included, with his
proper seniority, as rear-admiral of the white.
He refused to take up the commission, and
it was accordingly cancelled (Admiralty
Minutes, 4 and 15 June 1756). No reason
for this refusal appears on record, and the
correspondence that must have taken place
between Brett and the admiralty or Lord
Anson has not been preserved. It is quite
possible that there had been some question
as to whether his name should or should not
be included in the promotion, and that this
had come to Brett's knowledge; but the
story, as told by Oharnock, of his name
having been in the first instance omitted, is
contradicted by the official list.
From this time Brett lived in retire-
ment, occupying himself, to some extent,
in literary pursuits. In 1777-9 he published
1 ' Translations of Father Feyjoo's Discourses'
(4 vols. 8vo) ; and in 1780 i Essays or Dis-
courses selected from the Works of Feyjoo,
and translated from the Spanish' (2 vols.
8vo). A letter, dated Gosport, 3 July 1772
(Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 30871, f. 138), shows
that he corresponded with Wilkes on friendly
terms, and ranked himself with him as ' a
friend of liberty.' He speaks also of his
wife and children, of whom nothing further
seems to be known. He died in 1785.
[Official Documents in the Public Eecord
Office ; Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 67 ; Gent.
Mag. li. 34. Iv. 223.] J. K. L.
BRETT, JOHN WATKINS (1805-1863),
telegraphic engineer, was the son of a cabinet-
maker, William Brett of Bristol, and was
born in that city in 1805. Brett has been
styled, with apparent justice, the founder of
submarine telegraphy. The idea of trans-
mitting electricity through submerged cables
is said to have been originated by him in
conjunction with his younger brother. After
some years spent in perfecting his plans he
sought and obtained permission from Louis-
Philippe in 1847 to establish telegraphic
communication between France and England,
but the project did not gain the public at-
tention, being regarded as too hazardous for
general support. The attempt was, however,
made in 1850, and met with success, and the
construction of numerous other submarine
lines followed. Brett always expressed him-
self confident as to the ultimate union of
England and America by means of electri-
city, but he did not live to see it accom-
plished. He died on 3 Dec. 1863 at the age
of 58, and was buried in the family vault in
the churchyard of Westbury-on-Trim, near
Bristol. Brett published a work of 104 pages,
' On the Origin and Progress of the Oceanic
Telegraph, with a few brief facts and opinions
of the press ' (London, 8vo, 1858), and con-
tributed several papers on the same subject
to the Institute of Civil Engineers, of which
he was a member. A list of these contribu-
tions will be found in the index of the * Pro-
ceedings ' of that society.
[Notes and Queries. 3rd ser. viii. 203, &c. ;
Catalogue of the Konalds Library.] K. H.
BRETT, SIB PEIRCY (1709-1781), ad-
miral, was the son of Peircy Brett, a master
in the navy, and afterwards master attendant
of the dockyards at Sheerness and at Chat-
ham. After serving his time as volunteer
and midshipman, he was, on 6 Dec. 1734,
promoted to the rank of lieutenant and ap-
pointed to the Falkland with Captain the
Hon. Fitzroy Lee. In her he continued till
July 1738, when he was appointed to the
Adventure, and a few months later to the
Gloucester, one of the ships which sailed
under Commodore Anson for the Pacific in
September 1740. On 18 Feb. following Brett
was transferred to Anson's own ship, the
Centurion, as second-lieutenant, and in this
capacity he commanded the landing party
which sacked and burned the town of Paita
on 13 Nov. 1741. After the capture of the
great Acapulco ship, Brett became first-lieu-
tenant, by the promotion of Saumarez, and
was appointed by Anson to be captain of the
Centurion on 30 Sept. 1743, when he himself
left the ship on his visit to Canton. On the
arrival of the Centurion in England the ad-
miralty refused to confirm this promotion,
although they gave Brett a new commission
as captain dated the day the ship anchored
at Spithead, and a few months later, under
a new admiralty of which Anson was a
member, the original commission wras con-
firmed, 29 Dec. 1744 [see ANSON, GEORGE,
LORD].
In April 1745 Brett was appointed to
command the Lion, 60 guns, in the Chan-
nel ; and on 9 July, being then off" Ushant,
he fell in with the French ship Elisabeth ot
64 gun's, a king's ship, nominally in private
employ, and actually engaged in convoying
the small frigate on board which Prince
Charles Edward was taking a passage to
Scotland. Between the Lion and Elisabeth
a severe action ensued, which lasted from
5 p.m. till 9 p.m., by which time the Lion
was a wreck, with 45 killed and 107
Brett
284
Brett
wounded out of a complement of 400 ; and
the Elisabeth, taking advantage of her
enemy's condition, drew off, too much in-
jured to pursue the voyage. The drawn
battle was thus as fatal to the Stuart
cause as the capture of the Elisabeth would
have been ; for all the stores, arms, and
money for the intended campaign were on
board her, and the young prince landed in
Scotland a needy and impoverished adven-
turer.
Early in 1747 Brett was appointed to the
Yarmouth, 64 guns, which he commanded in
the action off Cape Finisterre on 3 May ; he
was shortly afterwards temporarily super-
seded by Captain Saunders, but was reap-
pointed in the autumn, and continued in the
same ship till the end of 1750, during the
latter part of which time she was guardship
at Chatham. In 1752 Brett was appointed
to the Royal Caroline yacht, and in the fol-
lowing January, having taken the king over
to Germany, received the honour of knight-
hood. In February 1754 he was one of a
commission appointed to examine into the
condition of the port of Harwich, which was
found to be silting up by the waste of the
cliff. He continued in command of the yacht
till the end of 1757, and in January 1758
was appointed to the Norfolk as commodore
in the Downs. During Anson's cruise off
Brest in the summer of 1758 he acted as first
captain of the Royal George, in the capacity
now known as captain of the fleet. He after-
wards returned to the Norfolk and the Downs,
and held that command till December 1761,
during which period, in the summer of 1759,
he was employed on a commission for ex-
amining the coasts of Essex, Kent, and Sussex,
with a view to their defence against any
possible landing of the enemy. His report
(15 June 1759) is curious and interesting as
showing the extraordinary ignorance of the
government as to the nature of the country
within a hundred miles of London. Early
in 1762 he \\as sent out to the Mediterranean
as second in command, and was soon after
promoted to be rear-admiral. He came home
the following year, after the peace, and did
not serve again at sea, though from 1766
to 1770 he was one of the lords commissioners
of the admiralty under Sir Edward Hawke.
He became a vice-admiral on 24 Oct. 1770,
admiral on 29 Jan. 1778, and died on 14 Oct.
1781. He was buried at Beckenham in Kent,
where there is a tablet to his memory in the
church.
He married in 1745 Henrietta, daughter
of Mr. Thomas Colby, clerk of the cheque at
Chatham, by whom he had two sons, who
died in infancy, and a daughter, who mar-
ried Sir George Bowyer. The Peircy Brett
whose name appears in later navy lists as a
captain of 1787 was a nephew, the son of
William Brett, also a captain in the navy,
who died in 1769. Lady Brett survived her
husband but a few years ; she died in August
1788, in the eighty-first year of her age, and
was buried in the same vault in the church
at Beckenham.
[Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 239 ; Gent. Mag.
li. 517, 623 ; Official Letters, &c., in the Public
Eecord Office.] J. K. L.
BRETT, RICHARD (1560 P-1637), a
learned divine, was descended from a family
which had been settled at Whitestanton,
Somersetshire, in the time of Henry I (CoL-
LINSON, Somersetshire, iii. 127). He was
entered a commoner of Hart Hall in Oxford
University in 1582, took one degree in arts,
and was then elected a fellow of Lincoln
College, where he set himself to perfect his
acquaintance with the classical and eastern
languages. According to Wood, ' he was a
person famous in his time for learning as
well as piety, skill'd and versed to a criti-
cism in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic,
Arabic, and Ethiopic tongues.' In 1597 he
was admitted bachelor of divinity, and he
proceeded in divinity in 1605. In February
1595 he was presented to the rectory of
Quainton, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
On account of his special knowledge of the
biblical languages he was appointed by
James I one of the translators of the Bible
into English. He published two translations
from Greek into Latin : l Vitse sanctorum
Evangelistarum Johannis et Lucae a Simeone
Metaphraste concinnatse,' Oxford, 1597, and
' Agatharchidis et Memnonis historicorum
qu£e supersunt omnia,' Oxford, 1597. He
was also the author of ' Iconum sacrarum
Decas in qua e subjectis typis compluscula
sanse doctrinae capita eruuntur,' 1603. He
died on 15 April 1637, aged 70, and was buried
in the chancel of his church at Quainton.
Over his grave a monument with his effigies
and a Latin and English epitaph was erected
by his widow. By his wife Alice, daughter
of Richard Brown, sometime mayor of Ox-
ford, he left four daughters.
[Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 611-2; Lips-
comb's Buckinghamshire, i. 422, 434, 436 ; Col-
linson's Somersetshire, iii. 127.] T. F. H.
BRETT, ROBERT (1808-1874), surgeon,
was born on 11 Sept. 1808, it is believed at
or near Luton, Bedfordshire. As soon as he
was old enough, he entered St. George's Hos-
pital, London, as a medical pupil, and passed
his examinations, both as M.R.C.S.E. and
Brett
285
Brett
L.S.A.L., in 1830. He then probably filled
some hospital posts, and most certainly
married ; and at this time he was so deeply
imbued with religious feeling that he wished
to take holy orders, and go abroad as a mis-
sionary. But he was dissuaded from such a !
step, and continued the practice of his pro-
fession. On the death of his wife, he went as
assistant to Mr. Samuel Reynolds, a surgeon
at Stoke Newington, whose sister he married,
and with whom he entered into a partnership
which lasted fourteen years. He continued
to practise at Stoke Newington until his
death, on 3 Feb. 1874.
He entered heart and soul into the tracta-
rian movement from its commencement, doing
all in his power as a layman to forward it ;
he was honoured with the friendship of most
of the leaders, especially Dr. Pusey, and his
whole life and means were spent in promoting
the interests of this section of the Church of
England. Even the motto on his carriage
was ( Pro Ecclesia Dei.' It was owing to his
calling the attention of Edward Coleridge, |
of Eton, to the deplorable condition of the
ruins of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, that a
scheme was set on foot which resulted,
through the munificence of Mr. Beresford
Hope, in the establishment of St. Augus-
tine's Missionary College. He parcelled out
the parish of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington,
and was the chief agent in the building of its
church, as he also was subsequently in the
erection of two churches at Haggerston and
St. Faith's, Stoke Newington. He did other
practical good work in founding the Guild of
St. Luke, which consists of a band of medical
men who co-operate with the clergy. He
was an active member of the first church
union that was started, and was at the time
of his death a vice-president of the English
Church Union.
Although, as may be imagined, his time
was well occupied, yet he found leisure to
write many devotional books (sixteen in
number), such as 'Devotions for the Sick
Room,' ( Companion for the Sick Room,'
' Thoughts during Sickness,' &c.
He was buried on 7 Feb. 1874 at Totten-
ham cemetery. A large number of clergy-
men, noblemen, physicians, and barristers
attended his funeral.
[Private information.]
J. A.
BRETT, THOMAS (1667-1743), non-
juring divine, was the son of Thomas Brett of
Spring Grove, Wye, Kent. His father de-
scended from a family long settled at Wye ;
his mother was Letitia, daughter of John
Boys of Betshanger, Sandwich, where Brett
was born. He was educated at the Wye gram-
mar school, under John Paris and Samuel
Pratt (afterwards dean of Rochester), and on
20 March 1684 admitted pensioner of Queens'
College, Cambridge. He was removed by
his father for extravagance, but permitted
to return. He then found that his books
had been ' embezzled by an idle scholar,' and
migrated to Corpus on 17 Jan. 1689. He
took the LL.B. degree on the St. Barna-
bas day following. He was ordained deacon
on 21 Dec. 1690. After holding a curacy at
Folkestone for a year he was ordained priest,
and chosen lecturer at Islington. The vicar,
Mr. Gery, encouraged him to exchange his
early whiggism for tory and high-church
principles. On the death of his father, his
mother persuaded him to return (May 1696)
to Spring Grove, where he undertook the
cure of Great Chart. Here he married
Bridget, daughter of Sir Nicholas Toke. In
1697 he became LL.D., and soon afterwards
exchanged Great Chart for Wye. He became
rector of Betshanger on the death of his
uncle, Thomas Boys ; and on 12 April 1705
Archbishop Tenison made him rector of
Ruckinge, having previously allowed him to
hold the small vicarage of Chislet ' in seques-
tration.' He had hitherto taken the oaths
without scruple ; but the attempts of his re-
lation, Chief-baron Gilbert, to bring him back
to whiggism had the reverse of the effect in-
tended ; and Sacheverell's trial induced him
to resolve never to take the oath again. He
published a sermon ' on the remission of sins/
in 1711, which gave offence by its high view
of sacerdotal absolution, and was attacked
by Dr. Robert Cannon [q. v.] in convocation
(22 Feb. 1712). The proposed censure was
dropped apparently by the action of Atterbury
as prolocutor (Letter about a Motion in Con-
vocation, fyc. 1712). In a later sermon 'On
the Honour of the Cnristian Priesthood ' he
disavowed a belief in auricular confession.
On the accession of George I, Brett declined
to take the oaths, resigned his living, and
was received into communion by the nonjur- /
ing bishop Hickes. He afterwards officiated- '
in his own house. He was presented at the
assizes for keeping a conventicle, and in 1718
and 1729 complaints were made against him
to Archbishop Wake for interfering with the
duties of the parish clergyman. He was,
however, let off with a reproof.
Brett was consecrated bishop by the non-
juring bishops Collier, Spinckes, and Howes,
in 1716. He took part in a negotiation
which they opened in 1716 with the Greek
archbishop of Thebais, then in London, and
which continued till 1725, when it was
allowed to drop. Brett's account, with copies
of a proposed * concordate,' and letters to the
Brett
286
Brettargh
Czar of Moscovy and his ministers, is given
by Lathbury (History of Nonjurors, 1845,
p. 309), from the manuscripts of Bishop
Jolly. Before a definitive reply had been re-
ceived from the Greek prelates, the church
which made the overture had split into two
in consequence of a controversy. Brett sup-
ported Collier in proposing to return to the use
of the first liturgy of Edward VI, as nearer
the use of the primitive church. He defended
his view in a postscript to his work on ' Tra-
dition.' He took part in various contro-
versies connected with the nonjuring question,
and joined in consecrating bishops with Col-
lier and the Scotch bishop, Campbell. In
1727 he consecrated Thomas Brett, junior.
He also contributed some notes to Zachary
Grey's edition of Hudibras ' (published 1744).
Brett was an amiable man, of pleasant con-
versation, and lived quietly in his own house,
where he died on 5 March 1743. He had
twelve children. His wife died on 7 May
1765 ; his son, Nicholas, chaplain to Sir
Kobert Cotton, on 20 Aug. 1776.
Brett published many books of which full
titles are given in Nichols's ' Anecdotes,' i.
411. They are as follows : 1. 'An Account
of Church Government,' 1707, answered
by Nokes in the 'Beautiful Pattern;' and
enlarged edition 1710, answered by John
Lewis, 1711, in ' Presbyters not always an
authoritative part of Provincial Synods ;' to
which Brett replied. 2. l Two Letters on the
Times wherein Marriage is said to be pro-
hibited,' 1708. 3. ' Letter to the Author of
" Lay Baptism Invited," ' &c. (condemning lay
baptism). This led to a controversy with
Joseph Bingham, who replied in * Scholasti-
cal History of Lay Baptism,' 1712. 4. Ser-
mons on f Remission of Sins,' 1711, reprinted
with five others in 1715. 5. 'Review of
Lutheran Principles,' 1714, answered by
John Lewis. 6. 'Vindication of Himself
from Calumnies' (charging him with po-
pery), 1715. 7. ' Independency of the Church
upon the State,' 1717. 8. ' The Divine Right
of Episcopacy,' 1718. 9. ' Tradition neces-
sary, &c.,' 1718, with answer to Toland's
* Nazarenus.' 10. ' The Necessity of discern-
ing Christ's Body in the Holy Communion,'
1720. 11. ' Collection of the Principal Li-
turgies used by the Christian Church, &c.,'
1720; this was in reference to the schism
of the nonjuring body. 12. 'Discourses
concerning the ever blessed Trinity,' 1720.
13. Contributions to the ' Bibliotheca Litera-
ria,' Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 8, upon ' University
Degrees,' ' English Translations of the Bible,'
and 'Arithmetical Figures.' 14. 'Instruc-
tion to a Person newly Confirmed,' 1725.
15. l Chronological Essay on the Sacred
History,' 1729. 16. 'General History of
the World,' 1732. 17. 'Answer to (Hoad-
ly's) "Plain Account of the Sacrament,'"
1735. 18. 'Remarks on Dr. Waterland's
"Review of the Doctrine of the Eucha-
rist," ' 1741. 19. ' Four Letters on Necessity
of Episcopal Communion,' 1743. 20. ' Life
of John Johnson,' prefixed to his posthumous
tracts in 1748. There are also several ser-
mons and tracts. There is a letter of his to
Dr. Warren, of Trinity Hall, in Peck's ' De-
siderata Curiosa ' (lib. vii. p. 13). Three
letters of his on the difference between An-
glican and Romish tenets were published
from the manuscripts of Thomas Bowdler in
1850; and a short essay on suffragan bishops
and rural deans was edited by J. Fendall
from the manuscript in 1858.
[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, i. 407-12;
Masters's Corpus Coll. Cambr. (1753), 245-8 ;
Appendix, p. 87 ; Lathbury's Nonjurors, passim.]
L. S.
BRETTARGH, KATHARINE (1579-
1601), puritan, was daughter of a Cheshire
squire, John Bruen of Bruen Stapleford, father
of John Bruen [q. v.] She was baptised on
13 Feb. 1579, and from an early age she was
distinguished by earnest religious feeling.
When she was about twenty she was married
to William Brettargh or Brettergh, of ' Brel-
lerghoult '—Brettargh Holt— near Liverpool,
who shared her puritan sentiments. The
couple were said to have had some persecu-
tion at the hands of their Roman catholic
neighbours. ' It is not unknowne to Lanca-
shire what horses and cattell of her husband's
were killed upon his grounds in the night
most barbarously at two seuerall times by
seminarie priests (no question) and recusants
that lurked thereabouts.' Her piety, how-
ever, was such as to impress them in spite of
her dislike of their creed. ' Once a tenant of
her husband's being behinde with his rent,
she desired him to beare yet with him a
quarter of a yeare, which he did ; and when
the man brought his money, with teares she
said to her husband, " I feare you doe not well
to take it of him, though it be your right, for
I doubt he is not well able to pay it, and then
you oppresse the poore." ' It is perhaps cha-
racteristic of the times that her biographer
insists upon the circumstance that ' she never
used to swear an oath great or small.' After
a little more than two years of married life
she was attacked by ' a hot burning ague,' of
which she died on Whit Sunday, 31 May
1601. She was encouraged by a visit from
her brother, John Bruen, and by the conso-
lations of William Harrison and other puri-
tans. Her biographers are indignant at the
Brettell
287
Brettingham
imputation that she died despairing. She
was buried at Childwall Church on Wednes-
day, 3 June, as appears from the title of the
little book which forms the chief authority |
as to her life : ' Death's Advantage little Re-
garded, or the Soule's Solace against Sorrow,
preached in two funerall sermons at Child-
wall, in Lancashire, at the buriall of Mistris
Katherine Brettergh, 3 June 1601. The one
by William Harrison, the other by William
Leygh, B.D., whereunto is annexed the chris- |
tian life and godly death of the said gentle- [
woman,' London, 1601. There is a portrait :
of her in Clarke's second part of the l Marrow
of Ecclesiastical History,' book ii., London,
1675, p. 52, from which it seems that her pu-
ritanism did not forbid a very elaborate ruff. !
The face is oval, the features refined, the hair
closely confined by a sort of skull-cap, over
which towers a sugarloaf hat.
[Ormerod's History of Cheshire, ed. Helsby,
ii. 317-23 ; Morton's Memorials of the Fathers;
and the two works cited above.] W. E. A. A.
BRETTELL, JACOB (1793-1862), uni-
tarian minister, was born at Sutton-in-Ash-
field, Nottinghamshire, on 16 April 1793.
His grandfather was an independent minis-
ter at Wolverhampton, and afterwards assis-
tant to James Wheatley at the Norwich Cal-
vinistic methodist tabernacle. His father,
Jacob Brettell, became a Calvinistic preacher
at the age of seventeen, and after serving va-
rious chapels became an independent minister
at Sutton-in-Ashfield in 1788. Here he re-
nounced Calvinism, and in 1791 opened a
separate meeting-house. In 1795 he became
assistant to Jeremiah Gill, minister of the
1 presbyterian or independent' congregation
at Gainsborough, and on Gill's death, 1796,
he became sole minister. He also kept a school
(see notice by a pupil, E. S. Peacock, in Notes
and Queries, 2nd series, xi. 378). He died
19 March 1810. His only son, Jacob, had
been placed at Manchester College, York,
in 1809. A public subscription, aided by
the vicar of Gainsborough, provided for his
continuance at York till 1814. He became
Unitarian minister at Cockey Moor (now
called Ainsworth), Lancashire, in July 1814,
and removed to Rotherham in September
1816. He resigned in June 1859 from failing
health. Brettell is described as a good scho-
lar and effective public speaker. He was a
strong liberal, and took an active part in the
anti-corn-law agitation, being an intimate
friend of Ebenezer Elliott (1781-1849), the
corn-law rhymester. His poetry shows taste
and feeling. His later years were tried by
adverse circumstances. He died 12 Jan. 1862.
He had married, on 29 Dec. 1815, Martha,
daughter of James Morris of Bolton, Lanca-
shire, and had four sons and two daughters.
His eldest son, JACOB CHARLES GATES BRET-
TELL, born 6 March 1817, was partly educated
for the Unitarian ministry at York, became a
Roman catholic, and went to America, where
he was successively classical tutor at New
York, minister of a German church, and
successful member of the American bar in
Virginia and Texas ; he died at Owensville,
Texas, 17 Jan. 1867. Brettell published:
1. ' Strictures on Parkhurst's Theory of the
Cherubim' (presumably his). 2. ''The Country
Minister, a Poem, in four cantos, with other
Poems,' 1821, 12mo (dedicated, 12 July 1821,
to Viscount Milton, afterwards fifth Earl
Fitzwilliam). 3. ' The Country Minister (Part
Second). A Poem, in three cantos, with other
Poems,' 1825, 12mo. 4. < The Country Mi-
nister ; a poem, in seven cantos : containing the
first and second parts of the Original Work :
with additional Poems and Notes/ 1827, 12mo
(called 2nd edit. ; Brettell's minor pieces are
chiefly translations). 5. ' Sketches in Verse,
from the Historical Books of the Old Testa-
ment,' 1628, 12mo (one of these, on Balak
and Balaam, was printed in 'Monthly Re-
pository,' 1826, pp. 360-7). 6. ' Staneage
Pole' (poem, dated Sheffield 24 Feb. 1834,
printed in f Christian Reformer,' 1834, pp.
182-4). 7. ' The First Unitarian,' 1848, 8vo
(controverting the opinion that ' Cain was the
first Unitarian ; ' Brettell thinks Cain was ' the
third Unitarian in strict chronological order ').
Some of his hymns are in Unitarian collections.
A harvest hymn, 1837, in which he calls the
Almighty ( bright Regent of the Skies,' is in
Martineau's collections of 1840 and 1874
(altered in this latter to ' 0 Lord of earth and
skies '). Besides these, he contributed some
hundreds of uncollected pieces, being hymns
and political and patriotic pieces, several of
considerable length, to the ' Christian Re-
former,' 'Sheffield Iris,' 'Wolverhampton
Herald,' and other periodicals.
[Monthly Repos. 1810, p. 598, 1818, p. 368;
Christian Reformer, 1862, p. 191; Rotherham
and Masbro' Advertiser, 16 March 1867; Browne's
History of Congregationalism in Norfolk and
Suffolk, 1877, pp. 189, 348 ; information from
Mr. Morris Brettell.] A. G-.
BRETTINGHAM, MATTHEW, the
elder (1699-1769), architect, was born at
Norwich. He was a pupil of the better
known William Kent, along with whom
he was engaged in the erection of Hoik-
ham, the Earl of Leicester's seat in Norfolk.
As a youth he travelled on the continent
of Europe, and in 1723, 1725, 1728, and
1738 published l Remarks on several Parts
Brettingham
288
Brettingham
of Europe, viz. France, the Low Countries,
Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tyrol, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Spain, collected upon the
spot since the year 1723,' in 4 vols. fol. The
works at Holkham were commenced in 1729
from the plans of Kent, upon whose death in
1748 they were carried on under the superin-
tendence of Brettingham till their comple-
tion in 1764. In 1761 he published ' Plans,
Elevations, and Sections of Holkham in Nor-
folk, the seat of the Earl of Leicester,' Lon-
don, atlas fol., of which another edition was
published a few years later by his nephew,
Robert Furze Brettingham [q. v.] It is cu-
rious that in neither of these publications is
the real authorship of the plans acknowledged,
although the fact that Kent designed them
is beyond dispute. It is impossible now to
ascertain the share of credit for the completed
work to which Brettingham is entitled. As
the construction of the house extended over so
long a period after Kent's death, Brettingham
no doubt modified the latter's original de-
signs ; but the drawings published by him do
not differ in any way from the prevailing
heaviness and regularity of the then fashion-
able 'Vitruvian' style of which Kent was
master, and suggest at best but successful
imitation on the part of his follower. Bret-
tingham's other known works were Norfolk
House (now 21 St. James's Square), London,
erected in 1742; Langley Park, Norfolk,
in 1740-4; the north and east fronts of
Charlton House, Wiltshire ; and a house
in Pall Mall, afterwards known as Cumber-
land House, and subsequently used as the
ordnance office, erected in 1760-7 for the
Duke of York, brother to George III. In
1748-50 he again visited Italy, and in the
first of these years travelled for some time in
company with the well-known architects,
Hamilton, ' Athenian Stuart,' and Nicholas
Revett. Brettingham does not appear to
have been influenced by the investigations
made by these architects into the architec-
ture of Greece. He always confined him-
self to the heavy Palladian style in which
he had been educated, and in which, while
exhibiting no great novelty of conception,
it must be admitted he displayed knowledge
and skill equal to those of any architect of
his time. He died at Norwich at the ad-
vanced age of seventy, and is buried in St.
Augustine's Church there.
BRETTIISTGHAM, MATTHEW, the younger
(1725-1803), architect, son of the preceding,
worked also in Palladian style (REDGRAVE).
[Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentle-
men in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland,
1st ser. vol. Hi. London, 1818-23 ; Stuart and
Eevett's Antiquities of Athens measured and
delineated, vol. iv., London, 1816 ; Vitruvius Bri-
tannicus, vol. iv., plates 64-9 incl. ; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual ; Gwilt's Encyc. of Architecture,
ed. Wyatt Papworth, London, 1867; Gould's
Biogr. Sketches, London, 1834.] G. W. B.
BRETTINGHAM, ROBERT FURZE
(1750-1806 ?), architect, nephew of Matthew
Brettingham the elder [q. v.], practised in
London with great success, and erected many
mansion houses throughout the country. Like
his uncle, and in common with all students
of architecture of his time, he spent a part of
his early life in Italy, from which he returned
in 1781. Architecture as then understood
consisted in correctly imitating so-called
classical models, and the skill of the archi-
tect was chiefly exercised in adapting the re-
quirements of his patron to the hard and fast
rules of his art. To gain familiarity with the
latter constituted his education, and Bret-
tingham's subsequent works, as well as the
drawings which he exhibited on his return at
the exhibitions of the then lately founded
Royal Academy, showed that he did not
neglect his opportunities in Italy. Among
them may be noted in 1783 a drawing of a
sepulchral chapel from the Villa Medici at
Rome, in 1790 the design for a bridge which
he had erected in the preceding year at Ben-
ham Place, in Berkshire, and the entrance
porch of the church at Saffron Walden re-
stored by him in 1792. In 1773 he published
another edition of his uncle's ' Plans, &c. of
Holkham,' also, like it, in atlas folio, ' to which
are added the ceilings and chimney-pieces,
and also a descriptive account of the statues,
pictures, and drawings, not in the former
edition.' Of the * Descriptive Account ' Bret-
tingham was the author; but, again, the plans
are ascribed to Matthew Brettingham, and
Kent is ignored as in the former edition. The
sudden death in 1790 of William Blackburn,
the prison architect, was the opportunity of
Brettingham's life, and he soon gained a
lucrative practice. Blackburn left many
designs incomplete, several of which Bret-
tingham subsequently carried into execution.
He erected gaols at Reading, Hertford, Poole,
Downpatrick, Northampton, and elsewhere.
In 1771 his name appears associated with
those of the foremost architects of the time
in the foundation of an * Architects' Club/ to
meet at the Thatched House Tavern to dinner
on the first Thursday in every month. Among
the original members of this club besides Bret-
tingham were Sir W. ChamberSjRobert Adam,
John Soane, James Wyatt, and S. P. Cocke-
rell, all of whom have made for themselves
names in their profession. About this time
Brettingham also held the post of resident
Breval
289
Breval
clerk in the board of works, which he resigned
in 1805. Among his chief works for private
patrons are a temple in the grounds at Saffron
Walden in Essex for Lord Braybrooke, and a
mausoleum in Scotland for the Fraser family ;
Winchester House, St. James' Square, erected
originally for the Duke of Leeds ; 9 Berkeley
Square, afterwards sold to the Marquis of
Buckingham; Buckingham House, 91 Pall
Mall, rebuilt in 1794 by Sir John Soane ;
Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square ; 80 Pic-
cadilly, for Sir Francis Burdett ; Charlton,
Wiltshire, for the Earl of Suffolk ; Walders-
ham,Kent, for the Earl of Guilford ; Felbrigg
Hall, Norfolk, for the Hon. W. Wyndham;
Longleat, Wiltshire ; and Roehampton, Sur-
rey, and Hillsborough House in Ireland, both
for the Marquis of Downshire. He is also sup-
posed by some to have designed Maidenhead
Bridge, on the Thames ; but this is believed
to be a mistake, the authorship of that design,
which was executed in 1772, being invariably
ascribed by the best authorities to Sir Robert
Taylor. Brettingham was held in much re-
gard by his professional brethren, and was
the esteemed master of many who have since
attained eminence in the architectural pro-
fession. The exact date of his death is not
known.
[Authorities given under MATTHEW BRETTING-
HAM ; publications of Architectural Society ; Ly-
sons's Magn. Brit. vol. i. ; Boydell's Thames.]
GK W. B.
BREVAL, JOHN DURANT (1680?-
1738), miscellaneous writer, was descended
from a French refugee protestant family, and
was the son of Francis Durant de Breval, pre-
bendary of Westminster, where he was pro-
bably born about 1680. Sir John Bramston,
in his ' Autobiography,' p. 157, describes the
elder Breval in 1672 as ' formerly a priest of
the Romish church, and of the companie of
those in Somerset House, but now a convert
to the protestant religion and a preacher at
the Savoy.' Bramston gives 1666 as the date
of his conversion. The younger Breval was
admitted a queen's scholar of Westminster
School 1693, was elected to Trinity College,
Cambridge, 1697, and was one of the Cam-
bridge poets who celebrated in that year the
return of William III after the peace of
Ryswick. Breval proceeded B. A. 1700, and
M.A. 1704. In 1702 he was made fellow
of Trinity (' of my own electing,' said Bent-
ley). In 1708 he was involved in a private
scandal, which led to his removal from the
fellowship. He engaged in an intrigue with
a married lady in Berkshire, and cudgelled
her husband, who illtreated his wife. The
husband brought an action against Breval,
VOL. VI.
who was held to bail for the assault, ' but,
conceiving that there was an informality in
the proceedings against him,' did not appear
at the assizes, and was outlawed. There-
upon Bentley took the matter up, and on
5 April 1708 expelled Breval from the college.
Bentley admitted that Breval was * a man of
good learning and excellent parts,' but said
his ' crime was so notorious as to admit of no,
evasion or palliation ' (State of Trinity Col-
lege, p. 29 et seq. 1710). Breval, however,
declared on oath that he was not guilty of
immoral conduct in the matter, and bitterly
resented the interposition of Bentley, who,
he declared, had a private grudge both against
his father and himself. His friends said ' that
the alleged offence rested on mere rumour and
suspicion,' and that the expelled fellow would
have good grounds for an action against the
college. Such an action, however, was never
brought, probably on account of Breval's
poverty. As Bentley wrote, ' his father was
just dead [Francis Breval d. February 1707]
in poor circumstances, and all his family were
beggars.' Breval, in want and with his cha-
racter ruined, enlisted in despair as a volun-
teer in our army in Flanders, where he soon
rose to be an ensign. Here what Nichols calls
' his exquisite pencil and genteel behaviour,'
as well as his skill in acquiring languages, at-
tracted the attention of Marlborough. The
general appointed him captain, and sent him
on diplomatic missions to various German
courts, which he accomplished very credit-
ably. The peace of Utrecht closed the war
| in 1713, and a few years after we find Breval
busily writing for the London booksellers,
chiefly under the name of Joseph Gay. He
then wrote ' The Petticoat,' a poem in two
j books (1716), of which the third edition was
| published under the name of f The Hoop
Petticoat' (1720): 'The Art of Dress/ a
poem (1717) ; * Calpe or Gibraltar,' a poem
(1717) ; ' A Compleat Key to the Nonjuror '
(1718), in which he accuses Colley Gibber
of stealing his characters, &c., from various
sources, but chiefly from Moliere's ' Tartuffe,'
for the revival of which Breval wrote a pro-
logue ; ' MacDermot, or the Irish Fortune
Hunter,' a poem (1719), a witty but extremely
gross piece ; and ' Ovid in Masquerade' (1719).
He also wrote a comedy, ' The Play is the
Plot ' (1718), which was acted, though not
very successfully, at Drury Lane. When
altered and reprinted afterwards as a farce,
called 'The Strollers' (second impression
1727), it had better fortune.
About 1720 Breval went abroad with
George, lord viscount Malpas, as travelling
tutor. It was probably during this journey
that he met with the romantic adventure that
U
Breval
290
Brevint
gave occasion for Pope's sneer about being
' followed by a nun ' (Dunciad, iv. 327). A
nun confined against her will, in a convent
at Milan, fell in love with and 'escaped
to him.' The lady afterwards went to Rome,
where, according to Horace Walpole, she
' pleaded her cause and was acquitted there,
and married Breval ; ' but she is not noticed
in the account which Breval published of his
travels, under the title of ' Remarks on several
Parts of Europe,7 two vols. (vol. i. 1723, vol.
ii. 1728, reprinted 1726; two additional in
1738), though we have a somewhat elaborate
description of Milan, and an account of
Milanese Lady of great Beauty, who be-
queathed her Skeleton to the Publick as a
memento mori.' The cause of Pope's quarrel
with Breval is to be sought elsewhere. The
well-known poet Gay, with the help of Pope
and Arbuthnot, produced the farce entitled
' Three Hours after Marriage/ which was de-
servedly damned. At this time (1717) Bre-
val, who was writing a good deal for Curll,
wrote for him, under the pseudonym of
1 Joseph Gay,' a farce called the ( Confede-
rates,' in which ' the late famous comedy ' and
its three authors were unsparingly ridiculed.
Pope is described in the prologue as one
On whom Dame Nature nothing good bestowed :
In Form a Monkey ; but for spite a Toad,
and he is represented (scene 1) as saying,
' And from My Self my own Thersites drew,'
and then Thersites is explained as ' A Cha-
racter in Homer, of an Ill-natur'd, Deform'd
Villain.' In the same year Breval published,
under similar auspices, Pope's * Miscellany.'
The second part consisted of five brief coarse
and worthless poems, in one of which espe-
cially, called the ' Court Ballad,' Pope is
mercilessly ridiculed. Revenge for these was
taken in the ' Dunciad,' and Breval's name
occurs twice in the second book (1728).
In the notes (1729)affixed to the first passage
Pope says that some account must be given
of Breval owing to his obscurity, and declares
that Curll put f Joseph Gay ' on such pamph-
lets that they might pass for Mr. Gay's (viz.
John Gay's). In 1742, when Breval had been
dead four years, the fourth book of the ' Dun-
ciad ' was published. In line 272 a ' lac'd
Governor from France ' is introduced with his
pupil, and their adventures abroad are nar-
rated at some length (273-336). Pope, though,
as he states, giving him no particular name,
chiefly had Breval in his mind when he wrote
the lines (HoKACE WALPOLE, Notes to Pope,
p. 101, contributed by Sir W. Fraser, 1876).
After the publication of his ' Travels ' Breval
was probably again engaged as travelling go-
vernor to young gentlemen of position. In the
account of Paris given in the second volume
of the second issue of his ' Remarks ' he says
that he has collected the information ' in ten
several tours thither ' (p. 262). In the latter
period of his life he wrote ' The Harlot's Pro-
gress,' an illustrated poem in six cantos, sug-
gested by Hogarth's well-known prints, and
said by Ambrose Philips, in a prefatory letter,
to be ' a true Key and lively Explanation
of the Painter's Hieroglyphicks ' (1732);
' The History of the most Illustrious House
of Nassau, with regard to that branch of it
more particularly that came into the succes-
sion of Orange' (1734) ; ' The Rape of Helen,
a mock opera' (acted at Co vent Garden),
(1737). Shortly after the publication of this
last piece Breval died at Paris, January 1738.
[Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852) ; Nichols's
Lit. Anecd. vols. i. and viii. (1812 and 1814) ;
Monk's Life of Bentley (1830) ; London Maga-
zine, vii. 49 ; some information as to the family
is given in a (not quite correct) manuscript note
on the title-page of one of the copies of the House
of Nassau in the British Museum, and also in the
manuscript letters of his father to Lord Hatton
and J. Ellis in the Addit. MS. (1854-75) (List
in Index, p. 460).] F. W-T.
BREVINT or BREVIN, DANIEL,
D.D. (1616-1695), dean of Lincoln, polemi-
cal and devotional writer, was born in the
parish of St. John's in the island of Jersey,
of which his father was the minister, and
baptised in the parish church 11 May 1616.
He proceeded to the protestant university of
Saumur on the Loire, and studied logic and
philosophy with great success, and took there
the degree of M.A. in 1624. In 1636 three
fellowships were founded by Charles I at Ox-
ford, at the colleges of Exeter, Pembroke, and
Jesus, at the instance of Archbishop Laud, for
scholars from Guernsey and Jersey (HEYLTN,
Life of Laud, p. 336 ; LAUD, Works, Anglo-
Cath. Lib., vol. v. part i. p. 140), and Brevint
was appointed in 1637 to that at Jesus, on the
recommendation of the ministers and chief
inhabitants of his native island (WiLKiNS,
Concilia, iv. 534). On becoming resident at
Oxford he requested the confirmation of his
foreign degree. This was opposed by Laud,
' things being at Saumur as they were re-
ported.' Writing to the vice-chancellor, on
19 May and 3 Nov. 1637, he expresses his
satisfaction at hearing that 'the Guernsey
[Jersey] man is so well a deserver in Jesus
College,' but wishes ' that he should be made
to know the difference of a master of art at
Oxford and Saumur/ and 'the ill conse-
quences ' which might follow if his degree
were confirmed, and begs the vice-chancellor
to l persuade the young man to stay, and then
give him his degree with as much honour as
Brevint
291
Brevint
he pleases ' (LAUD, Works, Anglo-Oath. Lib.
pp. 170, 186). Laud's objections, however,
were overruled, and Brevint was incorporated
M.A. on 12 Oct. 1638 (WooD, Fasti Oxon.
i. 503), the authorities of the university hav-
ing decided, upon due consideration, that
there was no statutable bar to exclude him
(LAT7D, Works, 210). On the visitation of
the university by the parliamentary commis-
sioners Brevint was deprived of his fellow-
ship, and retired to Jersey, whence, on the
reduction of the island by the parliamentary
forces, he took refuge in France, and offi-
ciated as minister of a protestant congre-
gation in Normandy. On Trinity Sunday,
22 June 1651, he was ordained deacon and
priest, ' in reguard of the necessitie of the
time/ writes Evelyn, by Dr. Thomas Sydserf,
bishop of Galloway, in Paris, in the private
chapel of Sir Richard Browne, in the Fau-
bourg St. Germain, at the same time as his
fellow-islander, Dr. John Durell, afterwards
dean of Windsor. Both were presented by
Oosin, then dean of Peterborough (EVELYN,
Diary, i. 244, ed. 1819 ; Baker MSS. xxxvi.
329; Smith MSS., Bodl. xxxiii. 7, p. 29).
Brevint secured the confidence of Cosin and
the other principal English churchmen, both
lay and clerical, then living in exile in Paris,
and became known to Charles II. At this
time Turenne was perhaps the most influen-
tial person in France, and Brevint received
the high honour of being appointed his chap-
lain. Turenne's wife was a zealous protestant,
and Brevint became her spiritual director,
and for her use, and that of the Duchesse de
Bouillon, he composed some of his devotional
tracts, especially his 'Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice.' He was employed by Madame
Turenne and the duchess in many of their
religious undertakings, and he took a leading
part in the vain endeavour to compromise
the differences between the church of Rome
and the protestant church (see Preface to
Saul and Samuel). Upon the Restoration
Brevint returned to this country. On Cosin's
elevation to the see of Durham he succeeded
him, on the nomination of the crown, in
his stall in that cathedral (17 Dec. 1660)
and in his rectory of Brancepeth, both of
which he held till his death. These prefer-
ments were in some measure due to Cosin's
influence with the king. He received the de-
gree of D.D, at Oxford on 27 Feb. 1662-3.
From a letter printed in the ' Granville Cor-
respondence ' (part ii. p. 92, Surtees Soc., vol.
xlvii.), drawn up to be laid before the dean
and chapter, it is evident that he earnestly
supported Granville in his endeavour to re-
store the weekly communion in the cathedral.
On the death of Dr. Michael Honywood, dean
of Lincoln, in 1681, Charles II signified his
desire to Archbishop Sancroft, through Sir
Leoline Jenkins, that Brevint should have
the vacant preferment ( Tanner MSS. xxxvi.
17). He was installed dean and prebendary
of Welton Paynshall on 7 Jan. 1681-2. As
he continued to hold his stall at Durham, his
name occurs pretty frequently in the Gran-
ville and Cosin Correspondences, which have
been published by the Surtees Society (vols.
xxxvii. xlvii. lii. lv.), but chiefly on matters
of chapter business or chapter news. His
tenure of the deanery of Lincoln was un-
eventful. He died in the deanery house, on
Sunday, 5 May 1695, in the seventy-ninth
year of his age, and was buried in the retro-
choir of his cathedral. His wife, Anne
Brevint, survived him thirteen years. She
died on 9 Nov. 1708, also in her seventy-ninth
year, and was buried in the same grave.
Brevint's writings are chiefly directed against
the church of Rome, which he attacked with
much virulence and no little coarseness. He
professes to speak from intimate personal
knowledge, having had ' such an access given
him into every corner of the church ' when
engaged on the design of reconciliation with
the protestants, that he had a perfect ac-
quaintance l with all that is within its en-
trails ' (Preface to Saul and Samuel). His
works manifest a thorough acquaintance with
the points at issue between the church of
England and that of Rome, and his language
is nervous and his arguments powerful ; but
he cannot be acquitted of gross irreverence,
both of words and conception, when dealing
with the eucharistic tenets of his opponents.
His ' Missale Romanum ' was printed at the
Sheldonian Theatre, and we can hardly be
surprised that his Romish antagonist, who,
under the initials R. F., published * Missale
Romanum vindicatum ' (London, 1674),
should express his surprise that l such an un-
seemly imp ' as Dr. Brevint's calumnious and
scandalous tract should have been ' hatched
under the roof of Sheldon's trophy and
triumph.' Brevint's published works were :
1. ' Missale Romanum ; or the Depth and
Mystery of the Roman Mass laid open and
explained, for the use both of Reformed and
Unreformed Christians,' Oxford, 1672, 8vo.
2. f Saul and Samuel at Endor : the new
Waies of Salvation and Service which usually
temt (sic) men to Rome and detain them
there, truly represented and refuted,' Oxford,
1674, 8vo. 3. 'The Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice ; by way of Discourse, Medita-
tion, and Prayer, upon the Nature, Parts,
and Blessing of the Holy Communion/ Ox-
ford, 1673, 12mo. The ' Christian Sacrament
and Sacrifice' is a devotional work, originally
TJ 2
Brewer
292
Brewer
' one of many tracts made at Paris at the
instance' of his noble patronesses for their
private use, and intended for the reading of
such as may be ' desirous to contemplate and
embrace the Christian religion in its original
beauty, freed of the encumbrance of contro-
versy.' The view of the Eucharist put forth
in this beautiful little work is, in the main,
that expressed by the church of England in
her Catechism and Liturgy. This devotional
treatise was so highly esteemed by John and
Charles Wesley that they published an
abridgment of it for the use of communicants,
as an introduction to their collection of
Sacramental Hymns, pitched in a somewhat
higher key in point of eucharistic doctrine
than Brevint's works. Of this many suc-
cessive editions have been published.
In addition to these English works, Anthony
a Wood enumerates : 1. ' Ecclesise Primi-
tive Sacramentum et Sacrificium, a pontificiis
corruptelis et exinde natis controversiis libe-
rum ' — the Latin original of the last-named
work. 2. ' Eucharistise Christianas pree-
sentia realis, et Pontificia ficta, . . . hsec ex-
plosa, ilia suffulta et asserta.' 3. ' Pro
serenissima Principe Weimariensi [the Prin-
cess of Weimar] ad Theses Jenenses accurate
responsio.' 4. ' Ducentae plus minus preelec-
tiones in S. Matthsei xxv. capita,' &c. Bre-
vint is more deserving of admiration as a
devotional writer than as a controversialist.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 426-7 ; Kippis's
"Bibg. Brit. ; Laud's Chancellorship, Ang.-Cath. L.,
vol. v. ; Evelyn's Diary, i. 244 ; Walker's Suf-
ferings of the Clergy, p. 120 ; Hunt's Eeligious
Thought in England, iii. 402.] E. V.
BREWER, ANTONY ( fl. 1655), dramatic
writer, wrote ' The Love-sick King, an Eng-
lish Tragical History, with the Life and Death
of Cartesmunda,the Fair Nun of Winchester,
by Anth. Brewer,' 1655, 4to ; revived at the
King's Theatre in 1680, and reprinted in that
year under the title of ' The Perjured Nun,'
4to. Chetwood included the ( Love-sick
King' in his ' Select Collection of Old Plays,'
published at Dublin in 1750, but he made no
attempt to correct the text of the old edition,
which was printed with the grossest careless-
ness. The play was written in verse, but it
is printed almost throughout as prose. Yet
after all allowance has been made for textual
corruptions, it cannot be said that the ' Love-
sick King ' is a work of much ability ; and it
is rash to follow Kirkman, Baker, and Halli-
well in identifying Antony Brewer with the
' T. B.' whose name is on the title-page of
the ' Country Girl,' 1647, 4to, a well-written
comedy, which in parts (notably in the third
act) closely recalls the diction and versifica-
tion of Massinger. There is no known dra-
matist of the time to whom the initials T. B.
could belong. There was a versatile writer
named Thomas Brewer [q. v.], and the title-
pages to his tracts are usually signed with his
initials, not with the full name. His claim
to the ( Country Girl ' would be quite as
reasonable as Antony [Tony] Brewer's. In
1677 John Leanerd, whom Langbaine calls ' a
confident plagiarist,' reprinted the ' Country
Girl,' with a few slight alterations, as his own,
under the title of ' Country Innocence.' To
Antony Brewer was formerly ascribed ' Lin-
gua, or the Combat of the Five Senses for Su-
periority,' 1607, 4to, a well-known dramatic
piece (included in the various editions of
Dodsley), constructed partly in the style of
a morality and partly of a masque. The mis-
take arose thus. Kirkman, the bookseller
and publisher, in printing his catalogues of
plays, left blanks where the names of the
writers were unknown to him. Annexed to
the ' Love-sick King ' was the name Antony
Brewer ; then came the plays ' Landgartha/
' Love's Loadstone,' ' Lingua,' and ' Love's
Dominion.' Phillips, who was followed by
Winstanley, misunderstanding the use of
Kirkman's blanks, promptly assigned all
these pieces to Brewer. One other play,
< The Merry Devil of Edmonton,' 1608, 4to,
has been with similar carelessness pronounced
to be Antony Brewer's on the strength of an
entry in the Stationers' Registry which refers
to the prose tract of the ' Merry Devil ' [see
BREWER, THOMAS]. The play was entered
in the registers on 22 Oct. 1607 (ARBER'S
Transcripts, iii. 362).
[Langbaine's English Dramatic Poets ; Bio-
graphia Dramatica, ed. Stephen Jones ; Halli-
well's Dictionary of Old Plays.] A. H. B.
BREWER, GEORGE (b. 1766), miscel-
laneous writer, was a son of John Brewer,
well known as a connoisseur of art, and
was born in 1766. In his youth he served
as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymour,
Rowland Cotton, and others (Biog. Dram. i.
67), and visited America, India, China, and
North Europe. In 1791 he was made a lieu-
tenant in the Swedish navy. Afterwards
abandoning the sea, he read for law in Lon-
don, and established himself as an attorney.
He is believed to have written a novel, ' Tom
Weston/whenin the navy, but his first appeal
to the public of which there is evidence was
a comedy, ( How to be Happy,' acted at the
Haymarket in August 1794. After three
nights, ' owing to the shaft of malevolence/
this comedy was withdrawn, and it was never
printed. In 1795 Brewer wrote * The Motto,
or the History of Bill Woodcock,' 2 vols. ;
Brewer
293
Brewer
and he wrote ' Bannian Day,' a musical en-
tertainment in two acts, which was published
and performed at the Haymarket in the same
year for seven or eight nights, though but ' a
poor piece.' In 1799 the ' Man in the Moon,'
one act, attributed to Brewer, was announced
for the opening night of the season at the Hay-
market, but its production was evaded, and
it disappeared from the bills. The next year
(1800) Brewer published a pamphlet, ' The
Eights of the Poor,' &c., dedicating it to
'Men who have great power, by one with-
out any,' and this received copious notice in
the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixx. 1168 et
seq.) He was writing at this time also in
the ' European Magazine,' some of his contri-
butions being ' Siamese Tales ' and ' Tales
of the 12 Soubahs of Indostan ; ' and some
essays, announced as after the manner of
Goldsmith, which were collected and pub-
lished by subscription in 1806 as ' Hours of
Leisure.' In 1808 Brewer produced another
two- volume tale, ' The Witch of Havens-
worth ; ' and about the same time he published
' The Juvenile Lavater,' stories for the young
to illustrate Le Brun's ' Passions,' which bears
no date, but of which there were two or more
issues, with slightly varying title-pages. A
periodical, ' The Town,' attempted by Brewer
after this, and stated by the authors of the
' Biog. Dram.' in 1812 to be ' now publishing,'
would appear to have had but a short ex-
istence. The date of Brewer's death is not
known. In his allusions to himself he speaks
of having been 'misplaced or displaced in life,'
of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of
being luckless altogether.
Another work, ' The Law of Creditor and
Debtor,' is set down in ' Biographica Drama-
tica,' and in Allibone, as by Brewer ; and
Allibone gives in addition ' Maxims of Gal-
lantry,' 1793, and states 1791 as the date of
publication of ' Tom Weston,' but there is no
trace of either of these works in the British
Museum.
[Baker's Biog. Dram. i. 67, ii. 48, 311, iii. 13 ;
Introd. to Brewer's The Motto, pp. v-vii ; Introd.
to Brewer's Hours of Leisure, pp. xiv, xvi ;
Genest's Hist, of Engl. Stage, vii. 275 ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, p. 37.] J. H.
BREWER, JAMES NORRIS (/. 1799-
1829), topographer and novelist, was the
eldest son of a merchant of London. He
wrote many romances and topographical
compilations, the best of the latter being
his contributions to the series called the
* Beauties of England and Wales.' All the
former are now forgotten. The titles of his
works are as follows : 1. ' A Winter's Tale,
a romance,' 1799, 4 vols. 12mo ; 2nd edit.,
1811. 2. ' Some Thoughts on the Present
State of the English Peasantry,' 1807, 8vo.
3. ' Secrets made Public, a novel,' 4 vols.,
1808, 12mo. 4. 'The Witch of Ravens-
worth,' 2 vols., 1808, 12mo. 5. ' Mountville
Castle, a Village Story,' 3 vols., 1808, 12mo.
6. ' A Descriptive and Historical Account of
various Palaces and Public Buildings, Eng-
lish and Foreign ; with Biographical Notices
of their Founders or Builders, and other
eminent persons,' 1810, 4to. 7. ' An Old
Family Legend,' 4 vols., 1811, 12mo. 8. ' Sir
Ferdinand of England, a romance,' 4 vols.,
1812, 12mo. 9. 'Sir Gilbert Easterling, a
romance,' 4 vols. 12mo, 1813. 10. ' History
of Oxfordshire ' (' Beauties of England and
Wales'), 1813, 8vo. 11. 'Warwickshire,'
1814. 12. 'Middlesex,' 1816. 13. 'Intro-
duction to the Beauties of England and
Wales, comprising observations on the Bri-
tons, the Romans in Britain, the Anglo-
Saxons, the Anglo-Danes, and the Normans,'
1818, 8vo. 14. ' Histrionic Topography, or
the Birthplaces, Residences, and Funeral
Monuments of the most distinguished Ac-
tors,' 1818, 8vo. 15. ' The Picture of Eng-
land, or Historical and Descriptive Delinea-
tions of the most curious Works of Nature
and Art in each County,' 1820, 8vo. 16. ' The
Delineations of Gloucestershire,' 4to. 17.
'The Beauties of Ireland,' 1826,^2 vols. 8vo.
18. ' The Fitzwalters, Barons of Chesterton ;
or Ancient Times in England,' 1829, 4 vols.
12mo. Brewer was a contributor to the
'Universal,' ' Monthly,' and 'Gentleman's'
magazines.
[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816 ; Walt's
Bibl. Brit. ; Monthly Eeview, 2nd ser., Iviii. 217.]
C. W. S.
BREWER, JEHOIADA (1752 P-1817),
dissenting minister, was born at Newport in
Monmouthshire about 1752. Influenced by
a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection,
he took to preaching in the villages around
Bath, and afterwards preached with remark-
able popularity throughout Monmouthshire.
Intending to enter the national church, he
applied for ordination, but was refused by
the bishop. Brewer persisted in preaching,
whether ordained or not, and for some years
he settled at Rodborough in Gloucestershire.
He afterwards attracted a large congregation
at Sheffield, where he spent thirteen years,
and ultimately settled at Birmingham, where
his ministry at Livery Street was numerously
attended to the close of his life. He died
24 Aug. 1817. A spacious chapel was being
built for him at the time he died, and he
was buried in the grounds adjoining the un-
finished edifice. A specimen of Brewer's
Brewer
294
Brewer
preaching is printed as part of the service at
the ordination of Jonathan Evans at Foles-
hill in 1797, and Brewer's oration at the
burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was
printed with Dr. Rylands's sermon on the
same occasion in 1799. Brewer is now re-
membered only by a single hymn, printed
with the signature of ' Sylvestris ' in the
' Gospel Magazine/ 1776. A portrait of him
was inserted in the ' Christian's Magazine,'
1791. A different portrait of him appeared
in the ' Evangelical Magazine ' in 1799.
[Evangelical Magazine, October 1817 ; Bishop's
Christian Memorials of the Nineteenth Century,
1826 ; G-adsby's Hymn Writers, 1855.]
J. H. T.
BREWER, JOHN, D.D. (1744-1822),
an English Benedictine monk, who assumed
in religion the Christian name of Bede, was
born in 1744. In 1776 he was appointed to
the mission at Bath. He built a new chapel
in St. James's Parade in that city, and it was
to have been opened on 11 June 1780, but
the delegates from Lord George Gordon's
' No Popery ' association so inflamed the
fanaticism of the mob that on 9 June the
edifice was demolished, as well as the pres-
bytery in Bell-tree Lane. The registers,
diocesan archives, and Bishop Walmesley's
library and manuscripts perished in the
flames ; and Dr. Brewer had a narrow escape
from the fury of the rioters. The ringleader
was tried and executed, and Dr. Brewer re-
covered 3,7361. damages from the hundred
of Bath.
In 1781 the duties of president of his
brethren called Dr. Brewer away from Bath.
Subsequently Woolton, near Liverpool, be-
came his principal place of residence, and
there he died on 18 April 1822.
He brought out the second edition of the
Abb6 Luke Joseph Hooke's ' Religio Natu-
ralis et Revelata,' 3 vols., Paris, 1774, 8vo,
to which he added several dissertations.
[Oliver's Hist, of the Catholic Eeligion in
Cornwall, 56, 508 ; Biog. Univ. Suppl. Ixvii.
291.] T. C.
BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-
1879), historical writer, was the son of a
Norwich schoolmaster who bore the same
Christian names. His family originally be-
longed to Kent. His father was brought up
in the church of England, but became a bap-
tist. He was a good biblical scholar, and
devoted his leisure to the study of Hebrew.
He had a large family, but only four sons
grew up, of whom John Sherren, the eldest,
notwithstanding his father's nonconformist
leanings, was sent to Oxford, where, having
joined the church of England, he entered
Queen's College, and obtained a first class in
literis humanionbus in 1832. In his Oxford
years every one seems to have been struck
with the extraordinary range of his reading.
For a short time he remained at the university
as a private tutor, but he shut himself out
from a fellowship by an early marriage. In
1870 he was elected honorary fellow of Queen's
College. During this time (1836) he brought
out an edition of Aristotle's ' Ethics.' His
domestic life was soon clouded, first by a
great change of circumstances, his father-in-
law having lost a fortune ; afterwards by the
death and infirmity of some of his children.
He removed to London, where he took deacon's
orders in 1837, and was the same day ap-
pointed chaplain to the workhouse of the
united parishes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields and
St. George, Bloomsbury.
He had been strongly influenced by the
Oxford movement of those days, and retained
to the last, notwithstanding differences, a
very warm regard for its leader, Cardinal
Newman. He devoted himself to the duties
of his chaplaincy with a zeal which was
gratefully remembered by old persons forty
years after. One result of his experience was
a lecture on workhouse visiting, which is in-
cluded in a volume entitled ' Lectures to
Ladies on Practical Subjects,' published in
1855. He valued highly, but not fantasti-
cally, the artistic element in religious wor-
ship, and from the first taught the boys, and
even some of the older inmates, of the work-
house to sing the psalms to the Gregorian
chants. When the church adjoining the
workhouse in Endell Street was built, it was
proposed that the chaplaincy should be united
with the incumbency, and that Brewer should
be the first incumbent. He took great inte-
rest in the architecture, making models with
his own hand in cardboard and bark. But
a difference of opinion with the rector of St.
Giles prevented his appointment, and made
him resign the chaplaincy, after which, though
he assisted other clergymen at times, he for
many years held no cure.
Meanwhile, for a short time he found some
employment in the British Museum. Before
leaving Oxford, he had drawn up for the
Record Commission a catalogue of the manu-
scripts in some of the colleges there. In 1839
he was appointed lecturer in classical litera-
ture at King's College, London. His friend,
the Rev. F. D. Maurice, became professor of
English literature and modern history the year
after ; and from that time, notwithstanding
some differences in their views, he most cor-
dially co-operated with him in many things.
After the removal of Mr. Maurice from King's
Brewer
295
Brewer
College, Brewer, in 1855, was appointed pro-
fessor of the English language and literature
and lecturer in modern history. An ardent
lover of the classics, he was not less devoted
to English literature, the study of which he
invariably combined with that of modern his-
tory as the only mode of making either study
fruitful ; and his method of teaching was
highly calculated to awaken the best thinking
power in his hearers. His classes both at
King's College and afterwards in the Work-
ing Men's College, where he for some years as-
sisted Mr. Maurice, and ultimately succeeded
him as principal, were always numerously
attended by a highly interested audience.
He was also busy with his pen — at first
mainly as a journalist. From about the year
1854 he continued for six years to write in
the columns of the ' Morning Post/ the
* Morning Herald,' and the ' Standard,' of
which last paper he became the editor. He
resigned in consequence of a dispute with
the manager about the employment of a
Roman catholic contributor, whose claims
he supported. Thoroughly liberal-minded,
he appreciated every man's capacity, what-
ever his leanings might be, and strove to
give every one a fair field for his talents.
But he soon became absorbed in other work,
far less remunerative, though in his eyes of
very high importance ; and after quitting the
* Standard ' he wrote little in any newspaper
except a number of very strong letters in the
' Globe ' against the policy of disestablishing
the Irish Church. In 1856 he was com-
missioned by the master of the rolls, Sir John
Romilly, to prepare a calendar of the state
papers of Henry VIII — a work of peculiar
labour, involving concurrent investigations
at the Record Office and the British Museum,
as well as at Lambeth and other public
libraries ; and in this he continued to be en-
gaged till the day of his death. His advice
was for a long time continually sought by
Sir Thomas Hardy, the deputy-keeper of the
public records, on matters connected with
the literary work of the office. He was also
appointed by Lord Romilly reader at the
Rolls, and afterwards preacher there — a post
of greater name than emolument. Some years
later he was consulted by the delegates of
the Clarendon Press as to a projected series
of English classics, of which several volumes
have now been published. The plan of the
series was drawn up by Brewer, and it was
intended that he should write a general in-
troduction to it ; but he died before the scheme
was sufficiently advanced to enable him to
do so.
In 1877 the crown living of Toppesfield in
Essex was given to him by Mr. Disraeli, who
was then prime minister. He gave up his pro-
fessorship at King's College, but still remained
editor of the calendar of Henry VIII, though
he endeavoured to take his editorial work
more lightly, while he threw himself into his
parochial duties with the zeal and energy he
had displayed in everything else. For some
time his usually robust health had been
slightly impaired. In February 1879 he
caught cold after a long walk to visit a sick
parishioner. The illness soon affected his
heart, and in three days he died.
His principal works are those which 'he
produced for the Record Office, among which
the calendar of ' Letters and Papers of the
Reign of Henry VIII ' holds the first place.
The prefaces to the volumes of this calendar
have been collected and published in a sepa-
rate form with the title of 'the Reign of
Henry VIII,' 1884, under the editorship of
J. Gairdner. And besides some other calen-
dars and official reports, his ' Monumenta
Franciscana,'and his editions of certain works
of Roger Bacon and Giraldus Cambrensis, also
published for the master of the rolls, deserve
particular mention. Besides these he pub-
lished, through ordinary channels, Bishop
Goodman's account of the ' Court of King
James I.,' an admirable edition of Fuller's
* Church History,' another of Bacon's ' Novum
Organum,' ' An Elementary Atlas of History
and Geography,' and the ' Student's Hume/
revised edition 1878. He was also the author
of some treatises published by the Chris-
tian Knowledge Society on the 'Athanasian
Creed' and the ' Endowments and Establish-
ment of the Church of England.' Early in
his career he had also undertaken an edition
of Field's l Book of the Church/ of which,
however, only one volume was issued, in
1843. Dr. Wace edited in 1881 his ' English
Studies/ reprinted from the ' Quarterly Re-
view.'
[Memoir prefixed to Brewer's English Studies
by Dr. Wace, supplemented by personal know-
ledge and information derived from the family.]
J.GK
BREWER, SAMUEL (d. 1743 ?), bota-
nist, was a native of Trowbridge in Wiltshire,
where he possessed a small estate, and was en-
gaged in the woollen manufacture, but seems
bo have been unsuccessful in business. He
communicated some plants to Dillenius for the
third edition of Ray's ' Synopsis/ published
in 1724, and accompanied the editor in 1726
from Trowbridge to the Mendips, and thence
to Bristol, passing onward to North Wales
and Anglesey. Brewer remained in Bangor
for more than a twelvemonth, botanising
with Rev. W. Green and W. Jones, and
sending dried plants to Dillenius, particularly
Brewer
296
Brewer
mosses, thus clearing up many doubtful
points. In the autumn of 1727 he went
into Yorkshire, living at Bingley, and after-
wards at Bierley, near Dr. Richardson, who
befriended him. The loss of 20,000/. of
his own earnings, and of a large estate
left to him by his father, which was taken
by his elder brother, gave a morbid tone
to his letters. His son was sent to India
through the influence of Dr. James Sherard
of Eltham, but the father quarrelled with
the doctor in 1731 about some plants. His
daughter also seems to have acted ( unduti-
fully ' towards him. He had a small house
and garden at Bierley, and devoted himself
to the culture of plants ; afterwards he be-
came head-gardener to the Duke of Beaufort
at Badminton, and died at Bierley, at Mr.
John Pollard's house ; he was buried close to
the east wall of Cleckheaton chapel. Although
unfortunate in business, he was a good col-
lector of plants, insects, and birds ; the bota-
nical genus Breweria was founded by Robert
Brown in his honour, and a species of rock-
rose, a native of North Wales, discovered
by him, bears the name of ' Helianthemum
Breweri.' He is mentioned in the Richard-
son correspondence in 1742, but the dates of
his birth and death are uncertain.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790),
ii. 188-90; Richardson Correspondence, 252,
270, 273, 276-88, 298, 313, &c. ; Dillenius's
Hist. Muse. viii. ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. i.
288, &c. ; Sloane MS. 4039.] B. D. J.
BREWER, THOMAS (f. 1624), miscel-
laneous writer, of whose life no particulars
are known, was the author of some tracts in
prose and verse. The first is a prose tract
entitled ' The Life and Death of the Merry
Deuill of Edmonton. With the Pleasant
Pranks of Smug the Smith, Sir John and
mine Host of the George about the Stealing
of Venison. By T. B.,' London, 1631, 4to,
black letter ; reprinted in 1819. The author's
name, ' Tho. Brewer,' is inscribed on the last
leaf. This piece was written and probably
frinted at a much earlier date, for on 5 April
608 ' a booke called the lyfe and deathe of
the Merry Devill of Edmonton, &c., by T. B.,
was entered in the Stationers' Registers ( An-
BEK'S Transcripts, iii. 374). Mr. A. H. Huth
possesses a unique exemplar, printed in 1657,
with the name ' T. Brewer, Gent.,' on the
title-page. The popularity of the comedy oJ
the ' Merry Devil of Edmonton ' doubtless
suggested the title of this droll tract, which
tells us little about Peter Fabell, and deals
mainly with the adventures of Smug. In
1624 Brewer published a small collection o:
satirical verses, under the title of
A Knot of Fooles. But
Fooles or Knaves or both I care not,
Here they are ; come laugh and spare not,
4to, 14 leaves, 2nd ed. 1658. The stanzas to
;he reader are signed ' Tho. Brewer ; ' they are
followed by a dialogue between fools of va-
rious sorts. The body of the work consists
of satirical couplets, under separate titles,
on the vices of the day. ' Pride teaching
Humility,' the concluding piece, is in seven-
ine stanzas. Brewer's next production was
a series of poems descriptive of the plague,
entitled ' The Weeping Lady, or London like
Nlnivie in sack-cloth. Describing the Mappe
of her owne Miserie in this time of Her heavy
Visitation . . . Written by T. B.,' 1625, 4to,
14 leaves. The dedication to Walter Leigh,
esq., and the Epistle to the Reader are signed
' Tho. Brewer.' On the title-page is a wood-
cut (repeated on the verso of A 3) repre-
senting a preacher addressing a crowd from
St. Paul's Cross ; a scroll issuing from his
mouth bears the inscription, ' Lorde, haue
mercy on vs. Weepe, fast, and pray.' Each
page, both at top and bottom, has a mourning-
border of deep black. The most striking part
of the tract is a description of the flight of
citizens from the metropolis, and of the suf-
ferings which they underwent in their at-
tempts to reach a place of safety. Two other
tracts by Brewer relating to the plague were
published by H. Gosson in 1636 : (1) < Lord
have Mercy upon us. The World, a Sea, a
Pest House,' 4to, 12 leaves ; (2) ' A Dialogue
betwixt a Cittizen and a poore Countrey-man
and his Wife. London Trumpet sounding
into the country. When death drives the
grave thrives? A copy of the last-named tract
(or tracts?) was in Heber's library (Bibl.
Heber. pt. viii. No. 234). In 1637 Brewer con-
tributed to a collection of verse, entitled ' The
Phoenix of these late times, or the Life of Mr.
Henry Welby, Esq.,' 4to. Lemon ascribes
to Brewer a broadside by T. B. (preserved
in the library of the Society of Antiquaries),
entitled ' Mistress Turner's Repentance, who,
about the poysoning of the Ho. Knight Sir
Thomas Overbury, was executed the four-
teenth day of November last,' 1615. ' Lon-
don's Triumph,' 1656, by T. B., a descrip-
tive pamphlet of the lord mayor's show for
that year, is probably by Brewer. Brewer
has commendatory verses in Taylor's ' Works '
(1630), and in Heywood's ' Exemplary Lives
. . . of Nine the most worthy Women of
the World ' (1640).
[Corser's Collectanea ; Collier's Bibliographical
Catalogue ; Hazlitt's Handbook ; Arber's Tran-
scripts, iii. 165 ; Bibliotheca Heberiana, pt. viii.
No. 234 ; Catalogue of Huth Library ; Fairholt's
Lord Mayors' Pageants, ii. 282.] A. H. B.
Brewer
297
Brewer
BREWER, THOMAS (b. 1611), a cele-
brated performer on the viol, was born (pro-
bably in the parish of Christchurch, Newgate
Street) in 1611. His father, Thomas Brewer,
was a poulterer, and his mother's Christian
name was True. On 9 Dec. 1614 Brewer
was admitted to Christ's Hospital, although
he was only three years old. Here he re-
mained until 20 June 1626, when he left
school, and was apprenticed to one Thomas
Warner. He learnt the viol at Christ's
Hospital from the school music-master, but
although his compositions are met with in
most of the printed collections of Playford
and Hilton, published in the middle of the
seventeenth century, nothing is known as
to his biography. His printed works con-
sist chiefly of rounds, catches, and part-songs,
but in the Music School Collection at Oxford
are preserved three instrumental pieces, con-
sisting of airs, pavins, corrantos, &c., for
which kind of composition he seems to have
been noted. Two pieces by him are in Eliza-
beth Rogers's Virginal Book (Add. MS.
10337). In a collection of anecdotes (Harl.
MS. 6395), formed by one of the L'Estrange
family in the seventeenth century, the follow-
ing story is told on the authority of a Mr.
Jenkins: 'Thorn: Brewer, my Mus: seruant,
through his Pronenesse togood-Fellowshippe,
hauing attaind to a very Rich and Rubicund
Nose ; being reproued by a Friend for his too
frequent vse of strong Drinkes and Sacke ;
as very Pernicious to that Distemper and
Inflamation in his Nose. Nay — Faith, sayes
he, if it will not endure sack, it's no Nose
for me.' The date of Brewer's death is un-
known.
[Bodl. Lib. MSS. Wood, 19 D (4), No. 106;
Records of Christ's Hospital (communicated by
Mr. R. Little) ; Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed.
1853), ii. 569 ; Burney's Hist, of Music, iii. 478 ;
Catalogue of Music School Collection ; Harl.
MS. 6395 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 275 a.]
W. B. S.
BREWER, BRIWERE, or BRUER,
WILLIAM (d. 1226), baron and judge, the
son of Henry Brewer (DTJGDALE, Baronage),
was sheriff' of Devon during the latter part
of the reign of Henry II, and was a jus-
tice itinerant in 1187. He bought land at
Ilesham in Devon, and received from the
king the office of forester of the forest of
Bere in Hampshire. A story told by Roger
of Wendover (iv. 238), which represents
Richard as whispering to Geoffrey FitzPeter
and William Brewer his reverence for the
bishops who were consulting together before
him, tends to show, if indeed the king were
not merely acting, that he treated Brewer
as a familiar friend. When Richard left Eng-
land, in December 1189, he appointed Brewer
to be one of the four justices to whom he
committed the charge of the kingdom. Brewer
was at first a subordinate colleague of Hugh,
bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar. Before
long, however, Bishop Hugh was displaced by
the chancellor, William Longchamp, bishop
of Ely. When the king heard of the insolence
and unpopularity of the chancellor, he wrote
to Brewer and his companions, telling them
i that if he was unfaithful in his office they were
| to act as they thought best as to the grants of
escheats and castles, and wrote also to the
chancellor, bidding him act in conjunction
j with his colleagues. At a great council held
I at St. Paul's, on 8 Oct. 1191, the Archbishop
j of Rouen produced a letter from the king
I appointing him justiciar in place of Long-
| champ, and naming Brewer and others as
| his assistants. Brewer evidently was promi-
i nent in the proceedings taken against the
chancellor; for his name is on the list of
the bishops and barons whom the displaced
minister threatened with excommunication.
In 1193 he left England to assist the king,
then in captivity, at his interview with the
Emperor Henry VI. He arrived at Worms
on 29 July, the day on which the terms of
the king's release were finally arranged.
After this matter was settled, Richard sent
him, in company with the Bishop of Ely ' and
other wise men,' to arrange a peace with
Philip of France. The treaty was signed on
9 July at Nantes. On the king's return to
England in the spring of 1194, Brewer and
others who had been concerned in the pro-
ceedings against the chancellor were deprived
of the sheriffdoms they then held, but were
appointed to other counties, ' as if the king,
although he could not dispense with their
services, wished to show his disapproval of
their conduct in the matter ' (STTJBBS, Const.
Hist. i. 503). A serious dispute having
arisen between Geoffrey, archbishop of York,
and his chapter, the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, who was at that time the justiciar, sent
Brewer with other judges to York in July to
settle the quarrel. They summoned the arch-
bishop, and on his refusing to appear seized
his manors, and caused the canons whom he
had displaced to be again installed. Brewer
also appears as one of the justices who were
sent on the great visitation, or ' iter,' in the
following September. In 1196 he founded
the abbey of Torr in Devon, as a house of
Prsemonstratensian canons (DTJGDALE, Mon.
vi. 923). During the reign of Richard he be-
came lord of the manor of Sumburne, near
Southampton, and held the sheriffdoms of
Devonshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire,
Brewer
298
Brewer
Berkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire
(DTJGDALE, Bar.} He married Beatrice de
Valle. In 1201 Brewer founded the abbey
of Motisfont as a house of Augustinian ca-
nons. This foundation has been ascribed to
his son William {Ann. de Osen.}, but the
charters of the abbey prove that it was the
work of the father (Mon. vi. 480). On 15 Aug.
of the same year he was present as founder
at the foundation of the Cistercian abbey of
Dunkeswell in Devonshire. He is said also
to have founded the Benedictine nunnery of
Polslo in that county (Ann. de Margam ;
Mon. iv. 425, v. 678).
During the reign of John, Brewer held a
prominent place among the king's counsel-
lors. His name appears among the witnesses
of the disgraceful treaty made with Philip
at Thouars in 1206. When an attempt was
made to reconcile the king to Archbishop
Langton in 1209, he joined Geoffrey Fitz-
Peter and others in guaranteeing the arch-
bishop's safety during his visit to England,
and saw him safely out of the kingdom.
During the period of the interdict he strongly
upheld the king, and is mentioned by Wen-
dover (iii. 238) as one of John's evil advisers,
who cared for nothing else save to please their
master. The king's extortions from the clergy,
the monks, and especially the Cistercians,
were in obedience to Brewer's advice, and in
1210 he caused the king to forbid the Cister-
cian monks to attend the annual chapter of
their order — a sin which, according to Paris,
brought him and others concerned to a sor-
rowful end. He signed the treaty made by
John with the Count of Boulogne in May
1212. On 15 May 1213 he signed the charter
by which John surrendered the crown and
kingdom of England to Innocent III, and on
21 Nov. 1214 the charter granting freedom of
election to sees and abbeys, by which the king
hoped to win the English church to his side.
WThen the barons made a confederation against
the king at Brackley in 1215, and drew up
the list of their demands, Brewer refused to
join them. After their entry into London,
however, he and other ministers of the king
were compelled to act with the baronial
party, and his name appears among the signa-
tures subscribed to the great charter. His
heart, however, was by no means in the
work, and when war broke out he became
one of the leaders of the army left by John
to watch the baronial forces, cut off their
supplies, and ravage their lands. On the
death of John he assisted at the coronation
of Henry at Gloucester on 28 Oct. 1216.
He warmly espoused the cause of the young
king against the French, and joined with
other barons in pledging himself to ransom
all prisoners belonging to the king's party.
He was one of those who guaranteed the
observance of the treaty of Lambeth on
11 Sept. 1217, though he did not approve of
the moderate terms granted to Louis (Ann.
Wav.} The next year he was present with
the king and court at the dedication of the
cathedral church of Worcester, to which he
afterwards presented a chalice of gold of
four marks weight, ' not to be removed from
the church save for fire, hunger, or necessary
ransom ' (Ann. Wig.} With the restlessness
and plots of the foreign party Brewer had no
sympathy, and, indeed, seems to have acted
in full accord with the justiciar Hubert de
Burgh. In 1221 he sat as one of the barons
of the exchequer (Foss, Biog. Jurid.} He
was one of the favourite counsellors of
Henry III, and his influence with the king
was not for good. For example, when in
January 1223 Archbishop Langton and the
lords demanded that Henry, who was then
holding his Christmas festival at Oxford,
should confirm the great charter, Brewer
answered for the king, and said : * The liber-
ties you ask for ought not to be observed ;
for they were extorted by force.' Indignant
at this declaration, the archbishop rebuked
him. ' William,' he said, * if you loved the
king you would not disturb the peace of the
kingdom.' The king saw that the archbishop
was angry, and at once yielded to his demand
(RoG. WEND. iv. 84). Later in the same
year Honorius III associated Brewer with
the Bishop of Winchester and the justiciar
in a letter declaring Henry to be of full age.
He died in 1226, having assumed, probably
when actually dying, as was not infrequently
done, the habit of a monk at Dunkeswell,
and was buried there in the church he had
founded. During the reigns of John and
Henry III he acquired great possessions. By
John he was made guardian of Henry Percy
and of many other rich wards. He received
a large number of grants from the king, and
among them the manor of Bridgwater, with
an ample charter creating that place a free
borough with a market (DTJGDALE, Bar.}
In this town he founded the hospital of St.
John Baptist, for the maintenance of thirteen
sick poor, besides l religious ' and pilgrims
(Mon. vi. 662). In the same reign he also
acquired half the fee of the house of Brito :
this acquisition probably was made unjustly
('per potestatem domini Willielmi Bruyere
veterioris,' Inq. p. m. 49 Sen. Ill', Somerset
Archceol. Soc. Proc. xxi. ii. 33). It included
the honour of Odcomb, with other places in
Somersetshire and Devonshire. The memory
of this grant is preserved in the name of
He Brewers, a village near Langport, which
Brewster
299
Brewster
passed to him along with. Odcomb. One of
Brewer's sons, Richard, died before him.
He left one son, William, and five daughters,
who all married men of wealth and impor-
tance. The names of two brothers of Brewer
are preserved, John and Peter of Rievaulx.
Peter became a hermit at Motisfont ; for a
document of that house says that he was
called ' The Holy Man in the Wall/ and
that he did many miracles (Mon. vi. 481).
It should, however, be noted that the Peter
of Rievaulx who was treasurer in the reign
of Henry III was the nephew or son (MATT.
PARIS, iii. 220) of Peter des Roches, bishop
of Winchester, and so, if the Motisfont docu-
ment is of any value at all, was a different
man from the hermit there spoken of.
[Roger of Hoveden ; Roger of Wendover, Eng.
Hist. Soc; Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. Rolls
Ser. ; R. of Diceto, Twysden ; Benedictus Abbas,
Rolls Ser. ; Walter of Coventry, Rolls Ser. ; Royal
Letters, Henry III, Rolls Ser. ; Annales de Mar-
gam, Waverleia, Oseneia, Wigornia, in Annales
Monastici, Rolls Ser. ; Dugdale's Baronage ; Dug-
dale's Monasticon ; Stubbs's Constitutional His-
tory.] W. H.
BREWSTER, ABRAHAM (1796-1874),
lord chancellor of Ireland, son of William
Bagenal Brewster of Ballinulta, Wicklow,
by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Bates,
was born at Ballinulta in April 1796, received
his earlier education at Kilkenny College,
and, then proceeding to the university of Dub-
lin in 1812, took his B. A. degree in 1817, and
long after, in 1847, his M.A. degree. He was
called to the Irish bar in 1819, and, having
chosen Leinster for his circuit, soon acquired
the reputation of a sound lawyer and a
powerful speaker. Lord Plunket honoured
him with a silk gown on 13 July 1835.
Notwithstanding the opposition of Daniel
O'Connell, he was appointed legal adviser to
the lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 10 Oct.
1841, and was solicitor-general of Ireland
from 2 Feb. 1846 until 16 July. By the in-
fluence of his friend Sir James Graham, the
home secretary, he was attorney-general of
Ireland from 10 Jan. 1853 until the fall of
the Aberdeen ministry, 10 Feb. 1855.
Brewster was very active in almost all
branches of his profession after his resigna-
tion, and his reputation as an advocate may
be gathered from the pages of the ' Irish Law
and Equity Reports,' and in the later series
of the 'Irish Common Law Reports,' the
* Irish Chancery Reports,' and the ' Irish Ju-
rist,' in all of which his name very frequently
appears. Among the most important cases
in which he took part were the Mountgarrett
case in 1854, involving a peerage and an
estate of 10,000/. a year ; the Carden abduc-
tion case in July of the same year ; the Yel-
verton case, 1861 ; the Egmont will case,
1863; the Marquis of Donegal's ejectment
action ; and lastly, the great will cause of
Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, in which Brewster's
statement for the plaintiff is said to have
been one of his most successful efforts.
On Lord Derby becoming prime minister,
Brewster succeededFrancis Blackburne [q.v.]
as lord justice of appeal in Ireland in July
1866, and lord chancellor of Ireland in the
month of March following. As lord chan-
cellor he sat in his court for the last time
on 17 Dec. 1868, when Mr. Disraeli's govern-
ment resigned. He then retired from public
life. There are in print only three or four
judgments delivered by him, either in the ap-
pellate court or the court of chancery. As
far back as January 1853 he had been made
a privy councillor in Ireland. He died at
his residence, 26 Merrion Square South,
Dublin, on 26 July 1874, and was buried at
Tullow, co. Carlow, on 30 July. By his mar-
riage in 1819 with Mary Ann, daughter of
Robert Gray of Upton House, co. Carlow,
who died in Dublin on 24 Nov. 1862, he
had issue one son, Colonel William Bagenal
Brewster, and one daughter, Elizabeth Mary,
wife of Mr. Henry French, both of whom
died in the lifetime of their father.
[Burke'sLord Chancellors of Ireland (1879),
pp. 307-14; Illustrated London News (1874),
Ixv. 115, 427.] G. C. B.
BREWSTER, SIB DAVID (1781-1868),
natural philosopher, was born at Jedburgh
on 11 Dec. 1781. He was the third child
and second son of James Brewster, rector of
the grammar school of Jedburgh, his mother
being Margaret Key, who is said to have been
a very accomplished woman. She died at
the age of thirty-seven, when David was only
nine years old, but through his long life he
retained a most affectionate memory of his
mother. The motherless family fell to the
charge of Grisel, the only sister, who appears
to have discovered the genius of her second
brother, and, the paternal rule being marked
by much severity, the sister, who was but
three years older than David, did her utmost
by fond indulgence to spoil the boy.
It is recorded that David was never seen
to pore over his books, but he always knew
his lessons and often assisted his school-
fellows, keeping always a prominent place in
his classes. There were four brothers, James,
George, David, and Patrick [q. v.], who were
all remarkable for their intelligence.
Among the citizens of Jedburgh when
David Brewster was a boy were various men
Brewster
300
Brewster
of original character, scientific tendencies,
and inventive genius. Chief among these
was James Veitch, a self-taught man — as-
tronomer and mathematician. From this
man David 'Brewster received his first lessons
in science. Veitch gave the boy many sug-
gestive hints while he was engaged, when
but ten years of age, in the manufacture of
a telescope, which, in writing to a friend in
1800, he says had ' a greater resemblance to
coffins or waterspouts than anything else.'
In 1793, at the early age of twelve, David
went to the university of Edinburgh, where
he heard the lectures of Playfair, Robinson,
Dugald Stewart, and others. • .The young
scholar prepared for a position in the esta-
blished church of Scotland, of which his
father was a strenuous supporter. In 1802
Brewster, who had been for some time a
regular contributor to the ' Edinburgh Maga-
zine,' became its editor. In 1799 he en-
gaged in tuition, becoming a tutor in the
family of Captain Horsbrugh of Pirn in
Peeblesshire, which situation he held until
1804. He wrote some love poetry to ' Anna,'
a daughter of Captain Horsbrugh, who died
at an early age, which was published in the
' Edinburgh Magazine,' and also printed in
a separate form.
Having been licensed by the presbytery of
Edinburgh, Brewster preached his first ser- j
mon in March 1804 in the West Kirk, before
a large congregation, amongst whom were
numbers of his fellow-students and many
literary and scientific men. The Rev. Dr.
Paul says of this effort : ' He ascended the
pulpit, and went through the whole service,
for a beginner, evidently under excitement,
most admirably.' After this he preached
frequently in Edinburgh, Leith, and else-
where, and his ministrations were very suc-
cessful, but they became a source of pain
and discomfort to himself. He never preached
without severe nervousness, which sometimes
produced faintness. This weakness and the
constant fear of failure led Brewster even-
tually to decline a good presentation and to
abandon the clerical profession. In 1800 he
was made an honorary M. A. of Edinburgh.
In 1804 he entered the family of General
Diroon of Mount Annan in Dumfriesshire as
tutor. There he remained till 1807, continuing
his scientific studies and literary pursuits
with but little interruption, as we find from
his regular correspondence with Mr. Veitch.
In 1805, on the resignation of Professor
Playfair, Brewster was spoken of as a can-
didate for the chair of mathematics in the
university of Edinburgh, and he received
promises of support from Herschel and other
well-known men of science. Mr. (after-
wards Sir John) Leslie had the better claim
to the chair, and was elected ; but, owing to
some unguarded expression in his work on
the ' Nature and Propagation of Heat,' a cry
of ' heresy ' was raised. ' A Calm Observer '
published a pamphlet professing to adopt
' a mode of discussion remote from personal
invective.' This pamphlet, which created an
intense excitement, was by David Brewster.
In 1807 he became a candidate for the chair •
of mathematics in St. Andrews, but without
success. He was, however, made LL.D. of
that university, and shortly after an M.A.
of Cambridge ; he was also elected a non-
resident member of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. At this time he was induced
to undertake the editorship of the ' Edin-
burgh Encyclopaedia,' which occupied him for
twenty- two years. In 1809 he visited Lon-
don, and he left a diary minutely recording
his experiences. Under 31 July 1810 we
find ' Married, set off to the Trosachs,' the
lady being Juliet, the youngest daughter of
James Macpherson, M.P., of Belleville, better
known as ' Ossian Macpherson.'
In 1813 Brewster sent his first paper
to the Royal Society of London on ( Some
Properties of Light.' In the same year he
published a ' Treatise on New Philosophical
Instruments.' Failing health indicated the
necessity of repose from mental labour, and
a continental tour was ordered by his medi-
i cal advisers. In July 1814 he started for
Paris, where he made the acquaintance of
| Biot, La Place, Poisson, Berthollet, Arago,
, and many other of the French celebrities of
: science.
Brewster also visited Switzerland, esta-
blished friendships at Geneva with Pr6vost
and Pictet, and made many important obser-
vations on the rocks and glaciers of the Alps.
; In 1814 he returned to work, with unabated
ardour for experimental inquiry. This showed
! itself in a series of papers contributed to the
Royal Society, most of them on the 'Polari-
sation of Light,' which were continued through
several years. In addition he published many
other memoirs in the ' Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh.'
In 1815 Brewster became a fellow of the
Royal Society, and the Copley medal was
bestowed upon him. This was followed
three years later by the Rumford medal, and
subsequently by one of the Royal medals, in
each case for discoveries in relation to the
polarisation of light. In 1810 the French
Institute awarded him half of the prize of
three thousand francs given for the two most
important discoveries in physical science made
in Europe.
In this year Brewster invented the ka-
Brewster
301
Brewster
leidoscope, which he patented; but, from
some defect in the registration of the patent,
it was quickly pirated, and he never realised
anything by it. His ' Treatise on the Ka-
leidoscope ' was published in 1819.
The ' Edinburgh Magazine ' was published
from 1817 under the name of the ' Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal,' and Brewster edited
it in conjunction with Professor Jameson,
the mineralogist, and afterwards alone, the
name being again changed (1819) to the
'Edinburgh Journal of Science.' Not only
was the number of papers published by
Brewster at this period of his life remark-
able, but the investigations which were re-
quired, and the discoveries — especially in the
delicate subject of optics — which they re-
corded were in every way extraordinary. In
1813 he commenced to publish in the 'Philo-
sophical Transactions ' a communication ' On
some Properties of Light,' and in the two
succeeding years he furnished no less than
nine papers on analogous subjects. After this
the phenomena of double refraction engaged
his attention, and his discoveries occupied
several additional papers.
In 1820 Brewster became a member of the
Institute of Civil Engineers in London. In
1821 he was active in founding the Royal
Scottish Society of Arts, of which he was
named director ; and in 1822 he became a
member of the Royal Irish Academy of Arts
and Sciences. In this year he edited a trans-
lation of Legendre's 'Geometry,' and also
four volumes of Professor Robinson's ' Essays
on Mechanical Philosophy.' In 1823 he
edited Euler's 'Letters to a German Prin-
cess,' writing copious notes and a life of the
author. Between 1819 and 1829 he appears
to have relaxed a little, but he wrote ' On the
Periodical Colours produced by Grooved Sur-
faces ; ' he investigated ' Elliptic Polarisation
by Metals,' 'The Optical Nature of the
Crystalline Lens,' 'The Optical Conditions
of the Diamond,' and ' The Colours of Film
Plates.' Beyond these the only paper com-
municated to the Royal Society was one ' On
the Dark Lines of the Solar Spectrum,' in
which he was associated with Dr. John Hall
Gladstone. In 1825 Brewster was made a
corresponding member of the French Insti-
tute, and honours from all parts of the world
were crowded upon him. There was never
any long intermission in his researches. In
1827 he published his account of a new
system of illumination for lighthouses, which
led to a successful series of experiments under
his direction in 1833.
In 1831 the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science was organised, chiefly
by a few scientific men who assembled at the
archiepiscopal palace near York, Brewster
being among them. The first meeting was
held in York, when 325 members enrolled
their names. Brewster was especially active,
and he strove most zealously to advance
the long-neglected interests of science. In
this year William IV sent to Brewster the
Hanoverian order of the Guelph, and shortly
afterwards an offer of ordinary knighthood
followed, the fees, amounting to 1097., being
remitted.
Sir David Brewster's busy pen now pro-
duced his 'Treatise on Optics' (1831) in
Lardner's ' Cabinet Encyclopaedia,' a volume
of 526 pages, in which every phenomenon
connected with catoptrics or dioptrics known
up to the time of its publication was de-
scribed with remarkable clearness and pre-
cision. About the same time he wrote for
Murray's ' Family Library ' his ' Life of Sir
Isaac Newton,' and his ' Letters on Natural
Magic.' In 1855 he proved the correspond-
ence between Newton and Pascal produced
by M. Chasles to be a forgery. An accident
arising through an explosion nearly robbed
Brewster of his eyesight ; but his sight was
eventually restored.
In 1836 Brewster went to Bristol to attend
the sixth meeting of the British Association,
being the guest of Mr. Henry Fox Talbot at
Laycock Abbey. Mr. Talbot was engaged
on his earliest experiments on photography,
and his explanations of his immature pro-
cesses, and the inspection of even the imper-
fect pictures which he produced, were suffi-
cient to create in Brewster's mind a strong
desire to work on the chemistry of light. He
never found the time required for the practice
of the art, but he wrote on the subject, and
in 1865 received a medal from the Photo-
graphic Society of Paris.
Brewster was in receipt of an annual
grant from the government of 100/. In
1836 this was increased by an additional
grant of 200/. a year. In 1838 he received
from the crown the gift of the principalship
of the united college of St. Salvator and St.
Leonard in the university of St. Andrews.
This appointment relieved him from embar-
rassments, and he was glad to take possession
of his house at St. Andrews.
Brewster had published his 'Treatise on
Magnetism ' in the seventh edition of the ' En-
cyclopaedia Britannica.' His labours were,
however, interrupted by the illness of his wife.
Her failing health caused him to remove her
to Leamington, and leaving her in charge of
a medical friend, he, with his daughter, at-
tended the twelfth meeting of the British
Association at Manchester, where he made
the acquaintance of Dr. Dalton, which led
Brewster
302
Brewster
to his investigating the conditions of the
eye on which colour-blindness or Daltonism
depended. He published an article on the
subject in the ' North British Review.'
In 1843 the conflict which had prevailed
for ten years in the church of Scotland was
brought to a close by 474 ministers retiring
from the old church of Scotland, protesting
against the grievances of church patronage.
Brewster had taken part in every step of the
' long conflict,' as it was called ; he signed
the Act of Protest ; with his elder brother
he walked in the solemn procession which
left St. Andrews Church on 18 May, and he
attended every sitting of that first assembly
of the Free church of Scotland. The pro-
minent position taken by Brewster in this
movement caused in 1844 proceedings to be
commenced against him by the established
presbytery of St. Andrews, aided by the uni-
versity, to eject him from his chair. The
case, however, was quashed in the residuary
assembly because he had not signed the
formal deed of demission.
For Professor Napier's 'Edinburgh Review'
Brewster wrote twenty-eight articles. In
1844 the ' North British Review ' was started
under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Welsh.
Brewster became a regular and constant con-
tributor. Professor Fraser, who was editor
of the ' North British Review ' in 1850 and
the seven following years, says : ' He con-
tributed an article to each number during the
time I was editor, and in each instance, after
we had agreed together about the subject,
the manuscript made its appearance on the
appointed day with punctual regularity ; ' and
Professor Blackie, who edited the ' Review'
from 1860 to 1863, writes : < Sir David Brewster
was ever remarkable for the carefulness of
his work, the punctuality with which it was
delivered, never behind time, never needing
to write to the editor for more time or more
space — a model contributor in every way.'
On 27 Jan. 1850 Lady Brewster died and
was laid to rest beneath the shade of the
abbey ruins of Melrose. In April Brewster,
with his daughter, went abroad for change
of air and scene. He renewed his acquaint-
ance with Arago, which had begun in 1814 ;
he visited M. Gay-Lussac just before his
death, and met the Swiss philosopher, M.
de la Rive.
In 1851 he was president of the meeting of
the British Association at Edinburgh. In
his address he pleaded with much earnestness
' for summoning to the service of the state
all the theoretical and practical wisdom of
the country,' and for the extension of the
advantages of education. ' Knowledge is at
once the manna and the medicine of our
moral being.' The pen of Brewster was
singularly prolific. Between 1806 and 1868
he communicated no less than 315 papers
on scientific subjects — most of them bearing
upon optical investigations — to the transac-
tions of societies, and to purely scientific
journals. Beyond these he wrote seventy-
five articles for the ' North British Review,'
twenty-eight articles for the ' Edinburgh Re-
view,' and five for the ' Quarterly Review.'
The most lasting monument to his fame,
however, will certainly be his beautiful in-
vestigations into the phenomena of polarised
light. He shared also with Fresnel the merit
of elaborating the dioptric system for the im-
provement of our lighthouses; and he divided
with Wheatstone the merit of introducing
the stereoscope, the lenticular instrument
belonging especially to Brewster.
Besides the above he wrote in 1841 and
1846 < Martyrs to Science,' or lives of Galileo,
Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ; and in 1854 an
answer to Whewell's ' Plurality of Worlds '
entitled ' More Worlds than One, the Creed
of the Philosopher and the Hope of the
Christian.'
In 1860 he was appointed vice-chancellor
of the university of Edinburgh, and in that
capacity presided at the installation of Lord
Brougham as chancellor. Brewster in this
year became an active member of the Na-
tional Association of Social Science, and
was afterwards chosen as vice-president. In
this year he was made M.D. of the university
of Berlin. He was at this time a frequent
visitor to London, taking the greatest in-
terest in the scientific societies of that city.
In 1864 he was appointed president of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the spring
of that year he was attacked, while re-
siding in Edinburgh, with one of his seizures
of prostrating illness, from which, although
he appeared to rally, he never entirely re-
covered.
The ' lighthouse controversy ' was to
Brewster, in his latter days, a source of an-
noyance. It was a great comfort to him
when the council of the Inventors' Insti-
tute in 1864, after examining the merits
of the investigations made by Fresnel and
others, reported that the introduction of the
holophotal system into British lighthouses
was due to the persevering efforts of Brew-
ster. In June of this year a neglected cold
fell heavily on Brewster's aged frame, and
rendered him so feeble that he could not
walk far, or labour in his library, without
Teat fatigue. This state continued until
867, when ' he was unable to play his quiet
game at croquet.' Believing himself to be
a dying man, he gave instruction to a young
Brewster
303
Brewster
scientific friend, Mr. Francis Deas, as to the
arrangement of his scientific instruments, and
two years later he confided to this gentleman
the completion of a paper ' On the Motion,
Equilibrium, and Forms of Liquid Films.'
On 10 Feb. 1868 an attack of pneumonia
and bronchitis exhibited symptoms which
convinced Sir James Simpson that he could
not live over the day. After a few hours
of extreme languor, knowing all his loving
watchers, with ' an ineffably happy, cheerful
look, which seemed to come from a very ful-
ness of content,' this bright intelligence
passed quietly away at Allerby, Montrose.
In 1857 Brewster married for the second
time Miss Jane Kirk Purnell of Scarborough,
by whom he had a daughter, born 27 Jan.
1861.
[Proceedings of the Royal Society, xvii. Ixix ;
Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers ;
The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by Mrs.
Gordon ; Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, iv.
1821-31 ; Edinburgh Royal Society's Transac-
tions, vii. 1815-49 ; Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 539.]
R. H-T.
BREWSTER, SIR FRANCIS (/.1674-
1702), writer on trade, was a citizen and
alderman of Dublin, and lord mayor of
that city in 1674. In February 1692-3 he
gave evidence before the House of Commons
on certain public abuses in Ireland, and in
1698 was appointed one of seven commis-
sioners to inquire into the forfeited estates
in Ireland. The commissioners disagreed
among themselves, and when the report was
delivered in the following year it was signed
by only four of the members of the commis-
sion ; the other three, the Earl of Drogheda,
Sir Richard Levinge, and Sir F. Brewster,
having refused to sign it because they
thought it false and ill-grounded in several
particulars. The dispute was brought before
parliament, and Sir R. Levinge was com-
mitted to the Tower for spreading scandalous
aspersions against some of his colleagues.
Brewster was the author of l Essays in
Trade and Navigation. In Five Parts,' Lond.
1695, 12mo. The first part only was pub-
lished; but in 1702 he issued 'New Essays
on Trade, wherein the present state of our
Trade, its great decay in the chief branches
of it, and the fatal consequences thereof
to the Nation (unless timely remedy'd), is
considered under the most important heads of
Trade and Navigation,' Lond. 12mo. The
following anonymous book is also ascribed to
him : ' A Discourse concerning Ireland and
the different Interests thereof ; in answer to
the Exon and Barnstaple Petitions ; shewing
that if a Law were enacted to prevent the
exportation of Woollen Manufactures from
Ireland to Foreign Parts, what the conse-
quences thereof would be both to England
and Ireland,' Lond. 1698, 4to.
[Ware's Ireland (Harris), 1764, ii. 262 ;
Burnet's State Tracts, 1706, ii. 709 seq. ; Tin-
dal's Continuation of Rapin's England, 1740, iii.
234, 398.] C. W. S.
BREWSTER, JOHN (1753-1842), au-
thor, the son of the Rev. Richard Brewster,
M.A., vicar of Heighington in the county
palatine of Durham, was born in 1753, and
received his education at the grammar school
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne under the Rev. Hugh
Moises, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where
he graduated B.A. in 1775, and M.A. in 1778.
He was appointed curate of Stockton-on-Tees
in 1776, and lecturer there in 1777. In 1791
he was presented to the vicarage of Greatham,
which benefice he held until 1799, when he
became vicar of Stockton through the patron-
age of Bishop Barrington. The same prelate
afterwards successively preferred him to the
rectories of Redmarshall in 1805, Boldon in
1809, and Egglescliffe in 1814, in which
charges, according to the testimony of Surtees
(Hist, of Durham, iii. 139), he was ' long and
justly respected for the exemplary discharge
of his parochial duties.' He died at Eggles-
cliffe 28 Nov. 1842, aged 89.
His chief work was his l Parochial History
and Antiquities of Stockton-on-Tees,' pub-
lished in quarto at Stockton in 1 796. A second
and enlarged edition was printed in 1829,
octavo. His other works were : 2. ' Sermons
for Prisons,' &c., 1790, 8vo. 3. * On the Pre-
vention of Crimes and the Advantages of
Solitary Confinement,' 1790, 8vo. 4. 'Medi-
tations of a Recluse, chiefly on Religious
Subjects,' 1800, 12mo. 5. ' A Thanksgiving
Sermon for the Peace,' 1802. 6. ' A Secular
Essay, containing a View of Events connected
with the Ecclesiastical History of England
during the 18th Century/ 1802, 8vo. 7. ' The
Restoration of Family Worship recom-
mended, in Discourses selected, with altera-
tions, from Dr. Doddridge/ 1804, 8vo.
8. { Lectures on the Acts of the Apostles/
1806, 2 vols. 8vo. 9. < Of the Religious Im-
provement of Prisons, an Assize Sermon/
1808. 10. < Meditations for the Aged, adapted
to the Progress of Human Life/ 1810, 8vo ;
four editions. 11. 'Meditations for Penitents/
1813. 12. < Reflections adapted to the Holy
Seasons of the Christian and Ecclesiastical
Year/ 12mo. 13. 'Reflections upon the Or-
dination Service/ 12mo. 14. 'Contemplations
on the Last Discourses of our Blessed Saviour
with His Disciples as recorded in the Gospel
of St. John/ 1822, 8vo. 15. ' A Sketch of
the History of Churches in England, applied
Brewster
3°4
Brewster
to the purposes of the Society for Promoting
the Building and Enlargement of Churches
and Chapels/ 1818. 16. ' An Abridgment
of Cave's Primitive Christianity.' 17. ' Me-
moir of the Rev. Hugh Moises, A.M. ; ' pri-
vately printed in 1823, and reprinted in
Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature/ vol. v.
[G-ent. Mag., May 1843, p. 538; Adamson's
Newcastle School, 1846, p. 27; Nichols's Illus-
trations, v. 92 ; Nichols's Topographer and Ge-
nealogist, vol. ii. 1853 ; Allibone's Diet, of Lit. ;
Heavisides's Annals of Stockton, p. 14, who gives
two curious anecdotes of Brewster's simplicity in
being deceived by supposititious relics of anti-
quity.] C. W. S.
BREWSTER, PATRICK (1788-1859),
Scotch divine, born on 20 Dec. 1788, was
the youngest of the four sons of Mr. James
Brewster, and younger brother of Sir David
Brewster [q. v.] In accordance with the wishes
of his father, who had destined all his sons to
the ministry of the Scottish church, Patrick
devoted himself to theology, and received
license as a probationer from the presbytery
of Fordoun on 26 March 1817. In August
following he was presented by the Marquis of
Abercorn to the second charge of the Abbey
Church of Paisley, to which he was ordained
on 10 April 1818. He continued to occupy
this preferment for nearly forty-one years, and
died at his residence at Craigie Linn, near
Paisley, on 26 March 1859. Brewster was a
favourite of the working classes, and received
a public funeral (4 April 1859). In 1863 a
monument to his memory was erected by
public subscription in Paisley cemetery.
Asa preacher Brewster enjoyed an almost
unrivalled local fame. His political views
were extreme ; he was a ' moral-force chartist/
and took an active share in the plans for carry-
ing out the chartist programme. His whole
life was one continuous succession of exciting
disputes upon public questions, or with the
heritors, the parish authorities, or the presby-
tery. This polemical spirit may be traced in
the volume of his sermons entitled ' The Seven
Chartist and Military Discourses libelled by
the Marquis of Abercorn and other Heritors
of the Abbey Parish. To which are added
four other Discourses formerly published, with
one or two more as a Specimen of the Author's
mode of treating other Scripture Topics.
With an Appendix/ 8vo, Paisley, &c., 1843.
Brewster advocated the abolition of the slave
trade, the repeal of the corn laws, tempe-
rance, and a national system of education.
He published three single < Sermons/ 8vo, and
a vindication, in two parts, of the rights of the
poor of Scotland ' against the misrepresenta-
tions of the editor of the "Glasgow Post and
Reformer."' He was also a contributor to
the ' Edinburgh Cyclopsedia/ and furnished
a l Description of a Fossil Tree found in a
Quarry at Nitshill ' to the ninth volume of the
1 Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin-
burgh.' He incurred some odium for not,
like his brothers, leaving the established
church of Scotland at the time of the disrup-
tion in 1843, when he was one of 'the Forty.'
[Glasgow Herald, 28 and 31 March and
5 April 1859 ; Christian News (Glasgow), 2 April
1859; Teviotdale Record, 2 April 1859; Ren-
frewshire Independent, 2 and 9 April 1859 ;
Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, 1868; Mrs.
Gordon's Home Life of Sir David 'Brewster, 1881 ;
Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881.] A. H. G.
BREWSTER, THOMAS, M.D. (b. 1705),
translator, was the son of Benjamin Brew-
ster of Eardisland, Herefordshire, and was
born on 18 Sept. 1705. He was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School, and thence
elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1724.
He graduated B.A. in 1727, M.A. in 1732,
B.M. and D.M. in 1738. He was also elected a
fellow of his college. While at Oxford he
published a translation of the ' Second Satire
of Persius/ in English verse by itself, to see,
as he says in the preface, how the public
would appreciate his work. This was in
1733. The third and fourth < Satires' were
published together in 1742, the fifth in the
same year, and the six satires in one volume
in 1784. Brewster, after leaving the uni-
versity, practised medicine at Bath.
[Robinson's Merchant Taylors' School Regis-
ter, ii. 56 ; Graduates of Oxford ; Prefaces to
different editions of the Satires ; Brit. Museum
Catalogue.] A. G-N.
BREWSTER, WILLIAM (1560P-1644),
one of the chief founders of the colony of
Plymouth, New England, was possibly a
native of Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Ac-
cording to the 'Memoir ' by Bradford, he was
at the time of his death in his eightieth
year, but Morton, secretary of the colony,
states that he was eighty-four at his death,
so that he was probably born in 1560. It
has been conjectured that his father was
either William Brewster, who was tenant at
Scrooby of Archbishop Sandys, or Henry
Brewster, vicar of Sutton-cum-Lound, or
James Brewster, who succeeded Henry. The
coat-of-arms preserved in the Brewster family
in America is identical with that of the an-
cient Suffolk branch. Bradford states that
Brewster, after obtaining some knowledge of
Latin and some insight into Greek, spent
a short time at the university of Cam-
bridge, but he mentions neither the school
where he made his preparatory studies, nor
Brewster
305
Brewster
the college which he entered at Cambridge.
On leaving the university, Brewster, probably
in 1584, entered the service of William Davi-
son [q. v.], ambassador, and afterwards secre-
tary of state of Queen Elizabeth, who, accord-
ing to Bradford, found him ' so discreet and
faithful, that he trusted him above all others
that were with him.' He accompanied Davi-
son in his embassy to the Low Countries in
1585, and remained in his service till his fall
in 1587. The information supplied by Brad-
ford regarding the immediately succeeding
period of his life is comprised in the general
statement that he ' retired to the country/
where he interested himself 'in promoting
and furthering religion ' by procuring good
preachers ' in all places thereabouts.' Pos-
sibly he owed the bent towards ecclesiastical
matters to his intimacy with two favourite
pupils of Hooker — George Cranmer, also
one of Davison's assistants, and Sir Edwyn
Sandys, afterwards governor of Virginia.
The part of the country to which Brewster
retired was identified by Joseph Hunter
(Collections concerning the Early History of
the Founders of New England} as Scrooby,
Nottinghamshire. Hunter has further mo-
dified the information of Bradford by dis-
covering, from an examination of the post-
office accounts, that from April 1594, or
earlier, to September 1607, Brewster filled
the office of l post,' that is, keeper of the
' post office,' at Scrooby, a station on the great
north road between Doncaster and Tuxford.
Such an office was then one of considerable im-
portance, and was not unfrequently held by
persons of good family. It implied the super-
intendence of the despatch of mails to the
various side stations, the supplying of relays
of horses, and the providing of entertainment
for travellers. While holding this office
Brewster occupied Scrooby Manor, a posses-
sion of the archbishop of York, where royal
personages had more than once resided, and
Cardinal Wolsey after his dismissal had
passed several weeks. His salary was 20d.
per diem until in July 1603 it was raised
to 2s. It was at Scrooby Manor that Brew-
ster ' on the Lord's day entertained with great
love ' the company of Brownists or Separa-
tists presided over by Clifton. Much of the
progress of the movement was owing to his
zeal and his influence, his social position
being undoubtedly higher than that of the
other members of the community. After
they 'had been about a year together,' the
threat of persecution made them resolve in
1607 to remove to Holland, but the skip-
per in whose sloop they embarked at Boston
having betrayed them, they were appre-
hended, and Brewster as one of the principal
VOL. VI.
leaders of the movement was imprisoned and
bound over to the court of assize. In the
summer of the following year they were more
successful, and, having set out, from Hull,
reached Amsterdam in safety. In 1609 they
removed to Leyden, where Brewster, ' having
spent most of his means,' employed himself
in ' instructing students at the university,
Danes and Germans, in the English lan-
guage.' He 'prepared rules or a grammar
after the Latin manner' for the use of his
scholars. By the help of some friends he also
set up a printing-press, and so ' had employ-
ment enough by reason of many books which
would not be allowed to be printed in Eng-
land ' (for list of principal works printed by
him see STEELE'S Life of Brewster, pp. 172-
174). In 1619 inquiry was instituted by the
authorities regarding his publications, but
he was then absent in London negotiating
about a grant of land in Virginia. Through
the assistance of his friend Sir Edwyn Sandys
a patent for a tract of land within that colony
was finally granted, and Brewster, with Brad-
ford [see BKADFOKD, WILLIAM, 1590-1657],
as the chief leaders of the enterprise, set sail
in September 1620 with the first company of
* pilgrims ' in the Mayflower. In the church
at Leyden he had acted as ruling elder, and
he discharged the same duties in the church
at New Plymouth. As no regular minister
was appointed until 1629, he up to this time
also acted as teacher and preacher, officiating
twice every Lord's day. During the early
difficulties of the colony he conducted him-
self with untiring cheerfulness. He was
charitable to others, and his own personal
habits were frugal. He drank nothing but
water until the last five or six years of his
life. Bradford gives the date of his death
as 18 April 1643, but Morton, secretary of
the colony, entered the date in the church
records as 'April 10th 1644, and various
other circumstances confirm this entry. He
had four sons and four daughters. He left a
library of 300 books valued at 43/., the cata-
logue of which is preserved in the records of
the colony, and an estate valued at 150/.
His sword is preserved in the cabinet of the
Massachusetts Historical Society.
[Bradford's Memoir of Elder Brewster, pub-
lished by Dr. Alex. Young in Chronicles of the
Pilgrims, 1841, and printed also in the collec-
tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
5th ser. iii. 408-14 ; Hunter's Collections con-
cerning the History of the Early Founders of
New Plymouth, 2nd ed. 1854 ; Steele's Life of
William Brewster, 1857; Savage's Genealogical
Dictionary of the First Settlers in New England,
i. 245-6 ; Belknap's American Biography, ii.
252-6.] T. F. H.
Brian
306
Brian
BRIAN (926-1014), king of Ireland,
known in Irish writings as Brian Boroimhe
(Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, Rolls Series,
p. 208), Boroma (' Tigernachi Annales ' in
Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488), most com-
monly in earlier books as Brian mac Cenne-
digh {Book of Leinster, facsimile, fol. 309 a;
TIGERNACH, ed. O'Conor, pp. 266, 268), and in
English writings as Bryan mac Kennedy and
Brian Boru, was a native of the northern part
of Munster, and was of the royal descent of
Thomond, of the family known as Dal Cais,
who claimed the right of alternate succession
to the kingship of Cashel, as the chief king-
ship of Munster is usually called by the Irish
writers. His father was Cenneide, son of
Lorcan, and Brian, who was born in 926,
was the youngest of three sons. The time of
Brian's youth was one of continued harrying
of Ireland by the Danes, whose hold on the sea-
ports of the country had been steadily increas-
ing since their first invasion in 795, and from
Limerick they made many plundering ex-
peditions into the country of the Dal Cais.
Brian's elder brother Mathgamhain became
head of the tribe, and under him Brian's life
as a warrior began ; but when Mathgamhain
made peace Brian continued the war by ex-
peditions from the mountains of Clare, but
was unable to make way against the Danes,
and at last, with only a few followers left,
had to take refuge with his brother. The war
soon began again, and Mathgamhain suc-
ceeded in seizing Cashel and the vacant
kingship of Munster. The Danes of Limerick
with many native Irish allies marched against
the king of Cashel and his brother, and were
defeated at Sulcoit in Tipperary. This battle,
fought about 968, was the first of Brian's
victories over the Danes, and was followed
by the sack of Danish Limerick. In 976 a
conspiracy of rival chiefs in Munster led to
the murder of Mathgamhain, and Brian be-
came chief of the Dal Cais with an abundant
inheritance of wars. Succession to the king-
ship of Cashel was alternate between the
Dal Cais and the Eoghanacht, that is between
the tribes north of the plain in the middle
of which the rock of Cashel rises and those
south of it. Maelmuadh, Mathgamhain's
murderer, was the next heir of the Eogha-
nacht, and became king after the murder.
Brian defeated and slew him in a pitched
battle at Belach Lechta, in the north of the
present county Cork, in 978, and thus him-
self became king of Cashel. He had, how-
ever, much hard fighting before he was able
to obtain hostages, in proof of submission,
from all the tribes of Munster. Constant
warfare made the Dal Cais more and more
formidable, and having obtained recognition
throughout Munster, Brian first led them
against Gillapatric, king of Ossory, and then
marching into Leinster was, in 984, acknow-
ledged as king by its chiefs. His successes
had evidently determined him to extend his
sway over as much of Ireland as he could.
Brian sailed up the Shannon from his
stronghold at Killaloe, and with varying suc-
cess ravaged Meath, Connaught, and Breifne,
and at length entered into an alliance with
Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill, chief king of
Ireland. The Leinstermen with the Danes
of Dublin rose against Brian in the year
1000, and, with the help of the king of Ire-
land, he defeated them with great slaughter
at Glenmama in Wicklow, and immediately
after marched into Dublin. Sitric the Danish
king submitted to Brian, who took a Danish
wife and gave an Irish one to Sitric. He
now thought himself powerful enough to
end his alliance with Maelsechlainn, and
sent a body of Danes into Meath towards
Tara. Tara had long been an uninhabited green
mound, as it is at this day, and its possession
was only important from the fact that it was
associated with the name of sovereignty and
with the actual possession of the rich pas-
tures by which it is surrounded. Mael-
sechlainn defeated the first force sent against
him, but Brian advanced at the head of an
army of Munstermen, Leinstermen, Ossory-
men, and Danes, and Maelsechlainn retired
to his stronghold of Dun na Sciath on Loch
Ennell, and sent for help to his natural
allies, Aedh, king of Ailech, and Eochaidh,
king of Uladh, and to Cathal, king of Con-
naught ; but all in vain, and he was obliged
to offer hostages to Brian. Thus, in the eyes
of the Irish, Brian became chief king of Ire-
land, and the Clonmacnois historian, Tiger-
nach, has at the end of the year 1001 the
entry ' Brian Borama regnat ' (Bodleian MS.
Rawlinson B 488, fol. 15 b, col. ii. line 31).
He next made war on the west, received sub-
mission from the Connaughtmen, and was thus
actual lord of Ireland from the Fews moun-
tains in Armagh southwards. The men of
western and central Ulster under the king of
Ailech, and those of Dalriada and Dalna-
raide under the king of Uladh, still resisted
him, but they were also at war with one
another, and in 1004 met in battle at Craebh
Tulcha and were both slain. Brian at once
marched through Meath to Armagh, where
he made an offering of gold upon the altar of
the great church and acknowledged the eccle-
siastical supremacy of Armagh in the only
charter of his, the original of which has
survived to our day. The charter is in the
handwriting of Maolsuthain, Brian's con-
fessor, and is on fol. 16 b of the * Book of
Brian
307
Brian
Armagh.' The book itself, written on vel- j
lum about 807 by Ferdomnach, contains the j
gospels, a life of St. Patrick, and other com-
positions, some in Latin and some in Irish, |
and in 1004 was already considered one of j
the chief treasures of Armagh. Its subse-
quent history has been carefully traced, and
it is now preserved in the library of Trinity
College, Dublin. On the back of the six-
teenth leaf of the ' Book of Armagh ' is part
of the life of St. Patrick with an account of
grants of land in Meath made to him and
to his disciples and their successors by
Fedelmid mac Loiguire, king of Ireland.
The writing is in two columns, and at the
foot of the second the original scribe had left
a blank, in which the charter of Brian was
appropriately written. Maolsuthain wrote in
Latin, translating his own name into Calvus
Perennis, and Cashel into Maceria. ' St. Pa-
trick,'says the charter, l when going to heaven,
ordained that the entire produce of his labour
as well as of baptism, and decisions as of alms,
was to be delivered to the apostolic city, which
in the Scotic tongue is called Arddmacha.
Thus I have found it in the records of the
Scots. This is my writing, namely Calvus
Perennis, in the presence of Brian, imperator
of the Scots, and what I have written he de-
creed for all the kings of Maceria.' This grant,
besides its intrinsic interest, is of importance
as confirming the accuracy of the early
chronicles which mention Brian's visit to
Armagh. He received hostages from all the
chief tribes of the north except the Cinel
Conaill, who remained unconquered in the
fastnesses of Kilmacrenan and the Rosses.
His next action was to make a circuit of
Ireland demanding hostages of all the terri-
tories through which he passed. This was
probably suggested by a similar act of Muir-
cheartach na gcochall gcroicionn, king of
Ailech, who in 941 marched from the north
through Munster taking hostages to secure
his own succession to the chief kingship of
Ireland.
The poem which Cormacan mac Maol-
brighde, Muircheartach's bard, composed in
honour of his exploit mentions (ed. O'Dono-
van, line 129) that the king of Ailech on his
expedition passed a night at Cenn Coradh,
Brian's home, and even if Brian did not wit-
ness the progress of the northern king, its
memory must have been fresh in Munster in
his youth. Cenn Coradh was near Killaloe,
within the limits of the present town, and
starting thence Brian marched up the right
bank of the Shannon and northwards as far
as the Curlew mountains, which he crossed
and descended to the plain of the river Sligech,
which falls into Sligo Bay, and then marched
by the sea to the river Drobhais, then as now
the boundary of Ulster. Brian forded it and
followed the ancient road into the north over
the ford of Easruadh, the present salmon leap
on the river between Loch Erne and Bally-
shannon. From this he marched to the gap
called Bearnas mor, probably keeping to the
coast. He passed unattacked through the
long and desolate defile, and beyond it emerged
into Tir Eoghain, which he crossed, and en-
tered Dalriada by the ford of the Ban at Fear-
tas Camsa, near the present Macosquin. He
passed on into Darnaraidhe and ended his
circuit at Belach Duin, a place in Meath
three miles north of Kells.
He was thus, by right of his sword and
admission of all her chiefs, Ardrigh na
Erenn, chief king of Ireland, and so remained
till his death. After so much war there was
an interval of peace. Brian is said by the
historians of his own part of the country to
have built the church of Killaloe and that of
Inis Cealtra, and the round tower of Tom-
graney; but the ruins on the island in Loch
Derg, and the ancient stone-roofed church of
Killaloe, are later than the buildings erected
by him. He himself lived in the Dun of Cenn
Coradh, probably in a house resembling the
dwellings of the peasantry of the present day,
with an earthen floor, thatched roof, and a
hearth big enough to boil a huge cauldron,
whence the king and his guests drew out
lumps of meat, which they washed down with
draughts of the beer which, tradition says,
they had learnt to brew from their Danish
friends, and of the more ancient liquor of the
country made from honey. Senachies, histo-
rians who knew how to turn history into
poetry, and who like poets often excelled in
fiction, were the men of letters of Brian's
court. They feasted with the king and his
warriors, and sang the glories of the Dal
Cais and the great deeds of Brian, son of
Cenneide, in strains some of which have
come down to our own times. It was per-
haps one of these who first gave Brian the
name by which in modern times he has be-
come the best known of all the kings of Ire-
land ; few Englishmen can, indeed, name any
other. Borama (Book ofLeinster, facs. 294 b)
na boromi (Leabhar na Huidri, facs. 118 b), a
word cognate with 20. ' Men of Mark, a Book of
Short Biographies/ 1873, 8vo ; another
edition, 1879, 8vo. 21. 'So Great Love :
Sketches of Missionary Life and Labour/
1874, 8vo (her last publication).
[Memorials of Mr. Brightwell, 1869; Norwich
newspapers, April 1875 ; private information.]
A.GL
BRIGIT, SAINT, of Kildare (453-523), was
born at Fochart, now Faugher, two miles north
Brigit
341
Brigit
of Dundalk, a district which was formerly part
of Ulster. Her father, Dubhthach, was of the
race of Eochaidh Finnfuathairt, grandson of
Tuathal Teachtmhar, monarch of Erinn. Her
mother Brotsech, or Broiccseach, who be-
longed to the Dal. Conchobar of South Bregia,
was the bondmaid and concubine of Dubh-
thach. Dr. Lanigan will not hear of this,
but the whole early history of Brigit, as told
in the Irish life, rests on this fact. It may
be observed that in this (as in other cases)
there is a notable difference between the story
told by Colgan and Lanigan from the Latin
lives and the story given in the Irish life.
In the former Brigit is a highly educated
young lady of noble birth, whose acts are in
accordance with the ecclesiastical and social
usages of the seventeenth or eighteenth cen-
tury. In the latter we breathe the atmo-
sphere of an early age, where all is simple and
homely, and peculiar customs in church and
state meet us, nor did it appear to the writer
that the accident of Brigit's birth should
lessen our respect for her character and la-
bours. It was an age when slavery existed
in Ireland, and the relations between Dubh-
thach and his bondmaid excited the jealousy
of his wife, in consequence of which he had
eventually to sell her, retaining, however, a
right to her offspring. Bought by a wizard,
she was taken by him to Fochart, and there in
•due time Brigit was born A.B. 453. Here a
legend is related, which is of some interest.
The mother having gone out one day and left
the child covered up in the house, ' the neigh-
bours saw the house wherein was the girl all
ablaze, so that the flame reached from earth
to heaven ; but when they went to rescue the
girl the fire appeared not.' This is one of
those references to fire which occur so fre-
quently in connection with St. Brigit as to lead
to the conclusion that we have here ' incidents
which originally belonged to the myth or
ritual of some goddess of fire ' ( STOKES). A
similar conclusion has been drawn by Schro-
der from the legend of the demon smiths in
the ' Navigation of St. Brendan,' which ' rests,
he thinks, on the ground of a Celtic myth of
Fire-giants/ It is suggestive that a goddess
of the Irish pantheon who presided over
smiths was named Brigit, which is interpreted
in Cormac's ' Glossary ' breo-shaigit, l the fiery
arrow.' Giraldus Cambrensis tells us that at
Kildare St. Brigit had a perpetual ashless fire
watched by twenty nuns, of whom herself
was one, blown by fans or bellows only, and
surrounded by a hedge, within which no male
could enter.
As the child Brigit grew uj>, ' everything
her hand was set to used to increase and
reverence God ; she bettered the sheep ; she
tended the blind ; she fed the poor.' But when
she came to years of reflection she wished to
go home, and the wizard having communi-
cated with her father, he came for her and took
her home. There her first care was for her
foster mother, but she was not idle; she
tended the swine, herded the sheep, and cooked
the dinner, and it is characteristic that when
' a miserable greedy hound came into the
house ' she gave him a considerable part of
the repast. And now the thought of her
mother in bondage troubled her ; she asked
her father's leave to go to her, but ' he gave
it not,' so she went without it. ' Glad was
her mother when she arrived,' for she was
toil-worn and sickly. So Brigit took the
dairy in hand, and all prospered, and in the
end the wizard and his wife became Christians.
Her success in the conversion of the people,
then chiefly heathen, is referred to in Broc-
can's hymn, where she is said to be ' a mar-
vellous ladder for pagans to visit the kingdom
of Mary's Son.' On becoming a Christian the
wizard generously said to her : ' The butter
and the kine that thou hast milked I offer to
thee ; thou shalt not abide in bondage to me,
serve thou the Lord.' i Take thou the kine,'
she replied, f and give me my mother's free-
dom.' But he gave her both, and so she
dealt out the kine to the poor and needy, and
returned with her mother to Dubhthach's
house.
Some time after, Dubhthach and his con-
sort determined to sell her, as ' he liked not
his cattle and wealth to be dealt out to the
poor, and that is what Brigit used to do.'
Taking her in his chariot to the king of
Leinster, he offered to sell her to him. ' Why
sellest thou thine own daughter ? ' said the
king. ' She stayeth not,' replied Dubhthach,
1 from selling my wealth and giving it to the
poor.' The king said, ' Let the maiden come
into the fortress.' When she was before him
he said, ' Perhaps if I bought you you might
do the same with my property.' * The Son of
the Virgin knoweth,' she replied, ' if I had
thy might, with all Leinster, and with all
thy wealth, I would give them to the Lord
of the Elements.' The king then said ' her
father was not fit to bargain for her, for her
merit was higher before God than before
men.' And thus the maiden obtained her
freedom.
Dubhthach then tried to get her married,
but she refused all offers, and at last he had
to consent to her l dedicating herself to the
Lord.' Qn the occasion of her taking the veil
' the form of ordaining a bishop was read
over her by Bishop Mel.' What this means it
is not easy to say ; but it is probably intended
to convey that he invested her with a rank
Brigit
342
Brihtnoth
corresponding with that of bishop in point of
authority, for that it was only a nominal title
appears from her associating with herself, as
we shall see presently, a bishop who is de-
scribed as ' the anointed head and chief of all
bishops, and she the most blessed chief of all
virgins ' (ToDD, p. 12). Some time after, having
gone to King Dunlaing to make a request,
one of his slaves offers to become a Christian if
she will obtain his freedom. She therefore
asks the two favours, saying, ' If thou desirest
excellent children, and a kingdom for thy sons,
and heaven for thyself, give me the two boons
I ask.' The answer of the pagan king is quite
in character : ' The kingdom of heaven, as I
see it not, and as no one knows what thing
it is, I seek not ; and a kingdom for my sons
I seek not, for I shall not myself be extant,
and let each one serve his time. But give
me length of life and victory always over the
Hiii Neill.'
The great event of her life was the founda-
tion of Kildare (cill dara, ( the church of the
oak'). Cogitosus (830-835) has left us a
description of this church as it existed in his
time, from which it appears that it was di-
vided by a partition which separated the
sexes, her establishment comprising both men
and women. The tombs of Bishop Condlaed
and Brigit were placed, highly decorated
with pendent crowns of gold, silver, and gems,
one on the right hand, and the other on the
left of the high altar. The Irish bishops, it
should be mentioned, wore crowns after the
custom of the eastern church instead of mitres
( W ARREN) . After gathering her community
she found she required the services of a bishop,
and she accordingly chose (elegif) a holy man,
a solitary, named Condlaed, ' to govern the
church with her in episcopal dignity.' Cond-
laed was thus a monastic bishop under the
orders of the head of the establishment as in
the Columbian monasteries mentioned by
Bgeda (ToDD, p. 13).
The death of Brigit took place at Kildare
on 1 Feb. 523, which is her day in the calen-
dar, and she was undoubtedly buried in Kil-
dare, as already mentioned. On the other
hand, a tradition current for many centuries
has it that she was buried in Downpatrick
with St. Patrick and St. Columba. This is
now known to have been a fraud of John de
Courcey, lord of Down, got up by him in the
hope that the supposed possession of their
bodies would conciliate the Irish to his rule
(Annals of Four Masters^). The Irish life in
conclusion says that Brigit is ' the Mary of
the Gael/ or, as it is in Broccan's hymn,
' she was one mother of the king's son,' which
the gloss explain? 'she was one of the mothers
of Christ.' This strange manner of speaking
which Irish ecclesiastics made use of, not only
at home, but on the continent, to the astonish-
ment of their hearers, is explained in a poem
of Nicolas de Bibera (SCHRODER), by a refe-
rence to Matthew xii. 50 : ' Whosoever shall
do the will of my Father which is in heaven,
the same is my brother and sister and mother.'
Looking through the haze of miracles in which
her acts are enveloped, we discern a character
of great energy and courage, warmly affec-
tionate, generous, and unselfish, and wholly
absorbed by a desire to promote the glory
of God, and to relieve suffering in all its forms.
Such a personality could not but impress it-
self on the imagination of the Irish people, as
hers has done in a remarkable degree.
[Life of Brigit in Three Middle Irish Homilies,
Whitley Stokes (Calcutta) ; Eollandi Acta SS.
1 Feb. ; Todd's St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland,
pp. 10-26 ; Warren's Liturgy and Kitual of
the Celtic Church; O'Keilly's Irish Dictionary,
Supplement (voce ' Brigit ') ; Petrie's Essay on the
Round Towers of Ireland; Giraldi Cambren-
sis Topog. Hib. chaps. 34-36 ; O'Donovan's An-
nals of the Four Masters at A.D. 1293, iii. 456 ;
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. vol. i.] T. 0.
BRIGSTOCKE, THOMAS (1809-1881),
portrait-painter, commenced his studies at
the age of sixteen at Sass's drawing-school,
and was subsequently a pupil of H. P. Briggs,
R.A., and J. P. Knight, R.A. He spent eight
years in Paris and Italy, and made some
copies from pictures by the old masters,
among them one of Raphael's ' Transfigura-
tion ' in the Vatican, which, on the recommen-
dation of W. Collins, R.A., was purchased
for Christ Church, Albany Street, Regent's
Park. In 1847 he went to Egypt, and painted
the portrait of Mehemet Ali. Between 1843
and 1865 Brigstocke exhibited sixteen works
at the Royal Academy, and two at the British
Institution. His portrait of General Sir
James Outram is now in the National Por-
trait Gallery ; that of General Sir William
Nott at the Oriental Club, Hanover Square;
and that of Cardinal Wiseman at St. Cuth-
bert's College, Ushaw. He painted an histo-
rical picture entitled ' The Prayer for Victory."
He died suddenly on 11 March 1881.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Eecent and Living Painters, London, 1866,
8vo ; Builder, 19 March 1881, p. 356.] L. F.
BRIHTNOTH (d. 991), ealdorman of the
East Saxons, married ^Ethelflsed, daughter of
the ealdorman ^Elfgar, and succeeded him in
his office, probably about 953. As Briht-
noth's sister ^Ethelflaed was the wife of
^thelstan, ealdorman of the East Anglians,
the friend of Dunstan, it is probable that he
Brihtnoth
343
Brihtwald
was the uncle of ^Ethelstan's son,^Ethelwine,
the leader of the monastic party (GREEN,
Conquest of England, 286, 352). He strongly
upheld the cause of the monks, and made
lavish grants to monastic foundations, espe-
cially to Ely and Ramsey. It is said that
when he went to fight his last battle he
asked Wulfsige, abbot of Ramsey, for food for
his army. Wulfsige replied that the ealdor-
man and six or seven of his personal follow-
ing could be maintained, but not the whole
host. < Tell the abbot,' Brihtnoth said, < that
as I cannot fight without my men, I will not
eat without them,' and he turned and marched
to Ely, where the abbot gladly entertained the
whole army. In return he gave the house wide
estates, and much gold and silver. The story
is told with some considerable differences both
in the Ely and the Ramsey history (GALE,
iii. Hist. Ram. 432, Eli. 492). It has been
wholly rejected by modern criticism (FREE-
MAN, Norman Conquest, i. 297, n. i). While
some details in both versions are doubtless
imaginary (the Ely history makes Brihtnoth
ealdorman of the Northumbrians, and the
Ramsey writer is regardless of geography),
there seems no reason for refusing to believe
that the tradition is based on fact. The Ely
historian, who tells it of an earlier battle,
which for lack of knowledge he also places
at Maldon, may be near the truth. When in
991 a fleet of Norwegian ships under Justin
and Guthmund, and possibly Olaf Trygg-
vason, plundered Ipswich, Brihtnoth, who
was then an old man, went out to meet the
invaders. He gave them battle near Maldon,
on the banks of the Blackwater, then called
the Panta. The fight is described in one of
the very few old English poems of any length
that have come down to us. In its present in-
complete state this poem consists of 690 lines
(THORPE'S Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, 131,
in translation CON YBE ARE'S Illustrations of
Anglo-Saxon Poetry, xc., in rhythm in FREE-
MAN'S Old English History}. Out of great-
ness of soul the ealdorman allowed a large
number of the enemy to cross the water with-
out opposition. A detailed description of the
battle founded on the lay is to be found in
Dr. Freeman's f Norman Conquest ' (i. 297-
303). Brihtnoth was wounded early in the
fight. He slew the man who wounded him
and another, then he laughed and ' thanked
God for the day's work that his Lord gave
him.' After a while he was wounded again,
and died commending his soul to God. The
English were defeated ; the personal follow-
ing of the ealdorman fell fighting over his
jbody. Brihtnoth's head was cut off and car-
ried away by the enemy ; his body was borne
to Ely and buried by the abbot, who supplied
the place of the head with a ball of wax. His
widow ^Ethelflsed gave many gifts to Ely,
and among them a tapestry in which she
wrought the deeds of her husband.
[Florence of Worcester, an. 991 ; Ely and Ram-
sey Histories (Gale), iii. 432, 493 ; Green's Con-
quest of England, 261,316, 352, 370; Freeman's
Norman Conquest, i. 289, 296-303.] W. H.
BRIHTRIC. [See BEORHTRIC.]
BRIHTWALD (660P-731), the eighth
archbishop of Canterbury, whose name is va-
riously spelt by different writers, was of noble
if not royal lineage (WILL. MALM. Gest. Keg.
i. 29), and was born about the middle of the
seventh century, but neither the place nor the
exact date of his birth is known. It is doubtful
whether he was educated at Glastonbury ; but
Bede says (v. 8) that, although not to be
compared with his predecessor Theodore, he
was thoroughly read in Scripture, and well in-
structed in ecclesiastical and monastic disci-
pline. Somewhere about 670 the palace of the
kings of Kent at Reculver was converted into
a monastery, of which Brihtwald was made
abbot. In a charter dated May 679 Alothari,
king of Kent,bestows lands in Thanet upon him
and his monastery (KEMBLE, Cod. Dipl. i. 16).
Two years after the death of Theodore, Briht-
wald was elected archbishop of Canterbury
1 July 692. Being probably unwilling to re-
ceive consecration at the hands of Wilfrith,
archbishop of York, who had been opposed to
Theodore [see WILFRITH], he crossed over to
Gaul, and was consecrated by the primate
Godwin, archbishop of Lyons, on 29 June
693 (BEDE, v. 8). Two letters of Pope Ser-
gius are quoted by William of Malmesbury
(Gest. Pont. ed. Hamilton, pp. 52-55), one
addressed to the kings ^Ethelred, Aldfrith,
and Ealdulph, exhorting them to receive
Brihtwald as ' primate of all Britain,' the
other to the English bishops, enjoining obe-
dience to him as such ; but the authenticity of
these letters is doubtful (HADDAN and STTTBBS,
iii. 65). In 696 he attended the council of
' the great men ' summoned by Wihtred, king
of Kent, at Berghamstede or Bersted, in which
laws were passed prescribing the penalties to
be exacted for various offences, ecclesiastical
and moral ; and somewhere between 696 and
716 some ordinances, seemingly drawn up by
him for securing the rights of the monasteries
in Kent, were confirmed by the king in a
council held at Beccanceld (probably Bap-
child). The document is commonly known
as the ' Privilege of Wihtred ' (ibid. 233-
240). In 702 he presided at the council of
Estrefeld or Onestrefeld (near Ripon ?), at-
tended by Aldfrith [q. v.], king of Northum-
Brihtwold
344
Brind
bria in which Wilfrith was condemned and [Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; Florence of Worcester ;
excommunicated; and in 705, Wilfrith having William of Malmesbury, Gest. Pontiff.]
visited Rome and obtained a papal mandate
for his restoration, Brihtwald held a council
near the river Nidd, in which, chiefly through
his skilful management, it was arranged that
Wilfrith should be permitted to re-enter the
Northumbrian kingdom, only resigning the
sity honours or obtaining a college fellow-
ship, he was known to possess ability ; and
soon after taking his degree he was appointed
college librarian (4 June 1845). He held
this office until a few weeks before his death,
when he returned to his father's house. Phy-
sical weakness prevented the sustained effort
BRIMLEY, GEORGE (1819-1857), es-
sayist, was born at Cambridge on 29 Dec.
1819, and from the age of eleven to that of
sixteen was educated at a school in Totte-
^ - 0 , w ridge, Hertfordshire. In October 1838 he was
see of York and becoming bishop of Hexham entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, where
(ibid. 264). He had already in the previous in ig41 he was elected a scholar. He was
year taken measures for the division of the reading with good hopes for classical honours,
diocese of Wessex, then vacant by the death of an(j was a private pupil of Dr. Vaughan ;
Hedda, bishop of Winchester, and in 705 he ]3Ut even at that early age he was suffering
consecrated Daniel to be bishop of that see, and from the disease to which he eventually suc-
Aldhelm first bishop of the new see of Sher- cumbed. Although the state of his health
borne (WiLL. MALM. Gest. Pont. 376). An i prevented him from competing for univer-
interesting letter of his has been preserved (Ep. •• 1
Boniface, 155) to Forthere, the successor of
Aldhelm, imploring him to induce Beorwald,
abbot of Glastonbury, to release a slave girl
for a ransom of three hundred shillings offered
by her brother. About the same time he re-
ceived Winfrith (Boniface) on a mission from
the West-Saxon clergy, perhaps concerning
the further subdivision of their diocese by the
foundation of a see for Sussex at Selsey, which
took place in 711. In 716, in a council at
Clovesho, he obtained a confirmation of Wiht-
red's privilege (HABDAN and STTJBBS, iii.
300, 301). Scanty as these records of Briht-
wald are, they seem to indicate that he ruled
the church during a difficult period with
energy and tact. The sympathies, however,
of Bede and William of Malmesbury were so
thoroughly on the side of Wilfrith of York
that they were unable to bestow hearty praise
on one who did not give him unqualified sup-
port. Brihtwald died in January 731, having
presided over the church of England for thirty-
seven years and a half, and was buried near
his predecessor Theodore inside the church of
St. Peter at Canterbury, the porch in which
the first six primates had been buried being
now quite full (BEDE, ii. 3).
[Authorities cited in the text.] W. K. W. S.
BRIHTWOLD (d. 1045), the eighth
bishop of Ramsbury, and the last before
the removal of the see to Old Sarum, had
been a monk at Glastonbury, and was made
bishop in 1005. There are no records of his
administration, although he presided over the
see for forty years. William of Malmesbury
(Gest. Pont. ii. § 83) relates a vision which
Brihtwold had at Glastonbury in the reign of
Canute, in which the succession of JEthelred's
son Edward (the Confessor) to the throne was
revealed to him. He was buried at Glaston-
bury, to which abbey, as also to that of Malmes-
bury, he had been a very liberal benefactor.
necessary for the production of any impor-
tant work ; but for the last six years of his
ife he contributed to the press. Most of
lis writings appeared in the ' Spectator ' or
Eraser's Magazine,' the only one to
which his name was attached being an es-
say on Tennyson's poems, contributed to
the Cambridge Essays of 1855. He died
29 May 1857. A selection of his essays was
made after his death and published with a
prefatory memoir by the late W. G. Clark,
then fellow and tutor of Trinity. This
olume contains notices of a large number
of the writers who were contemporary with
Brimley himself, and is of considerable value
as representing the contemporary judgment
by a man of cultivation and acuteness on
the writers of the middle of the nineteenth
century, most of whom are now being judged
by posterity. Sir Arthur Helps said of
him, 'He was certainly, as it appeared to
me, one of the finest critics of the present
day.'
[W. G. Clark's Memoir attached to the Es-
says (London and Cambridge, 1858); informa-
tion from the family.] E. S. S.
BRIND, RICHARD (d. 1718), or-
ganist, was educated as a chorister in St.
Paul's Cathedral, probably under Jeremiah
Clarke. On the death of the latter in 1707,
Brind succeeded him as organist of the cathe-
dral, a post he held until his death, which
took place in March 1717-18. He was buried
in the vaults of St. Paul's on 18 March. Ad-
ministration of his effects was granted to his
father, Richard Brind, on 7 April 1718. In
the grant he is described as being a bachelor.
Brindley
345
Brine
Brind seems to have been no very remark-
able performer, and his sole claim to be re-
membered is that he was the master of
Maurice Greene. His only recorded compo-
sitions are two thanksgiving anthems, which
were scarcely known when Hawkins wrote
his ' History of Music,' and have now entirely
disappeared. It was during Brind's tenure
of office at St. Paul's that Handel frequently
took his place at the cathedral organ.
[Hawkins's History of Music (ed. 1853), ii.
767 ; Probate Kegister, Somerset House ; Burial
Register of St. Gregory by St. Paul ; information
from the Revs. E. Hoskins and W. Sparrow
Simpson, and Mr. J. Challoner Smith.]
W. B. S.
BRINDLEY, JAMES (1716-1772), one
of the earliest English engineers, was the son
of a cottier, or small farmer, of Derbyshire.
Dr. Smiles, from whose biographical notice
much of the following account is taken, de-
scribes Brindley the elder as an idle, disso-
lute fellow, who neglected his children, and
passed his time at bull-baiting and such-like
amusements when he ought to have been at
work. Like many other remarkable men,
however, James Brindley had a wise and
careful mother. At the age of seventeen he
was apprenticed to one Abraham Bennett, a
millwright, or as he would now be termed
an engineer, of Sutton, near Macclesfield.
Strangely enough, he seems for some time
to have had the credit of being but a poor
workman, so much so that his master even
threatened to cancel his indentures and send
him back to the field-work for which alone
he was fitted. His talents were, however,
called out by some special jobs of repairing
machinery, and the occasion of the erection
of a paper-mill with certain novel arrange-
ments gave him an opportunity of exercising
the mechanical skill he was not suspected of
possessing, and led to his being placed in
charge of his master's shop. On Bennett's
death Brindley, whose apprenticeship had
previously been completed, wound up the
business and in 1742 moved from Maccles-
field to Leek. Here he obtained before long
a good business in repairing old machinery of
all kinds and setting up new. The Wedg-
woods, then small potters, employed him to
construct flint-mills for grinding the calcined
flint employed for glazing pottery, and, like
all the engineers of his time, he tried his
hand at the solution of the great problem of
clearing mines from water, a problem not to
be solved till the perfected steam-engine pro-
vided the power alone able to meet the diffi-
culty. His attempts (patented in 1758) to
improve Newcomen's steam-engine met with
but small success, but he introduced numerous
and important improvements in the various
sorts of machinery he had to repair or to con-
struct.
The great reputation of Brindley, how-
ever, was gained in civil, not in mechanical,
engineering. Having been called in by the
Duke of Bridgewater in 1759 to advise upon
the project for forming a canal by which the
produce of the Worsley coal-mines could be
cheaply transported to Manchester, he pro-
duced a plan of striking originality, including
the construction of an aqueduct by which the
canal was to be carried over the river Irwell.
This canal, suggested to the Duke of Bridge-
water by the Grand Canal of Languedoc, was
the first of any importance in England, and
formed the commencement of the system of
inland navigation in this country. Brind-
ley's next work was the Bridgewater Canal
connecting Manchester and Liverpool, and
this was soon followed by numerous others,
a full account of which will be found in
Dr. Smiles's biography, as well as in other
lives of Brindley to which reference is made
below. In all he seems to have laid out, or
superintended, the construction of over 365
miles of canals. The most important of these
was the Trent and Mersey canal, known as
the Grand Trunk. He remained to the last
illiterate, hardly able to write and quite
unable to spell. He did most of his work
in his head, without written calculations or
drawings, and when he had a puzzling bit of
work he would go to bed and think it out.
He had wonderful powers of observation,
and a sort of intuitive perception which
enabled him at once to grasp both the diffi-
culties and the possibilities of an engineering
project, before a survey was made or an esti-
mate prepared.
f Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, 1861-2,
. i.; J. Brindley and the Early Engineers, 1 864 ;
Memoir of Brindley by Samuel Hughes in
Weale's Quarterly Papers" on Engineering, 1844,
i. 50 : Kippis's Biog. Brit. art. ' Brindley.']
H. T. W
BRINE, JOHN (1703-1765), baptist mi-
nister, was born at Kettering in 1703. Ow-
ing to the poverty of his parents he had
scarcely any school education, and when a
mere lad was set to work in the staple manu-
factory of his native town. Early in life he
joined the baptists. While at Kettering he
married a daughter of the Rev. John Moore,
a baptist minister of Northampton, from whom
he inherited Hutter's Hebrew Bible, which
was to him at this time a treasure of no small
value. The lady died in 1745. After some
interval Brine married again.
Brine
346
Brinkelow
Brine joined the baptist ministry at Ket-
tering, and after preaching for some time re-
ceived a call to Coventry. There he remained
till about 1730, when he succeeded Mr. Mor-
ton as pastor of the baptist congregation at
Curriers' Hall, Cripplegate. He was for a
time one of the Wednesday evening lecturers
in Great Eastcheap. He also preached in his
turn at the ' Lord's Day Evening Lecture ' in
Devonshire Square. Brine resided for many
years in Bridgewater Square, but during his
last illness he took lodgings at Kingsland,
where he died, on 24 Feb. 1765, in the sixty-
third year of his age. He left positive orders
that no funeral sermon should be preached for
him. His intimate friend, Dr. Gill, however,
preached a sermon upon the occasion to his
own people, which was afterwards published,
but contains no express reference to Brine.
Brine was generally reputed a high Calvinist
and a supralapsarian. He was called by
many persons an antinomian, though his life
was exemplary. He was buried in Bunhill
Fields. His publications are numerous, and
now scarce. In 1792 a pamphlet was pub-
lished entitled ' The Moral Law the Rule of
Moral Conduct to Believers, considered and
enforced by arguments extracted from the
judicious Mr. Brine's " Certain Efficacy of
the Death of Christ." '
A complete catalogue of Brine's separate
publications is given by Walter Wilson. The
following are his chief works : 1. l The Chris-
tian Religion not destitute of Arguments, &c.
... in answer to " Christianity not founded
on Argument," ' 1743. 2. < The Certain Effi-
cacy of the Death of Christ asserted' (a book
at one time greatly in demand), 1743. 3. ' A
Vindication of Natural and Revealed Reli-
gion, in answer to Mr. James Foster,' 1746.
4. ' A Treatise on various subjects : contro-
versial tracts against Bragge, Johnson, Tin-
dal, Jackson, Eltringham, and. others' (in 2
vols.), 1750, 1756, 1766, which was extremely
popular. It was edited by James Upton in
1813, with some of Brine's sermons added,
and a life of the author prefixed (from Walter
Wilson). 5. ' Discourses at a Monthly Ex-
ercise of Prayer, at Wednesday and Lord's
Day Evening Lectures, and Miscellaneous
Discourses ' (2 vols.) ; and 6. ' Funeral and
Ordination Sermons and Choice Experience
of Mrs. Anne Brine, with Dr. Gill's Sermon at
her Funeral,' 1750. Collected together, his
pamphlets fill eight volumes octavo.
[Wilson's Dissenting Churches, ii. 574 ; Gill's
Sermons and Tracts ; John Brown's Descriptive
List of Keligious Books ; Jones's Bunhill Memo-
rials ; Catalogue of the late Mr. Thomas Jepps,
of Paternoster Row, 1856 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
J. H. T.
BRINKELOW, HENRY (d. 1546), sati-
rist, son of Robert Brinkelow, a farmer of
Kintbury, Berkshire, began life as a Francis-
can, or Grey Friar, but left the order, mar-
ried, and became a citizen and mercer of
London. He adopted the opinions of the re-
forming party, and wrote satires on social
and religious subjects under the pseudonym
of Roderigo Mors. He says that he was
banished from England through the influ-
ence of the bishops. By his will, dated 1546,
the year of his death, and proved by his
widow Margery, he left 5/. 'to the godly
learned men who labour in the vineyard of
the Lord, and fight against Anti-Christ.'
This will shows that he was a man of sub-
stance. He left a son named John. His
works are : 1. * The Complaynt of Rode-
ryck Mors, sometyme a gray fryre, unto the
parlament house of Ingland his natural cun-
try. Mighell boys, Geneve in Savoye '
(1545 ?) ; another edition, ' M. boys, Geneve '
(1550) ; a third ' Per Franciscum de Turona'
(Turin). These are in the library of the Bri-
tish Museum. Another edition with slight
variations is in the Guildhall Library, London.
The ' Complaynt ' has been published by the
Early English Text Society under the edi-
torship of Mr. J. Meadows Cowper, 1874.
It deals with wrongs done the people by en-
closures, with the advance in rents, and with
legal oppression ; it recommends the confis-
cation of the property of bishops and deans,
of chantries and the like, and, after allow-
ing one-tenth to the crown, points out
various social objects to which the remain-
der should be devoted. The 23rd chapter,
headed 'A lamentacyon for that the body
and tayle of the pope is not banished with
his name,' was reprinted in 1641 as a separate
broadside with the title ' The true Coppy of
the Complaint of Roderyck Mors . . . unto
the Parliament House of England.' 2. 'The
Lamentacion of a Christian against the Citie
of London made by Roderigo Mors . . .
Prynted at Jericho in the land of Promes
by Thome Trauth ' (1542) ; another edition,
* Nurembergh, 1545 ; ' another, in the Lam-
beth Library (no place), 1548 ; also edited
for the Early English Text Society by Mr.
J. M. Cowper, along with the ' Complaynt.'
Besides these, Mr. Cowper attributes to
Brinkelow : 3. ' A Supplycacion to our moste
Soueraigne Lord Kynge Henry the Eyght,'
1544 ; and 4. ' A Supplycation of the Poore
Commons; ' large extracts from the 'Suppli-
cation of the Commons ' are given in Strype's
•' Memorials,' vol. i. Both these have been
edited by Mr. Cowper for the Early English
Text Society (1871) in one volume, with
Fish's ' Supplication for the Beggars ' edited
Brinkley
347
Brinkley
by Mr. Furnivall. Bale, who attributes the
* Complaynt ' and the ' Lamentacion,' but not
the two ' Supplications,' to Brinkelow, says
that he also wrote an ' Expostulation ad-
dressed to the Clergy,' which now appears to
be lost.
[All that is known of Brinkelow will be
found in J. M. Cowper's edition of the Complaynt
of Roderick More, Early English Text Soc.
No. 22, extra series, to which, and to the same
editor's work in the volume entitled A Supplica-
tion to the Beggars, No. 13, extra series, this
article is largely indebted ; Bale's Script. Brit.
Cat. ii. 105; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials,
i. i. 608.] W. H.
BRINKLEY, JOHN, D.D. (1763-1835),
bishop of Cloyne and first astronomer royal
for Ireland, was born at Woodbridge in
Suffolk, and owed to the influence and aid
of Mr. Tilney of Harleston, under whose
care he was educated, the means of sup-
porting himself at Cambridge. He graduated
at Caius College as senior wrangler and first
Smith's prizeman in 1788, became a fellow
of his college, proceeded M.A. in 1791, and
D.D. in 1806. He contributed to the ' Ladies'
Diary ' from 1780 or 1781 to 1785, and acted
as assistant at Greenwich while preparing
for his degree. To Maskelyne's recommenda-
tion he owed his appointment, in 1792, as
Andrews professor of astronomy in the uni-
versity of Dublin, with the title, added on
the death of Ussher, of * Astronomer Royal
for Ireland,' and the direction of the college
observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin. Its
sole equipment consisting at that time of a
transit instrument, he had leisure to improve
his knowledge of the higher mathematics, in
which, as well as in acquaintance with the
works of foreign analysts, he far excelled most
of his contemporaries. The fruits of his in-
quiries were imparted to the Royal Irish
Academy in a series of communications from
1797 to 1817, and to the Royal Society in
1807 in a paper entitled ' An Investigation
of the General Term of an Important Series
in the Inverse Method of Finite Differences '
(Phil. Trans, xcvii. 114), of which the object
was to surmount a difficulty remaining after
Lagrange's investigation in the ' Berlin Me-
moirs ' for 1772.
In the middle of 1808 a splendid altitude
and azimuth circle, eight feet in diameter,
ordered from Ramsden in 1788, and, after
many delays, completed by his successor
Berge, was set up at Dunsink, and Brinkley
lost no time in turning it vigorously to ac-
count for the purposes of practical astronomy.
His supposed discovery of an annual (double)
parallax for a Lyne of 2/A52 was laid before
the Royal Society in 1810 (Phil. Trans, c.
204), aud he announced in 1814 (Trans. R.
Irish Ac. xii. 33) similar and even larger
results for several other stars. Their validity
I was disputed by Pond, and careful observa-
tions, made with a view to test it during
several years, proved at Greenwich con-
sistently adverse, at Dublin strongly con-
firmatory (Phil. Trans, cviii. 275, cxi. 327).
In 1822 Brinkley described before the Royal
Irish Academy a delicate instrumental in-
vestigation of solar nutation, heretofore known
in theory only. If, he urged, his instrument
were competent to exhibit the minute varia-
tions in the places of the stars produced by
this cause, a fortiori it could be depended
upon for the larger amounts ascribed to
parallax (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xiv. 3, 1825).
The argument seemed at the time unanswer-
able, and was fortified by his seemingly suc-
cessful disengagement from the Greenwich
observations themselves of a parallax for
a Lyrse not differing sensibly from that in-
ferred at Dublin (Mem. JR. A. Soc. i. 329). The
controversy, which was conducted on both
sides with moderation and candour, ter-
minated in 1824 with Brinkley's reassertion
of his conclusion of fourteen years previously.
Yet he was undoubtedly mistaken, although
the source of his mistake remains obscure.
The inquiry, however, was eminently useful
in bringing about a closer scrutiny of instru-
mental defects and uranographical correc-
tions, and so clearing the ground for further
research. Brinkley's communications on the
subject were honoured in 1824 by the Royal
Society (of which body he had been elected
a fellow in 1803) with the Copley medal.
He presided over the Royal Irish Academy
from 1822 until his death, and acted as vice-
president of the Astronomical Society 1825-7,
and as its president for the biennial period
1831-3.
In 1814 he published a new theory of
astronomical refractions deduced from his
own observations, with tables to facilitate
their calculation ( Trans. JR. I. Ac. xii. 77) ;
the same volume contains his catalogue of
forty-seven fundamental stars. Fresh de-
terminations by him of the obliquity of the
ecliptic and of the precession of the equinoxes
appeared respectively in 1819 and 1828 (Phil.
Trans, cix. 241 ; Trans. R. I. Ac. xv. 39) ;
and his constants of aberration and lunar
nutation were adopted by Baily in the Astro-
nomical Society's Catalogue, the former de-
duced from 2,633, the latter from 1,618 com-
parisons of various stars. He observed the
great comet of 1819, and computed elements
for it, and for the comet observed by Captain
Hall at Valparaiso in 1821 (Quart. Jour, of
Science, ix. 164 ; Phil. Trans, cxii. 50).
Brinknell
348
Brinsley
His merits were recognised by ecclesiastical
promotion. In 1806 he was collated to the
prebend of Kilgoghlin and to the rectory of
Derrybrusk ; in 1808 he became archdeacon
of Clogher, and on 28 Sept. 1826 bishop of
Cloyne. The satisfaction of George IV with
his reception at Trinity College, Dublin, is
said to have been not unconnected with his
final elevation. Thenceforth his episcopal
duties engrossed all his attention, and the
scientific activity, by which he had raised
the little observatory at Dunsink to a position
of first-rate importance, was brought to a
close. After some years of failing health
he died at his brother's house in Leeson
Street, Dublin, on 14 Sept. 1835, aged 72,
and was buried in the chapel of Trinity
College. A marble tablet erected to his
memory in the cathedral of his diocese under-
states his age by three years. In character
he was benevolent and disinterested.
He wrote (besides thirty-five contributions
to learned collections, many of them sepa-
rately reprinted) ' Elements of Astronomy,'
still used as a text-book in Dublin University.
The work originated in his lectures to under-
graduates, 1799-1808, which, at the request
of the board, were published in the latter
year, and again, with three additional chap-
ters and an appendix, in 1813. Since then
it has run through numerous editions, and
obtained in 1871 renewed vitality in a care-
ful recast by Drs. Stubbs and Briinnow.
Brinkley's essay on the ' Mean Motion of the
Lunar Perigee/ read before the Royal Irish
Academy on 21 April 1817, obtained 'the
Conyngham medal. He was one of the first
to encourage the rising genius of Sir William
Hamilton, his successor in the Andrews chair
of astronomy, and several of his letters are
printed in the l Life of Hamilton ' by Graves
(1882), i. 239-40, 297, 324. He was a
botanist as well as an astronomer.
[Mem. K. A. Soc. ix. 281 ; G-ent. Mag. 1835,
ii. 547 ; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse ;
Keport Brit. Assoc. i. 140; Andre and Rayet's
L'Astronomie Pratique, ii. 29 ; R. Soc. Cat. of
Sc. Papers.] A. M. C.
BRINKNELL or BRYNKNELL,
THOMAS (d. 1539?), professor at Oxford,
was educated at Lincoln College, and was
appointed head-master of the school attached
to Magdalen College, where he 'exercised
an admirable way of teaching.' He after-
wards studied for a time at University Col-
lege, and became intimate with Wolsey
He proceeded B.D. in 1501, and D.D. on
13 March 1507-8, ' at which time,' says Wood
'the professor of div. or commissary did
liighly commend him for his learning.' On
7 Jan. 1510-11 he was collated to a prebend
n Lincoln Cathedral, and on the same date
was made master of the hospital of St. John
t Banbury. In 1521 he was nominated
professor of divinity on Cardinal Wolsey's
new foundation. He apparently died in 1539
LE NEVE, Fasti, ii. 183). He was the
author of a treatise against Luther, which
does not seem to have been printed. Accord-
ng to Wood it was ' a learned piece,' and
commended for a good book.' Wolsey
recommended Brinknell to Henry VIII as
one of those most fit persons in the university
;o encounter Mart. Luther.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 29 ; Fasti
TBliss), i. 6, 22 ; Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Boase), 55 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 126; Bloxam's Magdalen
College, iii. 70.] S. L. L.
BRINSLEY, JOHN (ft. 1663), the elder,
puritan divine and educational writer, was
educated at Christ's College,Cambridge, where
le graduated B. A. in 1584 and M. A. in 1588.
He became a ' minister of the Word,' and had
:he care of the public school at Ashby-de-la-
Zouch in Leicestershire. The famous astro-
er, William Lilly, was one of his pupils,
as he himself informs us in his curious auto-
biography. 'Upon Trinity Sunday 1613,'
lie says, ' my father had me to Ashby-de-la-
Zouch to be instructed by one Mr. John
Brinsley ; one in those times of great abilities
for instruction of youth in the Latin and
Greek tongues ; he was very severe in his life
and conversation, and did breed up many
scholars for the universities. In religion he
was a strict puritan, not conformable wholly
to the ceremonies of the church of England '
(Hist, of his Life and Times (1774), 5). Again
he says : ' In the eighteenth year of my age
[i.e. in 1619 or 1620] my master Brinsley was
enforced from keeping school, being perse-
cuted by the bishop's officers ; he came to
London, and then lectured in London, where
he afterwards died' (ib. 8). He married a
sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwich.
His works are : 1. ' Ludus Literarius : or, the
Grammar Schoole ; shewing how to proceede
from the first entrance into learning to the
highest perfection required in the Gram-
mar Schooles,' London, 1612 and 1627, 4to.
2. ' The true Watch and Rule of Life,'
7th ed. 2 parts, London, 1615, 8vo, 8th ed.
1619 ; third part out of Ezekiel ix., London,
1622, 4to ; fourth part, 'to the plain-hearted
seduced by popery,' London, 1624, 8vo.
3. 'Pueriles Confabulatiunculse : or Childrens
Dialogues, little conferences, or talkings
together, or Dialogues fit for children,'
London, 1617. 4. 'Cato (concerning the
precepts of common life) translated gram-
Brinsley
349
Brinsley
matically,' London, 1622, 8vo. 5. ' A Con-
solation for our Grammar Schooles; or a
faithfull incouragement for laying of a sure
foundation of all good learninge in our
Schooles,' London,! 622, 4to. 6. 'The Posing
of the Parts : or, a most plaine and easie way
of examining the accidence and grammar by
questions and answers,' London, 1630, 4to ;
10th ed. London, 1647, 4to. 7. ' The first
Booke of Tullies Offices, translated gramma-
tically : and also according to the propriety
of our English tongue/ London, 1631, 8vo.
8. ' Stanbrigii Embrion relimatum, seu Voca-
bularium metricum olim a Johanne Stanbrigio
digestum, nunc vero locupletatum, defseca-
tum, legitimo nee non rotundo plerumque
carmine exult ans, & in majorem Pueritise
balbutientis usum undequaque accommoda-
tum,' London, 1647, 4to. 9. ' Corderius Dia-
logues, translated grammatically,' London,
1653. In the dedication to William, lord
Cavendish, he speaks of his lordship's 'favour-
able approbation of my School-endeavours,
together with your honourable bountie, for
the incouraging of me, to the accomplishment
of my promise for my Grammatical! transla-
tions.' 10. 'Virgil's Eclogues, with his book
of the Ordering of Bees, translated gramma-
tically,' 1663, 4to.
[MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Notes
andQueries (2nd series), xii. 126, 180 (4th series),
iv. 411 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Brit.
Mus. Cat. ; Cat, Lib. Impress. Bibl. Bodl. (1843),
i. 331.] T. C.
BRINSLEY, JOHN (1600-1666), the
younger, puritan divine, was born&t Ashby-
de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, in 160^ being son
of John Brinsley the elder [q. v.], master of
the public school there, and his wife, who was
a sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop
of Norwich. Having received the rudiments
of education from his father, he was admitted
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at the age
of thirteen years and a half. He attended
his uncle, Dr. Hall, then dean of Worcester,
to the synod of Dort (1618-19), as his ama-
nuensis ; and on his return to Cambridge he
was elected to a scholarship in his college,
and took his degrees (B. A. 1619, M.A. 1623).
After being ordained he preached first at
Preston, near Chelmsford. In 1625 he was
appointed by the corporation of Great Yar-
mouth their minister; but the dean and
chapter of Norwich, claiming the right of
nomination, disputed the appointment, and
he was summoned before the high court of
commission at Lambeth, and was at mid-
summer 1627 dismissed from his ministerial
function in Yarmouth church, by a decree
in chancery, given upon a certificate made
by Archbishop Laud. He continued, how-
ever, to preach in the town, in what was
then the Dutch church, was subsequently the
theatre, and is now commonly called the
town house. The corporation meanwhile
persevered in their struggle with the bishop
and the court in his behalf, till in 1632 the
king in council forbade his officiating at
Yarmouth altogether, and even committed
to prison four individuals — among them the
well-known regicide, Miles Corbet, then
recorder of the town — for abetting him.
Brinsley after this exercised his pastoral
duties in the half hundred of Lothingland
in 1642, and, through the interest of Sir John
Wentworth of Somerleyton Hall, was ap-
pointed to the cure of the parish of Somer-
leyton. Two years subsequently he was
again chosen one of the town preachers at
Yarmouth, and it is said that he occupied
the chancel of the church with the presby-
terians, while Bridge with the congregation-
alists was in possession of the north aisle,
and the south aisle, with the nave, was left
to the regular minister. Service in all these
was performed simultaneously, the corpora-
tion having divided the building for the pur-
pose on the death of the king, at an expense
of900J.
At the Restoration he was ejected for re-
fusing the terms of conformity. He was in-
flexible on the points which divided so many
clergymen from the established church, and
it is stated that he refused considerable pre-
ferment which was offered to induce him to
remain in her communion. His death oc-
curred on 22 Jan. 1664-5, and he was buried
in St. Nicholas's Church, Yarmouth, with
several others of the family. He had a son
Robert who was educated at Emmanuel Col-
lege, Cambridge (M.A. 1660), but was ejected
from the university, and studied medicine at
Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D.
He afterwards practised his profession at
Yarmouth, where he was elected co-cham-
berlain with Robert Bernard in 1681, and in
1692 was appointed water bailiff*.
Brinsley published many treatises and ser-
mons, including : 1. ' The Healing of Israels
breaches,' London, 1642, 4to. 2. 'Church
Reformation tenderly handled in four
sermons,' London, 1643, 4to. 3. ' The doc-
trine and practice of Psedo-baptisme as-
serted and vindicated,' London, 1645, 4to.
4. ' Stand Still ; or, a Bridle for the Times,'
London, 1647 and 1652, 4to. 5. ' Two Trea-
tises : the One handling the Doctrine of
Christ's Mediatorship. The other of Mystical
Implantation,' 2 parts, London, 1651-2, 8vo.
6. ' The Mystical Brasen Serpent, with the
Magnetical Vertue thereof; or, Christ exalted
Brinton
350
Brinton
upon the Cross/ 2 parts, London, 1653, 8vo.
7. 'Two Treatises: I. The Saints Commu-
nion with Jesus Christ. II. Acquaintance
with God,' London, 1654, 12mo. 8. 'Two
Treatises: I. A Groan for Israel; or, the
Churches Salvation (temporall, spirituall),
the desire and joy of Saints ; II. Tlfptffrepeia.
The Spirituall Vertigo, or Turning Sickness
of Soul-Unsettlednesse in matters of Reli-
gious Concernment,' 2 parts, London, 1655,
8vo. 9. 'Gospel Marrow, the great God
giving himself for the sons of men ; or, the
Sacred Mystery of Redemption by Jesus
Christ, with two of the ends thereof, justifi-
cation and sanctification, doctrinally opened,
and practically applied,' 2 parts, London,
1659, 8vo.
[MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Ca-
lamy's Ejected Ministers (1713), ii. 477, 478,
aud Continuation (1727), ii. 617 ; Cat. Lib. Im-
press. Bibl. Bodl. (1843); Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Druery's Hist. Notices of Great Yarmouth, 65* ;
Lilly's Hist, of his Life (1774), 5-8; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Nichols's Leicestershire, i.
pt. ii. Append, p. 140 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd
series, xii. 126, 180, 4th series, iv. 411 ; Palmer's
Continuation of Manship's Hist, of G-reat Yar-
mouth, 158-161, 365; Palmer's Nonconf. Memo-
rial (1803), ii. 17; Swinden's Hist, of Great
Yarmouth, 837-849 ; Sylvester's Keliquise Bax-
terianse, 283 ; Dawson Turner's Sepulchral Ee-
miniscences of a Market Town, 11.] T. C.
BRINTON or BRUNTON, THOMAS
(d. 1389), bishop of Rochester, was a monk
of the Benedictine house at Norwich. He
is said to have studied both at Oxford and
Cambridge, and is variously described as
bachelor of theology and as ' doctor decre-
torum' of the former university. Having
taken up his residence in Rome, he was made
penitentiary of the holy see, and on 31 Jan.
1372-3 was appointed bishop of Rochester by
Gregory XI, in the room of John Hertley, prior
of Rochester, whose election was set aside by
the pope. Brinton appears to have been dis-
tinguished as a preacher, and a sermon of
his, delivered to the people of London on the
occasion of the coronation of Richard II, is
reported by Walsingham (Historia Angli-
cana, i. 338, 339, ed. Riley, who wrongly
attributes the discourse to Brinton's prede-
cessor, Thomas Trillek, ii. 5136). Subse-
quently he was made confessor to the king.
He was present at the council of Blackfriars
in May- July 1382, which condemned the
doctrines of Wycliffe (Fasciculi Zizaniorum,
pp. 286, 287, 498), and assented to that con-
demnation (ib. pp. 290, 291). He died in
1389 (his will is dated 30 Aug.), and was
buried in the parish church of Seale in Kent.
Weever (Ancient Funerall Monuments, p.
I 325) describes the bishop's tomb, from which
1 the name had already (1631) disappeared.
, On the authority of Bale (Script. Brit.
Cat. xii. 12), who however confessed him-
self ignorant even of the century in which
j Brinton lived, the bibliographers attribute to
i him a collection of ' Sermones coram Ponti-
fice ' and ' Sermones alii solennes.'
[Godwin, De Prsesulibus (1743), p. 533 ; Tan-
ner's Bibl. Brit. p. 126; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 564,
' ed. Hardy. Of the alternative forms of the name
given by Tanner, Briton looks like an error, and
! Brampton may easily have arisen from careless
transcription of the form Brunton given by Wal-
! singham (I.e., ii. 180).] E. L. P.
BRINTON, WILLIAM, M.D. (1823-
1867), physician, was born at Kidderminster,
where his father was a carpet manufacturer,
20 Nov. 1823. After education at private
schools and as apprentice to a Kidderminster
surgeon he matriculated at the London Uni-
i versity in 1843, and began medical studies at
King's College, London. He won several
prizes, and graduated M.B. in the London
University in 1847, M.D. in 1848. In 1849
he became a member of the College of Phy-
sicians, and in 1854 a fellow. In 1848 he
sent to the Royal Society a paper, ' Contri-
butions to the Physiology of the Alimentary
Canal,' and after holding some minor ap-
pointments at his own medical school he
was elected lecturer on forensic medicine
at St. Thomas's Hospital. He published
an able series of ' clinical remarks ' in the
' Lancet,' and the reputation which* these
brought him led to his early acquisition of
a considerable practice. He became physi-
cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in addi-
tion to his other lectureship was made lec-
turer on physiology there. He married in
1854 and lived in Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square, and his practice steadily increased.
Intestinal obstruction and diseases of the
alimentary canal in general were subjects to
which he had paid special attention, and on
which he was often consulted. His Croo-
nian lectures at the College of Physicians
in 1859 were on intestinal obstruction. In
1857 he published the ' Pathology, Symptoms,
and Treatment of Ulcer of the Stomach,'
the first complete treatise on that subject
which had appeared in England, and in 1859
he brought out ' Lectures on the Diseases of
the Stomach,' of which a second edition
was published in 1864. This book contains
a clear account of the existing knowledge
of the subject, with many well-arranged
notes of cases and a few observations new
to medicine, for example the description
(p. 87, ed. 1864) of the condition of stomach
sometimes discovered after death in cases of
Briot
351
Briot
scarlet fever. In the last chapter Brinton
demonstrates the absence of pathological
ground for the affection so often named in
general literature, as well as in medical
books, under the term gout in the stomach.
Brinton was a man of untiring industry,
and published many papers in the medical
periodicals of his time. He translated Va-
lentin's 'Text Book of Physiology' from
the German in 1853 ; wrote a short treatise
* On the Medical Selection of Lives for Assur-
rance ' in 1856, and in 1861 ' On Food and
its Digestion, being an Introduction to Diete-
tics,' besides six articles in ' Todd's Cyclo-
paedia of Anatomy and Physiology,' and
some papers read before the Royal Society.
He was elected F.R.S. in 1864. His vaca-
tions were often spent in the Tyrol, where
he was an active member of the Alpine
Club. Two papers by him appear in ' Peaks,
Passes, and Glaciers ' (series ii. vol. i.) In
1863 Brinton had symptoms of renal disease,
and, after manly struggles to continue his
labours in spite of the malady, he died on
17 Jan. 1867. After his death a treatise on
' Intestinal Obstruction,' based on his Croo-
nian lectures, was edited by his friend Dr.
Buzzard. Brinton was a physician of high
personal character and great powers of work.
His book on ulcer of the stomach deserves a
place among the best English medical mono-
graphs, and in all his books the assertions
rest on a solid basis of observation. He left
six children, and one of his sons graduated in
medicine at Cambridge A memoir of Brinton
by Dr. Thomas Buzzard appeared in the 'Lan-
cet ' for 26 Jan. 1867, and has been reprinted.
[Buzzard's Memoir (1867) ; Brinton's works.]
N. M.
BRIOT, NICHOLAS (1579-1646), medal-
list and coin-engraver, was born in 1579, at
Damblein in Bassigny, duchy of Bar. From
1605 to 1625 he held the appointment of
engraver-general of the coins of France, and
having become acquainted in Germany with
the improved mechanical processes for the
production of coins, especially with the ' ba-
lance' (balancier), he determined to introduce
them with further improvements of his own
into his native country. From 1616 till 1625
he continued to persevere in his endeavour
to get his processes officially adopted. In 1615
he had written a treatise entitled ' liaisons,
moyens, et propositions pour faire toutes les
monnaies du royaume, a 1'avenir, uniformes,
et faire cesser toutes fabrications, &c.' His
proposals, however, encountered the greatest
opposition, especially from the 'Cour des
monnaies/ the members of which resisted
the introduction of machinery, and upheld
their own less rapid and more clumsy method
of striking coins with the hammer. The pat-
tern-pieces made by Briot for the French
coinage are very rare, particularly the franc
and demi-franc of 1616 and 1617, with the
legend 'Espreuve faicte par 1'expres com-
mandement du roy Louis XIII.' Finding
that his long-continued efforts were fruitless,
and pressed hard by his creditors, Briot fled
to England in 1625, and offered his services
and improved machinery to Charles I, by
whom he was well received. On 16 Dec.
1628, the king granted him ' the privilege
to be a free denizen, and also full power and
authority to frame and engrave the first de-
signs and effigies of the king's image in such
size and forms as are to serve in all sorts of
coins of gold and silver ' (RYMER, Fcedera,
xix. 40). In January 1633 he was ap-
pointed chief engraver to the English mint,
and in 1635 master of the Scottish mint.
For the English coinage Briot made the
crown, half-crown, and other denominations ;
his specimens, which are very neatly exe-
cuted and well formed, being signed with
the letter B, or with B and a small flower
or an anchor. He also executed various pat-
tern-pieces for the coinage, and made during
the earlier part of the reign of Charles I a
considerable number of dies and moulds for
medals, the most important of which were
for the coronation medal of Charles (1626),
the 'Dominion of the Sea' medal (1630),
and the Scottish coronation medal (1633).
His medals bear the signature 'N, B.,'
' Briot,' or ' N. Briot.' After the outbreak
of the civil war very little is known of
Briot's life ; but the common statement that
he returned to France and died there about
1650 is certainly incorrect, as an official docu-
ment of the time of Charles II (Calendar of
State Papers, Domestic, May 1662, p. 394)
proves that he died in England in the year
1646. From 1642 till the time of his death
he seems to have remained in the service of
the English king, and to have followed him
in his capacity of engraver to York and to
Oxford. At the Restoration, the name of his
widow, Esther Briot, was one of those which
were ordered to be placed on the list for re-
lieving the servants of Charles I, the sum of
3,0001. having been due to her husband at
the time of his death.
[Dauban's Nicholas Briot, Paris, 1857 (Eevue
Numismatique, 1857, N". S. ii.); Hoffmann's Les
monnaies royales de France, 1878 ; Annuaire de
laSoc. Fran9aise de Numismatique, 1867, p. 152;
Grueber's Guide to the English Medals exhibited
in Brit. Mus. ; Hawkins's Medallic Illustrations,
ed. Franks and Grueber ; Hawkins's Silver Coins
of England, ed. Kenyon; Cochran-Patrick's
Brisbane
352
Brisbane
Becords of the Coinage of Scotland ; Henfrey's
Numismata Cromwelliana, pp. 5, 224.] W. W.
BRISBANE, SIB CHARLES (1769?-
1829), rear-admiral, fourth son of Admiral
John Brisbane, who died 1807, was in 1779
entered on board the Alcide, commanded by
his father, was present at the defeat of the
Spanish fleet off" Cape St. Vincent, and the
relief of Gibraltar in January 1780, and after-
wards in the West Indies. In the end of
1781 he was placed on board the Hercules
with Captain Savage, and was present in the
action of Dominica, 12 April 1782, where he
was badly wounded by a splinter. He con-
tinued serving during the peace, and after the
Spanish armament in 1790 was promoted to
the rank of lieutenant 22 Nov. In 1793 he
was in the Meleager frigate, in which he went
out to the Mediterranean, and was actively
employed on shore at Toulon, and afterwards
in Corsica, both at San Fiorenzo and at the
siege of Bastia, under the immediate orders of
Captain Horatio Nelson, and like him sus-
tained the loss of an eye from a severe wound
in the head inflicted by the small fragments
of an iron shot. He afterwards served for
a short time in the Britannia, bearing the
flag of Lord Hood, by whom he was spe-
cially promoted to the command of the
Tarleton sloop 1 July 1794, and served in
her during the remainder of that and the
following year in the squadron acting in
the Gulf of Genoa, under the immediate
orders of Nelson (Nelson Despatches, ii. 59 n,
105). In the autumn of 1795 he was sent
from Gibraltar to convoy two troopships to
Barbadoes. On his way thither he fell in
with a Dutch squadron, which he kept com-
pany with, sending the transports on by them-
selves, till, finding that the Dutch were bound
to the Cape of Good Hope, he made all haste
to carry the intelligence to Sir George El-
phinstone, the commander-in-chief on that
station. His acting in this way, on his own
responsibility, contrary to the orders under
which he had sailed, had the good fortune to
be approved of; and after the capture of the
Dutch ships in Saldanha Bay, 18 Aug. 1796,
he was promoted by Sir George to the com-
mand of one of them ; but he had previously,
22 July, been promoted by Sir John Jervis,
the commander-in-chief in the Mediterra-
nean, under whose orders he had sailed, and
he also received the thanks of the admiralty.
He continued on the Cape station in com-
mand of the Oiseau frigate, and was in her
at St. Helena when a dangerous mutiny broke
out on board. This was happily quelled by
his firm and decisive measures, and he was
shortly afterwards recalled to the Cape to
take command of the Tremendous, Rear-
admiral Pringle's flagship, on board which
also the mutinous spirit had threatened
extreme danger. In the course of 1798 he
returned to England with Pringle in the
Crescent frigate, and in 1801 was appointed
to the Doris frigate, one of the squadron off"
Brest, under Admiral Cornwallis. During
the short peace he commanded the Trent
frigate and the Sanspareil in the West In-
dies. He was afterwards moved into the
Goliath, in which on his way home he was
nearly lost in a hurricane. In 1805 Bris-
bane was appointed to the Arethusa frigate,
which he took to the West Indies. Early
in 1806 he had the misfortune to run the
ship ashore amongst the Colorados rocks,
near the north-west end of Cuba, and she was
got off only by throwing all her guns over-
board. In this defenceless condition she fell
in with a Spanish line-of-battle ship off Ha-
vana ; but fortunately the Spaniard, ignorant
of the Arethusa's weakness, did not consider
himself a match for even a 38-gun frigate,
and ran in under the guns of the Moro Castle.
Having refitted at Jamaica, the Arethusa was
in August again off Havana, and on the 23rd,
in company with the Anson of 44 guns, cap-
tured the Spanish frigate Pomona, anchored
within pistol-shot of a battery mounting eleven
36-pounders, and supported by ten gunboats.
The gunboats were all destroyed and the bat-
tery blown up, apparently by some accident
to the furnaces for heating shot, by which
the Arethusa had been set on fire, but with-
out any serious consequences ( JAMES, Naval
History (1860), iv. 169), though she had
two men killed, and thirty-two, including
Captain Brisbane, wounded. On 1 Jan.
1807 Brisbane, still in the Arethusa, with
three other frigates, having been sent off Cu-
racao, reduced all the forts and captured the
island without serious difficulty or loss. The
fortifications, both by position and armament,
were exceedingly strong, but the Dutch were
unprepared for a vigorous assault, and were,
it was surmised, still sleeping off the effects
of a new year's eve carousal, when, at earliest
dawn, the English squadron sailed into the
harbour. For his success on this occasion
Brisbane was knighted, and he, as well
as the other three captains, received a gold
medal (ibid. iv. 275). He continued in com-
mand of the Arethusa till near the end of
1808, when he was transferred to the Blake,
of 74 guns, but was almost immediately after-
wards appointed governor of the island of St.
Vincent, which office he held, without any
further service at sea, till his death in De-
cember 1829. On 2 Jan. 1815 he had been
nominated a K.C.B., and attained his flag
Brisbane
353
Brisbane
rank on 12 Aug. 1819. He married Sarah,
daughter of Sir James Patey, knight, of Read-
ing, and left several children.
[Kalfe's Nav. Biog. iv. 84; Marshall's Eoy.
Nav. Biog. ii. (vol. i. pt. ii.) 730 ; Gent. Mag.
(1830), c. i. 642.1 J. K. L.
BRISBANE, SIB JAMES (1774-1826),
commodore, fifth son of Admiral John Bris-
bane, and brother of Rear-admiral Sir Charles
Brisbane [q. v.], entered the navy in 1787 on
board the Culloden. After serving in various
ships he was transferred to the Queen Char-
lotte, bearing the flag of Lord Howe, to whom
he acted as signal-midshipman in the battle of
1 June. He was made lieutenant on 23 Sept.
1794, and served at the reduction of the Cape
of Good Hope. He was afterwards moved into
the Monarch, Sir George Elphinstone's flag-
ship, and was present in her at the capture of
the Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay 18 Aug.
1796. Sir George promoted Brisbane into one
of the prizes, and soon afterwards moved him
into the Daphne frigate, in command of which
he returned to England. The promotion, how-
ever, was not confirmed till 27 May 1797. In
1801 Brisbane was appointed to the command
of the Cruiser sloop, attached to the Baltic
fleet under Sir Hyde Parker. He was more
particularly attached to the division under
Lord Nelson, and on the nights of 30 and
31 March had especial charge of the work of
sounding and buoying the channels approach-
ing Copenhagen (Nelson Despatches, iv. 302-
303). In acknowledgment of his services on
this occasion he was promoted to post rank
on 2 April 1801, and in the latter part of the
year commanded the Saturn as flag-captain to
Rear-admiral Totty until the admiral's death,
when the ship was paid off". From 1803-5
he had command of the sea fencibles of Kent,
and in 1807 of the Alcmene frigate on the
coast of Ireland and in the Channel. In 1808
he was appointed to the Belle Poule, a 38-gun
frigate, and was ordered by Lord Colling-
wood to take command of the squadron block-
ading Corfu. Whilst so employed he captured
on 15 Feb. 1809 the French frigate Var, which
had endeavoured to break the blockade. He
was afterwards engaged in the reduction of the
Ionian islands and the establishment of the
septinsular republic. He continued in the
Adriatic till the summer of 1 8 1 1 , during which
time he captured or destroyed several of the
enemy's small cruisers, and was repeatedly en-
gaged with their batteries on different parts of
the coast. In September 1812 Brisbane was
appointed to the Pembroke in the Channel
fleet, and the following summer was again sent
to the Mediterranean, where he was actively
employed. In 1815 he again served in the
VOL. VI.
Mediterranean, and in 1816 in the expedition
against Algiers. After the bombardment on
27 Aug. he was sent home with despatches,
and on 2 Oct. received the honour of knight-
hood. He had already been made a C.B. in
June 1815. In 1825 he was appointed com-
mander-in-chief in the East Indies, where he
arrived in time to direct the concluding ope-
rations of the first Burmese war, for his ser-
vices in which he was officially thanked by the
governor-general in council. His health, how-
ever, had suffered severely, and was never re-
established. He lingered for some months,
and died at Penang on 19 Dec. 1826. He
married in 1800 the only daughter of Mr. John
Ventham, by whom he had one son and two
daughters.
[Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 400 ;
James's Naval History (1860), vi. 337.]
J. K. L.
BRISBANE, JOHN (d. 1776 ?), physi-
cian, a native of Scotland, graduated M.D. at
Edinburgh in 1750, and was admitted licen-
tiate of the College of Physicians in 1766. He
held the post of physician to the Middlesex
Hospital from 1758 till 1773, when he was
superseded for being absent without leave.
His name disappears from the college list in
1776. He was the author of ' Select Cases
in the Practice of Medicine,' 8vo, 1762, and
1 Anatomy of Painting, with an Introduction
giving a short View of Picturesque Anatomy/
fol. 1769. This work contains the six Tables
of Albinus, the Anatomy of Celsus, with
notes, and the Physiology of Cicero.
[Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 274; Lowndes's
Bibl. Manual (Bohn), i. 272.]
BRISBANE, SIB THOMAS MAKDOU-
GALL- (1773-1860), general, colonial go-
vernor, and astronomer, was the eldest son
of Thomas Brisbane of that ilk, and was born
at Brisbane House, Largs in Ayrshire, on
23 July 1773. His father had served at Cul-
loden, and died in 1812, aged 92. His mother
was Eleanor, daughter of Sir W. Bruce of
Stenhouse. After spending some time at
Edinburgh University, where he showed his
taste for mathematics and astronomy, he was
sent to an academy in Kensington, was ga-
zetted an ensign in the 38th regiment in 1789,
and joined it in Ireland in 1790, where he
struck up an acquaintance with Arthur Wel-
lesley, then aide-de-camp to the lord-lieu-
tenant, which lasted all their lives. He was
promoted lieutenant in 1792, and captain, at
the age of twenty, in 1793, into the 53rd 'regi-
ment, with which he served through the cam-
paign of 1793-5 in Flanders under the Duke
of York. He was wounded in the attack
A A
Brisbane
354
Brisbane
on the camp of Famars, on 18 May 1793,
and yet was present at the capture of Valen-
ciennes, the battles before Dunkirk, at Nieuw-
poort, and Nimeguen, and was often engaged
in the disastrous winter retreat to Bremen
He was promoted major in the 53rd on 5 Aug
1795, and in October of the same year accom
panied his regiment to the West Indies in
Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition. He was-
present at the capture of the Morne Chalo
and the Morne Fortunee in St. Lucia, at St
Vincent, Trinidad, Porto Rico, and San Do-
mingo, and returned home for his health in
1798. Nevertheless he had to return to Ja-
maica in 1800, when he was gazetted lieu-
tenant-colonel in the 69th regiment, but hac
to come home again in 1803. In 1805 the
69th was ordered to India, but Colonel Bris-
bane's health was not strong enough for a
further residence in a hot country, and he
reluctantly went on half-pay, and devoted
himself to astronomy in the new observatory
which he built at Brisbane.
He still hoped for active service, and, on
his promotion as colonel in 1810, accepted
the post of assistant adjutant-general. In
1812 his old friend Arthur Wellesley, then
the Marquis of Wellington, asked for his
services, and he was made brigadier-general,
and ordered to the Peninsula. He joined the
army in the winter of 1812, and was posted
to the command of the 1st brigade of the 3rd
or fighting division, commanded by Picton.
With Picton's division he was present at the
battles of Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle,
the Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse, and was
mentioned in despatches for his services
at the last of these battles, where he was
wounded. He had so thoroughly established
Ids reputation in the south of France, that the
Duke of Wellington recommended him for a
command in America, and Major-general
Brisbane, as he had become in 1813, accom-
panied his Peninsular veterans to Canada, and
commanded them at the battle of Plattsburg.
This command lost him the opportunity of
being present at Waterloo, but he commanded
a brigade in the army of occupation in France,
and for some time the second division there.
His services were also rewarded by his being
made a K.C.B. with the other Peninsular
generals in 1814, on the extension of the
order of the Bath. On the withdrawal of the
army of occupation he returned to Scotland.
In 1821 he was appointed governor of New
South Wales, and his short government there
marks an era of importance in the history
of Australia, for it was during his term of
office that emigration commenced. The first
free emigrants were Michael Henderson and
William Howe, who had gone out in 1818,
! during the government of General Macquarie.
j That governor, whom Brisbane succeeded
i on 1 Dec. 1821, had administered his go-
j vernment with larger views than the four
naval captains who had preceded him, and
who had been little more than superin-
tendents of the convict establishment, but
he held that Australia was intended for the
1 emancipists,' or ticket-of-leave men, and
rather discouraged immigration. Brisbane,
on the contrary, unwisely threw all power
into the hands of the immigrants, many of
whom were mere adventurers. He found a
colony of 23,000 inhabitants, and left 36,000,
many of them free immigrants, with capital
and a disposition to work. He introduced
the cultivation of the vine, the sugar-cane,
and the tobacco plant, and encouraged horse-
breeding, and he took a particular interest in
exploring the island. Under his auspices
Mr. Oxley explored the coast to the north-
ward of Sydney for a new penal settlement,
and discovered the river to which he gave the
name of Brisbane, and on which now stands
the city of Brisbane, the capital of Queens-
land. But Brisbane was, according to Dr.
Lang, i a man of the best intentions, but dis-
inclined to business, and deficient in energy '
(LANG, History of New South Wales, 1st
ed. i. 149), and he allowed the most terrible
confusion to grow up in the finances of
the colony. The colonial revenue consisted
chiefly of the subsidy of 200,000/. a year paid
by the government for the support of the con-
victs, and the corn for the colony had to be
imported from India. This gave plenty of
room for gambling, and by injudicious inter-
ference with the currency the finances got
into such confusion, that speculators made
large fortunes, and the government was often
on the point of bankruptcy. The eman-
cipists declared that all this gambling had
been caused by the governor's favouritism ;
and though there is no ground for imputing
wilful complicity to him, there is no doubt
•hat the adventurers about him made use of
their influence for their own advantage. The
home government was at last obliged to take
notice of these complaints, and on 1 Dec.
1825, after exactly four years in the colony,
ae left for England, after weakly accepting
a public dinner from the leading emancipists.
3n reaching England he was made colonel
of the 34th regiment in 1826, and retired to
Scotland, where he occupied himself with
lis observatory and his astronomical inves-
igations.
H. M. S.
Brisbane's innate scientific tastes had re-
eived their confirmed bent towards astro-
Brisbane
355
Brisbane
nomy from a narrow escape of shipwreck, I
owing to an error in taking the longitude
during his voyage to the West Indies in j
1795. He thereupon procured books and j
instruments, and made himself so rapidly j
and completely master of nautical astronomy,
that on his return to Europe he was able to
work the ship's way, and in sailing from Port
Jackson to Cape Horn in 1825 predicted
within a few minutes the time of making
land, after a run of 8,000 miles. His obser-
vatory at Brisbane was the only one then in
Scotland, except that on Garnet Hill at
Glasgow. In equipment it was by far fore-
most, possessing a 4^-foot transit and altitude-
and-azimuth instrument, both by Troughton,
besides a mural circle and equatorial. With
these Brisbane worked personally, and became
skilled in their use.
During his Peninsular campaigns he took
regular observations with a pocket-sextant,
and, as the Duke of Wellington said, ' kept
the time of the army.' While sheathing his
sword on the evening of the battle of Vittoria
lie exclaimed, looking round from a lofty emi-
nence, ' Ah, what a glorious place for an ob-
servatory ! ' In 1816 he was unanimously
elected a corresponding member of the Paris
Institute, in acknowledgment of his having
ordered off a detachment of the allies reported
as threatening its premises ; and in 1818 the
Duke of Wellington caused some tables, com-
Euted by him for determining apparent time
pom the altitudes of the heavenly bodies, to be
printed at the headquarters, and by the press of
the army — probably a unique example of mili-
tary publication. His first communication
to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which had
admitted him a member in 1811, was on the
same subject. It was entitled ' A Method
of determining the Time with Accuracy from
a Series of Altitudes of the Sun taken on the
same side of the Meridian ' ( Trans. R. Soc.
Edin. viii. 497) ; and was succeeded in 1819
and 1820 by memoirs 'On the Repeating
Circle,' and on a ' Method of determining the
Latitude by a Sextant or Circle, with sim-
plicity and accuracy, from Circum-meridian
observations taken at Noon ' (ib. ix. 97, 227).
On his appointment as governor of New
South Wales in 1821, he immediately pro-
cured a valuable outfit of astronomical in-
struments by Troughton and Reichenbach,
and engaged two skilled observers in Messrs.
Riimker and Dunlop for the service of the
first efficient Australian observatory. The
site chosen was at Paramatta, fifteen miles
from Sydney, and the building was com-
pleted (at his sole cost) and opened for re-
gular work 2 May 1822. Before eight months
had elapsed most of Lacaille's 10,000 stars had
been, for the first time, reviewed (chiefly by
Riimker) ; Encke's comet had been recap-
tured by Dunlop 2 June 1822, on its first
predicted return, a signal service to come-
tary astronomy ; besides careful observa-
tions by Brisbane himself of the winter sol-
stice of 1822, and the transit of Mercury,
3 Nov. 1822 (Trans. R. Soc. Edin. x. 112).
A considerable instalment of results was
printed at the expense of the colonial de-
partment, and formed part iii. of the ' Phi-
losophical Transactions' for 1829, but the
great mass was digested into a star-cata-
logue by Mr. William Richardson, of the
Greenwich observatory, and printed in 1835,
by command of the lords of the admiralty,
with the title ' A Catalogue of 7,385 Stars,
chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, prepared
from Observations made 1822-6 at the Obser-
vatory at Paramatta.' The value of this col-
lection, known as the ( Brisbane Catalogue/
was unfortunately impaired by instrumental
defects. For these services Brisbane re-
ceived the gold medal of the Astronomical
Society, in delivering which, 8 Feb. 1828,
Sir John Herschel dwelt eloquently upon
his 'noble and disinterested example,' and
termed him * the founder of Australian sci-
ence ' (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. iii. 399). His
observations with an invariable pendulum in
New South Wales were discussed by Captain
Kater in the l Philosophical Transactions '
for 1823. The Paramatta observatory was,
soon after Brisbane's departure from the
colony in 1825, transferred to the govern-
ment; it was demolished in 1855, and an
obelisk erected in 1880 to mark the site of
the transit instrument.
After leaving New South Wales Brisbane
devoted himself to scientific and philanthro-
pic retirement, first at his seat of Makers-
toun, near Kelso, and latterly at Brisbane
House. Severe domestic afflictions visited
him. By his marriage in 1819 with Anna
Maria, heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall,
whose name he took in addition to his own
in 1826, he had two sons and two daughters ;
all at various ages died before him. Never-
theless, he did not yield to despondency.
Shortly after his return to Scotland he built
and equipped at large cost (for the equatorial
alone he paid Troughton upwards of 600 /.)
an observatory at Makerstoun — the third of
his foundation — and took a personal share in
the observations made there down to about
1847 (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. v. 349 ; Monthly
Notices, vii. 156, 167). To his initiative it
was due that Scotland shared in the world-
wide effort for the elucidation of the pro-
blems of terrestrial magnetism set an foot
by Humboldt in 1837. He founded at
A A 2
Bristol
356
Bristow
Makerstoun in 1841 the first magnetic ob-
servatory north of the Tweed ; and his dis-
cernment in entrusting its direction to John
Allan Broun, and generous co-operation with
his extended views, raised the establishment
to a position of primary importance. The
results, published at his and the Edinburgh
Royal Society's joint expense (Trans. R. Soc.
Edin. xvii.-xix. with suppl. to xxii.), formed
the most valuable fruits of his enlightened
patronage of science, and were rewarded with
the Keith medal in 1848. This was the latest
of his public honours. His membership of
the Royal Society of London dated from
1810. He early entered the Astronomical
Society, and was chosen one of its vice-pre-
sidents in 1827; honorary degrees were con-
ferred on him at Edinburgh, Oxford, and
Cambridge in 1824, 1832, and 1833 respec-
tively ; he was an honorary member of the
Royal Irish Academy, and acted as president
of the British Association at its Edinburgh
meeting in 1834. In 1833 he succeeded Sir
Walter Scott as president of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh, an office which he
retained till his death. He entrusted the
society with the endowment of a medal,
known as the 'Brisbane Biennial,' for the
encouragement of scientific study, and he
endowed another medal, to be awarded by
the Scottish Society of Arts. He was created
a baronet in 1836, and made G.C.B. in 1837.
He became lieutenant-general in 1829, and
general in 1841. His zeal for education took
effect in his endowment of the Brisbane Aca-
demy at Largs. Everywhere his professions
ripened into acts worthy of his character as
a Christian and a gentleman. His death oc-
curred 27 Jan. 1860, in the same room where
he had been born eighty-seven years pre-
viously.
A. M. C.
[Bryson's Memoir in Trans. R. Soc. Edin. xxii.
589; Proc. R. Soc. xi. iii.; Monthly Notices, xxi.
98 ; Eraser's Genealogical Table of Sir T. M. Bris-
bane, Edinburgh, 1840 ; R. Soc. Cat. Sc. Papers,
vol. i. ; Gent. Mag. 1860, pt. i. 298 ; Royal Mili-
tary Calendar; Lang's Hist, of New South Wales;
Braim's Hist, of New South Wales to 1846.]
BRISTOL, EAKLS OP. [See DIGBY.]
BRISTOL, EAKL OF. [See HEEVET.]
BRISTOL, RALPH DE (d. 1232), bishop
of Cashel, is mentioned by William of Mal-
mesbury as having granted fourteen days
of indulgence to the abbey of Glastonbury.
He became the first treasurer of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, Dublin, in 1219, and was conse-
crated bishop of Cashel in 1223. He died
about the beginning of 1232. He is said to
have written the life of his patron, Lawrence
O'Toole, archbishop of Dublin ; but accord-
ing to Baronius he supplied only the mate-
rials for the work, which was written by a
monk of Auge.
[Ware's Works (ed. Harris), ii. 319 ; Cotton's
Fasti Hibern. ii. 121, 189, 227.]
BRISTOW, RICHARD, D.D. (1538-
1581), catholic divine, was born in 1538 at
Worcester. t Fortunes mediocritas vera no-
bilitate virtutis emersit ' (WOKTHINGTON,
Vita Bristol, 1). Having been instructed in
grammar learning by Roger Goulburne, M.A.,
he matriculated in the university of Oxford,
perhaps as a member of Exeter College. He
took the degree of B.A. on 17 April 1559,
and that of M.A., as a member of Christ
Church, on 25 June 1562, being 'now in
great renown for his oratory ' ( WOOD, Fasti,
ed. Bliss, i. 161). At this period Bristow and
Edmund Campion were 'the two brightest
men of the university,' and upon this account
were chosen to entertain Queen Elizabeth
with a public disputation on the occasion of
her visit to Oxford. This they did with great
applause on 3 Sept. 1566 (WooD, Annals,
ed. Gutch, ii. 159). About this time Bristow
devoted himself to the study of divinity, and
became so noted for his learning that Sir
William Petre appointed him to one of his
fellowships in Exeter College, to which he was
admitted on 2 July 1567 (BoASE, Register of
Exeter Coll. 45). It is related that in a set
disputation in the divinity school he put Lau-
rence Humphrey, the regius professor, ' to a
non-plus.'
At length, being convinced that he had
erred in his religious opinions, he left the
college in 1569 and proceeded to Louvain,
where several learned catholics were residing.
There he became acquainted with Dr. William
Allen, who at once recognised his rare abilities
and appointed him the first moderator or pre-
fect of studies in his newly founded seminary
at Douay. Bristow was always regarded by
Allen as his ' right hand.' He was ordained
at the Easter ordination held at Brussels in
March 1572-3, being the first member of
Douay College who entered the priesthood.
Just before this (20 Jan. 1572-3) he had gra-
duated as a licentiate of divinity in the uni-
versity of Douay, and he was created a doctor
in that faculty on 2 Aug. 1575. Meanwhile
his mother and his whole family had gone
over from England to Douay, viz. five children
with a nephew and a niece; and also his
uterine brother, Louis Vaughan, a layman,
who being a good economist was employed
for many years as house steward of the col-
lege. When Allen removed the seminary to
Bristow
357
Bristowe
Rheims (1578), he placed it under the care
of Bristow, whose laborious life was passed
in reading, teaching, and publishing books of
controversy. ' He did great things for God's
church,' says Pits, ' and he would have done
still greater if bad health had not prevented
him.' On 13 May 1581 he went to Spa on
account of declining health. He returned
on 26 July without having derived benefit
from drinking the waters, and he was ad-
vised to try his native air. Accordingly, on
23 Sept. he set out for England, and soon
after reaching the residence of Mr. Richard
Bellamy, a catholic gentleman, at Harrow-
on-the-Hill, Middlesex, he died there of con-
sumption on 14 Oct. 1581 (Diaries of the
English College, Douay, 183). His death was
regarded as a severe loss to the catholic
cause, for according to the character given of
him in the college archives he might rival
Allen in prudence, Campion in eloquence,
Wright in theology, and Martin in languages
(DoDD, Church Hist. ii. 60).
His works are: 1. < A Brief e Treatise of
diuerse plaine and sure wayes to finde out
the truthe in this doubtful and dangerous
time of Heresie : conteyning sundry worthy
Motiues vnto the Catholike faith, or con-
siderations to moue a man to beleue the
Catholikes and not the Heretikes,' Antwerp,
1574, 1599, 12mo. A third edition, entitled
4 Motives inducing to the Catholike Faith,'
was published [at Douay?] in 1641, 12mo.
The ' Motives ' elicited a reply from William
Fulke, D.D., entitled ' A Retentive to stay
good Christians in the true Faith & Religion,
against the Motiues of Rich. Bristow,' 1580.
2. ( Tabula in Summam Theologicam S.Thomse
Aquinatis,' 1579. 3. ' A Reply to Will. Fulke,
in Defense of M. D. Aliens Scroll of Articles,
and Book of Purgatorie,' Louvain, 1580, 4to.
Dr. Fulke soon brought out ' A reioynder to
Bristows Replie in defence of Aliens Scrole
of Articles and Booke of Purgatorie,' 1581.
4. ' Demaundes to be proponed of Catholikes
to the Heretics,' 8vo. Several times printed
without place or date. This was answered
in a book entitled ' To the Seminary Priests
late come over, some like Gentlemen,' £c.,
London, 1592, 4to. 5. A Defence of the Bull
of Pope Pius V. 6. Annotations on the
Rheims translation of the New Testament,
manuscript. 7. ' Carmina Diversa,' manu-
script. 8. 'Richardi Bristol Vigorniensis,
•eximii svo tempore Sacrse Theologise Doctoris
& Professoris, Motiva omnibus Catholicae
Doctrinae orthodoxis cultoribus pernecessaria;
vt quae singulas omnium aetatum ac prae-
sentis maxime temporis hpereses funditus ex-
tirpet: Romanae autem Ecclesioe auctorita-
tem fidemq. firmissimis argumentis stabiliat,'
2 vols. Atrebati (Arras), 1608, 4to. The
second volume is entitled ' Antihseretica Mo-
tiva, cvnctis vnivs verge atqve solivs salvtaris
Christiano-Catholicse Ecclesiae Fidei & Reli-
gionis Orthodoxis cultoribus longe conduci-
bilissima.' This book was translated into
English by Thomas Worthington, who has
prefixed a life of the author and also a com-
pendium of the biography in Latin verse. It
is a much larger treatise than the original
English ' Motives.' 9. ' Veritates aureee S.R.
ecclesise autoritatibus vet, patrum, &c.,' 1616,
4to. A posthumous work.
Besides writing the above works, lie, in
conjunction with Dr. William (afterwards
cardinal) Allen, revised Gregory Martin's
English translation of the Holy Scriptures,
commonly known as the ' Douay Bible.'
[Life by Worthington, prefixed to the Motiva;
Diaries of the English Coll. Douay, pp. xxix,
xxxii, xxxvi, Ixxiii, 141, 183, 270, 273, 274, and
index ; Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 482, and Fasti, i.
156, 161 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 59; Pits, De
Angliae Scriptoribus, 779 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.
127; R. Simpson's Life of CUmpion, 11, 46, 93,
94, 204, 379 ; Fuller's Worthies (1662), Worces-
tershire, 176; Boase's Register of Exeter Coll.
45, 185, 208; J. Chambers's Biog. Illustr. of
Worcestershire, 80 ; Morris's Troubles of our
Catholic Forefathers, 2nd ser. 57, 3rd ser. 110;
Jessopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House,
p. xv ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1059,
1071, 1148, 1635; Cat. Lib. Impress. Bibl.
Bodl. i. 333; Cotton's Rh ernes and Doway, 13;
Fulke's Defence of the Translation of the Scrip-
tures, ed. Harrshorne (Parker Soc.), pp. viii, ix,
15, 68, 76, 95 n.] T. C.
• BRISTOWE, EDMUND (1787-1876),
painter, the son of an heraldic painter, was
born at Windsor 1 April 1787, and passed his
life at Windsor and Eton. At an early age he
was patronised by the Princess Elizabeth, the
Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV),
and others. He made sketches of well-known
characters in Eton and Windsor, painted
still life, interiors, and domestic and sport-
ing subjects. He had great sympathy with
animals, some power of rendering their cha-
racteristic movements and expressions, and
is said to have given suggestions to Landseer.
In 1809 he exhibited at the Royal Academy
' Smith shoeing a Horse,' and was an occa-
sional exhibitor there and at the rooms of
the British Institution, and at those of the
Society of British Artists, until the year 1838,
when he exhibited the l Donkey Race ' at
Suffolk Street.
Bristowe was a man of independent ec-
centric views, would not work to order, and
sometimes refused to sell even his finished
Brit
358
Brito
productions. He is said to have excelled in
the delineation of monkeys, cats, and horses.
His works, feeble in technique and little
known, are scattered about in private gal-
leries, some being in the royal collection at
Windsor. Among them may be mentioned
1 Monkey Pugilists,' ' Cat's Paw,' ' Law and
Justice,' ' Incredulity,' ' The Rehearsal,' ' Pros
and Cons of Life.' Engravings of a few of
his wrorks have appeared in the ' Sporting
Magazine ' and elsewhere.
He produced little during the fifteen years
immediately preceding his death, which took
plate at Eton, 12 Feb. 1876.
[Cat. Koy. Acad. ; Cat. Brit. Inst. ; Cat. Soc.
Brit. Artists ; Windsor Gazette, 19 Feb. 1876;
"Windsor Express, 19 Feb. 1876; Redgrave's Diet.
of Artists (1878).] W. H-H.
BRIT, BRYTTE, or BRITHUS,
WALTER (ft. 1390), was a fellow of Mer-
ton College, Oxford, and the reputed author of
several works on astronomy and mathematics,
as well as of a treatise on surgery. He has also
been described as a follower of Wyclifte, and
as author of a book, 'De auferendis clero
possessionibus ' (see BALE, Script. Brit. Cat.
vi. 94, p. 503 ; J. SIMLER'S epitome of C.
GESNER'S Bibliotheca, 248 b, Zurich, 1574,
folio ; WOOD, Antiquities of Oxford, i. 475).
If this description be correct, Brit is no doubt
identical with the Walter Brute, a layman
of the diocese of Hereford, whose trial before
Bishop John Trevenant of Hereford in 1391
is related at great length by Foxe (Acts
and Monuments, i. 620-54, 8th ed. 1641).
Foxe prints the articles of heresy with which
Brute was charged, the speech in which
he defended himself, and his ultimate sub-
mission of his opinions to the determina-
tion of the church. Thirty-seven articles
were then drawn up and sent to the univer-
sity of Cambridge to be confuted. Brute,
however, appears to have escaped further mo-
lestation. With respect to Brit's scientific
writings considerable confusion prevails, and
it seems probable that not one of the extant
works ascribed to him is really his. The
work most frequently cited is the ' Theorica
Planetarum' (LELAND, Comm. de Script.
Brit. p. 397), which bears his name in two
manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Digby,
xv. ff. 58 6-92, and Wood, 8 d, f. 93) ;
but it is claimed for Simon of Bredon, also
fellow of Merton, in the verses subjoined to
another copy in the same collection (Digby,
xlviii. f. 112 £), which, to judge from their
contents, have a distinctly stronger presump-
tion in favour of their accuracy. The work
in question, which begins with the words
' Circulus ecentricus, circulus egresse cuspidis,
et circulus egredientis centri idem sunt,' is
further to be distinguished from another
I treatise with the same title, of which the
opening words are ' Circulus ecentricus, vel
egresse cuspidis, vel egredientis centri, dicitur,'
! and of which the authorship is shown by the
| notices collected by Baldassare Boncompagno
j (Delia Vita e delle Opere di Gherardo Cre-
monese e di Gherardo di Sabbionetta, pp. 76-
100, Rome, 1851, 4to) to be really due to
the younger Gerard of Cremona (Gerardus
de Sabloneto) in the thirteenth century. The
latter has been repeatedly confounded with
the ' Theorica ' indifferently assigned by the
bibliographers to Brit and Bredon. Another
! treatise mentioned by Bale as the composi-
' tion of Brit is the ' Theoremata Planetarum,'
which Tanner cites as that existing in the
Digby MS. cxc. f. 190 b (now f. 169 A) ; but
this manuscript dates from about the year
1300, and the wTork is by John Halifax
(J. de Sacro Bosco). Finally, the ' Cirurgia
Walteri Brit ' named in the ancient table of
contents in another Digby MS. (xcviii. f. 1 6)
has nothing corresponding to it in the volume
itself but a set of English medical receipts
whose author is not stated (f. 257).
[Authorities cited in text, and Leland's Col-
lectanea, v. 55 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 127.]
E. L. P.
BRITHWALD. [See BRIHTWALD.]
BRITHWOLD. [See BRIHTWOLD.]
BRITO or LE BRETON, RANULPH
(d. 1246), canon of St. Paul's, is first men-
tioned in the year 1221 as a chaplain of
Hubert de Burgh. During the administra-
tion of his patron he stood high in the favour
of Henry III, and became the king's treasurer.
On the fall of Hubert in 1232 many of the
officers who had been appointed through his
influence were removed, and their places
given to countrymen of the new minister,
Peter des Roches, the Poitevin bishop of
Winchester. Among those displaced was
Ranulph Brito, who wras accused of having
misapplied the revenues which passed through
his hands, and was subjected to a fine of 1,000/.
He was also sentenced to banishment, but this
penalty was afterwards remitted. Whether
the charges brought against him were well
founded or not, it is significant that his suc-
cessor, Peter de Rievaulx (De Rivallis), is
described by Matthew Paris as the ' nephew
or son ' of the bishop of Winchester.
In 1239 a certain William, who lay under
sentence of death for various crimes, en-
deavoured to save his own life by bringing
accusations of treason against several persons
of eminent position. Ranulph Brito, who»
Briton
359
Brittain
was then canon of St. Paul's, was one o
those denounced ; and at the king's instanc
he was arrested by the mayor of London an<
committed to the Tower. The dean an<
chapter of St. Paul's, in the absence of thi
bishop of London, immediately pronouncec
a general excommunication against all who
had any share in this outrage upon a member
of their body, and placed the cathedral under
an interdict. The bishop of London supportec
the action of the chapter, and, findingthe king
unmoved by his remonstrances, threatened to
extend the interdict to the whole of the city
The legate, the archbishop of Canterbury, and
several other prelates added entreaties and
menaces, and the king was- obliged to yield.
He at first struggled to obtain from the chapter
an undertaking that the prisoner, if released,
should be ready to appear when called upon
to answer the charge made against him ; but
they refused to entertain the demand, and
Ranulph was set unconditionally at liberty.
Shortly afterwards the informer confessed
the falsity of the accusations which he had
made, and was brought to the scaffold. Al-
though admitting Ranulph's innocence of
the crime of treason, Matthew Paris intimates
that he had amassed a large fortune by various
acts of extortion, the canons of Missenden
being particularly mentioned as having suf-
fered from his rapacity. He died suddenly in
1246, having been seized with apoplexy while
watching a game of dice.
The name of Ranulph Brito has been er-
roneously inserted by Dugdale and others in
the list of chancellors. This mistake arose
from the word consiliarius, used by Matthew
Paris, having been printed in Wats's edition
as cancellarius.
[Matt. Paris's Chron. Maj. (ed. Luard), iii. 220,
543-545, iv. 588; Eot. Glaus, i. 547; Foss's
Lives of the Judges, ii. 262.] H. B.
BRITON or BRETON, WILLIAM
(d. 1356), theologian, is described as a Fran-
ciscan by all the literary biographers (LELAND,
Comm. de Script. Brit. p. 356, &c.) ; accord-
ing, however, to H. O. Coxe (Catal. Codd.
MSS. in Coll. Aulisque Oxon. i. 4), he was a
Cistercian. No fact is known of his life, but
Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. v. 89), who claims
him, apparently by a guess, for a Welshman,
places his death in 1356 at Grimsby. Briton's
works, enumerated by Bale, are principally
concerned with dialectics. His fame, how-
ever, rests upon his ' Vocabularium Bibliee,'
a treatise explanatory of obscure words in the
Scriptures. The prologue and some other
parts are in Latin verse. These, with addi-
tional specimens, have been printed by A. M.
Bandini in his * Catal. Codd. Latin. Biblioth.
Medic. Laurent.' iv. 213 et seqq., Florence,
1777. Extracts are given by Ducange, 'Glos-
sar. Med. et Infim. Latin.' praef., cap. xlix.
[Authorities cited above, and Fabricius, Bi-
blioth. Lat. Med. et Inf. JEt. i. 261, ed. Florence,
1858.] K. L. P.
BRITTAIN, THOMAS (1806-1884), na-
turalist, was born at Sheffield on 2 Jan.
1806. He was educated at a private school.
He was engaged during the greater part of
his life as a professional accountant, but be-
came interested in natural science, and was
very skilful in the preparation of diagrams
and in the mounting of objects for the mi-
croscope. He settled in Manchester about
1842, and continued to live there during the
remainder of his life. In some contributions
to Axon's ' Field Naturalist ' (Manchester,
1882, p. 148), he has told the story of his
scientific studies from the time of his first
microscope, which was obtained in 1834. In
December 1858 he was one of the promoters
of a Manchester Microscopical Society, which
ultimately became a section of the Man-
chester Literary and Philosophical Society.
When a second Manchester Microscopical
Society — a more popular association — was
established in 1879, he repeatedly held the
office of vice-president, and was afterwards
Resident. On his retirement, from failing
lealthand advanced years, he was presented
ftdth an address at the Manchester Athenaeum,
t Oct. 1883. Brittain was connected with
ther scientific societies in Manchester and
Condon. He was a clear and animated
peaker, and for many years lectured on
rarious subjects of natural science to a great
lumber of the mechanics' and similar insti-
utions. He made frequent contributions to
he ' Manchester City News,' * Unitarian
lerald,' and other papers on matters of sci-
ntific interest. He was also connected with
he unsuccessful attempt to establish a Man-
hester aquarium, and had a short experience,
rom 1858 to 1860, of municipal work. He
ied at Manchester on 23 Jan. 1884. His
vritings are : 1. ' Half a Dozen Songs by
frittanicus,' Manchester, 1846, privately
Tinted. 2. 'A General Description of the
lanchester Aquarium,' 1874, a pamphlet
•uide. 3. l Micro-Fungi, when and where
o find them,' Manchester, 1882. This, in
pite of some obvious defects, has been of
onsiderable use to local students. It is
arranged in the order of the months, and
Lrst appeared in the ' Northern Micro-
copist.' 4. ' Whist : how to play and how
o win, being the result of sixty years' play/
Manchester, 1882. Brittain did not make
my claim to be a discoverer, but he was a
Britton
360
Britton
pleasant exponent of science, and did much
to popularise the taste for natural history in
his adopted home.
[Manchester G-uardian, 24 Jan. 1884; Uni-
tarian Herald, 1 Feb. 1884 ; information from
friends and personal knowledge.] W. E. A. A.
BRITTON, JOHN. [See BRETON.]
BRITTON, JOHN (1771-1857), anti-
quary, topographer, and miscellaneous writer,
was born on 7 July 1771 at Kington St.
Michael, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, where
his father was a small farmer, maltster, baker,
and village shopkeeper. After a desultory
education, in the course of which he acquired
a love of reading, he went at sixteen to Lon-
don, where he was apprenticed by an uncle
to a tavern-keeper on Clerkenwell Green.
Here he bottled wines in a cellar, snatching an
occasional hour for the perusal of a few books.
Here, too, he made the acquaintance of Ed-
ward William Brayley [q. v.], who joined him
in writing and issuing a popular ballad. He
was next employed as a cellarman at the Lon-
don Tavern, and in Smithfield, and as a clerk
in an attorney's office. Amid these employ-
ments, and the compilation of street song-
books, he was led by the success of Sheridan's
i Pizarro ' to produce in 1799 his first book,
' The Adventures of Pizarro, preceded by a
sketch of the voyage and discoveries of Colum-
bus and Pizarro, with biographical sketches of
Sheridan and Kotzebue.' The publisher of a
dramatic miscellany to which he contributed
had long before received subscriptions for a
topographical work, ' The Beauties of Wilt-
shire.' He asked Britton to undertake its pre-
paration, and, with the promise of Brayley's
assistance, Britton consented. Two volumes
appeared in 1801, and were successful. The
third and concluding volume, to which Brit-
ton prefixed an interesting autobiographical
preface, did not appear until 1825. Mean-
while, a publishing firm which had shared in
the production of the ' Beauties of Wiltshire'
engaged Britton and Brayley to co-operate
in a larger enterprise, the first instalment of
which appeared also in 1801 with the title
'The Beauties of England and Wales, or
original delineations, topographical, histori-
cal, and descriptive, of each county. By Ed-
ward Brayley and John Britton.' The names
of the two ' editors,' as they at first styled
themselves, alternately took precedence of
each other on the title-pages up to the seventh
volume, after which each was assigned to its
respective author. In the earlier volumes the
letterpress seems to have been mainly Bray-
ley's, while the general editing, including the
direction of artists and engravers, was Brit-
ton's. With the completion of the first five
volumes in 1803-4, subscribers were informed
that the l authors ' had travelled over an
extent of 3,500 miles to inspect the localities
described. There had been scarcely any work
of the kind so comprehensive in its plan since
the appearance of the ' Magna Britannia '
(1720-31). Vol. vii., containing Lancashire,
Leicestershire, and Lincolnshire, was wholly
Britton's composition, but difficulties with
the proprietors suspended his editorship.
Subsequently he contributed Norfolk and
Northamptonshire to vol. xi. (1810), and
Wiltshire to vol. xv. (1814). Britton esti-
mated the sum expended on the work during
his connection with it as joint-editor at
50,000^. Partly while he was occupied with
it^he contributed to Rees's ' Cyclopaedia ' the
articles on British topography. That on
Avebury he afterwards expanded for the
' Penny Cyclopaedia,' for which he wrote the
account of Stonehenge. He also contributed
the articles on British topography and an-
tiquities to Arthur Aikin's ' Annual Review.'
The proprietors of the l Beauties ' wished
to restrict the illustrations of antiquities.
Britton therefore produced separately the
1 Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain
represented and illustrated in a series of views,
elevations, plans, sections, and details of va-
rious ancient English edifices, with historical
and descriptive accounts of each/ 4 vols.
1805-14, and to these was added in 1818-26 .
a supplementary volume — the best of the
series — ' Chronological History and Graphic
Illustrations of Christian Architecture in
England, embracing a critical enquiry into the
rise, progress, and perfection of this species
of architecture.' The letterpress was meagre,
but the artistic excellence of the illustrations
procured success for what Southey (Quarterly
Review for September 1826) pronounced to be
the ' most beautiful work of the kind that had
ever till then appeared.' Eight thousand
pounds was expended on the work, in which
Britton held a third share. His next important
undertaking was the ' Cathedral Antiquities of
England, or an historical, architectural, and
graphic illustration of the English Cathedral
Churches,' 14 vols. 1814-35. The title of the
first volume is l The History and Antiquities
of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, illus-
trated by a series of engravings of views, ele-
vations, and plans of that edifice ; also etchings
of the ancient monuments and sculpture, in-
cluding Biographical Anecdotes of the Bishops
and of other eminent persons connected with
the Church.' No complete publication of the
kind had appeared since Browne Willis's ' Sur-
vey of the Cathedrals ' in 1742, and more than
20,000^ was expended on the production of
Britton
361
Britton
Britton's work. But, in spite of its excellence,
it was so little a financial success, that its
publication had to be cut short, leaving un-
touched the cathedrals of Carlisle, Chester,
Chichester, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, and Ro-
chester. At the end of vol. iv., while thanking
the public for its purchase of 800 copies,
Britton complains with natural warmth of
the scant encouragement or information re-
ceived from cathedral authorities. To No. 53
(August 1835) he prefixed a sketch of the
history of the work, with a continuation to
that date of his literary autobiography since
1825, the period which it had reached in vol.
iii. of the * Beauties of Wiltshire.' During the
progress of the work he produced, with the co-
operation of Pugin, the ' Specimens of Gothic
Architecture' (1823-5), and the 'Architec-
tural Antiquities of Norway ' (1825). In
1825-8 appeared his ' Public Buildings of
London,' engraved and described, and in
1832-8 his useful ' Dictionary of the Archi-
tecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages.'
He co-operated with Bray ley in the produc-
tion of the valuable ' History and Descrip-
tion of the Ancient Palace and Houses of
Parliament at Westminster ' (1834-6), and
contributed the letterpress to the 'Archi-
tectural Description of Windsor' (1842).
On 7 July 1845 Britton was entertained
at dinner at Richmond by a number of ad- j
mirers. After the formation of a Britton j
Club in the December of the same year, a sum
of nearly 1,000/. was raised by a subscription,
Britton having previously intimated his in- j
tention to devote any money so raised to the
publication of an autobiography. He ac-
cepted an annual pension on the civil list I
procured for him by Mr. Disraeli when chan- •
cellor of the exchequer. In 1850 appeared
* The Autobiography of John Britton. In
three parts.' Part i. scarcely brought down i
his autobiography further than 1825, but it
was written very much more fully than the ;
previous fragments. Part ii. (and last) is a
* descriptive account ' of his literary produc- !
tions of every kind, drawn up by Mr. T. E. i
Jones, who had for fifteen years been his !
amanuensis and secretary. Britton died in j
London on 1 Jan. 1857. "There is a succinct i
but adequate account of Britton's services to j
archaeological art in Mr. Digby Wyatt's obitu-
ary ' notice ' of him read before the Royal In- i
stitute of British Architects on 12 Jan. 1857, j
and published in the volume of its ' Papers ' i
for 1856-7.
Britton was for many years an active mem-
ber of the Royal Literary Fund, and his pro- I
tests against the provisions of the Copyright j
Acts compelling the transmission of eleven |
copies of every work, however costly, pub- !
lished in the United Kingdom to certain
public and other libraries, contributed to the
reduction of that number to six. He was
instrumental in founding the Wiltshire Topo-
graphical Society. Having corresponded on
the subject in 1831 with the first Lord Lans-
downe, he proposed in 1837 the formation of
a society to be called ' The Guardian of Na-
tional Antiquities,' and in 1840 he published
a 'Letter to Joseph Hume on the subject
of making some government provision for
preserving the ancient monuments of Great
Britain.' Britton himself successfully pro-
moted the reparation of Waltham Cross and
of the parish church of Stratford-upon-Avon.
Several of Britton's minor publications not
previously noticed deserve mention. In 1816
he issued an engraved view of Shakespeare's
bust in the church of Stratford with ' Re-
marks,' in which he disputed the genuineness
of the accepted portraits, and contended for
the superior value of the bust as a likeness.
His ' Remarks on the Life and Writings of
Shakespeare' in the Whittingham edition
of 1814 were expanded in successive edi-
tions, with a useful list appended of essays
and dissertations on Shakespeare's dramatic
writings. Britton's ' Memoir of Aubrey/
1845 (for the Wiltshire Topographical So-
ciety), is one of the best biographies of the
Wiltshire antiquary that have appeared, and
contains interesting extracts from Aubrey's
unpublished correspondence. For the same
society Britton edited all that is valuable in
Aubrey's (until then unpublished) ' Natural
History of Wiltshire,' 1843. In 1830 he
published an annotated edition of Anstey's
'New Bath Guide,' and in 1848 'The Author-
ship of the Letters of Junius elucidated, in-
cluding a biographical memoir of Colonel
Barr6,' to whom he attributed them (see
Quarterly Review for December 1851). Be-
sides being one of the most continuously
productive writers and editors of his time,
Britton for many years performed the duties
of surveyor and clerk to a local board of
commissioners.
[Britton's writings, especially his Autobio-
graphy; Gent. Mag. February 1857; Builder,
10 Jan. 1857 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. E.
BRITTON, THOMAS (1654 P-1714), the
celebrated ' musical small-coal man,' was
born at either Higham Ferrers or Welling-
borough, Northamptonshire, about the mid-
dle of the seventeenth century. He came
up to London at an early age and apprenticed
himself to a vendor of small coal in St.
John Street, Clerkenwell, for seven years.
At the end of this time his master gave him
a small sum not to set up a rival establish-
Britton
362
Britton
ment. Britton accordingly returned to his
native place, but his money being soon spent
he came back to London and hired a stable
near his old quarters, where he started in
business for himself. He was settled in this
manner in the year 1677, at which time it
is recorded that he paid 47. a year rent.
His house was at the north-east corner of
Jerusalem Passage, on the site now occupied
by the Bull's Head Inn. Britton divided
the stable into two stories, the lower of
which he used as his coal shop, while the
upper formed a long low room to which
access was gained by a ladder-like staircase
from the outside. ( His Hut wherein he
dwells,' says Britton's neighbour, Edward
Ward, l which has long been honoured with
such good Company, looks without Side as
if some of his Ancestors had happened to
be Executors to old snorling Diogenes, and
that they had carefully transplanted the
Athenian-Tub into Clerkenwell ; for his
House is not much higher than a Canary
Pipe, and the Window of his State Room
but very little bigger than the Bunghole of
a Cask.' In these unpromising quarters he
established, in 1678, his celebrated musical
club, the idea of which was originated, or
at least fostered, by Roger L'Estrange, him-
self a good performer on the bass viol. Here
on every Thursday for nearly forty years
were held those remarkable concerts of vocal
and instrumental music which are so curious
a feature in the social life of the time. The
admission was at first without payment, but
(according to Walpole) after a time a yearly
subscription of 10*. was charged, and coffee
was supplied at \d. a dish. This statement
is, however, rendered doubtful by the follow-
ing entry from Thoresby's ' Diary : ' ' 5 June
1712. In our way home called at Mr.
Britton's, the noted small-coal man, where
we heard a noble concert of music, vocal and
instrumental, the best in town, which for
many years past he has had weekly for his
own entertainment, and of the gentry, &c.,
gratis, to which most foreigners of distinc-
tion, for the fancy of it, occasionally resort.'
The greatest performers of the day, both pro-
fessional and amateur, might be heard here.
Handel played the organ (which had only five
stops), Pepusch presided at the harpsichord,
*a Rucker's virginal, thought the best in
Europe,' Banister played first violin, and
John Hughes, Abel Whichello, J. Woolaston,
and many other amateurs took part in the
performances, while leaders of fashion like
the Duchess of Queensberry were amongst
the audience. At one time Britton took a
more commodious room in the next house
for his concerts, but this was not a success ;
so he returned to his old quarters, where, as
Ward expresses it with more force than
elegance, ' any Body that is willing to take
a hearty Sweat, may have the Pleasure of
hearing many notable Performances in the
charming Science of Musick.' But Britton' s-
tastes were not confined to music alone.
From a neighbour of his, Dr. Garencier,
physician to the French embassy, he ac-
quired a love of chemistry, and constructed
for himself at a very small cost what Hearne
calls ' an amazing elaboratory.' It is said
that a Welsh gentleman was so delighted
with this structure that he commissioned
Britton to make him a similar one in Wales
for a handsome fee. It was probably his love
of chemistry which caused Britton to turn
his attention to the occult sciences, of works
relating to which he formed a large and
valuable collection. His knowledge of biblio-
graphy brought him into connection with
Harley, earl of Oxford, the Duke of Devon-
shire, and the Earls of Pembroke, Winchil-
sea, and Sunderland. These noblemen used
every Saturday throughout the winter to
form book-hunting expeditions in the city.
Their meeting-place was at Christopher Bate-
man's in Paternoster Row, where they were
often joined by Britton, who would appear
in his blue smock and with the coal-sack
which he had been carrying about the streets
all the day ; for in spite of his literary and
artistic tastes he continued until his death
to sell coal in the streets of London. The
collection known as the ' Somers Tracts ' is
said to have been formed by him and sold to
Lord Somers for over 500Z. His death was
no less singular than his life. A Mr. Robe,
a Middlesex magistrate who frequented Brit-
ton's concerts, one Thursday brought with
him (unknown to the small-coal man) a fa-
mous ventriloquist named Honeyman. This
man, who was a blacksmith living in Bear
Street, Leicester Square, was known as ' the
talking smith,' and many stories are related
of his wonderful powers. Britton was known
! to be superstitious, and by way of playing
: upon his fears Honeyman announced in an
I assumed voice that unless he immediately
fell upon his knees and repeated the Lord's
; prayer he would die within a few hours.
' The terrified small-coal man immediately
| did as he was told, but the fright was too-
much for him, and he actually died, aged
I upwards of sixty, within a few days. His-
I funeral, which took place on 1 Oct. 1714r
; attracted a large concourse of people. He
j was buried in a vault at St. James's, Clerken-
| well, but no monument marks the exact
spot. Britton left but little property to his
j widow, save his collections of books and
Briwer
363
Broadbent
musical instruments. The latter, together
with his music, were sold by auction at his
friend Ward's on 6, 7, and 8 Dec. 1714, and
fetched about 180Z. The catalogue is still
extant, and has been reprinted in Hawkins's
* History of Music.' His books, which
numbered about fourteen hundred volumes,
were sold later. Britton's intimacy with so
many persons of high rank gave rise to all
sorts of rumours as to his being a Jesuit, a
magician, and such like, though in reality
' he was an extraordinary and a very valuable
man, much admired both by the gentry, even
of those of the best quality, and by all
others of the more inferior rank that had
any manner of regard for probity, ingenuity,
diligence, and humility.' In person he was
short, stout, and of 'an honest, ingenuous
countenance.' He was twice painted by
Woolaston : (1) in his smock with his coal-
measure in his hand, and (2) in the act of
tuning a harpsichord. The former is in the
National Portrait Gallery, and was engraved
by J. Simon in mezzotint. Under the print
are some eulogistic verses by Britton's friend,
the poet Hughes, beginning
Tho' mean thy rank, yet in thy humble cell.
From this portrait is derived the engraving
by Haddocks in Caulfield's 'Remarkable
Persons ' (i. 77). The second picture seems
to have disappeared, but it is known by a
mezzotint engraving by Thomas Johnson,
under which are verses attributed to Prior,
the first line of which runs
Tho' doom'd to small-coal, yet to Arts ally'd.
The head from this portrait was copied by
C. Grignion for Hawkins's ' History.' There
is a small full-length of Britton, with his
coal-sack over his shoulder, in the ' London
Magazine ' for February 1777.
[Pohl's Mozart in London, p. 47 ; Bingley's
Musical Biography, p. 375 ; Thoresby's Diary,
5 June 1712 (ii. Ill); Noble's Continuation of
Granger, ii. 345 ; Reliquiae Hearnianae (ed. Bliss),
p. 339 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 277 ; Pinks's
History of Clerkenwell (ed. Wood), pp. 11, 94,
196, 277-9; Ward's Compleat and Humorous
Account of all the remarkable Clubs in the
Cities of London and Westminster, &c., p. 299;
Gent. Mag. 1773, p. 437; Notes and Queries'
2nd series, xi. 445, 3rd series, vii. 421 ; Burney's
Hist, of Music, iii. 470; Hawkins's Hist, of
Music (ed. 1853), p. 788 ; Catalogue of the
National Portrait Gallery; Registers of St.
James's, Clerkenwell.] W. B. S.
BRIWER, WILLIAM. [See BEEWEB.]
BRIXIUS. [See BBICIB.]
BROADBENT, WILLIAM (1755-1827),
Unitarian minister, the son of William and
Elizabeth Broadbent, was born 28 Aug. 1755.
He was educated for the ministry at Da-
ventry academy (August 1777-June 1782),
first under Thomas Robins, who resigned the
divinity chair in June 1781 from loss of voice,
and afterwards under Thomas Belsham [q.v.]
Broadbent became classical tutor to the aca-
demy in August 1782, and in January 1784
he exchanged this appointment for that of
tutor in mathematics, natural philosophy, and
logic. Belsham resigned the divinity chair
in June 1789, having become a Unitarian, and
the academy was removed in November to
Northampton. Broadbent continued to act
as tutor till the end of 1791, when he became
minister atWarrington (he took out his license
on 18 Jan. 1792), and removed to Cockey
Moor. At this time his views were of the
average Daventry type. But at Warrington
he re-examined his theological convictions,
i and becoming a Unitarian of the Belsham
school, he succeeded in carrying nearly all his
congregation with him. Broadbent from his
eighteenth year kept up a close friendship with
Belsham ; in Williams's chaotic ' Memoirs '
of Belsham (1833, 8vo) are some fragments
of their correspondence. Biblical exegesis
was Broadbent's favourite study, and textual
interpretation played a prominent part in
his preaching. He resigned his Warrington
charge in the spring of 1822, induced by
broken health and the depressing effects of
the loss of his son. He died at Latchford,
near Warrington, on 1 Dec. 1827, and was
buried in the Warrington chapel on 6 Dec.
THOMAS BIGGIN BEOADBENT (1793-1817),
only child of William Broadbent, born at
Warrington on 17 March 1793, entered Glas-
gow College in November 1809. After gra-
duating in April 1813 he became classical tu-
tor in the Unitarian academy at Hackney, an
office he filled till 1816, preaching latterly at
Prince's Street Chapel, Westminster, during
a vacancy. His pulpit powers were remark-
able. Resigning his London work, he returned
to Warrington to pursue his ministerial train-
ing as his father's assistant. He died of apo-
plexy on 9 Nov. 1817. He prepared for the
press, in 1816, portions (1 and 2 Cor., 1 Tim.,
and Titus) of Belsham's 'Epistles of Paul the
Apostle,' published 1822, 4 vols. 8vo. He
also edited the fourth edition, 1817, 8vo, of
the ' Improved Version ' of the New Testa-
ment, originally published 1808, 8vo, under
Belsham's superintendence. Two of his
sermons, published posthumously in 1817,
reached a second edition.
[Monthly Eepos. 1810, p. 362, 1817, p. 690
(memoir by H. G. [Holbrook Gaskell?]), 1818,
Broadfoot
364
Broadwood
p 1 sq (portrait of T. B. Broadbent from minia-
ture by Partridge), 1822, pp. 198, 285, 289, 1828,
p.69;Villiams'8Mem.ofBe]Bh&m,1833fp.610;
information from Eev. E. Pilcher.] A. Gr.
BROADFOOT, GEORGE (1807-1845),
major, the eldest of three brothers who all
fell in the service of their country, entered
the Indian army as an ensign in the 34th regi-
ment of Madras native infantry, in January
1826. The greater part of his earlier service
was passed with his regiment. Returning to
England on furlough in 1836, he held the
appointment of orderly officer at Addiscombe
for thirteen months. In May 1841 he was
.sent to Cabul in command of the escort which
accompanied the families of the Afghan
-chiefs, Shah Sujah and Zeman Shah to that
place. On reaching Cabul, a portion of the
escort was formed into a company of sappers
and miners, which, under the command of
Broadfoot, marched with Sir Robert Sale's
force from Cabul to Jellalabad in October
1841, Broadfoot being specially mentioned in
the despatches for his gallantry in the actions
with the Afghans between Cabul and Gan-
damak. At Jellalabad Broadfoot became gar-
rison engineer, and by his skill and vigour
.speedily restored the defences of the town,
which had been found in a ruinous condi-
tion. During the siege of Jellalabad by the
Afghans, Broadfoot was the life and soul of
the garrison, and aided by his friend Have-
lock, then a captain of foot [see HAVELOCK,
SIB HENKY], was instrumental in prevent-
ing a capitulation, which at one time had
been resolved on by Sir Robert Sale and a
majority of the principal officers of the force.
In one of the sorties made by the beleaguered
garrison Broadfoot was severely wounded.
He subsequently accompanied General Pol-
lock's army of retribution to Cabul, again
distinguishing himself in the actions which
were fought at Mammu Khel, Jagdallak, and
Tezin. At the close of the war he was
created a companion of the Bath, and was
appointed commissioner of Moulmein, from
which office he was transferred to that of
agent to the governor-general on the Sikh
frontier.
While filling the latter post Broadfoot was
present at the sanguinary engagements of
Mudki and Ferozshah, in the last of which
(21 Dec. 1845) he was mortally wounded.
His death and his services were thus de-
scribed in Sir Henry Hardinge's report on
the battle : ' It is now with great pain that
I have to record the irreparable loss I have
•sustained, and more especially the East
India Company's service, in the death of
Major Broadfoot of the Madras army, my
political agent. He was thrown from his
horse by a shot, and I failed in prevailing
upon him to leave the field. He remounted,
and shortly afterwards received a mortal
wound. He was brave as he was able in
every branch of the political and military
service.'
[Annual Register, 1845 ; Kaye's History of
the War in Afghanistan, vols. ii. and iii. 3rd ed.
1874 ; India Office records.] A. J. A.
BROADWOOD, JOHN (1732-1812),
pianoforte manufacturer, was born at Cock-
burnspath, Dunbar, N.B., in 1732. He
came of an old family of Northumbrian
yeomen, who. in the sixteenth century owned
land near Hexham, but in the eighteenth
century moved into Scotland. Broadwood's
grandfather was John Broadwood of Old-
hamstock, East Lothian, who married (1679)
one Katherine Boan. His youngest son,
James, married Margaret Pewes, and their
eldest son was the celebrated pianoforte
maker. Broadwood is said to have walked
from Scotland to London to seek his fortune
as a cabinet-maker. He found employment
and ultimately entered into partnership with
Burkhardt Tschudi, a Swiss harpsichord
maker, who came to England in 1718, and
in 1732 had taken the house in Great Pulteney
Street, which is still the place of business of
his descendants. In 1769 Tschudi retired (re-
serving to himself certain royalties and the
right of tuning harpsichords at the oratorios)
in favour of Broadwood, who had married
his daughter Barbara, though for some time
longer the style of the firm remained Tschudi
& Broadwood. After the death of Tschudi
(in 1773) his son entered for a short time
into partnership with Broadwood, but in
1783 the business was in the sole hands of
the latter, and remained so until 1795, when
Broadwood's eldest son, James Tschudi
Broadwood, was taken into partnership with
his father. The latter died in 1812 and was
buried in the burial-ground of the metho-
dist chapel in Tottenham-Court Road.
Without entering into technical details
it is impossible to describe the changes and
improvements introduced in the construction
of pianofortes by Broadwood and his partners.
The history of the firm during this period is
practically the history of the pianoforte,
and the instruments manufactured in Great
Pulteney Street acquired a European reputa-
tion by means of their admirable qualities.
Broadwood's first patent, dated 17 July 1783,
is for a ' new constructed pianoforte, which
is far superior to any instrument of the kind
heretofore constructed,' but it is known that
prior to this he was engaged in assisting
Brocas
365
Brocas1
Americus Backers in perfecting the so-called
English or direct lever action, which was
patented by Backers's apprentice after his
master's death in 1777. Personally Broad-
wood was an amiable and cultivated man,
and his society was sought after by many of
the most influential personages of the day.
He was a clear-headed man of business, and
very independent and energetic. There is a
portrait of him painted at the age of eighty
by John Harrison, which was engraved by
W. Say and published on 1 Aug. 1812.
[Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 278 a, &c. ;
Specifications of Patents relating to Music and
Musical Instruments ; information from Miss
Broadwood and Mr. A. J. Hipkins ; International
Inventions Exhibition Catalogues, &c.]
W. B. S.
BROCAS, SisBERNARD (1330 P-1395),
third son of Sir John de Brocas, knight, of
Clewer and Windsor, who was master of the
horse to King Edward III, was born about
1330. The family came from Gascony, where
they had fought and suffered for the English
cause against the French for several genera-
tions before John de Brocas became an officer
of the household of Edward II, and settled in
England. Brocas was one of the favourite
knights of the Black Prince, with whom he
was certainly present at the battle of Poitiers,
almost certainly at Crecy and Najara. After
the peace of Bretigny, he and other members
of his family were employed in the settlement
of Aquitaine, where he held the office of
constable, and on the death of the prince he
was specially invited to his funeral. He was
also a friend of William of Wykeham, whose
first acquaintance with his family seems to
have been connected with the building of
Windsor Castle, in the earlier operations of
which Sir John had been employed. Of the
three knights present by invitation at Wyke-
ham's enthronement at Winchester, Brocas
was one. In the year 1377, Wykeham's first
act, after emerging from the difficulties in
which he had been placed by his political
struggle with John of Gaunt, was to make
Brocas ' chief surveyor and sovereign warden
of our parks . . . throughout our bishopric.'
Soon after this he became the chief trustee
of the Brocas estates.
Immediately after the death of Edward III,
Brocas was appointed captain of Calais, an
appointment which he held only for a short
time, but he was now constantly employed
in various diplomatic and military services.
He also sat for Hampshire in ten parliaments,
closely connected, as it would seem, with
Wykeham in his political line of conduct —
from 1367 to 1395. On or soon after Richard's
marriage with Anne of Bohemia, he became
the queen's chamberlain, and he is said to
have also been chamberlain to the Comte de
Hainault.
Brocas was thrice married : (1) About 1354,
to Agnes, daughter and heiress of Sir Mauger
Vavasour of Denton, Yorkshire, from whom
he was divorced. (2) In 1361, to Mary des
Roches, daughter and heiress of Sir John des
Roches, and collaterally descended from Peter
de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester. This lady
was the widow of Sir John de Borhunte,
knight. With her Brocas received several
estates, amongst others Roche Court, near
Fareham, Hampshire, which has continued
ever since in possession of his lineal de-
scendants and representatives. Through this
second marriage Sir Bernard became master
of the royal buckhounds, an hereditary office
retained by his descendants for three centu-
ries. (3) To Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh
Tyrrell, in 1382, soon after which he parted
with some of his estates to the priory of
Southwick, and others to the parish church
of Clewer, where he founded the Brocas
chantry.
Before his second marriage Brocas came,
through the agency of his uncle, Bernard
Brocas, rector of Guildford, into possession
of the estate which formed his chief property,
Beaurepaire, near Basingstoke. Here he built
a house, which has long ago been pulled
down. Brasses and monuments of the
Brocas family are still to be seen in the
neighbouring churches of Sherborne St.
John and Bramley. Brocas died in 1395, and
was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel in West-
minster Abbey. That his handsome monu-
ment stands so close to the royal tombs is a
mark of the estimation in which he was held
by his master. The inscription on the tomb
runs thus : ' Hie jacet Bernardus Brocas
miles T. T. quondam camerarius Anne Re-
gine Anglie cujus anime propitietur Deus.'
The recumbent figure is apparently of a much
later date, but certainly antecedent to the
time of Addison, who, in the ' Spectator,'
describes the verger of the abbey as pointing
out to Sir Roger de Coverley 'the old lord
who cut off" the King of Morocco's head,' a
story which deeply impressed Sir Roger.
The remark was occasioned by the crest,
which represents what is heraldically called
' a Moor's head orientally crowned.' This
crest is found on the seals of Sir Bernard
Brocas, along with the lion rampant of the
Brocas arms, as early as 1361. He was the
first to use it, and it has been borne by his
descendants ever since, but its origin is not
known. It was, of course, granted by Ed-
ward III, and probably represented some
Brochmael
366
Brock
feat of war or chivalry. It may be remarked
that the features of the ' Moor ' are repre-
sented in all the seals as of the distinct, and
even exaggerated, negro type.
The son of Brocas by his second wife,
of the same name as himself, who also held
office at Kichard's court, was executed in
1400 by Henry IV for his share in the con-
spiracy formed in favour of his dethroned
master. Shakespeare mentions him in his
' Richard II ' as one of the conspirators —
My lord, I have from Oxford sent to London
The heads of Brocas and Sir Bennet Seely,
Two of the dangerous consorted traitors
That sought at Oxford thy dire overthrow.
In some of these details the poet was misled
by his authorities. The ' Brocas ' at Eton
and ' Brocas Street ' in Windsor take their
name from this family, to whom considerable
portions of Eton and Windsor once belonged.
[Family papers ; Gascon Rolls ; Eecord Office
papers ; The Family of Brocas, of Beaurepaire
and Roche Court. Hereditary Masters of the
Royal Buckhounds, with some hints towards a
history of the English Government of Aquitaine,
by Montagu Burrows, Capt.R.N., F.S.A., Chichele
Professor of Modern History.] M. B.
BROCHMAEL, YSGYTHRAWG (fi.
584), king of Powis, is mentioned inLlywarch
Hen's elegy (trip. 37), a poem which Dr. Guest
(Origines Celticce, ii. 289) has referred to the
overthrow of Uriconium and the desolation
of the Severn Valley by Ceawlin, king of the
West Saxons in 584. The country of Kyn-
dylan, the chief whose death Lly warch Hen
bewails, is there called the land of Brochmael,
and it is probable, therefore, that Brochmael
was lord of that part of Britain, and that it
was under his command that the Welsh
(Britons) checked Ceawlin's career of con-
quest at Fethan-leag or Faddiley. When in
613 (Annales Cambrics; A.-S. Chron. 607)
^Ethelfrith of Northumbria overthrew the
Welsh at the battle of Chester, Baeda says
that the monks of Bangor who had come to
pray for the success of their countrymen were
under the care of Brochmael, who stayed with
them while the battle was fought, and who
left them and fled when the victorious ^Ethel-
frith attacked them. In this battle Selim,
the son of Cynan, was slain, and as Cynan
is said to have been the son of Brochmael, it
is evident that he must have been an old man
at the time, and 'therefore may very well
have been king of Powis when Ceawlin
[q. v.] attacked Uriconium' (GUEST).
[G-uest's Origines Celtic®, ii. 299, 308, 326 ;
Annales Cambrise an. 613, Rolls Ser. ; Baeda,
Hist. Eccl. ii. 2 (Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Anglo-Saxon
Chron. an. 584, 607, Rolls Ser.] W. H.
BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE (1762-
1842), bailiff of Guernsey from 1821 to 1842,
belonged to an English family established in
Guernsey as early as the sixteenth century.
His father, John Brock of St. Peter's, who
had been a midshipman in the royal navy, mar-
ried Elizabeth de Lisle, daughter of the then
lieutenant-bailiff of the island, and by her
had fourteen children, ten of whom attained
maturity. John Brock died in 1777, at the
age of 48. Daniel de Lisle, his third son,
was born in Guernsey on 10 Dec. 1762.
After such schooling as the island afforded
in those days, he was placed at Alderney
under the tuition of M. Vallat, a Swiss pas-
tor, afterwards rector of St. Peter-in-the-
Wood, Guernsey, and subsequently at a
school at Richmond, Surrey. He was, how-
ever, taken away at the age of fourteen to ac-
company his father, who was in failing health,
to France, where the latter died at Dinan.
He spent about twelve months in visiting the
Mediterranean, Switzerland, and France, in
1785-6, and twelve years later, in 1798, was
elected a jurat of the royal court of Guern-
sey, from which time his name is intimately
associated with the history of his native
place. On four separate occasions, between
1804 and 1810, he was deputed by the states
and royal court of Guernsey to represent them
in London, in respect of certain measures
affecting the trade and ancient privileges of
the island. In 1821 he was appointed bailiff,
or chief magistrate, of the island, and soon
after was again despatched to London, to
protest, which he did with success, against
the extension to Guernsey of the new law
prohibiting the import of corn until the price
should reach 80s. a quarter. In 1832, when
the right of the inhabitants to be tried in
their own courts was menaced by a proposed
extension of the power of writs of habeas
corpus to the island, Brock and Mr. Charles
de Jersey, king's procureur, were sent to Lon-
don to oppose the measure, and did so with
success. Three years later Brock was once
more despatched to London at the head of a
deputation to protest against the proposed de-
privation of the Channel Islands of their right
of exporting corn into England free of duty.
Owing to the remonstrance of the deputation,
a select committee of the House of Commons
was appointed to inquire into the subject,
and the bill was subsequently withdrawn.
On this occasion the states of Jersey pre-
sented Brock with a service of plate valued
at 100/., and his portrait was placed in the
royal court-house of Guernsey. Brock was
married and had two children : a son, who
became a captain in the 20th foot, and a
daughter. He died in Guernsey on 24 Sept.
Brock
367
Brock
1842. A public funeral was accorded to his
remains, in recognition of his long and valued
services to his native island.
[Tupper's Life of Sir Isaac Brock (2nd ed.
London, 1847), appendix B ; Jacob's Annals of
the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Paris, 1830), part i.]
H. M. C.
BROCK, SIR ISAAC (1769-1812), major-
general, commanding in Upper Canada in
1812, was the eighth son of John Brock of
Guernsey [see BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE],
and was born in Guernsey 6 Oct. 1769.
He is described by his nephew and biogra-
pher, F. B. Tupper, as having been, like his
brothers, a tall, robust, precocious boy, the
best boxer, and strongest, boldest swimmer
among his companions, but noted withal
for his gentleness of disposition. He was
sent to school at Southampton at the age
of ten, and was afterwards under the tui-
tion of a French pastor at Rotterdam. On
2 March 1785, when a little over fifteen,
he entered the army by purchase, as an en-
sign in the 8th (King's), in which regiment
his elder brother, John Brock (who was killed
in a duel at Cape Town when a captain and
brevet lieutenant-colonel in the 81st foot in
1801), had just purchased a company, after
ten years' service in the corps in America and
elsewhere. Isaac Brock purchased a lieute-
nancy in the 8th (King's) in 1790, and shortly
after, having raised men for an independent
company, was gazetted captain and placed on
half pay. Paying the difference, he exchanged
into the 49th foot in 1791, and served with
that regiment in Jamaica andBarbadoes until
1793, when he returned on sick leave, and
was employed on the recruiting service until
the regiment returned home. He purchased
a majority in the 49th in 1795, and a lieu-
tenant-colonelcy on 25 Oct. 1797, becoming
soon afterwards senior lieutenant-colonel with
less than thirteen years' total service, which,
as Brock had no Horse Guards interest, was
regarded at the time as a case of exceptionally
rapid promotion. The regiment had returned
home in very bad order, symptoms of which
were manifest when it was stationed near
the Thames during the mutiny at the Nore,
but it soon improved under its new com-
mander so as to elicit the warm approba-
tion of the Duke of York. Under Brock's
command the regiment served with General
Moore's division in the expedition to North
Holland in 1799, where it was greatly dis-
tinguished at the battle of Egmont-op-Zee,
and likewise on board the fleet under Sir
Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson at the battle
of Copenhagen and in the operations in
the Baltic in 1801, a narrative of which, by
Brigadier-general W. Stewart, commanding
the line troops embarked, is given in 'Nelson
i Desp.' iv. 299. Brock embarked with the
I regiment for Canada in 1802, and in the fol-
lowing year, single-handed, suppressed a
dangerous conspiracy which had been insti-
| gated by deserters in a detachment at Fort
George, and the ringleaders of which were
executed at Quebec on 2 March 1804. He
returned home on leave in 1805, but, war with
the United States appearing imminent, he
rejoined at his own request early in 1806.
After commanding for some time at Quebec,
he was sent in 1810 to Upper Canada, to
assume command of the troops there, with
which he subsequently combined the duties
of civil administrator as provisional lieu-
tenant-governor of the province. Here his
energetic example, the confidence reposed in
him by the inhabitants, and the ascendency
he possessed 'over the Indian tribes, at that
time under the leadership of the famous
Shawnee warrior Tecumseh, proved of the
highest value. Very full details of his civil
and military services at this period will be
found in 'Life and Correspondence of Sir
Isaac Brock ' (London and Guernsey, 8vo),
written by his nephew Ferd. Brock Tupper,
the first edition of which appeared in 1845,
and a second, much enlarged from family
manuscript sources, in 1847. Previous to a
declaration of hostilities an army of 2,000
American militia, with twenty-five guns, had
been despatched from Ohio into Michigan,
under the veteran general Hull, who was in-
vested with discretionary powers as to the
invasion of Canada. Hull issued a bombastic
proclamation, and on 12 July 1812 crossed
the narrow channel between Huron and Erie
and entered Upper Canada. Subsequently
he withdrew again to his own shore and shut
himself up in Detroit, whither Brock, who
had only 1,450 men to defend a thousand
miles of frontier, followed him with his avail-
able forces, consisting of 350 regulars, 600
Indian militia, and 400 untrained volunteers,
to which Hull's forces surrendered on 16 Aug.
1812. For the judgment, skill, and courage
displayed by him at this juncture, Brock, who
had attained the rank of major-general on
4 June 1811, was made an extra knight of
the Bath on 10 Oct. 1812. Meanwhile a
second American army of 6,000 men, under
Major-general Van Rennselaer, had been con-
centrated on the Niagara frontier. During
an attack by part of this force on the village
of Queenstown, held by the flank companies
49th and the York volunteer militia, on the
morning of 13 Oct. 1812, Sir Isaac Brock re-
ceived his death-wound. He had dismounted
to head the 49th, when he was shot through
Brock
368
Brock
the body and fell beside the road leading from
Queenstown to the heights, expiring soon
after. His last words, it is said, were, ' Never
mind me — push on the York volunteers.' A
second action took place at Queenstown the
same day, after Major-general Roger Sheaffe
had come up with the 41st foot and other
reinforcements, when the American brigadier
Wadsworth with 950 men laid down their
arms. After lying in state at Government
House, Brock's remains were interred in one
of the bastions of Fort George beside those
of Lieutenant-colonel McDonell, Canadian
militia, a young man of twenty-five, attorney-
general of the Upper Province, who had ac-
companied Brock in the capacity of militia
aide-de-camp and had been mortally wounded
the same day. Brock was in his forty-fourth
year, and unmarried. He was six feet two
inches in height, very erect and athletic,
but latterly very stout. He had a pleasant
manner and a frank open countenance, be-
speaking the modest kindly disposition of
one who had never been heard to utter an
ill-natured remark, and in whom dislike of
ostentation was as characteristic as quickness
of decision and firmness in peril. After his
death the officers of the 49th placed a hand-
some sum in the hands of the regimental
agent for the purpose of procuring a portrait
of the general for the mess, but on reference
to the family it was found that no good like-
ness was extant. It may be added that the
whole of the regimental records of the 49th
were destroyed, after Brock's death, at the
evacuation of Fort George in 1813. The
House of Commons voted 1,575/. for a public
monument, which was erected by Westma-
cott, and placed in the south transept of
St. Paul's. Pensions of 200/. each were
awarded to the four surviving brothers of
the general, together with a grant of land
in Upper Canada. On 13 Oct. 1824, the
twelfth anniversary of his fall, the remains of
Brock and his brave companion McDonell
were carried in state from Fort George to
a vault beneath a monument on Queens-
town heights, erected at a cost of 3,0001.
currency, voted by the Provincial Legislature.
This monument, an Etruscan column, with
winding stair within, standing on a rustic
pediment, was blown up by an Irish American
on Good Friday, 1840. The ruin was seen
and described by Charles Dickens (American
Notes, ii. 187-8). On 30 July 1841 a mass
meeting was held in the open air beside the
ruin, the lieutenant-governor of Upper Ca-
nada, Sir George Arthur, presiding, which
was attended by over eight thousand persons,
besides representatives of the Indian tribes
of the six nations, at which it was enthu-
siastically resolved to restore the monument
forthwith at public cost. A sum of 5,000/.
currency was voted for the purpose by the
province, and the work at once commenced.
Copies on vellum of the correspondence, ad-
dresses, &c., relating to the restoration are
in the British Museum Library. The monu-
ment thus restored is in the shape of a tall
column standing on the original site on the
heights above Queenstown, and surmounted
by a statue of the general. It is enclosed
within forty acres of ornamental grounds,
with entrance gates bearing the Brock arms.
Below, in the village of Queenstown (or
Queenston, as it is now written), is a memo-
rial church with a stained window, placed
there by the York rifles, the corps to which
Brock's last order was given. Brockville
and other names in Canadian topography
also perpetuate the memory of the ' Hero of
Upper Canada.'
[Ann. Army Lists; Bulletins of Campaigns,
1793-1815; Nelson Desp. iv. 299 et seq. ; W.
James's Military Occurrences in Canada (Lon-
don, 8vo, 1818); Quart. Eev. liv. (July 1822)
405 et seq. ; Nile's Weekly Eegister, 1812 ; Col-
burn's United Serv. Mag. March 1846; Gent.
Mag. Ixxxii. (ii.) 389, 490, 574, 576, 655, 670;
F. B. Tupper's Life and Correspondence of Sir
I. Brock (London and Guernsey, 8vo, 2nd ed.
1847); Picturesque Canada, No. 13 (London,
1881).] H. M. C.
BROCK, WILLIAM, D.D. (1807-1875),
dissenting divine, was born at Honiton on
14 Feb. 1807. His father, a man of earnest
and religious spirit, whose efforts among
the poor were at one time wrongly suspected
of insidious political design, married in 1806
Ann Alsop, a descendant of Vincent Alsop
[q. v.], ejected for nonconformity in 1662.
William, their eldest child, was educated
first at Culmstock and afterwards at the
grammar school of Honiton. At the age
of eight we find him writing to a friend
to procure him copies of f Caesar ' and of
1 Virgil.' His life at school was one of con-
siderable hardship, inequality of rank sub-
jecting him to the persecution of his school-
fellows.
Leaving Honiton, he was placed for some
time under the charge of the Rev. Charles
Sharp at Bradninch ; in 1820, being then
thirteen years of age, was apprenticed to a
watchmaker at Sidmouth ; on the conclusion
of his period of ' stern servitude ' was re-
moved to Hertford ; afterwards joined a
baptist church at Highgate ; studied subse-
quently for four sessions at Stepney College ;
and settled at Norwich in 1833. In the follow-
ing year he married Mary Bliss of Shortwood,
Gloucestershire. During his stay at Norwich
Brock
369
Brockedon
Brock published, through the Religious Tract
Society, a work entitled ' Fraternal Appeals
to Young Men.' In 1834 Brock threw him-
self with great energy into the final struggle
connected with the abolition of West Indian
slavery ; spoke in every town in Norfolk and
most of those in Suffolk ; drew up papers in
support of his views, and contributed articles
to the public journals. It is stated that
Brock was the first publicly to attack the
inveterate custom of political bribery in
Norwich.
In 1846, chiefly on account of failing
health, Brock made a tour through France
and Italy. In 1847 he suffered from defective
sight, for the treatment of which he tempo-
rarily removed to London. At the election
for Norwich in 1847 he opposed his intimate
friend Sir Morton Peto, and supported Mr.
Serjeant Parry, the candidate who favoured
the separation of church and state. In con-
sequence of enfeebled health Brock was ulti-
mately advised to remove to London, where
he became pastor of Bloomsbury Chapel on
5 Dec. 1848. Brock soon set on foot a philan-
thropic enterprise for the reclamation of the
poor in the squalid and crowded district of
St. Giles.
At Exeter Hall Brock lectured on behalf
of the Young Men's Christian Association on
' Mercantile Morality.' He was personally ac-
quainted with Sir Henry Havelock; and after
the death of Havelock, in 1857, he published
a memoir, which had an immense circulation,
forty-five thousand copies being speedily dis-
posed of in England. In 1859 the work of
preaching in theatres on Sundays was in-
stituted in London, and Brock delivered
the first sermon in the Britannia Theatre,
Hoxton.
In 1866 Brock made a tour in the United
States. On his return he entered into the
ritualistic controversy, and published two
discourses under the title of ( Ritualism Mis-
chievous in its Design.' He further drew up
a series of resolutions, in a similar sense, in
behalf of the ' general body of protestant
dissenting ministers of the three denomina-
tions in and about London.' He helped at
this time to form the London Association of
Baptist Churches, and was elected its first
president. In the course of twelve years
the association included 140 churches, with
nearly 34,000 members in communion. In
1869 Brock was elected to the presidency
of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and
Ireland. In September 1872 he resigned the
post of minister at Bloomsbury Chapel. A
few days before preaching his farewell sermon
he lost his wife. After three years spent in
comparative retirement he died on 13 Nov.
VOL. VI.
1875. In 1860 the senate of Harvard College
conferred upon him the honorary degree of
doctor of divinity.
In addition to the publications named in
this article, Brock was the author (inter
alia) of ' Sacramental Religion,' published
in 1850 ; ' Sermons on the Sabbath,' 1853 ;
'The Gospel for the People,' 1859; 'The
Wrong and Right of Christian Baptism,'
1864 ; ' The Christian's Duty in the forth-
coming General Election,' 1868 ; and ' Mid-
summer Morning Sermons,' 1872.
[Birrell's Life of William Brock, D.D., 1878;
M'Cree's William Brock, D.D., first Pastor of
Bloomsbury Chapel, 1876 ; A Biographical Sketch
of Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B. (1858), and other
works by Brock ; Annual Kegister for 1875.1
G. B. S.
BROCK, WILLIAM JOHN (1817 P-
1863), religious writer, born about 1817,
married about 1845, in 1847 brought out a
small volume of poems, ' Wayside Verses,'
dating the preface London, 22 Sept.; and
obtaining after this the degree of B.A., he
took orders, and entered the church as curate
of St. George's, Barnsley, Yorkshire ( Twenty-
seven Sermons, 2nd ed. p. 314). In 1855 he
published at Barnsley, and by subscription,
' Twenty-seven Sermons,' in one volume, a
publication which was quickly out of print
(preface to 2nd ed.) ; and leaving Barnsley
in 1858 to become incumbent of Hayfield,
Derbyshire, Brock brought out a second edition
of this book, dating it Hayfield Parsonage,
22 Sept. 1858, and adding to it the farewell
sermon he had preached on leaving Barnsley.
He died at Hayfield on 27 April 1863, and
was buried there. After his death were pub-
lished ' The Rough Wind stayed,' a volume
of ' The Library of Excellent Literature,' 1867,
and ' The Bright Light in the Clouds/ 1870.
[Brock's Wayside Verses, pp. 50, 76, 131; pri-
vate information.] J. H.
BROCKEDON, WILLIAM (1787-
1854), painter, author, and inventor, was
born at Totnes on 13 Oct. 1787. His
father, who was a watchmaker, was a native
of Kingsbridge, where and in the adjoining
parish of Dodbrook his family had been
occupants or owners of garden mills since
the reign of Henry IV. This son, who was
an only child, was educated at a private
school in Totnes, but he learned little in it.
His father was quite capable of supplying
the deficiencies of school teaching as then
understood, and under his instructions his
son acquired a taste for scientific and me-
chanical pursuits. So great was his pro-
ficiency in mechanics that he was able to
conduct the business during the illness of
B B
Brockedon
370
Brockedon
nearly twelve months which ended in his
father's death in September 1802.
Brockedon was proud to acknowledge his
obligations to his father, whose 'natural
talents,' as he wrote to a friend in 1832,
he had < never seen surpassed,' adding that
' whatever turn my own character may have
taken, if the world thinks kindly of it, it
grew under his instruction and advice, and
the impressions made upon me before I was
fifteen.'
After his father's death, Brockedon spent
six months in London in the house of a
watch manufacturer, to perfect himself in
what he expected to have been his pursuit
in life. On his return to Totnes he continued
to carry on the business for his mother for
five years. In a letter written to his friend,
Octavian Blewitt, in November 1832, he
says : 1 1 recollect with much pleasure the
hand I had in making the present parish
clock in the church at Totnes. An order
was given to my father to make a new church
clock a short time before the accident by
lightning which, in February 1799, struck
the tower, threw down the south-east pin-
nacle, and did so much damage to the church
as to require nearly three years to repair it.
This accident prevented the clock being put
up until the summer of 1802, during my
father's last illness. ... I remember when
the clock was making that I was set to do
some of the work, though only about thirteen
years of age, particularly cutting the fly-
pinion out of the solid steel.'
During the five years in which he carried
on the watchmaking business for his mother
he devoted his spare time to drawing, for
which from childhood he had as great a taste
as he had for mechanics. Archdeacon (then
the Rev. R. H.) Froude, rector of Darting-
ton (father of Mr. J. A. Froude), encouraged
him to pursue painting as a profession. The
archdeacon liberally aided Brockedon's jour-
ney to London and his establishment there
during his studies at the Royal Academy.
Brockedon found another generous patron in
Mr. A. H. Holdsworth, M.P. for Dartmouth,
and governor of Dartmouth Castle.
This was in February 1809. From that
time his career must be considered under
three heads : 1, as a painter ; 2, as an author ;
3, as an inventor.
1. For six years he pursued his studies in
London as a painter with little interruption
till 1815. In that year, immediately after
the battle of Waterloo, he went to Belgium
and France, and had the benefit and gratifi-
cation of seeing the gallery of the Louvre
before its dispersion. From 1812 to 1837
he was a regular contributor to the exhibi-
tions of the Royal Academy and the British
Institution. In these twenty-five years he
exhibited sixty-five works, historical, land-
scape, and portraits — thirty-six at the Aca-
demy and twenty-nine at the British In-
stitution (GEAVES, Diet, of Artists}. The
works he exhibited in 1812 were portraits of
Governor Holdsworth, M.P., and of Samuel
Prout, who was, like himself, a Devonshire
artist. He next exhibited ' a more ambitious
work, of which artists of name spoke with
approbation,' a portrait of ' Miss S. Booth as
Juliet' (CUNNINGHAM, 'Town and Table
Talk,' Illustr. News, 1854), pictures on scrip-
tural and other subjects, portraits of Sir Alex-
ander Burns, Sir George Back, now in the
library of the Royal Geographical Society,
and some interesting landscapes of Alpine
and Italian scenery. He also painted the
1 Acquittal of Susannah,' presented by him
to his native county and now in the Crown
Court of the Castle of Exeter; 'Christ
raising the Widow's Son at Nam/ which
he presented to Dartmouth church as a mark
of respect to Governor Holdsworth, and
which obtained for him the prize of one hun-
dred guineas from the directors of the Bri-
tish Institution ; and, about the same time,
' Christ's Agony in the Garden,' which he pre-
sented toDartington church, a picture, he says
in a letter to Blewitt, ' associated with my
grateful recollections of Mr. Froude's friend-
ship ; and I mention it, trifling as it is, as
one public testimonial of my desire to ac-
knowledge his exceeding kindness to me/
Another large picture, representing the ' De-
livery of the Tables of the Law to Moses on
Mount Sinai,' was presented by him to
Christ's Hospital in 1835, and placed by
order of the governors in their great hall.
Another picture, painted at Rome in 1821,
the ' Vision of the Chariots to the Prophet
Zechariah,' excited so much interest that, by
permission of the pope (Pius VII), it was
exhibited in the Pantheon. At the same
time Brockedon was elected a member of
the Academies of Rome and Florence. In
compliance with a law of the Florentine
Academy he presented it with his portrait
painted by his own hand. Brockedon's por-
trait is now a conspicuous object in the
Uffizi of the Florence Gallery near those of
Reynolds and Northcote.
2. Brockedon was meanwhile earning for
himself a reputation as an author. In 1824
he made an excursion to the Alps for the
purpose of investigating the route of Hanni-
bal, and the idea of publishing ' Illustrations
of the Passes ' occurred to him. During the
summers of 1825, 1826, 1828, and 1829, he
was led in the course of his journeys to cross
Brockedon
371
Brockedon
veller,' and he subsequently wrote the Savo
and Alpine parts of Murray's 'Handboo
the Alps fifty-eight times, and to pass into
and out of Italy by more than forty different
routes. The result was the publication, in
1827, of the first part of his 'Illustrations
of the Passes of the Alps by which Italy
communicates with France, Switzerland, and
Germany.' The work, containing 109 en-
gravings, was issued in twelve parts, from
1827 to 1829, forming when complete two
royal quarto volumes, and was gratefully
dedicated to his earliest patron, Archdeacon
Froude. The drawings, which were entirely
by Brockedon's own hand, were done in sepia,
and were sold in 1837 to the fifth Lord Ver-
non for 500 guineas.
In 1833 he published in one volume his
' Journals of Excursions in the Alps, the
Pennine, Graian, Cottian, Rhetian, Lepon-
tine, and Bernese.' He also edited Finden's
' Illustrations to the Life and Works of Lord
Byron.' In 1835 he edited for the Findens
the ( Illustrated Road Book from London to
Naples,' with thirty illustrations by himself
and his friends Prout and Stanfield. In
1836 he wrote for * Blackwood's Magazine '
' Extracts from the Journal of an Alpine Tra-
the Savoy
k
for Switzerland.' His next work, published
in folio in 1842-4, was 'Italy, Classical,
Historical, and Picturesque, illustrated and
described,' with sixty engravings from draw-
ings by himself, Eastlake, Prout, Roberts,
Stanfield, Harding, and other friends. In
1855, in conjunction with Dr. Croly, he wrote
part of the letterpress of David Roberts's
' Views in the Holy Land, Syria, &c.,' Croly
writing the historical, and Brockedon the
descriptive portions.
3. During all these years Brockedon's love
of art and literature was divided with his
love of mechanical and scientific pursuits.
As far back as 1819 his taste for mechanics
led him to turn attention to the mode of
wire-drawing then in use. Brockedon in-
vented a mode of drawing the wire through
holes pierced in sapphires, rubies, and other
gems. He patented this invention, and vi-
sited Paris in connection with it ; but, from
the facility of violation, it was not a source
of profit, though now the mode universally
adopted. In 1831 he invented and patented,
in conjunction with the late Mr. Mordan, a
pen of a novel form called the t oblique,' from
the slit being in the usual direction of the
writing. He next turned his attention to
the preparation of a substitute for corks and
bungs by coating felt with vulcanised india-
rubber. He took out a patent for this inven-
tion in 1838, and in 1840 and 1842 enlarged
its scope by other patents for retaining fluids
in bottles, and for the manufacture of fibrous
materials for the cores of stoppers. This in-
vention led to his forming business relations
with Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co. of
Manchester. About the year 1841 he sub-
mitted to them his patents for a substitute
for corks, through which he was interested
in their business till 1845, when he became a
partner, and retained that position till his
death. In 1843 he patented an invention for
the manufacture of wadding for firearms;
another for condensing the carbonates of soda,
potass, &c., into the solid form of pills and
lozenges ; and for preparing or treating plum-
bago by reducing common black lead to
powder, and then compressing it in vacuo, so
as to produce artificial plumbago for lead
pencils purer than any that could then be
obtained, in consequence of the exhaustion
of the mines in Cumberland, and especially
valuable to artists because free from (dia-
mond) grit. The invention was first worked
for him by Messrs. Mordan & Co., but at his
death in 1854 the plant and machinery were
sold by auction, and bought by one of the
merchants connected with the lead industry
at Keswick. In 1844, 1846, and 1851, he
patented inventions for various applications
of vulcanised india-rubber. In 1830 Brocke-
don took an active part in the formation of the
Royal Geographical Society, and was elected
a member of its first council. He was after-
wards the founder of the Graphic, an art
society. On 12 June 1830 he was elected a
member of the Athenaeum. It had been re-
solved to commemorate the opening of the new
club house in Pall Mall by adding 200 mem-
bers to the list, 100 being elected by the com-
mittee, and 100 by the club. Brockedon was
one of the hundred elected by the committee.
On 18 Dec. 1834 he was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. In February 1837 he lost
his mother, for whose happiness he made the
most loving provision from the moment when
his improved prospects enabled him to do so.
He married in 1821 Miss Elizabeth Gra-
ham, who died in childbirth on 23 July 1829,
in her fortieth year, leaving two children,
Philip North, born at Florence on 27 April
1822, and Mary, married to Mr. Joseph H.
Baxendale, the head of the firm of Pickford
& Co. The son, who was educated as a civil
engineer, became the favourite and confi-
dential pupil of Mr. Brunei, and gave the
brightest promise of future eminence in his
profession, but was carried off by consump-
tion at the early age of twenty-eight, on
13 Nov. 1849. On 8 May 1839 Brockedon
married, as his second wife, the widow of
Captain Farwell of Totnes, who survived
him, and by whom he had no issue.
B B 2
For several years he had I time were dispersed by auction at Sotheby's
£* ^r frSi g^ISoni andi±S ^^^^y^^
1854 a succession of f rTOm^c™^ inlSlShepublished'HintsonthePropriety
severity ended manat^of^und^ rf ^j^. a Typographical Society in
^ -^ -^_ I Newcastle '(8vo, pp. 8), which led to the foun-
artists
SsssaMffl I t«SSr^SS3
Essay on the means of distinguishing An-
from Counterfeit Coins and Medals,'
iTwould have been difficult to find any one I translated and edited bv J. T. B., 1819.
by
Selecta Numismata Aurea Imperatorum
who was more beloved by a large circle of , ^. — _ --_ *
friends at home and abroad, or who was Romanorum e Museo J. T. B 1822 Also
Tore resetted by his professional contempo- reprints of tracts on Henry III, on Robert,
S^iSmy of whom had reason to cherish earl of Salisbury, and of three accounts of the
his memory with affection as that of a man siege
ever ready to show kindness to others, and I
never likely to forget it when shown to
himself.
[MS. Letters, Brockedon and A. H. Holds-
worth, M.P., to OctavianBlewitt, 1832-7, quoted
by W. Pengelly, F.K.S., in Trans. Devon Assoc.
of Literature, Science, and Art, 1831, p. 25;
Blewitt's Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive
and Historical Sketch of the District comprised
between the Dart and the Teign, Lond. 1832,
p. 271 ; Cunningham's Town and Table Talk in
Illustr. Lond. News, 2 Sept. 1854; Bryan's
Diet, of Painters and Engravers, edited by
K. E. Graves ; Algernon Graves's Diet, of Artists
who have exhibited in the principal London
an 'Enquiry into
the Question whether the Freeholders of the
Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Inventions, &c., 1854.] 0. B-T.
BROCKETT, JOHN TROTTER (1788-
are entitled to vote for Members of Parlia-
ment for the County of Northumberland,'
and in 1825 the first edition of his ' Glossary
of North Country Words in Use ' (Newcastle-
on-Tyne, 8vo). The manuscript collections
for this valuable work were not originally
intended for publication, and they passed
into the library of Mr. John George Lambton,
afterwards Lord Durham, but that gentle-
man surrendered them for the public service.
A second edition, to a large extent rewritten,
was published in 1829 ; and a third was
in preparation at the time of the author's
death, and was published,
ship of W. E. Brockett,
J3jn,u^jjvjiii"j., jujcxm X.CVU.LJ..CI.IX ^JL/OO- I 8vo). He also contributed papers to the
Ns 1842), antiquary, was born at Witton Gil- first three volumes of 'Archeeologia ^Eliana.'
bert, co. Durham. In his early youth his In 1882 a * Glossographia Anglicana,' from
parents removed to Gateshead, and he was a manuscript left by Brockett, was privately
educated under the care of the Rev. "William printed by the society, called * The sette
Turner of Newcastle. The law having been of odd volumes,' with a biographical sketch
selected as his profession, he was, after the of the author by Frederick B. Coomer of
usual course of study, admitted an attorney, Newcastle, who names one or two tracts
and practised for many years at Newcastle, by Brockett not noted above, and memoirs
where he was esteemed an able and eloquent by him of Thomas and John Bewick, pre-
advocate in the mayor's and sheriff's courts, fixed to the 1820 edition of Bewick's ( Select
and a sound lawyer in the branches of his pro- Fables.'
fession which deal with tenures and convey- Brockett was a member of the Society of
| Antiquaries, a secretary of the Newcastle
ancmg.
He was a man of refined tastes, and a
close student of numismatics and of English
Literary and Philosophical Society, and one
of the council of the Society of Antiquaries
antiquities and philology. He made con- of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He died at Albion
siderable collections of books and coins and Place, Newcastle, on 12 Oct. 1842, aged 54.
Brockie
373
Brocklesby
[Gent. Mag. 1842, part ii. p. 664; English
Dialect Society's Bibliographical List ; Martin's
Cat. of Privately Printed Books, 1835, 430-
440 ; T. F. Dibdin's Bibliog. Tour, i. 390.]
C. W. S.
BROCKIE, MARIANUS, D.D. (1687-
1755), Benedictine monk, was born at Edin-
burgh on 2 Dec. 1687, and joined the Scotch
Benedictines at Ratisbon in 1708. He was
doctor and professor of philosophy and divi-
nity, and for a considerable time superior of
the Scotch monastery at Erfurt. In 1727 he
was sent on the catholic mission to his native
country, where he remained till 1739. After
returning to Ratisbon, he was for many years
prior of St. James's, during which time he
wrote his ' Monasticon Scoticon.' He died,
leaving it unfinished, on 2 Dec. 1755. It was
completed by Maurice Grant, but the monas-
tery was not able to publish it. The manu-
script, bound in seven ponderous volumes, is
preserved at St. Mary's College, Blairs. It
was lent to Dr. James F. S. Gordon for con-
sultation and use in his ' Monasticum,' printed
at Glasgow in 1867. Brockie wrote ' Obser-
vationes critico-historicse ' on the ' Regulae ac
Statuta recentiorum Ordinum et Congrega-
tionum ' which constitute the 3rd, 4th, 5th,
and 6th volumes of Holstenius's ' Codex
Regularum Monasticarum et Canonicarum/
printed at Augsburg in 1759.
[Gordon's Eoman Catholic Mission in Scot-
land, 526 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit, Mus. ;
Fernschild's Dissertatio de Origine Animse Ra-
tionalis in Homine, 1718.] T. C.
BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1636-
714), non-abjuring clergyman, was born at
Tealby, near Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, in
1636. His father was George Brocklesby,
gentleman. He was educated at the neigh-
bouring grammar school of Caistor, and as a
sizar at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.
He graduated B.A. in 1657 and M.A. in 1660.
Some time between 1662 and 1674 he was
instituted to the rectory of Folkingham, Lin-
colnshire. In the appendix to Kettlewell's
Life, 1718, p. xxj, he is recorded as ' Mr.
Brokesby, Rector of Folkinton.' No sym-
pathy with the Jacobite party is to be inferred
from his declining to abjure. Brocklesby re-
tired to Stamford, and employed his leisure
in composing an opus magnum, entitled i An
Explication of the Gospel Theism and the
Divinity of the Christian Religion. Contain-
ing the True Account of the System of the
Universe, and of the Christian Trinity. . . .
By Richard Brocklesby, a Christian Trini-
tarian/ 1706, fol., pp. 1065. The preface
truly says it is ' a book of many and great
singularities;' it is crammed with reading
from sages, fathers, schoolmen, travellers,
and poets ; it bristles with odd terminology
of the writer's special coinage. Brocklesby
denies the eternal generation of the Son, and
even his pre-existence ; yet asserts his con-
substantiality as God-man begotten of God,
'an humane-divine person' (see especially
bk. vi., 'The Idea of the Lord the Son').
He places the abode of Christ in heaven,
from his coming of age to his public mission
(p. 1019 sq.), though he calls the kindred
notion of Socinus l wild and pedantic.' The
only Socinian writers whom he directly
quotes are Enyedi, Krell, and the English
' Unitarian Tracts.' Nor does he know Ser-
vetus (p. 158) at first hand. Acontius
(pp. 819, 821) he greatly values. Spinoza
(p. 785) he cites with modified approval.
John Maxwell, prebendary of Connor, issued
in 1727, 4to, an English version ('A Treatise
of the Laws of Nature ') of Bishop Richard
Cumberland's ( De Legibus Naturae/ 1672, 4to.
Out of Brocklesby's book, as he owns on his
title-page, Maxwell carved two introductory
essays and a supplementary dissertation. He
simplifies Brocklesby's style, omits his theo-
logy, and adds some new matter from other
sources. Brocklesby died at Stamford in
1714 (probably in February), and was buried
at Folkingham. His will (dated 3 Aug.
1713, codicils 30 Jan. and 7 Feb. 1714,
proved 13 Aug. 1714) was to have been
included in the second volume of Pecks
' Desiderata Curiosa/ 1735, but was left over
to a third volume, which never appeared.
Out of considerable landed property in Lin-
colnshire and Huntingdonshire, a house at
Stamford, &c., Brocklesby founded schools
at Folkingham and Kirkby-on-Bain, Lincoln-
shire, and Pidley, Huntingdonshire, to teach
poor children their catechism and to read
the Bible. The charitable bequests are very
numerous, and some rather singular. A
complicated scheme for the distribution of
bibles in five counties was to come into effect
* if the propagation of the gospel in the
Eastern parts totally faifeth, or doth not con-
siderably succeed and prosper.' A sum of
150/. is left towards rebuilding the parish
church of Wilsthorpe,Lincolnshire ; 1501, each
for the benefit of the communities of French
and Dutch refugees ; and 10/. each to eight
presbyterian ministers. A bequest of 10/. to
the celebrated Whiston was revoked by the
first codicil. Brocklesby left two libraries.
That at Stamford was sold by auction ; the
catalogue, Stamford, 1714, 4to, contains the
titles of many rare volumes of the Socinian
school. His library in London was left to
be disposed of at the discretion of John
Brocklesby
374
Brocklesby
Heptinstall, his printer, and William Turner,
schoolmaster of Stamford.
[Books of Sidney Sussex Coll., per R. Phelps,
D.D., master; Calamy's Continuation, 1727,
p. 602 ; Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial, 1802,
ii. 429; Emlyn's Works, 1746, i. vi; information
from the Bishop of Nottingham, Kev. G. Carter,
Folkingham,Rev.W. C. Houghton.Walcot; certi-
fied copy of Brocklesby's will, in the prerogative
court of Canterbury ; catalogue of Brocklesby's
library at Stamford, 1714; Cole's MS. Athense
Cantab. B. p. 176 ; Charity Commissioners' Re-
ports, xxiv. 27 (26 June 1830), vol. xxxii. pt. 4,
pp. 309, 619 (30 June 1837); authorities cited
above.] A. G.
BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1722-
1797), physician, was born at Minehead in
Somersetshire, and was the only son of Richard
Brocklesby of Cork. His mother was Mary
Alloway of Minehead, and both families be-
longed to the Society of Friends. On 29 March
1734 Brocklesby entered the school of Abra-
ham Shackleton, at Ballitore, co. Kildare, so
that he was one of the senior boys when Burke
went there in May 1741. They were con-
temporaries at school for less than a year, but
this early acquaintance was continued when
both came to live in London, and they were
friendfl throughout life. After some studies
at Edinburgh, in 1742 Brocklesby went to
Leyden and graduated M.D. there on 28 June
1745. His graduation thesis on this occasion
(Dissertatio Medico, inauguralis de Saliva
sana et morbosa, 4to, Leyden, 1745) seems to
have been suggested by a case which he had
seen at Edinburgh, in which the administra-
tion of five grains of mercury was followed
by the secretion of one hundred pounds of
saliva. He describes clearly the expectoration
of pneumonia and that of hydrophobia, and
throughout the essay shows extensive reading
and a power of lively expression. He attacks
Pitcairn and the iatromechanicians in general,
and speaks with gratitude of his own teacher
Gaubius. During the next twelve months
Brocklesby settled in London, and in 1751
became a licentiate of the College of Phy-
sicians. In 1754 he received a degree from
the university of Dublin, and was incorporated
M.D. at Cambridge in the same year. His
election as a fellow of the College of Physicians
followed in 1756 (MuNK, Coll. of Phys. ii.
202). In 1758 he was appointed physician to
the army, and served in Germany. In 1763
he settled in Norfolk Street, Strand, where
he soon obtained a large practice. He en-
joyed the friendship of Burke and of Johnson,
and showed that he deserved to be loved by
both. In a kind letter to Burke on 2 July
1788 (Burke Correspondence, 1844, iii. 78),
Brocklesby makes him a present of 1,000/.,
and says that he would be happy to repeat
the gift 'every year until your merit is
rewarded as it ought to be at court.' Brock-
lesby attended Dr. Johnson on many occa-
sions, and in his last illness (BoswELL, John-
son, ii. 481). Boswell describes a dinner at
Brocklesby's (ii. 489), at which Johnson was
present with Valiancy, the antiquarian, Mur-
phy, and Mr. Devaynes, the king's apothecary,
on 15 May 1784. In June 1784, when John-
son's going to Italy was discussed, Boswell
(ii. 527) records another instance of Brock-
lesby's generosity : ' As an instance of extraor-
dinary liberality of friendship, he told us that
Dr. Brocklesby had upon this occasion offered
him a hundred a year for his life. A grateful
tear started into his eye as he spoke this in a
faltering tone.' Many instances of this phy-
sician's kindness to less distinguished persons
are recorded (Burke Correspondence, 21 July
1777 ; MTJNK, Coll of Phys. ii. 203). The
early distinction of Dr. Thomas Young was
largely due to the kindness with which Brock-
lesby, who was his great-uncle, encouraged his
studies (Memoir of Thomas Young, London,
1831), and Young dedicated his inaugural dis-
sertation for M.D. to him. Brocklesby's first
publication after he settled in London was
' An Essay concerning the Mortality among
Horned Cattle,' 8vo, 1746. The chief new
suggestion contained in it is that the infected
bodies should be properly buried in deep
graves. In 1749 he published ' Reflections
on Antient and Modern Music, with the ap-
plication to the cure of diseases, to which is
subjoined an essay to solve the question Avhere-
in consisted the difference of antient music
from that of modern times.' The author's
name does not appear upon the title-page.
The essay contains much learning and many
interesting remarks. It was probably sug-
gested by a story the author had heard in
Edinburgh of a gentleman who had been en-
gaged for the Pretender in 1715, had been
himself wounded, and had lost two sons in the
battle of Dunblane. He fell into a nervous
fever from melancholy, and no treatment did
him good till his physician caused a harper to
play to him day after day, when he revived,
and at last regained his health. Brocklesby
seriously recommends the more regular use of
music as a means of treatment. In 1760 he
delivered the Harveian oration at the College
of Physicians, and it was printed in quarto.
Its most memorable passage is a fine pane-
gyric upon the Dr. Hodges the account of
whose death in poverty after he had stayed
in attendance on the sick throughout the
plague brought tears to the eyes of Dr. John-
son. In 1764 Brocklesby published his most
important work, ' (Economical and Medical
Brocklesby
375
Broderip
Observations, in two parts, from the year 1758
to the year 1763 inclusive, tending to the im-
provement of military hospitals and to the
cure of camp diseases incident to soldiers,' 8vo,
London. This was the first book in which
sound principles of hygiene were laid down
for the army. There were then but few bar-
racks, and those few were ill built. Brock-
lesby shows that the soldiers must have plenty
of air in their rooms if they are to remain
healthy. Proper regulations are drawn up
for field hospitals, and the necessity for giving
the doctor absolute command in the hospital
is pointed out. The observations on camp dis-
eases are clear and original, and the remarks
on treatment singularly wise. There is an
interleaved copy of the book, with a few al-
terations and additions in the author's hand,
in the library of the College of Physicians.
To the same library Brocklesby gave a splen-
did copy, in twenty-five volumes folio, of
Graevius and Gronovius's ' Thesaurus,' which
contains an inscription in his handwriting.
Brocklesby became F.RS., and published some
papers in the ' Philosophical Transactions.' He
published also an account of a curious case of
irregular pulse in 1767, and some experiments
on seltzer water in 1768, both of which are to
be found in the ' Medical Observations and
Inquiries by a Society of Physicians in Lon-
don,' 1767 and 1771. His compositions are
all clear, and show that he possessed well-di-
gested learning and good powers of observa-
tion. His conversation was abundant and
full of all kinds of knowledge, but some-
times flowed too fast. Burke once speaks
of ' Brocklesby's wild talk,' and Johnson once
caught him up for giving too hasty an opinion
as to the sanity of a reputed lunatic, and on
another occasion corrected his quotation of
some lines of Juvenal. But Brocklesby was
often happy in his quotations, especially from
Shakespeare, as Boswell's reports of his conver-
sations with Johnson amply show (BOSWELL,
Johnson, ii. 571). In Rees's ' Cyclopaedia '
(under the name) there is an account of a
curious duel between Brocklesby and Dr.
(afterwards Sir) John Elliot [q.v.] After
a short period of failing health Brocklesby
died suddenly on 11 Dec. in the same year
as Burke. He was buried in the church of St.
Clement Danes, and bequeathed his house and
its furniture, pictures and books, with 10,000£,
to Dr. Thomas Young. His portrait was
painted by Copley, and has been engraved.
[Leadbeater Papers, London, 1862, vol. i. ;
Boswell's Johnson, 1791, vol. ii. ; Memoir of
Thomas Young, London, 1831; Peacock's Life
of Young, 1855; Burke's Correspondence (ed.
Fitzwilliam) ; Hunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, vol.
ii. ; Brocklesby's several works.] N. M.
BROCKY;, CHARLES (1807-1855), por-
trait and subject painter, was born at Temes-
war, in the Banat, Hungary. When between
six and seven years of age he lost his mother.
Her sister had married the manager of a com-
pany of strolling players, and Brocky's father,
who had originally been a peasant, followed
the theatrical party in the capacity of hair-
dresser. He had many difficulties and hard-
ships to contend against in his youth, but
succeeded in obtaining some instruction in
art at a free drawing-school at Vienna, and
afterwards studied in the Louvre at Paris.
He settled in London about 1837-8, and en-
joyed some practice as a miniature-painter.
Among his sitters was the queen. Brocky
exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1839
to 1854 both portraits and subject pieces,
among the latter an oil picture entitled ' The
Nymph,' and four representations of the
Seasons. The British Museum possesses four
heads drawn by him in red chalk, executed
in a masterly style, and four others are at
the South Kensington Museum. When at
Vienna he painted a St. John the Baptist,
an altar-piece, a full-length portrait of the
Emperor of Austria, a St. Cecilia, and a
St. John the Evangelist. Brocky died in
London on 8 July 1855, and was buried in
Kensal Green cemetery.
[Wilkinson's Sketch of the Life of Charles
Brocky, the Artist, 1870, 8vo.] L. F.
BRODERIC, ALAN, LORD MIDLETON.
[See BRODRICK.]
BRODERIP, FRANCES FREELING
was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in
1830. She was named after her father's
friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to
the general post office. On 10 Sept. 1849
she was married to the Rev. John Somerville
Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cos-
sington Manor, who died in 1847, by his wife
Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill.
He was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814,
educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Ox-
ford, where he took his B.A. 1837, M.A. 1839,
became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire,
1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April
1866. In 1857 Mrs. Broderip commenced
her literary career by the publication of
1 Wayside Fancies,' which was followed in
1860 by < Funny Fables for Little Folks,' the
first of a series of her works to which the
illustrations were supplied by her brother,
Tom Hood. Her other books appeared in
the following order : 1. 'Chrysal, or a Story
with an End,' 1861. 2. ' Fairyland, or Re-
Broderip
376
Broderip
creations for the Rising Generation. By T.
and J. Hood, and their Son and Daughter
1861. 3. ' Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales,
1862 4. 'My Grandmother's Budget of
Stories,' 1863. 5. 'Merry Songs for Little
Voices. By F. F. Broderip and T. Hood/
1865. 6. * Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the
Counterpane,' 1865. 7. ' Mamma's Morning
Gossips/ 1866. 8. 'Wild Roses: Simple
Stories of Country Life/ 1867. 9. ' The Daisy
and her Friends: Tales and Stories for
Children/ 1869. 10. ' Tales of the Toys told
by Themselves/ 1869. 11. ' Excursions into
Puzzledom. By T. Hood the Younger, and
F. F. Broderip/ 1879. In 1860 she edited,
with the assistance of her brother, 'Me-
morials of Thomas Hood/ 2 vols., and in
1869 selected and published the ' Early Poems
and Sketches ' of her father. She also, in
conjunction with her brother, published in a
collected form 'The Works of T. Hood/
1869-73, 10 vols. She died at Clevedon on
3 Nov. 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and
was buried in St. Mary's churchyard, Wal-
ton by Clevedon, on 9 Nov., leaving issue
four daughters.
[Gent. Mag. (1866), i. 769 ; Academy (1878),
xiv.450.] G. C. B.
BRODERIP, JOHN ( by wmia^
Brodie (1862).] T F H
BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1830-1867),
sculptor, younger son of John Brodie, mariner,
was born in 1830 at Aberdeen, where he served
his apprenticeship as a brass-finisher in the
foundry of Messrs. Blaikie Brothers. Like
his elder brother, William Brodie [q. v.], he
early manifested a taste for modelling figures.
About 1856 he attended the school of the
Royal Scottish Academy. He visited Eng-
land, and after about a year's absence resumed
his residence at Aberdeen, where he received
many commissions. His talents were shown by
his ' Motherless Lassie,' his ' Highland Mary,'
his ' Cupid and Mask,' and a small statue
of l Grief strewing Flowers ' upon a grave
in front of the West Church in the city bury-
ing-ground. Encouraged by Sheriff Watson,
Brodie undertook bust-portraiture and me-
dallions, in both of which he was eminently
successful. Embarrassed by the amount of
work entrusted to him, his mind lost its
balance, and he died 30 May 1867 by his own
hand.
Brodie's best known productions are his
large statue of the late Duke of Richmond,
erected in the public square of Huntly, and the
statue of the queen in marble which stands
at the corner of Nicholas Street, Aberdeen.
[Aberdeen Free Press, Dundee Advertiser, and
Scotsman, 31 May 1867; Art Journal and Gent.
Mag. July 1867.] A. H. G-.
BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS,
the elder (1783-1862), sergeant-surgeon to
the queen, was born at Winterslow in Wilt-
shire, in 1783. He was fourth child of Peter
Bellinger Brodie, rector of the parish, who had
been educated at Charterhouse and Worcester
College, Oxford. His mother was daughter
of Mr. Benjamin Collins, a banker at Salis-
bury. From his father, who was well versed
in general literature, and a good Greek and
Latin scholar, Brodie received his early edu-
cation. In 1797, when the country was
alarmed by the prospect of a French inva-
sion, Brodie and two brothers raised a com-
pany of volunteers. At the age of eighteen
he went up to London, to enter upon the
medical profession. There he devoted himself
at once to the study of anatomy, attending
first the lectures of Abernethy, and in 1801
and 1802 those of Wilson at the Hunterian
school in Great Windmill Street, working
hard in the dissecting-room. He learned
pharmacy in the shop of Mr. Clifton of
Leicester Square, one of the licentiates of
the Apothecaries' Company. At this time
Brodie formed a friendship with William
Lawrence, the celebrated surgeon, which
was continued through life, and he was
joint secretary with Sir Henry Ellis of an
Brodie
379
Brodie
' Academical Society,' to which many emi-
nent writers belonged. The society had been
removed from Oxford to London, and was
dissolved early in the present century.
In the spring of 1803 Brodie entered at
St. George's Hospital as a pupil under Sir
Everard Home, and was appointed house-
surgeon in 1805, and afterwards demonstrator
to the anatomical school. When his term
of office had expired, he assisted Home in
his private operations, and in his researches
on comparative anatomy. He diligently pur-
sued for some years the study of anatomy,
demonstrating in the Windmill Street school,
and lecturing conjointly with Wilson until
the year 1812. He was elected assistant-
surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1808,
an appointment which he held for fourteen
years, and in the next year entered upon pri-
vate practice, taking a house in Sackville
Street for the purpose. In 1808 he was
elected a member of the Society for the
Promotion of Medical and Chirurgical Know-
ledge, a society limited to twelve members,
founded by Dr. John Hunter and Dr. Fordyce
in 1793, and dissolved in 1818. At this period
he contributed his first paper — the results of
original physiological inquiries — to the 'Phi-
losophical Transactions,' and was elected a
fellow of the Royal Society in 1810. During
the winter of 1810-11 he communicated to the
society two papers, one * On the Influence of
the Brain on the Action of the Heart and the
Generation of Animal Heat ; ' the other ' On
the Effects produced by certain Vegetable
Poisons (Alcohol, Tobacco,Woorara, &c.),'the
first of which formed the Croonian lecture. So
favourable was the impression he produced
that the council awarded him the Copley
medal in 181 1 , when he was twenty-eight years
of age. His unremitting devotion to the work
of his profession, without holiday for the pe-
riod of ten years, now told seriously upon his
health, but change of air and rest enabled
him to resume his duties. His interest when
lie was house-surgeon having been excited
by a case of spontaneous dislocation of the
hip, he was led to study other cases of disease
of the joints, and in 1813 he contributed a
paper to the ' Medico-Chirurgical Transac-
tions,' which formed the basis of his treatise
on ' Diseases of the Joints,' published in 1818.
This work went through five editions, and
translations of it appeared in other countries.
He again delivered the Croonian lecture at the
Royal Society on the action of the muscles in
general and of the heart in particular, and at
this time performed the experiment of passing
a ligature round the choledoch duct, the re-
sults of which were given in Brande's ' Jour-
nal.' In a paper on ' Varicose Veins of the
Leg,' published in the seventh volume of the
1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' he de-
scribed the first subcutaneous operation on
record.
He married in 1816 the daughter of Ser-
jeant Sellon, a lawyer of repute, and as prac-
tice steadily increased he removed in 1819 to
Savile Row. In the same year he was ap-
pointed professor of comparative anatomy and
physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons,
and delivered four courses of lectures. While
he held this office he was summoned to attend
George IV, and assisted at an operation for
the removal of a tumour of the scalp from
which the king suffered. He was elected
surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1822, and
his time was now busily employed with his
hospital duties and lectures and an increasing
and lucrative practice. In his attendance
upon the king during the illness which ter-
minated fatally he used to be at Windsor at
six o'clock in the morning, stay ing to converse
with the king, with whom Brodie was a fa-
vourite. When William IV succeeded to the
j throne, Brodie was promptly made sergeant-
| surgeon (1832), and two years afterwards
: a baronet. His lectures on diseases of the
urinary organs were published in 1832, and
those illustrative of local nervous affections
I in 1837. The numerous papers which he
wrote from time to time will be found in his
• < Collected Works.' In 1837 he travelled
; abroad in France for the first time.
In 1854 he published anonymously ' Psy-
chological Inquiries,' essays in conversational
form, intended to illustrate the mutual rela-
tions of the physical organisation and the
mental faculties. In 1862 a second series fol-
lowed, to which he put his name. He was
elected president of the Royal Society in 1858, .
and this office he resigned in 1861, when he
found that failing eyesight interfered with
the discharge of the duties. He was president
of the Royal College of Surgeons (1844),
1 having been for many years examiner and
member of the council, and having introduced
important improvements into the system of
examinations. He was also president of the
Royal Medical and Chirurgical, and of other
learned societies. The estimation in which
he was universally held is shown by his
connection with the Institute of France, the
Academy of Medicine of Paris, the Royal
Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, and the
National Institution of Washington, and the
university of Oxford conferred upon him the
degree of D.C.L. He died at Broome Park,
Surrey, in the eightieth year of his age, from
a painful disease of the shoulder, 21 Oct. 1862.
His wife had died two years previously. As
a surgeon Brodie was a successful operator,
Brodie
38o
Brodie
distinguished for coolness and knowledge, a
steady hand, and a quick eye ; but the pre-
vention of disease was in his opinion higher
than operative surgery, and his strength was
diagnosis. An accurate observer, his memory
was very retentive, and he was never at a loss
for some previous case which threw light upon
the knotty points in a consultation. Unflinch-
ing against quackery, he was instrumental in
bringing St. John Long to justice, and his
precise evidence in the witness-box was effec-
tive against the poisoner Palmer. His life
was spent in active work, and he devoted it
to the arrest of disease.
[Autobiography in Collected Works, ed. Haw-
kins, 1865; Biography by H. W. Acland; Lan-
cet, 1862 ; British Medical Journal, 1862.]
K. E. T.
BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS,
the younger (1817-1880), chemist, was the
eldest son of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie
[see BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS, 1783-
1862]. He was born in Sackville Street,
Piccadilly, London, in 1817. Brodie was
educated at Harrow and at Balliol College,
Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1838.
He always manifested a strong love for
scientific inquiry, and especially devoted his
attention to chemistry. In 1843 his first
original paper appeared in the ' Proceedings
of the Ashmolean Society,' which was on the
* Synthesis of the Chemical Elements/ based
on an examination which involved a long-
continued and delicate investigation. In 1852
he had completed this inquiry, and published
the results in a communication to the same
society. In 1848 Brodie's * Investigations of
the Chemical Nature of Wax ' appeared in
the ' Philosophical Transactions.' In this
. year he married the daughter of the late
John Vincent Thompson, serjeant-at-law.
From this period to 1855 Brodie was ac-
tively engaged in chemical inquiries, many
them of a difficult character. In the ' Phi-
losophical Transactions ' for 1850 will be
found an elaborate memoir ' On the Conditions
of Certain Elements at the Moment of Chemi-
cal Change,' which is an example of well-de-
vised experimental research and of very close
observation. The ' Chemical Society's Journal
for 1851 contains a paper by him, entitled
' Observations on the Constitution of the Al-
cohol Radical and on the Formation of Ethyl.
In the ' Royal Institution Proceedings ' fo:
the same year appeared a paper by him ' On
the Allotropic Changes of certain Elements,
and two others, requiring equally delicate an(
searching investigations, and involving phi
losophical deductions of a high class. Brodie
having established his character as a high
class inquirer into some abstruse branches o
hemistry, was in 1865 appointed professor of
hemistry in the university of Oxford, and he
ras president of the Chemical Society in the
ears 1859 and 1860.
In addition to inquiries of considerable in-
erest on the elements, sulphur, iodine, and
)hosphorus, which were communicated to
earned societies between 1851 and 1855,
Brodie was engaged on an investigation into
he allotropic states of carbon, especially of
>rdinary charcoal, and graphite or plumbago.
?his led to the discovery of an important pro-
ess for the purification of graphite, which
vas of considerable technical value. He pub-
lished the results of this inquiry in the ut ' Follow me who can ! ' sprang on board,
bllowed by some fifty or sixty of his men.
The struggle was very short. The Americans,
>ewildered and panic-stricken, were beaten
>elow without much difficulty. Broke was
ndeed most seriously wounded on the head
>y a blow from the butt-end of a musket ;
>ut within fifteen minutes from the time
c c 2
Broke
388
Broke
of the first gun being fired by the Shannon
the American colours on board the Chesapeake
were hauled down, and the English colours
hoisted in their stead.
The apparently easy capture of the Chesa-
peake, a ship of the same nominal force but
larger, with more men and a heavier arma-
ment than the Shannon, created a remarkable
sensation both in America and in England.
The true significance of the action has been
pointed out by a French writer of our own
time. ' Captain Broke/ he says, 'had com-
manded the Shannon for nearly seven years ;
Captain Lawrence had commanded the Che-
sapeake for but a few days. The Shannon
had cruised for eighteen months on the coast
of America ; the Chesapeake was newly out
of harbour. The Shannon had a crew long
accustomed to habits of strict obedience ;
the Chesapeake was manned by men who
had just been engaged in mutiny. The Ame-
ricans were wrong to accuse fortune on this
occasion. Fortune was not fickle, she was
merely logical. The Shannon captured the
Chesapeake on 1 June 1813 ; but on 14 Sept.
1806, when he took command of his frigate,
Captain Broke had begun to prepare the
glorious termination to this bloody affair'
(DE LA GKAVIEKE, Guerres Maritimes, ii.
272). This it is which constitutes Broke's
true title to distinction ; for the easy capture
of the Chesapeake, which rendered him fa-
mous, was due to his care, forethought, and
skill, much more than to that exuberant cou-
rage which caught the popular fancy, and
which has handed down his name in the
song familiar to every schoolboy as 'brave
Broke.'
Honours and congratulations were showered
upon him. He was made a baronet 25 Sept.
1813, and K.C.B. 3 Jan. 1815 ; but, with the
exception of taking the Shannon home in the
autumn of 1813, his brilliant exploit was the
end of his active service. The terrible wound
on the head had left him subject to nervous
pains, which were much aggravated by a se-
vere fall from his horse on 8 Aug. 1820, and
although not exactly a valetudinarian, his
health was far from robust, and his sufferings
were at times intense. He became in course
of seniority a rear-admiral on 22 July 1830,
and died in London, whither he had gone for
medical advice, on 2 Jan. 1841. His remains
were carried to Broke Hall, and were interred
in the parish church of Nacton. He had a
numerous family, many members of which
died young. The eldest son, who succeeded
to the baronetcy, died unmarried in 1855;
the fourth son, the present baronet (who has
taken from his mother's family the name of
Middleton), has no children, and at his death
the title will become extinct. Two daughters
of a still younger son are the sole representa-
tives in the second generation of the captor
of the Chesapeake ; the younger of these is
married to Sir Lambton Loraine, bart., cap-
tain R.N. ; the other to the Hon. James St.
Vincent Saumarez, eldest son of Lord de
Saumarez, and grandson of the first lord,
Nelson's companion in arms. Both have
issue.
[Brighton's Memoir of Admiral Sir P. B. V.
Broke, Bart., K.C.B., compiled 'chiefly from
Journals and Letters in the possession of Rear-
admiral Sir George Broke -Middleton, C.B. ; '
notes contributed by Sir George Broke-Middleton ;
Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812.]; J. K. L.
BROKE or BROOKE, SIB RICHARD
(d. 1529), chief baron of the exchequer, was
fourth son of Thomas Broke of Leighton in
Cheshire, and his wife, daughter and heiress of
John Parker of Copnall. His ancestors had
been Brokes of Leighton since the twelfth
century, and came of a common stock with
the Brookes of Norton. On 11 July 1510
(Pat. 2 Hen. VIII, p. 2, m. 2, and .) he
obtained a royal exemption from becoming
serjeant-at-law, an honour then conferred
only on barristers of at least sixteen yearsr
practice at the bar. Perhaps he was deterred,
as others had been (DTJGDALE, Orig. p. 110),
by the great expenses attending the promo-
tion ; but he did not long avail himself of his
privilege, he being one of the nine Serjeants
appointed in the following November. He
was double reader in his inn, the Middle
Temple, in the autumn of 1510, and must
have passed his first readership before 1502,
at which date Dugdale's list of readers com-
mences. In the spring of 1511 (2 Hen. VIII),
from under-sheriffhe became recorder of Lon-
don, an office he filled till 1520. Foss says
he represented the city of London in the par-
liaments of 1511 and 1515, the returns of
members to which parliaments are stated to
be ' not found ' in the House of Lords' Report.
In the parliament of 1523 he was one of the
triers of petitions. In June 1519 he appears
as a junior justice of assize for the Norfolk
circuit. He became a judge of the common
pleas and knight in 1520 (fines levied Easter,
12 Hen. VIII), and chief baron of the ex-
chequer on 24 Jan. 1526 (Com. de Term. Hill.,
17 Hen. VIII, Rot. 1), and continued in both
offices till his death in May or June 1529.
As serjeant, and afterwards as judge, his
name appears in many commissions for the
home and Norfolk circuits. His will, dated
6 May 1529, was proved on 2 July 1529 by
his widow, daughter of Ledes, by whom
he left three sons, Robert (afterwards of Nac-
Broke
389
Broke
ton), William, and John, and four daughters,
Bridget, Cicely, Elizabeth (married
Fouleshurst), and Margaret. Bridget had
married George Fastolfe of Nacton, who
died without issue in 1527, leaving his ma-
nors of Nacton, Cowhall, and Shullondhall,
Suffolk, to her, with remainder to her father
and his heirs, who thus became Brokes of
Nacton. Sir Richard left property in Nor-
folk, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. A direct
descendant, Robert Broke of Nacton, was
created baronet in 1661, and died without
male issue in 1693, when the estates passed
to his nephew Robert, grandfather of Admiral
Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke [q. v.]
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
Jurid. p. 215, and Chronica Series, pp. 79, 80;
Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 241 ; Harl. MS. 1560,
3176; Gal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, vols. i.-iv. ;
Noorthouck's London, p. 893 Add. ; Stow's Sur-
vey ; Broke's will in Somerset House.]
K. H. B.
BROKE or BROOKE, SIB ROBERT
(d. 1558), speaker of the House of Commons
and chief justice of the common pleas, was
the son of Thomas Broke of Claverley, Shrop-
shire, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh
Grosvenor of Farmcote Hall in the same
county. He was admitted B.A. at Oxford
8 July 1521 (Oaf. Univ. Reg. ed. Boase, i.
111). He afterwards studied at the Middle
Temple, where in 1542 he was elected autumn
reader, and in Lent 1551 double reader. He
held successively the offices of common ser-
j eant and recorder of London (being appointed
to the latter office in 1545), and represented
the city in several parliaments. On 17 Oct.
1552 he was made a serjeant-at-law. On
2 April 1554, while still recorder, he was
chosen speaker of the House of Commons. The
second parliament of Queen Mary, over which
he was elected to preside, was declared in the
opening speech of the chancellor (Bishop
Gardiner) to be called ' for the corroboration
of true religion, and touching the queen's
highness's most noble marriage.' Broke was
1 a zealous catholic,' and his conduct as
speaker gave great satisfaction to the queen.
He was appointed chief justice of the com-
mon pleas on 8 Oct. 1554 (Wood erroneously
gives the date as 1553), and on 27 Jan.
following was knighted by King Philip. On
26 Feb. 1556-7 he sat in the court which
was appointed to try Charles, lord Stourton,
for the murder of the Hartgills, and it is
mentioned in Machyn's ' Diary ' that, the pri-
soner having obstinately refused to plead, the
lord chief justice at last rose and threatened
him with the punishment of being pressed
to death, upon which he pleaded guilty.
Broke died on 6 Sept. 1558 while on a visit
to his friends, at Claverley, his native place,
and is buried in the chancel of the parish
church there. In the ' Gentleman's Maga-
zine ' (xcii. pt. ii. 490) is a description of his
monument at Claverley, with a copy of the
inscription, which states that he was twice
married, and had seventeen children. Ac-
cording to Wood he left to his descendants
' a fair estate at Madeley in Shropshire, and
one or two places in Suffolk.' The mention
of Suffolk, however, is probably a mistake ;
Wood was apparently thinking of the Broke
family of Nacton, who derived their descent
from Sir Richard Broke [q. v.] The same
writer informs us that Sir Robert Broke, by
his will proved 12 Oct. 1558, made several
bequests to the church and poor of Putney.
Broke was held in great respect as a
learned and upright judge, and also ob-
tained a high reputation as a legal writer.
The following is a list of his works, none of
which seem to have been published during the
author's lifetime : 1. ' La Graunde Abridge-
ment,' 1568. This is an abstract of the
year-books down to the writer's own time,
and is principally based on the work by Fitz-
herbert bearing the same title. Broke's
treatise, however, is considered superior in
lucidity of arrangement to that of Fitzher-
bert, and contains also some valuable original
matter. Sir E. Coke and other eminent legal
authorities have praised it highly. Further
editions were published in 1570, 1573, 1576,
and 1586. A selection from the ' Abridge-
ment,' comprising the more recent cases
which Broke had added to Fitzherbert's col-
lection, was published in 1578, under the
title of ' Ascuns novell Cases de les Ans et
Temps le Roy Henry VIII, Edward VI, et la
Roygne Mary, escrie ex la Graunde Abridge-
ment.' This volume was reprinted in 1587,
1604, and 1625. It was translated into
English by J. March ({ Some New Cases of
the Years and Times of King Henry VIII,
Edward VI, and Queen Mary,' 1651), and an
edition of this translation, together with the
original Norman-French, was published in
1873. 2. 'A Reading on the Statute of
Limitations,' 1647. 3. 'A Reading upon
the Statute of Magna Charta, cap. 16,' 1641.
This work is erroneously attributed by Wood
to another Robert Brooke, who died in 1597,
although the title-page gives to the author
the designations of serjeant-at-law and re-
corder of London, which clearly identify him
with the subject of this article.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 267 ; Ma-
chyn's Diary, 27, 126 ; Journals of the House of
Commons, i. 33 ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 216, 217 ;
Harl. MS. 6064, 80 b ; Foss's Lives of the Judges,
v. 360 ; Gent. Mag. xcii. pt. ii. 490.] H. B.
Broke
390
Broke
BROKE or BROOK, THOMAS (/.
1550), translator, was an alderman of Calais,
the chief clerk of the exchequer and cus-
tomer there at the time when the preaching
of William Smith at Our Lady's Church in
that town led many persons, and Broke
among them, to adopt l reformed ' opinions.
Broke was a member of parliament, sitting
probably for Calais, and in July 1539 spoke
strongly against the Six Articles Bill, though
Cromwell sent to warn him to forbear doing
so as he loved his life. Part of his speech
is preserved by Foxe (Acts and Monuments,
v. 503). He was roughly answered by Sir
William Kingston, comptroller of the king's
household, who was reproved by the speaker
for his attempt to interfere with the freedom
of debate. The next month, at the trial of
Hare, a soldier of Calais, for heresy, Broke
interfered on the prisoner's behalf, and was
rebuked by the dean of arches. Half an
hour later he found himself accused of the
same crime on the information of the council
of Calais, and on 10 Aug. was committed to
the Fleet along with John Butler, a priest
of the same town, who was also a ' sacra-
mentary.' As, however, the Calais witnesses
could prove nothing against him, he was re-
leased. In 1540, 32 Henry VIII, the king
demised two chapels in the parish of Monk-
ton, in the liberty of the Cinque Ports, to a
Thomas Broke for 42/. 7s. lid. (HASTED,
Kent, iv. 340 n.) As Broke the translator
was paymaster of Dover in 1549 (see below),
it is at least possible that he was the lessee.
Another attempt was made against Broke in
the spring of 1540. His servant was im-
prisoned by the council of Calais and strictly
examined as to his master's conduct, and
'the second Monday after Easter' Broke
was committed to the mayor's gaol, ' whither
no man of his calling was ever committed
unless sentence of death had first been pro-
nounced upon him ; ' for otherwise he should
have been imprisoned in a brother alderman's
house. All his goods were seized, and his
wife and children thrust into a mean part of
his house by Sir Edward Kingston. Indig-
nant at such treatment, Mistress Broke an-
swered a threat of Kingston's with ' Well,
sir, well, the king's slaughter-house had
wrong when you were made a gentleman'
(FoxE, v. 576). She wrote to complain to
Cromwell and to other friends, and, finding
that her letters were seized by the council,
sent a secret messenger to England to carry
the news of the sufferings of her husband and
of those imprisoned with him. On receiving
her message, Cromwell ordered that the pri-
soners should be sent over for trial, and on
Mayday they were led through the streets
of Calais, Broke being in irons as the ' chief
captain ' of the rest. Broke was committed
to the Fleet, and lay there for about two
years. At the end of that time he and his
twelve companions were released ' in very poor
estate.' In 1550 the name of Thomas Broke
occurs among the chief sectaries of Kent.
Although from the character of his literary
work it is impossible to suppose that Broke
the translator could have been one of the
' Anabaptists and Pelagians ' spoken of by
Strype(j¥emon«/s,ii. i.369), yet if, as seems
likely, he was dissatisfied with the new
Book of Common Prayer, he may have be-
longed to a separate congregation, and so
have been described as sharing the opinions
of the majority of the sectaries of the dis-
trict. His works are : 1. ' Certeyn Medita-
cions and Things to be had in Remembraunce
... by euery Christian before he receiue
the Sacrament of the Body and Bloude of
Christ, compiled by T. Broke,' 1548. 2. ' Of
the Life and Conuersacion of a Christen
Man . . . wrytten in the Latin tonge by
Maister John Caluyne. . . . Translated into
English by Thomas Broke, Esquire, Pay-
master of Douer/ 1549. In the prologue of
this translation the identity of Broke with
the alderman of Calais is made clear. ' I
have (good reader),' he writes, < translated a
good part more of the institution of a Christen
man, wrytten by this noble clerke which I
cannot nowe put in printe, partly through
mine owne busynes as well at Douer as at
Calleis.' 3. The preface to « Geneua. The
Forme of Common Praiers used in the
Churches of Geneua . . . made by Master
John Caluyne. . . . Certayne Graces be added
in the ende to the prayse of God, to be sayde
before or after meals,' 1550. An imperfect
copy of this rare 12mo, printed by E. Whit-
church, is described in Herbert's ' Ames '
(p. 547). To the beautiful copy in the Gren-
ville Library in the British Museum is ap-
pended a note in Grenville's handwriting, in
which he calls attention to its perfect con-
dition, and declares his belief that it is the
only copy extant. In his preface Broke says
that the graces are his, and that perhaps
some will find them over-long ; the first is a
paraphrase of the Ten Commandments. He
| also makes another mention of his further
translation from Calvin's ' Institution ' which
he had ready and was about to put forth. If
this was ever printed, it appears to have left
no sign of its existence. E. Whitchurch had
printed the English Liturgy the year before,
and this translation of the Genevan form
seems to indicate a desire that changes should
be made in it so as to bring it nearer to the
practices of the Calvinistic congregations
Brokesby
391
Brokesby
abroad. 4. ' A Reply to a Libell cast abroad
in defence of D. Ed. Boner, by T. Brooke,' no
date.
[Foxe's Acts and Monuments (ed. 1846), v.
498-520 ; Chronicle of Calais, 47, Camden Soc. ;
Cranmer's Letters, 392, Parker Soc. ; Strype's
Ecclesiastical Memorials (8vo ed.), n. i. 369-70;
Hasted's History of Kent, iv. 340 ; Broke's ' Of
the Lyfe and Conuersation,' and ' The Forme of
Common Praiers,' -with Grenville's note as above,
in the Brit. Mus. ; Herbert's Ames's Typogr. An-
tiq. 547, 619, 620, 678 ; Maitland's Early English
Books in the Lambeth Library, 14 ; Maunsell's
Catalogue of English Printed Books (1595), 24 ;
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 129.] W. H.
BROKESBY or BROOKESBUY,
FRANCIS (1637-1714), nonjuror, the son
of Obadiah Brokesby, a gentleman of inde-
pendent fortune, of Stoke Golding, Leices-
tershire, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of
James Pratt, Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, was born on 29 Sept. 1637. His
uncle Nathaniel was a schoolmaster. As all
the nine children of his grandfather Francis
received scriptural names, it is probable that
he came of a puritan stock. He became a
member and afterwards a fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge, taking the degree of
B.D. in 1666. A religious poem of some
beauty composed by him on the occasion of
his taking his degree illustrates the fervent
piety of his character. This poem is pre-
served in Nichols's l History and Antiquities
of Hinckley,' 737. He probably took orders
early, for on the presentation of his college
he succeeded John Warren, the ejected rector
of Broad-oak, Essex. He lived on friendly
terms with his predecessor, who used to
come and hear him preach (PALMEE, Noncon-
formists' Memorial, ii. 202). In 1670 he left
Broad-oak, and became rector of Rowley in
the East Riding of Yorkshire. Soon after he
entered on this new cure he married Isabella,
daughter of a Mr. Wood of Kingston-upon-
Hull. From about this time onwards he
used to write in his pocket-books short
Latin memoranda on the incidents of his
daily life. Several specimens of these me-
moranda have been preserved (NICHOLS,
Hinckley, 736-40). Though they give some
idea of his peculiar piety, they are for the
most part concerned with domestic mat-
ters. During his incumbency at Rowley he
appears to have been involved in several dis-
putes and lawsuits about tithes. He refers
to these disputes in his memoranda of 1678
and 1680; on 31 July 1683 he enters a
thanksgiving for the successful issue of a
suit, and in the same year registers a vow
that if he gains a cause then pending he will
devote half the tithe so recovered to the
relief of the poor. When the revolution of
1688 set William and Mary on the throne,
Brokesby refused to take the oath to the
new sovereigns. He was accordingly de-
prived of his living in 1690. He went
up to London in July, and appears to have
been received by Lady Fairborn at her house
in Pall Mall ' over against the Pastures.'
Meanwhile his wife, by that time the mother
of six children, did what she could to wind
up affairs. Writing to her sister on 8 Aug.,
she says, ( We are now cutting down our corn,
for we cannot sell it.' After his deprivation
Brokesby lived for some years in his native
village, and there his wife died and was
buried on 26 Feb. 1699.
Brokesby's private property seems to have
been small. His high character and his re-
putation as a scholar gained him many
friends among the men of his own party.
Chief among these was Francis Cherry of
Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, to whose liberal
kindness Thomas Hearne and many other
nonjurors were indebted. After his wife's
death Brokesby appears to have resided con-
stantly at Shottesbrooke, and early in 1706
succeeded Mr. Gilbert of St. John's College,
Oxford, as chaplain to the little society of
nonjurors established there (HEAENE, Collec-
tions, i. 211). He travelled about a good deal,
and generally paid a yearly round of visits
in the north of England, probably to the men
of his own party, occasionally also going up
to Oxford and London. At Shottesbrooke
he enjoyed the society of Robert Nelson, to
whom he rendered valuable assistance in the
compilation of his book on the l Festivals and
Fasts of the Church.' There, too, he formed
a strong friendship with Henry Dodwell,
sometime Camden professor of history at Ox-
ford. In common with some other moderate
nonjurors, Brokesby refused to take the oath
simply because his conscience forbade him
to do so, and not as a matter of politics. If
James were dead, he declared that he would
have no objection to swear allegiance to
William and Mary, because they would be
in possession, while the claim of the Prince
of Wales would be 'dubious ' (NiCHOLS,740).
The death of James, however, was followed
by the oath of abjuration, and neither
Brokesby nor his friends were prepared to
declare that the kingship of William of
Orange was founded on right. At the same
time, while he warmly upheld the cause of
the deprived bishops, ecclesiastical division
was grievous to him, and he fully shared in
the opinion expressed in Dodwell's work, * The
Case in View,' that on the death or resig-
nation of these bishops their party might
return to the national communion. The
Brokesby
392
Brome
case contemplated by Dodwell became a fact
when the death of Bishop Lloyd on 1 Jan.
1710 was followed by the resignation ot
Bishop Ken, and accordingly Brokesby, Dod-
well and Nelson returned to the communion
of the established church, and attended ser-
vice at Shottesbrooke Church on 28 leb.
(MARSHALL, Defence of our Constitution,
app. iv. and vi.) A letter from S. Parker of
Oxford, dated 12 Nov. (Gent. Mag 1799
vol. Ixix. pt. i.), appears to have called forth
a reply dated 18 Nov., in which Brokesby
shows that ' the new bishops ' were merely suf-
fragans, that no synodical denunciation had
invested them with independent authority
after the deaths of the deprived diocesans,
that the ' deprived fathers ' had no power to
invest them with such authority, and that
therefore they were not diocesan bishops
(MARSHALL, app. xi.) Brokesby, then, had
no part in what may be described as the
schism of the nonjurors. He lost his friend
Dodwell in 1711, and the next year he de-
scribes himself in his will, dated 15 Sept.
1712, as sojourning at Hinckley. He was
then in good health. The death of Francis
Cherry in 1713 caused him deep grief. He
died at Hinckley, and was buried at Stoke
on 24 Oct. 1714. Of his six children his
elder son Francis died in early life, and his
younger son, who became a merchant, also
died before him. His four daughters sur-
vived him; the second, Dorothy, married
Samuel Parr, vicar of Hinckley, and was
thus the grandmother of Dr. Samuel Parr,
the famous Greek scholar. Brokesby was
the author of : 1. ' Some Proposals towards
promoting the Propagation of the Gospel in
our American Plantations,' 1708, 8vo. 2. A
tract entitled ' Of Education with respect to
Grammar Schools and the Universities, to
which is annexed a Letter of Advice to a
Young Gentleman. By F. B., B.D.,' 1701,
12mo. 3. ' A Letter containing an Account
of some Observations relating to the Anti-
quities and Natural History of England,'
16 May 1711, in Hearne's < Leland's Itine-
rary,' vi. preface, and 89-107, ed. 1744. 4. 'An
History of the Government of the Primitive
Church for the first three centuries and the
beginning of the fourth . . . wherein also the
Suggestions of David Blondel . . . are con-
sidered,' 1712, 8vo. 5. ' The Divine Right of
Church Government by Bishops asserted,'
1714, 8vo. 6. < The Life of Mr. Henry Dod-
well, with an Account of his Work . . . ,'
2 vols. 1715, 8vo. In this work, which was
published after the author's death, he speaks
(p. 311) of the help Dodwell had given him
in preparing his book on church government.
7. Various Letters.
[J. Nichols's History and Antiquities of Hinck-
ley, being part of the History of Leicestershire,
iv. 715-19, 725, 737-42, also less fully in BiM.
Top. Brit. vii. 173; Brokesby's History of the
Government of the Church, and Life of Dodwell,
see preface ; Marshall's Defence of our Constitu-
tion in Church and State . . . with an Appendix
containing . . . Divers Letters of ... the
Eev. Mr. Brookesby, 1717; Calamy's Noncon-
formists' Memorial (Palmer), ii. 202 ; Hearne's
Collections, i. 211, and an abstract of a letter of
F. B. on the Paderborn or Venice edition of the
first part of 33rd book of Livy, Oxford Hist.
Soc. ; J. G-. Nichols's Literary Illustrations, iv.
117; Gent. Mag. Ixix. pt. i. 458; Lathbury's
History of the Nonjurors, 199-217.] "W. H.
BROME, ADAM DE (d. 1332), founder
of Oriel College, Oxford, of whose early life
nothing is known, was rector of Hanworth
in Middlesex in 1315, chancellor of Durham
in 1316, archdeacon of Stow in 1319, and in
the same year was made vicar of St. Mary in
Oxford. He was also a clerk in chancery and
almoner of Edward II. In 1324 he received
the royal license to purchase a messuage and
found a college in Oxford to the honour of
the Virgin Mary. He obtained several bene-
factions from Edward II for his new founda-
tion, which was to consist of a provost and
ten fellows or scholars, who were to devote
themselves to the study of divinity, logic,
or law. He was appointed the first provost
by the king in 1325, and drafted his statutes
in the following year. The statutes bear a
close resemblance to those which Walter
de Merton had framed for Merton College.
Brome died in June 1332, and was buried in
St. Mary's Church, Oxford.
[Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), 122,
&c. ; Statutes of Oriel College, in Statutes of
Colleges of Oxford (1853), vol. i.] M. C.
BROME, ALEXANDER (1620-1666),
poet, born in 1620, was an attorney in the
lord mayor's court, according to Langbaine,
and in the court of king's bench, according
to Richard Smith's ' Obituary,' published
by the Camden Society. During the civil
wars he distinguished himself by his attach-
ment to the royalist cause, and was the author
of many songs and epigrams in ridicule of the
Rump. In 1653 he edited, in an 8vo volume,
1 Five NewPlayes' by Richard Brome [q.v.]
(to whom he was not related), and in 1659 five
more 'New Playes,' 1 vol. 8vo. He pub-
lished, in 1654, a comedy of his own, en-
titled ' The Cunning Lovers.' His ' Songs and
Poems' were collected in 1661, 8vo, with
commendatory verses by Izaak Walton and
others, and a dedication to Sir J. Robinson,
lieutenant of the Tower. The second edition,
' corrected and enlarged,' appeared in 1664.
Brome
393
Brome
To this edition are prefixed a prose commen-
datory letter signed * R. B.' (probably the
initials of Richard Brathwaite), additional
verses by Charles Strynings and Valentine
Oldys, and a prose letter signed ' T. H.'
Among the new poems in this edition are an
epistle ' To his friend Thomas Stanley, Esq.,
on his Odes,' and ' Cromwell's Panegyrick.'
A third edition, with a few additional poems
and with elegies by Charles Cotton and
Richard Newcourt, appeared in 1668, 8vo.
Brome was a spirited song-writer, and his
bacchanalian lyrics have always the true
ring. Phillips, in his ' Theatrum Poetarum,'
says that he 'was of so jovial a strain that
among the sons of Mirth and Bacchus, to
whom his sack-inspired songs have been so
often sung to the spritely violin, his name
cannot choose but be immortal ; and in this
respect he may well be styled the English
Anacreon.' His satirical pieces are sprightly
without being offensively gross. Brome was
a contributor to, and editor of, a variorum
translation of Horace, published in 1666.
He had formed the intention of translating
Lucretius, as we learn from an epigram of
Sir Aston Cokaine (Poems, p. 204) ; but he
did not carry out his project. Commenda-
tory poems by Brome are prefixed to the first
folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's
works (1647), and to the second edition of
Walton's ' Angler,' 1655. He died on 30 June
1666. An Alexander Brome, who died before
25 Sept. 1666, was a member of the New
River Company. There are songs of Brome's
in ' Wit's Interpreter,' ' Wit restored,' 'Wit
and Drollery,' ' Westminster Drollery,' ' The
Rump,' and other collections. The ' Covent
Garden Drollery,' 1671, edited by A. B., has
been wrongly attributed to Brome.
[Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, iii. 114-
119; Langbaine's Dramatic Poets -with Oldys's
MS. annotations ; Phillips's Theatrum Poetarum,
1675.] A. H. B.
BROME, JAMES (d. 1719), author of
two books of travels, was ordained rector of
Cheriton, Kent, on 9 June 1676, and became
vicar of the adjoining parish of Newington
in 1677. He was also chaplain to the
Cinque Ports. In 1694 there appeared ' His-
torical Account of Mr. R. Rogers's three
years' Travels over England and Wales,'
and in 1700 Brome published under his own
name ' Travels over England, Scotland, and
Wales.' He stated in the preface that it had
only lately come to his notice that his own
'Travels' had stolen, in an imperfect and
erroneous form, into the world as the travels
of Mr. Rogers, and that he had been forced to
publish an authentic version in self-defence.
A second edition appeared in 1707. Another
book of travels by Brome appeared in 1712,
under the title ' Travels through Portugal,
Spain, and Italy.' He also published in
1693 William Somner's 'Treatise of the
Roman Ports and Forts in Kent,' and he is
the author of several single sermons pub-
lished. He died in 1719.
[Hasted's Kent, iii. 392, 399 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 3rd series,
iii. 49.] T. F. H.
BROME, RICHARD (d. 1652 ?), drama-
tist, is thought to have died in 1652 (when his
last play was published with a dedication from
his own hand), and was certainly dead in 1653
| (see Alexander Brome ' To the Readers,'
Works, i. 2). Nothing, or next to nothing, is
known as to the date of his birth. In the pro-
logue to the ' Court Beggar/ acted 1632, he
speaks of himself as ' the poet full of age and
cares.' His surname, which is punned on by
Cokaine (' Wee'l change our faded Broom to
deathless Baies '), and daringly associated by
Alexander Brome [q. v.] with Plantagenet
(' 'Twas Roy all once, but now 'twill be Di-
vine '), furnishes no clue as to his origin. He
was no relation either of the dramatist, Alex-
ander Brome who brought out several of his
plays (' though not related to thy parts or per-
son'), or of the ' stationer,' Henry Brome, who
published others of Richard's dramas. A cer-
tain ' St. Br.,' however, is found addressing
some verses ' to his ingenious brother, Mr.
Richard Brome, upon this witty issue of his
brain, " The Northern Lasse." ' Probably his
birth was as humble as was his condition of
life. Alexander Brome, in the lines prefixed
by him to the ' Five New Playes ' of Richard,
which he published in 1659, asserts of him
that ' poor he came into th' world and poor
went out.' But the surest testimony to his
lowliness of origin lies in the fact that in his
earlier days he was servant to Ben Jonson.
(See Jonson's lines ' To my faithful servant
and (by his continued virtue) my loving
friend, the author of this work [' The North-
ern Lass'], Master Richard Brome, 1632,'
beginning —
I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome ;
and reprinted in Jonson's ' Underwoods.')
Brome must have been in Jonson's service as
early as 1614, for he is mentioned by name
as the poet's ' man ' in the induction to f Bar-
tholomew Fair ' (acted 31 Oct. 1614). At
what time between this and 1632 the rela-
tion of master and servant was exchanged
for that of mutual friendly attachment is
unknown. But this latter bond seems to have
remained unbroken till Jonson's death. Gifford
has shown that something like an attempt to
Brome
394
Brome
create an hostility on Jonson's part towards
his disciple was made by Randolph and
others. After the failure of Jonson's ' New
Inn/ 1629, the angry poet shook the dust of
the stage off his heels in an angry ' Ode [to
Himself].' To this several of the younger j
poets replied from various points of view,
among them Randolph in a parody full of '
homage, which contains these lines —
And let these things in plush,
Till they be taught to blush,
Like what they will, and more contented be
With what Brome swept from thee.
And, in a 12mo edition of Jonson's minor
poems, published about three years after his
death, the ' Ode [to Himself^] ' was reprinted
with certain new readings foisted in ; among
the rest, in the lines
There, sweepings do as well
As the best-ordered meal,
the alteration ' Bronte's sweepings ' was in-
troduced. Gifford states that very shortly
after the condemnation of the 'New Inn'
Brome had brought out a successful piece,
now lost; and it is certain that not long
afterwards he produced the very successful
' Northern Lass,' which, as has been seen,
Jonson hailed with unstinted praise (see
JONSON'S Works, ,ed. Gifford, v. 449). Brome's
earliest dramatic attempt, or one of his
earliest, was a comedy called ' A Fault in
Friendship,' written by him in conjunction
with Jonson's eldest son, Benjamin, and acted
at the Curtain Theatre in 1623 (HALLIWELL,
95).
His connection with Jonson made Brome
what he was. Frequent allusion to it is made
by other writers (see Shirley's and John Hall's
lines on the ' Jovial Crew,' and ' C. G.'s ' on
the ' Antipodes '), and Brome himself refers
to it with pride (see prologue to the ' City
Wit '), and speaks with reverence of Jonson
himself (see, besides the lines in memory of
Fletcher, those to the Earl of Newcastle on
his play called ' The Variety,' prefixed to the
' Weeding of the Covent Garden '). But, if
we may judge chiefly from the commenda-
tory verses accompanying several of his plays,
Brome was likewise on good terms with other
more or less eminent dramatists. Among the
verses prefixed to the works of Beaumont
and Fletcher is a lengthy copy by Brome, in
which he describes himself as having- known
Fletcher
in his strength ; even then, when he
That was the master of his art and me,
Most knowing Jonson (proud to call him son),
declared himself surpassed by the younger
writer (DYCE, Beaumont and Fletcher, 8vo,
i. Ixiii-lxv). Thomas Dekker, notwith-
standing his quarrel with Jonson, addresses
verses ' to my sonne Broom and his Lasse ; '
John Ford, on the occasion of the same play,
writes as ' the author's very friend ; ' Shirley
praises the ' Jovial Crew,' characteristically
insisting that something besides university
learning goes to the making of a good
play. Of the younger dramatic writers Sir
Aston Cokaine (see his prceludium to Mr.
Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes,' 1653),
John Tatham (verses on the ' Jovial Crew '),
Robert Chamberlain (on the * Antipodes '),
and T[homas] S[hadwell] (To Alexander
Brome on Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes/
1659) do honour to him or to his memory.
Nor, to judge from the dedications of his
plays, was he without patrons ; to the cele-
brated Earl (afterwards Duke) of Newcastle,
whom he complimented on his play called
' The Variety/ he dedicated the ' Sparagus
Garden;' to the Earl of Hertford (after-
wards Duke of Somerset, who succeeded New-
castle as governor to the Prince of Wales)
the l Antipodes ; ' and other plays to the
learned Thomas Stanley and a gentleman of
the name of Richard Holford. Evidently,
however, he courted the applause of the
general public rather than the favour of par-
ticular individuals, and had too genuine a
dislike of dilettantism in play-writing to be
a hanger-on upon great people who dabbled
in the art like Newcastle or loved a book
above all exercises like Hertford. Among
the theatres for which he wrote were the
Globe and Blackfriars (the king's company),
and the Cockpit in Drury Lane and Salisbury
Court in Fleet Street (the queen's players).
For William Beeston, who, about the time
of the production of Brome's ' Antipodes ' at
Salisbury Court, began to play with a com-
pany of boys at the Cockpit, Brome seems to
have had a special regard (see the envoi at
the end of the l Antipodes/ and the curious
passage in the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar/
which we cannot, with Mr. J. A. Symonds,
interpret as referring to Jonson ; cf. COLLIER,
Annals of the Stage, new edition, ii. 16 seq..
and iii. 138-9).
Of Richard Brome's personal character we
learn hardly more than what is implied in
Jonson's praise. Alexander Brome, in his
' Verses to the Stationer' on the ' Five New
Playes ' (1653), informs us that Richard was
a devout believer. This will not be thought
unreconcilable with his hatred of Scotch
presbyterians (see the ' Court Beggar ') and
of puritans in general (see ' Covent Garden
weeded'). He appears to have acquired
a certain amount of learning, for he makes
some show of classical knowledge (see the
Brome
395
Brome
' Court Beggar '), and perhaps knew a little
German. In the ' Novella ' a leading inci-
dent is borrowed from an Italian novelist,
or his French translator (see Collier's note
to J. Killigrew's 'Parson's Wedding' in
DODSLEY'S Old English Plays, ed. W. C.
Hazlitt, xiv. 480). But, at least after his
great master had ' made him free o' the
trade/ his powers seem to have been com-
pletely absorbed by his profession as a play-
wright. As to this profession or craft he
had, as Jonson wrote,
learn'd it well and for it serv'd his time,
A prentiship, which few do now adayes ;
he was content to be called a playmaker,
instead of author or poet (see prologue to
the ' Damoiselle ') ; on the other hand he
had a genuine, unsophisticated love of a
good play and a good player (see a capital
passage in the 'Antipodes/ i. 5), and was
so ready to encourage anything making for
theatrical success, that he could not even
bring himself to disapprove of effective * gag '
(see ib.ii.I). Delighting in his line of work,
but neither able, nor as a rule willing, to go
beyond it, Brome exhibits a characteristic
mixture of self-consciousness and modesty
(see the prologues to the ' Northern Lass '
and the ' Queen's Exchange '). He lays claim
to ' venting none but his own ' (epilogue to
the ' Court Beggar ') ; he merely pretends
to mirth and sense, and aims only to gain
laughter ; so that those who look for more
must go among the classicising l poet-bounces '
(prologue to the ' Novella ') : what he has to
show is a slight piece of mirth ; ( yet such
were writ by our great masters of the stage
and wit/ before 'the new strayne of wit'
and gaudy decorations came into fashion
(prologue to the ' Court Beggar '). ' Opinion '
is a thing which he cannot court (prologue
to the ' Antipodes ') ; yet at another time
he is ready to take the judgment of the
public (epilogue to the ' English Moor '), and
can appeal to his 'wonted modesty' (pro-
logue to the ' Sparagus Garden '). All this
need not be taken very literally, more espe-
cially in one whose ideas were not always
quite large enough for the spacious phrases
of Ben Jonson. But (and this is the inte-
resting feature in Brome) he was really a
conscientious workman who achieved such
success as fell to his lot by genuine devotion
to his task. Most certainly he was not a
poet, though on one occasion he bursts forth
into a praise of poetry which has unmistak-
able fire and distantly recalls a famous pas-
sage in Spenser (' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 5).
Nor can he even be called an original writer.
To Jonson he owes his general conception of
comedy, his notion of ' humorous ' characters
(such as Sir Arthur Mendicant in the ' Court
Beggar/ ' Master Widgine, a Cockney Gen-
tleman/ in the ' Northern Lass/ the pedant
Sarpego and the female characters in the
1 City Wit/ Crossewill in ' Covent Garden
weeded/ Garrula and Geron with his ' whi-
lome ' citations in the ' Love-sick Court '),
and his profuse display of out-of-the-way
learning or knowledge (see the vagabond's
argot in the ' Jovial Crew/ the military
terms in ' Covent Garden weeded/ v. 3, and
the enumeration of dances in the 'New
Academy/ iii. 2). He naturally here and
there refers to favourite Jonson ian characters
(to Justice Adam Overdo in ' Covent Garden
weeded/ i. 1, and to ' Subtle and his lungs'
in the ' Sparagus Garden/ ii. 2). It would
be unfair to say that he owes anything of
much importance to any other writer, unless
it be to Massinger, who may have influenced
his graver efforts (e.g. in the ' Love-sick
Court ' and the ' Queen and Concubine ').
With Thomas Heywood he was associated
in the authorship of the ' Late Lancashire
Witches/ printed 1634, and written in con-
nection with a trial for witchcraft held in
1633 in the forest of Pendle in Lancashire,
already notorious for witchcraft (see the play
in HEYWOOD'S Dramatic Works (1874), vol.
iv. ; and cf. WARD'S English Dramatic Lite-
rature,].!. 121-3), and perhaps of other dramas.
He twice alludes to Eobert Greene, but not
as a dramatist. Among the plays of Shake-
speare (who is mentioned with others by
name in the ' Antipodes/ i. 5), ' A Winter's
Tale ' and ' Henry VIII,' perhaps also ' King
Lear/ contributed hints for the ' Queen and
Concubine ; ' and ' King Lear ' and ' Mac-
beth ' for the ' Queen's Exchange.' The ' Two
Noble Kinsmen ' cannot have been out of
Brome's mind when he wrote the ' Love-
sick Court/ which has a romantic, monar-
chical flavour and contains some curious
allusions to the politics of the period pre-
ceding the civil war ; while the ' Beggar's
Bush ' of Fletcher is most likely to have sug-
gested the notion of the ' Jovial Crew, or
the Merry Beggars.' (To the 'Knight of
the Burning Pestle' Brome refers in the
' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 2.) He is at times an
effective constructor of plots, but this he
owed to long experience and to excessive
pains (see the ' Love-sick Court/ the ' New
Academy/ and more especially the 'Queen
and Concubine' and the 'Queen's Ex-
change ').
Of his plays some may be described as
comedies of actual life, moulded in the main
on the example of Jonson ; others as roman-
tic comedies, in which the interest chiefly
Brome
396
Brome
depends on the incidents of the action. The
two species are, however, anything but strictly
kept asunder, just as the rough verse in
which the latter kind is chiefly written is
intermingled in the comedies of life with
prose in varying proportions, or altogether
dropped. Of these comedies of actual life
the best example is perhaps the l Jovial
Crew' (of which a good criticism will be
found in an article on Brome's plays by Mr.
J. A. Symonds in the 'Academy/ 21 March
1874). This clever picture of a queer section
of society, with a breath of country air (not
maybe of the very purest sort) blowing
through it, was the latest of Brome's dramas,
having ' the luck to tumble last of all in the
epidemicall ruin of the scene ' (see Dedica-
tion). It has also had the luck to enjoy a
long life on the stage, having been revived
after the Restoration (see PEPYS'S Diary, s.d.
27 Aug. 1661) and again in 1731 as an ' opera'
(probably in consequence of the popularity
enjoyed by the 'Beggar's Opera,' produced
1728), and performed as late as 1791 (Gu-
NEST). The most successful, however, of
Brome's plays seems to have been the ' North-
ern Lass,' which was one of his earliest pro-
ductions, and had before its publication been
' often acted, with good applause, at the Globe
and Blackfriars.' It contains a pathetic cha-
racter (^Constance) whose northern dialect
seems, in the opinion of the public, to have
imparted to her love-lorn insanity an original
flavour which it is difficult to discover either
in the character or in the scheme of the ac-
tion. It seems to have been revived after
the Restoration (see GENEST, i. 422). A play
of more real cleverness and more essentially
in the Jonsonian manner (it was very pro-
bably suggested by Jonson's masque, the
' World in the Moon/ 1620) was the 'Anti-
podes.' The ' play within the play/ on which
the main interest of this piece turns, is an
amusing extravaganza exhibiting the world
upside down ; and the comedy derives an
exceptional literary interest from the re-
marks on the theatre occurring in it. The
' Sparagus Garden/ produced in 1635, seems
likewise to have been exceptionally popular
(if we are to suppose it to be referred to as
' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean ' in the epi-
logue to the ' Court Beggar/ but Halliwell
(249) seems to think this a separate play) ;
here it need only be mentioned as an example
of the consistent and unredeemed grossness
of Brome's 'mirth/ and (inasmuch as the
play has an air of truthfulness about it) as
one among many indications of the fact
that in point of morals there was not much
to choose between the London world of
Charles II's reign and that of his father's.
Finally, the 'Weeding of Co vent Garden,
or the Middlesex Justice of Peace/ a picture
of manners on the 'Bartholomew Fair' model,
is worth noticing as a direct attempt at pro-
moting a definite social reform, which ap-
pears to have been remarkably successful
(see 'An other Prologue/ prefixed to the play).
Among the romantic comedies the ' Love-
sick Court ' and the ' Queen and Concu-
bine' are most worthy of mention; in the
last-named Jeffrey is a good fool. In the
following list of Brome's plays dates are
given as far as ascertainable, but no at-
tempt is made to establish a chronological
sequence: 1. ' A Mad Couple well matched ;'
comedy in prose. Perhaps the same as
'A Mad Couple well met/ mentioned in
a list of plays belonging to the Cockpit
company in 1639 (HALLIWELL). Accord-
ing to Genest (i. 207) this comedy was
reproduced in 1677, as 'revised' by Mrs.
Aphra Behn. (See also PEPYS'S Diary, s. d.
20 Sept. and 28 Dec. 1667.) 2. 'The No-
vella ; ' romantic comedy in verse. Acted
at Blackfriars, 1632. 3. ' The Court Beggar; '
comedy in verse and prose. Acted at the
Cockpit, 1632. If the epilogue following
this was the original epilogue, this play
was written after the ' Antipodes ' and the
'Sparagus Garden.' 4. 'The City Wit, or
the Woman wears the Breeches ; ' comedy,
mainly in prose. 5. ' The Damoiselle, or the
New Ordinary ; ' comedy, mainly in verse.
Halliwell thinks this was one of the author's
earliest productions. The above were pub-
lished in one 8vo volume, by the care of
Alexander Brome, in 1653, under the title
of ' Five New Playes by Richard Brome.'
6. 'The English Moor, or the Mock Mar-
riage ; ' comedy, mainly in verse ; ' often
acted with general applause by his majesty's
servants.' According to Halliwell, a manu-
script copy of this play is in the library of
Lichfield Cathedral. 7. ' The Love-sick Court,
or the Ambitious Politique ; ' romantic comedy
in verse. 8. 'The Weeding of the Covent
Garden, or the Middlesex Justice of Peace ; '
' a facetious comedy/ mainly in prose. 9. ' The
New Academy, or the New Exchange ; ' co-
medy, mainly in verse. 10. ' The Queen and
Concubine ; ' romantic comedy, mainly in
verse. The above were likewise published
in one 8vo volume, by the care of Alexander
Brome, in 1659, under the same title as the
1653 volume. 11. 'The Northern Lass;'
comedy, mostly in prose. First printed, 4to,
1632 ; reprinted, 4to, 1684, with a new pro-
logue by J. Haynes, and an epilogue ; and
again, 4to, 1706, new songs being added, of
which the music was composed by Daniel
Purcell (HALLIWELL). 12. 'The Sparagus
Brome
397
Bromfield
Garden ; ' comedy, mainly in prose. Acted,
1635, by the Company of Revels at Salisbury
Court; first printed, 4to, 1640. 13. 'The
Antipodes ; ' comedy in verse. Acted, 1638,
by the queen's majesty's servants at Salis-
bury Court ; first printed, 4to, 1640. It was
revived in 1661 (PEPYS). 14. 'A Jovial
Crew, or the Merry Beggars ; ' comedy, mainly
in prose, with verse. Acted, 1641, at the
Cockpit ; first printed, 4to, 1652, with a dedi-
cation to Thomas Stanley from the author ;
reprinted, 1684, 1686. It will be found in
vol. x. of the 2nd edition (1780) of Dodsley's
1 Old Plays/ Of the ' comic opera ' an edition
of 1760 is extant, and there are doubtless
others. 15. ' The Queen's Exchange ; ' romantic
comedy, mainly in verse, with numerous
rhymes. Acted at Blackfriars ; first printed,
4to, 1657; afterwards printed, 4to, 1661,
under the title of 'The Royal Exchange.'
Of all these fifteen plays a reprint in 3 vols.
8vo was published in 1873, which piously j
preserves, together with the old spelling, all '
the misprints and the monstrous arrange- j
ment of the ' verse.' Prefixed to vol. i. is a j
portrait authenticated by Alexander Brome, !
and canopied by the laureate's wreath, which
the modest playwright expressly depreca-
ted (see the prologue to the ( Damoiselle'). i
16 (?). ' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean,' if a '
distinct comedy or farce, was produced be-
fore the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar ' was '
written (v. ante). The three following plays
were entered in Richard Brome's name on ;
the books of the Stationers' Company at the
dates appended (seeHALLiWELL) : 17. 'Chris-
tianetta,' 4 Aug. 1640; probably not printed.
18. ' The Jewish Gentleman,' 4 Aug. 1640 ;
not printed. 19. 'The Love-sick Maid, or
the Honour of Young Ladies,' 9 Sept. 1653.
Acted at court, 1629 ; not printed. 20 (?). 'Wit
in a Madness.' This play was entered on the
Stationers' books 19 March 1639,together with
the ' Sparagus Garden ' and the ' Antipodes,'
and was probably by the same author (HAL-
LIWELL) ; not printed (?). As already seen,
Brome wrote together with Benjamin Jonson
the younger a comedy called : 21. ' A Fault
in Friendship/ mentioned by Sir Henry Her-
bert, s. d. 2 Oct. 1623 (HALLIWELL). With
Thomas Heywood he wrote : 22. ' The Lan-
cashire Witches ' (v. ante, and compare as to
the date of the production of this play Col-
lier's note to Field's 'A Woman is a Weather-
cock ' (v. 2) in ' Five Old Playes,' 1833. 23.' The
Life and Death of Sir Martin Skink, with
the Wars of the Low Countries ; ' entered
on the Stationers' books 8 April 1654, but
not printed. 24. ' The Apprentice's Prize ; '
entered 8 April 1654, but not printed (HAL-
LIWELL).
Besides his plays and the very commonplace
lyrics contained in them, Brome wrote a song
(printed with ' Covent Garden weeded ') ; a
very long-drawn epigram or piece of occa-
sional verse upon Suckling's 'Aglaura,' printed
in folio (ib.) ; some complimentary lines to
the Earl of Newcastle (ib.} ; and some lines
in memory of Fletcher, already mentioned
(published in the folio of Beaumont and
Fletcher, 1647).
[Halliwell's Dictionary of Old English Plays
(1860) ; Biographia Dramatica (1812), i. 68-9 ;
Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays, 2nd edition
(1780), x. 321-3 ; Genest's Account of the Eng-
lish Stage (1832), x. 34-47; Ward's History of
English Dramatic Literature (1875), ii. 337-42 ;
the 1873 reprint of Brome's Dramatic "Works in
3 vols. has been occasionally cited above as
Works.] A. W. W.
BROME, THOMAS (d. 1380), Carmelite
divine, was brought up in the monastery of
his order in London, whence he proceeded to
Oxford and attained the degree of master,
and also, as it seems, of doctor in divinity.
There he seems to have distinguished himself
as a preacher. Returning to London, he was
made prior of his house, and at a general
chapter of the order, held at Cambridge in
1362, was appointed its provincial in Eng-
land. This office he resigned in 1379, and
died in his monastery a year later. Bale
(Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 61, p. 486) enumerates
his works as follows : ' Lectura Theologise ; '
' Encomium Scripturae Sacrae ; ' an exposition
' in Paulum ad Romanes ' (also on the preface
by St. Jerome to that epistle) ; ' Sermones de
Tempore ;' ' Quaestiones variae.' Another work
mentioned by Tanner (Bill. Brit. p. 130), and
entitled ' Lectiones pro inceptione sua Oxonii
MCCCLVIII.' (perhaps identical with the ' En-
comium ' above referred to), is of value as
giving the date of Brome's procession to the
degree, apparently, of D.D. None of these
productions are now known to exist. Brome
is probably the Thomas Brunaeus described
by Tanner (Bibl. Brit. 132) as a native of
Dunbar.
[Leland's Comm. de Script. Brit. cap. dcxviii.
p. 375 ; C. de Villiers's Bibliotheca Carmelitana,
ii. 807 seq., Orleans, 1752, folio.] E. L. P.
BROMFIELD, EDMUND DE (d. 1393),
bishop of Llandaff, was a monk of the Bene-
dictine monastery of Bury St. Edmunds.
Gaining the reputation of being the most
learned member of this community, he at
the same time aroused the jealousy of the
other monks, who, calling him factious and
a disturber of the peace, determined to get
rid of him by some means. This was done
by getting Bromfield to proceed to Rome as
Bromfield
398
Bromfield
public procurator not only for the establish-
ment at Bury St. Edmunds, but for the
whole Benedictine order, a promise being at
the same time extorted from him that he
would seek no preferment in his own com-
munity. His reputation for learning fol-
lowed him to Rome, where he was appointed
to lecture on divinity. On the death of the
abbot of Bury St. Edmunds he sought and
obtained the appointment from the pope in
spite of his oath. The monks, however, with
the sanction of King Richard II, chose John
Timworth for abbot, and on Bromfield's ar-
rival in England to claim his appointment
he was seized and imprisoned on a charge
of violating the statute of Provisors, a pre-
cursor of the statute of Prsemunire. The
pope did not interfere, but after an imprison-
ment of nearly ten years Bromfield was re-
leased, and, with the king's concurrence,
appointed bishop of Llandaff in 1389 on the
translation of William Bottesham to Roches-
ter. In the royal brief confirming to him
the temporalities of the see Bromfield is de-
signated abbot of the Benedictine monastery
of Silva Major in the diocese of Bordeaux,
and ' Scholarum Palatii Apostolici in sacra
theologia magister.' Bromfield died in 1393,
and was buried in Llandaff Cathedral. He
is said to have been the author of several
works, but not even the titles of any of them
are now extant.
[Godwin, De Prsesulibus ( 1743), p. 608; Willis's
Survey of Cathedral Church of Llandaff, p. 55 ;
Ziegelbauer's Historia rei lit. Ord. S. Benedict!,
pt. ii. p. 89 ; Pits's Kel. Hist, de rebus Anglicis,
p. 834 ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britan-
nicis, p. 378.] A. M.
BROMFIELD, WILLIAM (1712-1792),
surgeon, was born in London in 1712, and,
after some years' instruction under a sur-
geon, commenced at an early period to prac-
tise on his own account. In 1741 he began
a course of lectures on anatomy and surgery
which attracted a large attendance of pu-
pils. Some' years afterwards he formed, along
with Mr. Martin Madan, the plan of the
Lock Hospital for the treatment of venereal
disease, to which he was appointed surgeon.
For a theatrical performance in aid of its
funds he altered an old comedy, the ' City
Match/ written in 1639 by Jaspar Maine,
which in 1755 was acted at Drury Lane.
He was also elected one of the surgeons of
St. George's Hospital. In 1761 he was
appointed one of the suite to attend the
Princess of Mecklenburg on her journey to
England to be wedded to George III, and
after the marriage he was appointed surgeon
to her majesty's household. Besides contri-
buting some papers to the ( Transactions of
the Royal Society,' he was the author of:
1. 'An Account of English Nightshades,'
1757. 2. l Narrative of a Physical Transac-
tion with Mr. Aylet, surgeon at Windsor,'
1759. 3. ' Thoughts concerning the present
peculiar Method of treating persons inocu-
lated for the Small-pox,' 1767. 4. < Chirur-
gical Cases and Observations,' 2 vols., 1773.
In his later years he retired from his profes-
sion, and resided in a house which he had
built for himself in Chelsea Park. He died
on 24 Nov. 1792.
[Kees's Encyclopaedia, vol. v. ; Brit. Mus.
Catalogue.]
BROMFIELD, WILLIAM ARNOLD
(1801-1851), botanist, was born at Boldre,
in the New Forest, Hampshire, in 1801, his
father, the Rev. John Arnold Bromfield, dying
in the same year. He received his early train-
ing under Dr. Knox of Tunbridge, Dr. Nicho-
las of Baling, and Rev. Mr. Phipps, a War-
wickshire clergyman. He entered Glasgow
University in 1821, and two years later he
took his degree in medicine. During his
university career he first showed a liking
for botany, and made an excursion into the
Scottish highlands in quest of plants.
He left Scotland in 1826, and, being inde-
pendent of professional earnings, travelled
through Germany, Italy, and France, return-
ing to England in 1830. His mother died
shortly afterwards, and he lived with his
sister at Hastings and at Southampton, and
finally settled at Ryde in 1836. He published
in the ' Phytologist ' some observations on
Hampshire plants, and then began to amass
materials for a Flora of the Isle of Wight,
which he did not consider complete even after
fourteen years of assiduous labour. In 1842 he
spent some weeks in Ireland, and in January
1844 he started for a six months' tour to the
West India Islands, spending most of the
time in Trinidad and Jamaica. Two years
later he visited North America, publishing
some remarks in Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.'
In September 1850 he embarked for the
East, and spent some time in Egypt, pene-
trating as far as Khartoum, which he de-
scribed in a letter as a ' region of dust, dirt,
and barbarism.' Here he lost two of his
companions, victims to the climate, and he re-
turned to Cairo in the following June, after
an absence of seven months. Continuing his
journey, he passed by Jaffa, and stated his
intention of leaving Constantinople for South-
ampton in September, but his last letter was
dated ' Bairout, 22 Sept.,' when he was ex-
C'ng a friend to join him on a trip to
bee and Damascus. At the latter place
Bromhall
399
Bromley
he was attacked by malignant typhus, and
died on 9 Oct., four days after his arrival.
His collections were sent to Kew, some of
the contents being shared amongst his scien-
tific friends. The Flora of the Isle of Wight
was printed by Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr.
Bell Salter in 1856, under the title of 'Flora
Vectensis,' in 8vo, with a topographical map
and portrait of the author. His manuscript
Flora of Hampshire was never published.
His herbarium is now at Kyde in the Isle of
Wight, but his manuscripts are in the library
of the Royal Kew Gardens. He left behind
him the memory of a most amiable man and
zealous naturalist.
[Hooker's Kew Gard. Misc. (1851) iii. 373-
382 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 182-3 ; Royal Soc. Cat.
Sci. Papers, i. 644 ; Townsend's Fl. of Hampshire,
xvi. xvii.] B. D. J.
BROMHALL, ANDREW (Jl. 1659), di-
vine, was one of the ' triers ' for the county
of Dorset commissioned in 1653-4 to eject
immoral and inefficient ministers. He had
been previously presented by the parliament
to the substantial rectory of Maiden-Newton,
Dorsetshire, then vacant by the sequestration
of Matthew Osborn, M. A. (HuTCHiNS, Dorset,
ii. 253), or Edward Osbourn, A.M. (WALZEK,
Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 322). Hutchins
records that ' Bromhall died before the Resto-
ration.' Calamy is apparently in error in
stating that Bromhall was ejected from
Maiden-Newton in 1662, and was afterwards
resident in London. He contributed Sermon
xxvii. (probably preached before the Restora-
tion) to the first volume (1661) of ' The Morn-
ing Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the-
Fields, and in Southwark : being Divers
Sermons preached A.D. MDCLIX-MDCLXXXIX
by several Ministers of the Gospel in or near
London,' 6 vols. 8vo, London, fifth edition,
1844.
[Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy; Cala-
my's Nonconformist's Memorial (1802), ii. 102 ;
Hutchins's Dorsetshire (1803), vol. ii. ; Neal's
History of the Puritans.] A. H. G-.
BROMLEY, HENRY. [See WILSON,
AiSTTHONT.]
BROMLEY, JAMES (1800-1838), mez-
zotint-engraver, was the third son of William
Bromley, A.R.A. [q. v.], the line-engraver.
Little is known respecting his life. Among
his best plates may be enumerated portraits
of the Duchess of Kent, after Hayter ; John,
earl Russell, after Hayter ; and the Earl of
Carlisle, when Lord Morpeth, after Carrick ;
'Falstaff,' after Liversege; 'La Zingarella,'
after Oakley, &c. He exhibited twelve of his
works at the Suffolk Street Gallery between
1829 and 1833. He died on 12 Dec. 1838.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BROMLEY, JOHN (d. 1717), translator,
was a native of Shropshire, and received an
academical education. Probably he was the
John Bromley of Christ Church, Oxford,
who graduated B.A. in 1685 and M.A. in
1688. In the beginning of James II's reign
he was curate of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields,
London, but soon afterwards he joined the
Roman catholic church and obtained em-
ployment as a corrector of the press in the
king's printing-house. On being deprived
of this means of subsistence he established
a boarding-school in London which was at-
tended by the sons of many persons of rank.
'He was well skilled in the classics,' says
Dodd, 'and, as I am informed, Mr. Pope,
the celebrated poet, was one of his pupils.'
Afterwards Bromley was appointed tutor to
some young gentlemen, and travelled with
them abroad. His death occurred, at Madeley
in Shropshire, 10 Jan. 1716-17. He published
'The Catechism for the Curats, composed
by the Decree of the Council of Trent, faith-
fully translated into English,' Lond. 1687,
8vo, and probably he was also the translator
of ' The Canons and Decrees of the Council
of Trent,' Lond. 1687, 4to.
[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 459 ; Cat. of Oxford
Graduates (1851), 87; Jones's Popery Tracts
(Chetham Soc.), 117; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Car-
ruthers's Life of Pope (1857), 21 n; Chalmers's
Biog. Diet. xxv. 164.] T. C.
BROMLEY, SIB RICHARD MADOX
(1813-1866), civil servant, traced his descent
to Sir Thomas Bromley (1530-1587) [q. v.],
lord chancellor of England in the reign of
Elizabeth. He was the second son of Samuel
Bromley, surgeon of the royal navy, and
Mary, daughter of Tristram Maries Madox
of Greenwich, and was born on 11 June 1813.
He was educated at Lewisham grammar
school, and in 1829 entered the admiralty
department of the civil service. In 1846
he was appointed to visit the dockyards on
a confidential mission, shortly after which
he was named accountant to the Burgoyne
commission on the Irish famine. Here the
prompt and correct system which he intro-
duced into the accounts had the effect of
bringing more than half a million sterling
back to the exchequer, and attracted the
special attention of the House of Commons.
The success with which he had discharged
his duties led to his being in 1848 appointed
secretary to the commission for auditing the
public accounts, into which he introduced
Bromley
400
Bromley
improvements which in a great degree re-
modelled the working of the department.
From this period he was frequently employed
on special commissions of inquiry into public
departments, including that appointed in
1849 for a revision of the dockyards, and
that of 1853 on the contract packet system.
In recognition of his services he was in 1854
nominated a civil commander of the Bath.
On the outbreak of hostilities with Russia
he was appointed accountant-general of the
navy, the affairs of which he administered
with marked ability and success. In 1858
he was created knight commander of the
Bath. On retirement from his office through
ill-health he was on 31 March 1863 appointed
a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. He
died on 30 Nov. 1866.
[Gent. Mag. 4th ser. i. 277-8.] T. F. H.
BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (d. 1555 ?),
judge, was of an old Staffordshire family,
and a second cousin of Sir Thomas Bromley
(1530-1587) [q. v.] His father was Roger,
son of Roger Bromley of Mitley, Shropshire,
and his mother was Jane, daughter of Mr.
Thomas Jennings. He was entered at the
Inner Temple, was reader there in the autumn
of 1532, and again in the autumn of 1539,
and was nominated in Lent term 1540,
but did not serve. He was made serjeant-
at-law in 1540, and king's serjeant on 2 July
of the same year, and on 4 Nov. 1544 he
succeeded Sir John Spelman as a judge of
the king's bench. He was held in favour by
Henry VIII, who made him one of the execu-
tors of his will, and bequeathed him a legacy
of 300/. Hence he was one of the council of
regency to Edward VI ; but, although he suc-
ceeded in avoiding political entanglements
for some time, at the close of the reign he be-
came implicated in Northumberland's scheme
for the succession of Lady Jane Grey. The
duke summoned to court Montagu, chief
justice of the common pleas, Bromley, Sir
John Baker, and the attorney- and solicitor-
general, and informed them of the king's
desire to settle the crown on Lady Jane.
They replied that it would be illegal, and
prayed an adjournment, and next day ex-
pressed an opinion that all parties to such a
settlement would be guilty of high treason.
Northumberland's violence then became so.
great that both Bromley and Montagu were
in bodily fear ; and two days later, when a
similar scene took place, and the king or-
dered them on their allegiance to despatch
the matter, they consented to settle the deed,
receiving an express commission under the
great seal to do so and a general pardon.
Bromley, however, adroitly avoided witness-
ing the deed, and consequently, when Mary
sent the lord chief justice to gaol, she made
Bromley chief justice of the common pleas,
in the room of Sir Roger Cholmley, on 4 Oct.
1553. Burnet says of him that he was ' a
papist at heart.' He did not hold this office
long. On 17 April 1554 Sir Nicholas Throg-
morton and others were indicted for a plot
and treason at Baynard's Castle on 23 Nov.
1553, and for a rising and march towards
London with Sir Henry Isley and two
thousand men. Bromley presided at the
trial, and allowed the prisoner such unusual
freedom of speech as to provoke complaints
from the queen's attorney, and threats of re-
tiring from the prosecution. Yet Bromley
was not throughout impartial, but even re-
fused the prisoner leave to call a witness,
though he was in court, and denied him in-
spection of a statute on which he relied.
His summing up was so defective, ' for want
of memory or goodwill,' that the prisoner
supplied its defects, as if he had been an un-
interested spectator. Yet the prisoner was
acquitted : so much to Mary's annoyance that
the jury were punished for their verdict. Sir
William Portman succeeded Bromley as chief
justice on 11 June 1555 ; but the exact date
of his death is not known. He left an only
daughter, Margaret, who married Sir Richard
Newport, ancestor of the earls of Bradford.
He is buried at Wroxeter.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig.
Jurid. 164 ; Testam. Vetust. 43 ; Holinshed, iv.
31-55 ; Collins's Peerage, vii. 250, ix. 409 ;
Green's Calendar of State Papers, 17 April
1554.] J. A. H.
BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1587),
lord chancellor, descended from an ancient
family established since the time of King
John at Bromleghe, Staffordshire. A mem-
ber of this family, Roger, settled at Mitley,
Shropshire, and had two sons, William and
Roger. Thomas Bromley was the grandson
of the former, who lived at Hodnet, Shrop-
shire, his father's name being George, and
his grandmother being Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir Thomas Lacon of Willey in the same
county. The family had a considerable legal
turn, George Bromley being a reader at the
Inner Temple during the reigns of Henry VII
and Henry VIII, and his brother, Sir George
Bromley, chief justice of Chester under Eliza-
beth and father to Sir Edward Bromley, who
was a judge under James I. Thomas Bromley
was born in 1530. He was educated at Ox-
ford, where he took his B.C.L. degree 21 May
1560, entered the Inner Temple, and became
reader in the autumn of 1566. He was
studious and regular in his conduct, and
probably owed something to family influence
Bromley
401
Bromley
and to the patronage of Lord-keeper Bacon.
On 8 June 1566 he was elected recorder of
London, and continued in that office until, in
1569 (14 March), he became solicitor-general.
His first considerable case was in 1571, when
he was of counsel for the crown on the trial
of the Duke of Norfolk for high treason, on
which occasion he had the conduct of that
part of the case which rested on Rodolph's
message. The other counsel for the crown
were Gerrard, attorney-general, Barham,
queen's Serjeant, and Wilbraham, attorney-
general of the court of wards. The Earl of
Shrewsbury presided, with twenty-six peers
as triers and all the common-law judges as
assessors. Bromley's speech came third, and
certainly the mode in which the evidence
was handled and the prosecution conducted
throughout reflects little credit on the fairness
of those who represented the crown. Yet
Bromley has the reputation of having been an
honourable man in his profession, and Lloyd
says of him that he was scrupulous in under-
taking a case unless satisfied of its justice,
' not admitting all causes promiscuously, . . .
but never failing in any cause. For five years
he was the only person that people would
employ' (State Worthies, 610). The duke
was found guilty by a unanimous vote of
the court ; but so much dissatisfaction did
the trial create that the execution was de-
ferred for several months. Mary Queen of
Scots, however, was much disheartened at
the result, and hopes were entertained of
favourable negotiations with her. Bromley
was accordingly sent, fruitlessly, as it proved,
to endeavour to induce her to abandon her title
to the Scotch crown, and to transfer to her
son all her rights to the thrones of England
and Scotland. In 1574 he was treasurer of
the Inner Temple. He was retained by Lord
Hunsdon and patronised by Lord Burghley.
For some years it was he, rather than Ger-
rard, the attorney-general, who was consulted
on matters of state, and at last, in 1579, he
received his reward. On the death of Lord-
keeper Bacon there was for some time great
doubt as to the appointment of a successor.
Between Hilary and Easter terms, 20 Feb.-
20 April, there was an interregnum of two
months, during which the great seal was in
no lawyer's custody, and on the seven occa-
sions within that period on which it was
used the queen issued express orders for its
use each time. At last legal business was so
much impeded, through the impossibility of
obtaining injunctions, that Westminster Hall
demanded an appointment. The queen's posi-
tjion was difficult. She was resolute not to
appoint an ecclesiastic ; it would be a scandal
to make a mere politician lord chancellor,
YOL. VI.
and Gerrard, long as he had been attorney-
general, was, though learned, awkward and
unpopular. Bromley was a politician and a
man of the world, and at this juncture, by
dint of intrigue, succeeded in obtaining pro-
motion over his superior in the profession
and in learning. Gerrard was afterwards
consoled with the mastership of the rolls in
1581 (30 May), and on 26 April 1579 Brom-
ley received the great seal. From his speech
to the queen made on this occasion, and
reported in the ' Egerton Papers ' (Camden
Soc.), p. 82, it would appear that he was at
first lord keeper and afterwards became lord
chancellor. But this is erroneous ; he had
the title of lord chancellor from the first.
In this new position he discharged his duties
to the satisfaction of the profession. Though
his own practice had been chiefly in the
queen's bench, his duties as solicitor-gene-
ral frequently took him into chancery, and
hence, though not a great founder of equity,
he proved a good equity judge, and there
were no complaints of his decisions; and
having the good sense to pay great respect
to the then very able common-law judges,
and to consult them on new points, he was
able to avoid conflicts between law and
equity. Thus, in Shelley's case, the queen,
hearing of the long argument in the queen's
bench, * of her gracious disposition,' and to
end the litigation, directed Bromley, 'who
was of great and profound knowledge and
judgment in the law,' to assemble all the
judges, and in Easter term 23 Eliz. they met
at his house, York House, afterwards Ser-
jeants' Inn, to hear the case (1 Coke, 93 £),
and his judgment has ever since remained a
leading authority in real property law. Cam-
den calls him f vir jurisprudentia insignis,' and
Fuller says: 'Although it was difficult to
come after Sir Nicholas Bacon and not to come
after him, yet such was Bromley's learning and
integrity that the court was not sensible of any
considerable alteration.' Knyvett's case is one
which shows his fair administration of law.
Knyvett, a groom of the privy chamber, had
slain a man, and, the jury on the inquiry
having found that it was done se defendendo,
applied to Bromley for a special commission
to clear him by privy session in the vacation.
Bromley refused. Knyvett complained to
the queen, who expressed her displeasure
through Sir Christopher Hatton ; whereon
the chancellor, in a written statement, so
completely justified himself that she after-
wards expressed commendation of his con-
duct. Upon the project of the Alencon mar-
riage, ' Bromley, who with Bacon's office had
inherited his freedom of speech ' (FKOUDE, xi.
159), offered a strong opposition, and pointed
D D
Bromley
402
Bromley
out to the queen that if she married a catholic
parliament would expect her to settle the
succession to the throne, and this argument
seems to have prevailed with her. In 1580
he was engaged by the queen's orders in an
inquiry as to the removal of one William
Crowther from the keepership of Newgate ;
and several letters of his are extant on the sub-
ject. When Drake returned from his second
Voyage in 1581, Bromley was one of those
whose favour he hastened to secure with a
present of wrought-gold plate, part of his
Spanish spoil, of the value of eight hundred
dollars. Bromley took his seat in the House
of Lords on 16 Jan. 1582. The first busi-
ness before the house being a petition of the
commons for advice in choosing a speaker,
the chancellor, the choice having fallen on
Popham, the new solicitor-general, admo-
nished him by the queen's orders l that the
House of Commons should not deal or in-
termeddle with any matters touching her
majesty's person or estate, or with church
government.' To this admonition the com-
mons paid no attention, and accordingly, as
soon as a subsidy had been voted, the session
was closed, the chancellor excluding from
the queen's thanks t such members of the
commons as had dealt more rashly in some
matters than was fit for them to do.' Shortly
afterwards this parliament was dissolved,
having lasted eleven years. Bromley con-
tinued in favour, and on 26 Nov. of the
same year was consulted by the queen upon
the proposals made by the French ambassa-
dor. On 21 June 1585 the Earl of North-
umberland, then a prisoner in the Tower,
was found dead in his cell. Three days
afterwards a full meeting of peers was held
in the Star-chamber, and the chancellor
briefly announced that the earl had been en-
gaged in traitorous designs, and had laid vio-
lent hands on himself. A new parliament
assembled on 23 Nov. 1585, and was opened
being a queen, and not amenable to an]
foreign jurisdiction.' There was then a conj
ference between the queen and the chancelloij
'
but at first her firmness baffled him.
never submit myself,' she said, ' to the late la^
mentioned in the commission.' She yielde^
to his urgency at length, and the trial prd
ceeded. On 14 Oct. a sitting was held is,
the presence chamber, the lord chancello}
as president, sitting on the right of a vacan;
throne, and the commissioners on benches at
the sides. Mary's defence was so vigorous
that Burghley, in alarm, set aside Bromley)
and Gawdy, the queen's Serjeant, who was'
chief prosecutor, and himself replied. V
the end of the second day the court was a
journed to 25 Oct., at the Star-chambt
Westminster, when, the chancellor presu
ing, the whole court — except Lord Zouc>
who acquitted her on the charge of assassinat
tion — found Mary guilty. On the 29th parr,
liament met, and the chancellor announce*!
that they were called together to advise thj
queen on this verdict. The commons did no,
long deliberate. On 5 Nov., after electing <
speaker, they agreed with the lords upon ai<.
address to the queen, to be presented by thej
lord chancellor, praying for Mary's execu-j
tion. For some time Elizabeth hesitated]
but on 1 Feb. 1587 she was induced to sign
the warrant. Bromley at once affixed th^
great seal to it, and informed Burghley that
it was now perfected. The privy council
was hastily summoned, and decided to exe-
cute the warrant, the queen having done al
that was required of her by law. Bromley
as head of the law, took on himself the chie
burden of the responsibility; but probabl
he expected to shelter himself behind th
authority of Burghley. It is certain that h
was very anxious during the trial, and wa
a party to the execution of the warrant onl;
with great apprehension. The strain prove
too much for his strength. Parliament me
with a speech from Bromley, announcing on 15 Feb., but adjourned, owing to th
that it was summoned to consider a bill for
the trial of Mary Queen of Scots. The bill
soon passed. Bromley was at this time ac-
tive in the prosecution of Babington. After
his conviction and execution a court was
constituted for Mary's trial. It consisted
of forty-five peers, privy councillors, and
judges, and the chancellor presided over it.
It sat at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton-
shire, where Mary was imprisoned. Bromley
arrived on 11 Oct. 1586, having dissolved
parliament on 14 Sept. at Westminster as a
commissioner, with the Archbishop of Can-
terbury and others. The court sat, and
Mary at once placed a difficulty in the wav
^J* A 1 A i /» • Tiy-i*^
chancellor's illness ; and, as it continued, Si
Edmund Coke, chief justice of the commoi
pleas, dissolved parliament on 23 March
acting for the chancellor by commission froi
the queen. Bromley never rallied. He dice
on 12 April, at three A.M., in his fifty-eigh^
year, and was buried with great pomp i,
Westminster Abbey, where a splendid torn)
was erected by his eldest son. His seal
were offered to, but refused by, Archbisho
Whitgift. As an equity judge Bromley wa
regretted till the end of the reign. In spit
of the temper of the age, he was free from
religious bigotry, and, as a letter of hi
(1 July 1582) to the Bishop of Chester
of the prosecution by refusing to plead, ' she | pleading for Lady Egerton of Ridley, shows
Bromley
403
Bromley
as endeavoured to soften the law as to the
execution of heretics. A considerable col-
Lction of his letters is preserved among the
Tehives of the city of London. It appears
lorn them that previously to 1580 he occu-
lted a house near the Old Bailey. In 1580
oid 1583 he had a house next Charing
woss, and at the same time a country re-
pdence in Essex. He married Elizabeth,
' laughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue, K.B., and
•'y her had four sons and four daughters,
dtis eldest son was Sir Henry Bromley of
dolt Castle, Worcestershire, from whose
lescendants the property passed to John
aV >mley of Horseheath Hall, Cambridge-
asfre, the ancestor of the now extinct barons
ce Montfort of Horseheath. One of Brom-
w/'s daughters, Elizabeth, was first wife to
t)r Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrook Castle,
comtingdonshire, uncle and godfather to the
Jrotector; another, Anne, married Richard
1 or bet, son of Reynold Corbet, justice of the
s.'mmon pleas; Muriel married John Lyttel-
t»n of Frankley, ancestor of the present
' arons Lyttelton, who was implicated in
V ord Essex's plot ; and the fourth, Joan,
laarried Sir Edward Greville of Milcote.
two books were dedicated to him : * The
^able to the Year-Books of Edward V,'
tublished 1579 and 1597, and a sermon
1 reached at St. James's, on 25 April 1580,
fy Bartholemew Chamberlaine, D.D., of
ktoliwell, Huntingdonshire, published in
t584.
*' [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's
\ord Chancellors, ii. 116-35 ; Campbell's Lives
t? Chief Justices, i. 144, 178, 191, 206, 212;
t'ollins's Peerage, ii. 515, iv. 337, vii. 247, viii.
s39 ; Collins's English Baronetage, i. 61, 320, ii.
i4; Boase's Eegister Univ. of Oxford; Chante-
tauze's Marie Stuart, ch. 9 ; Hosack's Mary Queen
]f Scots, ii. 113 ; Eemembrancia (City of Lon-
]on), 118,266, 275, 281, 370, 439, 450 ; Patents
jSliz. Or. Jur. § 3; Close Eolls, 21 & 29 Eliz. ;
(Jary's Keports, 108 ; Camden's Annals, 440, 456 ;
Jtrype's Eccl. Annals, ii. 40, 51 ; Ho well's State
'Prials, 957, 1161 ; 1 Parl. Hist. 821, 853 ; Stat.
Jt7 Eliz. ch. i. ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. 1 1 ;
Deck's Desiderata, i. 122 ; Nash's Worcester-
Jlnre, i. 594; Dugdale's Orig. 163, 165, 170;
-l jyd's State Worthies, 610; Bacon's Apo-
nK;hegms, 70 ; Nicolas's Sir C. Hatton, 258, 263 ;
noller's Worthies, ii. 259 ; Simancas MSS., Ber-
skrdino, 16 Oct. 1579 ; Froude's Hist. xi. 159,
us3 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss) i. 584, 599 ;
ug>mon's Cal. State Papers, passim.] J. A. H.
ol BROMLEY, VALENTINE WALTER
dl848-1877), painter, great-grandson of Wil-
t:'iam Bromley (1769-1842) [q. v.], was born
aa London on 14 Feb. 1848. From his child-
tiood he manifested a remarkable faculty for
art, both as an original designer and as a de-
picter of nature. He was especially remark-
able for invention and swiftness of execution.
He contributed largely to the ( Illustrated
London News/ and illustrated the American
travels of Lord Dunraven, whom he accom-
panied in his tour. He was an associate of
the Institute of Painters in Water Colours,
and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy
at the time of his death. He died very un-
expectedly of congestion of the lungs, on
30 April 1877, just as he had undertaken an
important series of illustrations of Shake-
speare and the Bible. He was a thorough
artist, as full of animation and energy as of
talent, and greatly beloved for his affectionate
temper and warmth of heart. He had been
married only a few months to a lady artist
of considerable mark, Ida, daughter of Mr.
John Forbes-Robertson. His picture of
'Troilus and Cressida' is engraved in the
' Art Journal' for 1873.
[Art Journal, xxxix. 205 ; Athenaeum, 5 May
1877.] E. G-.
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1664-1732),
secretary of state, was descended from an
old Staffordshire family, which traced its
descent from Sir Walter Bromley, a knight
in the reign of King John. He was the
eldest son of Sir William Bromley, knight,
and was born in 1663-4, at Baginton, War-
wickshire, which had been purchased by his
grandfather (DTJGDALB, Antiquities of War-
wickshire, i. 232). In Easter term 1679 he
entered, as a gentleman commoner, Christ
Church College, Oxford, and on 5 July 1681
proceeded B.A. Shortly after leaving the
university he spent several years in travelling
on the continent, and in 1692 he published
an account of his experiences under the title
1 Remarks in the Grande Tour lately per-
formed by a Person of Quality.' This was
followed in 1702 by ' Several Years through
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia,
Sweden, Denmark, and the United Provinces,
performed by a Gentleman.' Having in
1689 been chosen knight for Warwickshire
in the parliament that met at Westmin-
ster, he was one of the ninety-two members
who declined to recognise William III. In
March 1701-2 he was returned for the uni-
versity of Oxford, which he continued to
represent during the remainder of his life.
By the university he was, in August 1702,
created D.C.L. In 1701 he was appointed
by the commons a member of the committee
of public accounts, and in 1702 he was
chosen chairman of the committee of elec-
tions. He was an ardent supporter of the
high-church party, and in 1702, 1703, and
D D 2
Bromley
404
Bromley
1704 made strenuous endeavours to pass the
bill against occasional conformity— a practice
denounced by him as a 'scandalous hypocrisy.
For his untiring zeal on behalf of the bill he
received the special thanks of the university
of Oxford. He early acquired a high reputa-
tion as an able and effective debater, and irom
his high character, ' grave deportment, and
mastery of the forms of the house, was sup-
posed to have pre-eminent claims for the
office of speaker, which became vacant in
1705. His candidature would undoubtedly
have been successful had not his enemies hit
upon the expedient of republishing his l Re-
marks in the Grande Tour,' several passages
in which had previously caused some com-
ment as indicating a bias towards Jacobitism,
and a probable leaning to Roman Catholicism.
The device, according to Oldmixon, was the
invention of Robert Harley, afterwards Earl
of Oxford, who, 'having one of those copies
by him, reprinted it on that occasion ; and to
all that came to his house about that time he
said: " Have you not seen Mr. B.'s travels ?"
Being answered in the negative, he went into
a back parlour, where this impression of it
lay, fetched it out, and gave every one a
copy ; till that matter was made up and the
election secured' (History of England^ 345).
Among the more objectionable portions of
the book was an account of his admission
to kiss the pope's slipper, ' who,' the writer
adds, ' though he knew me to be a protes-
tant, gave me his blessing and said nothing
about religion,' and a reference to William
and Mary merely as Prince and Princess of
Orange. To give point to the joke of repub-
lication, a 'table of principal matters ' was
added, in which a ludicrous travestie was
given of certain of the contents. The issue
purports to be the second edition, although a
second edition had already appeared in 1693.
The publication of the volume caused feel-
ing to run very high, and, as Evelyn relates,
' there had never been so great an assembly
on the first day of a sitting, being more than
450., The votes of the old as well as the
new members fell to those called low church-
men, contrary to all expectation' (Diary,
31 Oct. 1705). The result was that John
Smith, M.P. for Andover, was chosen over
Bromley by a majority of forty-three votes
After the tory reaction following the trial o:
Dr. Sacheverell, Bromley was, on 25 Nov
1710, chosen speaker without opposition. This
office he exchanged in August 1713 for thai
of secretary of state. The death of Queen
Anne caused the fall of the tory government
and he never again held office, though he
maintained an influential position in the
tory party. He died 13 Feb. 1731-2, and
_
was buried at Baginton. His portrait is in
the university gallery at Oxford.
Amid the keen and unscrupulous party
strifes of this period of English history, and
the peculiar temptations which beset poli-
ticians, Bromley succeeded in retaining a
high reputation both for political prudence
and for honesty. His undoubted sincerity ren-
dered him, however, an extremely keen parti-
san. He displayed special bitterness in his
attacks on Marlborough, and his comparison
of the duchess to Alice Perrers, the mistress
>f Edward III, was a scandalous violation of
he decencies of political warfare.
[Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. 664-5 ; Raw-
insonMSS. 4to, 4, 164; Dugdale's Antiquities
rf Warwickshire, i. 232-3; Oldmixon's History
3f England; Burnet's Own Times; Evelyn's
Diary ; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs ;
Jent. Mag. liv. 589-90 ; Manning's Lives of the
Speakers, 416-23; Colville's Worthies of War-
wickshire, 59-63.] T. F. H.
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1699 P-1737),
politician, was second son of "William Brom-
Ley (1664-1732) [q. v.] He was elected upon
the foundation at Westminster in 1714, at
the age of 15. He was a member of Oriel
College, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on
19 May 1732. He was elected member for
the borough of Warwick in 1727. On
13 March 1734 he was put forward by the
party opposed to Walpole to move the re-
peal of the Septennial Act. Parliament was
soon afterwards dissolved, and Bromley lost
his seat for Warwick. He was elected in
February 1737, on the death of George Clarke,
to represent the university of Oxford, which
his father had represented from 1702 till 1732.
He died the following month, 12 March
1737. His wife, by whom he left no issue,,
was a Miss Frogmorton. His portrait is in
the Bodleian Gallery.
[Welch's Queen's Scholars, pp. 265, 544;.
Gent. Mag. vii. 189 ; Parl. Hist. ix. 396 ; Wood's
History and Antiquities (Gutch), ii. 977 ; Official1
Lists of Members of Parliament.]
BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1769-1842),
line-engraver, was born at Carisbrooke in
the Isle of Wight. He was apprenticed
to an engraver named Wooding, in Lon-
don, and among his early productions were
some of the plates to Macklin's Bible, the
'Death of Nelson,' after A. W. Devis, and'
the ' Attack on Valenciennes,' after P. J. de
Loutherbourg. Later works were two por-
traits of the Duke of Wellington, after S
Thomas Lawrence ; and Rubens's ' Woman
taken in Adultery.' Bromley was elected an
associate engraver of the Royal Academy in
1819, and in the same year also a member oi
Brompton
405
Bromyarde
— jthe academy of St. Luke, Rome. He was
ier (employed for many years by the trustees of
aa^the British Museum in engraving the Elgin
oujnarbles, from drawings executed by G. J.
nclJorbould. Between 1786 and 1842 he ex-
rmibited fifty plates at the Royal Academy.
[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng-
lish School, London, 1878.] L. F.
> BROMPTON, JOHN C#. 1436), supposed
-•.hronicler, was elected abbot of Jorvaux in
'436. The authorship of the compilation
rinted in Twysden's ' Decem Scriptores ' (col.
25-1284, Lond. 1652), with the title < Chro-
icon Johannis Brompton, Abbatis Jorvalen-
s, ab anno quo S. Augustinus venit in An-
iam usque mortem Regis Ricardi Primi,' is
icertain. It has been ascribed to Bromp-
n on the strength of an inscription at the
id of the C. C. C. Cambridge MS., which
obably means nothing more than that
•ompton had that manuscript transcribed
me him. Sir T. D. Hardy has pointed out
at the compilation must have been made
;er the middle of the fourteenth century, as
(contains many extracts from Higden, who
sreferred to, ( and that there is reason to
tlieve that it was based on a previous com-
pation, made probably by a person con-
ncted with the diocese of Norwich.' The
?rk is wholly uncritical, and, having been
p-lely accepted as authoritative by writers
>f mst times, has been the means of import-
nj many fables into our history.
Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue of Materials
el ting to the History of Great Britain, ii. 539-
i4:; Dugdale's Monastiaon, v. 567.] W. H.
3ROMPTON, RICHARD (d. 1782), por-
rat-painter, studied under Benjamin Wil-
01, and afterwards under Raphael Mengs
,t Rome ; here he became acquainted with
h* Earl of Northampton, whom he accom-
taiied to Venice. During his stay in that
itf he painted the portraits of the Duke
.f York and other English gentlemen, in a
ojiversation piece, which was exhibited at
Spring Gardens in 1763. In that yearBromp-
ci settled in London, residing in George
•erect, Hanover Square. In 1772 he painted
he Prince of Wales, full length, in the
obes of the Garter, and his brother, Prince
Frederick, in the robes of the Bath. His best
known portrait is that of William Pitt, first
rl of Chatham, in which the great states-
an is represented half-length, in peer's robes,
•iding with his right hand raised to his
reast and his left arm extended. The ori-
inal was presented in 1772 by the earl him-
•;lf to Philip, second earl of Stanhope, and
s jnow at Chevening. It was engraved in
line by J. K. Sherwin in 1784, and in mezzo-
tint by E. Fisher. There is a replica in the
National Portrait Gallery, London. Bromp-
ton's extravagant habits led him into difficul-
ties, and caused his confinement in the king's
bench prison for debt ; but being appointed
portrait-painter to the Empress of Russia, he
was released and went to St. Petersburg,
where he died in 1782. In the gallery of
Greenwich Hospital is a half-length portrait
by him of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, K.B.
Brompton was an exhibitor at the Society of
Arts and Royal Academy between the years
1767 and 1780.
.[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.]
L. F.
BROMSGROVE, RICHARD (d. 1435),
was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of
Evesham, who doubtless derived his name
(which is sometimes given under the form of
Bremesgrave) from Bromsgrove in Worces-
tershire as his birthplace. He was elected
abbot of Evesham when infirmarer of the
abbey, on 6 Dec. 1418, and was consecrated
in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of
Bangor, who in the year previous had been
chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May
1435, after holding the abbacy for seventeen
years, and was buried before the high altar
in St. Mary's chapel in the abbey church.
The register of his acts during his abbacy is
preserved in Cotton MS. Titus C. ix. (ff. 1-38).
It contains articles for the reformation of
monasteries which were proposed by Henry V
in 1421, with modifications suggested by
various abbots. It appears from this register
(f. 32) that he wrote a tract,
Haworth, nine miles from Bradford, of whicr i
Bronte had accepted the perpetual curacy),
worth about 200Z. a year and a house. Mrsj ,
Bronte had an annuity of 50£. a year. A
previous incumbent of Haworth had beeili
the famous William Grimshaw, one of We& •
ley's first followers. Haworth was a country
village, but great part of the population was j
employed in the woollen manufacture, thei t
rapidly extending in the rural districts of
Yorkshire. Dissent was strong in Haworth ,
and methodism had flourished there sinqe
the time of Grimshaw. Bronte, a stronjg
churchman and a man of imperious and pas-
sionate character, extorted the respect of ja
i sturdy and independent population. He |is
j partly represented by Mr. Helston in ' Shitr-
ley/ though a Mr. Roberson, vicar of Hec/k-
I mondwike, and a personal friend of Brontel's,
• supplied some characteristic traits (Mijis.
i GASKELL, Life of Charlotte Bronte (2jnd
edition), i. 120, ii. 121 ; REID, p. 21). His
behaviour is described by his daughter's qio-
grapher as marked by strange eccentricity.
He enforced strict discipline ; the children
were fed on potatoes without meat to make
them hardy. He burnt their boots when he
thought them too smart, and for the same
reason destroyed a silk gown of his wife's.
He generally restrained open expression of
his anger, but would relieve his feelings by
firing pistols out of his back-door or destr
fragment of a story mentioned in the preface e
to the * Professor ' as one in which she had If
got over her taste for the high-flown style. -
She had already sent some poems to Southey \
on 29 Dec. 1836, who replied, pointing out i
the objections to a literary career, in a letter ^
of which she acknowledged the kindness and
wisdom (GASKELL, i. 162, 169-175 ; SOUTHEY,
Life and Correspondence, vi. 327-30). Bran-
well had written soon afterwards to Words-
worth (19 Jan. 1837), but apparently no an-
swer was made. Southey's letter had led to
Charlotte's abandonment of literature for the
time, and it seems from her reply to Words-
worth (GASKELL, i. 211) that his letter, though
' kind and candid,' was equally damping. Mar-
riage and literature being renounced,she began
to think of starting a school. The sisters
thought that with the help of a loan from Miss
Branwell's savings they might adapt the par-
sonage to the purpose. In 1841 Miss Wooler
proposed to give up her school to the Brontes.
The offer was eagerly accepted, but it seemed
desirable that they should qualify themselves
by acquiring some knowledge of foreign lan-
guages on the continent. After some in-
quiries they decided upon entering a school
of eighty or a hundred pupils, kept by M. and
Mme. Heger in the Rue d'Isabelle, Brussels.
Charlotte and Emily went thither in February
1842, their father going with them, and staying
one night at the Chapter coffee-house, Pater-
noster Row, and one night at Brussels. M.
Heger was a man of ability and strong re-
ligious principles, choleric but benevolent,
and an active member of the Society of St.
Vincent de Paul. He was professor of rhe-
Bronte
409
Bronte
toric and prefet des Etudes at the Athenee,
ultimately resigning his position because he
was not allowed to introduce religious in-
struction. He soon perceived the talents of
his new pupils, and, dispensing with the
drudgery of grammar, set them to study pieces
of classical French literature, and to prac-
tise original composition in French. Some
of Charlotte's exercises, printed by Mrs. Gas-
kell, show that she soon obtained remarkable
command of the language. Although the
sisters profited by this instruction, the general
tone of the school was uncongenial; they dis-
liked the Belgians, and the experience only
intensified their protestantism and patriotic
prejudices. Mary and Martha Taylor, their
old friends, were resident in Brussels at this
time ; but the death of Martha Taylor, the
original of Jessie Yorke, in the autumn of
1842, was a severe blow. News of the last
illness and death of their aunt, Miss Bran well,
reached them soon after. They started im-
mediately for Haworth, and passed the rest
of the year at home. The aunt's will, made
in 1833, left her money to four nieces, the three
Br/ontes and Anne Kingston. The statement
thjat she disinherited Branwell on account of
his ill-conduct is erroneous (LETLANB, ii. 31).
MJ. Heger wrote a letter to their father, ex-
pressing a high opinion of their talents, and
Ipeaking of the possibility of his offering them
imposition. Charlotte had already begun to
hve lessons, and it was decided that she
Bould return as a teacher, for a salary of 400
pines, out of which she was to pay for German
iissons. She went in January 1843, and
piJLyed till the end of the year. She felt the
(ijieliness of her position, especially when left
S/ herself during the vacation, and a coolness
•W'ose between her and Madame H6ger, due
/partly at least to their religious differences. It
•jis probable that she suffered at this time from
isome unfortunate attachment. Her father's
failing eyesight gave an additional reason
near London. Anthony a W
'Where that place is, except in
of St. Sepulchre, I am yet to see
is described as ' a person of grea
among the English catholics in the
King James I and King Charles
some interest with those princes.'
he was very active in supporting thf ,
of the regular clergy against episcof -
vernment in England. He was treas^ure^
the contributions made by the English ca? °~
lies towards defraying the king's charged °. ^e
war against Scotland. On 27 Jan. 1640y . e
House of Commons made an order requ^irm£
Brook and other royalists forthwith to at^
the house. He, however, prudently withdf e^
from London, but he was apprehended a
York a year later (January 1641-2). f™
order was made by the house in August 16 *
for removing him from the custody of tre
Serjeant to the king's bench.
Being subsequently implicated in anallegei
plot to make divisions between the parliameir
and the city, and to prevent the advance of th^
Scots army into England, he was committed,
close prisoner to the Tower by the House of
Commons on 6 Jan. 1643-4. On 6 May 1645
an order was made by the house that Brook
should be removed to the king's bench, there
to remain a prisoner to the parliament until
the first debts by action charged upon him
should be satisfied. He was apparently
living in July 1646, for in certain articles
of peace then framed he is named as one of/
the papists who, having been in arms against '
the parliament, were to be proceeded with
and their estates disposed of as both houses
should determine, and were to be incapable of
the royal pardon without the consent of both
houses.
Brook married Etheldreda, daughter of Sir
Edmund Brudenell, knight. Sir Roger Twys-
den mentions him as ' a very good, trewe, and
worthy person ' (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser.
iv. 103), and Dodd says he was ' handsome
and comely.'
He published, with a dedication to Queen
Henrietta Maria, ' Entertainments for Lent,
written in French by the Rev. F. N. Causin,
S. J., and translated into English by Sir B. B.'
Lond. 1672, 12mo j Liverpool, 1755, 8vo.
Brook
414
Brook
•co
, 3rd ser. iv. 81, 136;
[Notes and^g papergj. Panzani's Memoirs,
Calendars of . of printed Books in Brit. Mus. ;
178, 179 ; Catt to divide and destroy the Par-
A cunning Ple city of London, 1643.1 T. C.
liament and t
BENJAMIN (1776-1848), non-
e and historian, was born in
Thong, near Huddersfield.
.. he was admitted to membership
ajoutlependent cllurch at Holmfield,
"^ ^"pastoral care of the Rev. Robert
nf In 1797 he entered Rotherham
jallond.g a student for tne ministlT. jn
le£e became the first pastor of the con-
.enal church at Tutbury, StaiFordshire.
p pursued his studies, with great re-
3re.~into puritan and nonconformist his-
c >d biography, and published the works
tory ai3n ^ historical repute chiefly rests.
S51 w ing his ministerial duties in 1830, from
,. .,s.1^ health, he went to reside at Birming-
"Htill continuing his favourite studies,
im'.ublishing some of their fruits. He was
mber of the educational board of Spring-
* College, opened August 1838. At the
. e of his death he was collecting materials
,. a history of puritans who emigrated to
™Tw England. He died at the Lozells, near
prmingham, on 5 Jan. 1848, in his 73rd
mr. He is said to have been one of the last
^rho retained among the congregationalists
ae old ministerial costume of shorts and
ylack silk stockings. He published : 1. < Ap-
peal to^Facts to justify Dissenters in their
Separation from the Established Church,'
2nd ed. 1806, 8vo (3rd ed. 1815, 8vo, with
title ' Dissent from the Church of England
justified by an Appeal to Facts '). 2. ' The
Lives of the Puritans . . . from the Refor-
mation under Q. Elizabeth to the Act of
Uniformity, in 1662,' 1813, 3 vols. 8vo (a
most careful and valuable collection, from
original sources). 3. < The Reviewer re-
\ viewed,' 1815, 8vo (in answer to an article
in the ' Christian Observer ' on the ' Lives ').
| 4. ' The History of Religious Liberty from the
first Propagation of Christianity in Britain
to the death of George III,' 1820, 2 vols. 8vo.
5. 'Memoir of the Life and Writings of
Thomas Cartwright,B.D. . . . including the
principal ecclesiastical movements in the
reign of Q. Elizabeth,' 1845, 8vo (this is in-
ferior to his ' Lives ; ' Brook was better in
biography than in general history).
[Congregational Year-Book, 1848, p. 214;
Bennett's Hist, of Dissenters, 1839, p. 161 • pri-
vate information.] A/GK
BROOK, CHARLES (1814-1872), phi-
lanthropist, was born 18 Nov. 1814, in Upper-
liead Row, Huddersfield. His father, James
Brook, was member of the large banking an
cotton-spinning firm of Jonas Brook Brothers
at Meltham. Charles Brook lived with hi
father, who in 1831 had moved to Thorntoi
Lodge ; and by 1840 he became partner in th
firm. He made many improvements in th
machinery, and showed remarkable busines
talents. He strenuously refused to let hi
goods measure a less number of yards thai
was indicated by his labels, and he was ben
on promoting the welfare of the two thousan<
hands in his employ. He knew them nearl}
all by sight, went to see them when ill, am
taught their children in the Sunday school
which he superintended for years (Hudders
field Examiner, vol. xx. No. 1471). He laic
out a park-like retreat, which he himsel
planned, for his workpeople at Meltham, and
built them a handsome dining-hall and con-»
cert-room, with a spacious swimming-bath *
underneath. His best-known gift is the Conva-
lescent Home at Huddersfield, in the grounds
of which again he was his own landscape
gardener, the whole costing 40,OOOJ. He was
constantly erecting or enlarging churches,
schools, infirmaries, cottages, curates' houses,
&c., in Huddersfield, Meltham, and the dis-
trict; and on purchasing Enderby Hall,
Leicestershire, in 1865, with large estates
adjoining, costing 150,000^., he rebuilt En- .
derby church and the stocking-weavers' un- 1
sanitary cottages. He died at Enderby Hall,
of pleurisy and bronchitis, 10 July 1872, aged
nearly 58. A portrait of him, by Samuel
Howell, is in the Huddersfield Convalescent-
Home.
In 1860 Brook married Miss Hirst, a!
daughter of John Sunderland Hirst of Hud-|
dersfield. In politics he was a conservative.^
Mrs. Brook survived him; but he left nof
family.
[Huddersfield Weekly News, vol. v. Nos. 248,
249; Huddersfield Examiner, vol.xx. Nos. 1471,
1477 ; Huddersfield Daily Chronicle, Nos. 1538,
1539, 1542; Times, 12 July 1872, p. 12, col. 1.]
J. H.
BROOK, DAVID (d. 1558), judge, was of
a west-country family living at Glastonbury,
Somersetshire. His father, John Brook, was
also a lawyer and of the degree of serjeant-at-
Law ; he died on Christmas day 1525, and was
buried in the church of St. Mary Redcliffe,
Bristol, having been principal seneschal of
the neighbouring monastery. David was
appointed reader at the Inner Temple in the
autumn of 1534, and again in Lent term
1540, when he was also treasurer, and in
1641 he became one of the governors. He
continued to rise steadily in his profes-
sion, and on 3 Feb. 1547, the first week of
Brookbank
415
Brookbank
Edward VI's reign, lie received the coif, the
degree of serjeant-at-law having been be-
stowed on him as one of the last acts of
Henry VIII. On 25 Nov. 1551 he was ap-
Eointed king's Serjeant, and when, two years
iter (1 Sept. 1553), Sir Henry Bradshaw
was removed, he succeeded him as lord chief
baron of the exchequer. On 2 Oct., the day
after Queen Mary's coronation, Brook and
others, according to Machyn, 'were dobyd
knightes of the carpet.'
Notices of his judgments continue to occur
in Dyer's reports until Hilary term 1557-8,
and he died apparently in the course of that
term. In March he was succeeded by Sir
Clement Heigham. His character is highly
praised by Lloyd. He seems to have been a
man of strong common sense, and is said to
have been especially fond of the maxim,
* Never do anything by another that you can
do by yourself.' He was twice married : first
to Katherine, daughter of John, lord Chan-
dos ; secondly, to Margaret, daughter of Mr.
Richard Butler of London, who had already
survived two husbands, Mr. Andrew Fraun-
ces and Alderman Robert Chertsey, and,
surviving Brook, married Sir Edward North,
first earl of Guil^ord, and was buried in
the chancel of the church of St. Lawrence
Jewry, London. By neither wife had he any
issue.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges : Fuller's "Worthies,
ii. 283 ; Collins's Historic Peerage, iv. 458 ;
Machyn's Diary, 335 n.] J. A. H.
BROOKBANK, BROOKSBANK, or
.pOKESBANKE, JOSEPH (b. 1612),
ister and schoolmaster, was the son of
orge Brookbank of Halifax, and was born
j 1612, for at Michaelmas term 1632, when
he entered as a batler at Brasenose College,
Oxford, he was aged twenty. He graduated
B. A. and took orders. In the Bodleian is the
printed petition to the king, in September
1647, from John Brookbank and thirty-three
other ministers, expelled from Ireland by the
rebels. This John is probably identical with
tjie subject of this article, who is called John
d>n the title-pages of his ' Vitis Salutaris '
(1650) and'Compleat School-Master' (1660).
In 1650 Brookbank describes himself as ' at
present preacher of the word' at West Wy-
combe (he spells it Wickham), Buckingham-
shire. It is probable that he was settled at
Wycombe at the date (1648) of his sermon on
be ' Saints' Imperfection,' and possible that
',e was placed there in the room of Peel, si-
3nced either at High or West Wycombe on
6 Jan. 1640 (' absolutely the first man of all
he clergy whom the party began to fall upon,'
VALKEE). Brookbank in 1651 was 'pres-
byter and schoolmaster in Vine Court, in High
Holborn,' where his books were to be bought.
At this date he speaks of Sir Edward Richards,
knt., and his wife as having been ' pleased to
intertain me, when the whole world (as far
as I was at that time discoverable thereunto)
had thrown me off.' In 1654 he was ' minister
and schoolmaster in Jerusalem Court, in
Fleet Street.' By 1657 he had lost both em-
ployments, and on 4 July 1660 (while living
in George Alley, Shoe Lane) he expressed his
gratitude to Sir Jeremiah Whitchcot, bart.,
' in that, had your good will prevailed without
interruption, I had now enjoyed a competent
subsistance.' It is possible that he was the
I. B. who, early in 1668, published ' A Tast
of Catechetical-Preaching-Exercise for the
instruction of families, &c.' The writer speaks
of himself as being in his ' decaying age,' and
proposes a plan of religious services for the
young. His name appears as Brookbank in
his earliest publication ; afterwards as Brooks-
bank, Brooksbanke, Brookesbanke, and on one
of his title-pages as Broksbank. He latinises
it into Riparius. His Christian name is some-
times printed Jo., and this is expanded into
John by mistake. The explanation which he
gives of his distance from the press may
account for some of the variations in his
title-pages. His catechism gives the im-
pression that he was an evangelical church-
man ; his educational works are careful and
clever.
He published: 1. 'Joh. Amos Comenii
Vestibulum Novissimum Linguae Latinae,
&c. Joh. Amos Comenius His Last Porch
of the Latin Tongue, &c.,' 1647, 16mo (the
Latin of Comenius is given on alternate
pages with an English version from the
Dutch of Henry Schoof compared with the
original). 2. ' The Saints' Imperfection, &c.,'
1646 (but corrected by Thompson to 19 Dec.
1648), 16mo (sermon on Heb. v. 12 ; the
title-page is otherwise faulty ; it was reissued
with new title-page in 1656). 3. 'Vitis
Salutaris : Or, the Vine of Catechetical Di-
vinitie, and Saving Truth, &c.,' 1650, 16mo
(a catechism dedicated to parishioners of
West Wycombe ; a reissue in 1656 has a new
title-page, and omits the dedication). 4. 'An
English Monosyllabary,' 1651, 16mo (a singu-
lar little book, dedicated to Susan, wife of
Edward Trussell, and her sister Philadelphia,
daughters of Sir Edward Richards ; contain-
ing in rhythmical form ' all the words of one
syllabi, in our English tongue drawne out
into a legibl sens;' at the end are a few
prayers in monosyllables). 5. ' Plain, Brief,
and Pertinent Rules for the Judicious and
Artificial Syllabification of all English Words,
•fee.,' 1654, 16mo (the account of the author's
Brooke
416
Brooke
plan for the management of a school is
curious). 6. 'Two Books more exact and
judicious for the Entring of Children to Spell
and Read English than were ever yet extant,
viz. An English Syllabary, and An English
Monosyllabary, &c.,' 1654, 16mo (the second
book is simply No. 4, not reprinted ; there is
a reissue with new title-page as ' The Corn-
pleat School-Master, '1660). 7. 'Orthographia,
hoc est, Grammatices Nostrse Regiae Latinae
Pars prima . . . Cui adjungitur Grammatices
ejusdem . . . Synopsis/ 1657, 16mo. 8. ' A
Breviate of our Kings whole Latin Gram-
mar, vulgarly called fillies,' n.d. (dedication
dated 4 July 1660). 9. 'The Well-tun'd
Organ ; or an exercitation wherein this
question is discuss'd, whether or no instru-
mental and organick musick be lawful in
holy publick assemblies,' 1660, 4to (Bodleian
catalogue). 10. ' Rebels Tried and Cast, in
three Sermons, on Rom. xiii. 2, &c.,' 1661,
12mo (WooD). Besides these Brookbank
mentions that he had published an Abecedary
(before 1651), and in 1650 he had projected a
volume, containing the substance of a course
of sermons at Wycombe, to be called ( Nilus
Salutaris.'
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 541;
Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 326;
•works cited above.] A. G-.
BROOKE.
BROOK.]
[See also BROKE and
BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR (1772-1843),
lieutenant-general, was the third son of Fran-
cis Brooke of Colebrooke, co. Fermanagh, and
the younger brother of Sir Henry Brooke,
who, after representing Fermanagh for many
years in the House of Commons, was created
a baronet in 1822. He entered the army as
an ensign in the 44th regiment in 1792, at
the very commencement of the great war,
and never left that regiment until the conclu-
sion of the general peace in 1815. He was
promoted lieutenant in 1793, and served with
the 44th in Lord Moira's division in Flanders
in 1794 and 1795. He was promoted captain
in 1795, and served with Sir Ralph Aber-
cromby's army in the reduction of the West
Indies, where his regiment remained till
1798. He was then present through the
Egyptian campaign of 1801, and purchased
his majority in 1802. He purchased his
lieutenant-colonelcy in 1804, and commanded
the 44th in garrison in Malta from 1804 to
1812. In 1813 he was promoted colonel, and
accompanied Lord William Bentinck to the
east coast of Spain. Brooke, as senior colonel,
at once took the command of the brigade to
which his regiment was assigned, and dis-
tinguished himself in every action against
Suchet, and particularly at the combat of
Ordal. At the conclusion of the war with
Napoleon, Brooke was gazetted a C.B., and
ordered to march his own and certain other
regiments from Lord William Bentinck's
army across the south of France to Bor-
deaux, in order to embark at that port for
an expedition against the United States of
America. The whole force embarked consisted
of three brigades, commanded by Colonels
Brooke, Thornton, and Patterson, and the
expedition was under the general command
of Major-general Ross [q. v.] In the daring';
action at Bladensberg victory was secured
by the flank movement of Brooke's brigade,
which consisted of the 4th regiment, com-
manded by his brother, Francis Brooke, and
his own, the 44th. After burning the Capi-
tol and public buildings of Washington, the
expedition re-embarked at St. Benedict and
sailed down to the mouth of the Patapsco,
where it was arranged that the troops were
to land and advance on Baltimore, while the
ships' boats were to force their way up the
river to co-operate. In the first skirmish
that took place after landing, and before the
advance commenced, General Ross was killed.
' By the fall of our gallant leader,' says the
historian of the expedition, Hhe command
now devolved on Colonel Brooke, of the
44th, an officer of decided personal courage,,
but perhaps better calculated to lead a bat4
talion than to guide an army ' (GLEIG, p. 96).
Brooke determined to carry out his prede-
cessor's plan, and though it was reported that
Baltimore was defended by 20,000 men, he
pushed steadily on, and defeated a powerful}
force of militia on 12 Sept. Baltimore was4
then at his mercy ; but on finding that the1'
sailors could not come up to his assistance^
he quietly retired after bivouacking on the}
scene of his victory. The fleet sailed south-'
ward, and was joined at sea by the 95th Gor
don Highlanders, and by Major-general S'
John Keane, who superseded Brooke,
delivering to him a most eulogistic despatc
from the commander-in-chief. At the clo^
of the war Brooke returned to England, am
was rewarded by being made governor o
Yarmouth. He was also promoted major-
'eneral in 1817. He never again saw service, I
>ut was made colonel of the 86th regiment,
gazetted a K.C.B. in 1833, and promoted lieu J 4
tenant-general in 1837. He died on 26 July 1
1843 at his residence, George Street, Portman /
Square. I
[Grleig's Campaigns of the British Army at
Washington and New Orleans ; Royal Military
Calendar; Gent. Mag. 1 843, pt.ii. 434-5; Record
of 44th Keg.] H. M. S.
Brooke
417
Brooke
BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR DE CAPELL
(1791-1858), of Oakley Hall, Northampton-
shire, author of several works of travel, was
descended from a family originally settled in
Cheshire, and was born in Bolton Street, May-
fair, 22 Oct. 1791. He was the eldest son of
•Sir Richard de Capell Brooke and Mary, only
child and heiress of Major-general Richard
Worge. Sir Richard, who was the first baronet,
had assumed the name Brooke in accordance
with his uncle's will, and adopted the name De
Capell in lieu of Supple by royal license. The
son was educated at Magdalen College, Ox-
ford, where he graduated B. A. 20 May 1813,
and M. A. 5 June 1816. On 27 Nov. 1829 he
succeeded his father in the title and estates.
He entered the army, and in 1846 obtained
the rank of major. Much of his early life was
spent in foreign travel, especially in the north
of Europe. In 1823 he published ' Travels
through Sweden, Norway, and Finmark to
the North Pole in the Summer of 1820,' which
was followed in 1827 by ' A Winter in Lap-
land and Sweden, with various observations
relating to Finmark and its inhabitants made
during a residence at Hammerfest, near the
North Cape.' These volumes contained much
which at the time had the interest of no-
velty, and a companion volume to the last work
was published also in 1827, consisting of a
number of splendid illustrative plates from
sketches by the author, and entitled ( Winter
Sketches in Lapland, or Illustrations of a
Journey from Alten, on the shores of the Polar
Sea, in 69° 55' N. L., through Norwegian, Rus-
sian, and Swedish Lapland to Tornea, at the
entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, intended
to exhibit a complete view of the mode of
travelling with reindeer, the most striking in-
cidents that occurred during the journey, and
the general character of the scenery of Lap-
land and Sweden.' In 1837 he published, in
two volumes, ' Sketches in Spain and Mo-
rocco.' He was an original member of the
Travellers' Club, and feeling strongly that
latterly many of the newly elected members
•did not sufficiently represent the spirit of
foreign travel, he, in 1821, originated the Ra-
leigh Club, of which he was for many years
president, and which became merged in the
Royal Geographical Society. He was deputy-
lieutenant of Northamptonshire, and in 1843
was chosen sheriff of the county. He was
a member both of the Royal Society and of
the Royal Geographical Society. Of a re-
served and retiring disposition, he was un-
iitted for the strife of politics, but in his later
years he took an active interest in the cause
•of temperance and in various benevolent and
religious objects. He died at Oakley Hall
•6 Dec. 1858. He married in 1851 the relict
VOL. VI.
of J. J. Eyre of Endcliffe, near Sheffield, but
left no heir, and was succeeded in the title
and estates by his brother.
[Debrett's Baronetage ; Journal Koyal G-eogr.
Society, xxiv. p. cxxviii ; G-ent. Mag. 3rd ser. vi.
105; Funeral Sermon, by Rev. T. Lord, 1859;
Oxford Graduates.] T. F. H.
^BROOKE, CHARLES (1777 - 1852),
Jesuit, born at Exeter, 8 Aug. 1777, received
his education at the English academy at
Liege and at Stonyhurst, where he entered
the Society of Jesus, of which he became a
professed father (1818). He was provincial
of his order from 1826 to 1832, and subse-
quently was made superior of the seminary
at Stonyhurst College. After filling the
office of rector of the Lancashire district, he
was sent with broken health to Exeter, in
1845, to gather materials for a continuation
of the history of the English province from
the year 1635, to which period Father Henry
More's ( Historia Missionis Anglicanae Socie-
tatis Jesu ' extends. The documents and in-
formation he collected were afterwards of
much service in the compilation of Brother
Henry Foley's valuable l Records of the
English Province of the Society of Jesus,'
8 vols. Lond. 1870-83. Father Brooke died
at Exeter on 6 Oct. 1852.
[Oliver's Collections S.J. 60 ; Foley's Records,
vii. 88; Tablet, 16 Oct. 1852.] T. C.
BROOKE, CHARLES (1804-1879), sur-
geon and inventor, son of the well-known
mineralogist, Henry James Brooke [q. v.], was
born 30 June 1804. His early education was
carried on at Chiswick, under Dr. Turner.
After this he was entered at Rugby in 1819 ;
thence he went to St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, where he remained five years. He
was twenty-third wrangler and B.A. 1827,
B.M. 1828, and M. A. in 1853. During a part
of this period he studied medicine, and his
professional education was completed at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital. He passed the Col-
lege of Surgeons 3 Sept. 1834, and became a
fellow of that institution 26 Aug. 1844. He
lectured for one or two sessions on surgery at
Dermott's School, and afterwards held posi-
tions on the surgical staff of the Metropolitan
Free Hospital and the Westminster Hospital,
which latter appointment he resigned in 1869.
He is known as the inventor of the ' bead
suture,' which was a great step in advance
in the scientific treatment of deep wounds.
On 4 March 1847 he was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society. He belonged to the Meteo-
rological and Royal Microscopical Societies,
and occupied the president's chair in each
of these bodies. He also at various times
E E
Brooke
418
Brooke
served on the management of the Royal In-
stitution and on the council of the Eoyal
Botanical Society. In addition to these he
was connected with many philanthropic and
religious societies, and was a very active
member of the Victoria Institute and Chris-
tian Medical Association. His public papers
and lectures generally pertained to the de-
partment of physics, mathematical and ex-
perimental, and his more special work was
the inventing or perfecting of apparatus.
His papers date back to 1835, when he wrote
upon the ' Motion of Sound in Space ; ' but
the work upon which his reputation mainly
rests was published between 1846 and 1852.
This was the invention of those self-record-
ing instruments which have been adopted at
the Royal Observatories of Greenwich, Paris,
and other meteorological stations. They
consisted of barometers, thermometers, psy-
chrometers, and magnetometers, which re-
gistered their variations by means of photo-
graphy. His method obtained the premium
offered by the government, as well as a council
medal from the jurors of the Great Exhibition.
The account of the perfecting of these appa-
ratus will be found detailed in the British
Association Reports from 1846 to 1849, and
in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1847,
1850, and 1852.
Brooke also studied the theory of the
microscope, and was the author of some in-
ventions which facilitated the shifting of
lenses, and improved the illumination of the
bodies observed. He applied his improved
methods to the investigation of some of the
best known test-objects of the microscope.
His name is, however, most popularly known
by means of the ' Elements of Natural Phi-
losophy,' originally compiled by Dr. Golding
Bird in 1839, who alone brought out the
second and third editions. After his death
in 1854, Brooke edited ' a fourth edition, re-
vised and greatly enlarged,' followed by a
fifth in 1860. In 1867 he entirely rewrote the
work for the sixth edition. He died at Wey-
mouth, 17 May 1879, and his widow died at
3 Gordon Square, London, 12 Feb. 1885,
aged 86.
His other publications were: 'The Evi-
dence afforded by the Order and Adaptations
in Nature to the Existence of a God. A
Christian Evidence lecture,' 1872, which was
three times printed, and ' A Synopsis of the
Principal Formulae and Results of Pure
Mathematics,' 1829.
[Proceedings of Royal Society of London,
1880, xxx. pp. i_ii; Catalogue of Scientific
Papers compiled by Royal Society, i. 653, vii.
273 ; Medical Times and Gazette, 1879, i. 606.1
G. C. B.
BROOKE, CHARLOTTE (d. 1793), au-
! thoress, was one of the youngest of the nu-
! merous offspring of Henry Brooke, the author
i of the ' Fool of Quality ' [q. v.], and desig-
j nated herself ' the child of his old age.' She-
was educated entirely by him, and applied
1 assiduously to literature, art, and music, in
| all of which she acquired high proficiency.
j During her father's life her time was mainly
! devoted to him. Among the subjects of her
i study was the Irish language, and the first
i of her productions which appeared in print
I was an anonymous translation of a poem as-
I cribed to Carolan, in ' Historical Memoirs of
Irish Bards,' published in 1786. Soon after
the death of her father Miss Brooke was
nearly reduced to indigence through the loss
of money invested in the manufactory for
cotton established by her cousin, Captain Ro-
bert Brooke [q. v.] An unsuccessful effort
was made by some members of the then newly
established Royal Irish Academy at Dublin
to obtain a position for her. Her letters to
Bishop Percy on this are in Nichols's l Illus-
trations' (viii. 247-52). Miss Brooke, in
1789, published at Dublin, by subscription,
a quarto volume entitled ' Reliques of Irish
Poetry ; consisting of heroic poems, odes, ele-
gies, and songs, translated into English verse,
with notes explanatory and historical, and the
originals in the Irish character.' In this she
included ' Thoughts on Irish Song/ and an
original composition, styled ' An Irish Tale/
In the publication of this work Miss Brooke
was assisted by William Hayley and others ;
but at the time little accurate knowledge ex-
isted of the remains of the more ancient Celtic
literature of Ireland. In 1791 Miss Brooke
published the ' School for Christians,' con-
sisting of dialogues for the use of children.
In the following year she published an edition
of some of her father's works, under the cir-
cumstances mentioned in the notice of him.
Through the subscriptions for that publica-
tion and for her * Reliques of Irish Poetry/
in which many persons of importance inte-
rested themselves, Miss Brooke was enabled
to retrieve to a small extent the loss of pro-
perty which she had sustained. A tragedy
which she composed, under the title of ' Be-
lisarius,' was submitted to Kemble, and said
to have been approved by him, but was even-
tually reported to have been lost through
carelessness. In her latter years Miss Brooke
resided at Longford, where she died of ma-
lignant fever on 29 March 1793. The pub-
lication of a life of Miss Brooke was projected
by Joseph C. Walker, who, however, died
without having made progress with the work.
Some of the papers connected with Miss
Brooke came into the possession of Aaron
Brooke
419
Brooke
Crossley Seymour, who, in 1816, printed a
memoir of her life and writings, mainly em-
phasising her religious and charitable tem-
per. The ' Eeliques of Irish Poetry ' by Miss
Brooke were republished in octavo at Dublin
in 1818.
[Archives of Koyal Irish Academy, Dublin;
Letter from Mr. [Robert] Brooke, 1786 ; An-
thologia Hibernica, 1793-4; Brookiana, 1804;
D'Olier's Memoirs of H. Brooke, 1816.]
J. T. G.
BROOKE, CHRISTOPHER (d. 1628),
poet, was the son of Robert Brooke, a rich
merchant and alderman of York, who was
twice lord mayor of that city. Wood states
(Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 402) that he was educated
at one of the universities. It seems probable
that, like his brother Samuel [q. v. J, he was a
member of Trinity College, Cambridge. He
subsequently studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and
was ' chamber-fellow ' there to John Donne,
afterwards dean of St. Paul's. About 1609
he witnessed Donne's secret marriage with
the daughter of Sir George More, lieutenant
of the Tower ; the ceremony was performed
by his brother Samuel, and the father of the
bricle, who opposed the match, contrived to
commit Donne and his two friends to prison
immediately afterwards. Donne was first
released, and secured the freedom of the
Brookes after several weeks' imprisonment.
Christopher made his way at Lincoln's Inn ;
he became a bencher and summer reader
(1614), and was a benefactor of the chapel.
While at the Inns of Court he became ac-
quainted with many literary men, among
whom were JohnSelden, Ben Jonson, Michael
Drayton, and John Davies of Hereford. Wil-
liam Browne lived on terms of the greatest
intimacy with him, and to Dr. Donne he
left by will his portrait of Elizabeth, coun-
tess of Southampton. Brooke married Mary
Jacob on 18 Dec. 1619 at the church of
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields by Charing Cross.
He lived in a house of his own in Drury
Lane, London, and inherited from his father
houses at York, and other property there
and in Essex. He was buried at St. An-
drew's, Holborn, 7 Feb. 1627-8. His wife, by
whom he had an only son John, died before
him.
Brooke's works are : 1. An elegy on the death
of Prince Henry, published with another
elegy by William Browne in a volume en-
titled 'Two Elegies consecrated to the never-
dying Memorie of the most worthily admyred,
most hartily loved and generally bewailed
?rince, Henry, Prince of Wales,' London,
613. 2. An eclogue appended to William
Browne's ' Shepheard's Pipe,' London, 1614.
3. 'The Ghost of Richard the Third. Ex-
pressing himselfe in these three parts : 1, His
Character; 2, His Legend; 3, His Trage-
die,' London, 1614. The unique copy in
the Bodleian Library was reprinted by Mr.
J. P. Collier for the Shakespeare Society in
1844, and by Dr. Grosart in 1872. It is
dedicated to Sir John Crompton and his
wife Frances. Mr. Rodd, the bookseller, first
attributed this work to Brooke at the be-
ginning of this century. The only direct clue
lies in ' C. B./ the signature of the dedication.
George Chapman, William Browne, *Fr.
Dyune Int. Temp.,' George Wither, Robert
Daborne, and Ben Jonson contribute com-
mendatory verses. Brooke was well ac-
quainted with Shakespeare's « Richard III,'
and gives it unstinted praise (cf. Shakespeare's
Centurie of Prayse, New Shakspere Society,
p. 109) ; but his own piece is of small lite-
rary value ; the verse is, with very rare excep-
tions, bombastic and harsh. 4. ' Epithalamium
— a nuptiall song applied to the ceremonies
of marriage,' which appears at the close of
' England's Helicon,' 1614. A manuscript
copy of this piece is in the Bodleian. 5. ' A
Funerall Poem consecrated to the Memorie
of that ever honoured President of Soldyer-
ship, Sr Arthure Chichester . . . written
by Christopher Brooke, gent.,' in 1624. This
poem, to which Wither contributes com-
mendatory verses, was printed for the first
time by Dr. Grosart in 1872. The manu-
script had been in the possession of Bindley,
Heber, and Corser. Corser printed selec-
tions in his ' Collectanea,' and Haslewood de-
scribed it in the ' British Bibliographer,' ii.
235. Brooke also contributed verses to Mi-
chael Drayton's ' Legend of the Great Crom-
well,' 1607 ; to Coriat's ' Odcombian Ban-
quet/ 1611 ; to Lichfield's < First Set of
Madrigals/ 1614 (two pieces, one to the Lady
Cheyney and another to the author) ; and to
Browne's ' Britannia's Pastorals/ 1625. He
also wrote (20 Dec. 1597) inscriptions for
the tombs of Elizabeth, wife of Charles Crofb
(STOW, Survey, ed. Strype), and of the wife
of Thomas Crompton.
William Browne had a high opinion of
his friend Brooke's poetic capacity. He
eulogises him in * Britannia's Pastorals/ book
ii. song 2. In the fifth eclogue of the ' Shep-
heard's Pipe/ 1615, which is inscribed to
Brooke, Browne urges him to attempt more
ambitious poetry than the pastorals which he
had already completed.
[Christopher Brooke's Poems, reprinted in Dr.
Grosart's Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies
Library, 1872; Corser's Collectanea Anglo-
Poetica, pt. iii. pp. 123-8; "Wood's Fasti, ed.
Bliss, i. 401.] S. L. L.
E E 2
Brooke
420
Brooke
BROOKE, LADY ELIZABETH (1601-
1683), religious writer, was born at Wigsale,
Surrey, in January 1601. Her father was
Thomas Colepeper ; her mother was a daugh-
ter of Sir Stephen Slaney ( PARKHTJRST,
Faithful and Diligent Christian, p. 41) ; her
only brother was John, afterwards created
Lord Colepeper of Thoresway (ib. 42). Both
parents died in Elizabeth's early youth, and
she was brought up by Lady Slaney, her ma-
ternal grandmother (ib. 43). In 1620 she
married Sir Robert Brooke, knight, of the
Cobham family, by whom she had seven
children, two of whom died in infancy. For
two years the young couple resided in Lon-
don as boarders with Elizabeth's aunt, Lady
Weld (ib. 45). In 1622 they moved to
Langley, Hertfordshire, where Sir Robert
bought a seat ; and in 1630, on the Brooke
estates falling to him, they went to the
family mansion, Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, Suf-
folk. Lady Brooke was an indefatigable
reader of the Scriptures, of ' commentaries,'
and of the ancient philosophers (in English
translations) ; she took notes of all sermons
she heard; she would question her family
and servants about them; she engaged a
divine to visit the hall once a fortnight as
catechist, by whom she was herself cate-
chised ; and in 1631 she began a large vo-
lume (ib. 81) of 'Collections, Observations,
Experiences, Rules,' together with ' What a
Christian must believe and practise.' On
10 July 1646 her husband died (ib. 43), and
for two years she absented herself from Cock-
field Hall. She afterwards lost two daugh-
ters and a son ; was harassed by lawsuits
(though all these were eventually decided
in her favour) ; and in 1669 her only sur-
viving son, Sir Robert, was drowned in France,
leaving her with only one child, Mary, her
eldest daughter. She recovered from her
griefs sufficiently to resume her charities,
but became deaf in 1675, and after a long
decay died on 22 July 1683. Nathaniel Park-
hurst, her chaplain, and the vicar of the
church, preached her 'Funeral Sermon,' and
published it (with a portrait) in the follow-
ing year, together with an account of her life
and death. The book was dedicated to Miss
Mary Brooke, the sole surviving member of
the family. Parkhurst printed with the ser-
mon some of Lady Brooke's ' Observations '
and ' Rules for Practice.' A selection from
the writings of Lady Brooke was published
as late as 1828 in the ' Lady's Monitor,' pp.
61-79.
[Parkhurst's Faithful and Diligent Christian,
&c., 1684 ; Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Per-
sons, art. ' Lady Brooke ' and appendix, p. 17;
Lady's Monitor, 1828.] J. H.
BROOKE, MRS. FRANCES (1724-1789),
authoress, was born in 1724, being one of the
children of the Rev. William Moore by his
second wife, a Miss Seeker (Gent. Mag. lix.
part ii. 823, where Edward Moore, her brother,
born 1714, is by error set down to be her
father). John Buncombe, in the ' Feminiad '
(1754), speaks of Frances Moore as a poetic
maid, celebrated in a sonnet by Edwards in
his ' Canons of Criticism,' and herself writing
odes and beautifying the banks of the Thames
by her presence at Sunbury, Chertsey, and
thereabouts. In 1755 she appeared as an
essayist under the pseudonym of Mary Sin-
gleton in a weekly periodical of her own,
called 'The Old Maid' (price 2d., of 6 pp.
folio). She appealed to correspondents for
assistance in conducting her paper (after the
'Spectator' model), and in spite of her being
attacked by 'an obscure paper, "The Con-
noisseur," with extreme brutality' (No. II.
p. 10), she managed to maintain her publica-
tion for thirty-seven weeks. The whole issue
was reprinted in a 12mo volume nine years
after in 1764. Her marriage took place about
1756, the year of the publication of 'Vir-
ginia,' a tragedy, on the title-page of which
the authoress appears as Mrs. Brooke. The
volume includes other poems, and' Mrs. Brooke
submits a proposal on a fly-leaf for a trans-
lation of ' II Pastor Fido ' (which came to no-
thing) ; and she recounts (Preface,vviii) how
' Virginia ' had been offered by her to Garrick,
who declined to look at it till Mr. Crisp's
tragedy of the same name had been published,
and ultimately rejected it (NICHOLS, Lit.
Anecd. ii. 347 ; Biog. Dram. iii. 383). Her
husband was the Rev. John Brooke, D.D.,
rector of Colney, Norfolk (Biog. Dram. i.
71-2), chaplain to the garrison of Quebec,
attached to Norwich Cathedral as daily
reader there, and, according to Blomefield
(Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv.), holding much
other preferment in the same county. Soon
after their marriage Dr. and Mrs. Brooke
left England for Quebec on his garrison du-
ties. The ' European Magazine ' (xv. 99 et
seq.), repeating 'a newspaper anecdote,' re-
lates that, at a farewell party she gave before
taking ship for her voyage, Dr. Johnson had
her called to him in a separate room that he
might kiss her, which he ' did not chuse to do
before so much company.'
In 1763 she published a novel anonymously,
'The History of Lady Julia Mandeville,' con-
taining much description of Canadian scenery,
which went rapidly through four editions,
with a fifth in 1769, a sixth in 1773, and a
special Dublin edition in 1775. In 1764 she
published a translation of Madame Ricco-
boni's 'Lady Juliet Catesby,' still anony-
Brooke
421
Brooke
mously ; and this work soon reached a sixth
edition. A year or two after she published
the ' Memoirs of the Marquis de St. Forlaix,'
4 vols. 12mo, translated into French in 1770
(Nouvelle Biographic Generale, vii. 498),
which is mentioned by Mrs. Barbauld (Bri-
tish Novelists], and is advertised in the 1780
edition of ' Lady Catesby.' In 1769 she pub-
lished 'Emily Montague,' in 4 vols., with
her name affixed, dedicated to Guy Carleton,
governor of Quebec. In 1771 she issued,
in 4 vols., a translation of the Abb6 Milot's
French ' History of England,' with expla-
natory notes of her own ; in 1777 she pub-
lished the ' Excursion,' a novel, 2 vols., in
which Garrick is attacked (book v. pp. 20-
36). Mrs. Brooke had meanwhile formed a
friendship with Mrs. Yates, the actress, and
having a share, it was thought, with that
lady in the Opera House, produced in 1781
a tragedy, ' The Siege of Sinope,' at Covent
Garden Theatre, in which Mrs. Yates acted,
and which ran ten nights (Biog. Dram. iii.
273). In 1783 Mrs. Brooke made her chief
success by 'Rosina,' a musical entertainment
in two acts, with Shield's setting, the opening
number of which, a trio, 'When the rosy
morn appearing,' has not yet disappeared
from concert programmes. Mr. and Mrs.
Bannister took the chief parts in ' Rosina,'
which, Mrs. Brooke said (Preface), was based
on the story of Ruth, aided by that of Lavinia
and Palemon in Thomson's. ' Seasons,' but
which, Genest says (Hist, of the Stage, vi.
266), was taken,' with alterations, from a
French opera, * The Reapers,' published some
thirteen years previously. The run of l Rosina '
was extraordinary. There were two editions
called for in its first year, 1783 (it was sold
for 6d., being used probably as ' a book of
the words'); by 1786 there were eleven edi-
tions ; others followed in 1788 and 1796 (after
Mrs. Brooke's death) ; and the work was re-
produced in numberless forms, notably in the
'Modern British Drama,' 1811, the 'British
Drama illustrated,' 1864, and in vol. xii. of
Dicks's ' British Drama,' 1872. In 1788 Mrs.
Brooke, again with Shield's music, produced
'Marian' at Covent Garden Theatre, Mrs.
Billington taking the heroine (Biog. Dram.
vol. iii.) ; it was acted with success ($.), and
kept the stage till 1800, when Incledon was
the tenor, but it never attained the popu-
larity of ' Rosina.' Mrs. Brooke's last pro-
ductions were ' an affectionate eulogium on
Mrs. Yates' (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 347) ap-
pearing in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' Ivii.
585 ; and a two-volume tale called by the ' Nou-
velle Biog. G6n.' (vii. 498) ' Louisa et Maria,
ou les Illusions de la Jeunesse,' and said to
have been translated into French in 1820.
Mrs. Brooke died at Sleaford, Lincoln-
shire, in 1789, on 23 Jan., according to the
' Gentleman's Magazine ' (lix. 90), or on 26 Jan.
according to the ' European Magazine ' (su-
pra) and the 'Biog. Dram.' (i. 71, 72). She
was buried at Sleaford, but there does not
appear to have been an epitaph to her
(NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. 1815, ix. 497). The
following entry is in the parish register :
' Mrs. Frances Brooke, a most ingenious au-
thoriss, set. 65 ' (private letter from incum-
bent, 1884). Dr. Brooke died a few days
before his wife, 21 Jan. 1789. A son, the
Rev. John Moore Brooke, M.A., fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, obtained the
living of Helperingham, Lincolnshire, in
1784 (Gent. Mag. vol. liv. part ii.)
[Eeed's Biog. Dram. ; Genest's History of the
Stage ; Gent. Mag. ; European Mag. ; Nichols's
Literary Anecdotes, ii. 346 ; Blomefield's Hist, of
Norfolk, vol. iv. under ' Brooks, John ; ' Preface to
Mrs. Brooke's novels, in Mrs. Barbauld's British
Novelists, where she is said (p. ii) to have been
' about the first who wrote in a polished style.']
BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, LORD.
[See GEEVILLB.]
BROOKE, GEORGE (1568-1603), con-
spirator, the fourth and youngest son of
William Brooke, lord Cobham, by Frances,
daughter of Sir John Newton, was born at
Cobham, Kent, 17 April 1568. He matricu-
lated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1580,
and took his M.A. degree in 1586. He ob-
tained a prebend in the church of York, and
was later promised the mastership of the
hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, by
Queen Elizabeth. The queen, however, died
before the vacancy was filled up, and James
gave it instead to an agent of his own, James
Hudson. This caused Brooke to become dis-
affected. He and Sir Griffin Markham per-
suaded themselves that if they could get
possession of the royal person they would
have it in their power to remove the present
members of the council, compel the king to
tolerate the Roman catholics, and secure for
themselves the chief employments of the
state. As part of their arrangements Brooke
was to have been lord treasurer. From this
scheme sprang the ' Bye ' plot, also known
as the ' treason of the priests.' To Brooke's
connection with the Bye may be ultimately
traced the discovery of a second plot, known
as the ' Main,' in which Sir Walter Raleigh
and Lord Cobham [see BROOKE, HENRY,
d. 1619] were implicated. Brooke being1
the brother of Cobham, Cecil suspected that
Cobham and Raleigh might be concerned
in the first treason, and by acting at once
Brooke
422
Brooke
vigorously he discovered the second plot.
Brooke was arrested and sent to the Tower
July 1603; he was arraigned on the 15th.
He pleaded not guilty, though his confes-
sions had gradually laid bare the whole de-
tails of the plots. Brooke appears to have
hoped to the last to obtain a pardon by means
of Cecil, who had married his sister. Mrs.
Thompson, in the appendix to her < Life of
Raleigh,' gives a letter from Brooke to Cecil,
in which the former inquires l what he might
expect after so many promises received, and
so much conformity and accepted service per-
formed by him to Cecil.' What these services
were is entirely uncertain, but Tytler has
endeavoured to build out of this a theory
that Cecil himself employed Brooke to ar-
range the plot, and draw the minister's poli-
tical opponents into the net, in order that
he might be rid of them. This is to the last
degree improbable, because Raleigh and Cob-
ham were not concerned in the Bye plot, and
were not executed. Brooke, in fact, alone
of the lay conspirators suffered on the scaf-
fold in the castle yard at Winchester 5 Dec.
1603. He married Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas, lord Borough, and by her had a son,
William, and two daughters. Although his
children were restored in blood, his son was
not allowed to succeed to the title. Brooke
was the author of two poems, which are pre-
served in the Ashmole MSS.
[Dodd's Church History of England, ed. Tier-
ney, vol. iv. ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 359 ;
Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 192; Ty tier's Life of
Kaleigh, Appendix F ; Mrs. Thompson's Life of
Ealeigh ; Gardiner's History of England, vol. i.]
B. C. S.
BROOKE, GUSTAVUS VAUGHAN
(1818-1866), actor, is said in a biographical
sketch, presumably dictated by himself, to
have been born on 25 April 1818, at Hard-
wick Place, Dublin, and to have received his
education at a school conducted by a brother
of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen
years of age he applied to Calcraft, the
manager of the Theatre Royal, Dublin, for
an engagement. The manager, embarrassed
by a sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean,
allowed the youth to appear on Easter Tues-
day 1833 as William Tell. An engagement
followed, in course of which Brooke played
"Virginius, Douglas, Rolla, and other charac-
ters of the class. He then travelled in the
country, and was received with favour in
Limerick, Londonderry, Glasgow,Edinburgh,
and other places. His first appearance in
London took place at the Victoria as Vir-
ginius, and attracted little attention. In
1840 he accepted from Macready an engage-
ment to appear at Drury Lane, but was dis-
satisfied with his part, and threw up the
engagement. On 3 Jan. 1848 what was
practically his debut took place as Othello
at the Olympic. A failure at one time
seemed imminent, but in the stronger scenes
Brooke triumphed, and the performance ex-
cited much interest. During this engagement
Brooke appeared as Sir Giles Overreach,
Richard III, Shylock, Virginius, Hamlet,
Brutus, and in one original part, the hero
of the 'Lords of Ellingham,' a play by
his manager, Mr. Spicer. Refusing liberal
offers from Webster for the Haymarket,
Brooke returned into the country, but re-
appeared in London at the Marylebone Thea-
tre, and subsequently under Farren at the
Olympic. He then went to America, and
played as Othello with unqualified success
on 15 Dec. 1851 at the Broadway Theatre,
New York. After visiting Philadelphia,
Boston, Washington, and Baltimore, he took
the Astor Place Opera House, New York,
which he opened in May 1852. The experi-
ment was disastrous, and was abandoned
after a few weeks. A fresh tour through
the United States followed. On 5 Sept. 1853
Brooke reappeared at Drury Lane, then under
the management of E. T. Smith. A visit to
Australia followed, and was at the outset
eminently successful. Brooke once more, in
partnership with Coppin, went into manage-
ment, taking the Theatre Royal, Melbourne.
Ruin again came upon him, and he returned
to London practically penniless. Upon his
reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello he
failed to hit the taste of the town. At the
beginning of 1866 he started again for Aus-
tralia. The London, the vessel in which,
with his sister, he started, foundered at sea
on 10 Jan. 1866, and Brooke, whose conduct
throughout the shipwreck has been described
by the few survivors as manly and even
heroic, perished. He married in his later
years Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no
conspicuous merit. Brooke had a fine pre-
sence and a noble voice, both of which he
turned at first to good account. To the in-
fluence of these, rather than to the display
of any eminent intellectual gifts, his success
was attributable. His first appearance as
Othello elicited, however, from men of judg-
ment more favourable criticism than has
often been passed upon any actor of secon-
dary mark. When last he appeared in Lon-
don, his tragic acting was little more than
rant. Habits of dissipation interfered with
his success. He is said, when fortunate, to
have paid in full the claims upon him con-
tracted previous to his insolvency, for which
he was not legally liable.
Brooke
423
Brooke
[Tallis's Dramatic Magazine, 1851 ; Vanden
fooff's Dramatic Reminiscences, London, 1860,
Longman's Magazine, March 1885 ; Era news-
paper, 21 Jan. 1866.] J. K.
BROOKE, HENRY, eighth LORD COB-
HAM (d. 1619), conspirator, was the son of
William, seventh Lord Cobham, by Frances
•daughter of Sir John Newton. His father^
•descended through the female line from the
ancient lords of Cobham, was a favourite of
•Queen Elizabeth, and held the offices of lord
warden of the Cinque Ports, constable of the
Tower, and lord chamberlain of the queen's
household. He was also lord-lieutenant of
the county of Kent and knight of the Garter.
He twice entertained Elizabeth at Cobham
Hall on her progress through Kent (17 July
1559 and 4 Sept. 1573), and was employed in
diplomatic missions abroad in 1559 and (with
Sir Francis Walsingham in the Netherlands)
in 1579. In 1572 he was temporarily confined
in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned
in the plot to marry Mary Stuart to the Duke
of Norfolk. He was buried at Cobham on
•6 April 1597. One of his daughters (Eliza-
beth) married Sir Robert Cecil (LODGE, Il-
lustrations, iii. 87 n). Henry succeeded his
father in the barony, and secured much
of his influence. He was the intimate friend
and political ally of his brother-in-law Sir
Robert Cecil, and therefore the enemy of
Essex. Early in 1597 he defeated Essex
in a contest for the post of warden of the
Cinque Ports, vacant by his father's death.
He was made a knight of the Garter in
1599, and entertained the queen at his Lon-
don house in 1600. One of the objects of
Essex's plot of February 1600-1 was the re-
moval of Lord Cobham from court, and when
arrested Essex made serious charges against
Cobham's political honesty, but he finally ac-
knowledged them to be untrue. The death
of Queen Elizabeth saw the end of Cobham's
prosperity. In July 1603, while Cecil and
the council were engaged in tracking out
Watson's well-known plot in behalf of the
catholics, suspicion fell on Cobham, whose
brother, George Brooke [q. v.], was one of
Watson's chief assistants. SirW alter Raleigh,
who was known to have been long on terms of
.great intimacy with Cobham, was entrusted
with the task of obtaining information against
him, and vague evidence was forthcoming to
show that Cobham had been in negotiation
with Aremberg, the ambassador of the Spanish
archduke, to place Arabella Stuart on the
throne, and to kill ' the king and his cubs.'
The alleged plot is usually known as Cob-
ham's or the Main Plot, while Watson's
conspiracy goes by the name of the Bye
Plot. Cobham was arrested early in July,
but the evidence that affected him appeared
to the government to implicate Raleigh, who
followed Cobham to the Tower within a
few days. Cobham thereupon declared in a
series of confessions that Raleigh had insti-
gated him to communicate with Aremberg,
and that pensions had been promised both of
them by Spain. At Raleigh's trial, held at
Winchester (17 Nov. 1603), these depositions
formed the basis of the accusation. Raleigh
begged to be confronted by Cobham in person,
but the request was refused, and finally the
prosecution produced a very recent letter from
Cobham, in which he stated that since he
had been in prison Raleigh had entreated him
by letter to clear him of the charge ; but all
that he could do as an honest man was to
inform their lordships anew that Raleigh
was the original cause of his ruin. On the
other hand, Raleigh produced a note just
received by him from Cobham, in which the
writer asserted his friend's complete inno-
cence. But the judges were convinced of
Raleigh's guilt, although Cobham's evidence,
even if admitted to be trustworthy, failed to
support any distinct charge of treason. On
18 Nov. Cobham himself was tried and con-
victed ; his defence was, as might be expected,
cowardly and undignified. A warrant was
issued for his execution at Winchester on
10 Dec. (Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc. 382),
and he, together with Lord Grey and Sir
3-riffin Markham, was led to the scaffold,
'obham behaved boldly on this occasion, but
reiterated his assertion of Raleigh's guilt.
James I had, however, no intention of having
;he full penalty inflicted, and Cobham was
;aken back to the Tower alive. There, like
Raleigh, he remained till 1617, when he was
allowed to pay a visit to Bath, on the ground
of failing health. He was to return to the
Tower in the autumn, and while on his
way thither he was seized with paralysis at
3diham. He lingered in a semi-conscious
tate for more than a year, and'died on 24 Jan.
1618-19. The story runs that he died in the
utmost destitution, but it appears that the
dng allowed him 100/. a year, and 8/. a week
or diet, and that these payments were regu-
arly made up to the date of his death. He
;ertainly lay unburied for some time ; but
;hat was probably because the crown refused
jO pay his funeral expenses, which his rela-
:ives were anxious that it should incur.
Osborne states in his ' Traditionall Memo-
rialls' (Court of James I, 1811, i. 156), on
;he authority of William, earl of Pembroke,
;hat Cobham ' died in a roome, ascended by
a ladder, at a poore woman's house in the
Minories, formerly his landeresse, rather of
hunger than any more naturall disease.' Sir
Anthony Weldon, who describes Cobham
as a fool, tells the same story m his Court
of King James,' 1651.
Cobham married after 1597 the widow of
Henry, twelfth earl of Kildare, and daughter ,
of the Earl of Nottingham. She abandoned
her second husband after his disgrace, and,
although very rich, 'would not,' says Wel-
don, ' give him the crumbs that fell from her
table ' She acted for a few years as gover-
ness to the Princess Elizabeth. The crown
apparently allowed her to occupy Cobham
of the archbishop, and one of his pupils, says
that Brooke was 'an accurate and accom-
plished scholar, though lenient as a discipli-
narian.' Another of his works, ' The Quack
Doctor,' published in 1745, is described as
1 very poor doggerel, with ironical laudatory
notes, probably written by Robert Thyer
or the Rev. John Clayton. A Latin tract,
1 Medicus Circumforaneus,' is perhaps a trans-
lation of the preceding. In 1730 he received
~ " " "ollee-e living of Tort worth in
n
but not allowed to assume his uncle's title. ,
Charles I, however, in 1645, conferred the I
barony on a royalist supporter, Sir John
3 grandson of George, sixth Lord Cob-
sermons 1746, and a sennon 1747. His best
known book is < A Practical Essay concerning
lord.' Sir John died without issue in 1651.
[Gardiner's Hist, of England, i. 116-39, iii.
154-5 ; Winwood's Letters, i. 17, ii. 8, 11 ; Letters
of Sir R. Cecil (Camd. Soc.) ; Stow's Annals, sub
1603; Hasted's Kent, i. 493; Nichols's Progresses
of Queen Elizabeth, i. 354, iii. 413; Nichols's
Progresses of James I, vol. i. passim, iii. 769-70 ;
Spedding's Bacon, ii. and iii. ; Dugdale's Baron-
age, ii. 202 ; State Trials, ii. 1-70 ; Cal. State
Papers, 1600-19.1 S. L. L.
BROOKE, HENRY (1694-1757), school-
master and divine, was a son of William
Brooke, merchant, and his wife Elizabeth
Holbrook, who were married at Manchester
Church in 1678-9. He was educated at
Manchester grammar school, and gained an
exhibition 1715-18. He proceeded to Oriel
College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A.
on 30 April 1720. He was D.C.L. in 1727.
Brooke, then a fellow of Oriel, was made
headmaster of Manchester grammar school
in September 1727. He obtained a manda-
mus from the crown to elect him a fellow
of the collegiate church, and was elected in
1728, in spite of tory opposition. He appears
to have been on good terms with John By-
rom, a tory Jacobite, but he was unsuccessful
as a master, and the feoffees of the school
reduced his salary from 200/. to 107. In
order to put himself into better relations, he
published * The Usefulness and Necessity of
studying the Classicks, a speech spoken at
the breaking-up of the Free Grammar School
in Manchester, Thursday, 13 Dec. 1744. By
Hen. Brooke, A.M., High Master of the said
School. Manchester, printed by R. Whit-
worth, Bookseller, MDCCLXIV.' (a misprint
for 1744). This tract, now exceedingly rare,
is reprinted by Whatton. Howley, the father
three editions in the year 1741. The third
edition contains some additional matter. He
was married, and had one daughter. Brooke
eft his library for the use of his successors
at Tortworth. A portrait of him, as late as
1830, was t at Mr. Hulton's, of Blackley.'
[Smith's Manchester Grammar School Re-
gister, vol. i. ; Whatton's History of Manchester
Srrammar School ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Rudder's
Hist, of Gloucestershire, p. 776 ; Byrom's Re-
mains (Chetham Society) ; Raines's Lancashire
MSS. vol. xl. (in Chetham's Library, Man-
chester).] W. E. A. A.
BROOKE, HENRY (1703 P-1783), au-
thor, was son of the Rev. William Brooke, a
protestant clergyman, by his wife, whose
name was Digby. William Brooke, who ap-
pears to have been related to the family of Sir
Basil Brooke, an ' undertaker ' in the planta-
tion of Ulster, possessed lands at Rantavan
in Cavan, and was rector of Killinkere and
Mullagh in that county. He married Let-
tice, second daughter of Simon Digby, bishop
of Elphin. Henry Brooke, the elder of two-
sons, was born about 1703, and is said to have
been educated by Swift's friend, Sheridan.
The register of Trinity College, Dublin, shows
that he was entered 7 Feb. 1720, 'in his
seventeenth year,' from the school of Dr.
Jones. He afterwards entered the Temple,
London. On his return to Ireland Brooke
married a youthful cousin, Catherine Meares
of Meares Court, Westmeath, whose guar-
dianship had been entrusted to him. In
1735 he published at London a poem en-
titled 'Universal Beauty,' which is stated
to have been revised and approved of by
Pope. This production was supposed to have
furnished the foundation for the 'Botanic
Garden ' by Darwin. Swift is said to have
entertained a favourable opinion of Brooke's
talents, but to have counselled him against
devoting himself solely to literature. InLon-
Brooke
425
Brooke
don Brooke was treated with much considera-
tion by Lord Lyttelton, and by Pope, near to
whose house at Twickenham he took a tempo-
rary residence. A translation by Brooke of
the first and second books of Tasso's ' Jerusalem
Delivered ' was issued in 1738. This version
was much commended by Hoole, who subse-
quently translated the entire poem. Brooke
received many attentions from Frederick,
prince of Wales, to whom he was intro-
duced by Pitt, and with whose political ad-
herents he became identified, in opposition
to George II. In 1739 Brooke produced a
tragedy founded on a portion .of the history
of Sweden, and entitled ' Gustavus Vasa, the
Deliverer of his Country.' The play was,
after five weeks' rehearsal, announced for
performance at Drury Lane. Many hundred
tickets had been disposed of, when the per-
formance was unexpectedly prohibited by
the lord chamberlain. This was ascribed to
Sir Robert Walpole, who, it was supposed,
was intended to be represented in the cha-
racter of Trollis, vicegerent of Christiern,
king of Denmark and Norway. Nearly one
thousand persons subscribed for the publica-
tion of ' Gustavus Vasa,' and Brooke, in his
prefatory dedication of it to them, stated
that patriotism was the single moral which
he had in view throughout his play. Under
the name of ' The Patriot,' the tragedy was
produced with success at Dublin, where some
of the sentiments expressed in it relative to
Sweden were construed as applicable to Ire-
land. In connection with the prohibition of
the performance at London, Samuel Johnson
wrote a satire entitled ' A Complete Vindi-
cation of the Licensers of the Stage.' Brooke
left London and returned to Ireland owing
to the importunities of his wife, who ap-
prehended disastrous results from his impru-
dent zeal in the cause of the Prince of Wales.
To Ogle's modernised version of Chaucer,
Brooke in 1741 contributed * Constantia, or
the Man of Law's Tale.' His ' Betrayer of his
Country ' was successfully acted at Dublin in
the same year. Garrick, during his visit to
Dublin, recited at the theatre a prologue and
epilogue composed for him by Brooke. In
1743 Brooke issued at Dublin a prospectus
of a work he described as follows : ' Ogygian
Tales ; or a curious collection of Irish Fables,
Allegories, and Histories, from the relations
of Fintane the aged, for the entertainment
of Cathal Grove Darg, during that Prince's
abode in the island of 0 Brazil.' Brooke pro-
posed in 1744 to print a history of Ireland
from the earliest times, 'interspersed and il-
lustrated with traditionary digressions and
the private and affecting histories of the
most celebrated of the natives.' The publi-
cation was to be comprised in four octavo-
volumes, each to contain about two hundred
pages. To his prospectus he appended a
preface addressed ' to the most noble and
illustrious descendants of the Milesian line/
These projected publications were abandoned
in consequence of misunderstandings as to
the ownership of the materials of which
Brooke had intended to avail himself. To
his studies in this direction may be ascribed
the fragment which he named ' Conrade/
the scene of which was laid at Emania, the
fortress of ancient kings of Ulster. The style
of this production closely resembled that
adopted by Macpherson in his ' Ossian/
Brooke contributed some of the best pieces
in the 'Fables for the Female Sex' pub-
lished in 1744 by Edward Moore, author of
the ' Gamester.' During the Jacobite move-
ment in 1745 Brooke issued the ' Farmer's
Letters to the Protestants of Ireland.' These
letters were written in the character of a pro-
testant farmer in Ireland, with the avowed
object of rousing his co-religionists there to
make preparations against the Jacobite in-
vasion. The peaceable demeanour of the
Irish catholics at the time was compared
by Brooke to the attitude of the crocodile,
which ' seems to sleep when the prey ap-
proaches.' The post of barrackmaster, worth
about 400/. annually, was conferred at this
time on Brooke by Lord Chesterfield, in con-
sideration, it was supposed, of these writings,
which were highly commended in verse by
Garrick. In 1745 ' The Earl of Westmore-
land,' a tragedy by Brooke, was produced at
Dublin, and in 1748 his operatic satire styled
'Jack the Giant-Queller ' was performed there.
The dramatis personse consisted of the giants
of Wealth, Power, Violence, and Wrong, and
' the family of the Goods,' comprising John,
Dorothy, Grace, and the Princess Justice.
The repetition of the performance was pro-
hibited by the government on the ground of
political allusions which it was alleged to
contain. The songs in it were printed in
separate form and had a large circulation. In
relation to 'Jack the Giant-Queller,' Brooke
composed a piece in scriptural style under
the title of ' The Last Speech of John Good,
vulgarly called Jack the Giant-Queller, who
was condemned on the first of April 1745, and
executed on the third of May following/
The < Earl of Essex,' a tragedy by Brooke,
was in 1749 produced at Dublin, and subse-
quently at London. The tragedy originally
contained the passage,
Who rule o'er freemen should themselves be free,
which elicited Johnson's parody,
Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat.
Brooke
426
Brooke
In 1754 Brooke, in a publication entitled j
< The Spirit of Party/ wrote once more j
against the Irish catholics, and was in return j
severely criticised by Charles O'Conor in a |
pamphlet styled ' The Cottager.' To aid the j
project of obtaining parliamentary grants for ,
promoting inland navigation, Brooke in 1759 \
published a work entitled < The Interests of [
Ireland.' This he dedicated to James, vis-
count Charlernont, whom he panegyrised also
in a poem entitled ' The Temple of Hymen.'
In 1760 Brooke became secretary to an as-
sociation of peers and others at Dublin for
registering proposals of national utility, with
a view to having them presented to parlia-
ment. At this period he entered into nego-
tiations with some of the influential Roman
catholics in Ireland, and was employed by
them to write publicly in advocacy of their
claims for a relaxation of the penal laws.
Under this arrangement, and with the ma-
terials supplied by them to him, Brooke pro-
duced a volume published in 1761 at Dublin,
with the following title : ' The Tryal of the
Cause of the .Roman Catholics ; on a special
Commission directed to Lord Chief Justice
Reason, Lord Chief Baron Interest, and Mr.
Justice Clemency. Wednesday, August 5th,
1761. Mr. Clodworthy Common-sense, Fore-
man of the Jury; Mr. Serjeant Statute, Coun-
cil for the Crown ; Constantine Candour, Esq.,
Council for the Accused.' It advocated an
alleviation of the penal laws. Brooke, in con-
nection with this subject, published ' A pro-
posal for the restoration of public wealth and
credit by means of a loan from the Roman
catholics of Ireland, in consideration of en-
larging their privileges.' He also wrote a
treatise on the constitutional rights and in-
terests of the people of Ireland, and again
contemplated the production of a history of
that country. Brooke appears to have been
the first conductor of the ' Freeman's Jour-
nal/ established at Dublin in 1763. Per-
petually ' duped in friendship as well as in
charity,' Brooke was necessitated to mort-
gage his property in Cavan, and became a
resident in Kildare, where he rented a house
and demesne. In 1766 he commenced the
publication of his remarkable novel entitled
'The Fool of Quality; or, the History of
Henry, Earl of Moreland.' The first volume
was dedicated * to the right respectable my
ancient and well-beloved patron, the public/
with a reply to the question, < Why don't you
dedicate to Mr. Pitt ? ' The « Fool of Quality'
extended to five volumes, and passed through
several editions. The main story and its
many episodes are distinguished by simpli-
city of style, close observation of human na-
ture, high sense of humour, and a profoundly
religious and philanthropic temper. The idea
of the * Fool of Quality ' was said to have
been derived by Brooke from a narrative
orally communicated to him by his uncle, Ro-
bert Brooke, in the course of a journey on
horseback from Kildare to Dublin. In 1772
Brooke published a poem entitled l Redemp-
tion.' His last work was ' Juliet Grenville ;
or, the History of the Human Heart/ a novel
in three volumes, issued in 1774. Garrick,
who entertained a high esteem for Brooke,
pressed him earnestly to write for the stage,
ind offered to enter into articles with him
for 1*. a line for all he should write during
life, provided that he wrote for him alone.
This proposal, however, we are told, was re-
ected by Brooke with some degree of haugh-
iness, for which Garrick never forgave him.
From Kildare Brooke removed to a residence
.n Cavan, near his former habitation, and, as
expressed in his own words, continued there
dreaming life away.' A visitor to Brooke
in 1775 described him as ' dressed in a long
blue cloak, with a wig that fell down his
shoulders. He was a little man, neat as
wax-work, with an oval face, ruddy com-
plexion, and large eyes full of fire.' Brooke
sank into a state of mental depression on the
deaths of his wife and of his children, of
whom the sole survivor (out of a family of
twenty-two) was his daughter Charlotte
~. v.], who devoted herself entirely to him.
Disease and grief rendered him at times inca-
pable of mental or physical exertion. With a
view to his pecuniary advantage, some friends
undertook, with his assent, to publish a col-
lection of his poetical and dramatic works.
Four volumes of these were issued at Lon-
don in 1778, but in them, through mismanage-
ment, some of the pieces were printed from
unrevised copies, others were omitted, and
productions of which Brooke was not the
author were included in the collection. John
Wesley, who had some relations with Brooke's
friends, published in 1780 an abridged edi-
tion of the ' Fool of Quality.' In his pre-
fatory observations Wesley recommended
the work as the most excellent, in its kind,
of any that he had seen either in English or
in any other language. Charlotte, Brooke's
daughter, considered that the failure of her
father's mental powers was apparent in the
latter portions of the ' Fool of Quality,' and
that three volumes would amply contain all
that ought to remain in the five. As to his
other and last work, ' Juliet Grenville/ ' it
is,' she wrote, ' I fear, scarcely worthy of re-
vision, and should be finally consigned to
oblivion.' Brooke died in a state of mental
debility at Dublin on 10 Oct. 1783. Several
portraits of Brooke have been engraved. The
Brooke
427
Brooke
earliest of these appears to be that executed
at Dublin in 1756 by Miller, from a painting
by Lewis. In the plate, which is inscribed
* The Farmer/ Brooke is represented as seated,
with a pen in his hand. This portrait was re-
produced in 1884, on a reduced scale, among
the illustrations to the work by J. C. Smith
on British mezzotinto portraits. A revised
edition of Brooke's works was projected by
his daughter Charlotte, with the co-opera-
tion of friends, but while it was in progress
the defective collection already noticed was,
without her knowledge, reprinted by a Lon-
don bookseller. She, however, succeeded in
purchasing the copies, and, with such emen-
dations and revisions as she could effect,
they were issued by her in four volumes in
1792 as a new edition. To the first volume
was prefixed a panegyrical but unsatisfactory
notice of Brooke, the writer of which was
described by his daughter as an ' old contem-
porary and relation.' He, however, avowed
that he knew little with certainty concerning
Brooke's career and the many busy and in-
teresting scenes through which he had passed.
On this subject Miss Brooke stated that, in
her attempts to procure materials for a me-
moir of her father, she had encountered
great difficulties, and as he had outlived
most of his contemporaries, she, his last
surviving child, remembered nothing of them
before the period of his retirement from the
outer world. Some papers connected with
Brooke, including a letter from Pope to him,
were collected by 0. H. Wilson of the Middle
Temple, London, who in 1804 issued a com-
pilation in two small volumes entitled
4 Brookiana.' The ' Fool of Quality ' was re-
published in two volumes in 1859 by the
Rev. Charles Kingsley, who expressed an
opinion that, notwithstanding the defects of
the work, readers would learn from it more of
that which is pure, sacred, and eternal, than
from any book published since Spenser's
* Faerie Queene/
[Dublin journals, 1744; unpublished letters
of Henry Brooke; letters by Benjamin Victor,
1776; Anthologia Hibernica, 1794; Memoirs of
€. O'Conor (1797) ; Manuscripts of C. O'Conor ;
D'Olier's Memoirs of Henry Brooke, 1816 ; Sey-
mour's Memoirs of Miss Brooke, 1816 ; Private
Correspondence of David Garrick, 1831 ; Hist,
of Dublin, 1856 ; Keports of Hist. MSS. Com-
mission, 1884 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 215-6 ;
Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 131.] J. T. G.
BROOKE, HENRY(1738-1806),painter,
was born in Dublin in 1738. He chiefly prac-
tised historical painting, and, upon coming to
London in 1761, gained both fame and for-
tune by the exhibition of his pictures. Seven
years later, in 1767, he had married and
settled in his native city, where he lost the
whole of his savings in some foolish specu-
lation. Thenceforward his art was princi-
pally displayed in the decoration of Roman
catholic chapels, but in 1776 he sent a my-
thological painting to the Society of Artists.
Brooke died in Dublin in 1806.
[Eedgrave's Dictionary of Artists (1878),
p. 57; A. Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-80,
p. 31.] G. G.
BROOKE, HENRY JAMES (1771-
1857), crystallographer, son of a broadcloth
manufacturer, born at Exeter on 25 May
1771, studied for the bar, but went into
business in the Spanish wool trade, South
American mining companies, and the London
Life Assurance Association successively. He
devoted his leisure hours to mineralogy, geo-
logy, and botany. His large collections of
shells and of minerals were presented to the
university of Cambridge, while a portion of
his valuable collection of engravings was
given by him to the British Museum. He
was elected F.G.S. in 1815, F.L.S. in 1818,
and F.R.S in 1819. He discovered thirteen
new mineral species. He died on 26 June
1857. He published a ' Familiar Introduc-
tion to Crystallography,' London, 1823 ; and
contributed the important articles on t Crys-
tallography ' and ' Mineralogy ' in the ' En-
cyclopaedia Metropolitan*,' in which he first
introduced six primary crystalline systems.
[Proc. Eoy. Soc. ix. 41 ; Q. Journ. Geol. Soc.
14, xliv.] H. F. M.
BRpOKE, HUMPHREY (1617-1693),
physician, was born in London in 1617. He
was educated in Merchant Taylors' School,
and entered St. John's College, Oxford, of
which he became a fellow. He proceeded
M.B. 1646, M.D. 1659, was elected fellow of
the London College of Physicians 1674, and
was subsequently several times censor. He
died very rich at his house in Leadenhall
Street, 9 Dec. 1693.
Brooke was the author of * A Conservatory
of Health, comprised in a Plain and Practical
Discourse upon the Six Particulars neces-
sary for Man's Life,' London, 1650, and also
a book of paternal advice, addressed to his
children, under the title of 'The Durable
Legacy,' London, 1681, of which only fifty
copies were printed. It contains 250 pages
of practical, moral, and religious directions,
couched in a sincere and simple Christian
style, with neither sectarianism nor bigotry.
[Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 514, ii. 91, 221 ;
Munk's College of Physicians (1878), i. 368;
Durable Legacy, in British Museum.]
G. T. B.
Brooke
428
Brooke
BROOKE, SIB JAMES (1803-1868),
raja of Sarawak, second son of Thomas
Brooke, of the Bengal civil service, was born
at Benares, and was educated at the grammar
school at Norwich, under Mr. Edward Valpy,
a brother of the famous Dr. Valpy of Read-
ing. During Brooke's school days Dr. Samuel
Parr, who at one time had been the head-
master, was a frequent visitor at the school.
' Old Crome ' was the drawing master, while
Sir Archdale Wilson, the captor of Delhi
in 1857, and George Borrow were among
Brooke's schoolfellows. He was a boy of
marked generosity, truthfulness, and daring.
On one occasion he saved the life of a school-
fellow who had fallen into the river Wen-
He ended his school life somewhat
sum.
abruptly by running away, and at the age of
sixteen was appointed a cadet of infantry
in Bengal. After serving for three years
with a native infantry regiment, he was ap-
pointed to the commissariat ; and on the j
outbreak of the first war with Burma, he |
formed and drilled a body of native volun- I
teer cavalry, which he commanded in an ac-
tion at Rangpur in Assam, receiving on that
occasion a wound in the lungs, which led to
his being invalided home with a wound pen-
sion of 70/. a year. After an absence of
upwards of four years he returned to India ;
but being unable, owing to an unusually
long voyage, to reach Bengal within the pre-
scribed period of five years, he resigned the
East India Company's service in 1830, re-
turning to England in the ship in which he
had gone out, and visiting, in the course of
his voyage, the Straits settlements of Penang,
Malacca, and Singapore, China, and Sumatra.
During this voyage he seems to have formed
the projects which determined his subsequent
career. Returning to Bath, where his family
resided, in the latter part of 1831, he re-
mained in England until 1834, when he pur-
chased a small brig, and made a voyage to
China. In the following year his father died,
and Brooke, having inherited a fortune of
30,000/., purchased a schooner of 142 tons, in
which, after a trip to the Mediterranean, he
sailed on 16 Dec. 1838 for Borneo.
Brooke's motives in undertaking this voy-
age appear to have been partly love of ad-
venture, and largely the desire to introduce
commerce, as well as British ascendency, into
Borneo. A memorandum which he wrote
upon the subject before starting upon the
expedition will be found in a compilation of
his private letters, edited by a friend. After
a short halt at Singapore, Brooke proceeded
in his yacht to Sarawak, on the north-west
coast of Borneo, landing at Kuching, the chief
town, on 15 Aug. 1839. Sarawak— a tract
of country measuring at that time about sixty
miles in length by fifty in breadth, but since
considerably enlarged by territorial additions
made during the lifetime of Brooke — was
then subject to the Malay sultan of Brunei,
the nominal ruler of the whole of the island,
except a part in the south, which had come
into the possession of the Dutch. At the
time of Brooke's arrival a rebellion was in
progress, induced by the tyranny of the offi-
cials of the sultan, who had recently deputed
his uncle, Muda Hassim, to assume the govern-
ment and to restore order. Brooke was cour-
teously received by Muda Hassim. His first
visit was short ; but he seems to have then laid
the foundations of the influence which he
subsequently acquired over the inhabitants,
including the Malay governor, Muda Hassim.
On this occasion he surveyed 150 miles of
coast, visited many of the rivers, and esta-
blished a friendly intercourse with the Malay
tribes on the coast, spending ten days among
a tribe of Dayaks, the aboriginal inhabitants
of the island. In the latter part of the same
year he visited the island of Celebes. He
there astonished the inhabitants, the Bujis —
a race much addicted to field sports— by his
horsemanship and skill in shooting.
Revisiting Sarawak in the autumn of 1840,
Brooke took an active part in the suppression
of the rebellion, which was still going on,
impressing the natives by his gallantry and
readiness of resource, and so entirely gain-
ing the confidence of Muda Hassim that the
latter voluntarily offered him the government
of the country, which he assumed on 24 Sept.
1841. In July of the following year he re-
paired to Brunei, and obtained from the sul-
tan the confirmation of his appointment as
raja of Sarawak, in which office he was
formally installed at Kuching on 18 Aug.
1842. Sir Spenser St. John's < Life of Brooke'"
gives a graphic account of the installation,
which very nearly became a scene of blood-
shed, owing to the excitement of some of
the followers of the late raja, and their ani-
mosity towards a chief named Makota, whose
tyranny had done much to bring about the
rebellion, and who had obstructed Brooke in
his efforts to reduce the country to order,
and to improve the administration (SPENSER
ST. JOHN, Life of Sir James Brooke. 1879,
p. 70).
Brooke's administrative reforms were very
simple, but thoroughly well suited to the
people. One of the causes of the rebellion
had been a system of forced trade, under
which the inhabitants were compelled to buy
at a fixed, and often an exorbitant, price,
commodities sold to them by the chiefs. In
default of payment their sons and daughters,
Brooke
429
Brooke
and often their parents as well, were carried
off as slaves. Brooke substituted for the
forced trade a simple system of taxation in
kind, and did what he could to abolish in-
terference with the personal liberty of the
people. He administered justice himself,
with the aid of some of the chief persons of
the country ; his court, which was a long
room in his own house, being essentially an
open one, while he was accessible to any one
who wished to see him at nearly all hours of
the day. By the Dayaks he was speedily re-
garded with sentiments of reverence and
affection. Their favourite saying was : ' The
son of Europe is the friend of the Dayak.'
In the earlier years of his residence at Sara-
wak Brooke was almost alone. His followers
were a coloured interpreter from Malacca,
useful, but not very trustworthy ; a servant
who could neither read nor write ; a ship-
wrecked Irishman, brave, but not otherwise
useful ; and a doctor who never learnt the
language of the country.
The suppression of piracy in the Malayan
Archipelago does not appear to have been
among Brooke's first objects, but it formed
one of the main achievements of his useful
life. In Borneo piracy had been the common
pursuit of the tribes along the coast from
time immemorial. It was resorted to in
Borneo, not only for purposes of plunder, but
for the possession of human heads, for which
there was a passion among the Dayaks and
among many of the tribes in the archipelago.
Brooke had become aware of the practice at
an early period of his residence in Sarawak,
and had done what he could to impress the
chief people of the country with its enormity ;
but it was not until 1843 that he was in a
position to take an active part in its sup-
pression. Early in that year he made the ac-
quaintance, at Singapore, of Captain the Hon.
Henry Keppel (now (1886) Admiral the Hon.
Sir Henry Keppel, G.C.B.), then commanding
H.M.S. Dido, with whom he speedily con-
tracted a mutual and lasting friendship. Re-
turning to Sarawak in the Dido, in company
with Keppel, he joined in an expedition
against the most formidable of the piratical
hordes, the Malays and Dayaks of the Seribas
river, taking with him as a contingent a
number of war-boats manned by natives of
Sarawak. The expedition was extremely
successful. The pirates were attacked in their
strongholds on the banks of the river by the
boats of the Dido and the Sarawak war-boats,
and compelled to undertake to abandon piracy.
In the following year he was again associated
with Keppel in an attack upon the pirates of
the Sakarran river, which, though inflicting
heavy loss upon the pirates, was attended
with severe fighting and some loss to the
assailants. Captain Sir Edward Belcher,
Captain Rodney Mundy, Captain Grey, and
Captain Farquhar were all at different times
employed in conjunction with Brooke in
operations against the pirates. The last ot
these operations, which took place in 1849,
and dealt a crushing blow to piracy in that
part of the Bornean seas, was made the
i ground of a series of charges of cruel and
illegal conduct, preferred against Brooke in
the House of Commons by Mr. Hume, and
supported by Mr. Cobden, and in some de-
gree by Mr. Gladstone, who, while eulogising
Brooke's character, voted for an inquiry into
the charges, on the ground that the work of
destruction had been promiscuous, and to
some extent illegal. The motion for inquiry
was discountenanced by the government of
the day, that of Lord John Russell, and was
rejected by a large majority of the house,
Lord Palmerston declaring that Brooke 're-
tired from the investigation with untarnished
character and unblemished honour.' The
attacks, however, being continued, the go-
vernment of Lord Aberdeen subsequently
granted a commission of inquiry, which sat
at Singapore, but failed to establish any of
the charges of inhumanity or illegality which
had been made against Brooke.
In 1847 Brooke revisited England, where
he met with a most gratifying reception. He
was invited by the queen to Windsor, and
was treated with great consideration by the
leading statesmen of the day, as well as by
various public bodies. London conferred
upon him the freedom of the city, and Oxford
the honorary degree of D.C.L. In connection
with his visit to Windsor, it is related that
the queen, having inquired how he found it
so easy to manage so many thousands of wild
Borneans, Brooke replied : ' I find it easier to
govern thirty thousand Malays and Dayaks
than to manage a dozen of your majesty's
subjects.' On his return to Borneo he was
appointed British commissioner and consul-
j general in that island, as well as governor of
Labuan, which the sultan of Brunei had
ceded to the British crown. He was also
created a K.C.B.
The commission of inquiry not only caused
Brooke very great annoyance, but for a time
introduced some embarrassment into his rela-
tions with the natives under his rule, who
not unnaturally conceived the impression
that he had forfeited the favour of his own
government. The incident is also generally
regarded as having, in combination with other
circumstances, had some connection with a
very serious outbreak on the part of the
Chinese immigrants into Sarawak, in which
Brooke
430
Brooke
Brooke narrowly escaped being murdered.
This outbreak occurred in 1857, when the
Chinese, having formed a plot to kill Brooke
and the other Englishmen serving under him,
attacked the government house and other
English residences, and murdered several of
the English. Brooke escaped in the darkness
by jumping into the river, diving under the
bow of a Chinese barge, and swimming to the
BROOKE, JOHN (d. 1582), translator,
son of John Brooke, was a native of Ash-
next-Sandwich and owner of Brooke House
in that village. Though appointed scholar
of Trinity College, Cambridge, by the founda-
tion charter of 1546, he did not proceed B.A.
until 1553-4. He married Magdalen Stod-
dard of Mottingham. He died in 1582, leaving
no children, and was buried in Ash church.
other side. After having occupied the capital | His works are : 1. 'The Staffe of Christian
for a few days, and destroyed a good deal of j Faith. . . . Translated out of French into
property, including the raja's house and his ! English by John Brooke, of Ashe-next-
valuable library, the Chinese retired, followed j Sandwiche,' 1577. 2. 'John Gardener, his
by a large body of Malays and Dayaks, who ; confession of the Christian Faith. Translated
stood by their raja, and, intercepting the out of French by John Brooke,' 1578, 1583.
Chinese in their retreat, destroyed a consi- 3. 'A Christian Discourse . . . presented to
derable number of them. The attitude of the Prince of Conde. Translated by J. B./
the Malays and Dayaks on this occasion fur- j 1578. 4. ' The Christian Disputations, by
nished a signal proof of the affection and
confidence with which Brooke had inspired
the great majority of his native subjects.
Brooke finally left Sarawak in 1863.
Shortly after his return to England a wish
long cherished by him, that the British go-
vernment should recognise his territory as an
independent state, was gratified, and a consul
was appointed to represent British interests.
He died at Burrator in Devonshire in 1868,
at the age of sixty-five, after a series of para-
Master Peter Viret, dedicated to Edmund,
Abp. of Canterbury. Translated out of
French . . . by J. B. of Ashe/ 1579. 5. < Of
Two Wonderful Popish Monsters, to wyt,
Of a Popish Asse which was found in Rome
in the riuer Tyber (1496), and of a Moonkish
Calfe, calued at Friberge in Misne (1528).
. . . Witnessed and declared, the one by P.
Melancthon, the other by M. Luther. Trans-
lated out of French ... by John Brooke
of Assh. . . . With two cuts of the Mon-
lytic attacks, brought on doubtless by the sters/ 1579. 6. < A Faithful and Familiar
fatigues and exposure of a laborious and ad- Exposition upon the Prayer of our Lorde.
venturous life, spent, the greater part of it, ... Written in French dialogue wise, by
Brooke, and under whose firm but benevo-
lent government, based upon the principles
introduced by his illustrious relative, Sara-
wak, now comprising a territory of 28,000
square miles and a population of a quarter of
a million, is a flourishing settlement. Trade
has expanded, agriculture is advancing, piracy
and head-hunting have been rooted out, edu-
cation is in demand, and, as a result of the
efforts of Christian missionaries, Sarawak
now numbers nearly three thousand native
Christians. When this state of things is
compared with that which existed on the
north coast of Borneo less than half a century
ago, it will readily be admitted that among
the benefactors of humanity a high place
must be accorded to Sir James Brooke.
[Gertrude L. Jacob's Raja of Sarawak, 1876 ;
,,,»,,,,, C!* T«'U«'« T '1* _^» Ci" T ••-* -m
Queene's Maiesties Excheker,' 1582.
[Hasted's Kent, iii. 691 n. ; Planches Corner
of Kent, 136 ; Ames's Typog. Antiq. (Herbert)
662, 867, 1010, 1011, 1060 ; Maunsell's First
Part of the Catalogue (1595), 24; Cooper's
Athense Cantab, i. 459 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.
131.] W. H.
BROOKE, JOHN CHARLES (1748-
1 794) , Somerset herald, second son of William
Brooke, M.D., and Alice, eldest daughter and
coheiress of William Mawhood of Donc'aster,
was born at Fieldhead, in the parish of Silk-
stone, near Sheffield, in 1748. He was sent
to the metropolis to be apprenticed to a
chemist in Holborn, but he had already ac-
quired a taste for genealogical research, and
having drawn up a pedigree of the Howard
family which attracted the favourable notice
Spenser St. John's Life of Sir James Brooke' ' Ia?mii5r wnicn attracted the favourable no1
1879 ; Private Letters of Sir James Brooke i of the Duke of Norfolk, he thus obtained an
(edit. John C.Templer), 1853 ; Captain Mundy's ! entrance into the College of Arms. He was
Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, | appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in 1773,
1848; Ann. Reg. 1851, pp. 135, 136 ; Quarterly i and was promoted to the office of Somerset
Review, vols.lxxxiii., cxi.; S. P. G. Report, 1884; herald in 1777. Two years previouslv in
Hamette McDougall's Sketches of our Life at 1775, he had been elected a fellow of the
Sarawak, London.] A. J. A. Society of Antiquaries. Brooke was secretary
Brooke
431
Brooke
to the earl marshal, and, also through the j
patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, a lieutenant i
in the militia of the West Riding of York-
shire. With Benjamin Pingo, York herald,
and fourteen other persons, he was crushed
to death on 3 Feb. 1794, in attempting to get
into the pit of the Haymarket Theatre. His
body was interred in the church of St. Benet,
Paul's Wharf, where a monumental tablet was
erected to his memory, with an epitaph com-
posed by Edmund Lodge, afterwards Cla-
renceux king-at-arms.
Brooke made voluminous manuscript col-
lections, chiefly relating to Yorkshire. His
father had inherited the manuscripts of his
great-uncle, the Rev. John Brooke, rector of
High Hoyland in Yorkshire, which had been
formed as a foundation for the topography of
that county. These came into the hands of John
Charles Brooke, who greatly enlarged them
by means of his own researches, and by copy-
ing the manuscripts of Jenyngs andTilleyson.
A catalogue of these collections will be found
in Gough's l British Topography,' ii. 397, 401,
402. Brooke's contributions to the ' Archseo-
logia' are enumerated in Nichols's 'Illustra-
tions of Literature,' vi. 355. He was a con-
tributor also to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,'
and the principal authors of his day in genea-
logy and topography acknowledge their obli-
gations to him. Besides a history of Yorkshire,
he contemplated a new edition of Sandford's
1 Genealogical History of the Kings of Eng-
land/ a baronage after Dugdale's method,
and a history of all tenants in capite to ac-
company Domesday. He bequeathed his ma-
nuscripts to the College of Arms, but a small
collection of Yorkshire pedigrees by him is
preserved in the British Museum (Addit. MS.
21184). Many of his letters on antiquarian
subjects are printed in Nichols's 'Illustra-
tions of Literature.'
A portrait of Brooke, engraved by T. Milton
from a painting by T. Maynard, forms the
frontispiece to Noble's ' History of the Col-
lege of Arms.'
[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 681, 684, iii. 263,
vi. 142, 254, 303 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi.
354-429 ; Noble's College of Arms, 428-434,
440; Addit, MS. 5726 E, art. 3, 5864, f. 116;
Notes and Queries (2nd series), iv. 130, 160, 318 ;
Gent. Mag. Ixiv. 187, 275, Ixvii. 5 ; Annual
Eeg. 1794, chronicle 5.] T. C.
BROOKE, RALPH (1553-1625), herald,
describes himself (MS. penes Coll. Arm.) as
the son of Geoffrey Brooke (by his wife, Jane
Hyde) and grandson of William Brooke of
Lancashire, who was a cadet of the family of
Brooke seated at Norton in Cheshire. But
the entry of his admission into Merchant
Taylors' School, on 3 July 1564, simply re-
cords the fact that his father was Geoffrey,
and a shoemaker (Registers of M.T.S. i. 6).
In 1576 he was made free of the Painter
Stainers' Company, and four years afterwards
was appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in the
College of Arms. In March 1593 he became
York herald, but attained to no higher rank.
That he was an accurate and painstaking
genealogist there can be no doubt ; it seems
equally clear that he was of a grasping and
jealous nature, and much disliked by his
fellow-officers in the Heralds' College. In
1597 Camden, who was not a professional
herald, was made Clarenceux king-at-arms
in recognition of his great learning. Brooke
took umbrage at his intrusion into the col-
lege, and published, without date or printer's
name, what he termed ' A Discoverie of cer-
taine Errours published in print in the much-
commended Britannia 1594, very prejudicial!
to the Discentes and Successions of the aun-
cient Nobilitie of this Realme.' To this
Camden replied ; and Vincent, who had the
college with him, sided with Camden and
exposed certain mistakes into which Brooke
himself had fallen. The controversy was long
and acrimonious, the only good result being
that, through the researches of Brooke, Cam-
den, and Vincent, the genealogies of the no-
bility were closely investigated, and the first
attempt at a printed peerage was made.
Brooke died 15 Oct. 1625, aged 73, and was
buried in the church of Reculver, Kent. His
quaint monument, whereon he is depicted in
his tabard dress, has been often engraved,
but it has unhappily disappeared from the
newly built church. In addition to the
work already mentioned, Brooke wrote ' A
Second Discovery of Errors,' which was
published from the manuscript by Anstis
in 1723 ; and two editions (1619 and 1622)
of *A Catalogue and Succession of the
Kings, Princes, Dukes, Marquisses, Earles,
and Viscounts of the Realme of England since
the Norman Conquest to this present yeare
1619. Together with their Armes, Wives and
Children, the times of their deaths and burials,
with any other memorable actions, collected
by Raphe Brooke, Esquire, Yorke Herauld,
Discouering and Reforming many errors com-
mitted by men of other Professions and lately
published in Print to the great wronging of
the Nobility and prejudice of his Majestie's
Officers and Armes, who are onely appointed
and sworne to deale faithfully in these
causes,' printed by Jaggard.
[Dallaway's Heraldry, 1793, pp. 226-239 ;
Noble's College of Arms ; Nichols's Herald and
Genealogist, ii. ; for a full account of Brooke's quar-
rel with Vincent and Camden see Sir H. Nicolas's
Life of Augustine Vincent (1827).] C. J. E.
Brooke
432
Brooke
BROOKE, RICHARD (1791-1861), anti-
quary, was a native of Liverpool, where he
was born in 1791. His father, also named
Richard, was a Cheshire man, who settled in
Liverpool early in life, and died there on
15 June 1852, at the age of 91. Richard
Brooke the younger practised as a solicitor in
Liverpool, and devoted his leisure time to
investigations into the history and antiquities
of his county, and into certain branches of
natural history. One of the favourite occu-
pations of his life was to visit and explore
the several fields of battle in England, espe-
cially those which were the scenes of conflict
between the rival houses of York and Lan-
caster. The great object he had in view was
to compare the statements of the historians
with such relics as had survived, and with
the traditions of the neighbourhoods where
the respective battles had been fought. He
was led to this line of research at a compara-
tively early age during visits to his brother,
Mr. Peter Brooke, who resided near Stoke
Field. In 1825 he published ' Observations
illustrative of the Accounts given by the
Ancient Historical Writers of the Battle of
Stoke Field, between King Henry the Seventh
and John De la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, in
1487, the last that was fought in the Civil
Wars of York and Lancaster ; to which are
added some interesting particulars of the
Illustrious Houses of Plantagenet and Ne-
ville ' (Liverpool, 1825, roy. 8vo). In later
years he carried on his researches, and com-
municated the result to the Society of An-
tiquaries, of which he was a member, and
to the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical
Society, in papers which were subsequently
published in a volume in 1857, entitled
* Visits to Fields of Battle in England in the
Fifteenth Century. To which are added
some Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers upon
Archaeological Subjects ' (8vo). The battle-
fields described are Shrewsbury, Blore Heath,
Northampton, Wakefield, Mortimer's Cross,
Towton, Tewkesbury, Bosworth, Stoke, Eve-
sham, and Barnet. The additional papers are :
1. 'On the Use of Firearms by the Eng-
lish in the 15th Century.' 2. ' The Family
of Wyche, or De la Wyche, in Cheshire.'
3. 'Wilmslow Church in Cheshire.' 4. 'Hand-
ford Hall and Cheadle Church in Cheshire.'
5. « The Office of Keeper of the Royal Mena-
gerie in the Reign of Edward IV.' 6. < The
Period of the Extinction of Wolves in Eng--
land.'
He was a member of the council of the
Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society,
and read many papers at the meetings of the
society. The following, in addition to some
of those named above, are printed in its
1 Proceedings : ' 1. ' Upon the extraordinary
and abrupt Changes of Fortune of Jasper, earl
of Pembroke,' vol. x. 2. ' Life of Richard
Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and
Salisbury, called the King Maker,' xii.
3. ' Life and Character of Margaret of Anjou/
xiii. 4. ' Visit to Fotheringay Church and
Castle,' xiii. 5. ' Migration of the Swallow,'
xiii. 6. { On the Elephants used in War by
the Carthaginians,' xiv. 7. ' On the Com-
mon or Fallow Deer of Great Britain,' xiv.
In the ' Transactions of the Historic Society
of Lancashire and Cheshire' he published
' Observations on the Inscription of the Com-
mon Seal of Liverpool ' (i. 76), besides the
three Cheshire papers reprinted in the volume
of ' visits.' In 1853 he published ' Liverpool
as it was during the Last Quarter of the
Eighteenth Century, 1775 to 1800 ' (Liver-
pool, roy. 8vo, pp. 558). In this he has
gathered a body of interesting facts relating
to the history of the great port during that
period, much of the information being de-
rived from his father. He died at Liver-
pool on 14 June 1861, in the seventieth year
of his age.
[Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,
1862, 2nd ser. ii. 105 ; prefaces to Brooke's
works.] C. W. S.
BROOKE, ROBERT (d. 1802?), of
Prosperous, county Kildare, governor of St.
Helena from 1787 to 1801, was youngest
son of Robert Brooke, and grandson of the
Rev. William Brooke of Rantavan House,
county Cavan (BuRKE's Landed Gentry, see
Brooke of Drumvana). He entered the ser-
vice of the East India Company on 14 Aug.
1764 as ensign on the Bengal establishment,
became lieutenant on 25 Aug. 1765, and
substantive captain on 10 Dec. 1767. He
signalised himself on several occasions in the
operations against Cossim Ali and Soojah
Dowlah under Lord Clive, during which
time he served with the 8th sepoys. De-
tached to Madras with two companies of
Bengal sepoy grenadiers, he served through
the campaigns of 1768-9 against Hyder Ali,
with General Joseph Smith, and was sub-
sequently chief engineer of Colonel Wood's
force. On one occasion he was sent as envoy
to Hyder Ali. Returning to Bengal he was
given command of two battalions lent as
guards to the Mogul. While so employed
he put down a formidable revolt in the pro-
vince of Corah, for which service he was re-
warded with the collectorship of the province,
together with a commission of 2£ per cent,
on its revenues while in command of the
troops on the frontier. He raised the Bengal
native light infantry, and commanded that
battalion in two campaigns against the hill-
Brooke
433
Brooke
robbers about Rajmahal, in which he distin-
guished himself by his lenity and humanity
no less than by the success of his operations.
He also rendered good service against the
Mahrattas and in the Rohilla war. His ser-
vices were acknowledged by the court of
directors on 19 April 1771, and again on
30 March 1774, in terms almost unprece-
dented in the case of an officer of junior rank.
He returned home on furlough in 1774, and
invested the fortune he had realised by his
collectorship at Corah in an attempt to de-
velope the cotton manufacture in Ireland,
with which object he erected the industrial
village of Prosperous, in the barony of Clane,
county Kildare. About the same time he
married Mrs. Wynne, nee Mapletoft, who
bore him several children. The enterprise
at Prosperous met with patronage and sup-
port in distinguished quarters, and in 1776
Brooke received the thanks of parliament
for his patriotic endeavours. The manufac-
turing processes — cotton-printing excepted
— are stated to have been carried to some
perfection, but in a commercial sense the
undertaking proved a failure, and after many
vicissitudes the works, counting some 1,400
looms, in 1787 had to be given up for the
benefit of the creditors. They were even-
tually burned by the rebels in 1798. His
own fortune and that of his wife having
thus been sacrificed, and an elder brother, who
was partner in the enterprise, and others
having become involved in the ruin, Brooke
applied to the court of directors to reinstate
him in his former rank, for, having over-
stayed his leave, he had been struck off the
rolls from 14 April 1775. The directors
declined to accede to the request, but im-
mediately afterwards appointed him to the
governorship of the island of St. Helena,
in succession to Governor Corneille. There
he displayed much energy. He improved
the buildings, strengthened the defences, and
established a code of signals. The island be-
came a depot for the company's European
troops, and during his governorship over
12,000 recruits were drilled in its valleys.
His spirited measures for seizing the Cape
of Good Hope with a small naval squad-
ron carrying a landing-force of 600 light in-
fantry, blue-jackets, marines, and seamen-
volunteers, though anticipated by the expe-
dition from home under General Craig and
Admiral Keith, won for him the special
thanks of the home government. The court
of directors recognised his exertions by the
gift of a diamond-hilted sword, presented to
him in 1799 at St. Helena, at the head of a
garrison parade, Brooke then holding local
rank as colonel. A serious illness compelled
VOL. VI.
him to embark for England on 10 March
1801, and he died soon after.
Particulars and certificates of his public
services in India and in Ireland will be found
in the * British Museum Collection of Poli-
tical Tracts/ under the heading : ' Brooke,
Robt. — A Letter from Mr. Brooke to an
Honourable Member of the House of Com-
mons (Dublin, 1787).' A notice of his
governorship appears in the ' History of
St. Helena,' compiled by Thomas Digby
Brooke, who was for many years colonial
secretary on the island, and was a nephew of
Governor Brooke, being a son of the elder
brother who was partner in the concern at
Prosperous. A few unpublished letters to
Warren Hastings in 1773, and from the
Marquis Wellesley, are among ' Add. MSS.,'
British Museum.
[Burke's Landed Gentry ; Political Tracts,
1787-8; Dodswell and Miles's Lists of Bengal
Army; Warburton's Hist, of Dublin, ii. 971;
Brooke's Hist, of St. Helena (2nd ed. 1823) ;
Add. MSS. 29133, 13710, and 13787.]
H. M. C.
BROOKE, LOKD. [See GKEVILLB.]
BROOKE, SAMUEL (d. 1632), master
of Trinity College,Cambridge, and archdeacon
of Coventry, was the son of Robert Brooke,
a rich citizen of York, and was brother of
Christopher Brooke, the poet [q. v.] In 1596
he was admitted to Trinity College, Cam-
bridge ; he proceeded M.A. 1604, B.D. 1607,
and D.D. 1615. Shortly afterwards he was
sent to prison, by the agency of Sir George
More, for secretly celebrating the marriage
of Dr. John Donne with More's daughter,
but was soon afterwards released. He was
promoted to the office of chaplain to Henry,
prince of Whales, who recommended him
(26 Sept. 1612) for the divinity chair at
Gresham College. He was afterwards chap-
lain to both James I and Charles I. He was
elected proctor at Cambridge in 1613, and in
1614 he wrote three Latin plays, which were
performed before James I on his visit to the
university in that year. The names of the
plays appear to have been ' Scyros,' l Adelphe,'
and 'Melanthe,' and the ' Adelphe' was de-
scribed as so witty ' ut vel ipsi Catoni risum
excuteret.' On 13 June 1618 he became
rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, London,
and 10 July 1621 was incorporated D.D. at
Oxford. He was elected master of Trinity
College, Cambridge, 5 Sept. 1629, and on
17 Nov. resigned his Gresham professorship.
Prynne, in his ' Canterburie's Doome ' p. 157,
abuses Brooke as a disciple of Laud, and
states that in 1630 Brooke was engaged in
'An Arminian Treatise of Predestination.'
Brooke
434
Brookes
Laud encouraged him to complete this book,
but afterwards declined to sanction its pub-
lication on account of its excessive violence.
On 13 May 1631 Brooke was admitted arch-
deacon of Coventry, and died 16 Sept. 16327
He was buried without monument or epitaph
in Trinity College Chapel. None of Brooke's
works appear to have been printed. Besides
the treatise already mentioned, he wrote a
tract on the Thirty-nine Articles, and a dis-
course, dedicated to the Earl of Pembroke,
entitled ' De Auxilio Divinse Gratise Exer-
citatio theologica, nimirum: An possibile
sit duos eandem habere Gratiee Mensuram,
et tamen unus convert atur et credat ; alter
non : e Johan. xi. 45, 46.' The manuscript
of this discourse is in Trinity College Lib-
rary.
[Ward's Lives of the Professors of Grresham Col-
lege, p. 53 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss) i. 401-2 ;
Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 284; Welch's
Alumni Westmonast. 19-20 ; Cole's MS. Athense
Cantab. ; Laud's Works, vi. 292.1 S. L. L.
BROOKE, WILLIAM HENRY (d.
^ 1860), satirical draughtsman and portrait-
painter, was a nephew of Henry Brooke
(1703 P-1783) [q. v.], the author of < A Fool
of Quality.' He was placed when young in a
banker's office. Preferring the studio to the
desk, he became the pupil of Samuel Drum-
mond, A.R.A. He made rapid progress, and '
soon established himself as a portrait-painter
in the Adelphi. In 1810 he first exhibited in
the Academy. His early works, according to
Redgrave, were mere sketches ; their subjects :
' Anacreon/ ' Murder of Thomas a Becket,' and
' Musidora.' Between 1813 and 1823 he did not
exhibit. In the latter year he sent three pic-
tures, a portrait, and two Irish landscapes
with figures. In 1826 he exhibited < Chas-
tity.' This was the last work which he sent
to the Academy. In 1812 he undertook to
make drawings for the ' Satirist,' a monthly
publication which changed hands several
times in its short career, and collapsed finally
in 1814. There is little of style or of wit to
redeem the pure vulgarity of Brooke's work
as a satirist. He contributed to this paper
till September 1813, and was then succeeded
by George Cruikshank. His drawings for
this periodical seem to have brought him
some notice, and he illustrated a good many
popular books of the day. Among these
may be mentioned Moore's ' Irish Melodies,'
1822 ; Major's edition of Izaak Walton, to
which he supplied some vignettes ; Keight-
ley's ' Greek and Roman Mythology,' 1831 ;
'Persian and Turkish Tales;' 'Gulliver's
Travels;' Nathaniel Cotton's 'Visions in
Verse;' and ' Fables for the Female Sex,' by
E. Moore and his uncle, H. Brooke. The last
three are undated and published by Walker.
None of Brooke's embellishments appear to
have had much merit. His best designs,
however, are said to have been well drawn.
He shows a certain feeling for grace in his de-
lineation of women, though little knowledge.
He died at Chichester 12 Jan. 1860.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English
School ; British Museum Catalogues.] E. R.
BROOKE, ZA CHARY (1716-1788), di-
vine, the son of Zachary Brooke, of Sidney
Sussex CoUege, Cambridge (B.A. 1693-4, and
M. A. 1697), at one time vicar of Hawkston-
cum-Newton, near Cambridge, was born in
1716 at Hamerton, Huntingdonshire. He was
educated at Stamford school, was admitted
sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 28 June
1734, was afterwards elected a fellow, pro-
ceeded B.A. in 1737, M.A. in 1741, B.D. in
1748, andD.D. in 1753. He was elected to the
Margaret professorship of divinity at Cam-
bridge in 1765, and was at the same time a
candidate for the mastership of St. John's
College ; was chaplain to the king from 1758,
and was vicar of Ickleton, Cambridgeshire,
and rector of Forncett St. Mary and St. Peter,
Suffolk. He died at Forncett on 7 Aug. 1 788.
He married the daughter of W. Hanchet.
He attacked Dr. Middleton's ' Free Inquiry '
in his ' Defensio miraculorum quse in ecclesia
Christiana facta esse perhibentur post tem-
pora Apostolorum,' Cambridge, 1748, which
appeared in English in 1750. This work
called forth several ' Letters ' in reply. Brooke
was also the author of a collection of ser-
mons, issued in 1763.
[Baker's St. John's College (ed. Mayor), 1029,
1030, 1042; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 563-4, viii.
379; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. iv. 371; Brit. Mus.
Cat.] S. L. L.
BROOKES, JOSHUA (1754-1821), ec-
centric divine, was born at Cheadle-Hulme,
near Stockport, and baptised on 19 May
I 1754. His father, a shoemaker, who removed
| soon after his son's birth to Manchester, was
' a cripple of violent temper, known by the
name of ' Pontius Pilate.' He had, however,
a genuine affection for his boy, who was
; educated at the Manchester grammar school,
I where he attracted the notice of the Rev.
Thomas Ay nscough, M.A., who obtained the
aid which, with a school exhibition, enabled
him to proceed to Brasenose College, Oxford,
where he graduated B.A. on 17 June 1778
and M.A. on 21 June 1781. In the following
year he became curate of Chorlton Chapel,
and in December 1790 was appointed chaplain
of the collegiate church of Manchester, a posi-
'died 1 6 Se£t. 1631 '
St. John) was made
proved 20 Sept.'
* After
insert 4 His will (99
16 Sept. 1631 and
Brookes
435
Brookes
tion which he retained until his death on
11 Nov. 1821. He acted for a time as assis-
tant master at the grammar school, but was
exceedingly unpopular with the boys, who
at times ejected him from the schoolroom,
struggling and shrieking out at the loudest
pitch of an unmelodious voice his uncompli-
mentary opinions of them as 'blockheads.'
He was an excellent scholar, and one of his
pupils, Dr. Joseph Allen, bishop of Ely, ,
frankly acknowledged, ' If it had not been for
Joshua Brookes, I should never have been a
fellow of Trinity ' — which proved the step-
ping-stone to the episcopal bench. Brookes
was a book collector ; but although he brought
together a large library, he was entirely de-
ficient in the finer instincts of the biblio-
maniac, and nothing could be more tasteless
than his fashion of illustrating his books i
with tawdry and worthless engravings. His
memory was prodigious. In his common talk
he spoke the broad dialect of the county, and
his uncouthness brought him frequently into
disputes with the townspeople. He would in-
terrupt the service of the church to administer
a rebuke or to box the ears of some unruly boy.
A caricature appeared in which he is repre-
sented as reading the burial service at a grave
and saying, ' And I heard a voice from heaven
saying — knock that black imp off the wall ! '
The artist was prosecuted and fined. Brookes's
peculiarities brought him into frequent con-
flict with his fellow-clergymen. As chaplain
of the Manchester collegiate church he bap-
tised, married, and buried more persons than
any clergyman in the kingdom. He is de-
scribed in Parkinson's ' Old Church Clock '
as the ' Rev. Joseph Rivers,' and he appears
under his own name in the ' Manchester Man '
of Mrs. G. Linnaeus Banks. In ' Blackwood's
Magazine ' for March 1821 appeared a < Brief
Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet,' and that
Brookes read it is evident from his annotated
copy, which is now in the Manchester Free
Library. The article was incorrectly attri-
buted to Mr. James Crossley, but is properly
assigned to Mr. Charles Wheeler.
In appearance he was diminutive and
corpulent ; he had bushy, meeting brows
(Parr styled him 'the gentleman with the
straw-coloured eyebrows '), a shrill voice, and
rapid utterance. He was careless and shabby
in his dress, except on Sundays, when he was
scrupulously clean and neat. His portrait,
from a drawing taken by Minasi a few weeks
before his death, has been engraved. His
general appearance gained him the nickname
of the ' Knave of Clubs,' though he was usually
styled ' St. Crispin.'
[Free Thoughts on many Subjects, by a Man-
chester Man (the Kev. Eobert Lamb), 'London,
1866, p. 122 ; Parkinson's Old Church Clock,
5th edition, with biographical sketch by John
Evans, Manchester, 1880; Churton's Life of
Nowell, pp. 200, 225 ; Booker's Hist, of Chorlton
Chapel (Chetham Society) ; an article by John
Harland in Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 568 ;
Smith's Manchester Grammar School Register
(Chetham Society), i. 109; Songs of the Wilsons,
edited by Harland, Manchester, 1865 ; Bamford's
Early Days, p. 292 ; Banks's Manchester Man,
1876, vol. iii. Appendix; Harland's Collectanea
(Chetham Society).] W. E. A. A.
BROOKES, JOSHUA (1761-1833), ana-
tomist, was born on 24 Nov. 1761, and studied
anatomy and surgery in London under Wil-
liam Hunter, Hewson, Andrew Marshall,
and Sheldon, afterwards attending the prac-
tice of Portal and other eminent surgeons at
the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Returning to London
he commenced to teach anatomy and form a
museum. He was an accurate anatomist
and excellent dissector, and prepared very
many of the specimens in his museum. He
invented a very useful method of preserving
subjects for his lectures and class dissections,
so as to preserve a healthy colour and arrest
decomposition. For this he was elected
F.R.S. His success as a teacher was so great
that in the course of forty years more than
five thousand pupils passed under his tuition
in anatomy and physiology. He was very
devoted to the formation of his museum,
which from first to last cost him 30,000/.,
and was second only to that of John Hunter.
It included a vast collection of specimens
illustrating human and comparative anatomy,
morbid and normal. His brother kept the cele-
brated menagerie in Exeter Change, and thus
Brookes easily obtained specimens. In 1826,
owing to ill-health brought on by constant
presence in the atmosphere of the dissecting-
room, he was compelled to leave off teaching ;
and at a dinner presided over by Dr. Pet-
tigrew he received from the hands of the
Duke of Sussex a marble bust of himself, sub-
scribed for by his pupils. After vainly en-
deavouring to dispose of his museum entire,
he was compelled to sell it piecemeal. The
final sale took place on 1 March 1830 and
twenty-two following days; but very little
was realised for Brookes's support in his old
age. He died 10 Jan. 1833, in Great Portland
Street, London.
His published writings include ' Lectures
on the Anatomy of the Ostrich ' (' Lancet,'
vol. xii.) ; ' Brookesian Museum,' 1827 ; ' Cata-
logue of Zootomical Collection,' 1828 ; 'Ad-
dress to the Zoological Club of the Linnean
Society,' 1828 ; ' Thoughts on Cholera,' 1831,
proposing most useful hygienic precautions,
especially as to the cleansing of the slums ;
p p 2
Brookes
436
Brooking
and a description of a new genus of Rodentia
(Trans. Linn. Soc., 1829).
[Museum Brookesianum, Descriptive and His-
torical Catalogue, 1830 ; Lancet, 19 Jan., 31 Aug.,
and 14 Dec. 1833; Memorials of J. F. South,
1884, pp. 103-6.]
BROOKES, RICHARD (/. 1750), phy-
sician and author, has left but slight memo-
rials of his life, except numerous compilations
and translations on medicine, surgery, natural
history, and geography, most of which went
through several editions. He was at one time
a rural practitioner in Surrey (Dedication of
Art of Angling). At some time previous to
1762 he had travelled both in America and
Africa (Preface to Natural History}. He
was an industrious compiler, especially from
continental writers, and his ' General Gazet-
teer ' supplied a manifest want. It has gone
through a great number of editions, the prin-
cipal recent editor being A. G. Findlay.
The following are Brookes's chief writings :
1. ' History of the most remarkable Pesti-
lential Distempers/ 1721. 2. 'The Art of
Angling, Rock and Sea Fishing, with the
Natural History of River, Pond, and Sea
Fish,' 1740. 3. 'The General Practice of
Physic,' 1751. 4. ' An Introduction to Physic
and Surgery/ 2 vols. 1754. 5. ' The General
Gazetteer/ 'London, 1762. 6. 'A System of
Natural History/ 6 vols. 1763. His prin-
cipal translations are ' The Natural History
of Chocolate/ from the French of Quelus,
2nd ed. 1730, and Duhalde's 'History of
China/ 4 vols. 1736.
[Brookes's works as above.] Gr. T. B.
BROOKFIELD, WILLIAM HENRY
(1809-1874), divine, was the son of Charles
Brookfield, a solicitor at Sheffield, where
he was born on 31 Aug. 1809. In 1827 he
was articled to a solicitor at Leeds, but
left this position to enter Trinity College,
Cambridge, in October 1829 (B.A. 1833,
and M.A. 1836). In 1834 he became tutor
to George William (afterwards fourth Lord)
Lyttelton (1817-1876). In December 1834
he was ordained to the curacy of Maltby in
Lincolnshire. He was afterwards curate at
Southampton, in 1840 of St. James's, Picca-
dilly, and in 1841 of St. Luke's, Berwick
Street. In 1841 he married Jane Octavia,
the youngest daughter of Sir Charles Elton
of Clevedon. The wife of Hallam the his-
torian was Sir C. Elton's sister. In 1848
Brookfield was appointed inspector of schools
by Lord Lansdowne. He held the post for
seventeen years, during part of which time
he was morning preacher at Berkeley Chapel,
Mayfair. On resigning his inspectorship he
became rector of Somerby-cum-Humby, near
Grantham. He was also reader at the Rolls
Chapel, and continued to reside chiefly in
London. In I860 he was appointed honorary
chaplain to the queen, and became afterwards
chaplain-in-ordinary. He died on 12 July
1874
Brookfield was an impressive preacher,
and attracted many cultivated hearers. His
sermons, which show no special theological
bias, have considerable literary merit. He
| had an original vein of humour, which made
I even his reports as a school inspector un-
usually amusing. He had extraordinary
powers of elocution and mimicry. As a
reader he was unsurpassable, and his college
friends describe his powers of amusing anec-
dote as astonishing. Dr. Thompson says that
he has seen a whole audience at one of these
displays stretched upon their backs by inex-
tinguishable laughter. He had the melan-
choly temperament often associated with
humour, and suffered from ill-health, which
in 1851 necessitated a voyage to Madeira.
He was known to all the most eminent men
of letters of his time, some of whom, especially
Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam, had
been his college friends. He was described
by his friend Thackeray as ' Frank White-
stock ' in the ' Curate's Walk/ and Lord
Tennyson contributes a sonnet to his memory
in the ' Memoir.' In the same memoir, written
by his old pupil and friend Lord Lyttelton,
will be found letters from Carlyle, Sir Henry
Taylor, Mr. Kinglake, James Spedding, Dr..
Thompson (master of Trinity College), Mrs.
Ritchie, and others.
[Sermons with Memoir, by Lord Lyttelton,.
1874.]
BROOKING, CHARLES (1723-1759),
marine painter, was 'bred in some depart-
ment in the dockyard at Deptford, but prac-
tised as a ship painter, in which he certainly
excelled all his countrymen.' This is the
account given by Edwards of a painter of
whom now there is little to be known. He-
was a friend of Dominic Serres. An anec-
dote told by that artist to Edwards shows
that Brooking, like many painters then and
now, was in the hands of dealers. They
would not allow him to sign his works, and
through that prohibition it happened that he
found a private patron only when patronage
could do him no good. 'He painted sea-
views and sea-fights, which showed an ex-
tensive knowledge of naval tactics; his
colour was bright and clear, his water pel-
lucid, his manner broad and spirited.' By his
death, according to the opinion of his time,
a painter was lost who promised to stand in
the highest rank. In the Foundling Hospital
Brooks
437
Brooks
a fine picture of his is preserved. Godfrey,
Ravenet, Canot, and Boydell have engraved
his works. He owed his death to his doctor,
and was slain, in his thirty-sixth year, by
'injudicious medical advice, given to remove
a perpetual headache.' He left his family
destitute.
[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Works of
Edward Dayes; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists of
Eng. School; Bryan's Diet, of Painters, ed.
Graves.] E. E.
BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM
SHIRLEY (1816-1874), editor of ' Punch,'
was the son of William Brooks, architect,
who died on 11 Dec. 1867, aged 80, by his
wife Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Wil-
liam Sabine of Islington. He was born at
52 Doughty Street, London, 29 April 1816,
and after his earlier education was articled,
on 24 April 1832, to his uncle, Mr. Charles
Sabine of Oswestry, for the term of five
years, and passed the Incorporated Law
Society's examination in November 1838,
but there is no record of his ever having
become a solicitor; for the natural bent of
his genius impelled him, like Dickens and
Disraeli, to lighter studies, and he forsook
law for literature.
During five sessions he occupied a seat in
the reporters' gallery of the House of Com-
mons, as the writer of the parliamentary
summary in the 'Morning Chronicle.' In
1853 he was sent by that journal as special
commissioner to inquire into the questions
connected with the subject of labour and
the poor in Russia, Syria, and Egypt. His
pleasant letters from these countries were
afterwards collected and published in the
sixth volume of the f Travellers' Library,'
under the title of the ' Russians of the South.'
In early times, 1842, he signed his articles
which were appearing in ' Ainsworth's Maga-
zine ' Charles W. Brooks. His second lite-
rary signature was C. Shirley Brooks, and
finally he became Shirley Brooks. His full
Christian names were Charles William Shir-
ley, the latter being an old name in the
family. His first magazine papers, among
which were 'A Lounge in the (Eil de
Bceuf,' 'An Excursion of some English
Actors to China,' ' Cousin Emily,' and ' The
Shrift on the Rail,' brought him into com-
munication with Harrison Ainsworth, Laman
Blanchard, and other well-known men, and
he soon became the centre of a strong muster
of literary friends, who found pleasure in his
wit and social qualities. As a dramatist
he frequently achieved considerable success,
without, however, once making any ambi-
tious effort — such, for example, as producing
a five-act comedy. His original drama, ' The
Creole, or Love's Fetters,' was produced at the
Lyceum 8 April 1847 with marked applause.
A lighter piece, entitled ' Anything for a
Change,' was brought out at the same house
7 June 1848. Two years afterwards, 5 Aug.
1850, his two-act drama, the ' Daughter of the
Stars,' was acted at the New Strand Theatre.
The exhibition of 1851 gave occasion for his
writing l The Exposition : a Scandinavian
Sketch, containing as much irrelevant matter
as possible in one act,' which was produced
at the Strand on 28 April in that year.
In association with John Oxenford, he sup-
plied to the Olympic, 26 Dec. 1861, an extra-
vaganza, which had the sensational heading
1 Timour the Tartar, or the Iron Master of
Samarkand,' the explanatory letterpress sig-
nificantly stating that a trifling lapse be-
tween the year 1361 and the year 1861 occa-
sionally occurs. Amongst his other dramatic
pieces may be mentioned the ' Guardian
Angel,' a farce, the ' Lowther Arcade,'
' Honours and Tricks,' and ' Our New Go-
verness/
Brooks was in his earlier days a contribu-
tor to many of the best periodicals. He was
a leader writer on the ( Illustrated London
News,' to which journal at a later period he
furnished a weekly article under the name
of ' Nothing in the Papers.' He conducted
the 'Literary Gazette' 1858-9, and edited
' Home News ' after the death of Robert Bell
in 1867. To a volume edited by Albert Smith
in 1849, called ' Gavarni in London,' he fur-
nished three sketches— ' The Opera,' 'The
Coulisse,' and ' The Foreign Gentleman; ' and
in companionship with Angus B. Reach he
published ' A Story with a Vengeance ' in
1852. At thirty-eight years of age he began to
assert his claim to consideration as a popular
novelist by writing ' Aspen Court : a Story
of our own Time.' Conscious, as he must
have been, of his first success of a substan-
tial kind as an imaginative writer, he never-
theless allowed five years to elapse before he
made his second venture as a novelist. He
did so then as the author of a new serial
fiction, the ' Gordian Knot,' in January 1858 ;
but this work, although illustrated by J.
Tenniel, and consisting of twelve numbers
only, remained unfinished for upwards of
two years.
The most important and interesting event
in Shirley Brooks's life was his connection
with ' Punch,' which took place in 1851. He
made use of the name ' Epicurus Rotundus '
as the signature to his articles. From this
period to his decease he was a contributor
to the columns of that periodical, and in 1870
he succeeded Mark Lemon as editor. One of
Brooks
438
Brooks
his best known series of articles was ' The
Essence of Parliament/ a style of writing for
which he was peculiarly fitted by his previous
training in connection with the 'Morning
Chronicle.'
On 14 March 1872 Brooks was elected a
fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He was
always a hard and industrious worker, and
the four years during which he acted as editor
of * Punch ' formed no exception to the rule.
Death found him in the midst of his books
and papers working cheerfully amongst his
family. Two articles, 'Election Epigrams'
and 'The Situation/ were written on his
death-bed, and before they were published he
was dead.
He died at 6 Kent Terrace, Regent's Park,
London, on 23 Feb. 1874, and was buried in
Norwood Green cemetery on 28 Feb.
He married Emily Margaret, daughter of
Dr. William Walkinshaw of Naparima,
Trinidad. She was granted a civil list pension
of 100/. on 19 June 1876, and died on 14 May
1880.
The works by Brooks not already men-
tioned are: 1. 'Amusing Poetry/ 1857.
2. ' The Silver Cord, a Story/ 1861, 3 vols.
3. ' Follies of the Year/ by J. Leech, with
notes by S. Brooks, 1866. 4. 'Sooner or
Later/ with illustrations by G. Du Maurier,
1866-68, 3 vols. 5. 'The Naggletons and
Miss Violet, and her Offer/ 1875. 6. 'Wit
and Humour, Poems from " Punch," ' edited
ly his son, Reginald Shirley Brooks, 1875.
[Illustrated Review (1872), iii. 545-50, with
portrait ; Cartoon Portraits of Men of the Day,
1873, pp. 128-33, with portrait; Gent. Mag.
(1874), xii. 561-9, by Blanchard Jerrold ; Il-
lustrated London News (1874), Ixiv. 223, 225,
with portrait; Graphic (1874), ix. 218, 229,
with portrait; Yates's Recollections (1884), i.
158, ii. 143-9.] G. C. B.
BROOKS, FERDINAND. [See GKEEN,
HUGH.]
BROOKS, GABRIEL (1704-1741), calli-
grapher, born in 1704, was apprenticed to
Dennis Sjnith, a writing-master ' in Castle
Street in the Park, Southwark/ and kept a
day school in Burr Street, Wapping, until
his death in 1741. Dennis Smith's widow
married a supposed relation of his, William
Brooks, who in 1717, when only twenty-one
years old, published a work entitled 'A De-
lightful Recreation.' Very little remains of
Brooks's skill in penmanship — only a few
plates scattered through that rare folio work
on calligraphy entitled 'The Universal Pen-
man, or the Art of Writing made useful
written with the assistance of several of
the most eminent Masters, and Engraved by
George Bickham/ London, 1741. These
elegantly executed plates (nine in all) con-
sist of No. 29, ' Idleness ; ' 33, ' Discretion ; '
38, ' Modesty : ' 66, 'Musick ; ' No. 2 after 66,
' To the Author of the Tragedy of Cato ; '
68, 'Painting; ' No. 1 after 68, ' On Sculp-
ture ' (signed A.D. 1737) ; one unnumbered,
' Liberty ; ' and one on ' Credit ' in the second
part of the work relating to merchandise and
trade.
[Massey's Origin of Letters ; Moore's Inven-
tion of Writing; Bickham's Universal Penman.]
J. W.-G.
BROOKS, JAMES (1512-1560), bishop
of Gloucester, born in Hampshire in May 1512,
was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, in 1528, and a fellow in
January 1531-2, being then B.A. After
graduating M.A. he studied divinity and
was created D.D. in 1546. In the following
year he became master of Balliol College.
He was chaplain and almoner to Bishop
Gardiner (STRYPE, Cranmer, 310, 374, fol.),
and after Queen Mary's accession he was
elected bishop of Gloucester, in succession
to John Hooper, at whose trial he assisted
(STEYPE, Eccl Memorials, iii. 180, fol.) He
was consecrated in St. Saviour's Church,
Southwark, on 1 April, and received resti-
tution of the temporalities on 8 May 1554
(LsNEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 437). In 1555
he was delegated by the pope to examine
and try Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer ; and
in 1557-8 Cardinal Pole appointed him his
commissioner to visit the university of Ox-
ford (STEYPE, Eccl. Memorials, iii. 391, fol.)
On Queen Elizabeth's accession he was de-
prived of his see for refusing to take the oath
of supremacy, and was committed to prison,
where he died in the beginning of February
1 559-60 (DoDD, Church Hut. i. 499). He was
buried in Gloucester Cathedral, but no monu-
ment was erected to his memory. Wood de-
scribes him as ' a person very learned in the
time he lived, an eloquent preacher, and a
zealous maintainer of the Roman catholic re-
ligion' (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 315), but
Bishop Jewel says he was ' a beast of most
impure life, and yet more impure conscience '
(Letter to Peter Martyr, 20 March 1559-60).
His works are: 1. 'A Sermon, very
notable, fruictefull, and godlie, made at
Panics Crosse, the xii. daie of Nouembre in
the first yere of Quene Marie/ Lond. 1553,
8vo, ' newly imprinted and somewhat aug-
mented/ 1554. His text was Matt. ix. 18,
' Lord, my daughter is even now deceased/
These words he applied to the kingdom and
church of England, upon their late defection
from the pope, but the protestants censured
Brooks
439
Brooks
the sermon, saying that he had made himself
to be Jairus, England his daughter, and the
queen Christ (STKYPE, EccL Memorials, iii.
74, fol.) 2. Oration in St. Mary's Church,
Oxford, on 12 March 1555, addressed to Arch-
bishop Cranmer. 3. Oration at the close of
Archbishop Cranmer's examination. These
two orations are printed in Foxe's 'Acts and
Monuments.'
[Ames's Ty pogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 829 ; Cotton.
MS. Vespasian, A, xxv. 13 ; Cranmer's "Works
(Cox), ii. 212, 214, 225, 383, 446, 447, 454, 455,
456, 541 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 498 ; Foxe's
Acts and Monuments; Godwin, De Prsesulibus
(Richardson), 552 ; Jewell's Works (Ayre), iv.
1199, 1201; Lansd. MS. 980, f. 250; Latimer's
Works (Corrie), ii. 283 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy),
i. 437, iii. 540 ; Machyn's Diary, 58 ; Philpot's
Examinations and Writings (Eden), p. xxviii ;
Kidley's Works (Christmas), pp. xii, 255, 283,
427; Rudder's Gloucestershire, 156; Rymer's
Foedera (1713), xv. 389, 489; Strype's Works (see
general index) ; Wood's Annals (Gutch), ii. 130-
131; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 3 1 4, ii . 79 1 ;
Zurich Letters, i. 12.] T. C.
BROOKS, JOHN (ft. 1755), engraver, was
a native of Ireland, and his first known work
was executed in line-engraving at Dublin in
1730. The skill and industry of Brooks in his
early years appeared in a copy which he made
in pen and ink from a plate of Richard III
by Hogarth, who is said to have mistaken
it for his own engraving. The earliest en-
rved portrait of Mrs. Woffington is that
Brooks, and bears the date of June 1740.
Between 1741 and 1746 Brooks produced at
Dublin several mezzotinto portraits and en-
gravings. About 1747 he settled in Lon-
don, and engaged in the management of a
manufactory at Battersea for the enamelling
of china in colours by a process which he
had devised. The articles produced were or-
namented with subjects chiefly from Homer
and Ovid, and were greatly admired for the
beauty of the designs and the elegance and
novelty of the style in which they were exe-
cuted. The manufactory was for a time suc-
cessful, but led eventually to the bankruptcy
of its chief proprietor, Stephen Theodore
Janssen, lord mayor of London for 1754-5.
Brooks continued in London as an engraver
and enameller of china. He is said to have
spent much of his later years in dissipation,
and there are no records of his works during
that period, or of the date of his death. Some
of the pupils of Brooks highly distinguished
themselves as engravers in mezzotinto.
Among them was James MacArdell, one of
the most eminent masters of that art. A
catalogue of the works of Brooks was for
the first time published some years since by
the writer of the present notice, and to it
some additions were made in 1878 in the
work by J. C. Smith on British mezzotinto
portraits.
[Dublin Journal, 1742-6; Anthologia Hiber-
nica, 1793 ; Hist, of Dublin, 1856.] J. T. G.
BROOKS, THOMAS (1608-1680), puri-
tan divine, was probably of a pious puritan
family settled in some rural district. He
matriculated as pensioner of Emmanuel on
7 July 1625. He was doubtless licensed or
ordained as a preacher of the gospel about
1640. In 1648 he was preacher at St. Thomas
Apostle. At an earlier date Brooks appears
to have been chaplain to Rainsborough, the
admiral of the parliamentary fleet ; he was
afterwards chaplain to the admiral's own
son, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough, whose
funeral sermon he preached in November
1648. In the same year (26 Dec.) he preached
a sermon before the House of Commons, and
a second sermon to the Commons on 8 Oct.
1650. In 1652-3 he was transferred to St.
Margaret's, Fish-street Hill. There he met
with some opposition, which occasioned his
tract, * Cases considered and resolved ; . . .
or Pills to purge Malignaiits,' 1653, and in
the same year he published his ' Precious
Remedies.' In 1662 he was one of the ejected.
After preaching his farewell sermon (an
analysis of which is in Palmer's ' Memorial ')
in 1662, he continued his ministry in a build-
ing in Moorfields. In the plague year he was
at his post, and published his ' Heavenly Cor-
dial ' for such as had escaped. The extreme
rarity of this little volume is said to be owing
to the great fire of London, which destroyed
the entire stock of so many books. His
thoughts on this ( fiery dispensation ' are re-
corded in his * London's Lamentations/ pub-
lished in 1670. Baxter mentions Brooks
respectfully as one of the independent minis-
ters who held their meetings more publicly
after the fire of London than before. About
1676 his first wife died, and he published an
account of her l experiences,' with a funeral
sermon preached by a friend. Shortly after-
wards he married a young woman named
Cartwright. His will is dated 20 March 1680.
He died on 27 Sept., aged 72. A copy of his
funeral sermon, by John Reeve, dated 1680,
is in Dr. Williams's library.
More than fifty editions of several of his
books have been published. The Religious
Tract Society long continued to reprint some
of Brooks's writings ; the greater part of his
smaller pieces were also constantly kept in
stock by the Book Society. Dr. Grosart's
notes on the early editions contain much in-
formation. The first editions are as follows :
Brookshaw
440
Broom
- 1. ' The Glorious Day of the Saints/ a funeral
sermon for Colonel Rainsborough, 1648
- 2. ' God's Delight in the Upright/ a sermon
to the House of Commons, 1648-9. 3. 'The
/ Hypocrite detected/ thanksgiving sermon
for victory at Dunbar, 1650. 4. 'A Be-
liever's Last Day his Best Day/ a funeral
sermon for Martha Randall, 1651-2. 5. 'Pre-
cious Remedies against Satan's Devices/
1652. 6. 'Cases considered and resolved/
1652-3. 7. 'Heaven on Earth' (on assur-
ance), 1654. 8. 'Unsearchable Riches oi
Christ/ 1655. 9. ' Apples of Gold/ funeral
J sermon for Jo. Wood, 1657. 10. ' String of
v Pearls/ funeral sermon for Mary Blake, 1657.
11. 'The Silent Soul, or Mute Christian
under the Smarting Rod/ 1659. 12. ' An
Arke for all God's Noahs/ 1662. 13. ' The
Crown and Glory of Christianity/ 1662.
14. 'The Privie Key of Heaven/ 1665.
15. 'A Heavenly Cordial/ for the plague,
1665. 16. 'A Cabinet of Choice Jewels/
1669. 17. 'London's Lamentations' (on the
great fire), 1670. 18. ' A Golden Key ' and
' Paradise opened/ 1675. Besides these
Brooks wrote epistles prefixed to Susannah
Bell's ' Legacy of a Dying Mother/ 1673 ; to
Dr. Everard's 'Gospel Treasury/ 1652; to
the works of Dr. Thomas Taylor, 1653 ; and
to John Durant's ' Altum Silentium/ 1659 ;
also the ' Experiences of Mrs. Martha Brooks/
wife to Thomas Brooks, appended to her
funeral sermon by J. C. (Dr. John Collinges,
of Norwich?), 1676. To this Brooks added
notes. Some select works of Brooks were
published under the editorship of the Rev.
Charles Bradley in 1824 ; the ' Unsearchable
Riches ' was included in Ward's Standard
Library. The best of his sayings have been
printed in ' Smooth Stones taken from An-
cient Brooks/ by the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon.
The complete works of Thomas Brooks,
edited with a memoir by the Rev. A. B.
Grosart, were printed at Edinburgh in 1866
in six volumes octavo. In his ' Descriptive
List ' John Brown reserves a select place for
Brooks's works, as among the best of the
nonconformists' writings. His works abound
in classical quotations in Hebrew, Greek,
and Latin. It is said there was a printed
catalogue of Brooks's library issued for the
sale, but no copy of it can be traced.
[Calamy's Nonconformists' Memorial, vol. i.,
1802; Eeeves's Funeral Sermon for Thomas
Brooks, 1680; Descriptive List of Religious Books,
by John Brown of Whitburn, 1827; G-rosart's
Memoir and Notes in Brooks's Collected Works,
J. H. T.
BROOKSHAW, RICHARD (/. 1804),
mezzotint engraver, was for some years chiefly
employed at low remuneration in engrav-
ing reduced copies from popular prints by
MacArdell, Watson, and others ; then going
to Paris he established himself in the ' Rue
de Tournon, vis-a-vis 1'Hotel de Nivernois,
chez le Bourrelier/ and in 1773 published a
pair of portraits of the dauphin, afterwards
Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. These
proved so popular that Brookshaw made at
least five repetitions of them of different sizes.
His talents were highly appreciated in France,
and during his residence there he produced
some excellent plates, which are now scarce.
Whether he returned, at any time, to England
is not known, neither is the place or date
of his death ; the latest record of him are
some plates in the ' Pomona Britannica/ pub-
lished in 1804. His best works published in
France were the above-mentioned portraits,
and those of the Duke of Orleans, the Coun-
tess d'Artois, and the Countess de Provence.
Among those engraved in England are ' Christ
on the Cross/ after A. van Dyck (1771) ;
'Thunderstorm at Sea/ after H. Kobell
(1770) ; ' The Jovial Gamesters/ after A. van
Ostade ; portraits of Miss Greenfield (1767)
and Miss Emma Crewe and her sister, after
Sir Joshua Reynolds.
[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878.] L. F.
BROOM, HERBERT (1815-1882), writer
on law, born at Kidderminster in 1815, was
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated as a wrangler in 1837.
He proceeded LL.D. in 1864. He was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple in Michaelmas
term 1840, and practised on the home circuit.
For a considerable period he occupied the
post of reader of common law at the Inner
Temple. He died at the Priory, Orpington,
Kent, on 2 May 1882. He was the author
of several works on different branches of law,
among which ' Legal Maxims/ first published
in 1845, obtained a wide circulation as an
established text-book for students. A fifth
edition appeared in 1870. Of his other works
the principal are : 1. 'Practical Rules for de-
termining Parties to Actions/ 1843. 2. 'Prac-
tice of Superior Courts/ 1850. 3. ' Practice
of County Courts/ 1852. 4. 'Commentaries
on the Common Law/ 1856. 5. ' Constitu-
tional Law viewed in relation to Common
Law and exemplified by Cases/ 1st edition
1866 ; 2nd edition 1885. 6. ' Commentaries
on the Laws of England ' (with E. Hadley),
1869. 7. 'Philosophy of Law; Notes of
Lectures/ 1876-8. He was also the author
of two novels, ' The Missing Will/ 1877, and
The Unjust Steward/ 1879.
[Law Journal, xvii. 260 ; Solicitors' Journal,
xxvi. 453.] T. F. H.
Broome
441
Broome
BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745),
the son of a poor farmer, was born at Has-
lington in Cheshire, where he was bap-
tised on 3 May 1689. He was educated at
Eton, and is said to have been captain of
the school for a whole year, vainly waiting
for a scholarship to take him to King's Col-
lege, Cambridge. At last, in 1708, he was
admitted a subsizar of St. John's College,
being sent by the kindness of friends. At
college he obtained a small exhibition.
Among his Cambridge contemporaries he
associated with Cornelius Ford and with
the Hon. Charles Cornwallis, both of them
valuable friends whom he retained through
life. The former has related that Broome
was very shy and clumsy as an undergra-
duate, but that he versified so readily that
he became known in college as ' the Poet.'
At the age of twenty-three Broome ap-
peared before the world as a writer. He
contributed some very poor verses, modelled
on Pope's pieces, to 'Lintot's Miscellany'
in 1712, and in the same year was published
the prose translation of the ' Iliad ' by Ozell,
Oldisworth, and Broome. It was as an ex-
cellent Greek scholar, as a translator of
Homer, and as a great admirer of Pope, that
he was introduced to the latter in 1714, at
the house of Sir John Cotton, at Madingley,
near Cambridge. Pope at once perceived
that Broome was a man calculated to be of
service to him in his Homeric undertaking,
and on returning to London he began that
correspondence with him which lasted with-
out intermission for fourteen years, and with
intervals for more than twenty. Broome
would be entirely forgotten were it not for
his connection with Pope's 'Homer.' The
first labour which Pope set him was to read
and condense the notes of Eustathius, an
archbishop of Thessalonica, who had anno-
tated Homer in the eleventh century. The
crabbed Greek of this commentator baffled
Pope, who was far inferior to Broome as
a scholar. In November 1714 Pope set
Broome on this work, which proved ex-
ceedingly tedious, but was admirably car-
ried out by him. There had been no terms
agreed upon for these notes, and when
Pope approached the subject of payment,
Broome, who was pleased to put the poet
urider an obligation, refused to be paid. He
was, in fact, well-to-do, having had the ex-
cellent living of Sturston in Suffolk given to
him by his friend Cornwallis. He married
Mrs. Elizabeth Clarke, a wealthy widow, on
22 July 1726, and for the rest of his life he
enjoyed something like opulence. He had
now become acquainted with Elijah Fenton,
a man somewhat older than himself, of simi-
lar tastes and perhaps equal talents, in-
fatuated like himself with admiration for
Pope. According to one story, Broome and
Fenton had been encouraged by the success
| of Pope's * Iliad ' to begin a verse-translation
I of the ' Odyssey ; ' but it seems more pro-
| bable that the latter scheme was started by
[ Pope. At all events, there is no doubt that in
1722 Pope proposed to the two friends to join
him in this work as journeymen labourers.
; The history of this famous co-operation, the
close of which was marked by Broome's
poetical epistle to Pope appended in 1726 to
the final note in the ' Odyssey,' is to be found
i at length in the correspondence of Pope.
Broome was embittered by the scandalous
reports which were published on the subject,
'! and was easily persuaded that the 5707.
I which he had himself received for his share
j of the work was an insufficient sum.
In the meantime Broome had been active
j as a writer. In 1723 he published a ' Coro-
: nation Sermon,' and a prologue to Fenton's
tragedy of ' Mariamne,' and in 1726 he col-
lected his ( Poems on Several Occasions '
(March 1727), a second edition of which ap-
peared in 1739. For the copyright of this
| volume Lintot was persuaded by Pope to
, give Broome 351. Broome was unfortunate
in his children. His eldest daughter, Anne
(b. 1 Oct. 1718), died in October 1723, and
he dedicated to her memory the ode entitled
1 Melancholy,' certain lines of which seem to
have been noticed by Gray. His other
daughter died at the age of two years in
March 1725. Broome was left childless and
in deep dejection, but on 16 March 1726 he
was cheered by the birth of a son, Charles
John, who survived him.
In 1728 Broome's anger against Pope became
so much embittered that he almost ceased to
write to him. He ceased at the same time
to make any effort in literature, for, as he
said in 1735, when he again made advances
to Pope, ' you were my poetical sun, and
since your influence has been intercepted by
the interposition of some dark body, I have
never thought the soil worth cultivating,
but resigned it up to sterility.' To this he
was doubtless further impelled by the death
of his most intimate literary friends, Fenton
in 1730 and Ford in 1731, both of whom had
been his frequent guests in the remote par-
sonage of Sturston. In April 1728 he had
been made LL.D., on occasion of the king's
visit to Cambridge, and in September of the
same year he was presented to the living of
Pulham in Norfolk, which he held with
Sturston. He afterwards received from his
loyal patron, now become the first earl Corn-
wallis, two Suffolk livings, the rectory of
Oakley Magna and the vicarage of Eye,
whereupon he resigned Sturston and Pulham.
He was also chaplain to Lord Cornwallis,
who attempted, but without success, to ob-
tain him promotion in the church.
Pope had been annoyed by popular exag-
geration of the part Broome had enjoyed m
the preparation of the « Odyssey.' Henley
had given expression to this scandal in a
stinging couplet :
Pope came off clean with Homer ; but they say
Broome went before, and kindly swept the way.
Pope thought that Broome should have posi-
tively denied this vague indictment of Pope s
originality, and when he was silent he re-
venged himself meanly by a line in the
' Dunciad : '
Hibernian politics, 0 Swift, thy doom,
And Pope's, translating four whole years with
Broome.
After several editions of the ' Dunciad ' had
appeared, Broome, in September 1735, broke
his long silence by writing an obsequious
letter to Pope, not mentioning the imperti-
nent line, but intended to suggest that by-
gones should be bygones. Pope altered the
line to
thy fate,
And Pope's, ten years to comment and translate.
Pope, however, found Broome exacting and
tiresome, and allowed the correspondence to
lapse once more. Broome only appeared in
public on one more occasion, with an ' Assize
Sermon ' in 1737. In his later years he
amused himself by translating Anacreon for
the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' He died at
Bath on 16 Nov. 1745, and was buried in
the abbey church. He was exactly a year
younger than Pope, and he outlived him
about the same length of time. His only
son, Charles John Broome, died at Cam-
bridge, as an undergraduate, in December
1747, and, in accordance with the poet's will,
his property reverted to Lord Cornwallis.
Broome was a smooth versifier, without a
spark of originality. His style was founded
upon Pope's so closely that some of what he
thought were his original pieces are mere
centos of Pope. He was therefore able, like
Fenton, but even to a greater extent, to re-
produce the style of Pope with marvellous
exactitude in translating the * Odyssey.' Of
that work the eighth, eleventh, twelfth, six-
teenth, eighteenth, and twenty-third books,
as well as all the notes, are Broorne's. His
early rudeness of manner gave way to a style
_r_ i . i. _i • _ -A it' i . .
not one has remained in the memory of the
most industrious reader, and he owes the
survival of his name entirely to his collabo-
ration with Pope.
[Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of Broome in
his Lives of the Poets. A short life was pub-
lished by T. W. Barlow. In Elwin and Court-
hope's Pope's Correspondence will be found a
minute account of Broome's relations with the
poet, and the text of the letters which passed
between them.] E. Gr.
BROOMFIELD, MATTHEW (fl. 1550),
was a Welsh poet. His poems are preserved
in manuscript in the collections of the Cymm-
rodorion Society and of the Welsh School,
both in the British Museum.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. : Williams's Dictionary of
Eminent Welshmen ; Dept. of MSS., British Mu-
seum.] A. M.
BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824),
enthusiast, was born on 25 Dec. 1757 at
Placentia, Newfoundland. His father was
a gunner. He had several brothers and a
sister still living in Newfoundland in 1826.
At the time of his public appearance he had,
according to his own statement, no relatives
in England. He came to England when
young, and was partly educated at Wool-
wich. At the age of fourteen he entered the
royal navy as midshipman on board the Ocean ;
as master's mate he served under Admiral
Keppel in the engagement off Ushant. Next
year he was' transferred to the Union, and
in 1781 to the St. Albans, a 64-gun ship,
despatched in June 1781 to the West Indies,
where he was in the engagement between
Admiral Rodney and Comte de Grasse. He
became lieutenant with seniority of 3 Jan.
1783, and was discharged to half-pay (54/.
a year) from the St. Albans on 28 July 1783
at Portsmouth. After leaving the service
he visited France, Spain, and Italy. On
6 June 1786 he married, at Wrenbury, near
Nantwich, Elizabeth Hassall. He soon
ceased 'to live with her. The story current
among the representatives of his friend Fin-
layson is that he joined his ship on his way
from church after the ceremony, and, return-
ing a few years later, found his faithless wife
already the mother of children. In September
1787 Brothers came to London. Here he lived
very quietly on a vegetarian diet, and wor-
shipped at Long Acre chapel or at a baptist
chapel in the Adelphi. He continued to draw
his half-pay till 1789. An objection to the
oath required as a qualification for receiving
pay led him to address, on 9 Sept. 1790, a
of almost obsequious suavity, and his letters, ! letter to Philip Stephens (afterwards Sir P.
though ingenious and graceful, do not give ' Stephens) of the admiralty, which appeared at
an impression of sincerity. Of his own poems I the time in the ' Public Advertiser.' Brothers
Brothers
443
Brothers
argued so forcibly against the word ' volun-
tarily' occurring in a compulsory oath, that
Pitt had it removed from the form. But
the entire exemption from the oath, sought
by Brothers, was not granted. In January
1791 he lived in the open country for eight
days. On Thursday, 25 Aug. 1791, his land-
lady, Mrs. S. Green of Dartmouth Street,
Westminster, came before the governors of
the poor for the parishes of St. Margaret
and St. John the Evangelist, and said her
lodger would not take the oath and draw his
pay, and hence owed her about 33/. Brothers
was examined before the board on 1 Sept.,
and stated that two years before he had re-
signed his majesty's service on the ground
that a military life is totally repugnant to
Christianity. He was taken into the work-
house, and an arrangement made by which,
without his making oath, his pay was re-
ceived by the governors as his agents. The
idea that he was charged with a commission
from the Almighty grew upon him. About
the end of February 1792 he left the house
and took a lodging in Soho. On 12 May
1792 he wrote to the king, the ministry, and
the speaker, saying that God commanded
him to go to the House of Commons on the
17th and inform the members that the time
was come for the fulfilment of Dan. vii. He
followed this up in July by letters to the
king, queen, and ministry, containing pro-
phecies with some hits and some misses ; his
best guesses at this time being his predic-
tions of the violent deaths of the king of
Sweden and Louis XVI. He got into fresh
difficulties through not drawing his pay. He
was eight days in a spcnging-house, and eight
weeks in Newgate, from failure to meet his
note of hand for 70/. to his Soho landlady.
At length he signed a power of attorney for
his pay, striking out the words ' our sove-
reign lord ' the king, as blasphemous. Get-
ting free at the latter end of November 1792,
he made up his mind to resist his call. He
tells how he started at eight o'clock from
Hyde Park Corner, carrying a rod cut from
a wild-rose bush by divine command some
months before, and meaning to walk to
Bristol, ' and from thence leave England for
ever ; with a firm resolution also never to
harve anything to do with prophesying.' He
walked some sixteen miles on the Bristol
lioad, and then flung away his rod, wishing
never to behold it again. When he had got
about ten miles further, he felt himself sud-
denly turned round and bidden to return and
wait the Almighty's time. On his way back
he was forcibly led to the rejected rod, ' and
made take it up.' In 1793 he described him-
self as ' nephew of the Almighty,' a relation-
ship which seems obscure ; but Halhed sub-
sequently explained it as meaning a descent
from one of the brethren or sisters of our
Lord. Towards the end of 1794 he began to
print his interpretations of prophecy, his first
production being ' A Revealed Knowledge of
! the Prophecies and Times,' in two successive
' books. His mind was exercised upon the
i problem of the fate of the Jews of the dis-
j persion, whom he believed to be largely hid-
i den among the various nations of Europe.
Brothers believed himself to be a descendant
of David ; on 19 Nov. 1795 he was to be ' re-
vealed ' as prince of the Hebrews and ruler
of the world ; in 1798 the rebuilding of Jeru-
salem was to begin. On Wednesday, 4 March
1795, Brothers was arrested at 57 Padding-
ton Street, by two king's messengers, with a
warrant, dated 2 March, from the Duke of
Portland, for treasonable practices. He was
examined next day before the privy council.
He testifies to the courtesy of his examiners,
but bitterly complains that after three weeks'
confinement he was ' surreptitiously con-
demned ' on 27 March, without hearing evi-
dence in his favour, as a criminal lunatic.
Gillray brought out a remarkable caricature
on the very day of his examination (5 March),
identifying Brothers with the whig party ;
and another on 4 June, not so well known.
The press teemed with the l testimonies ' of
disciples. In the House of Commons Natha-
niel Brassey Halhed, M.P. for Lymington,
an oriental traveller and scholar, moved on
Tuesday, 31 March, that Brothers' l Revealed
Knowledge ' be laid before the house. Bro-
thers had claimed that immediately on his
being ' revealed in London to the Hebrews
as their prince,' King George must deliver up
his crown to him. No one seconded the mo-
tion. Halhed, on Tuesday, 21 April, moved
that a copy of the warrant for apprehending
Brothers be laid before the house. This
likewise was not seconded; but on 4 May
Brothers was removed from confinement as
a criminal lunatic, and placed, by order from
Lord-chancellor Loughborough, in a private
asylum under Dr. Simmons at Fisher House,
Islington. Here he employed himself in
writing prophetic pamphlets. Among his
disciples, Brothers set most store by the tes-
timonies of John Wright and William Bryan,
a Bristol druggist, at one time a quaker;
but he had gained over Halhed (whom he
offered to make ' governor of India or presi-
dent of the board of controul ') as early as
the beginning of January 1795. William
Sharp, the engraver, was so fully persuaded
of the claims of Brothers that in 1795 he
engraved two plates of his portrait; each
plate bears an inscription : ' Fully believing
Brothers
444
Brothers
this to be the Man whom God has appointed,
I engrave his likeness. William Sharp.'
Sharp came afterwards to discredit Bryan as
a deceiver, and eventually attached himself
to Joanna Southcott. The flush of admiring
pamphlets naturally ceased when 1795 came
to an end. Even Halhed seems to have de-
serted his protege. But Brothers continued
to write at intervals. Apart from his leading
craze there is not much interest in his writ-
ings. It may be noted as an odd coinci-
dence that he follows Servetus in applying
to himself Dan. xii. 1. His doctrine of the
inner light is essentially that of the early
quakers. In the spring of 1797 Frances
Cott, daughter of an Essex clergyman, was
placed in the Islington asylum. She was
not there long, but long enough for poor
Brothers to fall in love with her. A fort-
night after her removal it was revealed to
him that this young lady was his destined
queen. Unfortunately, within a year she
married some one else. Brothers owed his
release from the asylum to the persistent
exertions of the most faithful of all his dis-
ciples, John Finlayson [q. v.J, who at Bro-
thers's suggestion spelled his name Finleyson,
a Scotch writer, originally of Cupar-Fife, and j
afterwards of Edinburgh. In the summer of j
1797 the report of Brothers's grievances acted
on him as a divine summons to give up what •
he calls ' an extensive and lucrative practice j
of the law at one of the bars of the Scotch |
courts.' Early in the following year he
repaired to London. Here he contrived to
enter into ' a secret correspondence ' with
Brothers, whose writings in confinement he
saw through the press ; and when Hanchett,
a draughtsman, declined to prepare Brothers's
plans for the New Jerusalem, Finlayson,
' though totally unacquainted with the art,' j
executed the work, and got the plans en- j
graved ' at an expense of upwards of 1,200/.'
When Pitt died (23 Jan. 1806) Finlayson
thought the moment opportune for the re-
lease of Brothers. He besieged the autho-
rities, and waiting upon Grenville, the new
prime minister, he got the warrant for high
treason withdrawn. A petition for his libe-
ration, backed by seven affidavits of his sanity,
was heard before Lord-chancellor Erskine
on 14 April 1806. Erskine ordered his im- !
mediate release, but would not supersede the ;
verdict of lunacy, begging Finlayson, l as I
his countryman,' not to press him on that
point, as there were ' still some scruples in
a high quarter ' (the king). As Brothers,
with the verdict unremoved, could not draw
his half-pay, Erskine promised him (so Fin-
layson says) 300/. a year for life from the
government. But, owing to the change of
administration early in the following year,
Brothers got no part of this allowance, though
his pay was applied to his wife's maintenance
( on the express and written grounds that
government provided for him.' Brothers lived
for some time in the house of a well-to-do
friend, one Busby, and from 1815 Finlayson
took him into his own family. In his later
years Brothers occupied himself with astro-
nomical dreams. Bartholomew Prescot, a
Liverpool star-gazer, who had published in
1803 ' A Defence of the Divine System of
the World/ on geocentric principles, entered
into a correspondence with Brothers in 1806,
and was received into favour. Prescot pub-
lished the ' Inverted Scheme of Copernicus,
book i.,' 1822, and followed it up by the
' System of the Universe,' 1823. When this
latter reached Brothers's hands in June 1823,
the Almighty told him it ' would not do.'
On Sunday, 25 Jan. 1824, Finlayson read to
Brothers from the Sunday paper a favourable
review of Prescot's work. Brothers bade
Finlayson write against Prescot, and de-
scribed himself as * seized with the cholera
morbus and hectic fever.' That night, about
ten o'clock, he died in Finlayson's house,
Upper Baker Street, Marylebone. One wno
saw him ' a few days before his death ' de-
scribes him as ' very pale, very thin — a mere
skeleton, very weak, could hardly walk,' and
adds that he ' died of a consumption.' He
was interred at St. John's Wood, in a grave
at the opposite side of the cemetery to that
of Joanna Southcott. He died intestate,
leaving a widow and married daughter. Ad-
ministration was granted to his widow in
February 1824; but Finlayson, by a chancery
order, prevented her from getting the pro-
perty (450/., in 3 per cent. Consols). After
his death Finlayson pestered the government
with a claim for Brothers's maintenance, which
(with interest and law expenses) amounted to
5,710/., was subsequently run up by Finlay-
son to 20,000/., and is now estimated by his
descendants at 80,000^. On 4 March 1830
Finlayson got 270/., the unappropriated
balance of Brothers's pay. The believers in
Brothers are not yet extinct, and those who
adopt the Anglo-Israel theory regard him as
the earliest writer on their side. Besides the
prints of Gillray and Sharp, there is a carica-
ture of Brothers, bearing no resemblance to
him, by Thomas Landseer, dated 1 Jan. 1831,
in < Ten Etchings illustrative of the Devil's
Walk,' 1831, fol. Also a fair likeness by
Cruikshank, accompanied by a clever de-
scription, in Bowman Tiller's 'Frank Heart-
well ' (see GEORGE CRTJIKSHANK'S Omnibus,
ed. by Laman Blanchard, 1842, 8vo, plate 6,
and pp. 144-7).
Brothers
445
Brotherton
Brothers printed: 1. ' Letter to Philip
Stephens, Esq.' (see above ; reprinted sepa-
rately, with the answer and other matter,
1795, 8vo, and in Halhed's ' Calculation of
the Millennium '). 2. ' A Revealed Know-
ledge of the Prophecies and Times. Book
the First. Wrote under the direction of the
Lord God, and published by His sacred com-
mand . . . / 1794, 8vo. 3. Ditto Book the
Second, containing 'the sudden and per-
petual Fall of the Turkish, German, and
Russian Empires/ &c., 1794, 8vo (to these
two books Brothers and his disciples con-
stantly refer as ' God's two witnesses ; ' two
editions of each were published in 1794 ;
they were reprinted at the end of February
1795, with additions; also Dublin, 1795;
and a French translation, 'Propheties de
Jacques (sic} Brothers, ou la Connaissance
Revelee/ &c., Paris, An iv. [1796], 8vo, two
parts). 4. < Letter to Halhed ' (dated 28 Jan.
1795, and prefixed to Halhed's ' Testimony/
1795, 8vo). 5. 'Wrote in Confinement. An
Exposition of the Trinity. With a farther
elucidation of the twelfth chapter of Daniel :
one Letter to the King ; and two to Mr.
Pitt/ &c., 1795, 8vo (a second edition, with
supplement, was published on 18 April 1796,
8vo). 6. ' Notes on the Etymology of a few
Antique Words/ 1796, 8vo. 7. ' A Letter
to Miss Cott, the recorded daughter of King
David. . . . With an Address to the Mem-
bers of his Britannic Majesty's Council, and
through them to all Governments and People
on Earth/ 1798, 8vo (two editions, same
year). 8. l A Description of the New Jeru-
salem, with the Garden of Eden in the centre
. . . .' 1801, 8vo (2nd edition, 1802, 8vo).
9. 'A Letter to Samuel Foart Simmons, M.D./
4to (dated 28 Jan. 1802). 10. < A Letter to
His Majesty, and one to Her Majesty/ and
other pieces, 1802, 8vo (all in verse except
one). 11. * Wisdom and Duty, written in
support of all Governments/ 1805, 8vo
(written on 1 Jan. 1801). 12. 'A Letter to
the Subscribers for engraving the Plans of
Jerusalem/ &c., 1805, 8vo. 13. 'The Ruins
of Balbec and Palmyra, from the plates of
Robert Wood, Esq., &c., proved to be the
palaces of Solomon/ 1815, 8vo. 14. ' A cor-
rect Account of the Invasion and Conquest
of this Island by the Saxons, &c., necessary
to be known by the English nation, the de-
scendants of the greater part of the Ten
Tribes/ &c., 1822, 8vo. 15. (posthumous)
' The New Covenant between God and his
People/ &c., 1830, large 4to (coloured prints ;
edited by Finlayson).
Besides anonymous testimonies, tracts were
written in favour of Brothers by William
Bryan, G. Coggan, J. Crease, Sarah Flaxmer,
Mrs. S. Green, N. B. Halhed, H. F. Offley,
W. Sales, H. Spencer, T. Taylor, C. F.
Treibner, G. Turner, W. Wetherell, and J.
Wright. Bryan's ' Testimony of the Spirit '
contains a narrative of Brothers's life, and of
his journey to Avignon in 1788. A catch-
penny imitation of the genuine testimonies
is ' Additional Testimony, &c., by Earl
of .'
On the other side appeared, besides anony-
mous pamphlets, tracts by 'George Home,
D.D./ probably a pseudonym, W. Hunting-
don, D. Levi, and 'M. Gomez Pereira/ pro-
bably a pseudonym. Nearly all the publica-
tions on both sides appeared in 1795. For
Finlayson's publications see FINLATSON,
JOHN.
[Riebau's manuscript memoir of Brothers, 1795
(in possession of Eev. W. Begley ; Riebau was
Brothers's publisher) ; Moser's Anecdotes of R.
Brothers in 1791-2, 1795; Gillray's Caricatures;
Halhed's Speeches ; Brothers's Revealed Know-
ledge and Exposition ; Finlayson's Last Trumpet;
Monthly Review, 1795 ; most of the tracts de-
scribed above, in a private collection ; Biog.
Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Watt's Bibl.
Brit. 1824, vol. iii. (art. ' Brothers, R.') ; Chr.
Reformer, 1826, pp. 380, 439; Evans's Sketch
(ed. Bransby), 1841, p. 287; Annual Register,
1824 (art. 'Sharp, W.') ; Chambers's Encyclop.,
1861, ii. 276; Knight's Biography (English
Cyclop.), i. 938, v. 461 ; British Israel and
Judah's Prophetic Messenger, 1883, iv. 171 sq. ;
Tcherpakoff's Les Fous Litt£raires, Moscow,
1883; admiralty books in the Record Office;
information from the lords commissioners of the
admiralty; also from H. Hodson Rugg, M.D.
(Finlayson's son-in-law) ; respecting Brothers's
marriage, parish register, Wrenbury, per Rev.
T. W. Norwood; tombstone at St. John's Wood.]
A. G.
BROTHERTON, EDWARD (1814-
1866), Swedenborgian, was born at Man-
chester in 1814, and in early life was engaged
in the silk trade, but, foreseeing that the com-
mercial treaty with France was likely to
bring to an end the prosperity of his business,
he retired with a competence. After a year
of continental travel he devoted himself to the
work of popular education. The letters of
' E. B.' in the Manchester newspapers excited
great attention, and led to the formation of
the Education Aid Society, which gave aid
to all parents too poor to pay for the educa-
tion of their children. The experiment upon
the voluntary system tended to prove the ne-
cessity of compulsion. This demonstration,
which Mr. H. A. Bruce, afterwards Lord
Aberdare, called the thunderclap from Man-
chester, paved the way for the Education Act
of 1870. Brotherton's zeal in the cause was
unbounded ; he had patience, a winning grace
Brotherton
446
Brotherton
of manner, and a candour only top rare in
controversy. In the course of his visitations
among the poor he caught a fever, of which
he died, after a few days' illness, at Corn-
brook, Manchester, 23 March 1866, and was
buried at the Wesleyan cemetery, Cheetham
Hill. There is a portrait of him in the Man-
chester town hall. Besides many contribu-
tions to periodicals he wrote : 1. ' Mormon-
ism ; its Rise and Progress, and the Prophet
Joseph Smith,' Manchester, 1846. Brotherton
had taken part in 1840 in exposing a Mormon
elder, James Malone, who claimed to possess
the miraculous ' gift of tongues.' "2. ' Spiri-
tualism, Swedenborg, and the New Church,'
London, 1860. This pamphlet has reference
to the claims of the Rev. Thomas Lake Harris
to a seership similar to that of Swedenborg
— claims which were vehemently denied by
many members of the ' New Church signified
by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation,' as
the Swedenborgian congregations are officially
styled. Brotherton prints a letter from Dr.
J. J. Garth Wilkinson as to identity of the
phenomena of respiration in Swedenborg and
Harris. From this tract it will be seen that
Brotherton was a disciple of Swedenborg,
with a tendency to belief in spiritualistic
phenomena. 3. ' The Present State of Popu-
lar Education in Manchester and Salford, the
substance of seven letters reprinted from the
41 Manchester Guardian," by E. B.,' Man-
chester, 1864. He was the editor and chief
writer of the first volume of a monthly pe-
riodical, 'The Dawn' (Manchester, 1861-2).
He wrote frequently as ' Libra ' and as ' Pil-
grim' in Swedenborgian periodicals. His
chief contributions were the ' Outlines of my
Mental History,' which appeared in the ' In-
tellectual Repository ' for 1849.
[Manchester Guardian, March 1866 ; The Re-
cipient, April 1860 ; private information.]
W. E. A. A.
BROTHERTON, JOSEPH (1783-1857),
?arliamentary reformer, was born 22 May
783 at Whittington, Chesterfield. His
father. John Brotherton, who had been a
schoolmaster and an exciseman, moved to
Manchester in 1789, and soon afterwards set
up a cotton mill. About 1802 Joseph became
his father's partner, and in 1819 retired from
business with a competency. In 1805 he
joined the Bible Christian church, and in
1806 married his cousin, Martha Harvey. As
Bible Christians they were vegetarians and
total abstainers. Mrs. Brotherton published
anonymously ' Vegetable Cookery ' in num-
bers, first collected into book form in 1821.
About 1818 Brotherton became pastor of his
church. He was a vigorous local politician,
and subscribed to the suiferers at the Peterloo
massacre. He became member for Salford
on the passing of the Reform Bill, and was
re-elected till his death, his expenses being
paid by his constituents. He continued to
act as pastor during the parliamentary re-
cesses. He was a free-trader and reformer.
His good temper secured him general re-
spect ; and he was chairman of the private
bills committee. He became famous for the
persistence with which he moved the ad-
journment of the house at midnight, in spite
of much ridicule and frequent disturbance.
In February 1842, in answer to an attack
by Mr. W. B. Ferrand, who had spoken of
his ' enormous fortune ' amassed by the factory
system, he replied that his l riches consisted
not so much in the largeness of his means
as in the fewness of his wants,' a phrase in-
scribed (with verbal alteration) upon his
| statue in the Peel Park, Salford. The speech
| in which the phrase occurs was printed sepa-
| rately, and many thousands were distributed.
I He wrote the essays on abstinence from in-
i toxicating liquors and animal food which
l appeared in i Letters on Religious Subjects,
printed at Salford about 1819, and imnie-
j diately reprinted at Philadelphia. The first
of these is regarded, in its separate form, as
the earliest tract in advocacy of ' teetotalism.'
He died suddenly in an omnibus on 7 Jan.
1857. A public subscription was applied to
form a fund for purchasing books for local
institutions, the monument in the Salford
cemetery, and a statue by Matthew Noble
in Peel Park, which was inaugurated on
6 Aug. 1858. Brotherton had helped to
found the library attached to the Peel Park
Museum. A portrait by Westcott is in the
Peel Park Museum ; one by W. Bradley in
the Salford town hall ; and a third is in the
Manchester town hall. His widow died
25 Jan. 1861, aged 79.
[Book-Lore, August 1885 (by the writer of
this article) ; Manchester papers, 1857 ; Memoir
of Rev. W. Metcalfe (Philadelphia, 1866);
Prince's Poetical Works (1880), ii. 363 ; Barn-
ford's Homely Rhymes, 1864, p. 126 ; Law Times,
13 June 1871; Edwards's Free Libraries; in-
formation from Miss Helen Brotherton.]
W. E. A. A.
BROTHERTON, SIB THOMAS WIL-
LIAM (1785-1868), general, entered the 2nd
or Coldstream guards as ensign in 1800, was
promoted lieutenant and captain in 1801,
and transferred to the 3rd or Scots fusilier
guards in 1803. With the guards he served
under Abercromby in Egypt in 1801, and in
Hanover under Lord Cathcart in 1805. On
4 June 1807 he exchanged into the 14th light
B rough
447
Brough
dragoons. With it he served almost con-
tinuously in the Peninsula from 1808 to 1814.
He was in Sir John Moore's retreat to Co-
runna ; he was present at Talavera. at the
actions on theCoa, at Busaco, Fuentes d'Onor,
Salamanca, where he was wounded, Vittoria,
the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, and the Nive,
where he was severely wounded and taken
prisoner. Wellington speaks of Brotherton's
employment in the Estrella (Despatches, iv.
614), of his valuable reports (v. 79), his con-
duct at the Coa (v. 293), and the duke
managed his exchange after the battle of
the Nive (vii. 237). lie was made major by
brevet on Wellington's special recommenda-
tion on 28 Nov. 1811, promoted major in his
regiment 26 May 1812, lieutenant-colonel by
brevet and C.B. in 1814. In 1817 he became
lieutenant-colonel of the 16th lancers, and
held his command for fourteen years; in
1830 he was made aide-de-camp to the king
and colonel, in 1841 major-general, in 1844
inspector-general of cavalry, in 1849 colonel
of the 15th hussars, in 1850 lieutenant-gene-
ral, and in 1855 K.C.B. In 1859 he became
colonel of the 1st dragoon guards, in 1860
a general, and in 1861 G.O.B. In 1865, at
the age of eighty, he was married to his
second wife, the daughter of the Rev. Wal-
ter Hare, and died on 20 Jan. 1868, at the
age of eighty-three, at his son's house near
Esher.
[Eoyal Military Calendar; Wellington Des-
patches ; Gent. Mag. March 1868.] H. M. S.
BROUGH, ROBERT BARNABAS
(1828-1860), writer, was born in London
10 April 1828. He was educated at a pri-
vate school at Newport, Monmouthshire, in
which town his father commenced business
as a brewer and failed, it is said, through
political causes. Brough began active life
in Manchester as a clerk. He was fond of
art, drew pretty well, and is said to have
practised as a portrait-painter. Subsequently j
he removed to Liverpool, where, while still
under age, he started a weekly satirical
journal entitled 'The Liverpool Lion.' A
burlesque on the subject of the ' Tem-
pest,' written in conjunction with William
Brough [q. v.], who had joined him in Liver-
pool, and entitled 'The Enchanted Isle,'
produced at the Amphitheatre in that city,
was the first dramatic essay of the brothers.
It was seen and approved by Benjamin Web-
ster, who, on 20 Nov. 1848, transferred it
to the Adelphi. This led to the establish-
ment of the brothers Brough in London,
where they became constant and well-known
contributors to the press. Before leaving
Liverpool they had married sisters. Eliza-
beth Romer, the wife of Robert Brough, was
at one time a member of the Haymarket
company. Alone or in conjunction with his
brother, Robert wrote a series of burlesques,
which were played at the Adelphi, Lyceum,
Olympic, and other theatres, together with
some adaptations from the French. His
labours in other branches of literature were
incessant. In the first volume of the ' Wel-
come Guest,' which he edited, appeared his
novel ' Miss Brown,' and many short stories,
poems, and essays. ' Marston Lynch,' re-
printed 1860, with a memoir by Mr. G. A.
Sala, saw the light in the ' Train,' 1856-7, to
which also he contributed translations of the
poems of Victor Hugo. He wrote in such
comic papers as the ' Man in the Moon ' and
' Diogenes,' was for a short time editor of the
'Atlas,' and was the Brussels correspondent of
the ' Sunday Times.' His republished works
are : ' Cracker Bon - Bons for Christmas
Parties,' 1851, ' Life of Sir John Falstaff/
with illustrations by George Cruikshank,
1858, ' Shadow and Substance,' 1859, ' Songs
of the Governing Classes,' 1859, ' Miss Brown/
1860, ' Marston Lynch, his Life and Times,'
1860, 'Ulf the Minstrel,' 1860, 'Which is
Which ? ' (a romance) , 1 860. He also trans-
lated ' La Famille Alain ' of Alphonse Karr.
His best known burlesques written in con-
junction with his brother are : ' Camaralza-
man and Badoura,' ' The Sphinx,' and ' Ivan-
hoe,' and of those he wrote alone ' Medea/ to
which the performance of Robson gave much
celebrity, ' Masaniello/ and 'The Siege of
Troy.' He died at Manchester in the house
of his brother-in-law, Mr. William Chilton,
26 June 1860, on his way to North Wales,
whither he had been ordered for his health.
He left a widow and three children, two of
whom are living and are known on the stage.
Three of his brothers, William Brough [q.v.],
John Cargill Brough, a writer, and Mr. Lionel
Brough, the comedian, are well known.
Brough's verses are of their epoch. They,
have neatness of execution and happiness of
fancy, but are without the kind of finish sought
in modern days. His burlesques were among
the* best of a not very important class, and
his essays are bright and humorous. The
' Songs of the Governing Classes ' consist of
satirical poems written from a radical point
of view. Some of his works are rare and
are priced very high in booksellers' cata-
logues. In the world of journalism Brough
was popular, and references to him are abun-
dant in Mr. Yates's ' Recollections and Ex-
periences ' and in ' Reminiscences of an old
Bohemian.' A benefit performance for his
widow and children was given in July 1860
by five companies for which he had written
B rough
448
Brougham
burlesques. His health was bad, and his early
death had long been anticipated.
[Memoir by G. A. Sala in the Welcome Guest,
ii. 1 1, 348-50 ; Era Almanack ; The Train ; works
mentioned ; private information.] J. K.
BROUGH, WILLIAM (d. 1671), dean
of Gloucester, was educated at Christ's Col-
lege, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.D.
1627, and D.D. 5 Feb. 1635-6. He was pre-
sented to the rectory of St. Michael, Cornhill,
about 1630, was an ardent supporter of Laud
and his Arminian views, was made chaplain
to the king, and was installed canon of Wind-
sor, 1 Feb. 1637-8. At the beginning of the
civil wars he was removed from his bene-
fice by the parliamentary commission, ' was
also plundered, and his wife and children
turned out of doors ' (WALKER). His wife
is said to have died of grief soon afterwards,
and Brough joined the king at Oxford. On
16 Aug. 1643 he was nominated dean of
Gloucester, but was not installed till 20 Nov.
1644. He returned to Oxford in 1645, and
on 26 Aug. of that year was created D.D. by
the king's order. Little is heard of him from
this date till the Restoration. He then was
reappointed to the deanery, and died 5 July
1671. He was buried in St. George's Chapel,
Windsor. He was the author of ' The Holy
Feasts and Fasts of the Church, with Medi-
tations and Prayers proper for Sacraments
and other occasions leading to Christian life
and death,' London 1657 ; and of ' Sacred
Principles, Services, and Soliloquies; or a
Manual of Devotion,' 1659, 1671.
[Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 85 ; Walker's Suf-
ferings, ii. 33 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 444, iii. 401.]
S. L. L.
BROUGH, WILLIAM (1826-1870),
writer, elder brother of Robert Barnabas
Brough [q. v.], was born in London on
28 April 1826. He was educated at New-
port, Monmouthshire, and apprenticed to a
printer at Brecon. To the ' Liverpool Lion,'
the venture of his brother Robert, whom he
joined in Liverpool, William Brough contri-
buted his first literary effort, a series of
papers called 'Hints upon Heraldry.' He
married Miss Ann Romer, known as a singer,
who died a year after her marriage, leaving
him one child. He subsequently remarried,
and died on 13 March 1870, leaving a widow
and six children. Like his brother, whose
reputation has overshadowed his own, Brough
wrote in many periodical publications. His
dramatic works, chiefly burlesques, were seen
at many of the London theatres. He also
wrote the first of the quasi-dramatic enter-
tainments given by Mr. and Mrs. German
Reed.
[Era Almanack ; private information.]
J.K
BROUGHAM, HENRY (1665-1698),
divine, was one of the twelve children of
Henry Brougham of Scales Hall, Cumber-
land, sheriff for the county in the 6th of
William III, by his marriage with ' fair Miss
Slee, daughter of Mr. Slee of Carlisle, a jovial
gentleman,' who was a merchant in that city.
In Midsummer term, 1681, when sixteen
years old, Henry Brougham ' became a poor
serving-child of Queen's College,' Oxford.
He proceeded B.A. in 1685, M.A. in 1689,
being afterwards tabarder and fellow. On
29 Sept. 1691 he was collated, and on 30 Sept.
was installed prebend of Asgarby in the
church of Lincoln. He was, with William
Offley, domestic chaplain to Thomas Barlow,
the bishop. On Barlow's death in the same
year he bequeathed his Greek, Latin, and
English Bibles, and his own original manu-
scripts, to Brougham and Offley. A condi-
tion of the gift was that Brougham and Offley
were not to make public any of his writings
after his decease ; and in 1692, on Sir Peter
Pett publishing what he called the bishop's
' Genuine Remains,' the two legatees ' delay'd
no time ' in issuing a vindication, calling Sir
Peter Pett and the vicar of Buckden (where
the bishop had died) 'confederate pedlars.'
The title of this vindication of their master
was 'Reflections to (sic) a late Book entituled
The Genuine Remains of Dr. Tho. Barlow,
late Bishop of Lincoln, Falsely pretended to
be published from his lordship's Original
Papers.' It was written by Henry Brougham,
and was published in 1694, with a list of
Socinian writers (Latin), declared to be the
bishop's real list, annexed.
From 1693 to 1695 Brougham acted as pro-
proctor for the university ; and on 29 March
1698, aged 33, he died at Oxford, and was
buried in Queen's College chapel.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 341, 539,
540 ; Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 300-2 ; Nicol-
son and Burn's Cumberland and Westmoreland, i.
395-6 ; Cat. Grad. Oxon, p. 89 ; Reflections, &c.
pp. 7, 10 ; Offley's Epistle Dedicatory to same,
not paged ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 103.]
J. H.
BROUGHAM, HENRY PETER, BARON
BROUGHAM AND VATJX (1778-1868), lord
chancellor, eldest son of Henry Brougham
and Eleanor, daughter of Mrs. Syme, widow
of James Syme, a minister of Alloa, and
sister of Dr. W. Robertson, the historian,
was born in a house at the corner of the
West Bow and the Cowgate, Edinburgh,
Brougham
449
Brougham
on 19 Sept. 1778. Although in after life
he claimed to be descended from the De
Burghams, the ancient lords of Brougham
Castle, and from the barons of Vaulx, his
pedigree cannot be traced with certainty be-
yond Henry Brougham described in 1665 as
of Scales Hall, Cumberland, gentleman,
whose eldest son John in 1726 purchased a
portion of the manor of Brougham, West-
moreland. This estate descended to the
purchaser's great-nephew Henry, the father
of the chancellor (NICHOLSON and BURN,
History of Cumberland and Westmorland, i.
395 ; LOUD CAMPBELL, Lives of the Chancel-
lors, viii. 214-18). When barely seven years
old Brougham was sent to the high school at
Edinburgh ; he rose to the head of the school
and left in August 1791. The next year he
spent with his parents under the care of a
tutor at Brougham Hall, and in October
1792 entered the university of Edinburgh.
He delighted in the study of mathematics
and physics, and at the age of eighteen sent
a paper to the Royal Society on ' Experi-
ments and Observations on ... Light,'
which was read and printed in the society's
* Transactions.' This was followed by another
on the same subject, and in 1798 by one on
* Porisms \PhilosophicalTransactions, Ixxxvi.
227 ; Ixxxvii. 352 ; Ixxxviii. 378). He also
distinguished himself in the debating socie-
ties of the university. After finishing the four
years' course of humanity and philosophy in
1795, he began to read law. As a student
he often indulged in riotous sports, and took
part in twisting off knockers as eagerly as
in philosophical discussions(ior^ B ro ugham's
Life and Times, i. 87). He spent his vaca-
tions in making walking tours, and in Sep-
tember 1799 visited Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway (ib. 547). Having passed advocate
on 1 June 1800, he went the southern cir-
cuit, and for the sake of practice acted as
counsel for the poor prisoners. During the
circuit he behaved in a boisterous and eccen-
tric fashion, and unmercifully tormented old
Lord Eskgrove, the judge of assize. He
disliked the profession of law. With an
extraordinarily wide range of knowledge,
with an excellent memory, a ready wit, and
unbounded self-confidence, he aimed at out-
shining others in everything. In 1802 he
joined the small company engaged in setting
on foot the ' Edinburgh Review.' He had
already attained a high place in the literary
society of Edinburgh, and it was expected he
would shortly { push his way into public
life ' (CoCKBURN, Life of Jeffrey, i. 138).
The first number of the ' Review ' was pub-
lished the following October, and Brougham
contributed three of its twenty-nine articles.
VOL. VI.
' In 1803 he brought out his ' Colonial Policy
j of European Nations,' a work which did not
| meet with any great success. On 14 Oct.
: of that year he was admitted a member of
j Lincoln's Inn, though he continued to reside
i in Edinburgh for about two years longer.
I He took a warm interest in the movement
for the abolition of slavery, and in 1804 went
to Holland to gain information on the sub-
ject, extending his tour to Italy and other
parts of the continent. In this year too he
organised a volunteer corps at "Edinburgh,
but the government slighted its offer of ser-
vice, and the corps was dissolved. His early
articles in the ' Review' were generally
scientific ; he now wrote much on political
and economical subjects with the avowed
intention of adopting a political career (Me-
moirs of F. Homer, i. 274, 279).
In 1805 Brougham settled in London.
There he read English law and supported
himself mainly by writing for the ' Edin-
burgh Review.' His versatility and his
power of despatch were extraordinary. He
never considered any subject out of his line.
In the first twenty numbers of the ' Review '
he had as many as eighty articles. Eager
to write everything himself, he was so
jealous of new contributors that the editor,
Jeffrey, took care not to let him know of
any addition to the staff (NAPIER, Corre-
spondence, 3). His reviews were slashing,
but his work was often superficial and his cri-
ticisms were sometimes scandalously unjust.
His contemptuous notice of the experiments
by which Dr. Young arrived at the theory
of undulation is a famous instance of his
unfairness (Edin. Rev. ii. 450, 457, ix. 97 ;
DR. YOUNG, Works, i. 195-215; PEACOCK,
Life of Dr. Young, 174 ; CAMPBELL, Life,
viii. 247). Brougham was soon introduced
to Lord Holland, and became a frequent
visitor at Holland House. The service he
was able to render the whigs with his pen,
his witty conversation, and his agreeable
manners secured him a good position in so-
ciety. In 1806 he was appointed secretary
to Lords Rosslyn and St. Vincent on their
mission to the court of Lisbon, and although
on his return at the end of the year he found
himself considerably out of pocket, his able
conduct in Portugal increased his reputa-
tion. He was further brought into notice
by his sympathy with the anti-slavery agi-
tation, which secured him the good opinion
of Wilberforce and the party he led. When
in March 1807 the Grenville ministry was
forced to resign, the whig press was in
Brougham's hands, and in the course of ten
days, with some slight help from Lord Hol-
land and one or two others, he produced ' a
G Q
Brougham
45°
Brougham
prodigious number' of articles, pamphlets,
and handbills, appealing chiefly to the dis-
senters to uphold the whigs in the impending
election (LoKD HOLLAND, Memoirs of the
mg Party, ii. 229). On the defeat of the ,
whigs Brougham turned to legal study and
became the pupil of Mr. (afterwards chief
justice) Tindal. In July 1808 he applied for a
special call to the bar to enable him to go
the ensuing circuit, and the benchers were
willing to grant his petition. In order, how-
ever, to avenge their party, the attorney-
general and solicitor-general came down and
procured its rejection. On the following
2:4 Nov. he was called in the ordinary course
and joined the northern circuit. Although
his study of civil law in Scotland had to
some extent ' legalised his mind,' he was not
and never became master of the subtleties of
English law, and he had little success in the
courts until he had made his mark in poli-
tics (CAMPBELL, Life, 233, 254). His first
triumph as a barrister was political rather
than legal. As counsel for the Liverpool
merchants who petitioned against the orders
in council he was heard before both houses
of parliament on many successive days, and
though the petition was dismissed his powers
as an advocate were universally acknow-
ledged, and the case may be said to have
made his fortune.
Through the influence of Lord Holland,
the Duke of Bedford offered Brougham a
seat for Camelford, and he was returned to
parliament on 5 Feb. 1810. His first speech,
delivered on 5 March, in support of the vote
of censure on the Earl of Chatham, was not
a success, though he was not dissatisfied
with it (Parl. Debates, 16, 7** ; Life and
Times, i. 500 ; CAMPBELL, Life, 262). Dur-
ing the course of the session he spoke re-
peatedly, almost usurping Ponsonby's place
as leader of the opposition in the commons ;
nor was he thought to be taking too much
upon himself when only four months after
he entered the house he moved an address
to the crown on the subject of slavery
(Quarterly Review, cxxvi. 42). His reputa-
tion as an advocate was increased by his
triumphant defence of J. and J. L. Hunt on
22 Jan. 1811. The defendants were indicted
for libel for publishing an article in the
'Examiner' on military flogging, and the
case was especially suited to Brougham's
peculiar power (Speeches, i. 15). Three
weeks later he failed to procure the acquit-
tal of the proprietor of a country newspaper
who was indicted on a similar charge at
Lincoln, and on 8 Dec. 1812 unsuccessfully
defended the Hunts when indicted for a
libel on the prince regent. These and other
like cases in which Brougham was retained
for the defence were of great public import-
ance, and his success was declared 'more
rapid than that of any barrister since Erskine '
(Memoirs of F.Horner, ii. 123). Following
the line he had already adopted as an advo-
cate, Brougham on 3 March 1812 moved for
a select committee with reference to the
orders in council, and carried on his attack
with such vigour that on 16 June Castle-
reagh announced that the orders would at
once be withdrawn. This victory gained
him immense popularity, especially with the
commercial interest, which had suffered
severely from the orders (BENTHAM, Works y
x. 471). In the arrangements made by
Lords Grey and Grenville in view of their
possible return to office he was to have been
president of the board of trade. As Camel-
ford had passed into other hands, he was,
at the dissolution on 29 Sept., forced to seek
for a seat elsewhere, and the good service he
had done to commerce led to an invitation
to stand for Liverpool. He was, however,
forced to retire from the poll on 16 Oct., and,
after making an unsuccessful effort to secure
a seat for the Inverkeithing burghs, found
himself shut out from the house. He was
very sore at this exclusion, he declared that
he 'was thrown overboard to lighten the
ship,' and he wrote bitterly of Lady Hol-
land (Life and Times, ii. 92, 101). It would
of course have been easy enough for the whigs
to find him a seat, and his exclusion was
caused partly by jealousy and partly by dis-
trust. This distrust was not without foun-
dation, for his letters to Lord Grey at this
period show want of ballast and political
insight. At last Lord Darlington offered
him a seat for Winchelsea, and he returned
to the house on 21 July 1815. Although
not acknowledged as the leader he soon
became the most prominent member of the
opposition in the commons. He attacked
the Holy Alliance ; in March 1816 he suc-
ceeded in defeating Vansittart's income-tax
bill ; and on 9 April, in moving for a com-
mittee, made a powerful speech on the cha-
racter and causes of the agricultural dis-
tress— one cause of the distress, he declared,
was that the area of cultivation had been
extended unduly. In a speech on the de-
pression in trade delivered on 23 March 1817
he severely blamed the foreign policy of the
ministry, and pointed out the evils of restric-
tion and prohibition. He made another at-
tack on the ministry on 11 June in the form
of a motion for an address to the prince
regent on the state of the nation, which was
defeated by only thirty-seven votes, a defeat
which was reckoned a triumph (Life and
Brougham
451
Brougham
Times, ii. 312). He constantly advocated
retrenchment and a sound commercial policy,
and he vigorously opposed the repressive
measures known as the Six Acts At the
same time he looked on the radicals with
dislike, and in a letter to Lord Grey of |
1 Nov. 1819 urged that the whigs should j
declare their separation from them (Life and
Times, ii. 351). He did good service both
in drawing attention to the importance of
popular education and in devising means for
its attainment. Having obtained the re-
appointment of the education committee in
1818, he instituted an inquiry into charity
abuses, which he extended to the universities
and to Eton and Winchester. Some scanda-
lous revelations were made, and the governing
bodies bitterly resented the inquisition. In
1819 Brougham was kept from the house for
some weeks by a dangerous illness. On his
return on 23 June Peel made an attack on
the conduct of the committee, which he
met with a full defence (Speeches, iii. 180).
In June 1820 he brought in two bills pro-
viding for the compulsory building, the go-
vernment, and the maintenance of parochial
schools. His proposals were disliked by the
dissenters and fell through. After the death
of his father in 1810, Brougham when not in
London made his home at Brougham Hall.
In 1821 he married Mary Anne, daughter of
Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding.
By her he had two daughters ; the elder died
in infancy, the younger in 1839.
From 1811 and perhaps from an earlier
date Brougham was constantly consulted
by the Princess of Wales. His statement
that he was also the constant adviser of the
Princess Charlotte is certainly exaggerated
(Life and Times, ii. 145). He seems, how-
ever, to have given her some prudent ad-
vice in 1813 (ib. 174), and to have been con-
sulted by her, through Lady Charlotte Lind-
say, respecting her marriage in 1814. When
the princess escaped from Warwick House
to her mother's residence in Connaught Place
on the evening of 11 July, the Princess of
Wales sent for Brougham, who helped to
persuade her to return (Autobiography of
Miss Knight, i. 307, 309). The dramatic
story he tells of his leading the young prin-
cess to a window and showing her the crowds
gathering for a Westminster election (JEdin.
Rev. April 1838, Ivii. 34; Life and Times, ii.
230) has been denied and ridiculed by an-
other Edinburgh reviewer, on the ground
that ' on the day in question there was
neither a Westminster election nor nomi-
nation ' (Edin. Rev. April 1869, cxxix. 583).
The story may or may not be true, but that
on that day Sir Francis Burdett nominated
>
Lord Cochrane as member for Westminster
before ' a very numerous meeting in Palace
Yard' is beyond question (Times, 12 July
1814), and the circumstances of Cochrane's
candidature are sufficient to account for the
popular excitement to which Brougham
refers.
He strongly advised the Princess of Wales
not to go abroad. In July 1819 he proposed
acting on her behalf, though in this case
without authority from her, that she should
reside permanently abroad, should consent to
a separation, and not use her husband's title
on condition that her allowance (35,000^.),
then dependent on the king's life, should be
secured to her (YoNGE, Life of Lord Liver-
pool, ii. 16). When the princess became
queen, she appointed Brougham her attorney-
general, and he was accordingly called within
the bar on 22 April 1820. A few days
before he received a proposal from Lord
Liverpool offering the queen 50,000/. a year
on the same conditions that Brougham had
named the year before. This proposal he
did not make known to the queen, who was
then at Geneva. On 4 June he and Lord
Hutchinson, who acted for the king, met
her at St. Omer, being sent to propose terms
of separation and to warn her against com-
ing to England. It was then too late, and the
queen crossed to Dover the next day. Even
when at St. Omer, Brougham forbore to in-
form her of the proposal made by the minister
the preceding April, nor did Lord Liverpool
become aware that his proposal had been
withheld from her until 10 June (ib. 53-
62). Had Brougham delivered the message
with which he was entrusted, the whole
scandal of the queen's trial would probably
have been avoided. In that case, however,
he would have lost the opportunity of play-
ing the most conspicuous part in a famous
scene. He never gave any satisfactory ex-
planation of his conduct. Brougham was
called before the lords in the matter of the
bill of degradation and divorce on 21 Aug.
when he exposed the untrustworthiness of
Majocchi, the principal witness for the
crown. His speech for the defence took up
3 and 4 Oct. ; the peroration, so he told
Macaulay, he had written over seven times.
The result of the trial brought him an ex-
traordinary amount of popularity, and the
' Brougham's Head ' became a common tavern
sign. On 3 and 4 July 1821 he unsuccess-
fully argued the queen's right to coronation
before the privy council, and tried in vain
to prevent her from attempting to force her
way into the abbey. He attended her fune-
ral in August. The next month he obtained
the conviction of one Blacow, a clergyman,
GG2
Brougham
452
Brougham
for libelling her, and in January 1822 de-
livered his speech on the Durham clergy, the
finest specimen of his powers of sarcasm and
invective, in defence of a printer accused of
libelling them in some reflections on their
conduct on the queen's death. Brougham
had now lost his official rank, and owing to
the king's personal spite against him he was
debarred from receiving a patent of prece-
dence. This persecution did him no harm,
for in one year he made 7,000/. in a stuff
gown.
When in 1822 the death of Lord London-
derry made it seem possible that the whigs
might come into office. Lord Grey proposed
that, should the administration be changed,
Brougham should be ' really and effectively
if not nominally ' leader of the house and a
member of the government (Life and Times,
ii. 453). This and other negotiations were
brought to an end when the king accepted
Canning as foreign secretary. With Canning
Brougham was far more at one as regards
foreign affairs than he had been with Castle-
reagh. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1823 he
made a violent attack upon him for refusing
to press the catholic claims. Canning de-
clared he spoke falsely, and a motion was
made that both the disputants should be
committed to the custody of the serjeant-at-
arms. The dispute, however, was at last
composed (Parl. Deb. new series, viii. 1089-
1102). On 3 Feb. 1824 Brougham made a
remarkable speech urging the government
to resist the dictation of the Holy Alliance
in Europe, dwelling on the iniquity of the
French invasion of Spain and the tyranny of
the Austrians in Italy. This speech, which
excelled all his former political efforts in
bitterness of sarcasm and severity of attack,
was received with immense applause (ib. x.
53-70; STAPLETON'S Life of Canning, i. 296).
On the news of the condemnation and death
of the missionary Smith, he proposed a vote
of censure on the government of Demerara,
and his speech of 10 June forms an epoch
in the history of the abolition of slavery
{Speeches, ii. 42-128). In the course of this
session he was violently assaulted in the
lobby of the house by a lunatic named
Gourley. Having been elected lord rector
of Glasgow University in 1825, Brougham
on his way thither visited Edinburgh on
6 April. A banquet was given in his honour,
at which he made several violent and ex-
travagant speeches (Speeches . . . on 5 April
1825; NAPIER, Correspondence, 42). When
in 1827 Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool,
Brougham, feeling himself generally in accord
with the new minister's principles, left the
opposition benches and on 1 May took his
place on the ministerial side of the house.
He brought over with him a body of mode-
rate whigs, who thus for a time separated
themselves from Grey. Canning had no
wish to be overridden, and offered Brougham
the post of lord chief baron, which would
have removed him from the house. Brougham,
however, objected to being i shelved,' and re-
fused the oner. He now at last obtained a
patent of precedence, and on going circuit
was greeted with much rejoicing by his
brother barristers, among whom he was
popular. His reappearance in t silk ' brought
him a large number of cases. This influx,
however, did not last long. He was ' defi-
cient in nisi prius tact,' was apt to treat
juries with impatience, and seemed to think
more of displaying his own powers than of
getting verdicts for his clients. During the
short time that he continued at the bar his
practice declined (CAMPBELL ; Law Magazine,
new series, 1. 177).
As early as 8 May 1816 Brougham first
attempted an improvement in the law ; in
bringing forward a bill for securing the liberty
of the press, he proposed an amendment of
the law of libel. On 7 Feb. 1828 he brought
forward a great scheme of law reform. In a
speech of six hours' length he dealt exhaus-
tively with the anomalies and defects in the
law of real property and in proceedings at
common law. His extraordinary effort bore
ample fruit, for it caused a vast improvement
in our system of common law procedure, and
overthrew the cumbrous and antiquated ma-
chinery of fines and recoveries. The accession
of the Duke of Wellington to office in the
January of this year sent Brougham back to
the opposition ; for while, in common with
his party, he cordially upheld the duke and
Peel in carrying the Catholic Emancipation
Bill of 1829, he was not prepared to accord
them his general support. As Lord Cleve-
land (Darlington) went over to the tories,
Brougham felt bound in 1830 to vacate his
seat for Winchelsea, and accordingly ac-
cepted the offer of the Duke of Devonshire
to return him for Knaresborough. At the
same time he by 110 means relished sitting
for a close constituency : it consorted ill
with his desire to be known as a popular
politician, and it kept him back from taking
part in the movement for parliamentary
reform. While sitting for Winchelsea, he
had made unsuccessful attempts in 1818,
1820, and 1826 to gain a seat for Westmore-
land. Now, however, a speech he made on
13 July, on bringing forward a motion against
slavery, gained him an invitation to stand
for Yorkshire. He was triumphantly elected,
and in the parliament of 1830 took his seat
Brougham
453
Brougham
for the county instead of for Knaresborough,
where he was also returned. In the course
of the election he pledged himself to reform
( Quarterly Review, April 1831, xlv. 281). He
prepared a scheme of reform which gave the
franchise to all householders, leaseholders,
and copyholders, and took one member from
each of the rotten boroughs (ROEBUCK, Whig
Ministry of 1830, i. 420), and on 16 Nov.
gave notice that he would lay it before the
house. On that day Lord Grey received the
king's command to form a ministry. The
whig leaders would have been glad to leave
Brougham out of the cabinet. On the 17th
he was invited to become attorney-general.
He indignantly declined, and the next night
announced, with an implied threat, his in-
tention of proceeding with his motion. This
made him to some extent master of the situa-
tion. He wished for the rolls, for he did not
want to leave the commons. The king, how-
ever, would not hear of this, for he knew that
Brougham's presence would render Lord Al-
thorp's leadership impotent (CROKEK, ii. 80).
He was therefore offered the chancellorship.
He received the great seal on 22 Nov., was
elevated to the peerage with the title of
Baron Brougham and Vaux on 23rd, and on
25th was sworn as chancellor.
He worked with extraordinary energy in
his new office. He had often, and especially
in 1825, reproached Lord Eldon for the delays
in his court, and he was determined to bring j
in a wholly new system. At the rising of
the court for the long vacation he was able
to announce that he had not left a single j
appeal unheard. While he did much, and cer-
tainly far more than any other chancellor had
done, to expedite proceedings in chancery, he
gave some offence by boasting publicly and re-
peatedly of achievements that he had not per-
formed, and that were indeed beyond mortal
power. Moreover, both now and at other
times, he was singularly negligent of profes-
sional courtesy (CAMPBELL). Pursuing the
work of law reform, he was the means of
effecting considerable improvements in the
court of chancery, the abolition of the court
of delegates, the substitution for it of the
judicial committee of the privy council, and
the institution of the central criminal court.
The foundation of these two courts alone
would entitle him to be remembered as a
great legal reformer. He brought in a bank-
ruptcy bill, which eventually became the
basis of a statute ; and though his Local
Courts Bill of 1830 fell through, it prepared
the way for the present system of county
courts. Since 1820 the subject of education
had occupied much of his attention. In con-
junction with Dr. Birkbeck, he helped to set
on foot various mechanics' institutes. In
1825 he published his ' Observations on the
Education of the People,' which before the
end of the year reached its twentieth edition.
In this pamphlet (Speeches, iii. 103) he pro-
posed a plan for the publication of cheap and
! useful works, which he carried out by the
I formation of the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge. The first committee of this
society was formed in April 1825. After some
delays it recommenced its work November
1826, and published its introductory volume,
written by Brougham, in March 1827 (JEdin.
Rev. June 1827, xlvi. 225). The l Observa-
tions ' also contain a reference to the need of
scientific education for the upper classes (151).
Brougham sought to supply this need by the
foundation of the London University, a work
which he brought to a successful conclusion
in 1828. He took the leading part in the de-
bates on education in 1833, and on 14 March
announced that he saw reason for abandon-
ing the plan of a compulsory rate he had
hitherto advocated. On 23 March 1835 he
moved that parliament should vote grants
for education, and that a board of commis-
sioners should be appointed to control the
application of the money granted, and on
1 Dec. 1837 brought forward two bills further
developing the system of national education.
In April 1831 the defeat of the ministry ne-
cessitated a dissolution, and political circum-
stances made it equally necessary that the
dissolution should be immediate, and that the
prorogation should be pronounced by the king
in person. The extraordinary account that
Brougham has given through Roebuck (Hist,
of the Whig Ministry, ii. 148-52) of his saving
the country by taking on himself to order the
attendance of the troops and the like, and of
his almost compelling the king to go down to
the house, and the whole story of what passed
in the interview he and Grey had with the
king on 22 April, are apocryphal. In the
exciting scene in the House of Lords which
followed the announcement of the king's ar-
rival, the chancellor's self-importance caused
him to lose his head (Grey Correspondence,
i. 234-6; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. ii. 135-7).
On 7 Oct. Brougham made a speech on the
second reading of the Reform Bill that has
been held to be his masterpiece : it is full of
sarcasm on the tory lords. As in most of
his great speeches, the peroration is studied
and unnatural. Brougham ended with a
prayer ; he fell on his knees, and remained
kneeling. He had kept up his energy with
draughts of mulled port, and his friends, who
thought that he was unable to rise, picked him
up and set him on the woolsack (Speeches, iii.
559; CAMPBELL, Life, 398). In the crisis
Brougham
454
Brougham
which followed the victory of the opposition
on 17 May 1832, Brougham represents him-
self as playing the most important part. This
is by no means borne out by other evidence.
Lord Grey was not a man to allow the chan-
cellor to take his place, and William IV cer-
tainly never forgot what was due to him as
his first minister (ROEBUCK, History, ii. 331 ;
Life and Times, iii. 192-201, with which
compare Grey Correspondence, i. 422-44 ;
Edin. Rev. cxxv. 546).
In June 1834 Lord Grey retired from office.
His retirement is said by Brougham to have
been caused by the indiscretion of Littleton,
the Irish secretary. It was at least as much
Brougham's own work. Without Grey's
knowledge he persuaded Lord Wellesley, the
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to withdraw from
his recommendation that certain clauses of
the Coercion Bill should be retained. This
underhand proceeding led to complications
both with O'Connell and between the whig
leaders in the two houses. Brougham had
not the honesty to acknowledge what he had
done when he might have cleared Littleton
from O'Connell's charges, and he has dis-
guised the truth in his autobiography. Grey
felt he had been ill used. Brougham knew
that he wished to resign office, and seems to
have schemed to separate him from his fol-
lowers, in order that he himself and the party
generally might retain office — for himself he
probably hoped for the treasury, after Grey
had gone out (Letter of Henry, Earl Grey,
July 1871, Edin. Rev. cxxxiv. 291-302; Parl.
Deb. xxiv. 1019, 1308, xxv. 119; Lord Ha-
merton (Littleton}, Memoir of 1834, p. 85,
and passim). Brougham continued chancellor
when Lord Melbourne took office. Up to
this time his popularity and his success were
unabated. It was during his chancellorship
that he used to drive about in a little carriage
specially built for him by Robinson, the
coachmaker, which excited much wonder by
its unusual shape, ' an old little sort of garden
chair,' Moore the poet called it (Diary,
vi. 196) ; it was the ancestor of all broughams.
For years the ' Times' had nattered him out-
rageously, and he was accused of using the
'Edinburgh Review' as a means of puffing
himself and his projects (NAPIER, 110. The
extraordinary tyranny Brougham exercised
over the management of the 'Edinburgh Re-
view' is constantly illustrated by incidental
passages in the correspondence of Macvey
Napier, the editor ; it was grievously, though
for the most part vainly, complained of, and
was bitterly resented by Macaulay). Now,
however, the ' Times ' changed its tone, and
attacked him. In August he made a tour
in Scotland. He displeased the king by
taking the great seal across the border, and
made matters worse by indulging in extrava-
gances that excited the disgust of all sensible
persons ( Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 133 ;
CAMPBELL). The ministers were dismissed
on 11 Nov. That evening Melbourne, under a
promise of secrecy, told Brougham the result
of his interview with the king. Brougham
at once sent the news to the ' Times,' and his
brief communication, ending with the words,
' The queen has done it all,' appeared in the
issue of the next morning. The king declared
that he had been 'insulted and betrayed'
(ToRRENS, Memoirs of Melbourne, ii. 43,44).
Although Brougham knew that Scarlett was
to succeed Lyndhurst as chief baron of the
exchequer, he offered to take the judgeship
without any pay beyond his ex-chancellor's
pension. This offer brought him into con-
tempt, and he retreated to the continent
(ib. 51 ; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 157,
158). He visited Cannes, then a mere village,
and on 3 Jan. 1835 bought land there to build
a house (H. RETOURNAY).
Although Melbourne returned to office in
April 1835, he, and indeed the proposed minis-
ters generally, were determined not to have
Brougham among them again after the follies
of which he had been guilty, and in order to
conciliate him the great seal was put in com-
mission. He gave the government an inde-
pendent support, and was especially useful in
enabling them to carry the Municipal Reform
Bill. His activity in parliament was extra-
ordinary. In the course of this session he
delivered 221 speeches that are reported in
' Hansard ' (Parl. Deb. xxx. Index quoted by
CAMPBELL). The appointment of Pepys (Lord
Cottenham) as chancellor early in 1836
wounded him deeply. He considered, pro-
bably not without reason, that Melbourne
had deceived him (ToRREisrs, ii. 174 ; NAPIER,
251, 316). His health was shaken by his
vexation, and he spent a year in retirement
at Brougham Hall. During the early years
of Queen Victoria's reign, Brougham, though
sitting on the ministerial side of the house,
often opposed the government. Adopting
a radical tone, he stigmatised his former col-
leagues as courtiers, and on 11 Dec. 1837,
when criticising the allowance to the Duchess
of Kent, engaged in a sharp altercation with
Melbourne (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. i. 33).
During the next year he did much literary
work, editing the four volumes of his
' Speeches ' and writing books, reviews, and
other articles. At the same time he continued
to make his presence felt in parliament. On
20 Feb., in a speech of great eloquence, he
moved resolutions recommending the imme-
diate abolition of slavery. Of his work during
Brougham
455
Brougham
this session Macaulay, an old enemy of his,
wrote : ' A mere tongue, without a party and
without a character, in an unfriendly audience
and with an unfriendly press, never did half as
much before' (NAPIEK, 270). In the debate
of 21 May 1839 on the bedchamber question
he made a violent attack on the whigs and
spoke somewhat disrespectfully of the queen
as ' an inexperienced person.' After the re-
establishment of the Melbourne ministry he
virtually led the opposition in the lords, and
on 6 Aug. succeeded in carrying five resolu-
tions censuring the government policy in
Ireland. On 21 Oct., while he was at
Brougham Hall, it was reported and gene-
rally believed in London that he had met his
death by a carriage accident. All the news-
papers of the 22nd except the ' Times ' con-
tained obituary notices of his career, one or
two of them of an uncomplimentary cha-
racter. It soon became known that the
report was false, and Brougham was ac-
cused, not without reason, of having set it
abroad himself. It was true that he and
two friends were thrown from a carriage on
the 19th, but none of the three was in-
jured (CAMPBELL, 505-11 ; NAPIER, 312, 313).
The loss of his only surviving daughter on
30 Nov. of this year caused him deep grief.
He named the house he built for himself at
•Cannes the Chateau Eleanor Louise, in me-
mory of her. From 1840 onwards he spent
some months in each year at Cannes. His
habit was to go to Brougham Hall as soon
as parliament was prorogued, and at the ap-
proach of winter to visit Paris, where he took
the opportunity of attending the meetings of
the Institute — he had been elected an asso-
ciate by the Academy of Moral and Political
Science in 1833 — and thence to proceed to
Cannes, where he stayed until the next ses-
sion recalled him to London.
Although on the defeat of Melbourne's
ministry Brougham changed his seat to the
opposition side of the house, he nevertheless
gave Peel's government considerable support,
and when the Ashburton treaty, concerning
the -Maine boundary, was attacked by his
former colleagues, he brought forward a mo-
tion on 7 April 1843 expressing approval of
it and thanking Lord Ashburton for his ser-
"vices. He was in favour of free trade, though
at the same time he disliked the Anti-Corn-
law League, for he looked with suspicion on
all movements outside parliament. Although
he tried to avert the disruption of the Scotch
kirk, he has been accused of, in the end, sacri-
ficing the cause to the interests of the tory
.government by yielding to Lord Aberdeen
(CocKBUKN, Journal, ii. 44). In this year
a member of the family of Bird, the former
owners of Brougham Hall, set up a claim
to the estate. The case, which was one of
trespass, was heard at Appleby assizes on
11 Sept., and the verdict ousted Bird's claim.
Brougham was never happier than when
acting as judge ; he sat constantly in the su-
preme court of appeal, and in the judicial
committee of the privy council, the court he
had himself founded, and over which he de-
sired to hold permanent sway. In the hope
of acquiring the judicial headship of this court
he constantly, and especially in the spring of
1844, endeavoured to obtain the appointment
of a vice-president, who should be a judge
(Gremlle Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 225). He
continued to press the subject of law reform
as president of the Law Amendment Associa-
tion and director of its organ, the ' Law Re-
view,' as well as in parliament. On 19 May
1845 he made a long speech on this subject,
rehearsing, as his custom was, all he had
effected during the seventeen years that had
passed since his motion of 1828, urging the
establishment of ( courts of conciliation,' a
scheme he had propounded in his bill of
1830, and of other local courts, and recom-
mending that additional facilities should be
provided for the sale and transfer of land by
the use of a formula of conveyance and by a
system of registration ; and as regards crimi-
nal law, that more frequent commissions of
oyer and terminer should be held. He ended
by laying nine bills on the table (Parl. Deb»
3rd ser. Ixxx. 493-516). Old as he now was,
and notwithstanding the position he had
achieved and the good work he had done, his
constant thirst for admiration led him 'to
desire to flourish away among silly and dis-
solute people of fashion.' Ever anxious to
impress others with a sense of his superior
ability, ' he had no idea how to converse or live
at ease' (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 235).
When the French provisional government
of 1848 summoned the National Assembly,
Brougham was seized with a desire to be re-
turned as a deputy, and applied to the minister
of justice for a certificate of naturalisation.
After some difficulty he was made to under-
stand that if he became a French citizen he
would lose his English citizenship, and with
it his rank, offices, and emoluments, and he ac-
cordingly withdrew his request. On 11 April,
while this matter was still pending, he made a
long speech in the house on foreign affairs, at-
tacking Charles Albert, the king of Sardinia,
for having promised to help the Milanese,
and the pope for his concessions to the liberals,
and severely blaming the conduct of the
French provisional government. He found,
however, that his extraordinary proposal had
not escaped notice, and Lord Lansdowne
Brougham
456
Brougham
answered him with a sarcastic remark (Parl.
Deb. xcviii. 138). On the accession of the
whigs to office under Lord John Russell, |
Brougham remained on the opposition side of j
the house, and in the session of 1849 strenu-
ously opposed the repeal of the navigation |
acts. On 20 July he again reviewed the
state of affairs on the continent, and, no
longer moved with the sentiments he had
expressed in 1824, blamed the government
for sympathising with Victor Emmanuel, I
spoke strongly against the revolutionary party I
in Italy, defended the action of the French,
and complained of prejudice against Austria •
and of unfair dealings with the King of Italy '
(Parl. Deb. cvii. 616).
Although Brougham gradually withdrew
from politics,he continued active in the cause of
law reform, urging his schemes in parliament,
in the ' Law Review,' and through the Law
Amendment Society. He took a large share
in hearing appeals, and Lord-chancellor Truro
left the administration of the appellate juris-
diction of the lords in his hands. This caused
considerable dissatisfaction, and on 5 Aug.
1850 Brougham complained of the comments
of the ' Daily News ' as a breach of privilege
and a libel on himself. The experiment of
reinforcing the law lords by creating a peer
for life brought him in haste from Cannes in
1856, and he greatly contributed to the defeat
of Lord Wensleydale's claim. He took the
opportunity of moving for returns to state
his opinion on the movement for further par-
liamentary reform on 3 Aug. 1857. In 1850
he again turned to scientific studies. He
read a paper on experiments in light before
the French Institute, and in later years con-
tributed various other papers on kindred sub-
jects (Comptes Rendus^Qs. 30, 34, 36,44,46).
He was also constantly busy writing, arrang-
ing, and editing literary work of various
kinds. The wide and indefinite area which
the Social Science Association proposed to
occupy greatly pleased him. The committee
held their first formal meeting at his house
in Graft on Street on 29 July 1857 ; he was
chosen president for the year, and on 12 Oct.
delivered' the inaugural address at the first
congress at Birmingham. For some years
the meetings of the association were held to
be events of no small importance, and the
prominent part Brougham took in the pro-
ceedings brought him great fame. He was
again chosen president in 1860, and held the
office during the five succeeding years. He
was entertained at a public banquet at Edin-
burgh in October 1859, and two days after-
wards was elected chancellor of the university.
He delivered his installation address on
18 May 1860. In that year he received a
second patent of peerage with remainder to-
his younger brother William and his heirs
male, an honour conferred on him in recogni-
tion of his eminent services in the cause of
education and in the suppression of slavery.
Lady Brougham died at Brighton on 12 Jan.
1865. Brougham attended the meeting of
the Social Science Association held at Man-
chester in 1866. The next year his mental
powers, which had been gradually failing,
gave way altogether. He died quietly at
his chateau at Cannes on 7 May 1868. He
was an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and a
fellow of the Royal Society. In spite of a
gaunt ungainly figure and an ungraceful
habit of action he was a remarkably success-
ful speaker. His memory was excellent, and
his self-possession not easily disturbed. His
words came readily, he had great powers of
sarcasm, and an unfailing store of humour.
Eloquent, however, as many of his speeches
are, his perorations often bear the marks of
over-careful preparation. Although his health
was never strong, his power of application
was extraordinary, and even when he ap-
peared to be utterly worn out he was always,
able to call up a fresh supply of energy to
meet any new demand upon him. His style
of writing was slovenly, and, setting aside
his speeches, nothing that he wrote can now
be read with much pleasure except his private
letters and some of his ' Sketches of Statesmen.'
His attainments were manifold, and he wrote
and spoke as a teacher on almost every sub-
ject under the sun. His mind ranged over
so wide an area that he never acquired a
thorough knowledge of any particular division
of learning. It has been said of him that if
he had known a little law he would have
known a little of everything. Nevertheless
he has left his abiding mark in the improve-
ment of our legal system, and his work in the
judicial committee of the privy council was-
of considerable importance both in upholding
liberal principles in ecclesiastical matters,
and in creating a body of precedents which
have served as a kind of foundation of Indian
law (Encyclop. Brit., art ' Brougham'). In
almost all public questions — his speeches on
foreign politics in 1848 and 1849 excepted —
he upheld the cause of humanity and freedom ;
yet he had little moral influence ; such weight
as he had was simply due to his intellectual
powers. Genial in society, with great power
of enjoyment, a keen perception of what was
ludicrous, and a ready wit, he was at the same
time an unamiable man, a bitter enemy, and
a jealous colleague. His temper was irritable,
he was easily excited, and from whatever cause
his excitement arose it led him to speak and
act unadvisedly. Brougham was buried in
Brougham
457
Brougham
the cemetery of Cannes. His residence ther
and the interest he took in the welfare of the
place raised it from a mere fishing village to
its present position. The inhabitants were not
ungrateful. The hundredth anniversary of
his birth was kept with many marks of re-
spect, and the foundation of a statue to him
was laid on 19 Dec. 1878 (RETOTJRNAY).
Lord Brougham's brother WILLIAM (born
26 Sept. 1795) succeeded to the title as
second baron. He was educated at Jesus
College, Cambridge (B.A. 1819), was M.P.
for Southwark 1831-5, and a master in chan-
cery 1835-40. He died 3 Jan. 1886, and was
succeeded by his eldest son, Henry Charles
(Times, ,5 Jan. 1886).
A bibliographical list, describing 133 of
Brougham's literary productions, has been
drawn up by Mr. Ralph Thomas, and will be
found at the end of the eleventh volume of the
second collected edition of his works. Only
his larger and more important books will
therefore be mentioned here. His critical, >
historical, and miscellaneous works were pub- ;
lished under his own direction in a collected
edition, 11 vols. 8vo, 1855-61, a second edi- !
tion 1872-3. His chief productions, many of
which are included in the collected editions,
are: 1. ' An Enquiry into the Colonial Pol icy
of European Powers,' 2 vols. 1803. 2. « Prac- j
tical Observations on the Education of the '
People,' edits. 1-20, 1825, at Boston, U.S., !
1826, ' Praktische Bemerkungen,' Berlin,
1827. 3. 'A Discourse on Natural Theo-
logy, with an edition of Paley's work, 1835, !
1845. 4. ' Select Cases decided bv Lord •
Brougham in the Court of Chancery/ edited j
by C. P. Cooper, 1835. 5. ' Speeches upon |
Questions relating to Public Rights,' 4 vols.
1838, 1845, with introductions which, though
written in the third person, are really
Brougham's own work (COCKBUEN, Diary, i.
190). 6. < Historical Sketches of Statesmen . . .
in the time of George III,' 1839, second series
1839, third series 1843, in 6 vols. 12mo, 1845,
' Esquisses Historiques . . . traduites . . .
par U. Legeay,' Lyon, 1847. 7. ' IIEPI TOY
2TE*ANOY,' ' Demosthenes upon the Crown,
translated,' with notes, 1840, a most unfor-
tunate production, was made the subject of a
severe review in the ' Times,' 21 and 28 March,
and 3 and 4 April, which was reprinted in a
separate form, and on which see * Gent. Mag.,
March 1841, p. 265. 8. < Political Philosophy,'
and other essays published by the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 2 vols.
1842, 3 vols. no date ; to the ill-success of this
publication Lord Campbell ascribes the break-
up of the society ; for a contradiction of this
statement see ' Notes and Queries,' 4th series,
ix. 489. 9. ' Albert Lunel ; or, the Chateau of
I Languedoc,' 3 vols. 12mo. 1844, described by
^ Brougham as a philosophical romance, written
j '* as a kind of monument to her I had lost '
(liis daughter, who is made the heroine) ;
it was not published, and, after a few copies
had -been distributed, was suppressed by the
1 authoV ; it is not included in the i bibliogra-
phical N^ist,' but the authorship is now certain
(BKOUG^AM, Letters to Forsyth, 69-71, 73,
80 ; Notes, and Queries, 4th series, vii. 277),
it was reprinted and published, 3 vols. 8vo,
1872. 10. \Lives of Men of Letters and
Science . . . \ in the time of George III,'
1845, second seVjes 1846 ; some of these lives
are translated inW) French. 11. ' History of
1 England and Frasnce under the House of
Lancaster,' 1852 atoon., 1861 with name.
| 12. ' Contributions to Vie Edinburgh Review/
3 vols. 1856, contains nterely a selection from
Brougham's numerous articles. 13. ' Lord
' Brougham and Law Refo\m,' acts and bills
introduced by him since 189.1, edited by Sir
J. E. Eardley Wilmot, 1860>x contains forty
statutes carried and fifty bills Introduced, on
which, however, see Campbelrfe l Life,' 587.
14. ' Tracts, Mathematical and Physical,' col-
lected edition 1860. 15. ' Life and Times of
Henry, Lord Brougham/ written bj^ himself,
3 vols. posthumous, 1871.
[References to special passages in mostW the
authorities here named are given in theNtext.
Broughan/s Life and Times of Henry,
Brougham, 3 vols., must be read with cautiofc
and its statements compared with other authori-l
ties ; it is chiefly valuable for the letters it con-
tains ; for notices of some curious misstatements
in these volumes, besides those mentioned in the
above article, see the Times for 12 Jan. 1871, and
.Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 277 ; Brougham's
Speeches, 4 vols. ; Brougham's Letters to W.
Forsyth, privately printed; Lord Campbell's Life
of Brougham, in Lives of the Chancellors, viii.
213-596, is to be read with due allowance for
its spiteful tone — compare Lord St. Leonards on
Some Misrepresentations in Lord Campbell's
Lives ; F. A. M. Mignet has an able summary of
Brougham's Life and Work in his Nouveaux
Eloges Historiques, 1877, 165-237 ; Nicholson
and Burn's History of Cumberland and Westmor-
land, i. 395 ; Hutchinson's History of Westmor-
land, i. 301 ; Memoirs and Correspondence of
Francis Horner, ed. L. Homer, 2 vols. 2nd edit. ;
Selections from the Correspondence of Macvey
Napier ; Lord Cockburn's Life of Lord Jeffrey,
2 vols. ; Cockburn's Journal, 2 vols. ; G. Pea-
cock's Life of Dr. Young, p. 174; Lord Holland's
Memoirs of the Whig Party, 2 vols. ; Return of
Members of Parliament ; Parliamentary Debates,
xvi.-3rd ser. cxlvii. passim; Jeremy Bentham's
works contain a few notices, especially in the
correspondence, x. and xi. ; Sir G. C. Lewis's
Administrations of Great Britain 1783-1830,
pp. 344, 351 ; Autobiography of Miss E. Cornelia
Brougham
45'
Brougham
Knight, 2 vols. ; C. D. Yonge's Life and Idmir ~n Connection with Mark Lemon, 'The Demon
trationof Kobert, second Lord Liverpool, 3 vols " '
Report of the Speeches at the Edinburgh dinn '
6 ^ April 1825; A. G. Stapleton's
of Cannmg, i. 296, 377-383, iii. 348
History of the Whig Ministry of 1830
was largely inspired by Brougham, and
and other reasons must not be impl
Papers of J. Wilson Croker, ed.
. , e.
Correspondence of Earl Grey and Vllham
ed. Henry Earl Grey, 2 vols. ; Lord ,£amerton's
Correspondence relatir-gt°Ju"eand
July 1834; the Greville Memom' ed' ?• Reeve'
1st and 2nd ser. ; W. M. TorrenSv'Memoir of Lord
Melbourne, 2 vols. ; Edinburgh Review, xlvi. 225,
xlvii. 35, xlviii. 34, cxxv 546 cxxix. 583, cxxxiv.
291 ; Quarterly Review, s'-^- 281» cxxvi- 91 :
Gift.'
Leaving England he arrived in America
in October 1842, and opened at the Park
Theatre, New York, as O'Callaghan in the
farce ' His Last Legs.' A little later he was
in the employment of W. E. Burton in New
York, and wrote for him 'Bunsby's Wedding/
1 The Confidence Man/ ' Don Caesar de
Bassoon/ ' Vanity Fair/ and other pieces.
Still later he managed Niblo's Garden, pro-
| ducing there his fairy tale called ' Home/
' and the play of ' Ambrose Germain.' He
opened a new theatre in Broadway, near the
south-west corner of Broome Street, called
Brougham's Lyceum, 15 Oct. 1850, and while
Times, 11 May 1868; La^ Magazine and Law : there he wrote ' The World's Fair/ < Faustus/
Review, August 1868, ne-* series,!. 177 ; Horace
Retournay's Lord Bro/%nam et le centenaire.
Of the many squi bs y^ritten on Brougham the
most famous is T./L. Peacock's description of
him in Crotchet (V^stle, where he figures as ' the
learned friend.'] 7 W. H.
BROUGET AM, JOHN (1814-1880), actor
and dramatist, was born in Dublin on 9 May
1814, and, softer having for some time attended
Trinity OAbllege, began life as a student of
surgeryyeland for several months walked the
r / • Street Hospital ; but an uncle from
whoM6 \ ijg ha(j prospects falling into adversity,
"f 7*> ^as thrown upon his own resources, and
thfLGreUpOn went to London. A chance en-
^Wounter with an old acquaintance led to his
^ engagement at the Tottenham Street Theatre
(a house long afterwards known as the Prince
of Wales's), and there, in July 1830, acting
six characters in the old play of ' Tom and
Jerry/ he made his first appearance on the
public stage. In 1831 he was a member of
the company o'rganised by Madame Vestris
for the Olympic Theatre. His first play was
written at this time, and was a burlesque,
prepared for William Evans Burton, who was
then acting at the Pavilion Theatre. When
Madame Vestris removed from the Olympic
to Covent Garden, Brougham followed her
thither, and there remained as long as she
and Charles Mathews were at the head of
the theatre, and it was while there that he
wrote * London Assurance' in conjunction
•with Dion Boucicault. There has been much
discussion about the authorship of this popu-
lar piece. Brougham stated in 1868 that he
brought an action against Boucicault, whose
legal adviser suggested the payment of half
the purchase-money in preference to proceed-
ing with the case. In 1 840 he became manager
of the Lyceum Theatre, which he conducted
during summer seasons, and for which he
wrote « Life in the Clouds/ ' Love's Livery/
4 Enthusiasm/ < Tom Thumb the Second/ and,
The Spirit of Air/ a dramatisation of l David
Copperfield/ and a new version of 'The
Actress of Padua.' The Lyceum was at first
a success, but the demolition of the building
next to it made it appear to be unsafe, and the
business gradually declined, leaving him bur-
dened with debts, all of which, however, he
subsequently paid. His next speculation was
at the Bowery Theatre, of which he became
lessee on 7 July 1856, and produced ' King
John ' with superb scenery and a fine com-
pany, but this not proving to be to the taste
of his audiences, he wrote and brought out
a series of sensational dramas, among which
were ' The Pirates of the Mississippi/ * Tom
and Jerry in America/ and ' The Miller of
New Jersey.' In September 1860 he returned
to London, where he remained five years.
While playing at the Lyceum he adapted
from the French, for Charles A. Fechter,
< The Duke's Motto ' and ' Bel Demonic/ and
wrote for Miss Louisa Herbert dramatic ver-
sions of ' Lady Audley's Secret ' and ' Only
a Clod.' He also wrote the words of three
operas, ' Blanche de Nevers/ f The Demon
Lovers/ and ' The Bride of Venice.' His re-
appearance in America took place on 10 Oct.
1865 at the Winter Garden Theatre, and he
never afterwards left America. He opened
Brougham's Theatre on 25 Jan. 1869, with a
comedy by himself, called ' Better Late than
Never/ but this theatre was taken out of his
hands by James Fisk, junior, under circum-
stances which caused much sympathy on his
behalf. On 4 April a banquet in his honour
was given at the Astor House, and on 18 May
he received a farewell benefit. The attempt
to establish Brougham's Theatre was his final
eifort in management. After that time he
was connected with various stock companies,
but chiefly with Daly's Theatre and with
Wallack's. In 1852 he edited a bright comic
paper in New York, called ' The Lantern/
and he published two collections of his mis-
Brougham
459
B rough ton
cellaneous writings, entitled l A Basket of
Chips ' and l The Bunsby Papers.' On 17 Jan.
1878 he received a testimonial benefit at the
Academy of Music, at which the sum of
10,278 dollars was received, and this fund,
.after the payment of incidental expenses, was
settled on him in an annuity which expired
at his death. His last work was a drama,
entitled ' Home Rule,' and his last appear-
ance on the stage was made as Felix O'Reilly
the detective in Boucicault's play of ' Rescued/
At Booth's Theatre, New York, on 25 Oct.
1879. His rank among actors it is difficult
to assign. He excelled in humour rather
than in pathos or sentiment, and was at his
best in the expression of comically eccentric
characters. Among the parts that will live
in memory as associated with his name are :
.Stout in l Money,' Dennis Brulgruddery
in 'John Bull,' Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Micaw-
ber, Captain Cuttle, Bagstock, O'Grady in
' Arrah-na-Pogue,' Dazzle in * London As-
surance,' and O'Callaghan in * His Last
Legs.' He was the author of over seventy-
five dramatic pieces, many of which will long
«ndure in literature to testify to the solidity
and sparkle of his intellectual powers. He
died at 60 East Ninth Street, New York,
on 7 June 1880, and was buried in Greenwood
•cemetery on 9 June. He is said to have been
the original of Harry Lorrequer in Charles
Jjever's novel which bears that name.
He married first, in 1838, Miss Emma
Williams, an actress who had played at the
St. James's Theatre, London, in 1836, and
afterwards at Covent Garden, where she was
the original representative of the Empress
in 'Love.' In 1845 she left America for
England, and remained away for seven years.
On her return she appeared at the Broadway
Theatre on 16 Feb. 1852, and played a short
•engagement ; again, in 1859, she went to
America, being then known as Mrs. Brougham
Robertson. She died in New York on
30 June 1865. John Brougham married
secondly, in 1844, Annette Hawley, daughter
of Captain Nelson, R.N., and widow of Mr.
Hodges. She had been on the London stage
in 1830, and made her American debut at
New Orleans as the Fairy Queen in ' Cin-
derella' in 1833. At one time she had the
•direction of the Richmond Theatre, which
then went by the name of Miss Nelson's
'Theatre, and she was afterwards at Wallack's
National, where she appeared as Telemachus.
Her death took place at New York on 3 May
1870, the twenty-sixth anniversary of her
wedding-day.
[Life, Stories, and Poems of John Brougham,
•edited by William Winter, Boston, United States
of America (1881), with portrait ; Appleton's
Annual Cyclopaedia, 1880, p. 66; Ireland's
Records of the New York Stage (1866-67), ii.
178, 210, 384, 594, 655.] G. C. B.
BROUGHTON, ARTHUR (d. 1803?),
botanist, took the degree of doctor in me-
dicine at Edinburgh in 1779, then published
a volume of brief diagnoses of British plants
anonymously, and subsequently settled in
Jamaica, where he died in 1803, judging from
certain notes in Wiles's edition of the ' Hor-
tus Eastensis.' His name is preserved in the
genus of orchids named Broughtonia by Ro-
bert Brown.
The following is a list of his works :
1. l Diss. Med. de Vermibus Intestinorum,'
Edinburgh, 1779, 8vo. 2. * Enchiridion Bo-
tanicum,' London, 1782, 8vo. 3. ' Hortus
Eastensis; or a catalogue of Exotic Plants in
the garden of Hinton East, Esq., in the
mountains of Liguanea, at the time of his
decease,' Kingston, 1792, 4to ; new edition
by J. Wiles, Jamaica, 1806, 4to. 4. ' Cata-
logue of the more valuable and rare Plants
in the public botanic garden in the mountains
of Liguanea, &c.' (St. Jago de la Vega),
1794, 4to.
[The works cited.] B. D. J.
BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612),
divine and rabbinical scholar, was born in
1549 at Owlbury, a mansion in the parish of
Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. In the immedi-
ate vicinity are two farmlands, called Upper
and Lower Broughton. His ancestry was old
and of large estate (the family bore owls as
their coat of arms) ; he had a brother a judge.
He calls himself a Cambrian, and it is probable
that he had a good deal of Welsh blood in
his veins. His preparation for the university
he got from Bernard Gilpin, at Houghton-
le-Spring. Gilpin's biographers say that he
picked up Broughton while the lad was mak-
ing his way on foot to Oxford, trained him, and
sent him to Cambridge. They accuse Brough-
ton of base ingratitude in endeavouring, at
a subsequent period, to supplant Gilpin in his
living. Although this story must be received
with caution, the later relations between
Broughton and his earliest benefactor were
probably somewhat strained. Gilpin's will
(he died on 4 March 1584) shows that Brough-
ton had borrowed some of his books, and
adds : ( I trust he will withhold none of them.'
Broughton was entered at Magdalene College,
Cambridge, in 1569. The foundation of his
Hebrew learning was laid, in his first year
at Cambridge, by his attendance on the lec-
tures of the French scholar, Antoine Ro-
dolphe Chevallier [q. v.], of whom he gives
a particular account, without mentioning
his name. He graduated B.A. in 1570, and
Broughton
460
Broughton
became fellow of St. John's and afterwards
of Christ's. He had no lack of patronage at
the university ; Sir Walter Mildmay made
him an allowance for a private lectureship in
Greek, and the Earl of Huntingdon still
more liberally supplied him with means for
study. He was elected one of the taxers of
the university, and obtained a prebend and
a readership in divinity at Durham. On the
ground of his holding a prebend, he was de-
prived of his fellowship in 1579, but was re-
instated in 1581, at the instance of Lord
Burghley, the chancellor, who, moved by the
representations of the Bishop of Durham
(Richard Barnes) and the Earls of Hunting-
don and Essex, overcame the opposition of
Hatcher, the vice-chancellor, and Hawford,
master of Christ's. He resigned the office of
taxer, and does not seem to have returned
to the university. He came to London,
where he spent from twelve to sixteen hours
a day in study, and distinguished himself as
a preacher of puritan sentiments in theology.
He is said to have predicted, in one of his
sermons (1588), the scattering of the armada.
He found friends among the citizens, especi-
ally in the family of the Cottons, with whom
he lived, and whom he taught to be enthu-
siastic Hebrew scholars. In 1588 appeared
his first work, ' A Concent of Scripture,' de-
dicated to the queen. John Speed, the his-
torian, saw the book through the press. In
this * little book of great pains,' as Broughton
himself calls it, he attempts to settle the
scripture chronology, and to correct profane
writers by it. The work is interesting, writ-
ten in a lively style, full of learning and in-
genuity, but removing all difficulties with a
quaint oracular dogmatism, which entertains
rather than convinces. He holds the abso-
lute incorruptness of the text of both testa-
ments, including the Hebrew points. Indeed,
he goes so far in a later work as to maintain,
respecting the Kthibh and the q'ri, that ' both
of them are of God, and of equal authority.'
The * Concent ' was attacked in their public
prelections by John Rainolds at Oxford,
and Edward Lively at Cambridge. Brough-
ton appealed to the queen (to whom he pre-
sented a special copy of the book on 17 Nov.
1589). to Whitgift, and to Aylmer, bishop of
London, asking to have the points in dispute
between Rainolds and himself determined by
the authority of the archbishops and the two
universities. He began weekly lectures in
his own defence to an audience of between
80 and 100 scholars, using the ' Concent ' as
a text-book. The privy council allowed him
to deliver his lectures (as Chevallier had
done before) at the east end of St. Paul's,
until some of the bishops complained of his
audiences as ' dangerous conventicles.' He
then removed his lecture to a room in Cheap-
side, and thence to Mark Lane, and else-
where. It is said that he was in fear of the
high commission, and therefore anxious to-
leave the country. It is probable that he
left for Germany at the end of 1589 or be-
ginning of 1590, taking with him a pupil,
Alexander Top, a young country gentleman.
Broughton on his travels was a valiant dis-
putant against popery (even at the table of
his fast friend, the Archbishop of Maintz),,
and engaged in religious discussion with
several Jews. At Frankfort, early in 1590,
he disputed in the synagogue with Rabbi
Elias. He was at Worms in 1590, and re-
turned next year to England. His letter
of 27 March 1590 (probably 1591) to Lord
Burghley asks permission to go abroad,
with a special view to make use of King
Casimir's library. But he remained in Lon-
don, where he met Rainolds, and agreed
with him to refer their differing views
about the harmony of scripture chronology
to the arbitration of Whitgift and Aylmer.
Broughton's letter to these prelates is dated
4 Nov. 1591. Nothing came of the reference,
and though Whitgift acknowledged the in-
dustry and dexterity which Broughton had
displayed in the ' Concent,' the archbishop
was his enemy with Elizabeth. In 1592 we
find Broughton again in Germany, and, ac-
j cording to Lightfoot, he probably remained
| abroad till the death of Elizabeth. But
| Brook prints (from Baker's copy, Harl. MS.
: 7031, p. 94) a letter from Broughton to Lord
j Burghley, dated < London, May 16, 1595,' in
j which he applies for the archbishopric of
, Tomon (Tuam), ' worth not above 200/.,' and
asks for a meeting to be arranged between him
j and Rainolds. On the continent he made the
: acquaintance of many learned men, including-
Scaliger, who calls him ' furiosus et maledi-
! cus.' It is said that he was tempted with
| the offer of a cardinal's hat ; catholic scholars
treated him with more respect than foreign
j protestants. He wrote against Beza in his
fiercest Greek. Puritanical as he was in his
| theology, he held the episcopal polity to be
apostolic. His dispute with Rabbi Elias
brought him, in 1596, a letter from Rabbi
Abraham Reuben, written at Constanti-
nople. This was addressed to him in Lon-
don, but in a cursive Hebrew character,
which puzzled < divers scholars,' till Top
managed to make out whom it was intended
for, and sent it off to Germany. Broughton
was sanguine as to the good effects of his
discussions with Jews in their mother tongue,,
and often speaks of his disputations with one
Rabbi David Farrar. While at Middleburg-
Broughton
46i
Broughton
ne printed ' An Epistle to the learned No-
"bilitie of England, touching translating the
Bible from the Original/ 1597, 4to. The
project of assisting in a better version of the
Bible was one which he had long cherished, j
and he had already addressed the queen ;
on the subject. His plan, as given in a j
letter dated 21 June 1593 (though addressed j
to ' Sir William Cecil,' who became Lord |
Burghley in 1571), was to do the work in i
conjunction with five other scholars. Only j
necessary changes were to be made, but the J
principle of harmonising the scripture was to I
prevail, and there were to be short notes.
Though his scheme was backed up by ' sundry
lords, and amongst them some bishops,' his
application for the means of carrying it out
was unsuccessful. In a letter to Burghley, of
11 June 1597, he blames Whitgift for hinder-
ing his proposed new translation. In 1599 he
printed his ' Explication ' of the article respect-
ing Christ's descent into hell. It was a topic he
had touched upon before, maintaining with his
usual vigour (against the Augustinian view,
espoused by most Anglican divines) that hades
never meant the place of torment, but the
state of departed souls. A philology more
ingenious than accurate enabled him to pa-
rallel ' hell ' with sheolj as f that which haleth
all hence.' With this discussion, which he
first brought prominently forward among
English scholars, his name is chiefly asso-
ciated at the present day. He returned to
England, to the surprise of his friends, at a
moment when London was afflicted with the
plague, of which he showed no fear. In 1603
he preached before Prince Henry, at Oatlands,
on the Lord's Prayer. He soon returned
to Middleburg, and became preacher there
to the English congregation. Brook prints
(here corrected from Harl. MS. 787, pp. 94,
96) the following tart petition, addressed,
without effect, to James I : ' Most gracious
soveraigne, your majesty's most humble sub-
ject, Hugh Broughton, having suffered many
years danger for publishing of your right and
Gods truth, by your unlearned bishops that
spent two impressions of libells to disgrace
the Scottish mist : which libells now the sta-
cioners deny that ever they sold. He requesteth
your majesty's favour for a pension fitt for his
age, studye, and trauells past, bearing allwayes
a most dutifull heart unto your majesty. From
Middleburgh, Aug.- 1604. Your majesty's
most humble subject, H. Broughton.'' This
was written in the month following the king's
letter (22 July) appointing fifty-four learned
men for the revision of the translation of the
Bible. Broughton's old adversary, Rainolds,
had been more successful than he in pressing
upon the authorities the need of a revision,
and when the translators were appointed,
Broughton, to his intense chagrin, was not in-
cluded among them. Lightfoot considers his
exclusion unjust. Subsequently he criticised
the new translation unsparingly, after his
manner ; his corrections would have carried
more weight if they had not been generally
accepted as the outpourings of a disappointed
man. Of his own versions of the prophets
it must be said that, while marked by all his
peculiarities, they have a majesty of expres-
sion which entitles them to be better known
than they are. His bitter pamphlet against
Bancroft certainly did not improve his chances
of obtaining due recognition of his merits
as a scholar. Ben Jonson satirised him
in ' Volpone ' (1605), and especially in the
'Alchemist' (1610). He continued to write
and publish assiduously. His translation of
Job (1610) he dedicated to the king. But
he now fell into a consumption, and he made
his last voyage to England, arriving at Graves-
end in November 1611. He told his friends
he had come to die, and wished to die in
Shropshire, where, it appears, his pupil, now
Sir Rowland Cotton, had a seat. His strength,
however, was not equal to the journey. He
wintered in London, and in the spring re-
moved to Tottenham. Here he lingered till
autumn, in the house of Benet, a Cheapside
linendraper. His death occurred on 4 Aug.
1612. He was buried in London, at St. An-
tholin's, on 7 Aug., James Speght preaching
his funeral sermon. He had married a niece
of his pupil, Alexander Top, named Lingen,
a lady of good estate. Broughton's portrait
is engraved by Van Hove. He is described as
graceful and comely, and of a ' sweet, affable,
and loving carriage ' among his friends ; at
table he was bright and genial. His pupils
almost adored him. His reputation for ar-
rogance is not undeserved. He was sharp,
but not scurrilous ; had he stood with a
party, his language would have seemed tem-
perate enough according to the fashion of
his day, but he always fought for his own
hand. Thomas Morton, afterwards bishop
of Durham, who was with him in Germany,
took him in the right way : f I pray you,
whatsoever dolts and dullards I am to be
called, call me so before we begin, that your
discourse and mine attention be not inter-
rupted thereby.' Broughton accepted the
exhortation with perfect good-humour. He
was easily provoked, and lamented on his
death-bed his infirmities of temper. Some
incidents in his life may give the impres-
sion that he was of a grasping nature. He
expected his friends to do a great deal for
him, and made warm and public acknow-
ledgment of their willing kindness. It must
Broughton
462
Broughton
be remembered that his pursuits and his pub-
lications involved considerable outlay. There
is no evidence that he enriched himself ; in
1590 he 'took a little soil' near Tuam, or
somewhere else in Ireland ; possibly this was
his wife's property. Lightfoot allows that
his style is ' curt and something harsh and
obscure,' yet maintains that his writings ' do
carry in them a kind of holy and happy fasci-
nation.'
Lightfoot collected his works under the
strange title, ' The Works of the Great Al-
bionean Divine, renowned in many Nations
for Eare Skill in Salems and Athens Tongues,
and Familiar Acquaintance with all Rabbi-
nical Learning, Mr. Hugh Broughton,' 1662,
fol. The volume is arranged in four sections
or ' tomes ; ' prefixed is his life : Speght's
funeral sermon is given in the fourth tome ;
appended is an elegy by W. Primrose, of
which the finest passage, descriptive of the
many languages known to Broughton, is
borrowed (and not improved) from some
noble lines in the comedy of ' Lingua,' printed
in 1607, and very doubtfully assigned to
Anthony Brewer [q. v.]. A few tracts are
omitted from the collection. According to
Bohn's ' Lowndes,' i. 285, the ' Concent ' con-
tains ' specimens, by W. Rogers, of the earliest
copperplate-engraving in England.' Brough-
ton's ' Sinai-Sight/ 1592, was wholly ' en-
graven in brass,' at an expense of about 100
marks. The genealogical tables, prefixed to
old bibles, and assigned to Speed, were really
(according to Lightfoot) Broughton's work,
but ' the bishops would not endure to have
Mr. Broughton's name ' to them ; his owl
may, however, be seem upon them. Of
Broughton's manuscripts the British Museum
possesses a quarto volume (Sloane MS. 3088),
containing thirty-five pieces, many referring
to the new translation of the Bible ; and his
' Harmonic of the Bible,' a chronological work
(Harl. MS. 1525). Neither of these volumes
is in autograph, with the exception of a small
part of the ' Harmonie.' See also the ' Cat.
of Lansdowne MSS.,' 1807, pp. 220, 331, 332.
[Life, by Lightfoot, prefixed to Works, 1662
(abridged in Clark's Lives, 1683, p. 1 seq., por-
trait); Bayle, art. 'Broughton, Hugues; ' Gilpin's
Life of B. Gilpin, 1751, pp. 251, 271 ; Biog.
Brit. (Kippis), ii. 604 seq. ; Brook's Lives of the
Puritans, 1813, ii. 215 seq.; Wood's Athense
Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 308 seq. ; Hunt's Keligious
Thought in England, 1870, i. 126 seq. ; Notes
and Queries, 5th series, iv. 48 ; Cole's MS.
Athense Cantab. ; Baker MSS. iv. 93, 94.1
A. Gr.
BROUGHTON, JOHN (1705-1789),
pugilist, was born in 1705, but there is no
record of his birthplace, although it may be
assumed to have been London. As a boy he
was apprenticed to a Thames waterman,,
and, when at work on his own account, he
generally plied at Hungerford Stairs.
He is usually considered as the father of
British pugilism, combats, previous to his
appearance, having been chiefly decided either
by backsword or quarterstaff on a raised
stage. Accident settled his future career.
Having had a difference with a brother
waterman, they fought it out ; and he showed
so much aptitude for the profession which he
afterwards adopted, that he gave up his boat
and turned public bruiser, for which his
height (5 ft. 11 in.) and weight (about 14
stone) peculiarly fitted him.
He attached himself to George Taylor's
booth in Tottenham Court Road, and re-
mained there till 1742, patronised by the
Mite of society, and even royalty itself in
the person of the Duke of Cumberland, who
procured him a place, which he held until
his death, among the yeomen of the guard.
But the duke ultimately deserted him.
Broughton fought Slack on 11 April 1750,
and the duke backed his protege the champion,
it is said, for 10,000/. Broughton lost the
fight, having been blinded by his adversary,
and the duke never forgave him for being the
cause of his loss of money. After this battle
Broughton's career as a pugilist was ended.
In 1742 he quarrelled with Taylor, and
built a theatre for boxing, &c., for himself
in Han way Street, Oxford Street. There he
performed until his retirement, when he went
to live at Wai cot Place, Lambeth. He resided
there until his death, on 8 Jan. 1789. He
amassed considerable property, some 7,000/.,
and dying intestate, it went to his niece.
i He was buried on 21 Jan. 1789 in Lambeth
j Church, his pall-bearers being, by his own re-
quest, Humphries, Mendoza, Big Ben, Ward,
I Ryan, and Johnston, all noted pugilists. His
epitaph was as follows : —
Hie jacet
lohannes Broughton,
Pugil sevi sui prsestantissimus.
Obiit
Die Octavo lanuarii,
Anno Salutis 1789,
^Etatis suse 85.
[Capt. Godfrey's Treatise upon the Useful
Science of Self-Defence, 1747; Pugilistica;
Boxiana; Fistiana ; Morning Post, January
1789.] J. A.
BROUGHTON, JOHN CAIN HOB-
HOUSE, LOED. [See HOBHOTJSB.]
BROUGHTON, RICHARD (d. 1634),
catholic historian, was born at Great Stuke-
ley, Huntingdonshire, towards the close of
Broughton
463
Broughton
Queen Mary's reign. In his preface to the
'Monasticon Britannicum' he claims descent
from the ancient family of Broughton of
Broughton Towers in Lancashire.
After studying for a time at Oxford, where
however he was not entered as a student,
Broughton proceeded to the English col-
lege at Eheims. Here he devoted himself
chiefly to the study of Hebrew and English
antiquities, and theology. On 24 Feb. 1592
he was admitted into deacon's orders, and
was ordained priest on 4 May 1593, the same
year in which the English college quitted
Rheims and returned to their old home at
Douay after an absence of fifteen years.
Soon after this he was sent to England for
the purpose of making converts to the Roman
catholic church, and of furthering the poli-
tical schemes of the Jesuits. John Pits, a
contemporary of his, speaks of him as being
'most diligent in gathering fruit into the
granary of Christ/ and the same writer, al-
luding to his literary acquirements, says that
he was ' no less familiar with literature than
learned in Greek and Hebrew.' Dodd, writ-
ing of him a century later, says ' he was
in great esteem among his brethren, an as-
sistant to the archpriest, a canon of the
chapter, and vicar-general to Dr. Smith,
bishop of Calcedon.' At one time he was
secretary to the Duchess of Buckingham,
and it is to her and her mot her, the Countess
of Rutland, that his ' Ecclesiasticall His-
toric' is dedicated. In 1626 we find him
' sojourner ' at Oxford. He died on 15 Feb.
1634, and was buried by the side of his
father and mother at Great Stukeley, as
we learn from his epitaph : ' Quo cum matre,
patre sub saxo conditur uno.'
As a writer he was dull, painstaking,
laborious, inaccurate, and credulous to a
degree rare even for the age in which he
lived. Among his principal works are :
1. ' A New Manual of Old Catholic Medita-
tions,' 1617. 2. 'The Judgment of the
Apostles,' Douay, 1632, dedicated to Queen
Marie, wife of Charles I. These two works
are published under the initials ' R. B.' The
letter elicited an indignant pamphlet from
one ' P. H.,' entitled ' A Detection or Dis-
covery of a Notable Fraud committed by
R. B., a Seminarie Priest,' in which Brough-
ton's manner of treating Nos. 23 and 36 of
the Thirty-nine Articles is strongly assailed.
3. ' The Ecclesiastical Historie of Great Brit-
tame,' Douay, 1633. 4. < A True Memorial
of the Ancient, most Holy, and Religious
State of Great Britaine,' 1650. In a later
edition (1654), the title runs ' Monasticon
Britannicum, or a Historical Narration ol
the first Founding and Flourishing State o:
the Antient Monasteries, Religious Rules,
and Orders of Great Brittaine.' 5. 'An
Apologetic Epistle in answer to a Book that
undertakes to prove that Catholics cannot
be good Subjects.' 6. ' A Continuation of
;he Catholic Apology taken from Christian
Authors.'
[Records of the English Catholics under
he Penal Laws, chiefly from the Archives of
he See of "Westminster, 1878; Wood's Fasti
Bliss), i. 428 ; Wood's History and Antiquities
•f the University of Oxford ; Dodd's Church
History ; Fuller's Worthies ; Pits, De Kebus An-
jlicis, 1619 ; Histoire du College de Douay,
1672 ; Foley's Eecords, vi. 181.] K Gr. *
BROUGHTON, SAMUEL DANIEL
1787-1837), army surgeon, was son of the
Elev. Thomas Broughton, M.A., who became
rector of St. Peter's, Bristol, in 1781. He
was born in Bristol in July 1787, and was
educated at the grammar school there, under
:he care of the Rev. S. Seyer, author of
Memorials of Bristol.' After studying at
St. George's Hospital he became assistant-
surgeon of the Dorsetshire militia, and in Oc-
tober 1812 was appointed assistant-surgeon of
the 2nd life guards, of which Mr. J. Carrick
Moore, elder brother of the late General Sir
John Moore, was then surgeon. Immediately
afterwards Broughton was appointed addi-
tional surgeon with temporary rank, and
placed in medical charge of the service
squadrons of the regiment ordered abroad,
with which he was present in the Peninsula
and south of France to the end of the war.
His campaigning experiences from Lisbon to
Boulogne he related in a volume of ' Letters
from Portugal, Spain, and France in 1812,
1813, and 1814 ' (London, 8vo, 1815). He
was also with his regiment at the battle
of Waterloo. In July 1821 he succeeded
to the surgeoncy of the regiment on the
resignation of Mr. Moore, who had just
been granted a pension of 1,000/. a year in
recognition of the distinguished services of
his late brother. Residing constantly in
London with his regiment, Broughton de-
voted himself with great assiduity to pro-
fessional and scientific studies. A list of
original papers, chiefly relating to physio-
logical research, contributed by him to various
scientific journals, will be found in the Royal
Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers,'
1800-63, vol. i. In conjunction with Mr.
Wilcox, barrister-at-law, he produced and
delivered some valuable lectures on forensic
medicine and toxicology. He was elected
a fellow of the Royal Society and of the
Geological Society. In 1836 Broughton re-
ceived an injury in the leg, caused by a fall,
which resulted in disease of the ankle-joint,
Broughton
464
Broughton
and eventually rendered amputation neces-
sary. The operation was performed by the
eminent surgeon Listen, but terminated -fa-
tally on the tenth day. The circumstances
are related in fuller detail in ' Gent, Mag.'
N.S. viii. 432. Broughton's death occurred
at Regent's Park barracks on 20 Aug. 1837.
He was interred at Kensal Green cemetery.
[Gent. Mag. new ser. viii. 432 ; Kose's New
Biog. Diet. vol. v. (many of the details given ap-
pear to be incorrect) ; Army Lists ; E. Soc. Cat.
Scientific Papers, 1800-63, vol. i. ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; Index Brit. Assoc. Reports.] H. M. C.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1704-1774),
divine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer,
"born in London on 5 July 1704, was the son
of the rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He
was educated at Eton, and, being superan-
nuated on that foundation, went about 1772
to Cambridge, where ' for the sake of a
scholarship he entered himself of Gonville
and Cains College.' In 1727, after taking
B.A., he was admitted to deacon's orders,
and in 1728 he was ordained priest, and pro-
ceeded to the M.A. He served for several
years as curate of Offley, Hertfordshire, and
in 1739 became rector of Stepington, Hunt-
ingdonshire ; the patron, the Duke of Bedford,
also appointing him one of his chaplains. As
reader to the Temple, to which he was chosen
soon afterwards, he won the favour of the
master, Bishop Sherlock, who in 1744 pre-
sented him to the vicarage of Bedminster,
near Bristol, with the chapels of St. Mary
Redcliffe, St. Thomas, and Abbot's Leigh an-
nexed. To the same influence he owed a
prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and on re-
ceiving this he removed from London to
Bristol, where he died on 21 Dec. 1774. He
was an industrious writer in many kinds of
composition. He published (1742) an ' His-
torical Dictionary of all Religions from the
Creation of the World to the Present Times,'
a huge work in two volumes folio ; he trans-
lated Voltaire's e Temple of Taste,' and part of
Bayle's ' Dictionary ; ' vindicated orthodox
Christianity against Tindal ; converted a Ro-
man catholic book (' Dorrel on the Epistles
and Gospels ') to protestant uses ; edited Dry-
den ; wrote in defence of the immortality of
the soul ; and contributed the lives marked
' T ' in the original edition of the ' Biographia
Britannic*.' Hawkins, in his l Life of John-
son,' credits Broughton with being the real
translator of Jarvis's ' Don Quixote.' ' The
fact is that Jarvis laboured at it many years,
but could make but little progress, for being
a painter by profession, he had not been ac-
customed to write, and had no style. Mr.
Tonson, the bookseller, seeing this, suggested
the thought of employing Mr. Broughton . . .
who sat himself down to study the Spanish
language, and in a few months acquired, as
was pretended, sufficient knowledge thereof
to give to the world a translation of "Don
Quixote " in the true spirit of the original,
and to which is prefixed the name of Jarvis.'
Broughton was a lover of music, and ac-
quainted with Handel, whom he furnished
with words for some of his compositions, in-
cluding the drama of ' Hercules,' first given
at the Haymarket in 1745. In private life
he was of a mild and amiable disposition, but
in controversy, though not discourteous ac-
cording to the standard of his time, he was
very economical in his concessions to his op-
ponents, and he has been characterised in
some respects as a weak and credulous
writer.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. pref. ix-x ; G-rove's
Diet, of Music, i. 730 ; Hawkins's Life of Dr.
Johnson, 1787, p. 216; Lowudes's British Li-
brarian, 1839-42, p. 1250.] J. M. S.
BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1712-1777),
divine, the son of Thomas Broughton, who
is said to have been at one time commis-
sioner of excise at Edinburgh, was born at
Oxford. When he matriculated at University
College, Oxford, on 13 Dec. 1731, his father was
described as of ' Carfax in Oxford.' He was
elected Petreian fellow at Exeter College
30 June 1733, and became full fellow on
14 July 1734, taking his degree of B.A. on
22 March 1737. Soon after becoming an under-
graduate he joined the little band of young
men who were known as ' Methodists,' and
remained a sympathiser with the Wesleys for
several years, until differences of opinion on
the Moravian doctrines led to their separation.
Broughton's first clerical duty was at Cow-
ley, near Uxbridge, and he was curate at the
Tower of London in 1736. Through White-
field's influence he obtained the lectureship
at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Within, but as
some of the parishioners objected to White-
field's preaching from its pulpit he withdrew
from the post. He visited the prisoners in
Newgate and was indefatigable in doing
good. In 1741 he was appointed lecturer at
Allhallows, Lombard Street, and two years
later was elected secretary to the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge, a position
which he retained until his death. His only
other preferment was the living of Wotton
in Surrey, which he held from 1752 to 1777.
He died at the society's house in Hatton
Garden, London, 21 Dec. 1777. He held his
fellowship at Exeter College until July 1741.
In 1742 he married Miss Capel, by whom he
had fifteen children, five of them dying young.
Broughton
465
Broughton
A portrait of Broughton hangs in the board-
room of the S. P. C. K. Two very outspoken
sermons of his attained great popularity :
•' The Christian Soldier, or the Duties of a
Religious Life recommended to the Army,'
which was preached in 1737, printed in 1738,
and reached its twelfth edition in 1818, a
Welsh translation having appeared in 1797 ;
and ' A Serious and Affectionate Warning to
Servants,' occasioned by the brutal murder of
a mistress by her male servant aged only 19,
and issued in 1746, ninth edition 1818.
[Tyerman's Oxford Methodists, 334-60; Man-
ning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 158 ; Boase's Exeter
College, 98.] W. P. C.
BROUGHTON", THOMAS DUER
(1778-1835), writer on India, was son of the
Rev. Thomas Broughton, rector of St. Peter's,
Bristol. He was educated at Eton, and went
to India in 1795 as a cadet on the Bengal es-
tablishment. He was actively engaged at the
siege of Seringapatam in 1799, and was after-
wards appointed commandant of the cadet
corps, and in 1802 military resident with the
Mahrattas. For a short time previous to
the restoration of Java to the Dutch he held
the command of that island. He became a
lieutenant on the Madras establishment in
1797, and, passing through the intermediate
grades, became colonel in 1829. His death
took place in Dorset Square, London, on
16 Nov. 1835. He published: 1. 'Edward
and Laura/ a novel, freely translated from
the French. 2. ' Letters written in a Mah-
ratta Camp during the year 1809, descriptive
of the character, manners, domestic habits,
and religious ceremonies of the Mahrattas,'
London, 1813, 4to. 3. f Selections from the
Popular Poetry of the Hindoos,' London,
1814, 8vo.
[Gent. Ma?. KS. v. 203 ; Cat, of 'Printed
Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C.
BROUGHTON, WILLIAM GRANT,
D.D. (1788-1853), metropolitan of Austral-
asia, was the eldest son of Grant Broughton,
by His wife Phoebe Ann, daughter of John
Rumball of Barnet, Hertfordshire. He was
born in Bridge Street, Westminster, on 22 May
1788, and educated at Barnet grammar school,
but was removed in January 1797 to the
King's School, Canterbury, where in the
following December he was admitted to a
King's scholarship. From 1807 to 1812 he
was clerk in the East India House. At last
being able to follow the bent of his own in-
clinations, he became a resident member of
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in October 1814,
was sixth wrangler and B. A. in January 1818,
proceeded M.A. in 1823, and B.D. and D.D.
VOL. VI.
per saltum in 1836. He was ordained dea-
con in 1818 and admitted to priest's orders
during the same year. The curacy to which
he was ordained was that of Hartley Wespall,
Hampshire, where he remained from 1818 to
1827. While here he published in 1823 ' An
Examination of the Hypothesis advanced in a
Recent Publication entitled " Palaeoromaica,"
by J. Black, that the text of the Elzevir
Greek Testament is not a Translation from
the Latin.' This work was dedicated by
Broughton to his diocesan, Bishop Tomline,
who in 1827 removed him to the curacy of
Farnham. The vicinity of his first curacy
to Strathfieldsaye led to his introduction to
the Duke of Wellington, by whom he was
appointed to the chaplaincy of the Tower of
London on 6 Oct. 1828.
Subsequently, on 7 Dec. 1828, at the ex-
press desire of his grace, he was induced to
accept the arduous office of archdeacon of
New South Wales. He arrived in Sydney
on 13 Sept. 1829. His jurisdiction extended
over the whole of Australia, Van Diemen's
Land, and the adjoining islands. He visited
all the settlements in these latitudes con-
nected with his archdeaconry, and endea-
voured to excite the settlers and the govern-
ment to the erection of churches and schools ;
but by 1834 he had come to the conclusion
that the only way to succeed was to appeal to
the mother country for the urgently needed
assistance. In answer to his application to the
Societies for Promoting Christian Knowledge
and for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts, and to private individuals, a
sum of about 13,000/. was placed at his dis-
posal, and the number of clergy was forth-
with doubled. Arrangements were also made
for establishing a bishopric, and on 14 Feb.
1836 Archdeacon Broughton was consecrated
bishop of Australia in the chapel of Lam-
beth Palace. On his return to Australia on
2 June he found himself involved in contro-
versy respecting the education of the people,
and his efforts were to a great extent suc-
cessful in insuring a church education for the
children belonging to the church establish-
ment. It was not long before he visited, for
the purposes of confirmation and ordination,
New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, Nor-
folk Island, and Port Phillip (since known
as Victoria), as well as the settlements in
New South Wales. Interesting accounts of
his missionary tours are to be found in the
second and third volumes of ( The Church in
the Colonies' published by the Society for Pro-
moting Christian Knowledge. On 16 March
1837 the corner-stone of St. Andrew's Cathe-
dral, Sydney, was laid by Sir Richard Bourke,
K.C.B., the governor. The subdivision of the
H H
Broughton
466
Broughton
immense diocese of Australia took place in
1847. At the same time Sydney was made
a metropolitical see, and the Bishop of Aus-
tralia thenceforth bore the title of Bishop of
Sydney and Metropolitan of Australasia. On
9 March 1843 the Rev. John Bede Folding
arrived in Sydney bearing an appointment
from the pope with the title of Archbishop
of Sydney. Broughton thought it his duty
to make a public and solemn protest against
the assumption of this title. Desiring once
more to confer with the church at home on the
state of the churches in the colonies, he, after
a most tryingvoyage in a fever ship, arrived in
England on 20 Nov. 1852. The fatigues and
anxieties of that voyage, however, weakened
his constitution, and he succumbed to an at-
tack of bronchitis while staying at 11 Chester
Street, Bel grave Square, London, the resi-
dence of Lady Gipps, the relict of his old
friend and schoolfellow and a late governor
of New South Wales, on 20 Feb. 1853, and
was buried in the south aisle of Canterbury
Cathedral on 26 Feb. He had married in
the same cathedral, on 13 July 1818, Sarah,
eldest daughter of the Rev. John Francis,
rector of St. Mildred's, Canterbury ; she died
at Sydney on 16 Sept. 1849. Broughton
was warmly attached to the principles of
the English reformation and to the doctrines
contained in the liturgy and articles of the
church of England. A residence of twenty-
five years in the Antipodes had withdrawn
him from observation at home; but from
time to time came tidings of his noble labours
and exemplary fulfilment of the lofty func-
tions of a Christian bishop. Some of his
publications were : 1. ' A Letter to a Friend
touching the question, who was the Author of
"EiKobi/ 600-1X1*77," ascribing it to J. Gauden,
Bishop of Worcester,' 1826. 2. 'Additional
Reasons in Confirmation of the Opinion that
Dr. Gauden was the Author/ 1829. 3. 'A
Letter to H. Osborn on the Propriety and Ne-
cessity of Collecting at the Offertory,' 1848.
4. 'A Letter to N. Wiseman by the Bishop of
Sydney, together with the Bishop's Protest,
25 March 1843, against the assumptions of
the Church of Rome,' 1852. Other works com-
prised printed charges, sermons, and speeches.
[Sermons by the Right Rev. W. G. Broughton,
ed. with a Prefatory Memoir by Benjamin Har-
rison (1857), pp. ix-xliv ; Gent. Mag. xxxix.
431-6 (1853) ; Beaton's Australian Dictionary
of Dates (1879), p. 26, and part ii. p. 66.1
G. C. B.
BROUGHTON, WILLIAM ROBERT
(1762-1821), captain in the royal navy, after
serving as a midshipman on the coast of North
America and in the East Indies, and as lieu-
tenant in the Burford, in the several engage-
ments between Hughes and Suffren, was in
1790 appointed to command the Chathambrig,
to accompany Vancouver in his voyage of dis-
covery. He was for some time employed on
the survey of the Columbia river and the
coasts adjacent. In 1793, he travelled to-
Vera Cruz, overland from San Bias, on his-
way to England with despatches. On his
arrival in this country he was made com-
mander, 3 Oct., of the Providence, a small
vessel of 400 tons burden, and was again sent
out to the north-west coast of North Ame-
rica. On arriving on the station he found
Vancouver gone ; and crossing over to the
other side, he commenced, and during the next
four years carried out, a close survey of the
coast of Asia, from lat. 52° N. to 35° N., in
encouragement of which important work he-
was advanced to post rank on 28 Jan. 1797.
On 16 May 1797 the Providence struck on a
coral reef near the coast of Formosa, and was
totally lost. The men, however, were all
saved and taken to Macao in the tender, in
which Broughton afterwards continued the
survey till May 1798, when he was dis-
charged at Trincomalee for a passage to Eng-
land, where he arrived in the following Febru-
ary. The history of this voyage and the-
geographical results he published in 1804,
under the title, which is itself a summary
of the work of the expedition, 'Voyage
of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, in
which the coast of Asia from the latitude of
35° N. to the latitude of 52° N., the island
of Insu (commonly known under the name
of the land of Jesso), the north, south, and
east coasts of Japan, the Lieuxchieux and
the adjacent isles, as well as the coast of
Corea, have been examined and surveyed,,
performed in H.M. sloop Providence and her
tender in the years 1795-6-7-8.' The origi-
nal journals from which this work was ela-
borated, as well as that of the journey from
San Bias to Vera Cruz, are now in the library
of the Royal United Service Institution, and
contain many interesting personal notices.
After holding some other commands Brough-
ton, in 1809, commanded the Illustrious in
the expedition under Lord Gambier, and at
the court-martial gave evidence which, so far
as it went, implied a general agreement with
the charges made by Lord Cochrane [see COCH-
RANE, THOMAS, EARL OP DTTNDONALD]. In
1810, still in the Illustrious, he went out to
the East Indies, and was present at the re-
duction of the Mauritius in December [see
BERTIE, ALBEM ARLE] . In the following spring
he had charge of the expedition against
Java, which assembled at Malacca and sailed
thence on 11 June. The passage was long
Broun
467
Broun
and tedious, and Broughton, in the opinion
of many, was unduly cautious (Lord Minto in
India: Life and Letters of Gilbert Elliot,
first Earl of Minto, 1807-14, edited by his
.grandniece, the Countess of Minto, 280). It
was the beginning of August before the troops
were landed in the neighbourhood of Batavia.
On 9 Aug. the squadron was joined by Rear-
admiral the Hon. Robert Stopford, who had
come on to take the command. Broughton
was annoyed, and applied for a court-martial
on the rear-admiral ' for behaving in a cruel,
oppressive, and fraudulent manner, unbe-
coming the character of an officer, in depriving
me of the command of the squadron.' On the
other hand, Lord Minto wrote in his private
letters : ' The little commodore's brief hour of
authority came to an end, to the great relief
of all in the fleet and army ' (ibid. 282). Pos-
sibly this opinion reached the admiralty ; at
any rate, they did not think fit to grant
Broughton's request, and in fact approved of
the course taken by Stopford. In 1812 Brough-
ton returned to England. He was made a O.B.
at the peace, and during his later years re-
sided at Florence, where he died suddenly on
12 March 1821. He married his cousin Je-
mima, youngest daughter of Rev. Sir Thomas
Delves Broughton, bart., of Doddington Hall,
Cheshire, by whom he had three daughters,
and one son, William, afterwards a captain
in the navy.
[Official letters in the Public Record Office ;
Gent. Mag. (1821) xci. i. 376, 648.] J. K. L.
BROUN. [See BROWN and BROWNE.]
BROUN, JOHN" ALLAN (1817-1879),
magnetician and meteorologist, was born on
.21 Sept. 1817 at Dumfries, where his father
kept a preparatory school for the navy. He
•entered the university of Edinburgh on his
father's death (about 1837). There his turn
for physical science attracted the friendship of
Professor J. D. Forbes. Through his recom-
mendation he was appointed in April 1842
vdirector of the magnetic observatory founded
by Sir Thomas Brisbane at Makerstoun, and,
after a short preparatory course of training at
Greenwich, entered upon his task with an en-
thusiasm which quickly widened its scope, and
.gave to the establishment a high rank among
those engaged in simultaneous observations
on the plan advocated by Humboldt. Through-
out the years 1844-5 observations with all
the magnetic and meteorological instruments
were made hourly (except on Sundays) ; and
though the term originally fixed for the ex-
tended activity of the observatory expired in
1846, a limited series of observations was
continued for three years longer under Broun's
direction, and after his departure until 1855.
The preparation of the results for the press
cost him much ungrateful toil in developing
and testing new methods of correction, which
have been generally adopted, and entitle him
to a place among the founders of the new ob-
servational science of terrestrial magnetism.
The data thus laboriously provided, which
were of permanent and standard value, ap-
peared under his editorship as volumes xvii. to
xix. of the ' Transactions of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh ' (1845-50), with an appendix,
edited by Professor Balfour Stewart (supple-
ment to vol. xxii. 1860).
Broun left Makerstoun in the autumn of
1849, and spent the winter in Edinburgh
engaged in completing the reduction of his
observations with the aid of his friend and
assistant, Mr. John Welsh, afterwards di-
rector of the Kew Observatory. In 1850 he
went to Paris, where he married Isaline Val-
louy, daughter of a clergyman of Huguenot ex-
traction in the Canton du Vaud, by whom he
had three sons and two daughters. In the fol-
io wing year he was nominated, at the instance
of Colonel Sykes, director of the Trevandrum
Magnetic Observatory, founded by the Rajah
of Travancore in 1841, and entered upon his
arduous duties there in January 1852. Nor
did he limit himself to those officially com-
mitted to him, but aimed at promoting the
general welfare of the province. He esta-
blished a museum, issued an amended almanac,
attempted a reform of weights and measures,
planned and superintended the construction
of public gardens, a road to the mountains,
and a sanatorium. Renewing in 1855 an ex-
periment partially carried out on the Cheviot
hills in the summer of 1847 (Report Brit.
Assoc. 1847, ii. 19 ; 1850, ii. 7), he built an ob-
servatory on the Agustia Malley, the highest
peak of the Travancore Ghats, 6,200 feet above
the sea. The difficulties in the way were very
great, owing to the wild nature of the country,
the presence of wild beasts, the superstitious
fears and bodily sufferings of the natives ; and
Broun himself caught a chill from the sud-
den transition of temperature, inducing a
permanent deafness, for which he vainly
sought medical assistance in Europe in 1860.
On his return after two years he found the
Agustia observatory in ruins, and rebuilt it
in 1863 for the purpose of making a final set
of observations with new instruments. The
results went to show that both magnetic and
barometrical oscillations remain unchanged
in character at a height of 6,200 feet, but be-
come during the daytime reduced in amount
by one half (Proc. R. Soc. xi. 298).
In April 1865 Broun left India definitively,
and during a residence of some years, first at
Broun
468
Broun
Lausanne, then at Stuttgart, devoted his en-
tire energies to preparing for publication
the copious materials at his disposal. His
sole recreation was an hour's music with his
family in the evenings ; for he played the
violin well, and wTas an ardent admirer of
Beethoven. His insufficient private resources
were meantime supplemented by a small
pension from the Eajah of Travancore, in
whose service he had been a loser in point of
interest upon sums advanced for scientific
purposes. In 1873 he came to live in Lon-
don, where in the year following he issued a
quarto volume entitled ' Observations of Mag-
netic Declination made at Trevandrum and
Agustia Malley in the Observatories of his
Highness the Maharajah of Travancore in the
years 1852 to 1869.' It contains an exhaus-
tive and highly valuable discussion of the
various modes of solar and lunar action on
magnetic declination, of wrhich element alone
upwards of 300,000 reduced observations
were available from the thirteen years of his
administration. The publication, however,
went no further, and Broun had the mortifi-
cation of seeing his life's work left incom-
plete, and the fruits of his anxious toils
lying, for the most part, useless. He had
never been a prosperous, and he was hence-
forth a disappointed man. A devoted adhe-
rent of the Free church of Scotland, his
scruples about subscription had debarred him
from professional employment in his native
country, and his deafness hindered his pro-
motion in the branch he had made peculiarly
his own. He did not, however, sink into in-
action. Aided by a grant from the Eoyal
Society, he undertook to complete the reduc-
tion of the magnetic observations made at
the various colonial stations. The task was
one of vast and undefined extent, and his
sense of responsibility for quarterly payments
added anxiety to his labour. His health
began to give way, and in 1878 he had a
nervous attack, from which he never satis-
factorily recovered. A trip to Switzerland
produced a partial rally, but on 22 Nov. 1879
he died suddenly, at the age of sixty-two.
His character was a peculiarly estimable
one. He united amiability and social charm
with rigid integrity and a sensitiveness of
conscience ill fitted to advance his material
interests. His scientific merits did not re-
ceive the cordial recognition they deserved.
He took a prominent part in ascertaining the
laws of terrestrial magnetism. The discovery
is entirely due to him that the earth loses or
gains magnetic intensity as a whole — in other
words, that the changes in the daily mean
horizontal force are nearly the same all
over tlte globe. This conclusion, arrived at
through a laborious investigation, was first
published in a letter to Sir David Brew-
ster, written from Trevandrum on 21 Dec.
1857 (Phil. Mag. xvi. 81, August 1858). In
the same communication the existence of a
magnetic period of twTenty-six days, attri-
buted to the sun's rotation, was announced,
and the evidence on both points was detailed
in a paper read before the Eoyal Society of
Edinburgh on 4 Feb. 1861 ( Trans. R. Soc. Ed.
xxii. pt. iii. 511). Independently of, though
subsequently to Kreil, Broun deduced from
the Makerstoun observations the fact of a
lunar-diurnal influence on the declination-
needle (Report Brit. Assoc. 1846, ii. 32), a
prolonged study of which showred him that it
varied in character with the position of the
sun (Proc. R. Soc. x. 484, xvi. 59), and in.
amount inversely as the cube of the distance
of the moon (Trans. R. Soc. Ed. xxvi. 750).
He early defined the annual period of mag-
netic intensity as consisting of a maximum
near each solstice, with minima at the equi-
noxes (Report Brit. Assoc. 1845, ii. 15) ; gave
the first complete account of the daily varia-
tions of the needle at the magnetic equator
(ib. 1860, ii. 21), and reached, in the course
of these discussions, the remarkable conclu-
sion that great magnetic disturbances pro-
ceed from particular solar meridians.
His researches contributed largely to esta-
blish meteorology on a scientific basis. He
discovered the 26-day period of atmospheric
pressure, showed the wide range of simul-
taneous barometrical fluctuations, initiated
the systematic study of variously elevated
cloud-strata, and indicated the connection be-
tween atmospheric movements and isobaric
lines (Proc. R. Soc. xxv. 515). But he lacked
the power of placing his ideas in a striking-
light, and the independence of his character
did not permit him to purchase applause for
himself by flattering the opinions of others.
The Eoyal Society admitted him as a member
in 1853, and awarded him a royal medal in
1878. His communications to the Eoyal So-
ciety of Edinburgh wrere honoured with the
Keith prize in 1861.
The Eoyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scien-
tific Papers ' enumerates (vols. i. and vii.)
fifty-one of his productions, besides which he
contributed to the ' Philosophical Transac-
tions ' a paper ' On the Variations of the
Daily Mean Horizontal Force of the Earth's-
Magnetism produced by the Sun's Eotation,
and the Moon's Synodical and Tropical Eevo-
lutions' (clxvi. 387, 1876) ; to the 'Trans-
actions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh *
an elaborate treatise 'On the Decennial
Period in the Eange and Disturbance of the
Diurnal Oscillations of the Magnetic Needle,
Broun
469
Brouncker
and in the Sunspot Area,' assigning as the
length of that period 1045 years (xxvii. 563,
1876), with a ' Note on the Bifilar Magneto-
meter' (xxviiii. 41). He wrote frequently
in ' Nature.' His ' Reports ' on the Makers-
toun and Travancore observatories were pub-
lished respectively at Edinburgh in 1850, and
at Trevandrum in 1857. He exhibited at
the Loan Exhibition of Scientific Instru-
ments in 1876 a ' gravimeter' of his own in-
vention, described by Major J. Herschel in
' Proceedings of the Royal Society,' xxxii.
507.
[Nature, xxi. 112 (Balfour Stewart); Proc.
E. Soc. xxviii. 65, xxx. iii.] A. M. C.
BROUN, SIE RICHARD (1801-1858),
miscellaneous writer, was the eldest son of
Sir James Broun of Coalston Park, Loch-
maben, Dumfriesshire, who resumed the ba-
ronetcy in 1826 (BTTRKE'S Peerage, Baronet-
age, &c., title 'Broun.' Doubts have been
thrown on the correctness of parts of this pedi-
gree, see British American Association and
Nova Scotia Baronets, Edinburgh, 1846, and
Notes and Queries, various notes under title
{ Broun ' in 3rd and 5th series). He was
born at Lochmaben 22 April 1801, and suc-
ceeded to the title on the death of his father
30 Nov. 1844. Before 1834 he was resident
in London, and there, till his death at Sphinx
Lodge, Chelsea, 10 Dec. 1858, he was busily
engaged in the projection of a number of
schemes, most of them of a somewhat fan-
tastic nature, and in the compilation of vari-
ous pamphlets, articles, and letters regarding
them. He describes himself in 1856 as ' The
Honourable Sir Richard Broun, Knight, and
(eighth baronet) of Scotland and Nova Scotia,
feudal baron of Colstoun, Haddingtonshire,
and chief of his race in North Britain ; author
of various works on heraldry, agriculture, co-
lonisation, sanitation, &c.' His chief schemes
were a plan for a l line of direct elemental in-
tercourse between Europe and Asia by route
of the British North American possessions,
and the systematic colonisation of the vacant
crown territories over which it will pass'
(1833) ; a plan for an ' Anglo-Canadian Com-
pany, which should outrival in the west the
East India Company '. (British and American
Intercourse, London,! 852) ; attempts to revive
certain supposed privileges of the baronets, in
connection with which he was from 1835
honorary secretary of the Committee of the
Baronetage for Privileges, and wrote the fol-
lowing works : ' Dignity, Precedence, &c., of
the Honourable the Baronettesses of the
Realm ' (1839) ; and < The Baronetage ' for
1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844. He was also
engaged in an effort to revive the ' illustrious
and sovereign order of Knights Hospitallers
of St. John of Jerusalem and of the Vene-
rable Langue of England,' and he held various
offices in the reconstituted ' langue ' (synop-
tical sketch of the order, London, 1856). He
rendered, however, real service by his projec-
tion in 1849 of ' The London Necropolis and
National Mausoleum at Woking.' In con-
nection with this scheme and with the gene-
ral question of extramural interments he wrote
' Extramural Burial,' 1850 ; ' Extramural Se-
pulture,' 1850 ; l Extramural Sepulture, Syn-
opsis of the London Necropolis,' 1851 ; 'Ex-
tramural Interment and the Metropolitan
Sanitary Association,' 1852 ; ( Metropolitan
Interments,' 1852; ' Metropolitan Extramural
Interments, Memorial to the Lord Mayor,'
&c., 1852 ; ' Statement as to Progress of Ne-
cropolis Undertaking,' 1853 ; various Letters
on the Necropolis Undertaking, 1853-5.
[British American Association ; Scots Maga-
zine for 1801, Ixiii. 300 (Edinburgh, 1801);
Dumfries and Galloway Courier, 21 Dec. 1858
(Dumfries, 1858) ; Foster's Peerage and Baro-
netage, p. 682, and the authorities there cited.]
F. W-T.
BROUNCKER or BROUNKER, WIL-
LIAM, second VISCOUNT BKOTJNCKEK, of
Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage (1620 ?—
1684), first president of the Royal Society,
was bom about 1620. His father, Sir Wil-
liam Brouncker (born in 1585), was commis-
sary-general of the musters in the expedition
against the Scots in 1639 ; was afterwards
one of the privy chamber to Charles I, and
vice-chamberlain to Prince Charles ; was
created doctor of civil law at Oxford on
1 Nov. 1642 ; was made Viscount Brouncker,
of Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage, 12 Sept.
1645 ; died at Wadham College, Oxford, in
November 1642, and was buried on 20 Nov.
in Christ Church Cathedral. Pepys says that
he gave 1,200/. to be made an Irish lord, and
swore the same day that he had not 12<#.
left to pay for his dinner. Brouncker's
mother was Winifred, daughter of William
Leigh of Newenham, Warwickshire, who
died on 20 July 1649, and was buried by her
husband. An elaborate monument was after-
wards erected above their grave. Brouncker's
grandfather was Sir Henry Brouncker, presi-
dent of Munster, who died on 3 June 1607,
and was buried at St. Mary's, Cork, having
married Anne, daughter of Parker, lord
Morley. The family is traced back to a
Henry Brouncker, at one time M.P. for De-
vizes, and the purchaser of the estate of
Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1544. A younger
branch changed the family name to Branc-
ker [see BKANCKER, THOMAS]. The original
Brouncker
470
Brouncker
branch is also kno wii as Bronkard, Bro unkard,
and Brunkard.
Young Brouncker studied mathematics in j
his youth at Oxford, and became proficient '•
in many languages. On 23 Feb. 1646-7 he |
was created doctor of medicine at Oxford, j
In April 1660 he subscribed the declaration [
acknowledging General Monk the restorer of
the laws and privileges of the nation.
Brouncker chiefly employed himself during :
the Commonwealth in literary work. In j
1653 he published, under the pseudonym of j
* A Person of Honour/ a translation of Des-
cartes's ' Musical Compendium,' with criti- j
cisms of his own (cf. PEPYS'S Diary, 25 Dec. •
1668). He prepared a new division of the |
' diapason by sixteen mean proportionals into
seventeen equal semitones, the method of
which is exhibited by him in an algebraical
process, and also in logarithms ' (HAWKINS, |
History of Music, iv. 181). Descartes de- j
clined to accept this scheme. In 1657 and
1658 Brouncker was corresponding on ma-
thematical topics with Dr. John Wallis, who
printed the letters in 1658 in ' Commercium
Epistolicum.' Brouncker made two mathe-
matical discoveries of importance. He was j
the first to introduce continued fractions,
and to give a series for the quadrature of a
portion of the equilateral hyperbola.
After the Restoration Brouncker took part
in the meetings of scientific students in
London out of which sprang the Royal So- ;
ciety. The association was incorporated
under royal charter, first on 15 July 1662, I
and again on 15 April 1663. From the date
of the society's first incorporation till 30 Nov. j
1677, when he resigned, and was succeeded
by Sir Joseph Williamson, Brouncker held
the office of president, to which he was \
elected annually. John Evelyn, the diarist, i
was his intimate friend, and the two often !
discussed scientific questions with Charles II. j
In August 1662 Brouncker built a yacht for
the king, 'which Mr. Pitt,' says Pepys, 'cries
up mightily ' (Diary, 14 Aug. and 3 Sept.
1662). He was president of Gresham Col-
lege from 1664 to 1667. Brouncker, Boyle,
and Sir R. Murray, Evelyn writes, ' were the
persons to whom the world stands obliged
lor the promoting of that generous and real
knowledge which gave the ferment that has
ever since obtained and surmounted all those
many discouragements which it at first en-
countered ' (Evelyn to Mr. Wotton, 30 March
1696, in Diary, edited by Bray and Wheatley,
iii. 481).
Brouncker was appointed chancellor of
Queen Catherine on 18 April 1662, and was
commissioner for executing the office of lord
high admiral from 12 Nov. 1664 (LTJTTEELL,
Relation, and Savile Correspondence, Camd.
Soc. p. 256). Pepys has much to say of him
iu this office, and appears to have lived on
terms of great intimacy with him. In 1681
Brouncker became, after much litigation with
Sir Robert Atkyns, master of St. Catherine's
Hospital, near the Tower of London. He
died at his house, in St. James's Street,
Westminster, on 5 April 1684, and was
buried nine days later in the chapel of St.
Catherine's Hospital.
Brouncker was the author of the following
scientific papers : l Experiments of the Recoil-
ing of Forces ' (SPEATT, History of the Royal
Society, 233 et seq.); 'An Algebraical Paper
upon the Squaring of the Hyperbola,' and
' On the Proportion of a Curved Line of a
Paraboloid to a Straight Line, and of the
Finding a Straight Line equal to that of a
Cycloid ' (Philosophical Transactions, iii. 645,
viii. 649).
A series of letters from Brouncker to
Archbishop Ussher are printed at the close
of Parr's ' Life of Ussher.' Sir Peter Lely
painted Brouncker's portrait, which is still in
the possession of the Royal Society.
Brouncker was succeeded in the peerage
by his brother HENEY, cofferer to Charles II,
and gentleman of the bedchamber to the Duke
of York, who was created doctor of medicine
at Oxford on 23 June 1646, took part in the
siege of Colchester in 1648, was one of the
commissioners of trade and plantations in
1671, and died on 4 Jan. 1687-8. He lived
at Sheen Abbey, and was buried at Richmond,
Surrey. Evelyn says of him that he ' was ever
noted for a hard, covetous, vicious man ; but
for his worldly craft and skill in gaming few
exceeded him.' Pepys's friend, Captain Cocke,
described him as ' one of the shrewdest fel-
lows for parts in England, and a dangerous
man ' (Diary, 17 Feb. 1667-8). It is certain
that he pandered to all the Duke of York's
vices. He presumed so much on his intimacy
with the duke that in August 1667 he was
dismissed the court, to the delight (according
to Pepys) of all honest men. The Comte de
Grammont describes him in his ' Memoires '
(chap, xii.) as 'le premier joueur d'6checs du
royaume.' He married Rebecca Rodway,
widow of Thomas Jermyn, brother to the
Earl of St. Albans. With his death the title
became extinct.
[Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Wood's Fasti Oxon.
(Bliss) ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 344 ;
Pepys's Diary, passim ; Kennett's Register ;
Birch's Hist. Royal Society; Burke's Extinct
Peerage ; Weld's Hist. Eoyal Society ; Button's
Mathematical Dictionary ; Evelyn's Diary ;
Luttrell's Relation of State Papers, s. v. ' Brun-
kard.'] S. L. L.
Browell
471
Browell
BROWELL, WILLIAM (1759-1831),
captain in the royal navy, son of William
Browell, formerly midshipman of the Cen-
tiirion under Commodore Anson, entered the
navy in 1771 on board the Merlin sloop, and,
after serving on various ships, was moved
shortly before the engagement off Ushant into
the Victory. On 10 Nov. 1778 he was made
lieutenant, and was with Captain Macbride
in the Artois at the hard-fought battle on
the Doggerbank, 5 Aug. 1781. In the ar-
mament of 1790 he was for a short time in
the Canada, and, on that ship being paid off,
was appointed to the Alcide, and in the
spring of 1793 to the Leviathan. In the
Leviathan he was present at the opera-
tions against Toulon under Lord Hood. On
25 May 1794 he was officially discharged
from the Leviathan on promotion ; but as
the ship was then with the fleet under Lord
Howe, and in daily expectation of a battle,
it would appear probable that he continued
in her as a volunteer, and was present in
the action of 1 June. On 29 Nov. he was
posted into the Princess Augusta yacht.
In June 1795 Lord Hugh Seymour, now a
rear-admiral, hoisted his flag in the Sans-
pareil, and selected Browell as his flag-cap-
tain. He thus had a distinguished share
in the battle off Lorient on 23 June 1795,
and continued in the Sanspareil during the
next two years, including the critical time of
the mutiny at Spithead. The squadron under
Lord Hugh's immediate command was, how-
ever, cruising when the mutiny broke out,
and did not come into port until the ships at
Spithead had returned to their obedience.
In June the Sanspareil was one of a squa-
dron under Sir Roger Curtis, sent for a few
weeks into the North Sea. On its return
to Spithead, and while the ship was re-
fitting, Captain Browell, being on shore at
Gosport, was severely crushed by a bale of
wool falling from a height. The injury to
his back was such that for some time his
life was despaired of; and though, after a
long illness, he partially recovered, he was
never again fit for active service. In 1805
he was appointed one of the captains of
Greenwich Hospital, and in 1809 was ad-
vanced to be lieutenant-governor, a position
which he held till his death, 22 July 1831.
[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.), 92 ;
Annual Biography and Obituary (1832), xvi.
106 ; official documents in the Public Record
Office.] J. K. L.
END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.
DA Dictionary of national biography
28 v.6
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1885
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