DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY BOTTOMLEY BROWELL DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN VOL. VI. BOTTOMLEY BROWELL MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1886 DA 18 I LIST OF WRITERS IN THE SIXTH VOLUME. O. A A. J. A. . . T. A. A. . . J. A E. C. A. A. W.E.A.A. G. F. R. B. B. B. . . . G. T. B. . . W. G. B. . 0. B-T. . . G. C. B. . . O. Gr. B. . . H. B J. B R. H. B. . . R. C. B. . . A.H.B. . G. W. B. . M. B H. M. C. . A. M. C. , T. C C. H. C. . . W. P. C. . H. C M. C. . OSMUND AIRY. SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I. T. A. ARCHER. JOHN ASHTON. E. C. A. AXON. W. E. A. AXON. G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER. THE REV. RONALD BAYNE. a. T. BETTANY. THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D. THE LATE OCTAVIAN BLEWITT. G. C. BOASE. THE VERY REV. Gr. Gf. BRADLEY.. D.D., DEAN OF WESTMINSTER. HENRY BRADLEY. JAMES BRITTEN. R. H. BRODIE. R. C. BROWNE. A. H. BULLEN. G-. W. BURNETT. PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS. H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. Miss A. M. CLERKE. THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. C. H. COOTE. W. P. COURTNEY. HENRY CRAIK, LL.D. THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON. R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON. A. D AUSTIN DOBSON. F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE. L. F Louis FAGAN. C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH. J. Gr JAMES GAIRDNER. R. Gf RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. W.-G-. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D. J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. A. G-N. . . ALFRED GOODWIN. G. G GORDON GOODWIN. A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. E. G EDMUND GOSSE. A. H. G. . . A. H. GRANT. N. G NEWCOMEN GROVES. J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON. R. H. ... ROBERT HARBISON. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON. W. H-H. . . WALTER HEPWORTH. J. H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS. R. H-T. . . . ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON. A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D. C. K CHARLES KENT. J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT. J. K. L. . . J. K. LAUGHTON. S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE. VI List of Writers. W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A. F. W. M. . F. W. MAITLAND. W. M. ... WESTLAND MARSTON. C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN. J. M JAMES MEW. A. M ARTHUR MILLER. C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE. N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D. H. F. M. . H. FORSTER MORLEY, D.Sc. T. THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN. J. H. 0. . . THE KBV. CANON OVKRTON. J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D. K. L. P. . . E. L. POOLE. S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. E. K ERNEST EADFORD. J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG. C. J. E. . . THE KEV. C. J. EOBINSON. J. H. K. . . J. H. ROUND. J. M. S. . . J. M. SCOTT. E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH. B. C. S. . . B. C. SKOTTOWE. E. S EDWARD SMITH. G. B. S. . . G-. BARNETT SMITH. W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS. W.K.W.S. THE KEV. W. K. W. STEPHENS. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. R. E. T. . . R. E. THOMPSON, M.D. J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES. C. W THE LATE CORNELIUS WALFORD. A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D. M. G. W. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS. F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT. T. W-R. . . THOMAS WHITTAKER. H. T. W. . H. TRUEMAN WOOD. W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Bottomley Bouch BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (/. 1820), musician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire in 1786. His parentage is not recorded, but his musical education was begun at a very early age; when only seven years old he played a violin concerto in public. At the age of twelve he was sent to Manchester, where he studied under Grimshaw, organist of St. John's Church, and Watts, the leader of the concerts. Under Watts's direction he at the same time carried on his violin studies with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man- chester. In 1801 Bottomley was articled to Lawton, the organist of St. Peter's, Leeds, and on the expiration of his term removed to London to study the pianoforte under Wcelfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his native county, and obtained the appoint- ment of organist to the parish church of Bradford, but he made Halifax his home, where he had a large teaching connection. In 1820 he was appointed organist of Shef- field parish church, which post he held for some considerable time. The date of his death is uncertain. Bottomley published several original works, including ' Six Exer- cises for Pianoforte,' twelve sonatinas for the same instrument, two divertissements with flute accompaniment, twelve valses, eight rondos, ten airs varies, a duo for two pianos, and a small dictionary of music (8vo), published in London in 1816. [Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians; Watt's Bibl. Brit. pt. i. 138 a.] E. H. BOUGH, SIR THOMAS (1822-1880), civil engineer, the third son of William Bouch, a captain in the mercantile marine, was born in the village of Thursley, Cumberland, on 22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher, Mr. Joseph Hannah, of Thursby, ' On the Kaising of Water in Ancient and Modern VOL. VI. Times,' made so great an impression on his mind that he at once commenced reading books on mechanics. His first entrance into business was in a mechanical engineering establishment at Liverpool. At the age of seventeen he engaged himself to Mr. Larmer, civil engineer, who was then constructing the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Here he remained four years. In November 1844 he proceeded to Leeds, where he was employed for a short time under Mr. George Leather, M. Inst. C.E. Subsequently he was for four years one of the resident engineers on the Stockton and Darlington railway. In Janu- ary 1849 he left Darlington and assumed the position of manager and engineer of the Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en- gagement first brought to his notice the in- convenient breaks in railway communication caused by the wide estuaries of the Forth and the Tay, the efforts to remedy which afterwards occupied so much of his attention. His proposal was to cross the estuaries by convenient steam ferries, and he prepared and carried into effect plans for a l floating railway ' a system for shipping goods trains which has ever since been in operation. Soon after completing this work Bouch left the service of the Northern railway and engaged in general engineering business. He designed and carried out nearly three hundred miles of railways in the north of England and Scotland, the chief of these being the South Durham and Lancashire Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten miles long, the latter being considered the pattern of a cheaply constructed line. On the introduction of the tramway system he was extensively engaged in laying out lines, including some of the London tramways, the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram- ways, and many others. In the course of his B Bouch Boucher professional work Bouch constructed a num- ber of remarkable bridges, chiefly in connec- tion with railways. At Newcastle-on-Tyne he designed the Redheugh viaduct, a compound or stiffened-suspension bridge of four spans, two of 260 feet and two of 240 feet each. His principal railway bridges, independent of the Tay bridge, were the Deepdale and Beelah viaduct on the South Durham and Lancashire railway, the Bilston Burn bridge on the Edinburgh, Loanhead, and Roslin line, and a bridge over the Esk near Mont- rose. In all these bridges the lattice girder was used, because of its simplicity and its slight resistance to the wind encountered at such high elevations. In 1863 the first proposals for a Tay bridge were made public, but the act of parliament was not obtained until 1870. The Tay bridge, which crossed the estuary from Newport in Fife to the town of Dundee, was within a few yards of two miles long. It consisted of eighty-five spans seventy-two in the shal- low water, and thirteen over the fairway channel, two of these being 227 feet, and eleven 245 feet wide. The system of wrought- iron lattice girders was adopted throughout. After many delays the line was completed from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1877. The inspection of the work by Major-general Coote Synge Hutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the board of trade, occupied three days, and on 31 May 1878 the bridge was opened with much ceremony. The engineer was then e'esented with the freedom of the town of undee, and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted. The traffic was continued uninterruptedly till the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec. 1879, when during a violent hurricane the central portion of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrying with it an entire train and its load of about seventy passengers, all of whom lost their lives. Under the shock and distress of mind caused by this catastrophe Bouch's health rapidly gave way, and he died at MofFat on 30 Oct. 1880. The rebuilding of the Forth bridge was begun in 1882. Bouch became an associate of the Institution of Civil En- gineers on 3 Dec. 1850, and was advanced to the class of member on 11 May 1858. He married, July 1853, Miss Margaret Ada Nelson, who survived him with one son and two daughters. His brother, Mr. William Bouch, was long connected with the locomo- tive department of the Stockton and Darling- ton and North Eastern lines. [Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Ixiii. 301-8 (1881) ; Illustrated London News, with portrait, Ixxvii. 468 (1880); Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Eeport of the Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr. Rothery upon the Fall of a portion of the Tay Bridge, in Parliamentary Papers (1880), C 2616 and C 2616-i.] GK C. B. BOUCHER, JOHN (1777-1818), divine, was born in 1777. He was entered at St. John's, Oxford ; proceeded B.A. on 23 May 1799 {Cat. Gmd. Oxon. p. 71) ; was elected fellow of Magdalen at the same time (Preface to his Sermons, p. 1) ; was admitted to holy orders in 1801 (id. p. 5), and proceeded M.A. on 29 April 1802. At this time he became rector of Shaftesbury, and in 1804 vicar of Kirk Newton, near Wooler, Northumberland. He married and had several children. He preached not only in his own parish, but in the neighbouring district. One of his sermons was delivered at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1810, and another at Belford in 1816. He died on 12 Nov. 1818, at Kirk Newton. There is a tablet to his memory on the north wall of the church where he was buried (WILSON, Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 73). After his death a 12mo volume of his ' Sermons ' was printed, dedicated to Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham. The volume reached a second edition in 1821. [Preface to Sermons by the late Rev. John Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private informa- tion.] J. H. BOUCHER, JOHN (1819-1878), divine, born in 1819, was the son of a tenant-farmer in Moneyrea, North Ireland. Intended for the Unitarian ministry (in accordance with the theological views of his parents), he was care- fully educated, and in 1837 was sent to the Belfast Academy, then under Drs. Mont- gomery and J. Scott Porter. Leaving the academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and finally, in 1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hack- ney, where for five years his fervour and elo- quence drew full congregations from all parts of the metropolis. In 1850 Boucher pub- lished a sermon on ' The Present Religious Crisis,' and the ' Inquirer ' speaks of another of the same year on 'Papal Aggression/ About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic views ; but he soon afterwards changed his opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853, and entered himself at St. John's, Cambridge, to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded B.A. in 1857 (LTJARD, Grad. Cant. p. 46), and it was hoped that he would have a bril- liant career in the establishment; but his health failed ; he left Cambridge, and leading the life of a thorough invalid in the neighbour- hood, at Chesterton, for many years, he died 12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the trustees of Dr. Williams's library, till his con- Boucher Boucher version caused him to resign ; and he was a member of the presbyterian board, visiting Carmarthen College. He married Louise, a daughter of Ebenezer Johnston, of Stamford Hill, London, who survived him a year. He left no issue. [The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Luard's Grad. Cant. p. 46 ; private information.] J. H. BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804), divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber- land ' statesman,' was born at Blencogo, a small hamlet in the parish of Bromfield, be- tween Wigton and Allonby, on 12 March 1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar school. When about sixteen years old he went to America to act as private tutor in a Virginian family, and remained engaged in tuition for some years, the stepson of George Washington being numbered among his pupils. Having resolved upon taking orders he returned to England, and was ordained by the Bishop of London in 1762. For many years he had charge, in turn, of several ecclesiastical parishes in America. He was rector of Hanover, in King George's County, in 1762 ; then of St. Mary's, in Caro- lina; and lastly, in 1770, of St. Anne's, in Annapolis. Whilst resident in the new country he lived in intimate friendship with Washington. They often dined together, and spent many hours in talk ; but the time soon came when they ' stood apart.' Boucher's loyalty was uncompromising, and when the American war broke out he denounced from the pulpit the doctrines which were popular in the colonies. ' His last sermon, preached with pistols on his pulpit-cushion, concluded with the following* words : " As long as I live, yea, while I have my being, will I pro- claim God save the king." ' Washington shared in the denunciations of Boucher ; but when the loyal divine published the discourses which he had preached in North America be- tween 1763 and 1775 he dedicated the col- lection to the great American general, as ' a tender of renewed amity.' Some time in the autumn of 1775 he returned to England, and soon after his struggles in opposition to the advancement of the cause of the colonies were rewarded by a government pension. In January 1785 he was instituted to the vicar- age of Epsom, on the presentation of the Rev. John Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re- tained until his death, which happened on 27 April 1804. Boucher was considered one of the best preachers of his time, and was a member of the distinguished clerical club, still in existence (1886), under the fantastic title of ' Nobody's Club.' He was thrice married. His first wife, whom he married in June 1772, was of the same family as Joseph Addison ; the second, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Foreman, was married on 15 Jan. 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 1788 ; by his third wife, widow of the Rev. Mr. James, rector of Arthuret, and married to Boucher at Carlisle in October 1789, he left eight children [see BOTJCHIEE, BARTON]. Some portions of Boucher's autobiography were printed in 'Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i. 103-4, v. 501-3, vi. 21, 81, 141, 161. Boucher was a man of widespread tastes and of intense affection for his native county of Cumberland. His anonymous tract, con- taining proposals for its material advance- ment, including the establishment of a county bank, was signed 'A Cumberland Man, Whitehaven, Dec. 1792,' and was reprinted in Sir F. M. Eden's ' State of the Poor/ iii. App. 387-401. To William Hutchinson's 1 Cumberland' he contributed the accounts of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and Sebergham, and the lives included in the section entitled 'Biographia Cumbrensis.' The edition of Relph's poetical works which appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher, and among the ' Original Poems ' of San- derson (1800) is an epistle to Boucher on his return from America. He published several single sermons and addresses to his parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the title of l A View of the Causes and Conse- quences of the American Revolution,' thirteen of his discourses, 1763-1775. His ' Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words,' intended as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to which he devoted fourteen years, was left uncompleted. Proposals for publication under the direction of Sir F. M. Eden were issued shortly before his death, and the part in- cluding letter A was published in 1807, but did not obtain sufficient encouragement to justify the continuance of the work. A second attempt at publication was made in 1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro- duction to the whole work and the Glossary as far as Blade. The attempt was again un- successful ; and it is understood that most of the materials passed into the hands of the proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic- tionary. A certain J. Odell, M. A., an Epsom schoolmaster, published in 1806 an ' Essay on the Elements of the English Language/ which was intended as an introduction to Boucher's work. [Gent. Mag. (1804), pt. ii. 591, by Sir F. M. Eden (1831), 450 ; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v. 630-41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1859 ed.), 131-9, 169; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. B2 Bouchery Bough 75-6, 282-4, 5th ser. ix. 50, 68, 89, 311, 371 ; Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 625 ; Allen's American Biog. Diet. (3rd ed.), 105-6; Hawks's Eccles. Hist, of the United States, ii. 269.] W. P. C. BOUCHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712), Latin poet, son of Arnold Bouchery, one of the ministers of the Walloon congregation at Canterbury, was born in that city in 1683, and educated in the King's School there and at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702, M.A. 1706). It is said that at the time he graduated M.A. he had migrated to Em- manuel College, but the circumstance is not recorded in the ' Cantabrigienses Graduati.' He became rector of Little Blakenham in Suffolk in 1709, and died at Ipswich on 24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me- mory was erected in the church of St. George, Canterbury, by his son, Gilbert Bouchery, vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk. He published an elegant Latin poem ' Hymnus Sacer : sive Paraphrasis in Deborae et Baraci Canti- cum, Alcaico carmine expressa, e libri Judi- cum cap. v.,' Cambridge, typis academicis, 1706, 4to. [Addit. MS. 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff. 113, 1146; Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 46; Hasted's Kent, iv. 469 n.] T. C. BOUCHIER, BARTON (1794-1865), re- ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger son of the vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev. Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed his name from Boucher to Bouchier after 1822. He was educated at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thornbury, of Avening, Gloucestershire (Gent. Mag. 1866, pp. 431-2). He proceeded B.A. in 1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at first read for the bar. But he afterwards took holy orders and became curate at Monmouth. A sermon preached by him at Usk in 1822 for the Christian Knowledge Society was pub- lished by request. Bouchier held curacies later at Old, Northamptonshire (Gent. Mag. supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey, from which place he issued an edition of Bishop Andrewes's ' Prayers.' In 1836 he published ' Prophecy and Fulfilment,' a little book of corresponding texts ; and in 1845 'Thomas Bradley,' a story of a poor pa- rishioner, and the first of a series of similar pamphlets describing clerical experiences, collected and published in various editions as 'My Parish,' and 'The Country Pastor,' from 1855 to 1860. In 1852 Bouchier commenced the publica- tion of his ' Manna in the House,' being ex- positions of the gospels and the Acts, lasting, with intervals, down to 1858 ; in 1854 he wrote his 'The Ark in the House,' being family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he wrote his ' Manna in the Heart,' being com- ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a 'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber- deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on Sundays, following up this appeal in 1854 by 'The Poor Man's Palace,' &c., a pamphlet ad- dressed to the Crystal Palace directors. In 1856 he published ' Solace in Sickness,' a col- lection of hymns, and in the same year was made rector of Fonthill Bishop, Wiltshire. He published his ' Farewell Sermon ' to his Cheam flock, having preached it on 28 Sept. In 1864 he published ' The History of Isaac.' He died at the rectory 20 Dec. 1865, aged 71. The editorship of ' The Vision,' a humorous illustrated poem on Jonathan Boucher's phi- lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden, bart., and published in 1820, has been wrongly attributed to Bouchier. [G-ent. Mag. 4th ser. 1866, i. 431-2; Brit. Mus. Cat.] J. H. BOUCHIER or BOURCHIER, GEORGE (d. 1643), royalist, was a wealthy merchant of Bristol, fie entered into a plot with Robert Yeomans, who had been one of the sheriffs of Bristol, and several others, to deliver that city, on 7 March 1642-3, to Prince Rupert, for the service of King Charles I ; but the scheme being discovered and frustrated, he was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im- prisonment, brought to trial before a council of war. They were both found guilty and hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May 1643. In his speech to the populace at the place of execution Bouchier exhorted all those who had set their hands to the plough (meaning the defence of the royal cause) not to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in the king's service. There is a small portrait of Bouchier in the preface to Winstanley's ' Loyall Martyrology,' 1665. [Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843), 389; Lloyd's Memoires (1677), 565; Winstan- ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 110; Barrett's Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T. C. BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822-1878), land- scape painter, third child of a shoemaker, originally from Somersetshire, was born at Carlisle on 8 Jan. 1822, and when a boy assisted at his father's craft. Later he was for a short time engaged in the office of the town clerk of Carlisle ; but, while still young, abandoned the prospects of a law career, and Boughen Boughen wandered about the country, making sketches in water colour, and associating with gipsies. In the course of his wanderings he visited London several times ; first in 1838, when he made some copies in the National Gallery. He was never at any school of art. In 1845 he obtained employment as a scene-painter at Manchester, and was thence taken by the manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar- ried Isabella Taylor, a singer at the theatre. His abilities were recognised by Sir D. Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to give up his work at the theatre for land- scape painting. He began in 1849 a more earnest study of nature, working at Hamil- ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest, and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his 1 Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his principal works may be mentioned : l Canty Bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,' 1 London from Shooter's Hill,' ' Kirkwall,' ' Borrowdale ' (engraved in ' Art Journal,' 1871), ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban- nockburn and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild- ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra- tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie & Co. and by other publishers ; produced a few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve- ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up the practice of scene-painting. In 1856 he became an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and on 10 Feb. 1875 a full member. For the last twenty years of his life his abode was fixed at Edin- burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878. Although Bough at times painted in oil, the majority of his works, and among them his best, are in water colour. His style was much influenced by his practice as a scene- painter, and is characterised by great breadth, freedom, and boldness of execution, with power over atmospheric effects, but with at times some deficiency in the quality of colour. A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes sarcastic manner, a warm heart and a mind cultivated by loving knowledge of some branches of older English literature. He was a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh in 1884. [Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots- man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 5 July 1884 ; Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-H. BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587- 1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck- inghamshire, and received his education at "Westminster School, whence he was elected to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ; he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk- shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe- titioned against him in 1640 for having acted as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected from both his livings. Thereupon he retired to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on 1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of the garrison to the parliamentary forces; he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent. Wood says : ' This Dr. Boughen, as I have been informed, lived to see his majesty re- stored, and what before he had lost, he did obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus minus.' It is not improbable that he is identical with the Edward Boughen, pre- bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches- ter, whose death occurred between 29 May and 11 Aug. 1660 (WALKER, Sufferings of the Clergy, ed. 1714, ii. 13). Boughen was a learned man and a staunch defender of the church of England. He published : 1. Several sermons, including ' Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, ne- cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can- terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch- bishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church, April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635, 8vo ; reprinted in 1714, l with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D., rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some account of the author, also vindicating him and the preachers, who flourished under King James I and King Charles I, from the reflec- tions cast upon them in a late preface before a sermon of Abp. Whit gift's.' 2. ' An Ac- count of the Church Catholick : where it was before the Reformation, and whether Rome were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to. A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris, appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant, as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho- lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow of New Coll. in Oxon.' (WooD, Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. ' Observations upon the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at Westminster. After Advice had with their Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of Ministers pro Tempore, according to their Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex- amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645. 4. ' Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo- sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng- land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668, Boughton Boultbee 1671. The later editions bear this title : 'A short Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England, with the Church Cate- chism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in English and Latin for the use of Scholars,' Lond. 1671, 12mo. Some of the prayers an- nexed are very singular. That for the king implores ' that our sovereign King Charles may be strengthened with the faith of Abra- ham, endued with the mildness of Moses, armed with the magnanimity of Joshua, exalted with the humility of David, beauti- fied with the wisdom of Solomon ; ' for the queen : l That our most gracious queen Catha- rine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah,' &c. 5. 'Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience sifted ; wherein is enquired whether the king (considering his oath at coronation to protect the clergy and their priviledges) can with a safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of Episcopacy,' Lond. 1648, 1650, 4to. Geree published a reply under the title of Smoppayia, the Sifter's Sieve broken.' 6. Poems in the university collections on King James's visit to Christ Church in 1605, and on the mar- riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 388-90, Fasti, i. 333, 347, ii. 100; Addit. MS. 5863, f. 215 b ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill ; Kennett's Re- gister and Chronicle, 597, 842, 843, 861 Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), 73.] T. C. BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr, was an old widow of eighty years or more, who held certain of Wycliffe's opinions. She was said to be the mother of a lady named Young, who was suspected of the like doctrines. She was burnt at Smithfield 28 April 1494. [Fabyan, p. 685, ed. Ellis ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, iii. 704, iv. 7, ed. 1846.] W. H. BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1876), secre- tary and director of the Liverpool, London, and Globe Insurance Company, commenced life in Liverpool as local agent for insurance offices. In 1836 he founded the Liverpoo Fire Office, which, after struggling with many difficulties, became, through Boult's energy, the largest fire insurance office in the world After the great fires in Liverpool of 1842-i Boult offered to the merchants of Liverpool opportunities of insuring their merchandise against fire in the various parts of the worlc where it was lying awaiting transshipment Agencies, which proved very successful, were gradually opened in various parts of America and Canada, in the Baltic, in the Mediter- anean, and afterwards in the East generally, ind in Australia. About 1848 the company, 3n account of the number of its London clients, >ecame known as the Liverpool and London ; fterwards, on absorbing the business of the jlobe Insurance Company, under the autho- rity of parliament the present title of Liver- 3Ool, London, and Globe was assumed. The company now transacts a large business in all :he leading mercantile countries of the world, its premiums from fire insurance alone con- siderably exceeding one million per annum. Boult was the principal means of intro- ducing * tariff rating ' as applied to cotton mills, whereby real improvements in construction are taken into account in determining the pre- miums ; he originated the Liverpool Salvage Committee, did much to secure the passing of the Liverpool Fire Prevention Act, and de- vised a uniform policy for the tariff fire offices. He made the circuit of the globe in order to render himself familiar with the real nature of the fire risks which his company, in com- mon with other fire offices, was called upon to accept ; became managing director of his company, and gave evidence before various parliamentary committees on points affecting the practice of fire insurance, especially before that on fire protection which sat in 1867. He died in 1876, aged 67. [Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W. BOULTBEE, THOMAS POWNALL, LL.D. (1818-1884), divine, the eldest son of Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar of Bidford, Warwickshire, was born on 7 Aug. 1818. He was sent to Uppingham school in 1833, which he left with an exhibition to St. John's College, Cambridge. He took the de- gree of B. A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In March 1842 he was elected fellow of his col- lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844. He took orders immediately ; and after holding one or two curacies, and taking pupils, he became curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten- ham, afterwards dean of Carlisle. From 1852 to 1863 he was theological tutor and chaplain of Cheltenham College. In 1863 he assumed the principalship of the newly instituted Lon- don College of Divinity, at first located in a private house at Kilburn, where the principal entered upon his task with a single student. Two years afterwards it was moved to St. John's Hall, Highbury, and the number of pupils rose to fifty or sixty. In 1884 the number of students in residence was sixty- eight. Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in 1872, and in October 1883 received from the Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, the preben- dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral. Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan. Boulter Boulter 1884, and was buried at Chesham, Bucking- hamshire,'of which, his youngest son was vicar. Besides a few sermons and occasional papers, Dr. Boultbee published: 1. ' The Alleged Moral Difficulties of the Old Tes- tament, a Lecture delivered in connection with the^Christian Evidence Society,' 28 June 1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. < The Annual Address of the Victoria Institute, or Philoso- phical Society of Great Britain,' 8vo, London, 1873. 3. ' A Commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles, forming an Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England,' 8vo, London, 1871, and other editions. 4. ' A History of the Church of England Pre-Re- formation Period,' 8vo, London, 1879. [Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873; Crockford's Clerical Directory; Times, 1 Feb. 1884; Eev. C. H. Waller, St. John's Hall, Highbury, in the Eock, 8 Feb. 1884; Eecord, 1, 8, and 15 Feb. 1884, where appear a funeral sermon by Bishop Eyle, and communications from Gr. C., A. P., and the Eev. Thomas Lewthwaite, Newsome Vicarage, Huddersfield.] A. H. G. BOULTER, HUGH (1672-1742), arch- bishop of Armagh, born in London 4 Jan. 1671-2, was descended from a 'reputable and .estated family.' His father was John Boulter of St. Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was an associate of Addison, and was subse- quently made fellow of Magdalen College (B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, D.D. 1708). In 1700 he received the appointment of chaplain to Sir Charles Hedges, secretary of state, and afterwards acted in the same capacity to Archbishop Tenison. Through the patronage of Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland, Boul- ter was appointed to St. Olave's, Southwark (1708), and archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16). With Ambrose Philips, Zachary Pierce, bishop of Rochester, and others, Boulter contributed to a periodical established in 1718, and entitled < The Free Thinker.' In 1719 Boulter attended George I as chaplain to Hanover, and was employed to instruct Prince Frederick in the English language. The king in the same year appointed him bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ Church, Oxford. Five years subsequently George nominated Boulter to the primacy of the protestant church in Ireland, then vacant, which he for a time hesitated to accept. The king's letter for his translation from the see of Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug. 1724. In November of that year he arrived in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips accompanied him as his secretary. As a member of the privy council and lord justice in Ireland Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity to governmental business, as well as to the affairs of the protestant church. He approved of the withdrawal of Wood's patent for cop- per coinage. On other points he differed both with William King, archbishop of Dublin, and with Swift. One of Swift's last public acts was his condemnation of the measure promoted by Boulter for diminishing the value of gold coin and increasing the quantity of silver currency, which it was apprehended would, by causing an advance in the rent of land, increase the absentee drain from Ire- land. Swift, in some satirical verses, ridi- culed Boulter's abilities. Through Sir Robert Walpole and his connections in England Boulter acquired a predominating influence in administration and in the parliament at Dublin, where he considered himself to be the head of the * English interest.' Boulter's state policy, to secure what he styled l a good footing ' for the ' English interest ' in Ireland, was to confer important posts in church and state there on his own countrymen, to repress efforts of the protestants in Ireland towards constitutional independence, and to leave the Roman catholics subjected to penal legisla- tion. By a statute enacted through Boulter's influence the Roman catholics were excluded from the legal profession, and disqualified from holding offices connected with the ad- ministration of law. Under another act passed through Boulter's exertions they were de- prived of the right of voting at elections for members of parliament or magistrates the sole constitutional right which they had been allowed to exercise. Boulter forwarded with great energy the scheme for protestant charter schools, with a view to strengthen the ' Eng- lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to the church of England. He gave many liberal contributions to protestant churches, and for the relief of the poor in periods of distress in Ireland. As a memorial of his charity, in 1741 a full-length portrait of him by Francis Bindon was placed in the hall of the poor house, Dublin. Boulter repeatedly held of- fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab- sence of the viceroy, Carteret, and his suc- cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and Devonshire. The death of Boulter occurred at London on 27 Sept. 1742. He was interred in the north transept of Westminster Abbey, where a marble monument and bust were placed over his remains. * Sermons,' and l A Charge at his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725,' are his only published productions, with the exception of a portion of his correspondence. A selection of his letters was printed in two volumes at Oxford in 1769, under the super- intendence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted Boulton 8 Boulton as his, secretary in Ireland. This series con- sists of letters from November 1724 to De- cember 1738, to state officials and eminent churchmen in England. They were repub- lished at Dublin in 1770 by George Faulkner, who, in his introduction to them, observed that Boulter, with all his virtues, ' was too partially favourable to the people of England and too much prejudiced against the natives of Ireland.' In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden published at London ' Boulter's Monument, a panegyrical poem.' This production, dedi- cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re- vised by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by him in his dictionary. A full-length portrait of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen College, and a bust of him is in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. [Letters of Hugh Boulter, D.D., 1769-70; Biographia Britannica, 1780; O'Conor's Hist, of Irish Catholics, 1813 ; Stuart's Hist. Memoirs of Armagh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott, 1824 ; Works of Samuel Johnson, 1825 ; Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. Napier, 1884 ; C. J. Robinson's Registers of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 315.] J. T. GK BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809), engineer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept. 1728, where his father, Matthew Boulton the elder, had long been carrying on the trade, ac- cording to Dr. Smiles, of a silver stamper and piercer. The Boultons were a Northamp- tonshire family, but John, the grandfather of the younger Matthew, settled in Lich- field, and Matthew the elder was sent to Birmingham to enter into business, in con- sequence of the reduced fortunes of the family. The younger Boulton entered his father's business early, and soon set himself to extend it. This he had succeeded in doing to a considerable extent, when in 1759 his father died. In the following year he mar- ried Anne Robinson of Lichfield, with whom he received a considerable dower. Being thus able to command additional capital, he determined to enlarge his opera- tions still further, and with this view he founded the famous Soho works. About the same time he also entered into partnership i with Mr. Fothergill. The works were opened in 1762, and soon obtained a reputation for ! work of a higher character than it was then usual to associate with the name of Birming- ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve not only the workmanship, but the artistic merit of his wares, and for this purpose em- ployed agents to procure for him the finest t examples of art-work not only in metal, but in pottery and other materials, which he : employed as models for his own produc- tions. The growth of the factory, and the con- sequent increased need for motive power more abundant than the water-power with which Soho was but scantily furnished, led Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam engine, then only used for pumping. He himself made experiments, and constructed a model of an improved engine, but nothing came of it. Watt was then in partnership with Roebuck, endeavouring unsuccessfully to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a friend of Boulton, and told him of Watt and his experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to Soho in 1767 and 1768 made him anxious to secure the help of Boulton and to avail himself of the resources in Soho in perfect- ing the engine, while Boulton was on his side desirous of getting Watt's aid in the construction of an engine for the works. For some time negotiations as to a partner- ship between the two went on, but they came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in 1772. As a set-off against a claim of 1,2007., Boulton then accepted Roebuck's share in the engine patent, and entered into partner- ship with Watt. In consequence of Boul- ton's advice the act of parliament was pro- cured by which the patent rights were extended for a period of twenty-four years (with the six expired years of the original patent, thirty years in all). The history of the difficulties which were vanquished by the mechanical skill of one partner and by the energy of the other will more fitly be related in the account of Watt [see WATT, JAMES], but it may be said here that if the completion of the steam engine was due to Watt, its introduction at that time was due to Boulton. He devoted to the enterprise not only all the capital he pos- sessed, but all he could raise from any source whatever, and indeed he brought himself to the verge of bankruptcy before the work was completed and the engine a commercial success. He kept up the droop- ing spirits of his partner, and would never allow him to despond, when he was almost inclined to despair of his own invention. Of course at last he had his reward, but it was not until after six or seven years' labour and anxiety, and when he had passed his sixtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1787 as the year when Watt began to realise a profit from the engine, but the greater outlay for which Boulton had been responsible made it some time later before he got clear from his liabilities and began to make a profit. The reform of the copper coinage was an- other important movement with which Boulton Bouquet Boulton was connected in the latter part of his life. In 1788 he set up several coining presses at Soho to be worked by steam (he patented his press in 1790), and after making large quantities of coins for the East India Company, for foreign governments, and for some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook the production of a new copper coinage for Great Britain. He also supplied machinery to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced in 1805, and until quite lately part at least of our money was coined by the old machinery constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was not until the reorganisation of the mint ma- chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was finally abandoned. In the scientific society of his time Boul- ton held a prominent place. Among his intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin, Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society of note. His house at Soho was the meeting- place for all scientific men, both English and foreign. He died there 18 Aug. 1809. [Smiles's Lives of Boulton and "Watt (founded on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's Life of Watt, London, 1858 ; Gent. Mag. 1809, 780, 883, 979.] H. T. W. BOULTON, RICHARD (ft. 1697-1724), physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox- ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was the author of a number of works on the medical and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con- cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. ' An Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,' 1699. 4. < Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by his Letter to Dr. Leigh,' 1699. 5. ' System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery,' 1699 ; 2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699- 1700. 7. ' Physico-Chirurgical Treatises of the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve- nerea,' 1714. 8. 'Essay on External Reme- dies,' 1715. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721. 10. ' Vindication of the Compleat History of Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though apparently learned in the science of his pro- fession, he was seemingly not successful in his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane he states that he undertook to write an abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account of ' misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in another letter he mentions that successive misfortunes had made him the object of his compassion, and begs him to effect something towards putting him in a way to live. In the preface to the ' Vindication of the His- tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for some time out of England. [Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Sloane MS. 4038.] BOUND, NICHOLAS (d. 1613). [See BOWNDE.] BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-1765), gene- ral, born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet in the regiment of Constant in the service of the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he passed into the service of the king of Sardinia, and distinguished himself in the wars against France and Spain. The accounts he sent to Holland of these campaigns having attracted | the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was j engaged by him in the service of the republic. As captain-commandant, with the rank of I lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Swiss guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748, j he was sent to the Low Countries to receive from the French the places they were about to evacuate. A few months afterwards he accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the war between the French and English settlers in America in 1754 he was appointed lieu- tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi- ment which was then raised in three bat- talions, and by his integrity and capacity gained great credit, especially in Pennsyl- vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent by General Amherst from Canada with mili- tary stores and provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt, and on 5 Aug. was attacked by a powerful body of the Indians near the defile of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated them that they gave up their designs against Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set- tlements. In the following year he was sent from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese, Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of peace. At the conclusion of the peace with the Indians he was made brigadier-general and commandant of all troops in the south- ern colonies of British America. He died in the autumn of 1765 at Pensacola, from an epidemic then prevalent among the troops. [The account of General Bouquet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London in the following year. The work has been as- cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the United States, who supplied the map, but pro- perly belongs to Dr. William Smith, provost of the College of Philadelphia. An edition in French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori- cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at Bouquett IO Bourchier Amsterdam in 1769. An English translation of this life is added to an edition of the work pub- lished at Cincinnati in 1868, and forming vol. i. of the Ohio Historical Series. The letters and documents formerly belonging to Bouquet, and relating to military events in America, 1757- 1765, occupy thirty volumes of manuscripts in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 21631-21660. In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven- tory of his property and of his will.] T. F. H. BOUQUETT, PHILIP, D.D. (1669- 1748), Hebrew professor, was educated at "Westminster School, whence he was elected in 1689 to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became B.A. 1692, M.A. 1696,B.D. 1706,D.D. 1711. Whenavacancy occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in 1704, which it was thought desirable to con- fer on Sike, Bouquett was temporarily ap- pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the famous oriental scholar, for whom the post was reserved. Sike was definitely elected in August 1705, but on the professorship falling vacant again seven years later, Bouquett was elected to fill it permanently. He died senior fellow of Trinity on 12 Feb. 1747-8, aged 79. Cole describes him as 'born in France, an old miserly refugee, who died rich in college, and left his money among the French refugees. He was a meagre, thin man, bent partly double, and for his oddities and way of living was much ridiculed.' He refused to sign the petition against Dr. Bentley. Bouquett con- tributed a copy of elegiacs to the university collection of poems on the death of George I and accession of George II in 1727. [Welch's Al. West. 214 ; Gent. Mag. xviii. 92 ; Cole's MSS. xxxiii. 274, xlv. 244, 334 ; Monk's Life of Bentley, i. 186, 329-30.] J. M. BOURCHIER, GEORGE. [See Bou- CHIER.] BOURCHIER, HENRY, EARL OP ESSEX (d. 1483), was the son of Sir William Bour- chier, earl of Ewe or Eu, and of Anne, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of Stafford. He was therefore great-grandson of Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed- ward III, brother of Thomas [q.v.], archbishop of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John, duke of N orfolk, and half-brother of Humfrey, duke of Buckingham. Early in the reign of Henry VI he served in the French war, going to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke of York. He succeeded his father as earl of Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the barony of Bourchier. He served in France under the Duke of York, was appointed lieu- tenant-general in 1440, and in 1443 \vas cap- tain of Crotoy in Picardy. He was summoned to parliament as Viscount Bourchier in 1446. He married Isabel, daughter of Richard, earl of Cambridge, and aunt of Edward IV. In 1451 he served on the commission of oyer and terminer for Kent and Sussex. The battle of St. Albans made the Duke of York and his party the masters of the king, and on 29 May 1455 Henry appointed Bourchier, the duke's brother-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom. Bourchier held office until 5 Oct. 1456, and was then succeeded by the Earl of Shrewsbury a change that l perhaps indicates that the mediating policy of the Duke of Buckingham was exchanged for a more determined one' (STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 176) ; for up to this time the Bourcliiers, in spite of their close connection with the house of York, held a kind of middle place between the two parties, and, though the queen's party came into power in February, continued to hold office in what may be called the Lancastrian government. His and his brother's sudden discharge from office was put down to the queen's influence (Paston Letters, i. 408). In 1460 Bourchier was with the Earls of March and Warwick at the battle of Northampton, and was there- fore by that time a declared partisan of the duke. On the accession of his nephew, Ed- ward IV, he was created earl of Essex (30 June 1461) ; lie was made treasurer for the second time, and held office for a year. He received from the king the castle of Werk and the honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to- gether with many other estates in different counties. In 1471 the earl was again made treasurer, and retained his office during the rest of his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John de Vere, earl of Oxford, landed at St. Osyth's, Essex and others rode against him and com- pelled him to re-embark (Paston Letters, iii. 92). In this year also he was for about a month keeper of the great seal during the vacancy of the chancellorship. Essex died 4 April 1483, and was buried at Bylegh. He had a large family. His eldest son, William, who married Anne Woodville, died during his lifetime, and he was therefore succeeded by his grandson, Henry [q. v.] His second son, Sir Henry Bourchier, married the daughter and heiress of Lord Scales ; the third son, Humfrey, Lord Cromwell, died in the battle of Barnet ; the fourth son, Sir John, married the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of Groby. He had four other children. [Polydore Vergil's Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; Will. Worcester ; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 129 ; Stubbs's Constitu- tional History, iii. 176 ; Foss's Judges of Eng- land, iv. 423.] W. H. Bourchier Bourchier BOURCHIER, HENRY, second EAEL OF ESSEX (d. 1539), was the son of William Bourchier and the grandson of Henry Bour- chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne Woodville, sister of the queen of Edward IV. He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was a member of the privy council of Henry VII. In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou- logne. At the knighthood of Henry, duke ; endangered folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di- vision being made of the council in 1526 for purposes of business, his name was placed with those who were to treat of matters of law. He joined in the letter sent by a num- ber of English nobles to Clement VII in 1530, warning him that imless he hastened the king's of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro- minent part in the ceremonies, and was one of the challengers at the jousts held in honour of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de- tachment against the rebels at Blackheath. He accompanied the king and queen when they crossed to Calais in 1500, to hold an in- terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The next year he was one of those appointed to meet Catherine of Arragon. On the acces- sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of the new bodyguard. During the early years of the king's reign he took a prominent part in the revels in which Henry delighted. Constant references may be found in the State Papers to the earl's share in these en- tertainments. For example, in 1510 he and others, the king among the number, dressed themselves as Robin Hood's men in a revel given for the queen's delectation. He was also constantly employed in state ceremonies, such as meeting papal envoys, as in 1514, when the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in 1515, when he met the prothonotary who brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ; and in 1524, when Dr. Hanyball came over with the golden rose for the king. These and such like engagements necessarily put him to great expense. He received some grants from Henry, and appears both as a pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On one occasion his tailor seems to have had some difficulty in getting his bill settled. He served at the sieges of Terouenne and Tournay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears ' (HERBEKT) in 1513, and the next year was made chief captain of the king's forces. When the king's sister Margaret, widow of James IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in company with the king, Suffolk, and Sir G. Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in her honour. In 1520 he attended the king at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes. He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed- minster as his share of the duke's estates. In 1525, when engaged in raising money for the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in- surrection, and by the king's command took a company to the borders of Essex and Suf- divorce, his supremacy would be 1. While riding a young horse, in 1539, he was thrown and broke his neck. As he had no male issue by his wife Mary, his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour- chier) became extinct at his death. His barony descended to his daughter Anne, who married William Parr, afterwards Earl of Essex. [Hall's Chron. (Hen. VIII), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed. 1548; Stow's Annals; Polydore Vergil's Historia Anglica, 1437, 1521, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Eic. Ill and Hen. VII, Eolls Series ; Herbert's Life and Keign of Henry VIII, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim; Dugdale's Baron- age, ii. 130.] W. H. BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN DE (d. 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, to represent him in the parliament summoned in 1306 for the purpose of granting an aid on the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to postpone the assumption of the same rank for three years in consideration of paying a fine of lOOs. In 1314-y> he appears as one of the justices of assize for the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap- pears in various commissions for the years 1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he was summoned to parliament at Westminster, apparently for the first time, as a justice, and on the '31st of the same month was appointed a justice of the common bench. Next year he was engaged in trying certain persons charged with making forcible entry upon the manors of Hugh le Despenser, in Glamorgan- shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in- vestigating a charge of malversation against certain commissioners of forfeited estates in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases of extortion by sheriffs, commissioners of array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford, and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on a special commission for the trial of persons accused of complicity in the fabrication of miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows on which Henry de Montfort and Henry de Wylyngton had been hanged at Bristol. In February 1325-6 he was placed at the head of a commission to try a charge of poaching brought by the Bishop of London and the dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a Bourchier 12 Bourchier number of persons alleged to have taken a large fish, ' qui dicitur cete,' from the manor of Walton, in violation of a charter of Henry III, by which the chapter claimed the exclusive right to all large fish found on their estates, the tongue only being reserved to the king. In the same year he was en- gaged in trying cases of extortion by legal officials in Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the conservators of the peace in Lincolnshire. In December of this year he was summoned to parliament for the last time. He was re- appointed justice of the common bench shortly after the accession of Edward III, the patent being dated 24 March 1326-7. The last fine was levied before him on Ascen- sion day 1329. He died shortly afterwards, as we know from the fact that in the follow- ing year his heir, Robert, was put in posses- sion of his estates by the king. By his mar- riage with Helen, daughter and heir of Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor of Stanstead, in Halstead, Essex, adjoining an estate which he had purchased in 1312. He was buried in Stanstead Church. [Parl. Writs, i. 164, 166, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139- 140, 236, 351, 419, pt, ii. 110-11, 119, 134-5, 139, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 188, 193, 230-2, 237, 241, 283, 288; Rot, Parl. i. 449 b Dugdale's Orig. 45 ; Rot. Orig. Abbrev. ii. 44 ; Gal. Rot. Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m. 10 ; Rymer's Fcedera (ed. Clarke), ii. 619 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 253 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. BOURCHIER, JOHN, second BARON BERNERS (1467 -1533), statesman and author, was the son of Humphrey Bourchier, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney, and widow of Sir Thomas Howard. His father was slain at the battle of Barnet (14 April 1471) fighting in behalf of Ed- ward IV, and was buried in Westminster Abbey (WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments, 1632, p. 482). His grandfather, John, the youngest son of William Bourchier, earl of Ewe, was created Baron Berners in 1455, and died in 1474. Henry Bourchier [q. v.], the Earl of Ewe's eldest son and the second Lord Berners's granduncle, became Earl of Essex in 1461. Another granduncle, Thomas Bour- chier [q. v.], was archbishop of Canterbury from 1454 to 1486. In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his grandfather as Baron Berners. He is believed to have studied for some years at Oxford, and Wood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col- lege. But little is known of his career till after the accession of Henry VII. In 1492 he entered into a contract ' to serue the king in his warres beyond see on hole yeere with two speres ' (RYMER, Fc&dera, xii. 479). In 1497 he helped to repress the Cornish rebellion in behalf of Perkin Warbeck. It is fairly cer- tain that he and Henry VIII were acquainted as youths, and the latter showed Berners much favour in the opening years of his reign. In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue to Calais, and was present at the capture of Terouenne. Later in the same year he was mar- shal of the Earl of Surrey's army in Scotland. When the Princess Mary married Louis XII (9 Oct. 1514), Berners was sent with her to France as her chamberlain. But he did not remain abroad. On 18 May 1514 he had been granted the reversion to the office of chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 May 1516 he appears to have succeeded to the post. In 1518 Berners was sent with John Kite, archbishop of Armagh, on a special mission to Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII and Charles of Spain. The letters of the envoys represent Berners as suffering from severe gout. He sent the king accounts of the bull-baiting and other sports that took place at the Spanish court. The negotiations dragged on from April to December, and the irregularity with which money was sent to the envoys from home caused them much embarrassment (cf.Berners to Wolsey, 26 July 1518, in BRE WEE'S Letters fyc. of Henry VIII}. Early in 1519 Berners was again in England, and he, with his wife, attended Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in the next year. The privy council thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of the ceremonial which he forwarded to them. Throughout this period Berners, when in England, regularly attended parliament, and was in all the commissions of the peace issued for Hertfordshire and Surrey. But his pecuniary resources were failing him. He had entered upon several harassing law- suits touching property in Staffordshire, Wiltshire, and elsewhere. As early as 1511 he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the loan was frequently repeated. In Decem- ber 1520 he left England to become deputy of Calais, during pleasure, with 100Z. yearly as salary and 104/. as ' spyall money.' His letters to Wolsey and other officers of state prove him to have been busily engaged in suc- ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica- tions of Calais and in watching the armies of France and the Low Countries in the neigh- bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V. In 1528 he obtained grants of manors in Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Oxford- shire. In 1529 and 1531 he sent Henry VIII gifts of hawks (Privy Purse Expenses, pp. 54, 231). But his pecuniary troubles were in- creasing, and his debts to the crown remained Bourchier Bourchier unpaid. Early in 1532-3, while Berners was very ill, Henry VIII directed his agents in Calais to watch over the deputy's personal effects in the interests of his creditors. On 16 March 1532-3 Berners died, and he was buried in the parish church of Calais by his special direction. All his goods were placed under arrest and an inventory taken, which is still at the Record Office, and proves Berners to have lived in no little state. Eighty books and four pictures are men- tioned among his household furniture. By his will (3 March 1532-3) he left his chief property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his executor, who became earl of Huntingdon in 1544 (Chronicle of Calais, Camd. Soc. p. 164). Berners married Catherine, daughter of John Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had a daughter, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmund Knyvet of Ashwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc- ceeded to her father's estates in England. Small legacies were also left to his illegiti- mate sons, Humphrey, James, and George. The barony of Berners was long in abey- ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him the barony, but died in 1616 before his claim could be ratified. In 1720 Elizabeth, a great- granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was confirmed in the barony and bore the title of Baroness Berners, but she died without issue in 1743, and the barony fell again into abeyance. A cousin of this lady in the third degree married in 1720 Henry Wilson of Didlington, Norfolk, and their grandson, Robert Wilson, claimed and secured the barony in 1832. The barony is now held by a niece of Henry William Wilson (1797-1871), the third bearer of the restored title. While at Calais Berners devoted all his leisure to literary pursuits. History, whether real or fictitious, always interested him, and in 1523 he published the first volume of his fa- mous translation of (1) Froissart's Chronicles. The second volume followed in 1525. Richard Pynson was the printer. This work was un- dertaken at the suggestion of Henry VHI and was dedicated to him. Its style is re- markably vivid and clear, and although a few French words are introduced, Berners has adhered so closely to the English idiom as to give the book the character of an original English work. It inaugurated the taste for historical reading and composition by which the later literature of the century is charac- terised. Fabian, Hall, and Holinshed were all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a reprint of Berners's translation in 1812, and although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart (1803-5) has now very generally superseded that of Berners, the later version is wanting in the literary flavour which still gives Berners's book an important place in Eng- lish literature. But chivalric romance had even a greater attraction for Berners than chivalric history, and four lengthy transla- tions from the French or Spanish were com- pleted by him. The first was doubtless (2) ' Huon of Burdeux,' translated from the great prose French Charlemagne romance, about 1530, but not apparently published till after Lord Berners's death. It is pro- bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in 1534 under the direction of Lord George Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, who had urged Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford has a unique copy of this book. A second edition, apparently issued by Robert Copland in 1570, is wholly lost. Two copies of a third revised edition, dated 1601, are extant, of which one is in the British Museum and the other in the Bodleian. The first edition was reprinted by the Early English Text Society 1883-5. (3) < The Castell of Love ' (by D. de San Pedro) was translated from the Spanish 1 at the instaunce of Lady Elizabeth Carew, late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.' The first edition was printed by Robert Wyer about 1540, and a second came from the press of John Kynge about the same time. (4) * The golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a French version of Guevara's ' El redox de Principes.' It was completed only six days before Berners's death, and was under- taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534, and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553, 1557, and 1559. A very definite interest attaches to this book. It has been proved that English < Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of the Spanish Guevara. Lyly's ' Euphues ' was mainly founded on Sir Thomas North's * Dial of Princes ' (1558 and 1567), and the ' Dial of Princes' is a translation of an enlarged edition of Guevara's ' El Redox/ which was first translated into English by Berners. The marked popularity of Berners's original trans- lation clearly points to him as the founder of 'Guevarism' or so-called Euphuism in England (LANDMANN'S Euphuismus, Giessen, 1881). Berners also translated from the French (5) 'The History of the moost noble and valyaunt knight, Artheur of Lytell Brytaine.' The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812. Wood, following Bale, attributes to Berners a Latin comedy, (6) ' Ite ad Vineam,' which he says was often acted after vespers at Calais, and a tract on (7) ' The Duties of the Inhabitants of Calais.' Nothing is known now of the former work ; but the latter may Bourchier Bourchier not improbably be identified with the elabo- rate ' Ordinances for watch and ward of Calais' in Cotton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89- 102 b}. These ordinances were apparently drawn np before 1532, and have been printed at length in the ' Chronicle of Calais ' pub- lished by the Camden Society, pp. 140-62. Warton states, on the authority of Oldys, that Henry, lord Berners, translated some of Petrarch's sonnets, but the statement is pro- bably wholly erroneous (Hist. EngL Poet. iii. 58). Holbein painted a portrait of Berners in his robes as chancellor of the exchequer (WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor- num, i. 82). The picture is now at Key- thorpe Hall, Leicestershire, in the posses- sion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It was engraved for the Early English Text , Society's reprint of ' Huon of Burdeux ' | (1884). [Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 132-3 ; Marshall's Genealogist's Guide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foster's Peerage ; Bale's Cent. Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 72 ; Brewer's Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-1534 ; Utter- son's Memoir of Berners in his reprint of the Froissart (1812); Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors, i. 239-45 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Intro- duction to the Early English Text Society's reprint of Huon of Burdeux, ed. S. L. Lee.] S. L. L. BOURCHIER, SIB JOHN (d. 1660), regicide, grandson and heir of Sir Ralph Bourchier, of Benningborough, Yorkshire, appears in 1620 in the list of adventurers for Virginia as subscribing 371. 10s. In the following year, having complained of the lord- keeper for giving judgment against him in a lawsuit, he was censured and obliged to make a humble submission (Lords' Journals, iii. 179-92). He suffered more severely in a contest with Strafford concerning the en- closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre, near York. Sir John attempted to assert his claims by pulling down the fences, for which he was fined and imprisoned. Directly the Long parliament met he petitioned, and his treatment was one of the minor charges against Strafford (RusHWORTH, Strajford's Trial, p. 146 ; see also Straff. Corr. i. 86-88, ii. 59). His name also appears among those who signed the different Yorkshire petitions in favour of the parliament, and a letter from him describing the presentation of the peti- tion of 3 June 1642 on Hey worth Moor, and a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile on that occasion, was printed by order of the House of Commons (Commons' Journals, 6 June 1642). He entered the Long parlia- ment amongst the ' recruiters ' as member for Ripon (1645). In December 1648 he was appointed one of the king's judges, and signed the death-warrant. In February 1651, and again in November 1652, he was elected a member of the council of state, and finally succeeded in obtaining a grant of 6,000/. out of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it is not evident what satisfaction he actually obtained (Commons 1 Journals, 31 July 1651). At the Restoration he was, with the other regicides, summoned to give himself up, and the speaker acquainted the House of Com- mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660 (Journals). While the two houses were quarrelling over the exceptions to be made to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as- serting to the last the justice of the king's condemnation. 1 1 tell you it was a just act ; God and all good men will own it' (LuDLOw's Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 358). Sir John's son, Barrington Bourchier, having aided in the Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's estate (Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1661, p. 557). [Noble's Regicides and House of Cromwell, ii. 36 ; the Fairfax Correspondence (Civil Wars), i. 338, contains a letter from Sir John Bourchier to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministers in Yorkshire.] C. H. F. BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, RO- BERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common pleas, began life in the profession of arms. He was returned as a member for the county of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In 1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland. He was present at the battle of Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When on his return to England the king displaced his ministers, he committed the great seal, which had long been held by Archbishop Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chi- chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan- cellor. His salary was fixed at 500 L, besides the usual fees. In the struggle between the king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, in- terrupted his address to the bishops in the Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged him to submit to the king. When the parlia- ment of 1341 extorted from the king his assent to their petitions that the account of the royal officers should be audited, and that the chan- cellor and other great officers should be nominated in parliament, and should swear to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he had not assented to these articles, and would Bourchier Bourchier not be bound by them, as they were contrary to his oath and to the laws of the realm. He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and delivered it to parliament. He resigned his office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to par- liament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In 1346 he accompanied the king on his expedi- tion to France. He was in command of a large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in the first division of the army. He married Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead for eight priests ; but it probably never con- tained so many, as its revenues were very small. The king granted him the right of free warren, and license to crenellate his house. He died of the plague in 1349, and was buried at Halstead. [Eolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131 ; Keturn of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng. Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's Judges of England, iii. 399-402 ; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391 ; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 1453.] W. H. BpURCHIER, THOMAS (1404P-1486), cardinal, was the third son of William Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne Plantagenet, second daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III. His father had won the title he bore by his achievements under Henry V in France, and transmitted it to his eldest son, Henry [q. v.j, who afterwards was created earl of Essex. A second son, by right of his wife, was summoned to parlia- ment as Lord Fitzwarren. The third, Thomas, the subject of this article, was born about 1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death of his father. A fourth, John Bourchier, was ennobled as Lord Berners [see BOTJKCHIER, JOHN]. A daughter Eleanor married John Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur- name, and the fourth duke, his son, conse- quently speaks of the cardinal as his uncle (Paston Letters, ii. 382). Thomas Bourchier was sent at an early age to Oxford, and took up his abode at Nevill's Inn, one of five halls or inns which occupied the site of what is now Corpus Christi College. In 1424 he obtained the prebend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathedral, and before 1427 he was made dean of St. Martin's-le-Grand, London. He also received the prebend of West Thurrock, in the free chapel of Hastings. In 1433, though not yet of full canonical age, he was recommended for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the death of Thomas Polton. But Polton had died at Basle while attending the general council, and the pope had already nominated as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis- bury. On the other hand the commons in parliament addressed the king in favour of Bourchier, putting forward, according to the royal letters, the 'nighness of blood that our well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto us and the cunning and virtues that rest in his person.' Accordingly Brouns was trans- lated to Rochester, and the pope cancelled his previous nomination to Worcester by an ante- dated bull in favour of Bourchier, whose no- mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434. The temporalities of the see were restored to him on 15 April 1435. Meanwhile, in 1434, Bourchier was made chancellor of the university of Oxford, a po- sition which he held for three years, and which implies at least that he took some interest in scholarship, though we have no evidence that he himself was a distinguished scholar. Wood says that he took part in a convocation of the university as early as 1428. But we may reasonably surmise that his subsequent promotions were as much owing to high birth as to great abilities. He had not remained long in the see of Worcester when, in 1435, the bishopric of Ely fell vacant. The chapter, at the instigation of John Tiptoft, the prior, agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes- sengers to Rome to procure bulls for his translation. The bulls came, but as the government refused to ratify his election, Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's ministers wished to reward Cardinal Louis de Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen (chan- cellor of France under the English king) with the revenues of the bishopric of Ely. So by an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand- ing the opposition of Archbishop Chichele, the bishopric was not filled up, but the arch- bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator of the see. But when he died in 1443, there was no further difficulty in the way of Bour- chier's promotion. He was nominated by the king, elected by the chapter, and having re- ceived a bull for his translation, dated 20 Dec. 1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo- ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444. There is little known of his life at this time beyond the story of his promotions, and what we hear of his conduct as bishop is from a very adverse critic, the historian of the monastery of Ely, who says that he was severe and exacting towards the tenants, and that he would never celebrate mass in his own cathedral except on the day of his in- stallation, which he put off till two years after his appointment. It appears that in 1 438 there was an intention of sending Bourchier, Bourchier 16 Bourchier then bishop of Worcester, with others to the council of Basle ; but it does not appear that he actually went (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceedings, v. 92, 99). That he was often called to the king's councils at Westminster there is ample evidence to show. In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of Canterbury, died. A deputation of the lords rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to the king, and to signify to him, if possible, that a new chancellor, a new primate, and a new council required to be appointed. But Henry's intellectual prostration was complete, and he gave no sign that he understood the simplest inquiry. The lords accordingly appointed the Duke of York protector, and on 30 March the council, in compliance with a petition from the commons, recommended the Bishop of Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury ' for his great merits, virtues, and great blood that he is of ' (Rolls of Parl. v. 450). Bourchier was translated on 22 April following ; and we may presume that he owed his promotion to the Duke of York's influence. On 6 Sept. in the same year William Paston writes from London to his brother : t My lord of Canter- bury hath received his cross, and I was with him in the king's chamber when he made his homage ' (Paston Letters, i. 303) . Apparently he paid a conventional reverence to the poor unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe- bruary following. On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed lord chancellor, and received the seals at Greenwich from the king himself, who had recovered from his illness at the new year. His appointment, in fact, was one consequence of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis- bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the Duke of York) could not have been acceptable to the queen. Bourchier apparently had to some extent the good-will of both parties, and was expected to preserve the balance be- tween them in peculiarly trying times. Little more than two months after his appointment, when the Duke of York and his friends took up arms and marched southwards, they ad- dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor declaring that their intentions were peace- able and that they came to do the king service and to vindicate their loyalty. Bourchier sent a special messenger to the king at Kil- burn, but the man was not allowed to come into the royal presence, and neither the letter to the archbishop nor an address sent by the lords actually reached the king (Rolls of Parl. v. 280-1). The result was the first battle of St. Albans, which was the commencement of the wars of the Roses. A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol- lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount Bourchier, was at the same time appointed lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pro- rogued to November. Before it met again the king had fallen a second time into the same melancholy state of imbecility, and for a second time it was necessary to make York protector. The archbishop resigned the great seal in October 1456, when the queen had ob- tained a clear advantage over the Duke of York, and got the king, who had been long separated from her, down to Coventry, where a great council was held. These changes raised misgivings, even in some who were not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck- ingham, who was a son of the same mother as the two Bourchiers, was ill-pleased at seeing his brothers discharged from high offices of state, and it was^said that he had interposed to protect the Duke of York himself from unfair treatment at the council (Paston Letters, i. 408). But the archbishop was a peacemaker ; and the temporary reconciliation of parties in the spring of 1458 appears to have been greatly owing to him. He and Waynflete drew up the terms of the agreement between the lords on both sides, which was sealed on 24 March, the day before the general procession at St. Paul's. Shortly before this, in the latter part of the year 1457, the archbishop had been called upon to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chichester, as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one, for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He was first turned out of the king's council, the archbishop as the chief person there ordering his expulsion, and then required to appear be- fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His writings were examined by three other bishops and condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop, as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that high authorities were against him in several points, and told him to choose between re- cantation and burning. The poor man's spirit was quite broken, and he preferred recanta- tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the archbishop for some time at Canterbury and Maidstone, and afterwards committed by him to the custody of the abbot of Thorney. In April 1459 Bourchier brought before the council a request from Pius II that the king would send an ambassador to a council at Mantua, where measures were to be con- certed for the union of Christendom against the Turks (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceed- ings, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nuncio, after remaining nearly a year and a half in England, gave up his mission as hopeless and recrossed the Channel. But at Calais the Earl of Warwick, who was governor there, won him over to the cause of the Duke of York. Bourchier Bourchier He recrossed the Channel with the Earls of Warwick, March, and Salisbury, giving their enterprise the sanction of the church. Bour- chier met them at Sandwich with his cross borne before them. A statement of the Yorkist grievances had been forwarded to him by the earls before their coming, and apparently he had done his best to publish it. Accompanied by a great multitude, the earls, the legate, and the archbishop passed on to London, which opened its gates to them on 2 July 1460. Next day there was a convocation of the clergy at St. Paul's, at which the earls presented them- selves before the archbishop, declared their grievances, and swore upon the cross of St. Thomas of Canterbury that they had no de- signs against the king. The political situation was discussed by the bishops and clergy, and it was resolved that the archbishop and five of his suffragans should go with the earls to the king at Northampton and use their efforts for a peaceful settlement. Eight days later was fought the battle of Northampton, at which Henry was taken prisoner. The archbishop, as agreed upon in convocation, accompanied the earls upon their march from London, and sent a bishop to the king to explain their attitude ; but the bishop (of whose name we are not informed) acted in a totally different spirit and encouraged the king's party to fight. When the Duke of York came over from Ireland later in the year and challenged the crown in parliament, the archbishop came up to him and asked if he would not first come and pay his respects to the king. * I do not remember,' he replied, l that there is any one in this kingdom who ought not rather to come and pay his respects to me.' Bourchier immediately withdrew to report this answer to Henry. When, after the second battle of St. Albans, the queen was threatening Lon- don, the archbishop had betaken himself to Canterbury, awaiting better news with the young Bishop of Exeter, George Nevill, whom the Yorkists had appointed lord chancellor. Bourchier, though he had shown in the house of peers that he did not favour York's repudiation of allegiance, could not possibly sympathise with the disturbance of a parlia- mentary settlement and the renewal of strife and tumult. From this time, at all events, he was a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke of York's eldest son came up to London and called a council at his residence of Baynard's Castle on 3 March, he was among the lords who attended and agreed that Edward was now rightful king. On 28 June he set the crown upon Edward's head. Four years later, on Sunday after Ascension day (26 May) 1465, he also crowned his queen, Elizabeth Woodville. VOL. vr. For some years nothing more is known of the archbishop's life except that Edward IV petitioned Pope Paul II to make him a car- dinal in 1465, and it appears that he was actually named by that pope accordingly on Friday, 18 Sept. 1467. But some years elapsed before the red hat was sent and his title of cardinal was acknowledged in England. In 1469 the pope wrote to the king promising that it should be sent very shortly ; but the unsettled state of the country, and the new revolution which for half a year restored Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed its transmission still further, and it was only sent by the succeeding pope, Sixtus IV, in 1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May. By this time the archbishop had given further proofs of his devotion to Edward. He and his brother, whom the king had created earl of Essex after his coronation, not only raised troops for his restoration in 1471, but were mediators with the Duke of Clarence before his arrival in England, and succeeded in winning him over again to his brother's cause. After the king was again peacefully settled on his throne he went on pilgrimage to Canterbury at Michaelmas, ap- rrently to attend the jubilee of St. Thomas Becket, which, but for the state of- the country, would have been held in the pre- ceding" year. Edward had visited Canter- bury before, soon after the coronation of his queen, and bestowed on the cathedral a window representing Becket's martyrdom, of which, notwithstanding its destruction in the days of Henry VIII, some fragments are still visible. Bourchier was hospitable after the fashion of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can- terbury an eastern patriarch, who is believed to have been Peter II of Antioch. In 1455 the year after he became archbishop he had purchased of Lord Saye and Sele the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, which he converted into a castellated mansion and bequeathed to the see of Canterbury. It re- mained as a residence for future archbishops till Cranmer gave it up to Henry VIII. Here Bourchier entertained much company, among whom men of letters like Botoner and patrons of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor- cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians like Hambois, Taverner, and others. That he was a promoter of the introduction of printing into England, even before the date of Caxton's first work, rests only on the evi- dence of a literary forgery published in the seventeenth century. In 1475 Bourchier was one of the four arbitrators to whom the differences between England and France were referred by the Bourchier 18 Bourchier peace of Amiens (RYMEK, xii. 16). In 1480, feeling the effects of age, he appointed as his suffragan William Westkarre, titular bishop of Sidon. In 1483, after the death of Ed- ward IV, he was again called on to take part in public affairs in a way that must have been much to his own discomfort. He went at the head of a deputation from the council to the queen-dowager in sanctuary at West- minster, and persuaded her to deliver up her second son Richard, duke of York, to the keeping of his uncle, the protector, to keep company with his brother, Edward V, then holding state as sovereign in the Tower. The cardinal pledged his own honour so strongly for the young duke's security that the queen at last consented. Within three weeks of the time that he thus pledged himself for the good faith of the protector he was called on to officiate at the coronation of Richard III ! That he should have thus lent himself as an instrument to the usurper must appear all the more melancholy when we consider that in 1471 he had taken the lead among the peers of England (as being the first subject in the realm) in swearing allegiance to Edward, prince of Wales, as heir to the throne (Parl. Rolls, vi. 234). But perhaps we may overestimate the weakness involved in such conduct, not considering the speci- ous plea on which young Edward's title was set aside, and the winning acts and plausible manners which for the moment had made Richard highly popular. The murder of the princes had not yet taken place, and the attendance of noblemen at Richard's corona- tion was as full as it ever had been on any similar occasion. After the murder a very different state of feeling arose in the nation, and the cardinal, who had pledged his word for the safety of the princes, could not but have shared that feeling strongly. How far he entered into the conspiracies against Richard III we do not know, but doubtless he was one of those who rejoiced most sin- cerely in the triumph of Henry VII at Bosworth. Within little more than two months of that victory he crowned the new king at Westminster. One further act of great solemnity it was left for him to accomplish, and it formed the fitting close to the career of a great peace- maker. On 18 Jan. 1486 he married Henry VII to Elizabeth of York, thus joining the red rose and the white and taking away all occasion for a renewal of civil war. He died at Knowle on 6 April following, and was buried in his own cathedral. [W. Wyrcester; Contin. Hist.deEpp. Wygorn., and Hist. Eliensis in Wharton's Anglia Sacra ; Nicolas's Privy Council Proceedings, vol. vi.; An English Chronicle, ed. Davies (Camclen Society) ; Registrum Johannis Whethamstede (Eolls ed.) ; Hearne's Fragment, Fleetwood, and Warkworth (three authorities which may be conveniently consulted together in one volume, though very ill edited, entitled ' Chronicles of the White Rose ') ; Paston Letters ; Polydore Vergil ; Hall ; Pii Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino compositi, 161 (ed. 1584); Rolls of Parliament; More's Hist, of Richard III; Loci e Libro Veritatum (Grascoigne), ed. Rogers; Babington's Introduc- tion to Pecock's Represser ; Brown's Venetian Calendar, i. 90, 91. A valuable modern life of Bourchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G-. BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?), was a friar of the Observant order of the Fran- ciscans. He was probably educated at Mag- dalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of his having graduated in that university. When Queen Mary attempted to re-esta- blish the friars in England, Bourchier be- came a member of the new convent at Green- wich ; but at that queen's death he left the country. After spending some years in Paris, where the theological faculty of the Sor- bonne conferred on him the degree of doctor, he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the church of S. Maria di Ara Caeli, and subse- quently became penitentiary in the church of S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits, his biographer, speaks of having sometimes seen him. He wrote several books, but the only one that survives is the i Historia Ecclesiastica de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia tempore Elizabethse regnantis Reginse, idque ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum prsesen- tem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is dated from Paris, ' ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan. 1582. The book was very popular among catholics, and other editions were brought out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in 1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of his works was a treatise entitled ' Oratio doc- tissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gon- zagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conven- tus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This was published under the name of Thomas Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have been an alias of Bourchier. Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans, calls him, in his supplementary volume, 1 Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero An- glice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis autem Beccaro ' (an alternative form of ajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con- vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour- 3hier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S. )lara and Parkinson, the author of ' Collec- inea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two listinct persons, who both took their degree " D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers however, of no better authority than /'adding. Another treatise by Bourchier, ( De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur juod a saecularibus judicari non debeant,' is lentioned by Wadding as in his possession, ut only in manuscript ; this was written at 'aris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno- the 'Censura Orient alis Ecclesiae de ;ipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,' which fas published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour- chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about 1586. [Pits, De AngliaeScriptoribus, 789; "Wadding's Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl. ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's Athene Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ; Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran- jiscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat. Min. 48-55.] C. T. M. BOURDIEU, ISAAC DU. [See Du BOTJRDIETJ.] BOURDIEU, JEAN DTI. [See Du BOFRDIETJ.] BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811-1883), Madras civil servant, was the second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon, vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon- shire. He was educated partly by his father, and partly at a school at Ramsgate ; having been nominated to an Indian writership, he proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828, and in the following year to Madras. After serving in various subordinate appointments in the provinces, he was appointed secretary to the board of revenue, and eventually in 1854 secretary to government in the depart- ments of revenue and public works. Bour- dillon had previously been employed upon an important commission appointed under in- structions of the late court of directors to report upon the system of public works in the Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major {now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu- tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B., of the Madras artillery. The report of the commission, which was written by Bourdillon, enforces in clear and vigorous language the enormous importance of works of irrigation, and of improved communications for the pre- vention of famines and the development of the country. The writer's accurate know- ledge of details and breadth of view render the report one of the most valuable state papers ever issued by an Indian government. Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise on the ryotwar system of land revenue, which exposed a considerable amount of prevalent misapprehension as to the principles and practical working of that system. Working in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir Thomas Py croft, he was instrumental in ef- fecting reforms in the transaction of public business, both in the provinces and at the presidency. He especially helped to improve the method of reporting the proceedings of the local government to the government of India and to the secretary of state, which for some years put Madras at the head of all the Indian governments in respect of the thorough- ness with which its business was conducted and placed before the higher authorities. Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he was compelled to leave India, and to retire from the public service at a time when the reputation which he had achieved would in all probability have secured his advancement to one of the highest posts in the Indian service. To the last he devoted much time and attention to Indian questions, occasion- ally contributing to the ' Calcutta Review,' and interesting himself among other matters in the questions of provincial finance and of the Indian currency. He revised for the late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May 1883. [Madras Civil List; Eeport of the Madras Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church of Scotland Mission Press, 1856 ; family papers and personal knowledge.] A. J. A. BOURGEOIS, SIR PETER FRANCIS (1756-1811), painter, is said to have been descended from a family of some importance in Switzerland. His father was a watch- maker, residing in London at the time of his birth. He was intended for the army, and Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a commission, but he preferred to be an artist, and was encouraged in his choice of profes- sion by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De Loutherbourg was his master, and he early acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter. In 1776 he set out on a tour through France, Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810, the year before his death, he exhibited 103 pictures at the Royal Academy and five at the British Institution. In 1787 he was elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem- ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow- ing year he was appointed landscape-painter to George III. c2 Bourke 20 Bourke Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanis- laus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed him his painter and conferred on him the honour of a knight of the order of Merit, and his title was confirmed by George III. Although he appears to have been successful as a painter, he owed much of his good for- tune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer, who was employed by Stanislaus to collect works of art, which ultimately remained on his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desen- fans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his death inherited what, with some pictures added by himself, is no\v known as the Dul- wich Gallery. He died from a fall from his horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed 371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,0001. campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he- was posted to the staff of the army in Por- tugal as assistant quartermaster-general, and on account of his knowledge of Spanish was sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the head- quarters of Don Gregorio Cuesta, the com- mander-in-chief of the Spanish army. From 30 May to 28 June 1809 he fulfilled his diffi- cult mission to Wellesley's entire satisfaction, and then for some unexplained reason resigned his post on the staff and returned to England. He was again sent, on account of his know- ledge of Spanish, on a detached mission to Galicia in 1812. He was gazetted an assistant quartermaster-general, and stationed at Co- runna, whence he sent up provisions and ammunition to the front, and acted in general as military resident in Galicia. At the con- to provide for the maintenance of the collec- j elusion of the war he was promoted colonel --''-* Jl ' and made a C.B. He was promoted major- general in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor of the eastern district of the Cape of Good Hope from 1825 to 1828, when he returned to England. In 1829 he edited, with Lord Fitzwilliam, the ' Correspondence ' of Ed- mund Burke, whom he had often visited at Beaconsfield in his own younger days. In 1831 he was appointed governor of New South Wales in succession to General Dar- ling. When Bourke arrived he found the colony divided into two parties. The emancipists, or freed convicts,had been encouraged byGeneral Macquarie to believe that the colony existed for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Bris- bane and Darling had been entirely governed by the wealthy emigrants and poor adven- turers, and given all power to the party of the exclusivists or pure merinos. General Darling had behaved injudiciously, and had got into much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi- tion of absolute impartiality to both parties. He freed the press at once from all restrictions ; and though himself foully abused, he would not use his position to interfere. Still more important was his encouragement of emigra- tion. Under his influence a regular scheme of emigration was established, evidence was. taken in Australia and issued in England by the first Emigration Society, which was. established in London in 1833, and means were provided for bringing over emigrants by selling the land in the colony at a mini- mum price. He succeeded in carrying what is known as Sir Eichard Bourke's Church Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular, and he became still more so by his travels, throughout the inhabited part of his vice- . kingdom. He was made a K.C.B. in 1835. He resigned his governorship on 6 Dec. 1837, after six years of office, on being reprimanded tion, and 2,000/. to repair and beautify the west wing and gallery of the college. The members of the college, however, determined to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs. Desenfans contributed 6,000/. apiece for this purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Soane as the architect of the present buildings, which were commenced in the year of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mau- soleum for his remains and those of Mr. and Mrs. Desenfans. Although Bourgeois generally painted land- scapes, he attempted history and portrait. Amongst his pictures were ' Hunting a Tiger,' Mr. Kemble as ' Coriolanus,' and ' A Detach- ment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty- two of his own works were included in his bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides landscapes, may now be seen ' A Friar kneel- ing before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,' and a portrait of himself. Though an artist of taste and versatility, his works fail to sus- tain the reputation which they earned for him when alive. [Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves) ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818 ; Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.] C. M. BOURKE, SIB RICHARD (1777-1855), colonial governor, was the only son of John Bourke of Dromsally, a relation of Edmund Burke, and was born in Dublin on 4 May 1777. He was originally educated for the bar, and was more than twenty-one when he was gazetted an ensign in the 1st or Grenadier guards on 22 Nov. 1798. He served in the expedition to the Helder, when he was shot through the jaws at the battle of Bergen, and was proiroted lieutenant and captain on 25 Nov. 1799. As quartermaster- general he served with Auchmuty's force at Monte Video, and on the conclusion of the Bourke 21 Bourke by the secretary of state on account of his dismissal of a Mr. Riddell from the executive council. The sorrow at his departure was genuine, and money was at once raised to erect a statue to him. ' He was the most popular governor who ever presided over the colonial affairs' (BKAIM, History of New South Wales, i. 275). On returning home to Ireland Bourke spent nearly twenty years at his country seat, Thornfield, near Limerick. He was \ promoted lieutenant-general, and appointed colonel of the 64th regiment in 1837, served of it (' St. Petersburg and Moscow : A Visit to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South- well Bourke, Esq.,' 2 vols., Henry Colburn, 1846), which gave evidence of acute observa- tion, and met with considerable success. In 1847 he took an active part in the relief of the sufferers from the Irish famine. At the general election in the same year he was elected to parliament as one of the members for the county of Kildare. In the following year he married Miss Blanche Wyndham, daughter of the first Lord Leconfield. In 1849 his grand uncle died, and his father suc- the office of high sheriff of the county of ceeding to the earldom, he assumed the cour- 1 tesy title of Lord Naas. In 1852 he was appointed chief secretary for Ireland in Lord Derby's administration, and held the same office during the subsequent conservative ad- ministrations which came into power in 1858 and 1866, retaining it on the last occasion until his appointment as viceroy and gover- nor-general of India shortly before the fall of Mr. Disraeli's government. He succeeded to the Irish earldom on the death of his father in 1867. During all these years Lord Mayo had a seat in the House of Commons, serving as member for Kildare county from 1847 to 1852, for the Irish borough of Coleraine from 1852 to 1857, and for the English borough of Cockermouth during the remainder of his parliamentary life. His politics were those of a moderate conservative. His policy was Limerick in 1839, and was promoted general in 1851. He died suddenly, at the age of .seventy-eight, at Thornfield, on 13 Aug. 1855. [Gent. Mag. 1855, p. 428; Eoyal Military Calendar. For his Australian government con- sult Braim's History of New South Wales, from its Settlement to the Close of 1844, 2 vols. 1846 ; Lang's Historical and Statistical Account of the Colony of New South Wales, from the Foundation of the Colony to the Present Day, 1834, 1837, 1852, 1875; Flanagan's History of New South Wales, 2 vols. 1862.] H. M. S. BOURKE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL, sixth EAEL or MAYO (1822-1872), viceroy and governor-general of India, was the eldest son of Robert Bourke, fifth earl of Mayo, who succeeded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1849. he earls of Mayo, like the earls and mar- quises of Clanricarde, are said to have de- scended from William Fitzadelm de Borgo, who succeeded Strongbow in the government of Ireland in 1066. Richard, the eldest of j ten brothers and sisters, was born in Dublin on 21 Feb. 1822, and spent his earlier years at Hayes, a country house belonging to the family in the county of Meath. He was edu- cated at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity College, Dublin, where, without going into residence, he took an ordinary degree. His father was a strong evangelical. His mother, Anne Jocelyn, a granddaughter of the first Earl of Roden, was a woman of considerable culture, of deep religious feelings, and of strong common sense. Brought up amidst the sports of country life he became a clever shot, an accomplished rider, and a good swimmer. While an undergraduate he spent much of his time at Palmerstown and in London with his granduncle, the fourth Earl of Mayo, whom Praed described as A courtier of the nobler sort, A Christian of the purer school, Tory when whigs are great at court, And protestant when papists rule. ^ In 1845 he made a tour in Russia, and after Iiis return to England published an account eminently conciliatory, combined with un- flinching firmness in repressing sedition and crime. While opposed to any measure for disestablishing the protestant church in Ireland, he was in favour of granting public money to other institutions, whether catholic or protestant, without respect of creed, ' esta- blished for the education, relief, or succour of his fellow-countrymen.' His view was that no school, hospital, or asylum should languish because of the religious teaching it afforded, or because of the religion of those who supported it. His opinions on these questions and on the land question were very fully stated in a speech made by him in the House of Commons on 10 March 1868, in which he propounded a policy which has been often described as the ' levelling-up policy,' involving the establish- ment of a Roman catholic university, and such changes in ecclesiastical matters as would meet the just claims of the Roman catholic portion of the community. He was in favour of securing for tenants compensation for im- provements effected by themselves, of pro- viding for increased powers of improvement by limited owners, and of written contracts in supersession of the system of parole tenancies. Lord Mavo's views on all these matters met Bourke 22 Bourke with full support from his political chief, Mr. Disraeli, who, when announcing to the Buck- inghamshire electors the appointment of his friend to the office of viceroy and governor- general of India, declared that ' a state of affairs so dangerous was never encountered with greater firmness, but at the same time with greater magnanimity.' ' Upon that no- bleman, for his sagacity, for his judgment, fine temper, and knowledge of men, her ma- jesty has been pleased to confer the office of viceroy of India, and as viceroy of India I believe he will earn a reputation that his country will honour.' The resignation of the ministry had actually taken place before the governor-generalship became vacant ; but the appointment was not interfered with by Mr. Gladstone's government, and Lord Mayo was sworn in as governor-general at Calcutta on 12 Jan. 1869. Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of the government of India and of the subordi- nate governments had been mainly devoted to internal administrative improvements, and to the development of the resources of the country. With the exception of the Orissa famine no serious crisis had taxed the ener- gies or the resources of the state, and Lord Mayo received the government in a condition of admirable efficiency, with no arrears of current work (SiR JOHN STKACHEY'S Minute on the Administration of the Earl of Mayo, 30 April 1872). But clear as the official file was, and tranquil as was the condition of the empire, several questions of first-rate impor- tance speedily engaged the consideration of the new viceroy. Of these the most important were the relations of the government of India with the foreign states on its borders, and especially with Afghanistan, and the con- dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding the vigilant supervision of the late viceroy, was not altogether satisfactory. The condition of Afghanistan from the time of the death of the amir, Dost Muham- mad Khan, in 1863, up to a few months before Lord Mayo's accession to office, had been one of constant intestine war, three of the sons of the late amir disputing the suc- cession in a series of sanguinary struggles which had lasted for five years. Sir John Lawrence had from the first declined to aid any one of the combatants in this internecine strife, adhering to the policy of recognising the de facto ruler, and at one time two de facto rulers, when one of the brothers had made himself master of Cabul and Candahar, and the other held Herat. At length, in the autumn of 1868. Shir Ali Khan having suc- ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was officially recognised by the governor-general as sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan,, and was presented with a gift of 20,000/. r accompanied by a promise of 100,000/. more. It was also arranged that the amir should visit India, and should be received by the viceroy with the honours due to the ruler of Afghanistan. This position of affairs had been brought to the notice of Lord Mayo before his departure from England. While fully realising the difficulties by which the whole question was encompassed, he appears- to have entertained some doubts as to the- policy which so long had tolerated anarchy in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of the final decision to aid the re-establishment of settled government in that country, he lost no time on his arrival in giving effect to the promises of his predecessor. A meeting with the amir took place at Amballa in March 1869. The amir had come to India bent upon obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a treaty laying upon the British government an obligation to support the Afghan govern- ment in any emergency, and the recognition by the government of India of his younger son, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the- exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan. None of these requests were complied with. But the amir received from Lord Mayo emphatic assurances of the desire of the government of India for the speedy consoli- dation of his power, and of its determination to respect the independence of Afghanistan. He was encouraged to communicate fre- quently and fully with the government of India and its officers. Public opinion dif- fered as to the success of the meeting. The intimation that the government of India would treat with displeasure any attempt of the amir's rivals to rekindle civil war was by some regarded as going too far, and by others as not going far enough ; but the pre- valent view was that good had been done, and that Shir Ali had returned to Cabul well satisfied with the result of his visit. On the general question of the attitude of the British government towards the adjoining foreign states, Lord Mayo held that while British interests and influence in Asia were best secured by a policy of non-interference in the affairs of such states, we could not safely maintain Bowyer handsome folios of * Domesday Book,' which were not completed until 1783. He died on 18 Nov. 1777, aged 77. Most of his learned pamphlets, essays, prefaces, corrections, and notes have been reprinted as ' Miscellaneous Tracts by the late William Bowyer . . . col- lected and illustrated with notes by John Nichols, F.S.L. Edin.,' London, 1785, 4to, pp. 712. Bowyer was a man of very small stature, and in the jeux $ esprit of his day we find him called 'the little man,' roviding new buildings, but served to esta- )lish some bursaries. His bust, well known to many generations of students, stood in a niche of the quadrangle which was built with his bequest, until a few years ago the university deserted those buildings and moved to its present situation, where the bust is still preserved in the library. Boyd served the offices of dean of faculty, rector, and vice- chancellor in the university during several years. His printed prose works appeared between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical works between 1640 and 1652. < The Battell of the Soul in Death ' (1629), dedicated to Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta Maria, while the second volume contains a de- dicatory letter to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, on the death of her son Frederick, is a sort of prose manual for the sick. About 1640 Boydell 104 Boydell he published a poem on General Lesly's vic- tory at Newburn, which is marked by the utmost extravagance and absurdity of lan- guage and of metaphor. In 1640 he pub- lished 'Four Letters of Comforts for the deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord Boyd.' The ' Psalms of David in Meeter,' with metrical versions of the songs of the Old and New Testament, was published in 1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd, preserved in Glasgow University, are very voluminous, and some extracts have been published as curiosities. The chief portions are the ' Four Evangels ' in verse, and a col- lection of poetical stories, taken chiefly from Bible history, which he calls * Zion's Flowers,' and which, having been commonly called ' Boyd's Bible,' gave currency to the idea that he had translated the whole Bible. The stories are often absurd enough in style and treatment, but the general notion of their absurdities has been exaggerated from the fact that they were abundantly parodied by those whose object was to caricature the presbyterian style which Boyd represented. He seems to have been inclined to oppose the policy of the royalist party even in earlier days ; for though he wrote a Latin ode on the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in 1633, his dedication of the ' Battell of the Soul ' to the king contained what must have been taken as a reflection on the want of strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church. In later years he became a staunch cove- nanter, but did not relish the triumph of Cromwell. In 1650 he preached before Crom- well in the cathedral, and, as we are told, 1 railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom- well's secretary, would have called him to account, but Cromwell took means to pay him back more effectually in kind by inviting him to dine and then treating him to three hours of prayers. After that, we are told, Boyd found himself on better terms with the Protector. Reflecting many of the oddities and absurdities of style which were charac- teristic of his time, Boyd seems nevertheless to have been a man of considerable energy and shrewdness, and to have won a fair amount of contemporary popularity as an author. [Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin. 1878; Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, by Z. B., with introductory notice by Gr. Neil, Glasgow, 1855 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death, Edin. 1629.] H. C. BOYDELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en- graver, print publisher, and lord mayor, was born at Dorrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan. 1719. His father, Josiah, was a land surveyor, and his mother's maiden name was Millies. His grandfather was the Rev. J. Boydell, D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple - ton in Derbyshire. Boydell was brought up to his father's profession, but when about one-and-twenty he appears to have aban- doned it in favour of art. He walked up to London, became a student in the St. Martin's Lane academy, and apprenticed himself to W. H. Toms, the engraver. The year of his apprenticeship is stated by himself to have been 1741, but in another place he says that he bound himself apprentice when ' within a few months of twenty-one years of age.' It is said that he was moved to do this by his admiration of a print by Toms, after Bades- lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his own statement engraved upon his first print that he ' never saw an engraved copper-plate before he came on trial.' This first print, which was begun immediately on being bound apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le Bas after Teniers. He soon began to publish on his own account small landscapes, which he produced in sets of six and sold for six- pence. One of these was known as his ' Bridgebook ' because there was a bridge in each view. As there were few print-shops at that time in London, he induced the sellers of toys to expose them in their windows, and his most successful shop was at the sign of the Cricket-bat in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates are included in the collection of his engravings which he published in 1790, and the earliest date to be found on any of them is 1744. In the next year he appears to have commenced the publication, at the price of one shilling each, of larger views about London, Oxford, and other places in England and Wales, drawn and engraved by himself. This prac- tice he continued with success for about ten years, by which time he had amassed a small capital. This was the foundation of his for- tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790 in the British Museum, which was presented by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp- tor), is preserved an autograph note, in which he calls it ' The only book that had the ho- nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.' In the * advertisement ' or preface to the volume he speaks of his master Toms as one 1 who had himself never risen to any degree of perfection,' and adds, 'indeed at that period there was no engraver of any emi- nence in this country.' Of his own engrav- ings he speaks with proper humility, for beyond a certain neatness of execution they have little merit. ' The engraver has now collected them,' he wrote, l more to show the improvement of art in this country, since Boydell 105 Boydell the period of their publication, than from any idea of their own merits.' Though not altogether relinquishing the burin till about 1767, he had long before this commenced his career as a printseller and a publisher of the works of other en- gravers. After serving six years with Toms, he purchased the remainder of his term of apprenticeship, and the success of his prints, especially of a volume of views in England and Wales, published in 1751, enabled him to set up in business on his own account. The first engraving of great importance pro- duced under his encouragement was Wool- lett's plate after Wilson's ( Niobe,' published in 1761. This was also (with the exception of Hogarth's prints) the first important en- graving by a British engraver after a British painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Wool- lett appended to ' Nollekens and his Times,' recounts the history of this plate as told him by Boydell. ' When I got a little forward in the world,' said Boydell, 'I took a whole shop, for at my commencement I kept only half a one. In the course of one year I imported numerous impressions of Vernet's celebrated " Storm," so admirably engraved by Lerpi- niere ; for which I was obliged to pay in hard cash, as the French took none of our prints in return. Upon Mr. Woollett's ex- pressing himself highly delighted with this Erint of the " Storm," I was induced, knowing is ability as an engraver, to ask him if he thought he could produce a print of the same size, which I could send over, so that in future I could avoid payment in money, and prove to the French nation that an English- man could produce a print of equal merit ; upon which he immediately declared that he should much like to try.' The result was the print of ' Niobe,' for which Boydell agreed to pay 100/., ' an un- heard of price, being considerably more than I had given for any copperplate.' He had, however, to advance the engraver more than this before the plate was finished. Very few proofs were struck off, and 5s. only was charged for the prints ; but the work brought Boydell 2,000/. It was followed by the ' Phaeton,' also engraved by Woollett, after Wilson, and published by Boydell in 1763. These prints had a large sale on the con- tinent, with which an enormous trade in English engravings was soon established. BoydelFs enterprise increased with his capi- tal, and he continued to employ the latter in encouraging English talent. In the list of engravers employed by him are the names of Woollett, M'Ardell, Hall, Earlom, Sharpe, Heath, J. Smith, Val. Green, and other Englishmen, and a large proportion of the prints he published were, from the first, after Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English painters. His foreign trade spread the fame of English engravers and English painters abroad for the first time. The receipts from some of the plates, especially the engravings by Woollett after West's ' Death of General Wolfe,' and ' Battle of La Hogue,' were enormous. In 1790 he stated the receipts from the former amounted to 15,000/. Both were copied by the best engravers in Paris and Vienna. In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon- don, having been elected alderman for the ward of Cheap in 1782, and served sheriff in 1785. During his career as a print pub- lisher the course of the foreign trade in prints was turned from an import to an ex- port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf- folk in the House of Lords that the revenue coming into this country from this branch of art at one time exceeded 200,000/. per annum. Having amassed a large fortune, Boydell in 1786 embarked upon the most important enterprise of his life, viz. the pub- lication, by subscription, of a series of prints illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures painted expressly for the work by English ar- tists. For this purpose he gave commissions to all the most celebrated painters of this country for pictures, and built a gallery in Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution of this project extended over several years. In 1789 the Shakespeare Gallery contained thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in 1802 one hundred and sixty-two, of which eighty-four were of large size. The total number of works executed was 170, three of which were pieces of sculpture, and the artists employed were thirty-three painters and two sculptors, Thomas Banks and the Hon. Mrs. Darner. It appears from the preface to the cata- logue of 1789, and from other recorded state- ments of Boydell, that he wished to do for Eng- lish painting what he had done for English engraving, to make it respected by foreigners, and there is independent evidence of the generous spirit in which he conducted the enterprise. Northcote, in a letter addressed to Mrs. Carey, 3 Oct. 1821, says : * My picture of " The Death of Wat Tyler " was painted in the year 1786 for my friend and patron Alderman Boydell, who did more for the ad- vancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of nobility put together. He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall ever hold in reverence.' Boydell's l Shakespeare ' was published in 1802, but the French revolution had stopped his foreign trade, and placed him in such Boydell 106 Boydell serious financial difficulties that in 1804 he was obliged to apply to parliament for permis- sion to dispose of his property by lottery. This property was very considerable. In the pre- vious year Messrs. Boydell had published a catalogue of their stock in forty-eight volumes, which comprised no less than 4,432 plates, of which 2,293 were after English artists. In a letter read to the House of Commons Boy- dell wrote : 'I have laid out with my brethren, in promoting the commerce of the fine arts in this country, above 350,000/.' In his printed lottery scheme it is stated that it had been proved before both houses of parliament that the plates from which the prize prints were taken cost upwards of 300,000/., his pictures and drawings 46,266/., and the Shakespeare Gallery upwards of 30,000/. The lottery consisted of 22,000 tickets, all of which were sold. The sum received enabled Boydell to pay his debts, but he died at his house in Cheapside on 12 Dec. 1804, before the lottery was drawn. This was done on 28 Jan. 1805, when the chief prize, which included the Shakespeare Gallery, pictures and estate, fell to Mr. Tassie, nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos in glass, who sold the property by auction. The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon. Mrs. Darner realised 6,181 1. 18s. 6d. The gallery was purchased by the British Insti- tution, and Banks's 'Apotheosis of Shake- speare ' was reserved for a monument over the remains of Boydell. This piece of sculp- ture, however, after remaining for many years in its original position over the en- trance to the gallery, has now been removed to Stratford-upon-Avon. Although Boydell appears to have been responsible for an imposition on the public in regard to Woollett's print of < The Death of General Wolfe/ the entire property of which fell into his hands after the engraver's death the plate was repaired and unlettered proofs printed and sold his career was one of well-won honour and success, until the French revolution marred his prosperity. His influence in encouraging native art in England was great, and salutary, assuming proportions of national importance. It is true that the Boydell ' Shakespeare,' taken as a whole, seems now to shed little lustre on the English school, but this was not Boy- dell's fault ; he employed the best artists he could get Reynolds, Stothard, Smirke, Rom- ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of Derby, Angelica Kauffman, Westall, Hamil- ton, and others. It must also be remembered that this was the first great effort of the kind ever made by English artists, and its influ- ence cannot easily be overestimated. Boy- dell deserves great credit for his patriotism, generosity to artists, and public spirit. To the corporation of London he presented the frescoes by Rigaud on the cupola of the com- mon-council chamber, and many other paint- ings, including Reynolds's ' Lord Heathfield ;' to the Stationers' Company, West's ' Alfred the Great ' and Graham's ' Escape of Mary Queen of Scots.' It was his intention, before the reverse of his fortunes, to bequeath the Shakespeare gallery of paintings to the na- tion. In 1748 he married Elizabeth Lloyd, second daughter of Edward Lloyd of the Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire, by whom he had no issue. He was buried at St. Olave's, Coleman Street. [Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Redgrave's Diet. o-. Artists (1878) ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves, now in course of publication) ; Annual Eeg. (1804) ; Gent. Mag. (1804); Hayley's Life of Eomney; Nollekens and his Times; Pye's Patronage of British Art ; A Collection of Views in England and Wales by J. B. (1790) ; Shakespeare's Dra- matic Works revised by Steevens, with plates, 9 vols. (1802) ; A Description of several Pictures presented to the Corporation of London by J. B. (1794); Catalogues of Pictures in Shakespeare Gallery (1789-1802); Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249.] C. M. BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752-1817), painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan. 1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art and his capacity in design, he was sent to Lon- don and placed under the care and patronage of his uncle, whose partner and successor he eventually became. He drew from the an- tique, studied painting under Benjamin West, and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boy- dell undertook the publication of the series of engravings from the famous Houghton collection previous to its removal to thb Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his nephew and Joseph Farington to make the necessary drawings from the pictures for the use of the engravers. Boydell painted seve- ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal- lery, and exhibited portraits and historical subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772 and 1799. He resided for some time at Hampstead, and during the French war as- sisted in forming the corps known as the Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but ill-health compelled him to resign this latter office within a few years. During the latter part of his life he resided at Halliford, Middle- Boyer 107 Boyer sex, and lie died there on 27 March 1817. He was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his principal paintings may be mentioned : a por- trait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by Valentine Green : a portrait of his wife, when Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhi- bited in 1773 ; and * Coriolanus taking leave of : his Family/ also exhibited in 1773. He engraved some excellent plates in mezzo- tinto : ' Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rem- brandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo Maratti ; ' The Virgin and Child,' after Par- migiano ; ' Charles I,' after A. van Dyck. [Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410 ; MS. notes in the British Museum.] L. F. BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), miscella- neous writer, was born on 24 June 1667, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, where his father, who suffered for his protestant zeal, was one of the two consuls or chief magistrates. Boyer's education at the academy of Puylaurens was interrupted by the religious disturbances, and leaving France with an uncle, a noted Hugue- not preacher, he finished his studies at Frane- ker in Friesland, after a brief episode, it is said, of military service in Holland. Proceeding to England in 1689 he fell into great poverty, and is represented as transcribing and pre- paring for the press Dr. Thomas Smith's edition of Camden's Latin correspondence (London, 1691). A good classical scholar, Boyer became in"1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst, afterwards first Earl Bathurst, whose father Sir Benjamin was treasurer of the household of the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. Pro- bably through this connection he was ap- pointed French teacher to her son William, duke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared and to whom he dedicated ' The Complete French Master,' published in 1694. Disap- pointed of advancement on account of his zeal for whig principles, he abandoned tuition for authorship. In December 1 699 he produced on the London stage, with indifferent success, a modified translation in blank verse of Racine's ' Iphigenie,' which was published in 1700 as ' Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a tragedy written by Mr. Boyer.' A second edition of it appeared in 1714 as ' The Victim, or Achilles and Iphigenia in Aulis,' in an ' advertisement' prefixed to which Boyer stated that in its first form it had ' passed the correction and appro- bation ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the Hague the work which has made Boyer's a familiar name, his ' Dictionnaire Royal Fran- cais et Anglais, divisS en deux parties,' osten- sibly composed for the use of the Duke of Glou- cester, then dead. It was much superior to every previous work of the kind, and has been the basis of very many subsequent French- English dictionaries ; the last English un- abridged edition is that of 1816 ; the edition published at Paris in 1860 is stated to be the 41st. For the English-French section Boyer claimed the merit of containing a more com- plete English dictionary than any previous one, the English words and idioms in it being defined and explained as well as accompanied by their French equivalents. In the French preface to the whole work Boyer said that 1,000 English words not in any other English dictionary had been added to his by Richard Savage, whom he spoke of as his friend, and who assisted him in several of his French manuals and miscellaneous compilations and translations published subsequently. Among the English versions of French works exe- cuted in whole or in part by Boyer was a popular translation of Fenelon's { Tel6maque,' of which a twelfth edition appeared in 1728. In 1702 Boyer published a ' History of William III,' which included one of James II, and in 1703 he began to issue t The History of the Reign of Queen Anne digested into annals,' a yearly register of political and mis- cellaneous occurrences, containing several plans and maps illustrating the military operations of the war of the Spanish succes- sion. Before the last volume, the eleventh, of this work appeared in 1713, he had com- menced the publication of a monthly periodi- cal of the same kind, < The Political State of Great Britain, being an impartial account of the most material occurrences, ecclesiastical, civil, and military, in a monthly letter to a friend in Holland' (38 volumes, 1711-29). Its contents, which were those of a monthly news- paper, included abstracts of the chief political pamphlets published on both sides, and, like the ' Annals,' is, both from its form and mat- ter, very useful for reference. ' The Political State ' is, moreover, particularly noticeable as being the first periodical, issued at brief in- tervals, which contained a parliamentary chro- nicle, and in which parliamentary debates were reported with comparative regularity and with some approximation to accuracy. In the case of the House of Lords' reports various devices, such as giving only the initials of the names of the speakers, were resorted to in order to escape punishment, but in the case of the House of Commons the entire names were frequently given. According to Boyer's own account (preface to his folio History of Queen Anne, and to vol. xxxvii. of the Political State) he had been furnished by members of both houses of parliament (among whom he mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of their speeches, and he had even succeeded in becoming an occasional ' ear-witness ' of the Boyer 108 Boyes debates themselves. When he was threatened at the beginning of 1729 with arrest by the printers of the votes, whose monopoly they accused him of infringing, he asserted that for thirty years in his ' History of King William/ his ' Annals/ and in his ' Political State/ he had given reports of parliamentary debates without being molested. The threat induced him to discontinue the publication of the de- bates. He intended to resume the work, but failed to carry out his intention (see Gent. Mag. for November 1856, Autobiography of Sylvanus Urban). He died on 16 Nov. 1729, in a house which he had built for himself at Chelsea. Besides conducting the periodicals men- tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Post- boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-sheet. His connection with it ended in August 1709, through a quarrel with the proprietor, when Boyer started on his own account a ' True Post- boy/ which seems to have been short-lived. A ' Case ' which he printed in vindication of his right to use the name of ' Post-boy ' for his new venture gives some curious particu- lars of the way in which the news-sheets of the time were manufactured. Boyer was also the author of pamphlets, in one of which, ' An Account of the State and Progress of the present Negotiations of Peace/ he attacked Swift, who writes in the ' Journal to Stella ' (16 Oct. 1711), after dining with Boling- broke : f One Boyer, a French dog, has abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got him up in a messenger's hands. The secre- tary ' St. John ' promises me to swinge him. ... I must make that rogue an example for warning to others.' Boyer was discharged from custody through the intervention, he says, of Harley, to whom he boasts of having rendered services (Annals of Queen Anne, vol. for 1711, pp. 264-5). Though he professed a strict political impartiality in the conduct of his principal periodicals, Boyer was a zea- lous whig. For this reason doubtless Pope gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad ' (book ii. 413), where, under the soporific influence of Dulness, ' Boyer the state, and Law the stage gave o'er ' his crime, according to Pope's ex- planatory note, being that he was ' a volu- minous compiler of annals, political collec- tions, &c.' Of Boyer's other writings the list of those of them which are in the library of the British Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of print in its new catalogue mention may be made of his folio ' History of Queen Anne ' (1722, second edition 1735), with maps and plans illustrating Marlborough's campaigns, and ' a regular series of all the medals that were struck to commemorate the great events of this reign ; ' and the ' Memoirs of the Life and Negotiations of Sir William Temple, Bart., containing the most important occur- rences and the most secret springs of affairs in Christendom from the year 1655 to the year 1681 ; with an account of Sir W. Temple's writings/ published anonymously in 1714, second edition 1715. Boyer's latest produc- tion in composing which he seems to have been assisted by a ' Mr. J. Innes ' was ' Le Grand Theatre de 1'Honneur/ French and English, 1729, containing a dictionary of he- raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry, with engravings of the arms of the sovereign prin- ces and states of Europe. It was published by subscription and dedicated to Frederick, prince of Wales. [Boyer's "Works ; obituary notice in vol. xxxviii. of Political State, of which the Memoir in Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, is mainly a reproduction ; Haag's La France Protestante, 2nd edition, 1881; Grenest's Account of the Eng- lish Stage, ii. 166-9; Catalogue of the British Museum Library.] F. E. BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811- 1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811, entered Merchant Taylors' School in the month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident in Charterhouse Square. After a very credit- able school career extending over nearly ten years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford, having relinquished a scholarship which he had gained in the previous year at Lincoln College. He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second class in classics, his papers on history and poetry being of marked excellence. Soon afterwards he was appointed second master of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and eventually succeeded to the head-mastership, which he filled for many years. He proceeded M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford (whither he was summoned to act as ex- aminer at responsions in 1842), and among a large circle of discriminating friends, he enjoyed a high reputation for culture and scholarship. l There was not an English or Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not familiar, and from whom he could not make the most apposite quotations. With th$ best prose authors in our own and in French, and indeed other continental literature, he was thoroughly acquainted ' (AKCHDEACON HESSE Y). The fruits of his extensive read- ing and literary taste are to be seen in his published works, which evince also consider- able originality of thought, terseness of ex- pression, and felicity of illustration. The closing years of his life were largely devoted Boyle 109 Boyle to practical benevolence, in the exercise of which he was as humble as he was liberal. He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May 1879. His writings comprise: 1. 'Illustrations of the Tragedies of ^Eschylus and Sophocles, from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,' 1844. 2. ' English Repetitions, in Prose and Verse, with introductory remarks on the cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849. 3. ' Life and Books, a Record of Thought and Reading,' 1859. 4. ' Lacon in Council,' 1865. The two latter works remind one very much in their style and texture of 1 Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare. [Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon Hessey, Dr. Seth B. "Watson, and other personal friends of Mr. Boyes ; Preface and Appendix to Sermon by Rev. J. G-. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.] C. J. R. BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth EAKL OF OR- RERY in Ireland, and first BARON MARSTON, of Marston in Somersetshire (1676-1731), grandson of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.], was born at Chelsea in 1676, and suc- ceeded his brother as Earl of Orrery in 1703. Educated at Christ Church, he joined the wits engaged in a struggle with Bentley, who re- presented the scholarship of the Cambridge whigs. Sir W. Temple had made some rash statements as to the antiquity of Phalaris in a treatise on ancient and modern learning, and this was the subject of attack by Wotton, a protege" of Bentley's, in his ' Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning/ published in 1694. By way of covering Temple's defeat, the Christ Church scholars determined to publish a new edition of the epistles of Pha- laris. This was entrusted to Boyle, who, without asserting the epistles to be genuine, as Temple had done, attacked Bentley for his rudeness in having withdrawn too ab- ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's Library, which Boyle had borrowed. Bentley now added to a new edition of Wotton's ' Re- flections ' a ' Dissertation ' upon the epistles, from his own pen [see BENTLEY, RICHARD, 1662-1742J. Boyle was aided by Atterbury and Smalridge in preparing a defence, pub- lished in 1698, entitled ' Dr. Bentley's Dis- sertations .... examined.' Bentley returned to the charge and overwhelmed his opponents by the wealth of his scholarship. The dispute led to Swift's ' Battle of the Books.' Before succeeding to the peerage Boyle was elected M.P. for Huntingdon, but his return was disputed, and the violence of the discussion which took place led to his being engaged in a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley, in which he was wounded. He subsequently entered the army, and was present at the battle of Malplaquet, and in 1709 became major- general. In 1706 he had married Lady Eliza- beth Cecil, daughter of the Earl of Exeter. We find him afterwards in London, as the centre of Christ Church men there, a strong adhe- rent of the party of Harley, and a member of ' the club ' established by Swift. As envoy in Flanders he took part in the negotiations that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and was afterwards made a privy councillor and created Baron Marston. He was made a lord of the bedchamber on the accession of George I, but resigned this post on being de- prived of his military command in 1716. Swift, in the ' Four Last Years of the Queen,' adduces Orrery's support of the tory ministry as a proof that no Jacobite designs were entertained by them ; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery was thrown into the Tower for six months as being implicated in Layer's plot, and was released on bail only in consequence of Dr. Mead's certifying that continued imprison- ment was dangerous to his life. He was subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug. 1731. Besides the works above named, he wrote a comedy called 'As you find it.' The astronomical instrument, invented by Gra- ham, received from his patronage of the in- ventor the name of an ' Orrery.' [Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles ; Bentley's Dissertation ; Swift's Battle of the Books ; Biog. Brit.] H. C. BOYLE, DAVID, LORD BOYLE (1772- 1853), president of the Scottish court of ses- sion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle of Shewalton, near Irvine, the third son of John, second Earl of Glasgow, was born at Irvine on 26 July. 1772 ; was called to the Scottish bar on 14 Dec. 1793 ; was gazetted (9 May 1807), under the Duke of Portland's administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ; and in the general election of the following month was returned to the House of Commons by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a lord of session and of justiciary. He was ap- pointed lord justice clerk on 15 Oct. 1811. He was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the privy council of George IV, at whose corona- tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir Walter Scott to have shown to great advan- tage in his robes. After acting as lord justice clerk for nearly thirty years, Boyle was appointed lordjustice- general and president of the court of session, on the resignation of Charles Hope, lord Gran- ton. Boyle resigned office in May 1852, de- clining the baronetcy which was offered to Boyle no Boyle him, and retired to his estate at Shewalton, to which he had succeeded on the death of a brother in 1837. He died on 30 Jan. 1853. Boyle was always distinguished for his noble personal appearance. Sir J. W. Gordon painted full-length portraits of him for the Faculty of Advocates and for the Society of Writers to the Signet. Mr. Patrick Park also made a bust of him for the hall of the So- ciety of Solicitors before the Supreme Courts in Edinburgh. Boyle was twice married : first, on 24 Dec. 1804, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alex- ander Montgomerie of Annick, brother of the twelfth Earl of Eglintoun, who died on 14 April 1822 ; he had nine children by her, the eldest of whom, Patrick Boyle, succeeded to his estates; and secondly, on 17 July 1827, to Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of David Smythe of Methven, lord Methven, a lord of session and of justiciary, who died on 25 Dec. 1880, leaving four children. [Wood's Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ; Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent. Mag., passim ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice, 1813; Caledonian Mer- cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Feb. 1853; Edin- burgh Evening Courant and Ayr Observer, 8 Feb. 1853; Times, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1853.] A. H. G. BOYLE, HENRy, LORD CARLETON (d. 1725), politician, was the third and youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.] He sat in parliament for Tamworth from 1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University- after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton supported his opponent from 1692 to 1705, and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710. Although he was at the head of the poll at Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter year he became the chancellor of the ex- chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was made a principal secretary of state in the room of Harley. Two years later he was displaced for St. John, and the act formed one of those bold steps on the part of the tory ministry which ' almost shocked ' Swift. Boyle is generally said to have been the messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and a definite promise of preferment and the pro- spect of still greater advancement, secured the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is'said, for his good offices on this occasion, the third volume of the ' Spectator ' was dedicated to Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians no one had ' made himself more friends and fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist, was another of the men of letters whom he befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On 20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the council in Walpole's administration. He died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on 14 March 1725. He left this house, known as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales, and it was long notorious as the abode of the prince regent : the name is still per- petuated in Carlton House Terrace. The winning manners and the tact of Lord Car- leton have been highly praised. He was never guilty, so it was said by his pane- gyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any acts to injure the success of the whig cause. Swift, however, accuses him of avarice. [Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's Works ; Chalmers ; Cooper's Annals of Cam- bridge, iv. 19, 40, 47 ; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.] W. P. C. BOYLE, HENRY, EARL OF SHANNON (1682-1764), born at Castlemartyr, county Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant- colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien, daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705, Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the family estates at Castlemartyr, which had been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected knight of the shire for Cork, and married Catherine, daughter of-Chidley Coote. After her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative, Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That nobleman entrusted the management of his estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much enhanced their value, and carried out and promoted extensive improvements in his dis- trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself in parliament at Dublin in resisting success- fully the attempt of the government to obtain a vote for a continuation of supplies to the crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Wai- pole is stated to have entertained a high opi- nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy of Boyle, and to have styled him ' the King of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was Boyle i] made a member of the privy council, chan- cellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same year elected speaker of the House of Commons there. Through his connections, Boyle exer- cised extensive political influence, and was parliamentary leader of the whig party in Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popu- larity by opposing the government proposal for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex- chequer. In commemoration of the parlia- mentary movements in this affair, medals were struck containing portraits of Boyle as speaker of the House of Commons. For having opposed the government, Boyle and some of his associates were dismissed from offices which they held under the crown. After negotiations with government, Boyle, in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was granted an annual pension of two thousand pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for many years in the House of Peers in Ireland, and frequently acted as lord justice of that kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks. [Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754; Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland ; Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS. ; Works of Henry Grattan, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin, 1854-59.] J. T. G-. BOYLE, JOHN, fifth EARL OF CORK, fifth EARL OF ORRERY, and second BARON MAR- STOBT (1707 r 1762), was born on 2 Jan. 1707, and was the only son of Charles Boyle, fourth earl of Orrery [q. v.], whom he succeeded as fifth earl in 1731. Like his father, he was educated at Christ Church. He took some part in parliamentary debates, chiefly in op- position to Walpole. On the death, in 1753, of his kinsman, Richard Boyle, the Earl of Cork and Burlington [q. v.], he succeeded him as fifth earl of Cork, thus uniting the Orrery peerage to the older Cork peerage. His father, from some grudge, left his library to Christ Church, specially assigning as his reason his son's want of taste for literature. According to Johnson, the real reason was that the son would not allow his wife to as- sociate with the father's mistress. The pas- sage in the will seems to have stimulated the son to endeavour to disprove the charge, and he has succeeded in making his name re- membered as the friend first of Swift and Pope, and afterwards of Johnson. His ' Re- marks on Swift,' published in November t Boyle 1751, attracted much attention as the first attempt at an account of Swift, and 7,500 copies appear to have been sold within a month. But neither Lord Orrery's ability, nor his acquaintance with Swift, was such as to give much value to his l Remarks.' The acquaintance had begun about 1731 (appa- rently from an application by Swift on behalf of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her poems to Orrery, although Swift had pre- viously seen a good deal of his father), when Swift was already sixty-four years old, and their meetings, during the few succeeding years before Swift became decrepit, were not very frequent. If we are to judge, however, from the expressions used by Swift, both in his letters to Orrery and in correspondence with others, the friendship seems to have been cordial so far as it went. In one of the earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be ' a great example, restorer, and patron of virtue, learning, and wit ; ' and he writes to Pope that, next to Pope himself, he loves l no man so well.' Pope, too, writes of Orrery to Swift as one ' whose praises are that precious ointment Solomon speaks of.' A bond of sympathy existed between Swift and Orrery in a common hatred of Walpole's govern- ment. It was to Orrery's hand that Swift entrusted the manuscript of his l Four Last Years of the Queen ' for delivery to Dr. King of Oxford ; and Orrery was the go-between employed by Pope to get his letters from Swift. In his will Swift leaves to Orrery a portrait and some silver plate. On the other hand, there are traditional stories of con- temptuous expressions used by Swift of Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may have inspired in Orrery that dislike which made his ' Remarks ' so full of rancour and grudging criticism. The ' Remarks on the Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift,' pub- lished in 1751, are given in a series of letters to his son and successor, Hamilton Boyle (1730-1764), then an undergraduate at Christ Church, and are written in a stilted and affected style. The malice which he showed made the book the subject of a bitter attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v.], who did something to clear Swift from the aspersions ca'st on him by Orrery. But the grudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift's genius shown in the ' Remarks ' are mainly due to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was filled with literary aspirations, and, as Ber- keley said of him, ' would have been a man of genius had he known how to set about it.' But he had no real capacity for apprehending either the range of Swift's intellect or the meaning of his humour. Orrery was after- wards one of those who attempted to patronise Boyle 112 Boyle Johnson, by whom he was regarded kindly and spoken of as one ( who would have been a liberal patron if he had been rich.' Orrery married in 1728 Lady Harriet Hamilton, third daughter of the Earl of Orkney, and after her death he married, in 1738, Miss Hamilton, of Caledon, in Tyrone. He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743, 114-b and F.R.S. in 1&. He died on 16 Nov. 1762. He wrote some papers in the 'World' and the l Connoisseur,' and various prologues and fugitive verses. His other works are : 1. 'A Translation of the Letters of Pliny the Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751). 2. ' An Essay on the Life of Pliny.' 3. ' Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth,' published from the original manuscript, with preface and notes. 4. ' Letters from Italy in 1754 and 1755,' published after his death (with a life) by the Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774. [Buncombe's Life, as above ; Swift's and Pope's Letters; Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 153, 232; Biog. Brit.] H. C. BOYLE, JOHN (1563 ?-l 620), bishop of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563.^Kjohn Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork, and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618. He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was buried at Youghal. [Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ec- clesise Hibernicae, 1 851 ; Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.] J. T. G. BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580 ?- 1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore, born in London about 1580, was son of Mi- chael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q. v.l Michael Boyle entered Merchant Taylors School, London, in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A. 5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D. 9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He be- came a fellow of his college,and no high opinion was entertained there of his probity in matters affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap- pointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire. Through the influence of his relative, the Earl of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford and Lismore in 1619. He held several other appointments in the protestant church, and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was >, buried in the cathedral there. After ' 1563.' insert * He was admitted to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1583, and proceeded B.A. in 1586, M.A. in 1590, B.D. in 1598, and D.D. in 1614 (Venn, Alumni Cantab.^ pt. i, i. 196).' [Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739 ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30 ; Wood's Athense Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88 ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elrington's Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicae, 1851 ; Brady's Kecords of Cork, Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.] J. T. G-. BOYLE, MICHAEL, the younger (1609?- 1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q.v.], and nephew of the elder Michael [q. v.], was born about 1609. He was apparently educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory in the diocese of Cloyne, received the degree of D.D., was made dean of Cloyne, and during the war in Ireland acted as chaplain-general to the English army in Munster. In 1650 the pro- testant royalists in Ireland employed Boyle, in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be- half with Oliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented the conduct of Boyle in conveying Cromwell's passport to him, which he rejected. Letters of Boyle on these matters have been recently printed in the second volume of the ' Con- temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641- 1652.' At the Restoration, Boyle became privy councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi- shop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. In addition to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re- ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in his diocese, on the ground of being unable to find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser- vices in England in connection with the Act for the Settlement of Ireland, the House of Lords at Dublin ordered a special memorial of thanks to be entered in their journals in 1662. Boyle was translated to the see of Dublin in 1663, and appointed chancellor of Ireland in 1665. In the county of Wicklow he established a town, to which he gave the name of Blessington, and at his own expense erected there a church, which he sup- plied with plate and bells. In connection with this town he in 1673 obtained the title of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son, Murragh. In 1675 Boyle was promoted from the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An autograph of Boyle at that time has been reproduced on plate Ixxix of 'Facsimiles of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2. On the accession of James II, he was con- tinued in office as lord chancellor, and ap- pointed for the third time as lord justice in Ireland, in conjunction with the Earl of Granard, and held that post until Henry, earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant in December 1685. In Boyle's latter years his faculties are stated to have been much Boyle i impaired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702, in his ninety-third year, and was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral there. Little of the wealth accumulated by Boyle was devoted to religious or charitable uses. Letters and papers of Boyle are extant in the Ormonde archives at Kilkenny Castle and in the Bodleian Library. Portraits of Archbishop Boyle were engraved by Loggan and others. Boyle's son, Murragh, viscount Blessington, was author of a tragedy, entitled ' The Lost Princess.' Baker, the dramatic critic, cha- racterised this production as 'truly con- temptible,' and added that the ' genius and abilities of the writer did no credit to the name of Boyle/ Viscount Blessington died 25 Dec. 1712, and was succeeded by his son Charles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one time go- vernor of Limerick, and lord j ustice of Ireland in 1696. The title became extinct on the death of the next heir in 1732. [Carte's Life of Ormonde, 1736 ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 498; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 130; Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland; Peerage of Ireland; BiographiaDramatica, 1812; Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; G-ranard Archives, Castle Forbes; Elrington's Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse, 1851; Reports of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS.] J. T. G. BOYLE, MURRAGH, VISCOUNT BLES- SINGTON. [See under BOYLE, MICHAEL, 1609 P-1702.] BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF CORK (1566-1643), an Irish statesman frequently referred to as the ' great earl,' was descended from an old Hereford family, the earliest of which there is mention being Humphry de Binvile, lord of the manor of Pixeley Court, r Ledbury, about the time of Edward Confessor. He was the great-grandson 1 Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire, a younger branch of the family, and the jond son of Roger Boyle, who had removed Faversham, Kent, and had married there >an, daughter of Robert Naylor of Canter- iry (pedigree in ROBINSON'S Mansions of Herefordshire, pp. 94-5). In his ' True Re- lembrances ' he says : 'I was born in the city '" Canterbury, as I find it written by my TI father's hand, the 13th Oct. 1566.' After fivate instruction in ' grammar learning' >m a clergyman in Kent, he became 'a lolar in Bennet's (Corpus Christi) College, mbridge,' into which he was admitted in L583 (MASTERS, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll., 1831, p. 459). On leaving the university entered the Middle Temple, but, finding dmself without means to prosecute his ( studies, he became clerk to Sir Richard Man- VOL. VI. 3 Boyle wood, chief baron of the exchequer. In this employment he discovered no prospect ade- quate to his ambition, and therefore resolved to try his fortunes in Ireland. Accordingly, on Midsummer's eve, 23 June 1588, he landed in Dublin, his whole property, as he tells us, amounting only to 277. 3*. in money, a dia- mond ring and a bracelet, and his wearing apparel. With characteristic astuteness he secured introductions to persons of high influ- ence, and he was even affirmed to have done so by means of counterfeited letters. At any rate, as early as 1590 his name appears as escheator to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa- tion which he doubtless knew how to utilise to his special personal advantage. In 1595 he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter and coheiress of William Ansley, who died in 1599 in childbed, leaving him an estate of 500/. a year in lands, ' which,' he says, ' was the beginning of my fortune.' The last state- ment must, however, be compared with the fact that some time before this he had been the victim of prosecutions, instigated, accord- ing to his own account, by envy at his pro- sperity. About 1592 he was imprisoned by Sir William Fitzwilliam on the charge of having embezzled records, and subsequently he was several times apprehended at the in- stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of charges, one of them being that of stealing a horse and jewel nine years before, of which he was acquitted by pardon (Answers of Sir Richard Boyle to the Accusations against him, 17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 12). Find- ing these prosecutions unsuccessful, Sir Henry Wallop and others, according to Boyle, ' all joined together by their lies complaining against me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing that I came over without any estate, and that I made so many purchases as it was not possible to do without some foreign prince's purse to supply me with money ' ( True Re- membrances}. To defeat these machinations Boyle resolved on the bold course of pro- ceeding to England to justify himself to the queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose was frustrated by the outbreak of the re- bellion in Munster. As the result of the rebellion was to leave him without ' a penny of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time to be in danger from the accusations of his enemies. Indeed, his fortunes in Ireland were now so desperate that he was compelled to leave the country and resume his legal studies in his old chambers in the Temple. Scarcely, however, had he entered upon them when the Earl of Essex offered him employ- ment in connection with ' issuing out his patents and commissions for the government of Ireland.' This at once caused him again I Boyle 114 Boyle to experience the attentions of Sir Henry Wallop, ' who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious in his own heart that I had sundry papers and collections of Michael Kittlewell, his late treasurer, which might discover a great deal of wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late accounts ... he renewed his former com- plaints against me to the queen's majesty.' In consequence of this Boyle was conveyed a close prisoner to the Gatehouse, and at the end of two months underwent examination before the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that the complaints were in any way modified or altered, but if they were not his account of them in his ' True Remembrances ' is not only inadequate but misleading. His examination before the Star-chamber had no reference whatever to his being in the pay of the king of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism the ac- cusations he specially instances as ' formerly ' made against him by Sir Henry Wallop but bore chiefly on the causes of his previous imprisonments, and on several asserted in- stances of trafficking in forfeited estates (see Articles wherein Richard Boyle, prisoner, is to be examined, Add. MS. 19832, f. 8, and Articles to be proved against Richard Boyle, Add. MS. 19832, f. 9). It can scarcely be affirmed that he came out of the ordeal of examination with a reputation utterly un- sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of his explanations was condoned by the reve- lations he made regarding the malversations of his accuser as treasurer of Ireland, and according to his own account he had no sooner done speaking than the queen broke out ' By G 's death, these are but inventions against the young man, and all his sufferings are but for being able to do us service.' Sir Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the treasurership by Sir George Carew [q. v.],and a few days afterwards Boyle received the office of clerk of the council of Munster. He was chosen by Sir George Carew, who was also lord president of Munster, to convey to Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinsale in December 1601, and after the final reduc- tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. 1602, sent over to England to give information in reference to the condition of the country. On the latter occasion he came provided by Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc- tion to Sir Walter Raleigh, recommending him as a proper purchaser for all his lands in Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.' Through the mediation of Cecil, terms were speedily adjusted, and for the paltry sum of 1,000/. Boyle saw himself the possessor of 12,000 acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip- perary, exceptionally fertile, and present- ing unusual natural advantages for the de- velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended on his own energy and skill in making proper use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it such a bad bargain that he was glad to be rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the country it was even possible that no amount of enterprise and skill might be rewarded with immediate success. Boyle, however, possessed the advantage of being always on the spot, and of dogged perseverance in the one aim of acquiring wealth and power. Before the purchase could be completed Ra- leigh was attainted of high treason, but in 1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro- perty from the crown, and paid the purchase- money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no doubt whatever as to the honourable cha- racter of his dealings with Raleigh, who throughout life remained on friendly terms with him. The attempt of Raleigh's widow and son to obtain possession of the property was even morally without justification. It had become to its possessor a source of im- mense wealth, but the change was the result solely of his marvellous energy and enter- prise. Cromwell, when he afterwards be- held the prodigious improvements Boyle had effected, is said to have affirmed that, if there had been one like him in every province, it would have been impossible for the Irish to raise a rebellion (Cox, Hist. Ireland, vol. ii.) One of the chief causes of his suc- cess was the introduction of manufactures and mechanical arts by settlers from Eng- land. From his ironworks alone, according to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/. (Ireland's Nat. Hist. (1652), p. 112). At enormous expense he built bridges, con- structed harbours, and founded towns, pro- sperity springing up at his behest as if by a magician's wand. All mutinous manifesta- tions among the native population were kept in check by the thirteen strong castles erected in different districts, and defended by well- armed bands of retaineis. At the same time, for all willing to work, immunity from the worst evils of poverty was guaranteed. C n his vast plantations he kept no fewer thain 4,000 labourers maintained by his moneT- His administration was despotic, but eji- lightened and beneficent except as regarded the papists. For his zeal in putting into execution the laws against the papists IJie received from the government special co^- mendation a zeal which, if it arose from \ a mistaken sense of duty, would deserve at leaa t no special blame ; but probably self-interesp rather than duty was what chiefly inspirecjl it, for by the possession of popish houses h(P obtained a considerable addition to his wealth! The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng- Boyle i lish rule in the south of Ireland and his paramount influence in Munster marked him out for promotion to various high dignities. On the occasion of his second marriage on 25 July 1603 to Catherine Fenton, daughter of Sir George Fenton, principal secretary of state, he received the honour of knighthood. On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy councillor for the province of Munster, and 12 Feb. 1612 a privy councillor of state for the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616 he was created Lord Boyle, baron of Youghal, and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dungarvan and Earl of Cork. On 26 Oct. 1629 he was appointed one of the lords justices of Ireland, and on 9 Nov. 1631 he was constituted lord high treasurer. So greatly was he esteemed for his abilities and his knowledge of affairs that, ' though he was no peer of England, yet he was admitted to sit in the Lords House upon the woolsack ut consularius ' (BORLASE, | Reduction of Ireland, 219). For his pro- ; motion and honours he was in a great | degree indebted first to Sir George Carew, and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland. On the appointment of Wentworth, after- j wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in | 1633, he, however, discovered not only that the fountain of royal favour was, so far as 1 he was concerned, completely intercepted, | but that all his astuteness would be required j to enable him to hold his own against the overmastering will of Strafford. The action of Strafford in regard to the immense tomb of black marble which the earl had erected for his wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca- thedral, Dublin, was, though not unjustifi- able, sufficiently indicative of the general character of his sentiments towards him. It was utterly impossible, indeed, that there could be harmonious action between men of such consuming ambition placed in circum- stances where their vital interests so conflicted. At first Strafford had the advantage, but the Earl of Cork's patience and self-control, dis- ciplined by a long course of trials and hard- ships, never for a moment failed him. In e management of intrigue he was much re than a match for Strafford, who found purposes thwarted by causes in a great ee beyond his ken, and ultimately fell ictim to the hostility provoked by his e of ' thorough.' One of the first intima- .ons made to the council after Wentworth's irrival was the intention of the king to issue t commission for the remedying of defec- ive titles to estates. The real design of the ;ommission was to enable the king to obtain noney by confiscating estates to which the title was doubtful. It was too probable that the Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind Boyle were set on foot, would not escape scatheless. A charge was preferred against him in regard to his possession of the college and revenues of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the defence, adjourned the court, and sent word to the Earl of Cork that, if he consented to abide by his award, he would prove the best friend he ever had. The earl at once agreed, whereupon he intimated the decision ' that he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col- lege property, and surrender all the advow- sons and patronage everything except the college house and a few fields near the town.' On learning the sentence Laud wrote to Wentworth in high glee : ' No physic is better than a vomit if it be given in time, and there- fore you have taken a very judicious course to administer one so early to my lord of Cork ' (Laud to Wentworth, 15 Nov. 1633, Letters and Despatches of Thomas, Earl of Strafford, i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he never permitted himself to indulge in ex- pressions of anger or to show any direct hostility to Strafford. While undoubtedly working to undermine his authority, he even took pains to let it be known indirectly to Strafford how thoroughly he admired his rule. Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov. 1638, mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to him in high terms of his ' prudence, inde- fatigable industry, and most impartial justice ' (Letters of Strafford, ii. 245), to which the un- suspecting Strafford replies : ' It must be con- fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had more taken from him than any one, nay than any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro- ceeding with me I do acknowledge his in- genuity as well as his justice' (Letters, ii, 271). Possibly the Earl of" Cork deemed it best, in the uncertain condition of the struggle at this time, to be secure against any result ; but even to the last, when the fall of Strafford seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro- minent part against him. At the trial he bore witness with seeming reluctance. ' Though I was prejudiced,' he says, l in no less than 40,000/. and 200 merks a year, I put off my examination for six weeks.' He also states that he was ' so reserved in his answers, that no matter of treason could by them be fixed upon the Earl of Strafford.' All the same, but for the Earl of Cork, Stratford's Irish policy would very likely not have been met with the skilful and persistent opposition which led to his impeachment ; and in any case that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear witness against him was not inspired by affec- tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an entry in his diary on the day of Strafford's 12 Boyle 116 Boyle execution : < This day the Earl of Stratford Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford, was beheaded. No man died more universally and the second son of Michael Boyle, mer- hated, or less lamented by the people.' , chant, of London, and Jane, daughter and co- Short ly after his return from England heir to William Peacock. He became warden whither he had gone as a witness at Strafford's of Youghal on 24 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water- trial the rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- ford on 10 May 1603, archdeacon of Limerick land. Sudden as was the outbreak, the earl on 8 May 1605, and bishop of Cork, Cloyne, was not taken by surprise, for from the be- and Koss on 22 Aug. 1620, these three prefer- ginning he had carefully prepared against ! ments being obtained through the interest of such a contingency. In Munster, therefore, ( his cousin, the first Earl of Cork. He was the rebels, owing to the stand made by the j advanced to the see of Tuam on 30 May 1638. Earl of Cork, found themselves completely I On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he checkmated. Repairing to Youghal he sum- retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of moned all his tenants to take up arms, and Killala, and others, to Galway for protection, placed his sons at their head without delay, j where, when the town rose in arms against In a letter to Speaker Lenthall, giving an the garrison, his life was preserved through account of his successes, he states that, his ! the influence of the Earl of Clanricarde. ready money being all spent in the payment ! He died at Cork on 19 March 1644, and was of his troops, he had converted his plate into buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. . He is coin {State Papers of the Earl of Orrery, p. 7). said to have repaired more churches and con- At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642, his i secrated more new ones than any other bishop four sons held prominent commands, and his eldest son was slain on the field. The Earl of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1643, and was buried at Youghal. He left a large family, many of whom were gifted with exceptional talents, and either by their achievements or in- fluential alliances conferred additional lustre on his name. Of his seven sons, four were ennobled in their father's lifetime. Eichard [q. v.l was first earl of Burlington ; Roger [q. v.J was first earl of Orrery ; Robert [q. v.], the youngest, by his scientific achievements, became the most illustrious of the Boyles ; and of the eight daughters, seven were mar- ried to noblemen. [Earl of Cork's True Remembrances, printed in Birch's edition of Robert Boyle's works ; Bud- gell's Memoirs of the Boyles (1737), pp. 2-32; A Collection of Letters chiefly written by Richard Boyle, Earl of Corke, and several members of his family in the seventeenth century, the originals of which are in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, and a copy in the British Museum Harleian MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his of his time. By his marriage to Martha, daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and nine daughters. [Ware's Works (ed. Harris), i. 566, 616-7 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), i. 145.] T. F. H. BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF BTTR- LINGTON and second EARL OF CORK (1612- 1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle [q. v.], first earl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh- ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and was born at the college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1612 (EARL OF CORK, True Remembrances). On 13 Aug. 1624 he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord deputy of Ireland. In his twentieth year he was sent under a tutor to ' begin his travels into foreign kingdoms,' his father allowing him a grant of a thousand pounds a year ($.) On the continent he spent over two years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy. Shortly after his return he made the ac- examination before the Privy Council in 1598 Mary, he accepted no office under the new I regime. It was the Earl of Burlington who was the first occupant of Burlington House, / Piccadilly. He died 15 Jan. 1697-8. His son t Charles, lord Clifford, was father of Charles, third earl of Cork, and of Henry, lord Car- | leton [q. v.] [Budgell's Memoirs of the Family of the Boyles, pp. 32-3 ; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed. 1789, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 471-4.] T. F. H. BOYLE, RICHARD, third EARL OF BUR- ' LINGTON and fourth EARL OF CORK (1695- 1753), celebrated for his architectural tastes and his friendship with artists and men of let- ters, was the only son of Charles, third earlof j Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry i Noel, Luffenham, Rutlandshire. He was born I 25, April 1695, and succeeded to the title and | estates of his father in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714 he was sworn a member of the privy council. In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute- nant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in June following custos rotulorum of the North and West Ridings. In August of the same year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire- land. In June 1730 he was installed one of the knights companions of the Garter, and in June of the folio wing year constituted captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Having before he attained his majority spent several years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an enthusiastic admirer of the architectural genius of Palladio, and on his return to Eng- land not only continued his architectural studies, but spent large sums of money to gratify his tastes in this branch of art. His earliest project was about 1716, to alter and partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic- cadilly, which had been built by his great grandfather, the first earl of Burlington. The professional artist engaged was Campbell, who in f Vitruvius Britannicus,' published in 1725, during the earl's lifetime, takes credit for the whole design. Notwithstand- ing this, Walpole asserts that the famous colonnade within the court was the work of Burlington ; and in any case it D ay be as- sumed that Campbell was in a g: jat degree guided in his plans by his patron's sugges- tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon- sible for the character of the building is further supported by the fact that it formed a striking and solitary exception to the bastard and commonplace architecture of the period. It undoubtedly justified the eulogy of Gay : Beauty within ; without, proportion reigns. (Trivia, book ii. line 494.) But, as was the case in most of the designs of Burlington, the useful was sacrificed to the ornamental. The epigram regarding the building attributed to Lord Hervey who, if he did make use of it, must have trans- lated it from Martial, xii. 50 contained a spice of truth as well as malice. He says that it was Possessed of one great hall of state, Without a room to sleep or eat. The building figures in a print of Hogarth's intended to satirise the earl and his friends, entitled ' Taste of the Town,' afterwards changed to ' Masquerades and Operas, Bur- lington Gate.' Hogarth also published another similar print entitled ' The Man of Taste,' in which Pope is represented as white- washing Burlington House and bespattering the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Burlington appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bur- lington House was taken down to make way for the new buildings devoted to science and art. In addition to his town house Bur- lington had a suburban residence at Chis- wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House Boyle 118 Boyle and erected near it, in 1730-6, a villa built after the model of the celebrated villa of Pal- ladio. This building also provoked the satire of Lord Hervey, who said of it that ' it was too small to live in and too large to hang to a watch.' The grounds were laid out in the Italian style, adorned with temples, obelisks, and statues, and in these ' sylvan scenes ' it was the special delight of Burlington to en- tertain the literary and artistic celebrities whom he numbered among his friends. Here, relates Gay, Pope unloads the boughs within his reach, The purple vine, blue plum, and blushing peach. (Epistle on a Journey to Exeter.) Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth epistle of his Moral Essays, ' Of the Use of Riches,' afterwards changed to ' On False Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon- shire to regain his health, addressed to him his ' Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716. Both poets frequently refer in terms of warm eulogy to his disinterested devotion to lite- rature ai d art ; but Gay, though he was en- tertained by him for months, when he lost in the South Sea scheme the money obtained from the publication of his poems, expressed his disappointment that he had received from him so 'few real benefits' (CoxE, Life of Gay, 24). This, however, was mere unrea- sonable peevishness, for undoubtedly Bur- lington erred rather on the side of generosity than otherwise. Walpole says of him ' he possessed every quality of a genius and artist except envy.' He was a director of the Royal Academy of Music for the performance of Handel's works, and about 1716 received Handel into his house (SCHOELCHEE, Life of Handel, p. 44). At an early period he was a patron of Bishop Berkeley. The architect Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy, resided in his house till his death in 1748, and Burlington used every effort to secure him commissions and extend his fame. His enthusiastic admiration of Inigo Jones in- duced him to repair the church at Covent Garden. It was at his instance and by his help that Kent published the designs of Inigo Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful edition of Palladio's ' Fabbriche Antiche,' 1730. Burlington supplied designs for various buildings, including the assembly rooms at York built at his own expense, Lord Harring- ton's house at Petersham, the dormitory at "Westminster School, the Duke of Richmond's house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in Cork Street. The last two were pulled down many years ago. Of General Wade's house Walpole wrote, l It is worse contrived in the inside than is conceivable, all to humour the beauty of front,' and Lord Chesterfield sug- gested that, ' as the general could not live in it to his ease, he had better take a house over against it and look at it.' Burlington ' spent,' says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to public works, and was known to choose that the expense should fall on himself rather than that his country should be deprived of some beautiful edifices.' On this account he became so seriously involved in money difficulties that he was compelled to part with a portion of his Irish estates, as we learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in Ireland for 200,000/., which won't pay his debts ' (Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xix. 129). He died in December 1753. By his wife, Lady Dorothy Savile, daughter and coheiress of William, marquis of Halifax, he left three daughters, but no male heir. His wife was a great patroness of music. She also drew in crayons, and is said to have possessed a genius for caricature. [Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting;. Works of Pope, Gay,' and Swift ; Wheatley's Bound about Piccadilly, 46-59.] T. F. H. BOYLE, HON. ROBERT (1627-1691), natural philosopher and chemist, was the \ seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard I Boyle, the 4 great ' Earl of Cork, by his second 1 wife Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, principal secretary of state for Ire- land, and was born at Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627. He learned early to speak Latin and French, and won paternal predilection by his aptitude ! for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of , mind. His mother died when he was three \ years old, and at the age of eight he was sent \ to Eton, the provost then being his father's friend, Sir Henry Wotton, described by Boyle as ' not only a fine gentleman himself, but very well skilled in the art of making others so.' Here an accidental perusal of Quintus Curtius 'conjured up in him' (he narrates in an autobiographical fragment) ' that unsatisfied appetite for knowledge that is yet as greedy as when it first was raised ; ' while ' Amadis de Gaule,' which fell into his hands during his recovery from a fit of tertian ague, produced an unsettling effect, counter- j acted by a severe discipline self-imposed ) by a boy under ten of mental arithmetic and algebra. From Eton, after nearly four years, he was transferred to his father's recently purchased ! estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his education continued by the Rev. Mr. Douch, Boyle 119 Boyle and later by a French tutor named Mar- combes. With him and his elder brother Francis he left England in October 1638, and, passing through Paris and Lyons, settled during twenty-one months at Geneva, where he acquired the gentlemanly accomplish- ments of fluent French, dancing, fencing, and tennis-playing. From this time, when he was about fourteen, he dated his ' con- version,' or that express dedication to religion from which he never afterwards varied. The immediate occasion of this momentous resolve was the awe inspired by a thunderstorm. At Florence during the winter of 1641-2 he mastered Italian, and studied 'the new paradoxes of the great star-gazer Galileo/ whose death occurred during his stay (8 Jan. 1642). He chose in Rome to pass for a Frenchman, and with the arrival of the party at Marseilles, about May 1642, Boyle's record of his early years abruptly closes. A serious embarrassment here awaited them. A sum of 250/., with difficulty raised by Lord Cork during the calamities of the Irish rebellion, was embezzled in course of transmission to his sons. Almost penniless, they made their way to Geneva, M. Marcombes' native place, and there lived on credit for two years. At length, by the sale of some jewels, they raised money to defray their expenses home- wards, and reached England in the summer of 1644. They found their father dead, and the country in such confusion that it was nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could make his way thither. But civil distractions were powerless to extinguish scientific zeal. From the meet- ings in London in 1645 of the ' Philosophi- cal,' or (as he preferred to call it) the ' In- visible College,' incorporated, after the Re- storation, as the Royal Society, Boyle de- rived a definitive impulse towards experi- mental inquiries. He was then a lad of eighteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow- ledged leader of the movement thus origi- nated. Chemistry was from the first his favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported and bewitched me,' he wrote from Stalbridge to his sister, Lady Ranelagh, 31 Aug. 1649, as to ' make me fancy my laboratory a kind of Elysium.' Compelled to visit his disor- dered Irish estates in 1652 and 1653, he de- scribed his native land as 'a barbarous country, where chemical spirits were so misunder- stood, and chemical instruments so unpro- curable, that it was hard to have any Her- metic thoughts in it.' Aided by Sir William Petty, he accordingly practised instead ana- tomical dissection, and satisfied himself ex- perimentally as to the circulation of the blood. On his return to England in June 1654 he settled at Oxford in the society of some of his earlier philosophical associates, and others of the same stamp, including Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkins, and Seth Ward. Meetings were alternately held in the rooms of the warden of Wadham (Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining University College, and experiments were zealously made and freely communicated. Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number of operators at work, and engaged Robert Hooke as his chemical assistant. Reading in 1657, in Schott's ' Mechanica hydraulico- Eneumatica,' of Guericke's invention for ex- austing the air in a closed vessel, he set Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and the result was the so-called l machina Boyle- ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting all the essential qualities of the modern air- pump. By a multitude of experiments per- formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the effects (at that time very imperfectly recog- nised) of the elasticity, compressibility, and weight of the air ; investigated its function in respiration, combustion, and the convey- ance of sound, and exploded the obscure notion of &fuga vacui. /A. first instalment of results was published at Oxford in 1660, with the title, l New Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching the Spring of the Air and its Effects, made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical Engine.' His 'Defence against Linus,' ap- pended, with his answer to the objections of Hobbes, to the second edition (1662), con- tained experimental proof of the proportional relation between elasticity and pressure, still known as ' Boyle's Law ' ( Works, folio ed. 1744, i. 100). This approximately true prin- ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was at once generalised and accepted, and was confirmed by Mariotte in 1676. j Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo- gical subjects attention as earnest as if it had been undivided. At the age of twenty- one he had already written, besides a treatise on ethics, several moral and religious essays, afterwards published. His veneration for the Scriptures induced him, although by nature averse to linguistic studies, to learn Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac enough to read them in the originals. At Oxford he made some further progress in this direction,with assistance from Hyde, Pococke, and Clarke ; applied himself to divinity under Barlow (afterwards bishop of Lincoln) ; and encouraged the writings on casuistry of Dr. Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/. a year. Throughout his life he was a munifi- cent supporter of projects for the diffusion of the Scriptures. He bore wholly, or in Boyle I2O Boyle part, the expense of printing the Indian, Irish, and Welsh Bibles (1685-86) ; of the Turkish New Testament, and of the Malayan version of the Gospels and Acts (Oxford, 1677). As governor of the Corporation for the Spread of the Gospel in New England, and as direc- tor of the East India Company (the charter of which he was instrumental in procuring), he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris- tianity in those regions. He contributed, moreover, largely to the publication of Bur- net's l History of the Reformation,' bestowed a splendid reward upon Pococke for his trans- lation into Arabic of Grotius' ' De Veritate,' and during some time spent 1,0001. a year in private charity. Nor was science forgotten. Besides his heavy regular outlay, and help afforded to indigent savants, we hear in 1657, in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for investing 12,000/. in forfeited Irish estates, the proceeds to be devoted to the advance- ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi- larly applied, but that, being ' cast upon im- j>ropriations,' he felt bound to consecrate it to religious uses. On the Restoration, he was solicited by the Earl of Clarendon to take orders ; but excused himself, on the grounds of the absence of an inner call, and of his persuasion that arguments in favour of religion came with more force from one not professionally pledged to uphold it. This determination involved the refusal of the provostship of Eton, offered to him in 1665. He also repeatedly declined a peerage, and died the only untitled member of his large family. In 1668 he left Oxford for London, and re- sided until his death in Lady Ranelagh's house in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Royal Society perhaps furnished in part the induce- ment to this move. Boyle might be called the representative member of this distin- guished body. He had taken a leading part in its foundation ; he sat on its first council ; the description and display of his ingenious experiments gave interest to its proceedings ; he was elected its president 30 Nov. 1680, but declined to act from a scruple about the oaths, and was replaced by Wren. His voluminous writings flowed from him in an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691, and procured him an immense reputation, both at home and abroad. Most of them ap- peared in Latin, as well as in English, and were more than once separately reprinted. I In the < Sceptical Chymist ' (Oxford, 1661) he virtually demolished, together with the peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the Spagyristic doctrine of the tria prima, tenta- tively substituting the principles of a ' me- chanical philosophy/ expounded in detail in his ' Origin of Forms and Qualities ' (1666). Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these accord, in the main, with the views of many recent physicists. They postulate one uni- versal kind of matter, admit in the construc- tion of the visible world only moving atoms, and derive diversity of substance from their various modes of grouping and manners of movement, j, Boyle added as a corollary the transmutability of differing forms of matter by the rearrangement of their particles ef- fected through the agency of fire or otherwise ; referred ' sensible qualities ' to the action of variously constituted particles on the human frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase- ology of the time, that ' the grand efficient of forms is local motion ' ( Works, ii. 483). He acquiesced in, rather than accepted, the cor- puscular theory of light, but clearly recog- nised in heat the results of a ( brisk ' molecular agitation (ibid. i. 282). In 'Experiments and Considerations touch- ing Colours ' (1663) he described for the first time the iridescence of metallic films and soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydrostatical Paradoxes ' (1666) he enforced, by numerous and striking experiments (presented to the Royal Society in May 1664), the laws of fluid equilibrium. His statement concerning the ' Incalescence of Quicksilver with Gold' (Phil. Trans. 21 Feb. 1676) drew the serious attention of Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's Works, v. 396), and a widespread sensatio'n was created by his ' Historical Account of a Degradation of Gold ' (1678), the interest of both these pseudo-observations being derived from their supposed connection with alche- mistic transformations. Boyle's faith in their possibility was further evidenced by the re- peal, procured through his influence in 1689, of the statute 5 Henry IV against ' multi- plying gold.' Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents were Newton, Locke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- | denburg, Wallis, Beale, and Hartlib. To him Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1659, his scheme for the foundation of a ' physico-mathematic col- lege,' and Newton, 28 Feb. 1679, his ideas regarding the qualities of the aether. Na- thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 \ his ' History of Generation ; ' Wallis in 1659 his essay on the ' Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in 1666 his ' Methodus curandi Febres,' intimating Boyle's frequent association with him in his visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed to him in 1686 the letters constituting his 'Travels.' Wholesale plagiarism and theft formed a vexatious, though no less flattering, tribute to his fame. Hence the ' Advertise- Boyle 121 Boyle ment about the loss of many of his Writings/ published in May 1688, in which he described the various mischances, both by fraud and accident, having befallen them, and declared his intention to write thenceforth on loose sheets, as offering less temptation to thieves than bulky packets, and to send to press with- out the dangerous delays of prolonged re- vision. In the same year he gave to the world * A Disquisition concerning the Final Causes of Natural Things,' and in 1690 ' Me- dicina Hydrostatica ' and 'The Christian Virtuoso,' setting forth the mutual service- ableness of science and religion. The last work published by himself was entitled ' Ex- perimenta et Observationes Physicee,' part i. (1691) ; the second part never appeared. In 1689 the failing state of his health com- pelled him to suspend communications to the Royal Society, and to resign his post, filled since 1661, as governor of the Corporation for the Spread of the Gospel in New England. About the same time he publicly notified his intention of excluding visitors on certain por- tions of four days in each week, thus reserving leisure to ' recruit ' (as he said) ' his spirits, to range his papers, and to take some care of his affairs in Ireland, which are very much disordered, and have their face often changed by the public calamities there.' He was also desirous to complete a collection of elaborate chemical processes, which he is said to have entrusted to a friend as t a kind of Hermetick legacy,' but which were never made known. Some secrets discovered by him, such as the preparation of subtle poisons and of a liquid for discharging writing, he concealed as mis- chievous. From the age of twenty-one he had suffered from a torturing malady, of which he dreaded the aggravation, with the approach of death, beyond his powers of patient endurance. But his end was without pain, and almost with- out serious illness. His beloved sister, Ca- therine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and noble personage, died 23 Dec. 1691. He sur- vived her one week, expiring three-quarters of an hour after midnight, 30 Dec., aged nearly 65, and was buried 7 Jan. 1692 in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Dr. Burnet preached his funeral sermon. By his will he founded and endowed with 50/. a year the < Boyle Lectures,' for the defence of Christianity against unbelievers, of which the first set of eight discourses was preached by Bentley in 1692. ' Mr. Boyle,' Dr. Birch writes (Life, p. 86), 'was tall of stature, but slender, and his countenance pale and emaciated. His con- stitution was so tender and delicate that he had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he went abroad, according to the temperature of the air, and in this he governed himself by his thermometer. He escaped, indeed, the small-pox during his life, but for almost forty years he laboured under such a feebleness of body and lowness of strength and spirits that it was astonishing how he could read, medi- tate, ,try experiments, and write as he did. He had likewise a weakness * His eyes, which made him very tender of them, .*nd extremely apprehensive of such distempers as might affect them.' To these disabilities was added that of a memory so treacherous (by his own account) that he was often tempted to abandon study in despair. He spoke with a slight hesitation ; nevertheless at times ' distin- guished himself by so copious and lively a flow of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir William Davenant both thought him equal in that respect to the most celebrated geniuses of that age.' He never married, but Evelyn was credibly informed that he had paid court in his youth to the Earl of Monmouth's beau- tiful daughter, and that his passion inspired the essay on ' Seraphic Love,' published in 1660. It was, however, already written in 1648, and Boyle himself assures us, 6 Aug. of that year, that he ' hath never yet been hurt by Cupid ' ( Works, i. 155). The story is thus certainly apocryphal. The tenor of his life was in no way in- consistent with his professions of piety. It was simple and unpretending, stainless yet not austere, humble without affectation. His temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub- dued to mildness ; his religious principles were equally removed from laxity and in- tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per- secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree the credulousness of his age. He publicly subscribed to the truth of the stories about the ' demon of Mascon,' and vouched for the spurious cures of Greatrakes the 'stroker.' Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in- separable from the cultivation of a philosophy ' that valued no knowledge but as it had a tendency to use.' His view of astronomical studies is, in this respect, characteristic. If the planets have no physical influence on the earth, he admits his inability to propound any end for the pains bestowed upon them ; ' we know them only to know them ' (ibid. v. 124). Yet his services to science were unique. The condition of his birth, the elevation of his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of his researches, combined to lend dignity and currency to their results. These were coex- tensive with the whole range, then accessible, of experimental investigation. He personi- fied, it might be said, in a manner at once Boyle 122 Boyle impressive and conciliatory, the victorious revolt against scientific dogmatism then in progress. Hence his unrivalled popularity and privileged position, which even the most rancorous felt compelled to respect. No stranger of note visited England without seeking an interview, which he regarded it as an obligation of Christian charity to grant. Three successive kings of England conversed familiarly with him, and he was considered to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr. Boyle,' Hughes wrote in the 'Spectator' (No. 554), ' was the person who seems to have been designed by nature to succeed to the labours and inquiries of that extraordinary genius. By innumerable experiments he, in a great measure, filled up those plans and outlines of science which his predecessor had sketched out.' Addison styled him (No. 531) ' an honour to his country, and a more dili- gent as well as successful inquirer into the works of nature than any other one nation has ever produced.' 'To him,' Boerhaave wrote, ' we owe the secrets of fire, air, water, animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his works may be deduced the whole system of natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar- tem Medicam, p. 152). It must be admitted that Boyle's achieve- ments are scarcely commensurate to praises of which these are but a sample. His name is identified with no great discovery ; he pur- sued no subject far beyond the merely illus- trative stage ; his performance supplied a general introduction to modern science rather than entered into the body of the work. But such an introduction was indispensable, and was admirably executed. It implied an ' ad- vance all along the line.' Subjects of inquiry were suggested, stripped of manifold obscuri- ties, and set in approximately true mutual relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the experimental method was vividly exhibited, and its use rendered easy and familiar. Boyle was the true precursor of the modern chemist. Besides clearing away a jungle of perplexed notions, he collected a number of highly sug- gestive facts and observations. He was the first to distinguish definitely a mixture from a compound ; with him originated the defi- nition of an ' element ' as a hitherto unde- composed constituent of a compound; he introduced the use of vegetable colour-tests of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint as to the method of preparing phosphorus (discovered by Brandt in 1669) he arrived at it independently, communicated it 14 Oct. 1680 in a sealed packet to the Royal Society, and published it for the first time in 1682 (Works iv. 37). In a tract printed the same year he accurately described the qualities of the new substance under the title of the ' Icy Noctiluca.' He, moreover, actually pre- pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver placed over water, but failed to .distinguish it from what he called 'air generated de novo' (ibid. i. 35). In physics, besides the great merit of having rendered the air-pump available for experi- ment and discovered the law of gaseous elasticity, he invented a compressed-air pump, and directed the construction of the first hermetically sealed thermometers made in England. He sought to measure the ex- pansive force of freezing water, first used freezing mixtures, observed the effects of atmospheric pressure on ebullition, added considerably to the store of facts collected about electricity and magnetism, determined the specific gravities and refractive powers of various substances, and made a notable attempt to weigh light. He further ascer- tained the unvarying high temperature of human blood, and performed a variety of curious experiments on respiration. He aimed at being the disciple only of nature. Down to 1657 he purposely refrained from ' seriously or orderly ' reading the works of Gassendi, Descartes, or 'so much as Sir F. Bacon's " Novum Organum," in order not to be pos- sessed with any theory or principles till he had found what things themselves should induce him to think ' (ibid. 194). And, al- though he professed a special reverence for Descartes, as the true author of the ' tenets of mechanical philosophy' (ibid. iv. 521), we find, nine years later, that he had not yet carried out his intention of thoroughly study- ing his writings (ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his scientific efforts bore the broad Baconian stamp ; nor was the general voice widely in error which declared him to have (at least in part) executed what Verulam designed. The style of his writings, which had the character rather of occasional essays than of systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical affectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole- rably prolix, its not rare felicities of phrase being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro- cesses of compulsory concentration. Boulton's first epitome of his writings appeared in 1699-1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second, of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols. 8vo) ; and Dr. Peter Shaw's abridgment of. his philosophical works in 1725 (3 vols. 8vo). The first complete edition of his writings was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4to, London, 1772). It included his posthumous remains Boyle 123 Boyle and correspondence, with a life of the author founded on materials collected with abortive biographical designs by Burnet and Wotton, and embracing Boyle's unfinished narrative of his early years entitled ' An Account of Philaretus during his Minority.' More or less complete Latin editions of his works were issued at Geneva in 1677, 1680, and 1714; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Venice in 1695. A French collection, with the title ' Recueil d'Exp^riences,' appeared at Paris in 1679. Of his separate treatises the follow- ing, besides those already mentioned, deserve to be particularised: 1. '.Some Considera- tions touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy' (Oxford, 1663, 2nd part 1671). 2. ' Some Considerations touching the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1663), extracted from an 'Essay on Scripture,' begun 1652, and published, after the writer's death, by Sir Peter Pett. 3. ' Occasional Reflections upon several Subjects' (1664, reprinted 1808), an early production satirised by Butler in his ' Occasional Reflection on Dr. Charlton's feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gres- ham College,' and by Swift in his ' Medita- tion on a Broom Stick,' who nevertheless was probably indebted for the first idea of * Gul- liver's Travels ' to one of the little pieces thus caricatured (' Upon the Eating of Oysters,' Works , ii. 219). 4. ' New Experiments and Observations touching Cold, or an Experi- mental History of Cold begun ' (1665), con- taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine of ' antiperistasis ' (in full credit with Bacon) and of Hobttjs's theory of cold. 5. ' A Con- tinuation of New Experiments Physico- Mechanical touching the Spring and Weight of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third series appeared in 1682). 6. ' Tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things' (1670). 7. ' An Essay about the Origin and Virtues of Gems' (1672). 8. 'The Excellency of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy ' (1673). 9. ' Some Considerations about the Reconcilableness of Reason and Religion' (1675). 10. ' The Aerial Noctiluca ' (1680). 11. 'Memoirs for the Natural History of Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God' (1685). 13. ' A Free Enquiry into the vul- garly received Notion of Nature' (1686). 14. 'The General History of the Air de- signed and begun' (1692). 15. ' Medicinal Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both posthumous. Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub- lished at London in 1688 and subsequent years. He bequeathed his mineralogical col- lections to the Royal Society, and his portrait by Kerseboorn, the property of the same body, formed part of the National Portrait Exhibition in 1866. [Life by Birch ; Biog. Brit. ; "Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 286 ; Burnet's Funeral Sermon ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 155 ; Poggendorff's Gesch. d. Physik, p. 466 ; Libes's Hist. Phil, des Progres de la Physique, ii. 134 ; A. Crum Brown's Development of the Idea of Chemical Composition, pp. 9-14.] A. M. C. BOYLE, ROGER, BARON BROGHILL, and first EAKL OF ORRERY (162] -1679), states- man, soldier, and dramatist, the third son of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Cathe- rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, was born at Lismore 25 April 1621. In recogni- tion of his father's services he was on 28 Feb. 1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin (BTJDGELL, Memoirs of the Boyles, p. 34), and according to Wood (Athena, ed. Bliss, iii. 1200) he also 'received some of his academical education in Oxon.' After concluding his university career he spent some years on the continent, chiefly in France and Italy, under a governor, Mr. Markham. Soon after his return to England, he was entrusted by the Earl of Northumberland with the command of his troop in the Scotch expedition. On his marriage to Lady Margaret Howard, third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on the very day that the great rebellion broke out. When the Earl of Cork summoned his retainers, Lord Broghill was appointed to a troop of horse, with which he joined the Lord President St. Leger. It was only Broghill's acuteness that prevented St. Leger from be- lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry, the leader of the Irish rebels, that he was act- ing on the authority of a commission from the king. Under the Earl of Cork he took part in the defence of Lismore, and he held a com- mand at the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642. When the Marquis of Ormonde resigned his authority to the parliamentary commissioners in 1647, Lord Broghill, though a zealous royalist, continued to serve under them until the execution of the king. Immediately on receipt of the news he went over to Eng- land, where he lived for some time in strict retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At last, however, he determined to make a stre- nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and the royal cause, and, on the pretence of visiting a German spa for the sake of his health, re- solved to seek an interview with Charles II on the continent, with a view to concoct measures to aid in his restoration. With this purpose he arrived in London, having meanwhile made application to the Earl of Boyle 124 Boyle Warwick for a pass, only communicating his I real design to certain royalists in whom he had perfect confidence. While waiting the ' result of his application, he was surprised by a message from Oliver Cromwell of his in- tention to call on him at his lodgings. Crom- well at once informed him that the council were completely cognisant of the real charac- ter of his designs, and that but for his inter- position he would already have been l clapped up in the Tower ' (MoEBiCE, Memoirs of the \ Earl of Orrery, p. 11). Broghill thanked Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked j his advice as to what he should do, whereupon ; Cromwell offered him a general's command in the war against the Irish. No oaths or obligations were to be laid on him except a promise on his word of honour faithfully to assist to the best of his power in subduing Ireland. Broghill, according to his biographer, asked for time to consider ' this large offer,' but Cromwell brusquely answered that he must decide on the instant ; and, finding that ' no subterfuges could any longer be made use of,' he gave his consent. The extraordinary bargain is a striking proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men and of his consciousness of the immense diffi- culty of the task he had in hand in Ireland. The trust placed by him in Broghill's stead- fastness and abilities was fully justified by the result. By whatever motives he may have been actuated, there can be no doubt that Broghill strained every nerve to make the cause of the parliament in Ireland triumph- ant. Indeed but for his assistance Cromwell's enterprise might have been attended with almost fatal disasters. With the commission of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster that he soon found himself at the head of a troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro- perty, and 1,500 well-appointed infantry, many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi- quin. After joining Cromwell at Wexford, he was left by him ' at Mallow, with about six or seven hundred horse and four or five hundred foot,' to protect the interests of the parliament in Munster, and distinguished himself by the capture of two strong garri- sons (CAKLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxix.) This vigorous procedure greatly contributed to drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they shortly afterwards surrendered. Cromwell then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill was ordered to attack a body of Irish under the titular bishop of Ross, who were march- ing to its relief. This force he met at Ma- croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated, taking the bishop prisoner. While prepar- ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received a message from Cromwell, whose troops had been decimated by sickness and the sallies of the enemy, to join him with the utmost haste ; and on his arrival Clonmel was taken after a desperate struggle. Cromwell, whose presence in Scotland had been for some time urgently required, now left the task of com- pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at the siege of Limerick. News having reached the besiegers that preparations were being made for its relief, Broghill was sent with a strong detachment to disperse any bodies of troops that might be gathering for this purpose. By a rapid march he intercepted a strong force under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so completely routed them that all attempts to relieve Limerick were abandoned. On the conclusion of the war Broghill re- mained in Munster to keep the province in subjection, with Youghal for his headquarters (MoEKiCE, 19). While the war was proceed- ing he had been put in possession of as much of Lord Muskerry 's estates as amounted to 1,000/. a year, until the country in which his estate was situated was freed from the enemy (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 473), and at its close Blarney Castle, with lands adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/., was bestowed upon him, the bill after long delay in parliament receiving the assent of Cromwell in 1657 (Commons' Journal). Ire- ton, who had been so suspicious of Broghill's intentions as to advise that he should ' be cut off,' died from exposure at Limerick, and Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied implicitly on Broghill's good faith, gradually received him into his special confidence. Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal cause was for the time hopeless, devoted all his energies to make the rule of Cromwell a success. Actuated at first by motives of self- interest, he latterly conceived for Cromwell strong admiration and esteem. In Crom- well's parliament which met in 1654 he sat as member for Cork, and on the list of the parliament of 1656 his name appears as member both for Cork and Edinburgh. His representation of the latter city is accounted for by the fact that this year he was sent as lord president of the council to Scotland. That he remained in Scotland only one year was due not to any failure to satisfy either the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the condition he made on accepting office, that he should not be required to hold it for more than a year. According to Robert Baillie he 'gained more on the affections of the people than all the English that ever were Boyle among us ' (Journals, iii. 315). After his return to England he formed one of a special council whom the Protector was in the habit of consulting on matters of prime importance (WHITELOCKE, Memorials, 656). He was also a member of the House of Lords, nomi- nated by Cromwell in December 1657 (Par I. Hist. iii. 1518). It was chiefly at his in- stance that the parliament resolved to recom- mend Cromwell to adopt the title of king (LUDLOW, Memoirs, 247), and he was one of the committee appointed to discuss the matter with Cromwell (Monarchy asserted \ to be the best, most ancient, and legall form of government, in a conference held at White- hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com- mittee of Parliament, 1660, reprinted in the State Letters of the Earl of Orrery, 1742). Probably it was after the failure of ! this negotiation that he brought before Crom- well the remarkable proposal for a marriage between Cromwell's daughter Frances and Charles II (MoKRiCE, Memoirs of the Earl of Orrery, 21). After the death of Oliver he did his utmost to consolidate the government of his son Richard, who consulted him in his chief difficulties, but failed to profit suffi- ciently by his advice. Convinced at last that the cause of Richard was hopeless, he passed over to Ireland, and obtaining from the commissioners the command in Munster, he, along with Sir Charles Coote, president of Connaught, secured Ireland for the king. His letter inviting Charles to land at Cork actually reached him before the first commu- nication of Monk, but the steps taken by Monk in England rendered the landing of Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con- vention parliament Broghill sat as member for Arundel, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was created Earl of Orrery. About the close of the year he was appointed one of the lord justices of Ireland, and it was he who drew up the act of settlement for that kingdom. On the retirement of Lord Clarendon, the lord high chancellor, he was offered the great seals, but, from considerations of health, de- clined them. He continued for the most part to reside in Ireland in discharge of his duties as lord president of Munster, and in this capacity was successful in defeating the attempt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral of France, to land at Kinsale. The presi- dency of Munster he, however, resigned in 1668 on account of disagreements with the Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeached in the House of Commons for ' raising of moneys by his own authority upon his majesty's sub- jects ; defrauding the king's subjects of their estates/ but the king by commission on 11 Dec. 5 Boyle suddenly put a stop to the proceedings by proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach- ment of the Earl of Orrery, Parl. Hist. iv. 434-40), and no further attempt was made against him. He died from an attack of gout 16 Oct. 1679. He was buried at Youghal. He left two sons and five daughters. The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author of an anonymous pamphlet l Irish Colours displayed, in a reply of an English Protes- tant to a letter of an Irish Roman Catholic/ 1662. The ' Irish Roman Catholic' was Father Peter Welsh, who replied to it by ' Irish Colours folded.' Both were addressed to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was the author of the pamphlet is not impossible, but the statement is unsupported by proof. It is probable, therefore, that it has been con- founded with another reply to the same letter professedly written by him and entitled ' An Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator to the Sec. and Reg. Popish Priests of Ire- land.' This pamphlet has for sub-title ' A full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish rebels and the beginning of the rebellion there. Necessary to be considered by all adventurers and other persons estated in that kingdom.' Both the letter of Welsh and this, reply to it have been reprinted in the l State Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742. In 1654 he published in six volumes the first part of a romance, ' Parthenissa/ a complete edition of which appeared in three volumes in 1665 and in 1677. The writer of the notice of Orrery in the ' Biographia Britan- nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance to its remaining unfinished, but finished.it certainly was, and if it had not been, its tedi- ousness would not have been relieved by adding to its length. More substantial merit attaches to his ' Treatise of the Art of War/ 1677, dedicated to the king. He claims for it the distinction of being the first l Entire Treatise on the Art of War written in our language/ and the quality of comprehensive- ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does of the ' choice and educating of the soldiery ; the arming of the soldiery ; the disciplining of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons ; the marching of an army ; the camping of an army within a line or intrenchment ; and battles.' The treatise is of undoubted inte- rest as indicating the condition of the art at the close of the Cromwellian wars, and, like his political pamphlet, is written in a terse and effective style. Not content to excel as a statesman and a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden is to be believed, the hours he chose for the Boyle 126 Boyle recreation were not the most auspicious. ' The muses,' he says, ' have seldom employed your thoughts but when some violent fit of gout has snatched you from affairs of state, and, like the priestess of Apollo, you never come to deliver your oracles but unwillingly and in torment ' (Dedication prefixed to The Rivals). Commenting on this, Walpole re- marked that the gout was a ' very impotent muse.' Like his relative Eichard, second earl of Burlington, Orrery was on terms of intimate friendship with many eminent men of letters among others Davenant, Dryden, and Cowley. Besides several dramas he was the author of ' A Poem on his Majesty's happy Restoration,' which he presented to the king, but which was never printed ; ' A Poem on the Death of Abraham Cowley,' 1677, printed in a ' Collection of Poems ' by various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re- published in Budgell's ' Memoirs of the Family of the Boyles,' and prefixed by Dr. Sprat to his edition of Cowley's works ; ' The Dream ' in which the genius of France is in- troduced endeavouring to persuade Charles II to become dependent on Louis XIV pre- sented to the king, but never printed, and now lost ; and ' Poems on most of the Festi- vals of the Church,' 1681. Several of the tragedies of Orrery attained a certain success in their day. They are written in rhyme with an easy flowing diction, and, if some- what bombastic and extravagant in sentiment, are not without effective situations, and mani- fest considerable command of pathos. The earliest of his plays performed was ' Henry V,' at Lincoln's Inn Fields, as is proved by the reference of Pepys, under date 13 Aug. 1664. He then saw it acted, and he makes a later reference, under date 28 Sept. of the same year, to ' The General ' as ' Lord Brog- hill's second play.' Downes asserts that < Henry V ' was not brought out till 1667, when the theatre was reopened, but it was then only revived, and was performed ten nights successively. The play was published in 1668. It is doubtful if Orrery was the author of' The General ' at least there is no proof of his having acknowledged it. ' Mus- tapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent,' was brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields 3 April 1665, and played before their majes- ties at court 20 Oct. 1666 (EVELYN). ' The Black Prince,' published 1669, and played for the first time at the king's house 19 Oct. 1667 (PEPYS), was not very successful, the read- ing of a letter actually causing the audience to hiss. ' Tryphon,' a tragedy, published in 1672, and acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields 8 Dec. 1668, met with some applause, but showed a lack of invention, resembling his other tragedies too closely in its construction. These four tragedies were published together in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his 'Dramatic Works.' Of Orrery's two comedies, ' Guzman ' and ' Mr. Anthony,' * the former,' according to Downes, 'took very well, the latter but indifferent.' Pepys, who pronounced ' Guz- man ' to be ' very ordinary,' mentions it as produced anonymously 16 April 1669. It was published posthumously in 1693. ' Mr. Anthony ' was published in 1690, but is not included in the ' Dramatic Works.' Two tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu- mously, ' Herod the Great,' in 1694, along with his four early tragedies and the comedy ' Guzman ;' and ' Altemira ' in 1702, in which year it was put upon the stage by his grand- son Charles Boyle. The ' Complete Drama- tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,' including all his plays with the exception of 'Mr. Anthony,' appeared in 1743. The Earl of Orrery is the reputed author of ' English Adventures, by a Person of Honour,' 1676, entered in the catalogue of the Huth Li- brary. [State Letters of Eoger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, containing a series of correspondence between the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship, from the Kestoration to the year 1668, together with some other letters and pieces of a different kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by the Eev. Mr. ThomasMorrice, his lordship's chap- lain, 1742 ; Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles, 34- 93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Book whilst Governor of Minister (1644-49), Add. MS. 25287 ; Letters to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109-188; Ludlow's Memoirs ; Whitelocke's Memorials ; Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; Old- mixon's History of the Stuarts ; Carte's Life of Ormonde ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), especially during the Protectorate ; Pepys's Diary; Evelyn's Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), iii. 177 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1200-1; Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors (Park), v. 191-7; Genest's History of the .Stage; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 4 7 9-92; Lodge's Irish Peerage (1789), i. 178-192.] T. F. H. BOYLE, ROGER (1617 P-1687), bishop of Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, where he was elected a fellow. On the out- break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on 12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the see of Down and Connor. On 21 Sept. 1672 he was translated to the see of Clogher. He died at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth year of his age, and was buried in the church Boyne 127 Boys at Clones. He was the author of ' Inquisitio in fidem Christianorum hujus Saeculi,' Dub- lin, 1665, and 'Summa Theologies Chris- tianas,' Dublin, 1681. His commonplace book on various subjects, together with an abstract of Sir Kenelm Digby's ' Treatise of Bodies,' is in manuscript in Trinity College Library, Dublin. [Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, iii. 80, 207-8; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 190, 213, ii. 203.] T. F. H. BOYNE, VISCOUNT. [See HAMILTON, GUSTAVUS.] BOYNE, JOHN (d. 1810), water-colour painter, caricaturist, and engraver, was born in county Down, Ireland, between 1750 and 1759. His father was originally a joiner by trade, but afterwards held for many years an appointment at the victualling office at Deptford. Boyne was brought to England when about nine years of age, and subse- quently articled to William Byrne, the land- scape-engraver. His master dying just at the expiration of his apprenticeship, he made an attempt to carry on the business himself, but being idle and dissipated in his habits, he was unsuccessful. He then joined a com- pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford, where he enacted some of Shakespeare's characters, and assisted in a farce called ' Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode of life, he returned to London in 1781, and took to the business of pearl-setting, being employed by a Mr. Flower, of Chichester Rents, Chancery Lane. Later on we find him in the capacity of a master in a draw- ing school, first in Holborn, and afterwards in Gloucester Street, Queen Square, where Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June 1810. His most important artistic produc- tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays, spiritedly drawn and tinted ; also ' Assigna- tion, a Sketch to the Memory of the Duke of Bedford ;' < The Muck Worm,' and ' The Glow Worm.' His ' Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now in the South Kensington Museum, was en- graved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub- lished ' A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri- dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a Member of the Society of the Freedom of the Press.' [Magazine of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red- grave's Dictionary of Artists of the English School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F. BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (rf.1461), Carmelite, was educated at Oxford, and lec- tured in theology at that university ; he also visited for purposes of study the university of Cambridge and several foreign universities. He became head of the Carmelite community at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451. The following are the titles of works written by Boys : 1. ' De duplici hominis immorta- litate.' 2. ' Adversus Agarenos.' 3. ' Contra varies Gentilium Ritus.' 4. 'De Spiritus Doctrina.' 5. ' De vera Innocentia.' [Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis, p. 454 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Bibliotheca Car- melitana.] A. M. BOYS, EDWARD (1599-1667), divine, a nephew of Dr. John Boys (1571-1625), dean of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas Boys of Hoad Court, in the parish of Blean, Kent, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter of Richard Rogers, dean of Canterbury, and lord suffragan of Dover, was born in 1599 (W. BERET, County Genealogies, Kent, p. 445). Educated at Eton, he was elected a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of that house graduated B.A. in 1623, M.A. in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1631. He proceeded B.D., was appointed one of the university preachers in 1634, and in 1639, on the presentation of William Pas- ton, his friend and contemporary at college, became rector of the tiny village of Maut- boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful authority, to have been one of the chap- lains to Charles I (R. MASTERS, Hist. Cor- pus Christi College, pp. 242-3). After an incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died at Mautboy on 10 March 1666-7, and was buried in the chancel (BLOMEFIELD, Nor- folk, ed. Parkin, xi. 229-30). An admired scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher, and in great favour with his bishop, Hall, Boys was deterred from seeking higher pre- ferment by an exceeding modesty. After his death appeared his only known pub- lication, a volume of 'Sixteen Sermons, preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon- don, 1672. The editor, Roger Flynt, a fellow- collegian, tells us in his preface that it was with difficulty he obtained leave of the dying author to make them public, and gained it only upon condition 'that he should say nothing of him.' From which he leaves the reader to judge 'how great this man was, that made so little of himself.' He speaks, nevertheless, of the great loss to the church ' that such a one should expire in a country village consisting onely of four farmers.' In 1640 Boys had married Mary Herne, who was descended from a family of that name long seated in Norfolk. His portrait by W. Faithorne, at the age of sixty-six, is prefixed to his sermons. Boys 128 Boys [Chalmers's Biog. Diet. vi. 374-5; Masters's Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. (Lamb), p. 353 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6 ; General Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Chambers, i. 249, ii. 1336.] G-. G. BOYS, EDWARD (1785-1866), captain, son of John Boys (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered the navy in 1796, and after serving in the North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the French, and continued so for six years, when after many daring and ingenious attempts he succeeded in effecting his escape. On his re- turn to England he was made lieutenant, and served mostly in the West Indies till the peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander ; but, consequent on the reduction of the navy from its war strength, had no further em- ployment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal. On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866. Immediately after his escape, and whilst in the West Indies, he wrote for his family an account of his adventures in France ; the risk of getting some of his French friends into trouble had, however, made him keep this account private, and though abstracts from it had found their way into the papers it was not till 1827 that he was persuaded to pub- lish it, under the title of ' Narrative of a Cap- tivity and Adventures in France and Flanders between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a book of surpassing interest, and the source from which the author of ' Peter Simple ' drew much of his account of that hero's es- cape, more perhaps than from the previously published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's ad- ventures [see ASHWORTH, HEBTRY]. Captain Boys also published in 1831 ' Remarks on the Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was captain of the Excellent and superintendent of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth 1869-74, director of naval ordnance from 1874-8, and second in command of the Chan- nel fleet in 1878-9. [O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Berry's Kentish Genealogies.] J. K. L. BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of Canterbury, was descended from an old Kentish family who boasted that their ances- tor came into England with the Conqueror, and who at the beginning of the seventeenth century had no less than eight branches, each with its capital mansion, in the county of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He was born at Eythorn in 1571, and pro- bably was educated at the King's School in Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where Arch- bishop Parker had founded some scholarships appropriated to scholars of that school. He took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow- ship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Cold- well, and which was filled up by the election of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His first preferment was the small rectory of Betshanger in his native county, which he tells us was procured for him by his uncle Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls ' my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears to have resided upon this benefice and to have at once begun to cultivate the art of preach- ing. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but the aggregate value of these preferments was quite inconsiderable, and when he married Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury, in 1599, he must have had other means of subsistence than his clerical income. The dearth of competent preachers to supply the London pulpits appears to have been severely felt about this time, and in January 1593 Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor and heads of the university of Cambridge complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge divines to take their part in this duty. The same year that the primate appointed Boys to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only twenty-seven years of age. Two years after he was called upon to preach at the Cross again, and it was actually while he was in the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1). Next year we find him preaching at St. Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the Latin sermon he then delivered is among his printed works. Whitgift's death (February 1604) made little alteration in his circum- stances ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him into his favour, and he preached at Asliford, on the occasion of the primate holding his primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607. Two years after this Boys published his first work, * The Minister's Invitatorie, being An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip- tures used in our English Liturgie : together with a reason why the Church did chuse Boys 129 Boys the same.' The work was dedicated to Ban- croft, who had lately been made chancellor of the university of Oxford, and in the * dedi- catorie epistle ' Boys speaks of his ' larger exposition of the Gospels and Epistles ' as shortly about to appear. It appeared accord- ingly next year in 4to, under the title of ' An Exposition of the Dominical Epistles and Gospels used in our English Liturgie throughout the whole yeere,' and was dedi- cated to his 'very dear uncle/ Sir John Boys of Canterbury. In his dedication Boys takes the opportunity of mentioning his obligations to Sir John and to Archbishop Whitgift for having watered what 'that vertuous and worthy knight ' had planted. The work supplied a great need and had a very large and rapid sale ; new editions fol- lowed one another in quick succession, and it would be a difficult task to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical account of Boys's publications. Archbishop Bancroft died in November 1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri- macy in the spring of 1611. Boys dedicated to him his next work, ' An Exposition of the Festival Epistles and Gospels used in our English Liturgie,' which, like its predeces- sors, was published in 4to, the first part in 1614, the second in the following year. Hitherto he had received but scant recogni- tion of his services to the church, but prer ferment now began to fall upon him liberally. Abbot presented him with the sinecure rec- tory of Hollingbourne, then with the rectory of Monaghan in 1618, and finally, on the death of Dr. Fotherby, he was promoted by the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter- bury, and installed on 3 May 1619. Mean- while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi- tion of the proper Psalms used in our English Liturgie,' and dedicated it to Sir Thomas Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot- ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a member of the high commission court, and in 1622 he collected his works into a folio volume, adding to those previously published five miscellaneous sermons which he calls lectures, and which are by no means good specimens of his method or his style. These were dedicated to Sir Dudley Digges of Chilham Castle, and appear to have been added for no other reason than to give occa- sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish magnate. On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed at Dover. Charles I saw her for the first time on the 13th, and next day the king at- tended service in Canterbury Cathedral, when Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre- served. It is a poor performance, stilted and VOL. VI. unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it has the merit of being short. Boys held the deanery of Canterbury for I little more than six years, and died among his books, suddenly, in September 1625. There is a monument to him in the lady i chapel of the cathedral. He left no chil- dren ; his widow died during the rebellion. Boys's works continued to be read and used I very extensively till the troublous times set ! in ; but the dean was far too uncompromising an A.nglican, and too unsparing in his denun- ciation of those whom he calls the novelists, to be regarded with any favour or toleration by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed by any who sympathised with the puritan theology. When he began to be almost for- gotten in England, his works were translated into German and published at Strasburg in 1683, and again in two vols. 4to in 1685. It may safely be affirmed that no writer of the seventeenth century quotes so widely and so frequently from contemporary literature as Boys, and that not only from polemical or exegetical theology, but from the whole range of popular writers of the day. Bacon's 1 Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn- ing,' Sandys's 'Travels,' Owen's, More's, and Parkhurst's ' Epigrams,' ' The Vision of Piers Plowman,' and Verstegan's 'Restitution,' with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans- lation of Du Bartas's ' Divine Weeks,' must have been bought as soon as they were pub- lished. Indeed Boys must have been one of the great book collectors of his time. Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely proverbs, of allusions to the manners and customs of the time, of curious words and expressions. [The works of John Boys, D.D., and Dean of Canterbury, folio, 1622, pp. 122,491,508, 530, 972, &c. ; Remains of the Reverend and Famous Postiller, John Boys, Doctor in Divinitie, and late Dean of Canterburie .... 4to, 1631 (this contains ' A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ; Masters's History of Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 860; Fasti, ii. 276, 345 ; Nasmith's Catalogue of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Camb. Met. Soc. Proc. ii. 141 ; Fuller's Church Hist B. x. cent. xvi. sec. 19-24.] A. J. BOYS, JOHN (1561-1644). [See Bois.] JOHN (1614P-1661), translator of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (b. 1690) of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of Edward Boys, 1599-1677 [q. v.] His mother was Mary, daughter of Martin Fotherby, bishop of Salisbury. He was born about 1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d. Boys 130 Boys 1625), brother of the dean, John Boys [q. v.], inherited the estate of Hoad Court from his uncle, Sir John Boys, an eminent lawyer, who died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659- 1660 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter- bury a declaration in favour of the assembly of a free parliament, drawn up by himself in behalf (as he asserted) ( of the nobility, gentry, ministry, and commonalty of the county of Kent.' But the declaration gave offence to the magistrates, and the author, as he ex- plained in his 'Vindication of the Kentish Declaration,' only escaped imprisonment by retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his friends were less successful. In February 1659-60 he went to London with his kins- man, Sir John Boys [q. v.] of Bonnington, and presented to Monk, at Whitehall, a letter of thanks, drawn up by himself ' ac- cording to the order and advice of the gentlemen of East Kent.' He also prepared a speech for delivery to Charles II on his landing at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but < he was prevented therein by reason his majesty made no stay at all in that town,' and he therefore sent Charles a copy of it. Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas- sical attainments. In 1661 he published two translations from Virgil's ' JEneid.' The first is entitled, t JEneas, his Descent into Hell: as it is inimitably described by the Prince of Poets in the Sixth of his JEneis,' Lon- don, 1661. The dedication is addressed to Sir Edward Hyde, and congratulates him on succeeding to the office of lord chancellor. His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend, Thomas Philipott, contribute commendatory verses. The translation in heroic verse is of very mediocre character, and is followed by 181 pages of annotations. At their close Boys mentions that he has just heard of the death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept. 1660), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug- gested by Virgil's lament for Marcellus. The volume concludes with ' certain pieces relat- ing to the publick,' i.e. on the political mat- ters referred to above, and with a congratu- latory poem (dated Canterbury, 30 Sept. 1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William Somner, on the completion of his ' Dictiona- rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys's se- cond book is called '^Eneas, his Errours on his Voyage from Troy into Italy ; an essay upon the Third Book of Virgil's "^Eneis." ' It is dedicated to Lord Cornbury, Clarendon's son. A translation of the third book of the '^Eneid' in heroic verse occupies fifty-one pages, and is followed by ' some few hasty reflections upon the precedent poem.' Boys's enthusiasm for Virgil is boundless, but his criticism is rather childish. Boys married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil- liam Kingsley, archdeacon of Canterbury, by whom he had three sons Thomas, who died without issue ; John, a colonel in the army, who died 4 Sept. 1710; and Sir William Boys, M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Boys himself died in 1660-1, and was buried in the chancel of the church of Hoad. [Hasted's Kent, i. 565 ; Corser's Anglo-Poet. Collect, ii. 323-5; Brit. Mus. Cat; Berry's Kentish Genealogies, p. 445.] S. L. L. BOYS, SIR JOHN (1607-1664), royalist military commander, was the eldest son and heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent, by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of Northborne. He was baptised at Chillen- don, Kent, on 5 April 1607. In the civil war he became a captain in the royal army and governor of Donnington Castle in Berk- shire. This castle, which is within a mile of Newbury, was garrisoned in 1643 for King Charles I, and commanded the road from Oxford to Newbury and the great road from London to Bath and the west. Boys, by the bravery with which he defended the castle during a long siege, showed himself well worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was first attacked by the parliamentary army, consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under the command of Major-general Middleton, who attempted to take the castle by assault, but was repulsed with considerable loss. Middleton lost at least 300 officers and men in this fruitless attempt. Not long afterwards, on 29 Sept. 1644, Colonel Horton began a blockade, having raised a battery at the foot of the hill near Newbury, from which he plied the castle so incessantly during a period of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap of ruins, having beaten down three of the towers and a part of the wall. Nearly 1,000 great shot are said to have been expended during this time. Horton having received reinforcements sent a summons to the go- vernor, who refused to listen to any terms. Soon afterwards the Earl of Manchester came to the siege with his army, but their united attempts proved unavailing ; and after two or three days more of ineffectual battering the whole army rose up from before the walls and marched in different directions. When the king came to Newbury (21 Oct. 1644) he knighted the governor for his good ser- vices, made him colonel of the regiment which he had before commanded as lieu- tenant-colonel to Earl Rivers, the nominal governor of Donnington, and to his coat armour gave the augmentation of a crown imperial or, on a canton azure. During the second battle of Newbury Boys secured the Boys Boys king's artillery under the castle walls. After the battle, when the king had gone with his army to Oxford, the Earl of Essex with his whole force besieged Donnington Castle with no better success than the others had done. He abandoned the attempt before the king returned from Oxford for the purpose o relieving Donnington on 4 Nov. 1644. Th place was then re victualled, and his majest slept in the castle that night with his arm around him. In August 1648 Boys mad a.' fruitless attempt to raise the siege o Deal Castle. A resolution put in the Sous of Commons at the same time to banis him as one of the seven royalists who ha been in arms against the parliament sine 1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 h was a prisoner in Dover Castle for petition ing for a free parliament, but was released o 23 Feb. 1659-60. He apparently received th office of receiver of customs at Dover from Charles II. Sir John Boys died at his house at Bon nington on 8 Oct. 1664, and was buried in the parish church of Goodnestone-next Wingham, Kent. The inscription describe his achievements in the wars. By his first wife, Lucy, he had five daughters. He hac no children by his second marriage wit] Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathanie Finch, serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Si John Fotherby of Barham, Kent. There is a portrait of Boys engraved by Stow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money in his ' Battles of Newbury ' (1884). [Clarendon's Hist, of the Kebellion (1843) 429, 499 ; Heath's Chronicle of the Civil Wars 62; Walter Money's Battles of Newbury (1884) Hasted's Kent, iii. 705; Lysons's Berkshire, 356 357 ; Berry's Pedigrees of Families in Kent, 441 Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 51 52.] T. C. BOYS, JOHN (1749-1824), agriculturist, only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter of William Cooper of Ripple, was born in November 1749. At Betshanger and after- wards at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill and success, and as a grazier was well known for his breed of South Down sheep. He was one of the commissioners of sewers for East Kent, and did much to promote the drainage of the Finglesham and Eastry Brooks. At the request of the board of agriculture he wrote f A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Kent,' 1796, and an ' Essay on Paring and Burning,' 1805. He died on 16 Dec. 1824. By his wife Mary, daughter of the Rev. Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry- cum-Word, he had thirteen children, eight sons and five daughters. [Berry's Pedigrees of the County of Kent, p. 446; Gent. Mag. xcv. (pt. i.) 86-7.] T. F. H. BO YS,THOMAS (1792-1880), theologian and antiquary, son of Rear-admiral Thomas Boys of Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent, and educated at Tonbridge grammar school and Trinity College, Cambridge. The failure of his health from over-study prevented his taking more than the ordinary degrees (B.A. 1813, M.A. 1817), and, finding an active life necessary to him, he entered the army with a view to becoming a military chaplain, was attached to the military chest in the Peninsula under Wellington in 1813, and was wounded at the battle of Toulouse in three places, gain- ing the Peninsular medal. He was ordained deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822. While in the Peninsula he employed his leisure time in translating the Bible into Portuguese, a task he performed so well, that his version has been adopted both by catholics and protes- tants, and Don Pedro I of Portugal publicly thanked him for his gift to the nation. In 1848 he was appointed incumbent of Holy Trinity, Hoxton ; but before that he had es- tablished his reputation as a Hebrew scholar, being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col- lege, Hackney, from 1830 to 1832, and pro- fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary College, Islington, in 1836. While holding this last post, he revised Deodati's Italian Bible, and also the Arabic Bible. His pen was rarely idle. In 1825 he published a key to the Psalms, and in 1827 a * Plain Exposition of the New Testament.' Already in 1821 he had issued a volume of sermons, and in 1824 a book entitled l Tactica Sacra,' expounding a theory that in the arrangement of the New Testament writings a parallelism could be detected similar to that used in the writings of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub- lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Proofs of the Miraculous Faith and Experience of the Church of Christ in all ages, from authen- ;ic records of the Fathers, Waldenses, Huss- tes . . . an historical sketch suggested by 3. W. Noel's " Remarks on the Revival of Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same year produced a plea for verbal inspiration mder the title 'A Word for the Bible,' and 1834 ' A Help to Hebrew.' He was also a fre- uent contributor to 'Blackwood 'of sketches nd papers, for the most part descriptive of his Peninsular experiences. The most im- >ortant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal, vhich ran from November 1849 to July 1850. rlis acquaintance with the literature and an- iquities of the Jews was very thorough, but >erhaps the best proofs of his extensive learn- Boys 132 Boys ing are to be found in the numerous letters and papers, sometimes under his own name, and sometimes under the assumed name of 'Vedette/ contributed to the second series of 'Notes and Queries.' Of these the twelve papers on Chaucer difficulties are a most valuable contribution to the study of early English literature. He died 2 Sept. 1880, aged 88. [Times, 14 Sept. 1880; Men of the Time, 1872 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] E. B. BOYS, THOMAS SHOTTER (1803- 1874), water-colour painter and lithographer, was born at Pentonville on 2 Jan. 1803. He was articled to George Cooke, the engraver, with the view of following that profession, but when, on the expiration of his appren- ticeship, he visited Paris, he was induced by Bonington, under whom he studied, to de- vote himself to painting. He exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824, and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded to Brussels, but on the outbreak of the revo- lution there returned to England. Paying another visit to Paris, he remained there until 1837, and then again came to England for the purpose of lithographing the works of David Roberts and Clarkson Stanfield. Boys's great work, 'Picturesque Architecture in Paris, Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen,' &c., appeared in 1839, and created much admiration. King Louis-Philippe sent the artist a ring in re- cognition of its merits. He also published ' Original Views of London as it is,' drawn and lithographed by himself, London, 1843. He drew the illustrations to Blackie's ( His- tory of England,' and etched some plates for Ruskin's 'Stones of Venice.' Boys was a member of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, and of several foreign artistic so- cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu- seum possesses two fine views of Paris by him, drawn in water-colours, and another is in the South Kensington Museum. [Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Recent and Living Painters and Engravers, London, 1866, 8vo; MS. notes in the British Museum.] L. F. BOYS, WILLIAM (1735-1803), surgeon and topographer, was born at Deal on 7 Sept. 1735. He was of an old Kent family (HAS- TED, History of Kent, iii. 109), being the eldest son of Commodore William Boys, R.N., lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hos- pital, by his wife, Elizabeth Pearson of Deal ( Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). About 1755 he was a surgeon at Sandwich, where he was noted for his untiring explorations of Rich- borough Castle, for skill in deciphering anciert manuscripts and inscriptions, for his zeal in collecting antiquities connected with Sand- wich, and for his studies in astronomy, natural history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married Elizabeth Wise, a daughter of Henry Wise, one of the Sandwich jurats (ib.\ and by her he had two children. In 1761 he was elected jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the same year, 1761, she died, and in the next year, 1762, he married Jane Fuller, coheiress of her uncle, one John Paramor of Staten- borough ($.) In 1767 Boys was mayor of Sandwich. In 1774 his father died atGreen- i wich (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} In 1775 i appeared his first publication a memorial i to resist a scheme for draining a large tract I of the neighbouring land, which it was thought i would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew it up as one of the commissioners of sewers, on behalf of the corporation, and it was pub- | lished at Canterbury in 1775 anonymously i (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). In 1776 Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again served as mayor. In 1783 his second wife died, having borne him eight or nine children (ib., and HASTED, Hist, of Kent, iv. 222 n.} In the same year Boys furnished the Rev. John Duncombe with much matter relating to the Reculvers, printed in Duncombe's ' Antiqui- ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published ' Testacea Minuta Rariora,' 4to, being plates and description of the tiny shells found on the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, ' that inquisitive naturalist ' (Introd. p. i). The book was put together by George Walker, Boys himself being too much occupied by his pro- fession. In 1786 Boys issued proposals for publishing his ' Collections for a History of Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover its expenses, and placed his materials in the hands of the printers (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vi. 613). In 1787 Boys published an < Account of the Loss of the Luxborough,' 4to (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in which his father (Commodore Boys) had been one of the men compelled to resort to this horrible means of preserving life. Boys had a series of pictures hung up in his parlour portraying the whole of the terrible circum- stances (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon- don to the Isle of Wight, quoted in NICHOLS'S Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} Of this ' Account/ as a separate publication, there is now no trace ; but it appears in full in the 'History of Greenwich Hospital,' by John Cooke and John Maule, 1789, pp. 110 et seq.; it is also stated there that six small paintings in the council room of the hospital (presumably replicas of those seen by Pennant in the possession of William Boys) represent this passage in the history of the late gallant Boyse 133 Boyse lieutenant-governor. In 1788 appeared the first part of * Sandwich,' and in 1789 Boys was appointed surgeon to the sick and wounded seamen at Deal. Over the second part of ' Sandwich ' there was considerable delay and anxiety (Letter from Denne, NICHOLS'S Lit. III. vi. 613) ; but in 1792 the volume was issued at much pecuniary loss to Boys. In 1792 Boys also sent Dr. Simmons some * Observations on Kit's Coity House/ which were read at the Society of Antiquaries, and appeared in vol. xi. of ' Archaeologia.' In 1796 he gave up his Sandwich practice and went to reside at Walmer, but returned to Sandwich at the end of three years, in 1799. His health had now declined. He had apo- plectic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy on 15 March 1803, aged 68. Boys was buried in St. Clement's Church, Sandwich, where there is a Latin epitaph to his memory, a suggestion for a monument with some doggerel verses, from a correspondent to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii. 612), having fallen through. He was a member of the Linnean Society, and a con- tributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (In- dex, vol. iii. preface, p. Ixxiv). A new fern found by him at Sandwich was named Sterna Boysii, after him, by Latham in his ' Index Ornithologicus.' [Watt's Bibl. Brit., where 'Sandwich 5 is said, wrongly, to have consisted of three parts, and to have been published in London ; Grent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 293, 421-3; Hasted's Kent, iii. 109, 557 n. u, iv. 222 n. i ; Nichols's Lit. 111. iv. 676, vi. 613, 653, 685, 687 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 24-27 nn.] J. H. r BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby- terian minister, born at Leeds on 14 Jan. 1660, was one of sixteen children of Matthew Boyse, a puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row- ley, New England, and afterwards a resident for about eighteen years at Boston, Mass. He was admitted into the academy of Richard Frankland, M.A., at Natland,near Kendal, on 16 April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to the academy at Stepney under Edward Veal, B.D. (ejected from the senior fellowship at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1661 ; died 6 June 1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministerial en- gagement was at Glassenbury, near Cran- brook, Kent, where he preached nearly a year (from the autumn of 1679). He was next domestic chaplain, during the latter half of 1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager Countess of Donegal (Letitia, daughter of Sir William Hickes) in Lincoln's Inn Fields. For six months in 1682 he ministered to the Brownist church at Amsterdam, in the ab- sence of the regular minister, but he did not swerve from his presbyterianism. He would have settled in England but for the penal Laws against dissent. On the death of his friend T. Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him at Dublin, and there pursued a popular ministry for forty-five years. His ordination sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejected from Broad winsor, Dorsetshire. The pres- byterianism of Dublin and the south of Ireland was of the English type ; that of the north was chiefly Scottish in origin and discipline. But there was occasional co-operation, and there were from time to time congregations in Dublin adhering to the northern body. Boyse did his part in promoting a community of spirit between the northern and southern presbyterians of Ireland. Naturally he kept up a good deal of communication with Eng- lish brethren. From May 1691 to June 1702 Boyse had Emlyn as his colleague at Wood Street. Meanwhile Boyse came forward as a controversialist on behalf of presbyterian dis- sent. In this capacity he proved himself cau- tious, candid, and powerful ; ' vindication,' the leading word on many of his polemical title- pages, well describes his constant aim. First of his works is the ' Vindicise Calvinisticse,' 1688, 4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa- ture W. B., D.D.), in reply to William King (1650-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, who had attacked the presbyterians in his f Answer ' to the ' Considerations ' of Peter Manby (d. 1697), ex-dean of Derry, who had turned catholic. Again, when Go- vernor Walker of Derry described Alexander Osborne (a presbyterian minister, originally from co. Tyrone, who had been called to Newmarket, Dublin, 6 Dec. 1687) as ' a spy of Tyrconnel,' Boyse put forth a ' Vindica- tion/ 1690, 4to, a tract of historical value. He was a second time in the field against King, now bishop of Derry (who had fulmi- nated against presbyterian forms of worship), in l Remarks,' 1694, and l Vindication of the Remarks,' 1695. Early in the latter year he had printed anonymously a folio tract, f The Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland in reference to a Bill of Indulgence,' &c., to which Tobias Pullen, bishop of Dromore, wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony Dopping, bishop of Meath, another reply, like- wise anonymous. Both prelates were against a legal toleration for Irish dissent. Boyse re- torted on them in ' The Case . . . Vindicated,' 1695. But the day for a toleration was not yet come. The Irish parliament rejected bill after bill brought forward in the interest of dis- senters. The harmony of Boyse's ministerial relations was broken in 1702 by the episode of his colleague's deposition, and subsequent trial, for a blasphemous libel on the ground Boyse 134 Boyse of an anti-trinitarian publication [see EMLYN, THOMAS]. Boyse (who had himself been under some suspicion of Pelagianism) moved in the matter with manifest reluctance, had no hand in the public prosecution, and made strenuous, and at length successful, efforts to free Emlyn from incarceration. Boyse drew up, with much moderation, ' The Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting Ministers of D. truly re- presented ; ' and published ' A Vindication of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour,' 1703, 8vo (2nd ed. 1710, 8vo), in answer to Emlyn's * Humble Inquiry.' Emlyn thinks that Boyse might have abstained from writing against him while the trial was pending ; but it is probable that Boyse's able defence of the j doctrine in dispute gave weight to his inter- I cession. Boyse at this early date takes note j that ' the Unitarians are coming over to the deists in point of doctrine.' Emlyn's place as Boyse's colleague was supplied by Richard Choppin, a Dublin man (licensed 1702, or- dained 1704, died 1741). In 1708 Boyse issued a volume of fifteen sermons, of which the last was an ordination discourse on 'The Office of a Scriptural Bishop,' with a polemical appendix. This received answers from Edward Drury and Matthew French, curates in Dublin, and the discourse itself was, without Boyse's con- sent, reprinted separately in 1709, 8vo. He had, however, the opportunity of adding a vo- luminous postscript, in which he replied to the above answers, and he continued the contro- versy in * A Clear Account of the Ancient Episcopacy,' 1712. Meantime the reprint of his sermon, with postscript, was burned by the common hangman, by order of the Irish House of Lords, in November 1711. This was King's last argument against Boyse ; now the archbishop of Dublin writes to Swift, ' we burned Mr. Boyse's book of a scriptural bishop.' Once more Boyse came forward in defence of dissent, in ' Remarks,' 1716, on a pamphlet by William Tisdall, D.D., vicar of Belfast, respecting the sacramental test. Boyse had been one of tliepatroni of the academy at Whitehaveri (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon, M.D., and on its cessation he had to do with the settlement in Dublin of Francis Hutche- son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of a somewhat similar institution, in which Boyse taught divinity. He soon became in- volved in the nonsubscription controversy. At the synod in Belfast, 1721, he was present as a commissioner from Dublin ; protested with his colleague, in the name of the Dublin pres- bytery, against the vote allowing a voluntary subscription to the Westminster Confession ; and succeeded in carrying a ' charitable decla- ration,' freeing nonsubscribers from censure and recommending mutual forbearance. The preface to Abernethy's ' Seasonable Advice/ 1722, and the postscript to his ' Defence ' of the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's collected works, though signed also by his Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop- pin. In the same year he preached (24 June) at Londonderry during the sitting of the general synod of Ulster. His text was John viii. 34, 35, and the publication of the dis- course, which strongly deprecated disunion, was urged by men of both parties. Next year, being unable through illness to offer peaceful counsels in person, he printed the sermon. Perhaps his pacific endeavours were dis- counted by the awkward circumstance that at this synod (1723) a letter was received from him announcing a proposed change in the management of the regium donum, viz. that it be distributed by a body of trustees in Lon- don, with the express view of checking the high-handed party in the synod. The rupture j between the southern and northern presby- i terians was completed by the installation of ! a nonsubscriber, Alexander Colville, M.D., 1 on 25 Oct. 1725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the ! Dublin presbytery ; Boyse was not one of the i installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy letter to the presbyterian ministers of the north, in ' vindication ' of a private commu- nication on their disputes, which had been | printed without his knowledge. Writing to i the Rev. Thomas Steward of Bury St. Ed- i munds (d. 10 Sept. 1753, aged 84) on 1 Nov. I 1726, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the ! nonsubscribers as 'the late shameful rup- ! ture,' and gives an account of the new presby- j tery which the general synod, in pursuance j of its separative policy, had erected for Dub- lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly on Boyse, considering the moderation of his views and temper. He always wrote like a gentleman. He published several sermons against Romanists, and a letter (with appen- dix) 'Concerning the Pretended Infallibility of the Romish Church,' addressed to a protestant divine who had written against Rome. His ' Some Queries offered to the Consideration of the People called Quakers, &c.,' called forth, shortly before Boyse's death, a reply | by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin schoolmaster. It is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re- ( lief from domestic sorrow, due to his son's career. He died in straitened circumstances on 22 Nov. 1728, leaving a son, Samuel [q. v.] (the biographers of this son have not usually mentioned that he was one of the deputation to present the address from the general synod of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a daughter, married to Mr. Waddington. He was succeeded in his ministry by Abernethy (in 1730). Boyse's works were collected by Boyse himself in two huge folios, London, (usually bound in one ; they are the earliest ii not the only folios published by a presbyterian minister of Ireland). Prefixed is a recom- mendation (dated 23 April 1728) signed by Calamy and five other London ministers. The first volume contains seventy-one ser- mons (several being funeral, ordination, and anniversary discourses ; many had already been collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo), and several tracts on justification. Embedded among the sermons (at p. 326) is a very cu- rious piece of puritan autobiography, ' Some Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Trench.' The second volume is wholly controversial. Not included in these volumes are : 1. ' Vindication of Osborne ' (see above). 2. 'Sacramental Hymns collected (chiefly) out of such Passages of the New Tes- tament as contain the most suitable matter of Divine Praises in the Celebration of the Lord's Supper, &c.,' Dublin, 1693, small 8vo, with another title-page, London, 1693. (This little book, overlooked by his biographers, is valuable as illustrating Boyse's theology : it nominally contains twenty-three hymns, but reckoning doublets in different metres there are forty-one pieces by Boyse, one from George Herbert, and two from Mr. Patrick, i.e. Simon Patrick, bishop of Ely. In a very curious preface Boyse disclaims the possession of any poetic genius ; but his verses, published thir- teen years before Isaac Watts came into the field, are not without merit. To the volume is prefixed the approval of six Dublin ministers, headed by ' Tho. Toy,' and including ' Tho. Emlin.') 3. 'Case of the Protestant Dis- senters ' (see above. The tract is so rare that Reid knows only of the copy at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. The vindication of it is in the ' Works '). 4. ' Family Hymns for Morning and Evening Worship. With some for the Lord's Days. . . . All taken out of the Psalms of David,' Dublin, 1701, 16mo. (Unknown to bibliographers. Contains preface, recom- mendation by six Dublin ministers, and seventy-six hymns, in three parts, with music. Boyse admits ' borrowing a few expressions from some former versions.' The poetry is superior to his former effort. A copy, un- catalogued, is in the Antrim Presbytery Library at Queen's College, Belfast.) 5. 'The Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting Ministers of D., &c.' (see above. Emlyn re- '[ prints it in the appendix to his ' Narrative,' 1719, and says Boyse drew it up). Of his separate publications an incomplete list is furnished by Witherow. The bibliography of the earlier ones is better given in Reid. Boyse wrote the Latin inscription on the original pedestal (1701) of the equestrian Boyse statue of William III in College Green, Dublin. [Choppin's Funeral Sermon, 1728 ; Towers, in Biog. Brit. ii. (1780), 531 ; Calamy's Hist. Ace. of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 515; Thorn's Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1864, 68 ; Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyte- rianism in Ireland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 79, 2nd ser. 1880, p. 74 ; Keid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland (ed. Killen), 1867,vols.ii. iii. ; Anderson's British Poets, 1794,x. 327 ; Monthly Kepos. 1811, pp.204, 261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm- strong's Appendix to Ordination Service (James Martineau), 1829, p. 70 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire- Ian d(ed. A rchdall), 1789 (re Countess Donegal); Winder's MSS. in Kenshaw Street Chapel Li- brary, Liverpool (re Whitehaven) ; Narrative of the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ; manuscript extracts from Minutes of General Synod, 1721 ; Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quak. 1782, p. 82.] A. G. BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet, was the son of Joseph Boyse [q. v.], a dissent- ing minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708. He was educated at a private school in Dub- lin and at the university of Glasgow. His studies were interrupted by his marriage when twenty with a Miss Atchenson. He returned to Dublin with his wife, and lived in his father's house without adopting any profes- sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730 Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed a letter on Liberty in the ' Dublin Journal,' No. xcvii., in 1726, but his regular commence- ment as an author dates from 1731, when he printed his first book, 'Translations and Poems/ in Edinburgh. He was patronised by the Scottish nobility, and in this volume and in some later poems wrote in praise of his patrons. An elegy on the death of Viscountess stormont, called ' The Tears of the Muses/ 1736, procured for Boyse a valuable reward Torn her husband, and the Duchess of Gordon *uve the poet an introduction for a post in jhe customs. The day on which he ought to lave applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to .ose the place rather than face the rain. Debts at length compelled him to fly from Edin- burgh. His patrons gave him introductions :o the chief poet of the day, Mr. Pope, to the .ord chancellor, and to Mr. Murray, after- wards Lord Mansfield, and then solicitor- general. Boyse had, however, not sufficient steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted the opportunities which these introductions might have given him of procuring a start in the world of letters or a settlement in life. Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse never called again. The phrases of Johnson may be recognised in a description of him at Boyse 136 Boyse this time, which relates that l he had no power of maintaining the dignity of wit, and though his understanding was very extensive, yet but a few could discover that he had any genius above the common rank. He had so strong a propension to groveling that his acquaintance were generally of such a cast as could be of no service to him ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, 1753, v. 167). In 1739 Boyse published < The Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 The Praise ot Peace, a poem in three cantos from the Dutch of Mr. Van Haren.' He translated Fenelon on the demonstration of the existence of God, and modernised the ' Squire's Tale ' and the 1 Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. These, with se- veral papers in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' signed Alcseus, were his chief publications in London. At Reading, in 1747, he published, in two volumes, ' An Historical Review of the Transactions of Europe, 1739-45.' When the payments of the booksellers did not satisfy his wants, Boyse begged from sectaries, to whom his father's theological reputation was known, and when their patience was exhausted from any one likely to give. Two of his begging letters are preserved in the British Museum (Sloane MS. 4033 B). A sentence in one of these shows how abject a beggar the poet had become. * You were pleased,' he writes to Sir Hans Sloane, l to give my wife the en- closed shilling last night. I doubt not but you thought it a good one, but as it happened otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa- sioned by the mistake.' The letter is dated 14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re- duced to greater straits. ' It was about the year 1740 that Mr. Boyse, reduced to the last extremity of human wretchedness, had not a shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried to the pawnbrokers, and he was obliged to be confined to bed with no other covering than a blanket. Daring this time he had some employment in writing verses for the maga- zines, and whoever had seen him in his study must have thought the object singular enough. He sat up in bed with a blanket wrapped about him, through which he had cut a hole large enough to admit his arm, and placing the paper upon his knee scribbled, in the best manner he could, the verses he was obliged to make ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, v. 169). Necessity is the mother of invention, and Boyse's indigence led him to the discovery of paper collars. ' Whenever his distresses so pressed as to induce him to dispose of his shirt, he fell upon an artificial method of sup- plying one. He cut some white paper in slips, which he tyed round his wrists, and in the same manner supplied his neck. In this plight he frequently appeared abroad, with the additional inconvenience of want of breeches ' (CiBBER, v. 169). In the midst of this deserved squalor, and with vicious pro- pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse had some knowledge of literature and some interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation. It was this and his miseries, and some traces which he now and then showed of a religious education, not quite obliterated by a neglect of all its precepts, which obtained for him the acquaintance of Johnson. Shiel's ' Life of Boyse ' (CIBBER, v. 160) contains Johnson's recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at Reading, where Boyse had gone to live. On his return to London two years later he mar- ried again. His second wife seems to have been an uneducated woman, but she induced him to live more regularly and to dress de- cently. His last illness had, however, begun, and after a lingering phthisis he died in lodgings near Shoe Lane in May 1749. John- son could not collect money enough to pay for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction from other paupers for Boyse, that the ser- vice of the church was separately performed over his corpse. Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is said to have had a taste for painting and for music,and an extensive knowledge of heraldry. ' The Deity, a Poem,' is the best known of his works. It appeared in 1729, went through two editions in the author's lifetime, and has been since printed in several collections of the English poets (' The British Poets,' Chiswick, 1822, vol. lix.; Park's 'British Poets,' London, 1808, vol. xxxiii.) Fielding quotes some lines from it on the theatre of time in the com- parison between the world and the stage, which is the introduction to book vii. of 1 Tom Jones.' He praises the lines, and says that the quotation f is taken from a poem called the Deity, published about nine years ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A proof that good books no more than good men ido always survive the bad.' It was perhaps a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made Fielding praise him. The poem was obviously suggested by the ' Essay on Man,' and the arrangement of its parts is that common in theological treatises on the attributes of God. The edition of 1749 contains some alterations. These are unimportant, as ' celestial wisdom ' (1739) altered to 'celestial spirit' (1749); ' doubtful gloom ' (1739) to ' dubious gloom ' (1749) ; while the few added lines can neither raise nor depress the quality of the poem. In some of Boyse's minor poems recollections of Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior may be traced. False rhymes are not un- common in his verse, but the lines are usually tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on Brabazon 137 Brabazon Loch Kian, in which Lord Stair's character is compared to the steadfast rock of Ailsa, with a coincident allusion to the Stair crest and the family motto ' Firm.' Four six-line verses entitled ' Stanzas to a Candle/ in which the author compares his fading career to the nick- ering and burning out of the candle on his table, are the most original of all Boyse's poems. They are free from affectation, and show Boyse for once in a true poetic mood, neither racking his brains for imagery nor using his memory to help out the verse ; not writing at threepence a line for the bookseller, but recording a poetic association clearly de- rived from the object before him. [Gibber's Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol. v. ; Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1791; Sloane MS. 4033 B ; Boyse's Works.] N. M. BRABAZON, ROGER LE (d. 1||17), judge, descended from an ancient family of Normandy, the founder of which, Jacques le Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with William the Conqueror, his name occurring in the Roll of Battle Abbey. The name is variously spelt Brabacon, Brabancon, and Brabanson, and was originally given to one of the roving bands of mercenaries common in the middle ages. His great-grandson Thomas acquired the estate of Moseley in Leicester- shire, by marriage with Amicia, heiress of John de Moseley. Their son, Sir Roger, who further acquired Eastwill in the same county, married Beatrix, the eldest of the three sisters, and coheirs of Hansel de Bisset, and by her had two sons, of whom the elder was Roger, the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider- able learning, and practised before the great judge De Hengham. His first legal office was as justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in Lancashire, which he held in 1287. In 1289, when almost all the existing judges were re- moved for extortion and-corrupt practices, Brabazon was made a justice of the king's bench, receiving a salary of 331. 6s. 8d. per annum, being as much greater (viz. 61. 13s. 4rf.) than the salaries of the other puisne justices as it was less than the salary of the chief justice. "When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator between the rival claimants to the crown of Scotland, resolved to claim the suzerainty for himself, Brabazon (though not then chief jus- ticiary as one account has it, the office then no longer existing) was employed to search for some legal justification for the claim. By warping the facts he succeeded in making out some shadow of a title, and accordingly at- tended Edward and his parliament at Nor- ham. The Scottish nobles and clergy assem- bled there on 10 May 1291, and Brabazon, speaking in French, the then court language of Scotland, announced the king's determination, and stated the grounds for it. A notary and witnesses were at hand, and he called on the nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para- mount of Scotland. To this the Scotch de- murred, and asked time for deliberation. Bra- bazon referred to the king, and appointed the day following for their decision ; but the time was eventually extended to 1 June. Brabazon, however, did not remain in Scotland till then, but returned south to the business of his court, acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng- land in this year. After the Scottish crown had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con- tinued to be employed upon a plan for the subjection of Scotland. He was one of a body of commissioners to whom Edward referred a complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgess of Berwick, that English judges were exer- cising jurisdiction north of the Tweed ; and when the Scottish king presented a petition, alleging that Edward had promised to observe the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon re- jected it, and held that if the king had made any promises, while the Scottish throne was vacant, in derogation of his just suzerainty, such promises were temporary only and not binding; and as to the conduct of the judges they were deputed by the king as superior and direct lord of Scotland, and represented his person. Encouraged by this decision, Mac- Duff, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish king to the English House of Lords, and on the advice of Brabazon and other judges it was held that the king must come as a vassal to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy three of his castles were seized. He is found in 1293 sitting in Westchepe, and with other judges sentencing three men to mutilation by loss of the right hand. But, although sitting as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the political events in which he was engaged, had completely overshadowed Gilbert de Thorn- ton, the chief justice of his court. The time was now arrived to reward him. In 1295 Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra- bazon succeeded him, and being reappointed immediately upon the accession of Edward II, 6 Sept. 1307, continued in that office until his retirement in 1316. He had been a commis- sioner of array for the counties of Nottingham, Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore- land, and York, in 1296, and was constantly summoned to the parliaments which met at Westminster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle, Northampton, Stamford, and York up to 1314. In 1297 Brabazon's position pointed to him naturally as a member of the council of Edward, the king's son, when left by his father in England as lieutenant of the king- dom. On 1 April 1300 he was appointed to Brabazon 138 Brabazon perambulate the royal forests in Salop, Staf- fordshire, and Derby, and call the officers to account. In 1305 he is named with John de j Lisle as an additional justice in case of need j in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Middlesex, pur- suant to an ordinance of trailbaston, and al- though the writ is cancelled, he certainly acted, for he sat at Guildhall ' ad recipiendas billas super articulis de trailbaston.' In the same year, being present at the parlia- ment held at Westminster, he was appointed and sworn in as a commissioner to treat with the Scotch representatives concerning the government of Scotland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he sat at the Tower of London on the trial of the Earl of Athole and convicted him. In 1308, having been appointed to try certain com- plaints against the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, Brabazon was ordered (19 Feb.) to adjourn the hearing, in order to attend the coronation of Edward II. He was twice as- signed to hold pleas at York in 1309 and 1312, was detained specially in London in the summer of 1313 to advise the king on matters of high importance, and was still invested with the office of commissioner of forests in Stafford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and Oxon, as late as 1316. All these labours told severely on his health. Broken by age and infirmity he, on 23 Feb. 1316, asked leave to resign his office of chief justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda- tory patent of discharge ; but he remained a member of the privy council, and was to at- tend in parliament whenever his health per- mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge, but did not long survive. He died on 13 June 1317, and his executor, John de Brabazon, had masses said for him at Dunstable Abbey. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He appears to have had a high character for learn- ing. To his abilities his honours and offices bear testimony, whatever blame may attach to him for his course in politics. He was a landowner in several counties. In 1296 he is enrolled, pursuant to an ordinance for the defence of the sea-coast, as a knight holding lands in Essex, but non-resident, and in the year following he was summoned as a land- owner in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to attend in person at the muster at Nottingham for military service in Scotland with arms and horses. In 1310 he had lands in Leicester- shire, and in 1316 at Silbertoft and Sulby in Northamptonshire, at East Bridgeford and Hawkesworth in Nottinghamshire, and at Rollright in Oxfordshire. The property at East Bridgeford came to him through his wife Beatrix, daughter of Sir John de Sproxton, with the advowson of the church appurtenant to the manor. As to this he was long engaged in a dispute, for after he had presented a clerk to the living and the ordinary had instituted him, one Bonifacius de Saluce or Saluciis, claiming apparently through some right con- nected with the chapel of Trykehull, intruded upon the living and got possession, and though Brabazon petitioned for his removal as early as 1300, the intruding priest was still unousted in 1315. Brabazon left no issue, his one son having died young ; he had a daughter, Albreda, who married William le Graunt ; his property passed to his brother Matthew, from whom descend the present earls of Meath, barons Brabazon of Ardee, in Ireland. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, i. 78 ; Dugdale's Origines ; Tytler's Scotland, i. 80 ; History of the Family of Brabazon ; Kot. Pat. 9 Edw. II ; Thurston's Notts, i. 294 ; Biographical Peerage, iv. 30 ; Boberts's Calend. Genealogicum, 461 ; Parlia- mentary Bolls, i. 138, 218, 267, 301 ; Palgrave's Parliamentary Writs, i. 490, ii. 581; Luard's Annales Monastic!, iii. 410, iv. 506; Stubbs's Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280.] J. A. H. BRABAZON, Sm WILLIAM (d. 1552), vice- treasurer and lord justice of Ireland, was descended from the family of Roger le Brabazon [q. v.], and was the son of John Brabazon of Eastwell, Leicestershire, and a daughter of Chaworth. After succeeding his father he was knighted on 20 Aug. 1534, and appointed vice-treasurer and general receiver of Ireland. In a letter from Chief- justice Aylmer to Lord Cromwell in August 1535 he is styled ' the man that prevented the total ruin and desolation of the king- dom.' In 1536 he prevented the ravages of O'Connor in Carberry by burning several villages in Offaly and carrying away great poil. tive a speech in support of establishing the popo that ho ponDuadod tno pajiiamont to paoo tho bill fog that pujpooo. Ao a i-eoult >*& of thio; many poligiouo hotieoo wore in 1539 anrronflQrod tn thp king For these and other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con- stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was again appointed to the same office on 1 April 1546. In the same year he drove Patrick O'More and Brian O'Connor from Kildare. In April 1547 he was elected a member of the privy council of Ireland. In the spring of 1548 he assisted the lord deputy in sub- duing a sedition raised in Kildare by the sons of Viscount Baltinglass. He was a third time made lord justice on 2 Feb. 1549. In August 1550, with the aid of 8,000/. and 400 men from England, he subdued Charles Brabourne 139 Brabourne Mac-Art-Cavenagh, who, after making sub- mission and renouncing his name, received pardon. Brabazon died on 9 July 1552 (as is proved by the inquisitions taken in the year of his death), not in 1548 as recorded on his tombstone. His heart was buried with his ancestors at Eastwell, and his body in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church, Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter and coheir to Nicholas Clifford of Holme, he left two sons and three daughters. [Lodge's Peerage (Archdall), i. 265-70 ; Genea- logical History of the Family of Brabazon ; Gal. State Papers, Irish Series; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, Henry VIII; Cal. Carew MSS. vol. i. ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bagwell's Ireland under the Tudors, vol. i.] T. F. H. BRABOURNE, THEOPHILUS (b. 1590), writer on the Sabbath question, was a native of Norwich. The date of his birth is fixed by his own statement in 1654 : ' I am 64 yeares of age ' (Answer to Cawdry, p. 75). His father was a puritan hosier, who edu- cated his son at the free school of Norwich till he was fifteen years of age, and designed him for the church. Incidentally he mentions some curious particulars of Sunday trading in Norwich during his schoolboy days, and says that the city waits played regularly at the market cross { on the latter part of the Lord's day,' in the presence of thousands of people. When the lad should have gone to Cambridge, the silencing of many puritan ministers for non-compliance with the cere- monies induced the father to take him into his own business, and send him to London, as factor for selling stockings wholesale. He remained in London till his marriage to Abigail, daughter of Koger and Joane Gal- liard. He was thus brother-in-law of Ben- jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard. After his marriage, Brabourne lived for two or three years at Norwich with his father, and resuming his intention of entering the minis- try, he studied privately under ' three able divines.' He seems to have been episcopally ordained before 1628, and it is probable that he officiated (Collings says he got a curacy of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in- dication of his having been connected with any other place after he left London, though Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls him a Suffolk minister. In 1628 appeared his 'Discourse upon the Sabbath Day/ in which he impugns the received doctrine of the sabbatical character of the Lord's day, and maintains that Saturday is still the sabbath. Hence Robert Cox regards him as ' the founder in England of the sect at first known as Sabbatarians, but now calling themselves seventh-day baptists.' This is quite incorrect ; Brabourne was no baptist, founded no sect, and, true to the original puritan standpoint [see BKADSHAW, WIL- LIAM], wrote vehemently against all separa- tists from the national church, and in fa- vour of the supremacy of the civil power in matters ecclesiastical. His attention had been drawn to the Sabbath question (' Dis- course,' p. 59) by a work published at Ox- ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces- tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con- cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com- ' mandment.' Broad rests the authority of I the Lord's day on the custom of the early church and the constitution of the church of j England. Brabourne leaves it to every i man's conscience whether he will keep the sabbath or the Lord's day, but decides that those who prefer the former are on the safe side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground 1 in his ' Defence ... of the Sabbath Day,' 1632, a work which he had the boldness to dedicate to Charles I. Prior to this publica- | tion he appears to have held discussions on i the subject with several puritan ministers in ' his neighbourhood, and claimed to have al- ways come off victorious. He tells us that he held a conference, lasting ' many days, an houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hoi- born, with Francis White (bishop of Nor- wich 1629-31, of Ely 1631-8). This was the beginning of his troubles ; in his own words, he was l tossed in the high commis- sion court near three years.' He lay in the Gatehouse at Westminster for nine weeks, and was then publicly examined before the high commission, ' near a hundred ministers present (besides hundreds of other people).' The king's advocate pleaded against him, and Bishop White ' read a discourse of near an hour long ' on his errors. Sir H. Martin, one of the judges of the court, moved to sue the king to issue his writ de hceretico combu- rendo, but Laud interposed. Brabourne was censured, and sent to Newgate, where he remained eighteen months. When he had been a year in prison, he was again exa- mined before Laud, who told him that if he had stopped with what he said of the Lord's day, namely that it is not a sabbath of divine institution, but a holy day of the church, ' we should not have troubled you.' Ultimately, he made his submission to the high commission court. The Document is called a recantation, but when safe from the clutches of the court, Brabourne explained that all he had actually retracted was the word 'necessarily.' He had affirmed 'that Saturday ought necessarily to be our sab- bath j ' this he admitted to be a ' rash and Brabourne 140 Brabourne of God's, the Sabbath Day. . . . Under- taken against all Anti-Sabbatharians, both of Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana- baptists ; and by name and especially against these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut- chinson, M. Furnace, M. Benton, M. Gallard, M. Yates, M. Clmppel, M. Stinnet, M. John- son, and M. Wade. The second edition, corrected and amended; with a supply of many things formerly omitted. . . .' 1632, 4to (according to Watt, the first edition was presumptuous error,' for his opinion, though true, was not ' a necessary truth.' Bra- bourne's book was one of the reasons which moved Charles I to reissue on 18 Oct. 1633 the declaration commonly known as the Book of Sports ; it was by the king's com- mand that Bishop White wrote his ' Treatise of the Sabbath Day,' 1635, 4to, in the dedi- cation of which (to Laud) is a short account of Brabourne. Returning to Norwich in 1635, Brabourne probably resumed his minis- try; but he got some property on the death of ! in 1631, 4to, and there was another edition a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- I in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten- ing 1 . In 1654 he writes in his reply to John j net of Abingdon, the first English seventh- The The 16mo A ----- the Collings was a bitter antagonist of j Change of Church-Discipline. . . . Also a his non-presbyterian neighbours. Brabourne | Reply to Mr. Collins his answer made to had written in 1653 l The Change of Church- j Mr. Brabourne's first part of the Change of Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all Church-Discipline . . .' 1654, 4to (the reply sorts. This stirred Collings to attack him | has a separate title-page and pagination, ' A in ' Indoctus Doctor Edoctus,' &c. 1654, 4to. A second part of Brabourne's tract pro- Reply to the " Indoctus Doctor Edoctus/' ' 1654, 4to). 5. ' The Second Vindication of voked ' A New Lesson for the Indoctus my first Book of the Change of Discipline ; Doctor,' &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabourne | being a Reply to Mr. Collings his second wrote a f Second Vindication ' in reply. This ; Answer to it. Also a Dispute between Mr. pamphlet war is marked by personalities, in \ Collings and T. Brabourne touching the which Collings excels. Collings tells us | Sabbath Day,' 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. ' An that Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, Answer to M. Cawdry's two books of the had tried several employments. He had Sabbath lately come forth,' &c, 1654, 12mo. been bolt-poake, weaver, hosier, maltster (in 6. l Answers to two books on the Sabbath : St. Augustine's parish), and was now ' a j the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no nonsensical scribbler,' who was forced to j Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren, the publish his books at his own expense. While Jews' Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, 8vo (not this dispute with Collings was going on, seen ; Jeremy Ives's book was published 1659, Brabourne brought out an ' Answer ' to 4to ; Edmund Warren's (of Colchester) was the ' Sabbatum Redivivum,' &c., of Daniel i also published 1659, 4to). 7. ' God save 1 ' and his Parlia Theophilus Brabourn unto the hon. Parliament, that, as all magistrates in the Kingdome doe in their office, so Bishops may be required in their office to own the King's supremacy,' &c. 1661, 4to (published 5 March ; there is ; A Post- script, (sic) i Of many evils' (sic) which follow of the quest to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was unconvinced by Cawdrey. Five years later he wrote on liis favourite theme against Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard of Brabourne till after the Restoration, when he put out pamphlets rejoicing in liberty of conscience, and defending the royal supre- macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these pamphlets he spells his name Brabourn. The last of them was issued 18 March 1661. Nothing is known of Brabourne later. He published : 1. ' A Discourse upon the Sabbath Day . . . Printed the 23th (sic) of Decemb. anno dom. 1628,' 16mo (Brabourne maintains that the duration of the sabbath is ' that space of time and light from day-peep or day-break in the morning, until day be quite off the sky at night). 2. ' A Defence of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance upon the King's grant to Bishops of a coer- cive power in their courts for ceremonies '). 9. ' Of the Lavvfnluess (sic) of the Oath of allegiance to the King, and of the other oath to his supremacy. Written for the benefit of Quakers and others, who out of scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of allegiance and supremacy,' 1661, 4to (pub- lished 18 March, not included in Smith's ' Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana,' 1872). [Wood's Athense Oxon. i. (1691), 333 ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362 ; Barham's Collier's Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii. 76 ; Hunt's Eel. Bracegirdle 141 Bracegirdle Thought in England, 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, xi. 1875 (Laud), 237 seq. ; Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c. ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf- folk, 1877, 494 n ; works cited above.] A. G. BRACEGIRDLE, ANNE (1663 P-1748), one of the most popular and brilliant of Eng- lish actresses, was born about 1663, presu- mably in one of the midland counties. Curll (History of the English Stage) calls her the daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle, of North- ^mptonshire (? Northampton), esq., says 'she Rtifl the good fortune to be well placed when j aii infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and his wife/ and adds that ' she performed the page in "The Orphan," at the Duke's Theatre in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.' ' The Orphan ' was first played, at Dorset Garden, in 1680. With the addition of a de- cade to Mrs. Bracegirdle's age, which this date renders imperative, this story, though without authority and not undisputed, is re- concilable with facts. Downes (JRoscius An- glicanus) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in connection with the Theatre Royal in 1688, in which year she played Lucia in Shadwell's ' Squire of Alsatia.' Maria in Mountfort's ' Edward III,' Emmeline in Dryden's ' King Arthur,' Tamira in D'Urfey's alteration of Chapman's 'Bussy d'Ambois,' and other similar parts followed. In 1693 Mrs. Brace- girdle made, as Araminta in the ' Old Bache- lor,' her first appearance in a comedy of Congreve, the man in whose works her chief triumphs were obtained, and whose name has subsequently, for good or ill, been most closely associated with her own. In the memorable opening, by Betterton, of the little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695, with 'Love for Love,' Mrs. Bracegirdle played Angelica. Two years later she enacted Belinda in the ' Provoked Wife ' of Van- brugh, and Almeria in Congreve's l Mourning Bride.' To these, which may rank' as her principal ' creations,' may be added the he- roines of some of Rowe's tragedies, Selina in 1 Tamerlane,' Lavinia in the ' Fair Penitent,' and in such alterations of Shakespeare as were then customary ; Isabella (' Measure for Measure '), Portia (' Merchant of Venice '), Desdemona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford, with other characters from plays of the epoch, showing that her range included both comedy and tragedy. In the season of 1706-7 Mrs. Bracegirdle at the Haymarket came first into competition with Mrs. Oldfield, before whose star, then rising, her own went down. Accord- ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield, published in 1730, the year of her death, and quoted by Genest (vol. ii. p. 375), the question whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle was the better actress in comedy was left to the town to settle. ' Mrs. Bracegirdle accord- ingly acted Mrs. Brittle ' (in Betterton's t Amorous Widow ') f on one night, and Mrs. Oldfield acted the same part on the next night ; the preference was adjudged to Mrs. Oldfield, at which Mrs. Bracegirdle was very much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit, being allowed by Swiney to be in the season before Mrs. Bracegirdle's, added so much to the affront that she quitted the stage imme- diately.' That from this time (1707) she re- fused all offers to rejoin the stage is certain. Once again she appeared upon the scene of her past triumphs. This was on the occasion of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and 13 April 1709, when, with her companion Mrs. Barry, she came from her retirement, and played in ' Love for Love ' her favourite role of Angelica [see BETTEETON, THOMAS]. After this date no more is publicly heard of her until 18 Sept. 1748, when her body was removed from her house in Howard Street, Strand, and interred in the east cloisters of Westminster Abbey. Of her long life less than a third was directly con- nected with the stage. An amount of pub- licity unusual even in the case of women of her profession was thrust upon her during her early life. To this the murder of Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun, due to the passion of the former for Mrs. Bracegirdle and his jealousy of his victim, contributed. An assumption of virtue, any- thing but common in those of her position in the days in which she lived, was, however, a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far the merit of 'not being unguarded in her private character,' which, without a hint of a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Gibber, is her due, it is useless now to inquire. Evidence will be judged differently by different minds. Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de- clares ' She seems to have been a cold, vain, and interested coquette, who perfectly under- stood how much the influence of her charms was increased by the fame of a severity which cost her nothing, and who could ven- ture to flirt with a succession of admirers in the just confidence that no flame which she might kindle in them would thaw her own ice ' (History of England, iii. 380, ed. 1864). For this statement, to say the least rash, the authorities Macaulay quotes, un- friendly as they are, furnish no justification. Tom Brown, of infamous memory, utters sneers concerning her Abigail being ' brought to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious though atrocious publication, ( A Comparison Bracegirdle 142 Bracken between Two Stages,' expresses his want of faith in the story of her innocence, concern- ing which, without arraigning it, he says (p. 18), 'I believe no more on't than I believe of John Mandevil.' Wholly valueless is the evidence of these two indirect assailants against the general verdict of a time known to be censorious. Mrs. Bracegirdle may at least claim to have had the highest reputa- tion for virtue of any woman of her age ; and her benevolence to the unemployed poor of Clare Market and adjacent districts, l so that she could not pass that neighbourhood with- out the thankful acclamations of people of all degrees, so that, if any one affronted her, they would have been in danger of being killed directly ' (TONY ASTON), is a pleasing trait in her character. The story is worth repeating that ' Lord Halifax, overhearing the praise of Mrs. Bracegirdle's virtuous be- haviour by the Dukes of Dorset and Devon- shire and other nobles, said, " You all com- mend her virtue, &c., but why do we not present this incomparable woman with some- thing worthy her acceptance ?" His lordship deposited 200 guineas, which the rest made up to 800 and sent to her ' (Tour ASTON). Whether, as is insinuated in some quarters, she yielded to the advances of Congreve, whose devotion to her, like the similar de- votion of Howe, seemed augmented by her success in his pieces, and whose testimony in his poems appears, like all other testimony, to establish her virtue, remains undeter- mined. In her own time she was suspected, though her biographers ignore the fact, of being married to Congreve. In a poem called 'The Benefits of a Theatre,' which appears in ' The State 'Poems,' vol. iv. p. 49, and is no more capable of being quoted than are the other contents of that valuable but unsavoury receptacle, Congreve and Mrs. Bracegirdle, unmistakably associated under the names of Valentine and Angelica, are distinctly, though doubtless wrongly, stated to be married. Congreve left her in his will a legacy of 200/. Grarrick, who met Mrs. Bracegirdle after she had quitted the stage, and heard her repeat some lines from Shake- speare, is said to have expressed an opinion that her reputation was undeserved. Colley Gibber denied her any 'greater claim to beauty than what the most desirable brunette might pretend to,' but states that 'it was even a fashion among the gay and young to have a taste or tendre for Mrs. Bracegirdle.' She inspired the best authors to write for her, and two of them, Congreve and Howe, 1 when they gave her a lover, in her play, seemed palpably to plead their own passion, and made their private court to her in ficti- tious character.' Aston, bitter in tongue as he ordinarily is, shared his father's belief in her purity, and has left a sufficiently tempting picture of her. ' She was of a lovely height, with dark-brown hair and eyebrows, black sparkling eyes and a fresh blushy complexion, and, whenever she exerted herself, had an involuntary flushing in her breast, neck, and face, having continually a cheerful aspect, and a fine set of even white teeth, never making an exit but that she left the audience in an imitation of her pleasant countenance ' (Brief Supplement, pp. 9-10). [G-enest's History of the Stage ; Gibber's Apo- logy, by Bellchambers ; Egerton's Life of Ann Oldfield, 1731 ; Stanley's Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey; W. Clark Eussell's Representative Actors ; A Comparison between the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Aston's Brief Sup- plement to Colley Gibber, n. d. ; Downe's Roscius Anglicanus.] J. K BRACEGIRDLE, JOHN (d. 1613-14), poet, is supposed to have been a son of John Bracegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon- Avon from 1560 to 1569. He was matricu- lated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge, in December 1588, proceeded B.A. in 1591- 1592, commenced M.A. in 1595, and pro- ceeded B.D. in 1602. He was inducted to the vicarage of Rye in Sussex, on the pre- sentation of Thomas Sackville, lord Buck- hurst, 12 July 1602, and was buried there on 8 Feb. 1613-14. He is author of ' Psychopharmacon, the Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo- sophie, contained, in five bookes, called the Consolation of Philosophic, compiled by Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boe- thius,' translated into English blank verse, except the metres, which are in many dif- ferent kinds of rhyme, Addit. MS. 11401. It is dedicated to Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorset. [Wheler's Stratford -upon- A von, 31 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab, ii. 430; Sussex Archaeological Collections, xiii. 274.] T. C. BRACKEN, HENRY, M.D. (1697-1764), writer on farriery, was the son of Henry Bracken of Lancaster, and was baptised there 31 Oct. 1697. His early education was gained at Lancaster under Mr. Bordley and the Rev. Thomas Holmes, and he was afterwards apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth- ington, a physician in extensive practice at Wigan. At the expiration of his appren- ticeship, about 1717, he went to London, and passed a few months as a pupil at St. Thomas's Hospital. Thence he went over to Bracken 143 Brackenbury Paris to attend the Hotel-Dieu, and subse- quently to Leyden, where he studied under Herman Boerhaave, and took his degree of M.D., but his name is omitted from the 'Al- bum Studiosorum Academiae Lugd. Bat./ printed in 1875. On his return to London he attended the practice of Drs. Wadsworth and Plumtree, and soon began to practise on his own account at Lancaster, and before long be- came widely known as a surgeon and author. About 1746 he was charged with abetting the Jacobite rebels and thrown into prison, but was discharged without trial, there appearing to have been no ground for his arrest ; indeed, he had previously rendered a service to the king by intercepting a messenger to the rebels, and sending the letters to the general of the king's forces, and for this act he had been obliged to keep out of the way of the Pretender's followers. He received much honour in his native town, and was twice elected mayor in 1747-8 and 1757-8. In his method of practice as a medical man he was remarkably simple, discarding many of the usual nostrums. In private life he was liberal, generous, charitable, and popular ; but his love of horse-racing, of conviviality, and of smuggling, which he called gambling with the king, prevented him from reaping or retaining the full fruits of his success. He published several books on horses, writ- ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound- ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to be placed by John Lawrence at the head of all veterinary writers, ancient or modern. Their dates and titles are as follows : in 1735, an edition of Captain William Burdon's ' Gentle- man's Pocket Farrier,' with notes ; in 1738, 1 Farriery Improved, or a Oompleat Treatise upon the Art of Farriery,' 2 vols., which went through ten or more editions ; in 1742, 1 The Traveller's Pocket Farrier ; ' in 1751, ' A Treatise on the True Seat of Glanders in Horses, together with the Method of Cure, from the French of De la Fosse.' He wrote also ' The Midwife's Companion,' 1737, which he dedicated to Boerhaave (it was issued with a fresh title-page in 1751) ; ' Lithiasis Anglicana ; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into the Nature and Origin of the Stone and Gravel in Human Bodies,' 1739 ; a transla- tion from the French of Maitre-Jan on the eye ; and some papers on small-pox, &c. On the establishment of the London Medical Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the literary assistance of Bracken, 'for whose abilities,' he observed, 'I have long had a great esteem, and who has laboured more successfully for the improvement of medicine than most of his contemporaries.' Bracken died at Lancaster, 13 Nov. 1764. [Prefaces to Bracken's writings ; Letter to Dr. Preston Christopherson, printed in the Preston Guardian, 4 Sept. 1880 ; Georgian Era, ii. 561 ; John Lawrence's Treatise on Horses, 2nd ed. 1802, i. 29-32 ; information furnished by Alderman W. Roper of Lancaster.] C. W. S. BRACKENBURY, SIR EDWARD (1785-1864), lieutenant-colonel, a direct descendant from Sir Robert Brackenbury, lieutenant of the Tower of London in the time of Richard III, was second son of Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin- colnshire, by his wife Janetta, daughter of George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was born in 1785. Having entered the army as an ensign in the 61st regiment in 1803, and be- come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at Scylla Castle and at Gibraltar, 1807-8, and in the Peninsula from 1809 to the end of the war in 1814. At the battle of Salamanca he took a piece of artillery from the enemy, guarded by four soldiers, close to their re- tiring column, without any near or imme- diate support, and in many other important engagements conducted himself with distin- guished valour. As a reward for his nume- rous services he received the war medal with nine clasps. On 22 July 1812 he was promoted to a captaincy, and after the conclusion of the war was attached to the Portuguese and Spanish army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec. 1816, when he was placed on half-pay. He served as a major in the 28th foot from 1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan. 1828, when he was again placed on half-pay. His foreign services were further recognised by his being made a knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis. Brackenbury, who was knighted by the king at Windsor Castle on 26 Aug. 1836, was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Lincoln. He attained to the rank of lieutenant-colonel on 10 Jan. 1837, and ten years afterwards sold out of the army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln- shire, on 1 June 1864. He was twice married : first, on 9 June 1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward Bromhead of Reepham near Lincoln, and, secondly, in March 1847, to Eleanor, daughter of Addison Fenwick of Bishopwearmouth, Durham, and widow of W. Brown Clark of Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in 1862. [Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon's The Sixty-first Regiment (1837), pp. 24, 31, 67.] G. C. B. Brackenbury 144 Bracton BRACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788- 1864), poet, was born in 1788 at Langton, probably Lincolnshire, where he spent his early years. On 28 Oct. 1808 he was a stu- dent at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 1810 he published his 'Natale Solum and other Poetical Pieces ' by subscription. In 1811 he proceeded B.A. (ROMILLY, Grad. Cant. p. 45) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to the Madras establishment, and returning after some years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819. From 1828 to 1856 he was chaplain and secre- tary to the Magdalen Hospital, Blackfriars Road, London. In 1862 he became rector of Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart- disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76. [Brackenbury 's Natale Solum, &c. pp. 2, 10, 28, 58, 120 ; Gent. Mag. 1864, p. 668; Brayley's Surrey, v. 321 ; private information.] J. H. BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON, VISCOUNT. [See EGERTON.] BRACTON, BRATTON, or BRETTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268), ecclesiastic and judge, was author of a comprehensive treatise on the law of England. Three places have been con- jecturally assigned as the birthplace of this distinguished jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly, near Okehampton in Devonshire, Bratton Fleming, near Barnstaple in the same county, and Bratton Court, near Minehead in Somer- setshire. The pretensions of Bratton Clovelly seem to rest entirely upon the fact that an- ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Travers Iwiss, in his edition of Bracton's great work, ' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise/ in- clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the ground that one Odo de Bratton was per- petual vicar of the church there in 1212 (Rot . Lit. Pat. i. 93 b), when the rectory was conferred on William de Ralegh, a justice itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de Pateshull, Bracton is known to have had in his possession almost certainly for the pur- poses of his work. Bracton cites Ralegh's decisions less frequently indeed than those of Pateshull, whom he sometimes refers to with a familiarity which seems to imply per- sonal intimacy, as ' dominus Martinus,' or simply Martinus (lib. iv., tract i., cap. xxvii., fol. 205 b, xxviii. fol. 207 6), but more fre- quently than those of any other j udge. Ralegh was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these data, which it must be owned are rather slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton stood to both Pateshull and Ralegh in the relation of a pupil, and that it was while the latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he came into connection with him. Collinson, the historian of Somersetshire, is mistaken in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc- ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in the Black Book of the Exchequer as holding lands at Bratton, near Minehead, under Wil- liam de Mohun, 12 Henry II (1166), and that he lies buried in the church of St. Michael in Minehead under a monument re- presenting him in his robes, since it has been established by Sir Travers Twiss that Bracton was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a little to the south of the entrance to the choir, at which a daily mass was regularly said for the benefit of his soul for the space of three centuries after his decease. At the same time, if Bracton was really a landowner in the neighbourhood of Minehead, a monu- ment may have been put up to his memory by his relatives in the parish church there. It seems impossible to decide upon the claims of the three competing villages. Some un- certainty also exists as to the orthography of the judge's name, of which four principal varieties Bracton, Bratton, Bretton, and Bryckton are found. Bryckton may be dis- missed without hesitation as corrupt, and Bretton is almost certainly a dialectical variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be- tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris- ing from the similarity between the tt and the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- tury handwriting. The passage cited by Sir Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii. liv-v) as evidence that the judge himself considered Bracton to be the correct spelling of his name appears rather to militate against that view. The passage in question refers to the fatal effect of clerical errors in writs. According to the reading of a manuscript (Rawlinson, c. 160, in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers Twiss's opinion (i. xxi, Iii), has been faith- fully copied from a manuscript older than any now extant (BRACTON, ed. Twiss, iii. 212), the writer says that if a person writes Broctone for Bractone, or Bractone for Brat- tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe- rence can be drawn from the passage, it would seem to be that, in the author's opinion, Brattone, and not Bractone, was the true form of the name. That it was so in fact seems to be as nearly proved as such a thing can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls extending from 1250 to 1267, i.e. during nearly the whole of Bracton's official life, and numbering nearly a hundred in all. While Bratton and Bretton occur with about equal frequency, no single instance of Bracton is discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five entries in Bishop Branscombe's register cited Bracton 145 Bracton "by Sir Travers Twiss, four have Bratton and one Bracton. The deed of 1272 endowing a chantry for the benefit of his soul speaks of Henry de Bratton, and so does the deed of 1276 with a like object. This chantry, which existed until the reign of Henry VIII, seems to have been always known as Bratton's chantry. The earliest extant biographical notice of Bracton occurs in Leland's ' Com- mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis ' (i. cap. cclxxvi.) He says he took it l ex inscriptione libri Branomensis bibliothecae.' Bale, in his * Illustrium Majoris Britannia) Scriptorum Catalogus,' appropriates his account very much as it stands, adding only that Bracton was of good family, that his university was Oxford, and that he was one of the justices itinerant before he became chief justice. The reference to the 'Branomensis bibliotheca' he suppresses, probably because he could make nothing of it. Tanner, who also re- peats Leland, tries to emend the text by inserting ' edidit ' after ( librum,' and appends the following note : ' " In Bravionensis seu Wigorniensis bibliothecse serie quadam legi memoriaque retinui." Ita legit MS. Lei. Trin.' It is clear that in any case the passage is corrupt. The subsequent biographers of Bracton until Foss do little more than repeat Bale's statements, and these are only very partially confirmed by the records. Dugdale mentions him as a justice itinerant in Not- tinghamshire and Derbyshire in 1245, and places him in the commission of the follow- ing year for Northumberland, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Lancashire. As he is de- scribed as a justice in the record of a fine levied in this year, preserved in the Register of Waltham Abbey (Harl MS. 391, fol. 71), in close connection with Henry de Ba- thonia and Jeremiah de Caxton, both jus- tices of the Curia Regis, it is probable that he was then one of the regular justices. Against this, however, must be set the fact that the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to which reference has already been made does not begin until 1250. After 1246 Dugdale ignores him until 1260, from which date until 1267 he mentions him pretty frequently as a justice itinerant in the western counties. After 1267 all the records are silent as to his doings. During a portion of his career he seems to have stood well with the king ; for in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of the town house of the Earl of Derby, then recently deceased, during the minority of the heir, being therein designated ' dilecto clerico nostro.' In 1263-4 (21 Jan.) he was ap- pointed archdeacon of Barnstaple, but re- signed the post in the following May on being created chancellor of the cathedral of Exeter. VOL. VI. He also held a prebend in the church of Exeter, and another in that of Bosham in Sussex, a peculiar of the bishops of Exeter, from some date prior to 1237 until his death, which occurred in 1268, and probably in the summer or early autumn of that year, as Oliver de Tracy succeeded him as chancellor of Exeter Cathedral on 3 Sept., and Edward Delacron, dean of Wells, and Richard de Esse in the prebends of Bosham and Exeter respectively in the following November. He is known to have left some manuscripts to the chapter of Exeter by his will, and it may have been one of these that Leland saw, sup- posing * Exoniensis bibliothecse ' to be the true reading. For the statement that he dis- charged the duties of chief justice for twenty Siars no foundation is now discoverable, uring the earlier portion of his official life (1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and if Bracton was ever chief justice, it must have been either before 1258 or after 1265. It is possible that, while the office was in abeyance, the king entrusted his f dear clerk ' with some of the duties incident to it. It is also possible, as Foss has conjectured, that Bracton held the office during the interval between the death of Hugh le Despenser and the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 March 1267-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if he was ever regularly appointed, no record of the fact should have survived. Of his al- leged connection with Oxford it is also im- possible to discover any positive evidence. That he was an Oxford man is intrinsically probable from the character of his treatise, 1 De Legibus et Coiisuetudinibus Anglise.' It bears such evident traces throughout of the influence of the civil law as to leave no doubt that the author was familiar not merely with the Summa or manual of the civil law compiled by the celebrated glossator, Azo of Bologna, but with the Institutes and Digest of Justinian, and Oxford was at that time the seat of the study of the civil law in this country. Moreover, Bracton's first two books, 'De Rerum Divisione' and 'De acquirendo Rerum Dominio,' have a deci- dedly academic air, for they are carefully mapped out according to logical divisions such as a professor writing for a society of students would naturally affect ; and though, from a reference to the candidature of Richard, earl of Cornwall, for the imperial crown in the latter book (ii. cap. xix. 4, fol. 47), it is clear that that passage was written as late as 1257, it by no means follows that the book as a whole does not belong to a much earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be affirmed with any confidence that Bracton could not have acquired the accurate and L Bracton 146 Bracton extensive knowledge of the Roman law which he undoubtedly did possess without residing in Oxford, and neither the title l dominus ' by which he is usually designated in ecclesiastical records, and which, as Sir Travers Twiss has pointed out, was the proper appellation of a professor of law at the university of Bologna ; under the privilege accorded by Frederic I at | the diet of Roncaglia (1158), nor that of ' magister ' given him by Gilbert Thornton (chief justice), who epitomised his work in 1292, can be relied on as necessarily importing an academical status. The date of the com- position of his work is approximately fixed by a reference to the Statute of Merton (1235) on the one hand, and the absence of any notice of the changes in the law intro- duced by the Provisions of Westminster (1259) on the other. The work seems never to have received a final revision, and it is probable that the order of arrangement of the several treatises does not in all cases correspond with the order of composition. Bracton's relation to the civil and canon law has been ably discussed by Professor Giiter- bock of Konigsberg, who agrees in the main with the view taken by Spence, that he did not so much romanise English law as syste- matise the results which a series of clerical judges, themselves familiar with the civil and canon codes, and using them to supple- ment the inadequacy of the common law, had already produced, a conclusion which is in accordance with the strictly practical purpose apparent throughout the treatise. This view is also adopted by Sir Travers Twiss. Bracton's position in the history of English law is unique. The treatise ' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise ' is the first attempt to treat the whole extent of the law in a manner at once systematic and practical. The subject-matter of the work is defined in the proem to be ' facta et casus, qui quotidie emergunt et eveniunt in regno Anglise,' and to this he for the most part strictly limits himself, citing cases in support of the principles he enunciates in the most exemplary manner. Hence the influence of the work was both immediate and enduring. Besides the abridgment by Thornton, of which, though none is now known to exist, Selden had an imperfect copy, two other sum- maries of it were compiled during the reign of Edward I by two anonymous authors, one in Latin, of which the title ' Fleta ' is thought to conceal some reference either to the Fleet Prison or to Fleet Street, the other in Norman- French known as Britten. Through Coke, who had a high respect for Bracton, and fre- quently cited him, both in his judgments and in his ' Commentary ' on Littleton, his influ- ence has been effective in moulding the exist- ing common law of England. Some remark- able passages relating to the prerogative of the king (i. cap. viii. 5, fol. 5 ; ii. cap. xvi. 3, fol. 34 ; iii. tract i. cap. ix. fol. 107 b} were cited by Bradshaw in his judgment on Charles I, and by Milton in his ( Defence of the People of England/ as showing that the- doctrine of passive obedience was repugnant to the ancient common law of this country. The bibliography of Bracton may be put into very small compass. A considerable portion of the treatise found its way into print in 1557, in the shape of quotations made by Sir William Staundeford in hi& ' Plees del Coron.' The first printed edition of the entire work was published by Richard Tot tell in 1569 (fol.), with a preface by one T. N. (whose identity has never been deter- mined), in which credit is taken for a careful recension of the text. The next edition (4to) appeared in 1640, being a mere reprint of that of 1569. In spite of the labours of T. N. the text remained in so unsatisfactory a con- dition that Selden never cited it without collation with manuscripts in his own pos- session. No other edition appeared until 1878, when Sir Travers Twiss issued the first volume of the recension and translation un- dertaken by him by the direction of the master of the rolls. The sixth and last vo- lume appeared in 1883. For information concerning the apparatus criticus available for the establishment of the text reference may be made to vol. i. pp. xlix-lxvi of this edition, to the ( Law Magazine and Review,' N.S., i. 560-1, ii. 398, to the < Athenaeum' (19 July 1884), where Professor VinogradoiF,^ of Moscow, gives an interesting account of the discovery by him among the Additional MSS. in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 12269) of a collection of cases evidently com- piled for Bracton's use, and actually used and annotated by him for the purpose of his work,, and also to an article in the ' Law Quarterly Review ' for April 1885, in which the same writer suggests one obvious and two unwar- rantable alterations of the text, impugns the authority of Rawl. MS. c. 160, on which Sir Travers Twiss's recension is based, on the ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui- sition on degrees of affinity, and argues from other passages that the text as it stands is the result of the gradual incorporation with Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc- cessive commentaries. [Lysons's Devonshire, ii. 66, 67 ; Domesday Book, fol. 96, 101 b, 105 b, 107; Collinson's Somersetshire, ii. 31 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. ii. 82 ; Britton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv ; Valor. Eccl. ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257; Bradberry 147 Bradbridge Spence's Eqxiitable Jurisdiction of Court of Chancery, i. 120; Tanner's Notitia Monastica (ed. Nasmith), Sussex, v. ; Fourth Report of Dep. Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat., cent. iii. art. xcviii. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dug- dale's Orig. 56; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 12, 19; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 405, 417; Bracton (ed. Twiss), i. ix-xviii, ii. vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v. Ixxx ad fin., vi. lix-lxiii ; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 693, iv. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People of England, cap. viii. ad fin. ; Henricus de Brac- ton und sein Verhaltniss zum romischen Rechte von Dr. Carl Griiterbock, Berlin, 1862 (this work has been translated by Brinton Coxe, Philadel- phia. 1866); Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. BRADBERRY,sometimes called BRAD- BURY, DAVID (1736-1803), nonconfor- mist minister, appears to have been resident in London in 1766, and for a time was minis- ter of the congregation at Glovers' Hall, Lon- don, which then belonged to the baptists; but he went from Ramsgate to Manchester, where he succeeded the Rev. Timothy Priest- ley, brother of Joseph Priestley, 14 Aug. 1785, as the minister of a congregational church in Cannon Street. He was not very successful in his ministry, which was disturbed by con- troversy, especially with some Scotch mem- bers, who were anxious to import the fashion of 'ruling elders,' and who eventually seceded and erected in Mosley Street what was then the largest dissenting chapel in Lancashire (HALLEY). He resigned his position in 1794 and left the neighbourhood. He is buried in Bunhill Fields, where his grave- stone states that he 'died 13 Jan. 1803, aged 67 years ; having been a preacher of the gospel forty-two years.' Bradberry was the author of : 1. ' A Chal- lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Chief of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amos iv. 12, Lon- don, printed for the author, 1766. 2. t Letter relative to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. ' Tete- lestai, the Final Close,' a poem, in six parts, Manchester, 1794. This poem describes the day of judgment from an ' evangelical ' stand- point, and is remarkable for its unusual metre. The book is also a literary curiosity from its long and quaint dedication, addressed to the Deity , who is styled, among many other titles, ' His most sublime, most high and mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se- rene, most reverend,' and ' Governor-general of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop of Souls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals, Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of Rights and Finisher of Fates, Father of Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.) [Manual of the Chorlton Road Congregational | Church, 1877 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii. 220 ; Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism, &c. ; j British Museum General Catalogue ; Allibone's Dictionary; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxviii. pt. ii. p. 516; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849, p. 11.1 W. E. A. A. BRADBRIDGE or BRODEBRIDGE, WILLIAM (1501-1578), bishop of Exeter, sprang from a Somersetshire family now ex- tinct, but variously known as Bradbridge, : Bredbridge, or Brodbridge. William Brad- i bridge was born in London in 1501. From the j fact that he succeeded one Augustine Brad- bridge as chancellor of Chichester, who was afterwards appointed treasurer and preben- dary of Fordington, diocese of Sarum,inl566, and who died the next year, it is possible the latter was a brother. One Nicholas Bradbridge was prebend of Lincoln in 1508, and a Jone and George Bradbridge were respectively martyred during the Marian persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury. William took his B.A. degree at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 15 July 1528, but whether as demy or non-foundationer does not appear. In 1529 he became a fellow of his college,, MA. on 6 June 1532, B.D. on 17 June 1539, ' being then arrived to some eminence in the theological faculty' (W T OOD). On 26 March 1565 he supplicated the university for a D.D. degree, but was not admitted. Yet Strype- (Parker, book iv. 4) calls him D.D. He espoused the reformed religion, and had to- flee with Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi- tives in 1553. He is found, however, in England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on the presentation of Ralph Henslow, he was appointed prebendary of Lyme and Halstock, Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester, and in 1561 a dispensation was granted him on account of this as regarded part of his term of residence at Salisbury. He sub- scribed the articles of 1562 as a member of the lower house of convocation, and when the puritanical six articles of the same year were debated in that assembly, in common with all those members who had been brought into friendly contact with the practice of foreign churches during the reign of Mary, be signed them, but was outvoted by a majority of one. He also subscribed the articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April 1562, and was allowed to hold the chancel- lorship in commendam with his bishopric. On Low Sunday 1563 he preached the annual Spittal sermon, and on 23 June of the same year, showing himself conformable to the discipline which was then being established, was elected dean of Salisbury by letters from L2 Bradbridge 148 Bradbridge Queen Elizabeth, in the place of the Italian* Peter Vannes. Here he was a contemporary of Foxe, the martyrologist, and Harding, the chief opponent of Jewell. On 26 Feb. 1570-1 the queen issued her significavit in his favour to the archbishop, and he was duly elected bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de- claration of the queen's supremacy and doing homage, the temporalities of the see were restored to him on the 14th. He is still termed B.D. (State Papers, Domestic, Eliz. vol. Ixxxii.) His election was confirmed the next day, and he was consecrated at Lambeth on the 18th by Archbishop Parker and Bishops Home and Bullingham of Win- chester and Worcester. Although Wood says 'he laudably governed the see for about eight years/ his administration was some- what halting and void of vigour, the weak- ness of age probably colouring his judgment and prompting him to love retirement. He exerted himself, however, to collect 250/. among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall for the use of Exeter College, whence his name is inserted in its list of benefactors. Oliver believes that either by his predecessor, Bishop Alley, or by him, portions of the palace at Exeter were taken down as being superfluous and burdensome to the diminished resources of the see. The bishop still kept up his scholarship. In 1572 the Books of Moses were allotted to him to translate for the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at least to one ' W. E.,' whom Strype takes for ' l William Exon.' Hoker, however, says (Antique Description of Exeter} : ' He was a professor of divinity, but not taken to be so well grounded as he persuaded himself. He was zealous in religion, but not so forwards as he was wished to be.' In 1576, when papists on one side and schismatics on the other were troubling the church, a glimpse is obtained of Bradbridge's administration. He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle- men who would not attend church, but could not induce them to conform. At length as he saw ' they craved ever respite of time and in time grew rather indurate than reformed,' in compliance with an order that such should be sent up to the privy council or the ecclesiastical commission held at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to their reducement,' he wrote on the subject to the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis Ermyn. He begged the treasurer to prevail with the archbishop or bishop of London ' to take some pains with them,' adding that ' the whole country longed to hear of their godly determination, viz. what success they should have with these gentlemen.' In the same year another dangerous opinion in his dio- cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher, a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an oath taken on one of the gospels ( was of no more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly.' All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and on the bishop proceeding' to Liskeard the man maintained his view in writing. As the town was in such confusion that no trial could be held with any prospect of justice, the bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In the meantime he sent for Dr. Tremayn, the archbishop's commissary, and other learned divines, and consulted on the point, saying 'that truly the Cornishmen were, many of them, subtle in taking an oath,' and that if the reverence due to scripture were abated it would let in many disorders to the state. Unluckily Strype does not give the conclu- sion of these trials. About this time the bishop was very uneasy regarding an ecclesiastical commission which he heard would probably be granted to several in his diocese. Dr. Tremayn headed a party against him, but the bishop withstood him, and wrote to the treasurer that the commis- sion was not required, adding that ' he spake somewhat of experience, that his diocese was great, and that the sectaries did daily in- crease. And he persuaded himself he should be able easier to rule those whom he partly knew already than those which by this means might get them new friends.' Indeed he found the cares of his position so heavy that he earnestly supplicated the treasurer (11 March 1576) that he might be suffered to resign the bishopric and return to his deanery of Sarum, urging 'the time serveth, the place is open.' In his latter years he delighted to dwell in the country, which proved very burdensome to all who had business with him. Newton Ferrers was his favourite re- sidence, the benefice of which, together with that of Lezante in Cornwall, the queen had allowed him to hold in commendam in con- sequence of the impoverished state of the see, as had been the case with his predecessors. Benefices were given to his successor also. At the age of seventy he embarked largely in agricultural speculations, which eventually ruined him. ' Hitherto,' says Fuller, ' the English bishops had been vivacious almost to a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de-* ceased within the compasse of two years.' Among them was Bradbridge, who died suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77, no one being with him, at Newton Ferrers. Izacke (Memorials of Exeter} sums up the prevailing opinion of him, ' a man only me- morable for this, that nothing memorable is Bradburn 149 Bradbury recorded of him saving that he well governed this church about eight years.' When he died he was indebted to the queen 1,4001. for tenths and subsidies received in her behalf from the clergy, so that immediately after his death she seized upon all his goods. The patent book of the see records that he ' had not wherewith to bury him.' He was buried in his own cathedral, on the north side of the choir near the altar, under a plain altar tomb, and around him lie his brother pre- lates, Bishops Marshal, Stapledon, Lacy, and Woolton. A simple Latin inscription was put over him, now much defaced, record- ing that he was 'nuper Exon. Episcopus.' A shield containing his arms still remains, 1 Azure, a pheon's head argent.' His will is in the Prerogative Office. No portrait of him is known to exist. His register concludes his acts with the old formula, ' Cujus animse propitietur Deus. Amen.' [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 817; Strype's Annals of the Keformation, 8vo, Cran- mer, Parker, i. 377, ii. 416 ; Cardwell's Con- ferences, p. 119 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Jones's Fasti Ecclesiae Sarisb.pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hoker and Izacke's Memorials of Exeter ; Fuller's Church History, 16th Century; Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter.] M. GK W. BRADBURJST, SAMUEL (1751-1816), methodist preacher, was an associate of Wes- ley, and an intimate disciple of Fletcher ot Madeley. He was the son of a private in the army, and was born at Gibraltar. On his father's return to England, when he was about twelve years old, he was apprenticed to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course of youthful profligacy became a methodist at the age of eighteen, entered the itinerant ministry about three years later, and con- tinued in it more than forty years till his death. Bradburn was, according to the testi- mony of all who heard him, an extraordinary natural orator. He had a commanding figure, though he grew corpulent early in life, a re- markably easy carriage, and a voice and in- tonation of wonderful power and beauty. By assiduous study he became perhaps the great- est preacher of his day, and was able constantly to sway and fascinate vast masses of the people. His natural powers manifested themselves from the first time that he was called upon to speak in public. On that occasion he was suddenly impelled to take the place of an absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with- out hesitation, though for months previously he had been trembling at the thought of such an ordeal. In the evening of the same day a large concourse came together to hear him again, when he preached for three hours, and found, at the same moment in which he exercised the powers, that he had obtained the fame of an orator. Bradburn was a man of great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity. Of this once famous preacher nothing remains but a volume of a few posthumous sermons of no particular merit. [Bradburn's Life (written by his daughter in the same year that he died) ; a second biography (1871), by T. W. Blanshard, under the somewhat affected title of The Life of Samuel Bradburn, the Methodist Demosthenes.] K. W. D. BRADBURY, GEORGE (d. 1696), judge, was the eldest son of Henry Bradbury of St. Martin's Fields, Middlesex. Of his early years nothing is known. He was admitted a mem- ber of the Middle Temple on 28 June 1660, was created a master of arts by the university of Oxford 28 Sept, 1663, and was called to the bar on 17 May 1667. For some time his practice in court was inconsiderable. He first occurs as junior counsel against Lady Ivy in a suit in which she asserted her title to lands in Shadwell, 3 June 1684. The deeds upon which she relied were of doubtful authenticity, and Bradbury won commendation from Chief-jus- tice Jeffreys,who was try ing the case, for inge- niously pointing out that the date which the deeds bore described Philip and Mary, in whose reign they purported to have been exe- cuted, by a title which they did not assume till some years later. But the judge's temper was not to be relied upon. Bradbury repeat- ing his comment, Jeffreys broke out upon him : ' Lord, sir ! you must be cackling too ; we told you your objection was very inge- nious, but that must not make you trouble- some. You cannot lay an egg but you must be cackling over it.' Bradbury's name next occurs in 1681, when he was one of two trus- tees of the marriage settlement of one of the Carys of Tor Abbey. His position in his pro- fession must consequently have been consider- able, and in December 1688, when the chiefs of the bar were summoned to consult with the peers upon the political crisis, Bradbury was among the number. In the July of the year following he was assigned by the House of Lords as counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair, Dr. Elliott, and others, who were impeached for dispersing proclamations of King James. The impeachment was, however, abandoned. On 9 July, upon the death of Baron Carr, he was appointed to the bench of the court of exchequer, and continued in office until his death, which took place 12 Feb. 1696. The last judicial act recorded of him is a letter preserved in the treasury in support of a petition of the Earl of Scarborough, 19 April 1695. Bradbury 150 Bradbury [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; State Trials, x 616, 626; Luttrell's Diary, i. 490, 555, 557, iv 117; Parliamentary History, v. 362; Pat. 1 W and M. p. 4 ; Nicholls's Herald and Genealogist, viii. 107; Eedington's Treasury Papers, i. 438; Cat. Oxford Graduates; Woolrych's Life of Jeffreys.] J. A. H. BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-1860), writer on printing, was the eldest son of William Bradbury, of the firm of Bradbury & Evans, proprietors of ' Punch/ founders of the 'Daily News,' the 'Field,' and other periodicals, and publishers for Dickens and Thackeray. In 1850 he entered as a pupil in the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna, where he became acquainted with the art of nature printing, a process whereby natural objects are impressed into plates, and afterwards printed from in the natural colours. In 1855 he produced in folio the fine f nature-printed ' plates to Moore and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland.' These were followed by ' British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal octavo, and a reproduction of the i Ferns,' also in octavo. In the same year, and again in 1 860, he lectured at the Royal Institution of Great Britain on the subject of nature printing. He paid much attention to the production of bank notes and the security of paper money, on which he discoursed at the Royal Insti- tution. This lecture was published in 1856, in quarto, with plates by John Leighton, F.S.A. In 1860 this subject was pursued by the publication of ' Specimens of Bank Note Engraving,' &c. Another address on ' Print- ing : its Dawn, Day, and Destiny,' was issued in 1858. He died by his own hand 2 Sept. 1860, aged 29, leaving a business he had founded in Fetter Lane, and afterwards moved to Farringdon Street, which was car- ried on under the name of Bradbury, Wilkin- son & Co. At the time of his death he thought of producing a large work in folio on the graphic arts of the nineteenth century, but he never got beyond the proof of a prospectus that was ample enough to indicate the wide scale of his design. [Information supplied by Mr. John Leighton, F.S.A.; JBigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of Printing, i. 23, 77-8 ; Proceedings of Royal In- stitution.] C. W. S. BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-1759), congregational minister, born in Yorkshire, was educated for the congregational ministry in an academy at AtterclifFe. Of Bradbury as a student we have a glimpse (25 March 1695) in the diary of Oliver Hey wood, who gave him books. He preached his first ser- mon on 14 June 1696, and went to reside as assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas Whitaker, minister of the independent con- gregation, Call Lane, Leeds. Bradbury speaks of Whitaker's ' noble latitude,' and commends him as being orthodox in opinion, yet no slave to 'the jingle of a party' (' The Faithful Minister's Farewell, two sermons [Acts xx. 32] on the death of Mr. T. Whitaker,' 1712, 8vo). From Leeds, in 1697. Bradbury went to Beverley, as a supply ; and in 1699 to New- castle-on-Tyne, first assisting Richard Gilpin, M.D. (ejected from Greystock, Cumber- land), afterwards Bennet, Gilpin's successor, both presbyterians. It seems that Bradbury expected a co-pastorate, and judging from Turner's account (Mon. Repos. 1811, p. 514) of a manuscript ' Speech delivered at Madam Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr. Thos. Brad- bury,' his after influence was not without its effect in causing a split in the congregation. It is significant that Bennet's ' Irenicum,' 1722, did more than any other publication to stay the divisive effects of Bradbury's action at Salters' Hall. Bradbury went to London in 1703 as assistant to Galpine, in the independent congregation at Stepney. On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become colleague with Samuel Wright at Great Yarmoutli, but declined. After the death of Benoni Rowe, Bradbury was appointed (16 March 1707) pastor of the independent congregation in New Street, by Fetter Lane. He was ordained 10 July 1707 by ministers of different denominations ; his confession of faith on the occasion (which reached a fifth edition in 1729) is remarkable for its uncom- promising Calvinism, but is expressed entirely in words of scripture. His brother Peter be- came his assistant, Bradbury took part in the various weekly dissenting lectureships, de- livering a famous series at the Weighhouse on the duty of singing (1708, 8vo), and a sermon before the Societies for Reformation of Morals (1708, 8vo). His political sermons attracted much attention, from the freedom of their style and the quaintness of their titles. Among them were ' The Son of Tabeal [Is. vii. 5-7] on occasion of the French invasion in favour of the Pretender,' 1708, 8vo (four editions) ; ' The Divine Right of the Revolution ' [1 Chron. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo ; ' Theocracy ; the Government of the Judges applied to the Revolution' [Jud. ii. 18], 1712, 8vo ; ' Steadi- ness in Religion . . . the example of Daniel under the Decree of Darius,' 1712, 8vo; ' The Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan compared in their regard for civil liberty' [Gen. xlix. 14-18], 1712, 8vo (a 5th of No- vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston, U.S., in 1768) ; ' The Lawfulness of resist- ing Tyrants, &c.' [1 Chron. xii. 16-18], 1714, 8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EIKO>J> Bradbury Bradbury ^; a sermon [Hos. vii. 7] preached 29 May, with Appendix of papers relating to the Restoration, 1660, and the present settle- ment,' 1715, 8vo ; ' Non-resistance without Priestcraft ' [Rom. xiii. 2], 1715, 8vo (5 Nov.) ; * The Establishment of the Kingdom in the hand of Solomon, applied to the Revolution and the Reign of King George ' [1 K. ii. 46], 1716, 8vo (5 Nov.); 'The Divine Right of Kings inquired into ' [Prov. viii. 15], 1718, 8vo; ' The Primitive Tories ; or . . . Perse- cution, Rebellion, and Priestcraft ' [Jude 11], 1718, 8vo (four editions). Bradbury boasted of being the first to proclaim George I, which ; he did on Sunday, 1 Aug. 1714, being ap- prised, while in his pulpit, of the death of Anne lay the concerted signal of a handkerchief. The report was current that he preached from 2 K. ix. 34, ' Go, see now this cursed woman and bury her, for she is a king's daughter ;' but perhaps he only quoted the text in con- versation. Another story is to the effect that when, on 24 Sept., the dissenting mi- nisters went in their black gowns with an address to the new king, a courtier asked, * Pray, sir, is this a funeral ? ' On which Bradbury replied, 'Yes, sir, it is the funeral of the Schism Act, and the resurrection of liberty.' Robert Winter, D.D., Bradbury's descendant, is responsible for the statement that there had been a plot to assassinate him, and that the spy who was sent to Fetter Lane was converted by Bradbury's preaching. On the other hand it is said that Harley had offered to stop his mouth with a bishopric. Bradbury's political harangues were some- times too violent for men of his own party. Defoe wrote ' A Friendly Epistle by way of reproof from one of the people called Quakers, to T. B., a dealer in many words,' 1715, 8vo {two editions in same year). With the re- ference of the Exeter controversy to the judgment of the dissenting ministers of Lon- don, a large part of Bradbury's vehemence passed from the sphere of politics to that of theology. The origin of the dispute belongs ! to the life of James Peirce (1674-1726), the ' leader of dissent against Wells and Nicholls. Peirce, the minister of James's Meeting, Exeter, was accused, along with others, of favouring Arianism. The Western Assembly was disposed to salve the matter over by ad- mitting the orthodoxy of the declarations of faith made by the parties in September 1718. But the body of thirteen trustees who held the property of the four Exeter meeting-houses appealed to London for further advice. After much negotiation the whole body of London dissenting ministers of the three denomina- tions was convened at Salters' Hall to con- sider a draft letter of advice to Exeter. Brad- bury put himself in the front of the conserva- tive party ; the real mover on the opposite side was the whig politician John Shute Bar- rington, viscount Barring-ton, a member of Bradbury's congregation, and afterwards the ; Papinian of Lardner's letter on the Logos. The conference met on Thursday, 19 Feb. 1719 (the day after the royal assent to the repeal of the Schism Act), when Bradbury proposed that, after days of fasting and prayer, a de- putation should be sent to Exeter to offer advice on the spot ; this was negatived. At the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad- bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice, embodying a declaration of the orthodoxy of the conference, in words taken from the As- sembly's catechism. This was rejected by fifty-seven to fifty-three. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene, is author of the often-quoted saying, 'The Bible carried it by four.' At the third meet- ing, 3 March, the proposition was renewed, but the moderator, Joshua Oldfield, would not take a second vote. Over sixty ministers went up into the gallery and subscribed a declaration of adherence to the first Anglican article, and the fifth and sixth answers of the Assembly's catechism. They then left the place amid hisses, Bradbury characteristically exclaim- ing, ' 'Tis the voice of the serpent, and may be expected against a zeal for the seed of the woman.' Thus perished the good accord of English dissent. Principal Chalmers, of King's College, Old Aberdeen, who was pre- sent at the third meeting, and in strong sympathy with Bradbury's side, reported to Calamy that ' he never saw nor heard of such strange conduct and management before.' The nonsubscribing majority, to the num- ber of seventy-three, met again at Salters' Hall on 10 March, and agreed upon their ad- vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March. Bradbury and his subscribers (61, 63, or 69) met separately on 9 March, and sent off" their advice on 7 April. The remarkable thing is that the two advices (bating the preamble) are in substance and almost in terms identical ; and the letter accompanying the nonsub- scribers' advice not only disowns Arianism, but declares their ( sincere belief in the doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the proper divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, which they apprehend to be clearly revealed in the Holy Scriptures.' Both advices preach peace and charity, while owning the duty of congrega- tions to withdraw from ministers who teach what they deem to be serious error. Neither was in time to do good or harm, for the Exeter trustees had taken the matter into their own hands by formally excluding Peirce and his colleague from all the meeting-houses. Brad- Bradbury Bradbury bury had his share in the ensuing pamphlet war, which was political as well as religious, for , a schism in dissent was deprecated as inimical to the whig interest. He printed ' An Answer j to some Reproaches cast on those Dissenting Ministers who subscribed, c./ 1719, 8vo ; '. a sermon on ' The Necessity of contending for Revealed Religion' [Jude 3], 1720, 8vo (appended is a letter from Cotton Mather on the late disputes) ; and ' A Letter to John j Barrington Slmte, Esq.,' 1720, 8vo. Barring- | ton left Bradbury's congregation, and joined that of Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., independent minister and nonsubscriber, at Pinners' Hall. I Bradbury was brought to book by ' a Dis- senting Layman' in 'Christian Liberty as- serted, in opposition to Protestant Popery,' 1719, 8vo, a letter addressed to him by name, and answered by ' a Gentleman of Exon,' in { A Modest Apology for Mr. T. Bradbury,' 1719, 8vo. But most of the pamphleteers passed him by as ' an angry man, that makes some bustle among you' (Letter of Advice to the Prot. Diss., 1720, 8vo) to aim at Wil- liam Tong, Benjamin Robinson, Jeremiah Smith, and Thomas Reynolds, four presby- terian ministers who had issued a whip for the Salters' Hall conference in the subscrib- ing interest, and who subsequently published a joint defence of the doctrine of the Trinity. In 1720 an attempt was made to oust Brad- bury from the Pinners' Hall lectureship ; in the same year he started an anti-Arian Wed- nesday lecture at Fetter Lane. This did not mend matters. There appeared ' An Appeal to the Dissenting Ministers, occasioned by the Behaviour of Mr. Thomas Bradbury,' 1722, 8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the ' Moral Philo- sopher,' 1737), who had made an unusually orthodox confession at his ordination [see BOWDEN. JOHN] in 1716, but was now on his way to ' Christian deism,' wrote his ' Ab- surdity of opposing Faith to Reason ' in reply to Bradbury's 5th of November sermon, 1722, on ' The Nature of Faith.' He had previously attacked Bradbury in a postscript to his ' Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm,' 1719, 8vo. Returning to a former topic, Bradbury published in 1724, 8vo, ' The Power of Christ over Plagues and Health,' prefix- ing an account of the anti-Arian lectureship. He published also * The Mystery of Godli- ness considered,' 1726, 8vo, 2 vols. (sixty-one sermons, reprinted Edin. 1795). In 1728 his position at Fetter Lane became uncom- fortable ; he left, taking with him his brother Peter, now his colleague, and most of his flock. The presbyterian meet ing-house i n NewCourt , Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was vacant through the removal of James Wood (a sub- scriber) to the Weighhouse in 1727 ; Brad- bury was asked, 20 Oct. 1728, to New Court, and accepted on condition that the congrega- tion would take in the Fetter Lane seceders- and join the independents. This arrange- ment, which has helped to create the false impression that at Salters' Hall the presby- terians and independents took opposite sides as denominations, was made 27 Nov. 1728 y Peter continuing as his brother's colleague (he probably died about 1730, as Jacob Fowler succeeded him in 1731 ). Bradbury now pub- lished ' Jesus Christ the Brightness of Glory/ 1729, 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3) ; and a tract ' On the Repeal of the Test Acts/ 1732, 8vo. His last publication seems to- have been ' Joy in Heaven and Justice on Earth,' 1747, 8vo (two sermons), unless hi& discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle- ming drew * The Character of the Rev. Tho. Bradbury, taken from his own pen/ 1749, 8vo, are later. Doubtless he was a most effective as well as a most unconventional preacher ; the lampoon (about 1730) in the Blackmore papers may be accepted as evi- dence of his 'melodious' voice, his 'head uplifted/ and his ' dancing hands.' The stout Yorkshireman reached a great age. He died on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. His wife's name was Rich- mond ; he left two daughters, one married (1744) to John Winter, brother to Richard Winter, who succeeded Bradbury, and father to Robert Winter, D.D., who succeeded Richard; the other daughter married (1768) George Welch, a banker. Besides the publi- cations noticed above, Bradbury printed seve- ral funeral and other sermons, including two on the death of Robert Bragge (died 1738;. ' eternal Bragge ' of Lime Street, who preached for four months on Joseph's coat). His 'Works/ 1762, 8vo, 3 vols. (second edition 1772), con- sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly political. [Memoir by John Brown, Berwick, 1831; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, ii. 367- and index ; Thompson's MS. List of Academies (with Toulmin's and Kentish's additions) in Dr. Wil- liams's Librnry ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood, 1842, p. 385 ; Christian Reformer, 1847, p. 399 ; Bogue and Bennet's Hist, of Dissenters, vol. iii. 1810, pp. 489 seq. ; Mon. Repos. 1811, pp. 514,. 722 ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in Norf. and Suff., 1877, p. 242 ; James's Hist. Presb. Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 23 seq., Ill seq.,. 690, 705 seq. ; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 403 seq. ; Salmon's Chronol. Historian, 2nd ed. 1733, pp. 406-7; Chr. Mode- rator, 1826, pp. 193 seq. ; Pamphlets of 1719 on the Salters' Hall Conference, esp. A True Re- lation, &c. (the subscribers' account), An Au- thentick Account, &c. (nonsubscribers'), An Im- partial State, &c. (these give the main facts ; the- argumentative tracts are legion) ; Blackmore Braddock 153 Braddock Papers in possession of E. D. Darbishire, Man- chester (the verses on the London ministers are given in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 454, by A. B. K., i.e. Eobert Brook Aspland).] A. G. ^BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695-1755), je^' ^major-general, wag gQn ^ Major-general Ed- : jUtjU/- ward Braddock,regimental lieutenant-colonel ^/ bitk of the Coldstream guards in 1703. After serv- 'yF ve/u -YT ing with credit in Flanders and Spain the elder Braddock retired from the service in 1715, and died on 15 June 1720 at Bath, where he was buried in the Abbey Church. Braddock the younger entered the army as ensign in Colonel Cornelius Swann's company of his father's regiment on 29 Aug. 1710, and became a lieu- tenant in 1716. He is said to have fought a duel with swords and pistols with a Colonel Waller in Hyde Park on 26 May 1718. Both battalions of the Coldstreams were then en- camped in the park. He became lieutenant of the grenadier company in 1727, and cap- tain and lieutenant-colonel in the regiment in 1735. Walpole (Letters, ii. 460-2) has raked up some discreditable stories of him at this period of his life, which possibly need qualification; Walpole is, at any rate, dis- tinctly wrong in stating that Braddock was subsequently * governor ' of Gibraltar. He be- came second major in the Coldstreams in 1743, first major in 1745, and lieutenant-colonel 21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded war service is in September 1746, when the second battalion of his regiment, under his command, was sent to join, but did not actu- ally take part in Admiral Lestock's descent on L'Orient, after which the battalion re- turned to London. He embarked in com- mand of it again in May 1746, and proceeded to Holland, where he served under the Prince of Orange in the attempt to raise the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, and was afterwards quar- tered at Breda and elsewhere until the bat- talion returned home in December 1748. On 17 Feb. 1753 Braddock was promoted from the Guards to the colonelcy of the 14th foot at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, as then was customary ; but there is no record of his having exercised any higher command in that garrison. He became a major-general 29 March 1754, and soon after was appointed to the command in America, with a view to driving the French from their recent encroach- ments. The warrant of appointment, of which there is a copy in the archives at Philadelphia, appoints Braddock to be ' general and com- mander-in-chief of all our troops and forces y l are in North America or y l shall be sent or rais'd there to vindicate our just rights and possessions.' Braddock, who must have been then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil- liam, duke of Cumberland, to whom he pro- bably owed the appointment, although his detractors alleged that his sturdy begging for place under pressure of his gambling debts was the real cause. He arrived at his resi- dence in Arlington Street from France on \ 6 Nov., and left for Cork, where his reinforce- ments were to rendezvous on the 30th. Before leaving he executed a will in favour of Mr. ! Calcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife, better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy ! [q. v.] This lady, a natural daughter of an i old brother officer, had been petted from her earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls her second father, and who, she admits, was ' misled as to her relations with Calcraft (BEL- LAMY, Apoloffy, in. 206). Delays occurring at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from the Downs with Commodore Keppel on 24 Dec. 1754, arriving in Hampton Roads, Virginia, 20 Feb. 1755. He found everything in the utmost confusion. The colonies were at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea- lousies were rife ; no magazines had been collected ; the promised provincial troops had | not even been raised, and the few regulars already there were of the worst description. Braddock summoned a council of provincial governors to concert measures for carrying out his instructions. Eventually it was re- solved to despatch four expeditions three in the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and the French posts in Nova Scotia ; one in the south against Fort Duquesne, on the present site of Pittsburg. The troops for the latter rendezvoused, under Braddock's command, at Fort Cumberland, a stockaded post on the Po- tomac, about halfway between the Virginian seaboard and Fort Duquesne, a distance of two hundred and twenty miles : and after de- lays caused by what George Washington, then a young officer of provincials and a volunteer with the expedition, termed the 'vile mis- management ' of the horse-transport, and the desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June, where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock pushed on with twelve hundred chosen men, regulars and provincials, who reached the Mo- nongahela river on 8 July, in excellent order and spirits, and crossed the next morning with colours flying and music playing. During the advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when about seven miles from Fort Duquesne, the head of the column encountered an ambuscade of French and Indians concealed in the long grass and tangled undergrowth of the forest openings. Flank attacks by unseen Indians threw the advance into wild disorder, which communicated itself to the main body coming up in support, leading to terrible slaughter, Braddock '54 Braddock and ending, after (it is said) two hours' fight- ing, in a panic-stricken rout. Braddock, who strove bravely to re-form his men, after having several horses shot under him, was himself struck down by a bullet, which passed through his right arm and lodged in the body. His aide-de-camp Orme and some provincial offi- cers with great difficulty had him carried off i the field. He rallied sufficiently to give di- j rections for succouring the wounded, but gra- dually sank and died at sundown on Sunday, ! 13 July 1755, at a halting-place called Great Meadows, between fifty and sixty miles from the battlefield. ' We shall know better how to j deal with them next time ' were his last words as he rallied momentarily before expiring. He ' was buried before dawn in the middle of the track, and the precaution was taken of passing the vehicles of the retreating force, now re- ; duced to some degree of order, over the grave, ! to efface whatever might lead to desecration by the pursuers. Long after, in 1823, the grave was rifled by labourers employed in the construction of the national road hard by, and some of the bones, still distinguishable by mili- tary trappings, were carried off. Others were buried at the foot of a broad spreading oak, which marks or marked the locality, about a mile to the west of Fort Necessity. No portrait of Braddock is known to exist, but he is described as rather short and stout in person in his later years. To failings common among military men of his day he added the unpopular defects of a hasty temper and a coarse, self-assertive manner, but his fidelity and honour as a public servant have never been questioned, even by those who have por- trayed his character in darkest colours. He was a severe disciplinarian, but his severity, like his alleged incapacity as a general, has probably been exaggerated. The difficulties he appears to have encountered at every step have been forgotten, as well as the fact that the ponderous discipline in which he had been trained from his youth up, and which was still associated with the best traditions of the English foot, had never before been in serious collision with the tactics of the backwoods. Two shrewd observers among those who knew him person- ally judged him less harshly than have most later critics. Wolfe, on the first tidings of the disaster, wrote of Braddock as ' a man of courage and good sense, although not a master of the art of war,' and added emphatic tes- timony to the wretched discipline of most line regiments at the time (WRIGHT, Life of Wolfe, p. 324). Benjamin Franklin said of him : ' He was, I think, a brave man, and might have made a good figure in some Eu- ropean war, but he had too much self-confi- dence, and had too high an idea of the validity of European troops, and too low a one of Americans and Indians ' (SPARKS, Franklin, i. 140). One of Braddock's order-books, said to have belonged to Washington, is preserved in the library of Congress, and a silken mili- tary sash, worked with the date 1707, and much stained as with blood, which is believed to have been Braddock's sash, is in the posses- sion of the family of the late General Zachary Taylor, United States army, into whose hands it came during the Mexican war. In after years more than one individual sought a shameful notoriety by claiming to have trai- torously given Braddock his death-wound during the fight. Mr. Winthrop Sargent has exposed the absurdity of these stories. One is reproduced in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd ser. xii. 5. Braddock had two sisters, who received from their father a respectable for- tune of 6,000 1., and both of whom predeceased their brother. The unhappy fate of Fanny Braddock, the surviving sister, who committed suicide at Bath in 1739, has been recorded by Goldsmith (Miscellaneous Works, Prior's ed. iii. 294). Descendants of abrother were stated in 'Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some time back to be living at Martham in Norfolk, in humble circumstances, and to believe them- selves entitled to a considerable amount of money, the papers relating to which had been lost. No account has been found of moneys standing to the credit of Braddock or his re- presentatives in any public securities. The accounts of the Fort Duquesne expe- dition published at the time appear to have been mostly catchpenny productions; but two authentic narratives are in existence. Of these one is the manuscript journal of Brad- dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme, Coldstream guards, who afterwards retired from the service and died in 1781. This is now No. 212 King's MSS. in British Museum. The other is the manuscript diary of a naval officer attached to Braddock's force, which is now in the possession of the Rev. F. O. Morris of Nunburnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by whom it was published some years ago under the title, ' An Account of the Battle on the Monagahela River, from an original docu- ment by one of the survivors ' (London, 1854, 8vo). Copies of these journals have been em- bodied with a mass of information from Ame- rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming vol. v. of ' Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania' (Philadelphia, 1856). A map of Braddock's route was prepared from traces found still extant in 1846, when a rail- way survey was in progress in the locality, and first appeared in a Pittsburg periodical, entitled ' Olden Time ' (vol. ii.) An excel- Braddocke '55 Braddon lent account of Braddock's expedition and of the events leading up to it is given in Park- man's ' Montcalm and Wolfe,' vol. i. Some brief military criticisms were contributed by Colonel Malleson to the ' Army and Navy Magazine/ March 1885, pp. 401, 404-5. The Home Office and War Office Warrant and Military Entry Books in the Record Office in London contain references to the expedition, but none of any special note. [Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards (London, 1832), i. 388-9, vol. ii. Appendix; Home Office Military Entry Books, 10-27 ; Cannon's Hist. Eecord 14th (Buckinghamshire) Foot; Carter's Hist. Kecord 44th (East Essex) Foot ; "Walpole's Letters (eel. Cunningham, 1856), ii. 460-2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy (5 vols., London, 1786), iii. 206 ; Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol- lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 296 etseq. ; Memoirs Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania, vol. v. ; Parkman's Mont- calm and Wolfe (London, 1884) ; Army and Navy Mag. liii. 385-405 ; American Magazine of His- tory, ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, 462, viii. 473, 500, 502; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Eeport, i. 226 a ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd ser. xii. 5.] H. M. C. BRADDOCKE, JOHN (1656-1719), di- vine, was a native of Shropshire, and received his education at St. Catharine's Hall, Cam- bridge, where he was elected to a fellowship (B.A. 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving the university about 1689, he became chaplain to Sir James Oxenden, bart., of Dean, near Canterbury, and chaplain to Dr. John Bat- tely, rector of the neighbouring parish of Adisham. In 1694 he was nominated by Archbishop Tenison to the perpetual curacy of Folkestone, and on 1 April 1698 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's, alias Hackington, near Canterbury. On the promotion of Dr. Offspring Blackall, his con- temporary at college and intimate friend, to the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was made the bishop's chaplain, though he got nothing by the appointment except the title. In 1709 he was collated by Archbishop Teni- son to the mastership of Eastbridge hospital in Kent. He died in his vicarage house on 14 Aug. 1719, in his sixty-fourth year. He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of the Fathers and Schools considered, concerning the Ar- ticles of a Trinity of Divine Persons and the Unity of God. In answer to the Animad- versions on the Dean of St. Paul's Vindica- tion of the Doctrine of the Holy and ever Blessed Trinity, in defence of those sacred Ar- ticles, against the objections of the Socinians, and the misrepresentations of the Animad- verter.' Part I, 1695, 4to. 2. ' Deus unus et trinus,' 4to. This \vas entirely printed, except the title-page, but was suppressed, and never j published, by the desire of Archbishop Teni- son, who thought the controversy ought not to be continued. [MS. Addit. 5863, f. 1146; Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 49 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 388, 601 , iv. 628.1 T. C. BRADDON, LAURENCE (d. 1724), politician, the second son of William Brad- don of Treworgy, in St. Genny's, Cornwall, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, and for some time worked hard at his pro- fession. When the Earl of Essex died in the Tower in 1683, Braddon adopted the belief that he had been murdered, and worked actively to collect sufficient evidence to prove the murder. He set on foot inquiries on the subject in London, and when a rumour reached him that the news of the earl's death was known at Marlborough on the very day of, if not before, the occurrence, he posted off thither. When his action became known at court, he was arrested and put under restraint. For a time he was let out on bail, but on 7 Feb. 1683-4 he was tried with Mr. Hugh Speke at the king's bench on the accusation of conspiring to spread the belief that the Earl of Essex was murdered by some persons about him, and of endeavouring to suborn witnesses to testify the same. Braddon was found guilty on all the counts, but Speke was acquitted of the latter charge. The one was fined 1,000 J. and the other 2,000/., with sureties for good behaviour during their lives. Braddon remained in prison until the landing of William III, when he was liberated. In February 1695 he was appointed solicitor to the wine licence office, a place valued at IOQI. per annum. His death occurred on Sunday, 29 Nov. 1724. Most of Braddon's works relate to the death of the Earl of Essex. The ' Enquiry into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther of the late Earl of Essex ' (1689) was probably from his pen, and he was undoubtedly the author of ' Essex's Innocency and Honour vindicated' (1690), 'Murther will out' (1692), ' True and Impartial Narrative of the Murder of Arthur, Earl of Essex ' (1729), as well as ' Bishop Burnet's late History charg'd with great Partiality and Misrepre- sentation' (1725) in the bishop's account of this mysterious affair. Braddon also pub- lished ' The Constitutions of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen,' and an ' Ab- stract of the Rules, Orders, and Constitu- tions ' of the same company, both of them issued in 1708. ' The Miseries of the Poor are a National Sin, Shame, and Danger ' was the title of a work (1717) in which he Brade 156 Bradfield argued for the establishment of guardians of the poor and inspectors for the encourage- ment of arts and manufactures. Five years later he brought out 'Particular Answers to the most material Objections made to the Proposals for relieving the Poor.' The re- port of his trial was printed in 1684, and reprinted in ' Cobbett's State Trials,' ix. 1127-1228, and his impeachment of Bishop Burnet's i History ' is reprinted in the same volume of Cobbett, pp. 1229-1332. [Hist. Kegister (1724), 51 ; Kippis's Biog. Brit. iii. 229-30; North's Examen, 386-8; Wilts Archaeological Mag. iii. 367-76 ; Notes and Queries (1863), 3rd ser. iv. 500; Ealph's Hist, of England, i. 761-5 ; Luttrell's State Affairs, i. 286, 299-306, iii. 441 ; Bibl. Cornub. i. 40, iii. 1091 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Keport, 406-7.] W. P. C. BRADE, JAMES. [See BRAID.] BRADE, WILLIAM (ft. 1615), an Eng- lish musician, was violist to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham- burg at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He was living at Hamburg on 19 Aug. 1609, when he dedicated a volume of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke of Schleswig, and he probably remained at the same town until 14 Feb. 1619, when he was appointed capellmeister to Johann Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His salary in this post was 500 thalers per an- num, besides a thaler a week for i kostgeld ' when at court, and when following the mar- grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals weekly, with sufficient beer, a stoup of wine daily, free lodgings, and all disbursements. He also received two suits of clothes (' Ehren- kleid'), and his son, Christian Brade, had 300 thalers, with clothes, boots, shoes, and maintenance. Brade had full authority over the court band, but the care of the boys of the chapel was given to a vice-capellmeister. He does not seem to have remained long at Berlin, as a report on the margrave's band, drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of the past capellmeisters, and in the following year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy- ing his post. Nothing more is known of him ; but Dr. Rimbault (an untrustworthy guide) says (GROVE, Diet, of Music, i. 269 a) that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the authority for which statement cannot be discovered. The greatest confusion exists as to the bibliography of Brade's works, all of which are extremely rare. F6tis and Rimbault copy Gerber's ' Lexikon der Tonkiinstler ' (Leipzig, 1812), i. 493, with the exception that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Oder as Frankfort, which is additionally misleading. The list given by these authorities differs materially from the following, which is taken from Moller's l Cimbria Literata,' 1744, ii. 103, and is reprinted in the 'Lexikon der hamburgischen Schriftsteller/ 1851, i. 364: 1. ' Musicalische Concerten,' Hamburg, 1609, 4to. 2. ' Newe ausserlesene Paduanen, Gal- liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran- ten, auf allerlei Instrumenten zu gebrau- chen,' Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. 'Newe ausserlesene Paduanen und Galliarden, midt 6 Stimmen, auf allerhand Instrumenten, in- sonderheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Hamburg, 1614, 4to. 4. ' Newe ausserlesene liebliche Branden, Intraden, Masqueraden, Balletten, Alamanden, Couranten, Volten, Aufziige und frembde Tantze, samt schonen lieblichen Friihlings- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5 Stimmen ; auf allerlei Instrumenten, inson- derheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Liibeck, 1617, 8vo. 5. 'Newe lustige Volten, Couranten, Balletten, Paduanen, Galliarden, Masquera- den, auch allerlei Arten newer franzosischer Tantze, mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instru- menten zu gebrauchen,' Berlin, 1621, 4to. Fetis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of 2 as 1609, and the place of publication of 5 as Frankfurt a. d. Oder. Bohn's 'Biblio- graphic der Musik-Druckwerke bis 1700' (p. 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the title-page, by which it would seem that 1609 is the right date. A manuscript ' Fancy ' by Brade is in the library of the Royal College of Music. [The authorities quoted above ; Fetis's Bio- graphie desMusiciens (1837), ii. 293 a ; Mendel's Musikalisches Lexicon, i. 162 ; Brand's Biblio- theca Librorum German icorum Classica (1611), 555; L. Schneider's Geschichte derChurfurstlich- Brandenburgischen und Koniglich-Preussischen Capelle, pp. 29, 30, 31.] W. B. S. BRADFIELD, HENRY JOSEPH STEELE (1805-1852), surgeon and author, was born on 18 May 1805 in Derby Street, Westminster, where his father, Thomas Brad- field, was a coal merchant. Whilst still under age he published in 1825 ' Waterloo, or the British Minstrel, a poem.' He was bred to- the art of surgery, and on 26 April 1826 left England in the schooner Unicorn in Lord Cochrane's expedition to Greece, during which he was present in several engagements- by land and sea. After his return he pub- lished ' The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians, a poem,' 1830 ; ' Tales of the Cyclades, poems/ 1830: and in 1839 edited a work entitled 'A Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's- " Russia.'" On 1 Sept. 1832 he received from the King of the Belgians a commission as sous-lieutenant in the Bataillon Etranger Bradford 157 Bradford of Belgium, and was appointed to the 1st regiment of lancers. At one time he held a commission in the Royal West Middlesex Militia. He was appointed on 31 Dec. 1835 stipendiary magistrate in Tobago, from which he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May 1836. He was reappointed to the southern or Cedros district on 13 April 1839, but soon returned to England, having been su- perseded in consequence of a quarrel with some other colonial officer. In 1841 he again went to the West Indies in the capa- city of private secretary to Colonel Mac- donald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and in 184:2 he acted for some time as colonial secretary in Barbados. The charges which had occasioned his previous return were, however, renewed, and the government can- celled his appointment. From that period he lived very precariously, and for many years solicited in vain a reversal of his sen- tence at the colonial office. He turned his moderate literary talents to account, and among some communications he made to the * Gentleman's Magazine ' were articles on 1 The Last of the Paleologi ' in January 1843, and a ' Memoir of Major-general Thomas Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe' in August, September, and October in the same year. Latterly he practised all the arts of the professional mendicant. He com- mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic acid in the coffee-room of the St. Alban's Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Square, London, on 11 Oct. 1852. [Cochrane's Wanderings in Greece (1837), p. SO; Gent. Mag. (1853), xxxix. 102; Morning Post, 13 Oct. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Oct. p. 6.1 G. C. B. BRADFORD, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro- testant martyr, was born of gentle parents about 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A local tradition claims him as a native of the chapelry of Blackley. He was educated at the grammar school, Manchester. In his ' Meditations on the Commandments,' written during his imprisonment in the reign of Queen Mary, he speaks of the ' particular benefits ' that he had received from his parents and tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton, Rutlandshire, who was treasurer at various times of the king's camps and buildings in Boulogne. At the siege of Montreuil in 1544 Bradford acted as deputy-paymaster under Sir John Harrington. On 8 April 1547 he entered the Inner Temple as a student of common law. Here, at the instance of a fel- low-student, Thomas Sampson, afterwards dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention to the study of divinity. A marked change now came over his character. He sold his ' chains, rings, brooches, and jewels of gold,' and gave the money to the poor. Moved by a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to be made to the crown of a sum of money which he or Sir John Harrington had frau- dulently appropriated. The facts are not very clear. Sampson in his address * To the Christian Reader,' prefixed to Bradford's ' Two Notable Sermons,' 1574, states that the fraud was committed by Bradford and with- out the knowledge of his master ; but Brad- ford's own words, in his last examination before Bishop Gardiner, are : ' My lord, I set my foot to his foot, whosoever he be, that can come forth and justly vouch to my face that ever I deceived 'my master. And as you are chief justice by office in England, I desire justice upon them that so slander me, because they cannot proA r e it ' (Examination of Brad- ford, London, 1561, sig. a vi.) In May 1548 he published translations from Artopoaus and Chrysostom, and in or about the follow- ing August entered St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and profiting in knowledge and godly conversa- tion ' were such, that on 19 Oct. 1549 the university bestowed on him, by special grace, the degree of master of arts. The entry in the grace book describes him as a man of mature age and approved life, who had for eight years been diligently employed in the study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip- tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to a fellowship at Pembroke Hall. In a letter to Traves, written about November 1549, he says: 'My fellowship here is worth seven pound a year, for I have allowed me eighteen- pence a week, and as good as thirty-three shillings fourpence a year in money, besides my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am bound to nothing but once or twice a year to keep a problem. Thus you see what a good Lord God is unto me.' Among his pupils at Pembroke Hall was John Whitgift, after- wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of his intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he accompanied on a visit to Oxford in July 1550. On 10 Aug. of the same year he was ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley at Fulham, and received a license to preach. The bishop made him one of his chaplains, received him into his own house, and held him in the highest esteem. 1 1 thank God heartily,' wrote Ridley to Bernhere [q. v.] after Bradford's martyrdom, ' that ever I was acquainted with our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I had such a one in my house.' On 24 Aug. 1551 Bradford received the prebend of Kentish Town, in the church of St. Paul. A Bradford 158 Bradford few months later he was appointed one of the king's six chaplains in ordinary. Two of the chaplains remained with the king, and four preached throughout the country. Bradford preached in many towns of Lancashire and Cheshire, also in London and Saffron Wai- den. Foxe says that ' sharply he opened and reproved sin ; sweetly he preached Christ crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and errors ; earnestly he persuaded to godly life.' John Knox, in his ' Godly Letter,' 1554, speaks with admiration of his intrepidity in the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with passionate earnestness. He takes the first words that come to hand, and makes no at- tempt to construct elaborate periods. ' Let us, even to the wearing of our tongue to the stumps, preach and pray,' he exclaims in the 'Sermon on Repentance;' and not for a moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke out boldly and never shrank from denouncing the vices of the great. In a sermon preached before Edward VI he rebuked the worldliness of the courtiers, declaring that God's ven- geance would come upon the ungodly among them, and bidding them take example by the sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke of Somerset. At the close of his sermon, with weeping eyes and in a voice of lamen- tation, he cried out aloud : ' God punished him ; and shall He spare you that be double more wicked ? No, He shall not. Will ye or will ye not, ye shall drink the cup of the Lord's wrath. Judicium Domini, .Indicium Domini ! The judgment of the Lord, the judgment of the Lord ! ' On 13 Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces- sion of Queen Mary, a sermon in defence of Bonner and against Edward VI was preached at St. Paul's Cross by Gilbert Bourne [q. v.], rector of High Ongar in Essex, and afterwards bishop of Bath and Wells. The sermon gave great offence to the hearers, who would have pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to pieces if Bradford and John Rogers, vicar of St. Sepulchre's, had not interposed. On the same day in the afternoon Bradford preached at Bow Church, Cheapside, and reproved the people for the violence that had been offered in the morning to Bourne. Within three days after this occurrence Bradford was sum- moned before the privy council on the charge of preaching seditious sermons, and was com- mitted to the Tower, where he wrote his treatise on * The Hurt of Hearing Mass.' At first he was permitted to see no man but his keeper ; afterwards this severity was relaxed, and he was allowed the society of his fellow- prisoner, Dr. Sandys. On 6 Feb. 1553-4 Bradford and Sandys were separated; the latter was sent to the Marshalsea, and the former was lodged in the same room as Cran- mer, Latimer, and Ridley, the Tower being- then very full owing to the imprisonment of ; Wyatt and his followers. Latimer, in his protest addressed to the queen's commis- sioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker Society), tells how he and his fellow-prisoners- * did together read over the New Testament 1 with great deliberation and painful study/ On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the King's Bench prison. Here, probably by the favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, the knight- I marshal of the prison, he was occasionally j allowed at large on his parole, and was suf- fered to receive visitors and administer the 1 sacrament. Once a week he used to visit the criminals in the prison, distributing charity among them and exhorting them to amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-5 he was brought up for examination before Bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There is an account (first published in 1561) in his own words of his three separate examinations before the commissioners on 22, 29, and 30 Jan. The commissioners questioned him closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en- deavoured to convince him that his views were heretical ; but he answered their argu- ments with imperturbable calmness, and re- fused to be convinced. Accordingly he was condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was committed to the Compter in the Poultry. It was at first determined to have him burned at his native town, Manchester ; but, whether in the hope of making him recant or from fear of enraging the people of Manchester, the authorities finally kept him in London and waited some months before carrying out the sentence. At the Compter he was visited by several catholic divines, who en- deavoured unsuccessfully to effect his conver- sion. Among these were Archbishop Heath, Bishop Day, Alphonsus a Castro, afterwards archbishop of Compostella, and Bartholomew Carranza, confessor to King Philip, and after- wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as he refused to recant, a day was fixed for car- rying out the sentence. On Sunday, 30 June 1555, he was taken late at night from the Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in tears bidding him farewell. In spite of the lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad, and as he passed along Cheapside the people wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread that he was to be burned at four o'clock the next morning, and by that hour a great con- course of people had assembled ; but it was not until nine o'clock that he was brought to . the stake. ' Then,' says Foxe, l was he led forth to Smithfield with a great company of weaponed men to conduct him thither, as the- Bradford Bradford like was not seen at no man's burning ; for in every corner of Smithfield there were some, besides those who stood about the stake.' A young man named John Leaf was his fellow- martyr. After taking a faggot in his hand and kissing it, Bradford desired of the sheriffs that his servant might have his raiment. Consent being given, he put off his raiment and went to the stake. Then holding up his hands, and looking up to heaven, he cried : ' England, England, repent thee of thy sins, repent thee of thy sins. Beware of idolatry, beware ,of false antichrists ; take heed they do not deceive you.' As he was speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be tied if he would not keep silence. ' O master sheriff,' said Bradford, * I am quiet. God for- give you this, master sheriff.' Then having asked the people to pray for him he turned to John Leaf and said : ' Be of good comfort, brother, for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night.' His last words were : ' Strait is the way and narrow is the gate that leadeth to salvation, and few there be that find it.' Bradford was a man of singularly gentle character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that he was ' of a more soft and mild nature than many of his fellows.' There is a tradition that on seeing some criminals going to exe- cution ht> xclaimed : ' But for the grace of God there goes John Bradford.' Often when engaged in conversation he would suddenly fall into a deep reverie, during which his eyes would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles. In all companies he would reprove sin and misbehaviour in any person, ' especially swearers, filthy talkers, and popish praters ; ' but the manner of his reproof was at once so earnest and so kindly that none could take offence. His life was passed in prayer and study. He seldom slept more than four hours, and he ate only one meal a day. In person he was tall and slender, of a somewhat san- guine complexion, and with an auburn beard. A portrait of him (which is engraved in Baines's ' History of Lancashire, ii. 243) is preserved in the Chetham Library at Man- chester. A more modern portrait is in Pem- broke Hall, Cambridge. The following is a list of Bradford's wri- tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the Lawe and of the Gospell, gathered owt of the hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . . Translated into English,' London, 1548, 8vo. 2. ' A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me- lanchthon], translated into English,' London, n. d. 8vo. 3. ' Two Notable Sermons, the one of Repentance, and the other of the Lorde's Supper,' London, 1574, 1581, 1599, 1617 ; the * Sermon on Repentance ' had been issued se- parately in 1553 and 1558. 4. ' Complaint of I Verity e,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed I in a collection issued by William Copland. j 5. 'A Godlye Medytacyon,' London, 1559. ' 6. ' Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes. Prayer, the Beleefe, and Ten Commande- ments ... whereunto is annexed a defence of the doctrine of God's eternal election and j predestination,' London, 1562,1578, 1604, &c. 7. ' Meditations ; ' from his autograph in a ! copy of Tyndale's New Testament. 8. ' Medi- tations and Prayers from manuscripts in Em- manuel College, Cambridge, and elsewhere/ 9. ' All the Examinacions of the Constante Martir of God, M. John Bradforde, before the Lord Chancellour, B. of Winchester, the B. of London, and other comissioners ; whereunto ar annexed his priuate talk and conflictes in prison after his condemnacion, r ' &c. 1561. 10. ' Hurte of hering Masse,' n. d. I (printed by Copland), 1580, 1596. 11. 'A ' FruitefulT Treatise and full of heavenly con- | solation against the feare of death,' n. d. 12. Five treatises, namely (1) ' The Old Man and the New;' (2) ' The Flesh and the Spirit ; * (3) 'Defence of Election;' (4) 'Against the Fear of Death ; ' (5) ' The Restoration of all Things.' 13. ' Ten Declarations and Ad- dresses.' 14. 'An Exhortation to the Brethren in England, and four farewells to London, Cambridge, Lancashire, and Cheshire, and Saffron Walden ; ' from Coverdale's ' Letters of the Martyrs ' and Foxe's ' Acts and Monu- ments.' 15. 'Sweet Meditations of the Kingdom of Christ,' n. d. 16. Letters from Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' 1563, 1570, and 1583 ; Coverdale's ' Letters of the Mar- tyrs,' Strype's 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' and manuscripts in Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge, and British Museum. It is probable that Bradford contributed to 'A Confuta- cion of Four Romish Doctrines,' a treatise en- titled 'An Exhortacion to the Carienge of Chryste's crosse, with a true and briefe confu- tacion of false and papistical! doctryne,' n. d., printed abroad. A complete collection of Bradford's writings, very carefully edited by Rev. Aubrey Townsend, was published at Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols. 8vo, 1848-53. [Life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments ; Strype ; Holling worth's Man- cuniensis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Baines's Lanca- shire, ii. 243-54; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, i. 125; Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses.] A. H. B. BRADFORD, EARL or. [See NEWPORT, FRANCIS.] BRADFORD, JOHN (d. 1780), Welsh poet, was born early in the eighteenth cen- Bradford 160 Bradford tury. In 1730, while still a boy, be was ad- mitted a * disciple ' of the bardic chair of Glamorgan, in which chair he himself pre- sided in 1750. Some of his poems, ' moral pieces of great merit,' according to Dr. Owen Pughe, were printed in a contemporary Welsh periodical entitled the ' Eurgrawn.' [Owen Pughe's Cambrian Biography.] A. M. BRADFORD, JOHN (1750-1805), dis- senting minister, was born at Hereford in 1750, the son of a clothier, educated at Here- ford grammar school, and at Wadham Col- lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. On leaving college he accepted a curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he married when twenty-eight years of age, and had a family of twelve children. About this time his religious opinions became decidedly Calvinistic, and he preached in several of Lady Huntingdon's chapels. On account of this irregularity the rector discharged him from his curacy. He then joined the Countess of Huntingdon's connection, and, after spend- ing some time in South Wales, removed to Birmingham, and preached with great popu- larity in the old playhouse, which the countess had purchased and made into a chapel for him. Subsequently he left the connection of the countess for a new chapel in Bar- tholomew Street, supplementing his small income by making watch-chains. Not being successful, he removed to London in 1797, and preached till his death in the City Chapel, Grub Street. He died 16 July 1805, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some account of his life is given in an octavo volume, chiefly controversial, by his successor, William Wales Home. Bradford published : 1 . ' The Law of Faith opposed to the Law of Works,' Bir- mingham, 1787 (being an answer to the bap- tist circular letter signed Joshua Thomas). 2. * An Address to the Inhabitants of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of two Ministers sent by the Countess of Hunt- ingdon,' 1788. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns ' (some of them composed by himself), 1792. 4, 'The Difference between True and False Holiness.' 5. 'A Christian's Meetness for Glory.' 6. ' Comfort for the Feeble-minded.' 7. 'The Gospel spiritually discerned.' 8. 'One Baptism.' A fine octavo edition of ' Bun- van's Pilgrim's Progress, with Notes by John Bradford,' was published in 1792. Mr. Offor says, ' These notes are very valuable.' [Bunjan's Works (ed. Offor), with notes to the Pilgrim by Bradford ; Gadsby's Memoirs of Hymn Writers ; Home's Life of the Rev. John Bradford, 1806.] J. H. T. BRADFORD, SAMUEL, D.D. (1652- 1731), bishop successively of Carlisle and Rochester, was the son of William Bradford, a citizen of London, who distinguished him- self as a parish officer at the time of the plague, and was born in St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on 20 Dec. 1652. He was educated at St. Paul's School ; and when the school was closed, owing to the plague and the fire of London, he at- tended the Charterhouse. He was admitted to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1669, but left without a degree in consequence of re- ligious scruples. He devoted himself for a time to the study of medicine ; but, his former scruples being removed, he was admitted in 1680, through the favour of Archbishop San- croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate, and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 July 1697. He shrank from taking orders until after the Revolution, and acted as private tutor in the families of several country gen- tlemen. Bradford was ordained deacon and priest in 1690, and in the spring of the follow- ing year was elected by the governors of St. Thomas's Hospital the minister of their church in Southwark. He soon received the lecture- ship of St. Mary-le-Bow, and was tutor to the two grandsons of Archbishop Tillotson, with whom he resided at Carlisle House, Lambeth. In November 1693 Dr. Tillotson collated Bradford to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow ; he then resigned his minor ecclesiastical pre- ferments, but soon after accepted the lecture- ship of All Hallows, in Bread Street. Bradford was a frequent preacher before the corporation of London, and was a staunch whig and protestant. On 30 Jan. 1698 he preached before William III, who was so much pleased that in March following he ap- pointed Bradford one of the royal chaplains in ordinary. The appointment was continued by Queen Anne, by whose command he was created D.D. on the occasion of her visit to the university of Cambridge, 16 April 1705 ; and on 23 Feb. 1708 was made a prebendary of Westminster. In 1699 Bradford delivered the Boyle lec- ture in St. Paul's Cathedral, and preached eight sermons on ' The Credibility of the Christian Revelation, from its Intrinsick Evi- dence.' These, with a ninth sermon preached in his own church in January 1700, were is- sued with other Boyle lectures delivered between 1691 and 1732, in 'A Defence of Na- tural and Revealed Religion,' &c. 3 vols. fol., London, 1739. Bradford was elected master of Corpus Christi College on 17 May 1716; and on 21 April 1718 was nominated to the bishop- ric of Carlisle, to which he was consecrated on 1 June following. In 1723 he was trans- Bradford 161 Bradford lated to the see of Rochester, and was also appointed to the deanery of Westminster, which he held in commendam with the bi- shopric of Rochester. In 1724 Bradford re- signed the mastership of Corpus Christi, and in 1725 became the first dean of the revived order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731, at the deanery of Westminster, and was buried In the abbey. JWWjflWS'SWISJ &. Bradford s wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Captain Ellis of Medbourne in Leicestershire, and bore him one son and two daughters. One of the latter was married to Dr. Reuben Clarke, archdeacon of Essex, and the other to Dr. John Denne, archdeacon of Rochester. His son, the Rev. William Bradford, died on 15 July 1728, aged thirty-two, when he was archdeacon of Rochester and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Bradford published more than a score of separate sermons. One of these a ' Discourse concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regenera- tion,' 2nd ed., 8vo, London, 1709 attained a singular popularity. A ninth edition was pub- lished in 1819 by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. [Graduati Cantab. 1787; Gent. Mag. May 1731; Chronological Diary, 1731; Birch's Life of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752 ; History and An- tiquities of Rochester, &c., 1817; R. Masters's Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (Lamb), 1831 ; Le Neve's Fasti, 1851.] A. H. G. BRADFORD, SIB THOMAS (1777- 1853), general, was the eldest son of Thomas Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaster, and Ashdown Park in Sussex, and was born on 1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign In the 4th regiment on 20 Oct. 1793. He was promoted major into the Nottinghamshire Fencibles, then stationed in Ireland, in 1795. He gave proof of military ability during the Irish rebellion, and in 1801 was promoted "brevet lieutenant-colonel, and appointed as- sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was again brought on to the strength of the army as major in 1805, and served with Auchmuty as deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the expedition to South America. In June 1808 he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur Wellesley to Portugal, and was present at the battles of Vimeiro and Corunna. On his return to England he became assistant adju- tant-general at Canterbury, and lieutenant- colonel in succession of the 34th and 82nd regiments in 1809. In 1810 he was promoted colonel, and took the command of a brigade in the Portuguese army. He proved himself one of the most successful Portuguese briga- diers, and at the attack on the Arapiles in the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade VOL. 71. showed itself worthy of a place beside the British army. In 1813 he was promoted major-general, and made a mariscal de campo in the Portuguese service, receiving the com- mand of a Portuguese division. He com- manded this division at Vittoria, at the siege of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was so severely wounded that he had to return to England. In 1814 he was placed on the staff of the northern district, and made K.C.B. and K.T.S. ; but he missed the battle of Water- loo, at which his younger brother, Lieutenant- colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B., who had also been a staff officer in the Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the seventh division of the army of occupation in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted lieutenant-general in May 1825, and was thei* appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in the Bombay presidency. He held this command for four years, and on his return to England in 1829 received the colonelcy of the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made G.C.H., in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro- moted general, and in 1846 exchanged the colonelcy of the 38th for that of the 4th regi- ment. He died in London on 28 Nov. 1853, aged 75. [Royal Military Calendar ; obituary notices in the Times, Gent. Mag., and Colburn's United Service Magazine.] H. M. S. BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657), second governor of Plymouth, New England, and one of the founders of the colony, was born in a small village on the southern border of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in Mather's ' Magnalia,' the chief authority on his early life, wrongly printed Ansterfield, and was first identified as Austerfield by Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Eng- land). William was the eldest son and third child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter of John Hanson, and according to the entry still to be found in the parish register was baptised 19 March 1589-90. The family held the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 his two grandfathers, William Bradford and John Hanson, were the only persons of property in the township. On the death of his father, on 15 July 1591, he was left, according to Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance/ and ' was cast on the education, first of his grandparents and then of his uncles, who de- voted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs of husbandry.' He is said to have had serious impressions of religion at the age of twelve Bradford 162 Bradford or thirteen, and shortly afterwards began to attend the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Clifton, i puritan rector of Babworth. Notwithstand- ! ing the strong opposition of his relations and i the scoffs of his neighbours, he joined the com- pany of puritan separatists, or Brownists,who first met at the house of William Brewster [q.v.] at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, in 1606, and were presided over by Clifton. The com- i munity within a short period obtained con- siderable accessions, but, being threatened with persecution, resolved to remove to Hol- land. Bradford, along with the principal members of the party, entered into negotia- tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to embark them at Boston, but betrayed their intention to the magistrates, who sent some of them to prison, and compelled others to return to their homes. Bradford after seve- ral months' imprisonment succeeded, in the spring of the following year, in reaching Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster- dam, he became apprenticed to a French protest ant who was engaged in the manufac- ture of silk. On coming of age he converted his estate in England into money, and entered into business on his own account, in which he is said to have been somewhat unsuccess- ful. About 1609 he removed with the com- munity to Leyden, and when, actuated by a desire to live as Englishmen under English rule, they resolved to emigrate to some Eng- \ lish colony, he was among the most zealous and active in the promotion of the enterprise. Their choice lay between Guinea and New England, and was finally decided in favour of the latter. By the assistance of Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer, and afterwards governor of Virginia, a patent was granted them for a tract of country within that colony, and on 5 Sept. 1620 Bradford, with the first com- pany of ( Pilgrim Fathers,' numbering in all a hundred men, women, and children, em- barked for their destination in the Mayflower at Southampton. By stress of weather they were prevented landing within the territory of the Virginia Company, and finding themselves in a region beyond the patent, they drew up and signed a compact of government before landing at the harbour of Plymouth already so named in Smith's map of 1616. Under this compact Carver was chosen the first governor, and on his death on 21 April 1621 the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected every year continuously, with the exception of two intervals respectively of three years and two years at his own special request. This fact sufficiently indicates his paramount influence in the colony, an influence due both to the unselfishness and gentleness of his nature, and to his great practical abilities as a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to* his energy and forethought that the colony at the most critical period of its history was not visited by overwhelming disaster. Among the earliest acts of his administration was to- send an embassy to confirm a league with the Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding his. friendship it was found necessary in 1622, on account of the threats of the sachem of Narra- gansett, to fortify the town, but no attack was made. Another plot entered into among cer- tain chiefs to exterminate the English was, through the sachem of Masassoit, disclosed to Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem the ringleaders were seized and put to death. The friendship of the Indians, necessary as it was in itself, was also of the highest advan- tage on account of the threatened extinction of the colony by famine. The constant ar- rival of new colonists frequently reduced them almost to the starving point. The scarcity was increased by the early attempts at communism, and it was not till after an agreement that each family should plant for themselves on such ground as should be as- signed them by lot, that they were relieved from the necessity of increasing their supplies of provisions by traffic with the Indians. In 1629 a patent was obtained from the council of New England, vesting the colony in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso- ciates, and assigns, confirming their title to a certain tract of land, and conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws. In framing their laws, the model adopted by the colonists was primarily and principally the ' ancient platform of God's law, and secondly the laws of England. At first the whole body of freemen assembled for legis- lative, executive, and judicial business, but in 1634 the governor and his assistants were constituted a judicial court, and afterwards the supreme judiciary. The first assembly of representatives met in 1639, and in the fol- lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re- quest, surrendered the patent into the hands of the general court, reserving to himself only his proportion as settler by previous agreement. He died on 9 May 1657. His first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at Leyden on 20 Nov. 1613, was drowned at Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on 14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter, widow of Edward Southworth, a lady with whom he had been previously acquainted in England, and who, at his request, had arrived in the colony with the view of being mar- ried to him. By his first marriage he had one son, and by his second two sons and a Bradford 163 Bradford daughter. His son William, by the second marriage (born on 17 June 1624, died on 20 Feb. 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the colony, and attained high distinction during the wars with the Indians. Though not enj oy ing special educational ad- vantages in early life, Bradford possessed more literary culture than was common among those of similar occupation to him- self. He had some knowledge of Latin and Greek, and knew sufficient Hebrew to enable him to l see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty.' He was also well read in history and philosophy, and an adept in the theological discussion peculiar to the time. He employed much of his leisure in literary composition, but the only work of his which appeared in his life- time was ' A Diary of Occurrences ' during the first year of the colony, from their land- ing at Cape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec. 1621. This book, written in conjunction with Edward Winslow, was printed at London in 1622, with a preface signed by G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind him are thus referred to in a clause of his will : ' I commend unto your wisdom and discretion some small books written by my own hand, to be improved as you shall see meet. In special I commend to you a little book with a black cover, wherein there is a word to Plymouth, a word to Boston, and a word to New England.' These books are all written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the Historical Society of Massachusetts there is a transcript copy of these verses which bears date 1657. It contains (1) * Some observations of God's merciful dealings with us in this wilderness,' published first in a fragmentary form in 1794 in vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 77-84, of the ' Collections of the Massachusetts His- torical Society,' by Belknap, among whose papers the fragment of the original manu- script was found, and in 1858 presented to the society ; published in complete form in the ' Proceedings ' of the society, 1869-70, pp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to Plymouth,' first published in 'Proceedings,' 1869-70, pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) Of Boston in New England,' and ' A Word to New England,' published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the ' Collections ;' (5) * Epitaphium Meum,' pub- lished in Morton's ' Memorial,' pp. 264-5 of Davis's edition ; and (6) a long piece in verse on the religious sects of New England, which has never been published. In 1841 Alexander Young published * Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 to 1625,' containing, in addition to other tracts, the following writings belonging to Bradford: (1) A fragment of his 'History of the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his- tory of the community before its removal to Holland down to 1620, when it set sail for America, printed from a manuscript in the records of the First Church, Plymouth, in the handwriting of Secretary Morton, with the inscription, ' This was originally penned by Mr. Wm. Bradford, governor of New Plymouth ; ' (2) the ' Diary of Occurrences r referred to above, first printed 1622, again in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in the fourth volume of his ' Pilgrims,' thus re- printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Massachu- setts Historical Society ' Collections,' and the portions omitted in the abridgment reprinted with a number of errors in vol. xix. of the ' Collections,' from a manuscript copy of the original made at Philadelphia ; (3) ' A. Dia- logue or the Sum of a Conference between some young men born in New England and sundry ancient men that came out of Hol- land and Old England,' 1648, printed from a complete copy in the records of the First Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied by Secretary Morton, but existing also in a fragmentary form in the handwriting of Bradford in the Cabinet of the Massachu- setts Historical Society ; (4) a ' Memoir of Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from the original manuscript into the church re- cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter- book, containing letters to him, rescued from a grocer's shop in Halifax, the earlier and more valuable part having been destroyed. Brad- ford was the author of two other dialogues or conferences, of which the second has ap- parently perished, but the third, l concerning the church and government thereof,' having the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some old papers taken from the remains of Mr. Prince's collection, belonging to the old South Church of Boston, and published in the i Pro- ceedings ' of the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-64. Copies of several of his letters were published in the ' Collec- tions ' of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to JohnWinthrop in vol.vi. 4th series, pp. 156-61. The manuscripts of Bradford were made use of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for their historical works, and are the principal authorities for the early history of the colony. Besides the manuscripts already mentioned, they had access to a connected ' History of the Plymouth Plantation,' by Bradford, which at one time existed in Bradford's own hand- writing in the New England Library, but was supposed to have been lost during the war with England. In Anderson's 'History of the Colonial Church,' published in 1848, the manuscript was referred to as ' now in the M2 Bradford 164 Bradford possession of the Bishop of London,' but the statement not having come under the notice of any one in New England interested in the matter, it was not till 1855 that cer- tain paragraphs in a ' History of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church of America,' by Samuel Wilberforce, published in 1846, pro- fessedly quoted from a l MS. History of Ply- mouth in the Fulham Library,' led to its identification. These paragraphs were shown by J. W. Thornton to the Rev. Mr. Barry, author of ' The History of Massachusetts,' who brought them under the notice of Sam. G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden- tified with certain passages from Bradford's * History,' quoted by the earlier historians. On inquiry in England the surmise was con- firmed, and a copy having been made from the manuscript in Bradford's handwriting in the Fulham Library, it was published in vol. iii. (1856) of the 4th series of the < Col- lections ' of the Mass. Hist. Soc. The manu- script is supposed to have been taken to Eng- land in 1774 by Governor Hutchinson, who is the last person in America known to have had it in his possession. The printed book- plate of the New England Library is pasted on one of the blank leaves. [The chief original sources for the life of Brad- ford are his own writings ; Mather's Magnalia, vol. ii. chap. i. ; ShurtlefFs Eecollections of the Pilgrims in Russell's Guide to Plymouth ; Mor- ton's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Ply- mouth, 1849. See also Belknap's American Bio- graphy, ii. 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims ; Fessenden's Genealogy of the Bradford Family ; .Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, i. 231 ; Raine's History of the Parish of Blyth; Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts; Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series, vol. iii. ; Winsor's Governor Bradford's Manu- script History of Plymouth Plantation and its Transmission to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who identified Bradford's Manuscript? 1883.] T. F. H. BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752), the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the son of William and Anne Bradford of Lei- cestershire, where the family had held a good position for several generations. He is usually said to have been born in 1658, and on his tombstone the date is 1660, but both dates are contradicted by the ' American Almanac' for 1739, printed by himself, where, under the month of May, the following entry appears : < The printer born the 20th, 1663.' He learned his art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace- church Street, London. Sowles was an inti- mate friend of William Penn and George Fox, and his daughter Elizabeth married Bradford. It says much for the enlightened forethought i of Penn that he induced Bradford to ac- j company him in his first voyage to Penn- j sylvania, on which he sailed 1 Sept. 1682. | Bradford returned to London, but he set out again in 1685, hoping to embrace within his operations the whole of the middle colonies. In 1692 he was printing for Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, and in 1702 also for Maryland. The earliest issue from his press is an almanac for 1686 (printed in 1685), entitled ' America's Mes- senger/ of which there is a copy in the Quakers' Library, London. In 1686, aloi with some Germans of the name of Ritten"! house, he erected on the Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta' blished in America. Apart from almanac^ his first publication was in 1688, a volumf entitled ' The Temple of Wisdom/ which in' eluded the essays and religious meditation) of Francis Bacon. Of this book there ij a copy in the Quakers' Library, London The honour of being the first to propose th printing of the Bible in America is usuallf assigned to Cotton Mather, but in 1688, seveL years before Mather, Bradford had entered upon the project of printing a copy of the Holy Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the Book of Common Prayer. In 1689 he was summoned before the governor and council of Pennsylvania for printing the charter. During the disputes in the colony caused by the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford, who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub- lishing the writings of Keith and Budd, and his press, type, and instruments were seized. Not only, however, were they restored to him by Fletcher, governor of New York, during his temporary administration of Pennsylvania, but at the instance of Fletcher he went to New York, where, on 12 Oct. 1693, he was appointed royal printer at a salary of 40, which was raised in 1696 to 60/., and in 1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deacon of Trinity Church, New York, from which he received 30/. on bond, to enable him to print the Common Prayer and version of the Psalms, and when the enterprise did not pay the bond was returned to him. In 1725 he began the publication of the 'New York Gazette/the first newspaper published in New York, which he edited until his eightieth year. He was also appointed king's printer for New Jersey, as appears from the earliest copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717. He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty- nine. He was buried in the grounds of Trinity Church, New York, where there is a monument to his memory. His character Bradick 165 Bradley is thus summed up in the ' New York Ga- zette ' of 25 May 1752 : ' He was a man of great sobriety and industry, a real friend to the poor and needy, and kind and affable to all. He was a true Englishman. His tem- perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he was a stranger to sickness all his life.' [New York Gazette, 25 May 1752 ; New York Historical Magazine, iii. 171-76 (containing ca- talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ; Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians, 1859, pp. 124-9 ; Penington's An Apostate ex- posed, or George Keith contradicting himself and his brother Bradford, 1695; the Tryals of Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and Wm. Bradford, Quakers, for several great mis- demeanours (as was pretended by their adver- saries) before a Court of Quakers, at the Session held at Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, 9th, 10th, and 12th day of December 1692, printed first beyond the sea, and now reprinted in London for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1 T. F. H. BRADICK, WALTER (1706-1794), a merchant at Lisbon, was ruined by the earth- quake which destroyed that city in 1755. Returning to England he had the further misfortune to lose his eyesight, and in 1774, on the nomination of the queen, he was ad- mitted to the Charterhouse, where he died on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ' Cho- heleth, or the Royal Preacher,' a poem, and he was the author of ' several detached publica- tions.' A contemporary record of his death affirms that i Choheleth ' ' will be a lasting testimony to his abilities,' but it may be doubted whether the work is now extant. [Information from Master of Charterhouse ; Gent. Mag. Ixv. pt. i. 83.] J. M. S. BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871), eminent as a preacher and writer of sermons published between 1818 and 1853, belonged to the evangelical school of the church of England. He was born at Halstead, Essex, in February 1789. His parents, Thomas and Ann Bradley, were both of Yorkshire origin, but settled in "Wallingford, where their son Charles, the elder of two sons, passed the greater part of the first twenty-five years of his life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep- herd of Yattenden, took pupils and edited several school books, one or two of which are still in use. He was, for a time after his mar- riage, a member of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, but was ordained on reaching the age of 23, without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812 became curate of High "Wycombe. Here for many years he combined the work of a private tutor with the sole charge of a large parish. Among his pupils were the late Mr. Smith O'Brien, the leader for a short time of the so-called national party in Ire- land ; Mr. Bonamy Price, professor of poli- tical economy in the university of Oxford ; and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more than half a century in the diocese and city of Winchester. His powers as a preacher soon attracted attention. He formed the ac- quaintance of William Wilberforce, Thomas Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and others ; and a volume of sermons, published in 1818 with a singularly felicitous dedica- tion to Lord Liverpool, followed by a second edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The sixth edition was published in 1824, the eleventh in 1854. In the year 1825 he was presented by Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids, afterwards of Lichfield) to the vicarage of Glasbury in Brecknockshire. Here a volume of sermons was published in 1825, which reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained the living of Glasbury till his death, but in the year 1829 became the first incumbent of St. James's Chapel at Clapham in Surrey, where he resided, with some periods of absence, till 1852. By this time his reputation as a preacher was fully established. His striking face and figure and dignified and impressive delivery added to the effect produced by the substance and style of his sermons, which were pre- pared and written with unusual care and thought. A volume of sermons published in 1831, followed by two volumes of 'Practical Sermons' in 1836 and 1838, by ' Sacramental Sermons ' in 1842, and ' Sermons on the Chris- tian Life ' in 1853, had for many years an exceedingly large circulation, and were widely preached in other pulpits than his own, not only in England and Wales, but in Scotland and America. Of late years their sale greatly declined, but the interest taken in them has revived, and a volume of selections was pub- lished in 1884. Quite apart from the character of their contents, as enforcing the practical and spe- culative side of Christianity from the point of view of the earlier leaders of the evange- lical party in the church of England, the literary merits of Bradley's sermons will probably give them a lasting place in litera- ture of the kind. No one can read them without being struck by their singular sim- plicity and force, and at the same time by the sustained dignity and purity of the lan- guage. Bradley was the father of a numerous family. By his first wife, who died in 1831, he had thirteen children, of whom twelve survived him. The eldest of six sons was Bradley 166 Bradley the late Rev. C. Bradley of Soutligate, well known in educational circles. The fourth is the present dean of Westminster (late master of University College, Oxford, and formerly of Marlborough College). By his second mar- riage in 1840 with Emma, daughter of Mr. John Linton, he also left a large family, one of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer- ton College, Oxford, author of a work on ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrew Cecil, fellow of Balliol, is professor of English literature at Liverpool. Bradley spent the last period of his life at Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871. [Personal knowledge.] G. G. B. BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816-1863), journalist, was born at Whitby in Yorkshire in 1816, and apprenticed to a firm of printers in his native town. After being for several years a reporter on the ' York Herald ' he was appointed editor of the ' Sunderland and Durham County Herald,' and about 1848 he became editor and one of the proprietors of the ' Newcastle Guardian.' He resided at Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. 1863, being greatly respected, and for a consider- able period an influential member of the town council. Bradley published ' A Con- cise and Practical System of Short -hand Writing, with a brief History of the Progress of the Art. Illustrated by sixteen engraved lessons and exercises,' London, 1843, 12mo. The system is a variation of Dr. Mayor's. [Whitby Times, 23 Oct. 1863; Rockwell's Teaching, Practice, and Literature of Shorthand, 70.] T. C. BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), as- tronomer-royal, was the third son of William Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at Bradley Castle, county Durham, from the fourteenth century, by his marriage, in 1678, with Jane Pound of Bishop's Canning in Wiltshire. He was born at Sherbourn in Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March 1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain- able. He was educated at the Northleach grammar school, and was admitted as a com- moner to Balliol College, Oxford, 15 March 1711, when in his eighteenth year, proceeding B.A. 15 Oct. 1714, and M.A. 21 June 1717. His university career had little share in moulding his genius. His uncle, the Rev. James Pound, rector of Wanstead in Essex, was at that time one of the best astronomical observers in England. A warm attachment sprang up between him and his nephew. He nursed him through the small-pox in 1717 ; he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from a somewhat straitened home ; above all, he discerned and cultivated his extraordinary talents. Bradley quickly acquired all his instructor's skill and more than his ardour. Every spare moment was devoted to co- operation with him. His handwriting ap- pears in the W T anstead books from 1715, and the journals of the Royal Society notice a communication from him. regarding the aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formally introduced to the learned world by Halley, who, in publishing his observation of an ap- pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717, prophetically described him as ' eruditus juvenis,qui simul industria et ingenio pollens his studiis promovendis aptissimus natus est ' (Phil Trans, xxx. 853). The skill with which he and Pound together deduced from the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral- lax between 9" and 12", was praised by the same authority (ib. xxxi. 114), who again imparted to the Royal Society ' some very curious observations' made by Bradley on Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for the sun of less than 10" ( Journal Books R. Soc. 16 Nov. 1721). The entry of one of these states that 'the 15-feet tube was moved by a machine that made it to keep pace with the stars' (BRADLEY, Miscellaneous Works, p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving automatic movement to a telescope. Doubtless with the view of investigating annual parallax, Bradley noted the relative positions of the component stars of y Virginis, 12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719 and 1 Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter observation about 1759 brought the discovery of their orbital revolution almost within his grasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyne to Herschel, served to confirm and correct its theory (Phil Tram, xciii. 363). Bradley's first sustained research, however, was concerned with the Jovian system. He early began to calculate the tabular errors of each eclipse observed, and the collation of older observations with his own afforded him the discovery that the irregularities of the three inner satellites (rightly attributed to their mutual attraction) recur in the same order after 437 days. His ' Corrected Tables ' were finished in 1718, but, though printed in the following year with Halley's i Planetary Tables,' remained unpublished until 1749, by which time they had become obsolete. The appended 'Remarks' ( Works, p. 81), de- scribing the 437-day cycle, are stated by the minutes to have been read before the Royal Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then already a fellow ; he was elected 6 Nov. 1718, on the motion of Halley, and under the pre- sidential sanction of Newton. The choice of a profession meantime be- Bradley 167 Bradley came imperative. He had been brought up to the church, and in 1719 Hoadly, bishop of Hereford, presented him to the vicarage of Bridstow. On this title, accordingly, he was ordained deacon at St. Paul's, 24 May, and priest, 25 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine- cure rectory of Llandewi-Velfry in Pem- brokeshire was procured for him by his friend Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the Prince of Wales, and he also became chaplain to the bishop of Hereford. His prospects of promo- tion were thus considerable, but he continued to frequent Wanstead, and took an early op- portunity of extricating himself from a posi- ! tion in which his duties were at variance with | his inclinations. The Savilian chair of as- ! tronomy at Oxford became vacant by the death of Keill in August 1721. Bradley was elected to fill it 31 Oct., and, immediately re- signing his preferments, found himself free to follow his bent on an income which amounted in 1724 to 138/. 5s. 9d. He read his in- augural lecture 26 April 1722. In 1723 we find him assisting his uncle in experiments upon Hadlev's new reflector (Phil. Trans, xxxii. 382) ; and Hadley's ex- ample and instructions encouraged him, about the same time, to attempt the grinding of specula (SMITH, A Compleat System of Op- ticks, ii. 302). In this he was only partially successful, though his mechanical skill sufficed at all times for the repair and adjustment of his instruments. His observations and ele- ments of a comet discovered by Halley 9 Oct. 1723 formed the subject of his first paper in ' Philosophical Transactions ' (xxxiii. 41 ; see NEWTON'S Principia, 3rd edit. lib. iii. prop. 42, 3>. 523, 1726). Bradley was the first successor of Halley in the then laborious task of com- puting the orbits of comets. He published parabolic elements for those of 1737 and 1757 (Phil. Trans, xl. iii, 1. 408), and by his com- munication to Lemonnier of the orbit of, and process of calculation applied to, the comet of 1742, knowledge of his method became diffused abroad. By the death of Pound, which took place 16 Nov. 1724, he lost 'a relation to whom he was dear, even more than by the ties of blood.' He continued, however, to observe with his instruments, and to reside with his widow (visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his lectures) in a small house in the town of Wanstead memorable as the scene of his chief discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24|-foot te- lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction of the zenith at the house of Mr. Samuel Moly- neux on Kew Green. It had been resolved by him and Bradley to subject Hooke's supposed detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to & searching inquiry, and the first observation for the purpose was made by Molyneux at noon 3 Dec. 1725. It was repeated by Bradley, ' chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec., when, to his surprise, he found the star pass a little more to the southward. This unexpected change, which was in the opposite direction to what could have been produced by parallax, con- tinued, in spite of every precaution against error, at the rate of about \" in three days ; and at the end of a year's observation the star had completed an oscillation 39" in extent. Meanwhile an explanation was vainly sought of this enigmatical movement, per- ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with their latitude, by other stars. A nutation of the earth's axis was first thought of, and a test star, or ' anti-Draco,' on the opposite side of the pole (35 Camelopardi) was watched from 7 Jan. 1726; but the quantity of its motion was insufficient to support that hypothesis. The friends next considered 'what refraction might do,' on the supposition of an annual change of figure in the earth's atmosphere through the action of a resisting medium; this too was discarded on closer examination. Bradley now resolved to procure an instru- ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a zenith- sector of 12 feet radius, and 12 range, was mounted for him by Graham in the upper part of his aunt's house. Thenceforth he trusted entirely to the Wanstead results. A year's assiduous use of this instrument gave him a set of empirical rules for the annual apparent motions of stars in various parts of the sky ; but he had almost despaired of being able to account for them, when an unex- pected illumination fell upon him. Accom- panying a pleasure party in a sail on the Thames one day about September 1728, he noticed that the wind seemed to shift each time that the boat put about, and a question put to the boatman brought the (to him) signi- ficant reply that the changes in direction of the vane at the top of the mast were merely due to changes in the boat's course, the wind remaining steady throughout. This was the clue he needed. He divined at once that the progressive transmission of light, combined with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must cause an annual shifting of the direction in which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an amount depending upon the ratio of the two velocities. Working out the problem in de- tail, he found that the consequences agreed perfectly with the rules already deduced from observation, and announced his memorable discovery of the * aberration of light ' in the form of a letter to Halley, read before the Royal Society 9 and 16 Jan. 1729 (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 637). Never was a more minutely satisfactory Bradley 168 Bradley explanation offered of a highly complex phe- nomenon. It was never disputed, and has scarcely been corrected. Bradley found the < constant' of aberration to be 20-25" (reduc- ing it, however, in 1748 to 20"). Struve fixed it at 20-445". Bradley concluded, from the amount of aberration, the velocity of light to be such as to bring it from the sun to the earth in 8 m 13 s , although Roemer had, from actual observation, estimated the interval at ll m . The best recent determination (Glase- napp's) of the 'light equation' is 8 m 21 s . Bradley's demonstration of his rules for aberration remained unpublished till 1832 ( Works, p. 287). He observed only the effects in declination ; but his theory was verified as regards right ascension also, by Eustachio Manfredi at Bologna in 1729. The subject was fully investigated by Clairaut in 1737 (Mem. de FAc. 1737, p. 205). An important secondary inference from the Wanstead ob- servations was that of the vast distances of even the brighter stars. Bradley stated deci- sively that the parallax neither of y Draconis nor of r) Ursse Majoris reached V, and be- lieved that he should have detected half that quantity (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 660. Double parallaxes are there spoken of). This well- grounded assurance shows an extraordinary advance in exactness of observation. Bradley succeeded Whiteside as lecturer on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729, and resigned the post in 1760, after the close of his seventy-ninth course. There was no endowment, Lord Crewe's benefaction of 30/. per annum becoming payable only in 1749 ; but fees of three guineas a course, with an average attendance of fifty-seven, produced emoluments sufficient for his wants. His lectures were delivered in the Ashmolean Museum, of which he vainly sought the keepership in 1731. In 17^32 he took a share in a trial at sea of Hadley's sextants, and wrote a letter warmly commendatory of the inven- tion ( Works, p. 505). His removal to Oxford occurred in May of the same year, when he oc- cupied a house in New College Lane attached to his professorship. His aunt, Mrs. Pound, accompanied him, with two of her nephews, and lived with him there five years. He trans- ported thither most of his instruments, but left Graham's sector undisturbed. An im- portant investigation was in progress by its means, for the purposes of which he made dur- ing the next fifteen years periodical visits to Wanstead. It is certain that Halley desired to have Bradley for his successor, and it is even said that he offered to resign in -his favour. But death anticipated his project, 14 Jan. 1742. Through the urgent representations of George, earl of Macclesfield, who quoted to Lord- chancellor Hardwicke Newton's dictum that he was ' the best astronomer in Europe,' Brad- ley was appointed astronomer-royal 3 Feb. 1742. The honour of a degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by diploma at Oxford 22 Feb., and in June he went to live at Greenwich. His first care was to remedy, so far as possible, the miserable state of the in- struments, and to procure an assistant in- the person of John Bradley, son of his eldest brother, who, at a stipend of 26/., diligently carried out his instructions during fourteen years, and Avas replaced successively by Mason and Green. With untiring and well-directed zeal Brad- ley laboured at the duties of his new office. He took his first transit at Greenwich 25 July 1742, and by the end of the year 1500 had been entered. The work done in 1743 was enormous. The records of observations- with the transit instrument fill 177, with the quadrant 148 folio pages. On 8 Aug. 255 determinations of the former, 181 of the latter kind were made. His efforts to- wards a higher degree of accuracy were un- ceasing and successful ; yet he never pos- sessed an achromatic telescope. He recognised it as the first duty of an astronomer to make himself acquainted with the peculiar defects, of his instruments, and was indefatigable in I testing and improving them. By the addi- ! tion of a finer micrometer screw, 18 July 1745, he succeeded in measuring intervals of half a \ second with the eight-foot quadrant erected by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from attempting further refinements by discover- j ing it a year later to be sensibly eccentric. At various times between 1743 and 1749 he made experiments on the length of the seconds pendulum, giving the most accurate result i previous to Kater's in 1818. The great comet ! of 1743 was first seen at Greenwich 26 Dec., and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744. i Bradley roughly computed its trajectory, but | went no further, it is conjectured, out of kind- ness towards young Betts, who had the ambi- tion to try his hand on it. He also observed the first comet of 1748, and calculated that of 1707. His observations of Halley's comet in 1759 have for the most part perished. The time was now ripe for the publication of his second great discovery. From the first the Wanstead observations had shown the displacements due to aberration to be at- tended by a ' residual phenomenon.' A slight progressive inequality was detected, occasion- ing in stars near the equinoctial colures an excess, in those near the solstitial colures a defect of movement in declination, as com- pared with that required by a precession of Bradley 169 Bradley 50". The true explanation in a ' nodding ' movement of the axis, due to the moon's unequal action upon the equatorial parts of the earth, was more than suspected early in 1732 ; but Bradley did not consider the proof complete until he had tracked each star through an entire revolution of the moon's nodes (18*6 years) back to its mean place (al- lowance being made for annual precession). In 'September 1747 he was at length fully satisfied of the correspondence of his hypo- thesis with facts ; and 14 Feb. 1748 a letter to the Earl of Macclesfield, in which he set forth the upshot of his twenty years' watch- ing and waiting, was read before the Royal Society (Phil. Trans, xlv. 1). The idea of a possible nutation of the earth's axis was not unfamiliar to astronomers ; and Newton had predicted the occurrence of a semi-annual, but scarcely sensible, effect of the kind. A phenomenon such as Bradley detected, how- ever, depending on the position of the lunar orbit, was unthought of until its necessity became evident with the fact of its existence. The complete development of its theory went beyond his mathematical powers, and he invited assistance, promptly rendered by D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley 's coefficient of nutation (9") has proved nearly a quarter of a second too small. He might probably have gone even nearer to the truth had he trusted more implicitly to his own observa- tions. His confidence was, however, em- barrassed by the proper motions of the stars, the ascertainment of which he, with his usual clear insight into the conditions of exact astronomy, urged upon well-provided obser- vers ; while his sagacious hint that they might be mere optical effects of a real trans- lation of the solar system (Phil. Trans, xlv. 40) gave the first opening for a scientific treatment of that remarkable subject. As regards nutation, the novelty of his an- nouncement had been somewhat taken off by previous disclosures. On his return from Lap- land, Maupertuis consulted him as to the re- duction of his observations, when Bradley imparted to him, 27 Oct. 1737, his incipient discovery. Maupertuis was not bound to secrecy, nor did he observe it. He trans- mitted the information to the Paris Academy (Mem. de TAc. 1737, p. 411), while Lalande published in 1745 (ib. 1745, p. 512) the con- firmatory results of observations undertaken at Bradley 's suggestion. The discovery of aberration earned for its author, 14 Dec. 1730, exemption on the part of the Royal Society from all future pay- ments ; that of nutation was honoured in 1748 with the Copley medal. His heightened reputation further enabled him to ask and obtain a new instrumental outfit for the Royal Observatory. He took advantage of the annual visitation by members of the Royal Society to represent its absolute necessity ; and a petition drawn up by him and signed by the president and members of council in August 1748 produced an order for 1,000/. under the ! sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's handwriting informs us, by the treasurer of the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of old stores. The wise expenditure of this paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modern practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate in the co-operation of John Bird. The eight- foot mural quadrant, for which he paid him 300 /., was an instrument not unworthy the eye and hand that were to use it. He had also from him a movable quadrant forty inches in radius, and a transit-instrument of eight-feet focal length. From Short a six- foot reflector was ordered, but not delivered until much later ; and 20/. was paid for a magnetic apparatus, changes in dip and va- riation having been objects of attention to Bradley as early as 1729. For the Wanstead sector, removed to Greenwich in July 1749, 45/. was allowed to him. The first employment of Bird's quadrant was in a series of observations, 10 Aug. 1750 to 31 July 1753, for the purpose of deter- mining the latitude of the observatory and the laws of refraction. Simultaneously with Lacaille and Mayer, Bradley introduced the improvement of correcting these for barome- trical and thermometrical fluctuations. His formula for computing mean refraction at any altitude closely represented the actual amounts down to within 10 of the horizon (GRANT, Hist. Phys. Astr. pp. 329-30). After its publication by Maskelyne in 1763, it was generally adopted in England, and was in use at Greenwich down to 1833. In 1751 Bradley made observations for determining the distances of the sun and moon in concert with those of Lacaille at the Cape of Good Hope (Mem. de VAc. 1752, p. 424). From the combined results for Mars, Delisle deduced a solar parallax of 10-3" (BRADLEY, Misc. Works, p. 481). A series of 230 comparisons with the heavens- of Tobias Mayer's ' Lunar Tables,' between December 1755 and February 1756, enabled Bradley to report them to the admiralty as- accurate generally within V. His hopes of bringing the lunar method of longitudes into actual use were thus revived ; and he under- took, aided by Mason, a laborious correction of the remaining errors founded on 1,220 observations. The particulars of these were inserted in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1774^ but the amended tables, completed from Bradley 170 Bradley them in 1760, never saw the light, and were | superseded by Mayer's own improvements in 1770. The regular work of the observatory, ! consisting in meridian observations of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile carried on with unremitting diligence and j unrivalled skill. The salary of astronomer-royal was then, as in Flamsteed's time, 100/. a year, reduced j to 907. by fees at public offices. This pit- j tance was designed to be supplemented by i Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which was, however, refused on the honourable ground of incompatibility of clerical with official obligations. His disinterestedness was compensated by a crown pension of 2501. per annum, granted under the privy seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his suc- cessors. Honours now fell thickly upon him. From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a member of the council of the Royal Society, and he occupied that position uninterruptedly from 1752 until his death. In July 1746 Euler wrote to announce his admission to the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was as- sociated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably in acknowledgment of his services in super- intending the construction of a quadrant by Bird for the latter body, complimented with its full membership in 1754 ; while the in- stitute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June 1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe but sought a correspondence with him, which he usually declined, being averse to writing, and leaving many letters unan- swered. No direct descendant of Bradley survives. He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Glouces- tershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daugh- ter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745, who married in 1771 her first cousin, the Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an only daughter, who died childless in 1806. Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Mac- clesfield grew closer after his removal to Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him in the establishment (about 1739) of an ob- servatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the reform of the calendar, calculating the tables appended to the bill for that purpose. Until near the close of his life he continued to re- side about three months of each year at Ox- ford, but resigned his readership through ill- health in 1760. For several years he had felt the approach of an obscure malady in occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a heavy cloud of depression settled over his spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension of surviving his mental faculties, which re- mained nevertheless clear to the end. He attended, for the last time, a meeting of the Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a paper of instructions for Mason, on his de- parture to observe the transit of Venus, the latest astronomical event in which he took an active interest. But already in May he was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761, arrived, he was unable to use the telescope. He, however, took a final observation with the transit-instrument in September, after which his handwriting disappears from the Green- wich registers. The few months that remained he spent at Chalford, being much attached to his wife's relations, and there died, in the house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth year, and was buried with his wife and mother at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on examination to be a chronic inflammation of the abdominal viscera. The case was described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the 1 Philosophical Transactions ' (lii. 635). In character Bradley is described as ' hu- mane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son, an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a steady friend ' (Suppl. to New Biog. Diet., 1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives experienced his generosity. His life was blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper mild and placid. He was habitually taci- turn, but was clear, ready, and open in ex- plaining his opinions to others. No homage could overthrow his modesty or disturb his caution. He was always more apprehen- sive of injuring his reputation than san- guine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from publicity; polished composition, moreover, was irksome to him. His only elaborate pieces were the accounts of his two leading discoveries ; and the preservation of several unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of expression. Nor had he any taste for ab- stract mathematics. His great powers were those of sagacity and persistence. He pos- sessed l a most extraordinary clearness of perception, both mental and "organic ; great accuracy in the combination of his ideas ; and an inexhaustible fund of that " industry and patient thought " to which Newton as- cribed his own discoveries ' (RiGAUD, Me- moirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and precision. No discrepancy was too minute for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible causes and their consequences was keen, dis- Bradley 171 Bradley passionate, and complete ; his mental grasp was close and unrelaxing. He ranks as the founder of modern observational astronomy ; nor by the example of his ' solicitous accu- racy' alone or chiefly, though this was much. But his discoveries of aberration and nuta- tion first rendered possible exact knowledge of the places of the fixed stars, and thereby of the movements of the other celestial bodies. Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in his diligent and faithful record of the state of the heavens in his time, a mass of docu- mentary evidence invaluable for the testing of theory, or the elucidation of change. The publication, for the benefit of his daughter, of his observations, contained in thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, was interrupted by official demands for their pos- session, followed up by a lawsuit commenced by the crown in 1767, but abandoned in 1776. The Rev. Mr. Peach, Bradley's son-in-law, thereupon offered them to Lord North, to be printed by the Clarendon Press, and after many delays the first of two volumes ap- peared in 1798, under the editorship of Dr. Hornsby, with the title ' Astronomical Ob- servations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, from the year 1750 to the year 1762;' the second, edited by Dr. Abram Robertson, in 1805. They number about 60,000, and fill close upon 1,000 large folio pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the observations of Bliss and Green down to 15 March 1765, was included in the second volume. A catalogue of 387 stars, computed by Mason fromBradley's original manuscripts, and appended to the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1773, formed the basis of a similar work inserted by Hornsby in vol. i. (p. xxxviii); and 1,041 of Bradley's stars, reduced by Pilati, were added toPiazzi's second catalogue (1814). In the hands of Bessel, however, his obser- vations assumed a new value. With extra- ordinary skill and labour he deduced from them in 1818 a catalogue of 3,222 stars for the epoch 1755, so authentically determined as to afford, by comparison with their later places, a sure criterion of their proper mo- tions. The title of ' Fundamenta Astrono- mise ' fitly expressed the importance of this work. More accurate values for precession and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad- ley's observations of the moon and planets, when reduced by Airy, supplied valuable data for the correction of the theories of those bodies. Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford {by Hudson), at Shirburn Castle, at Green- wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society. A dial, erected in 1831 by command of William IV, marks the spot at Kew where he began the observations which led to the discoveries of aberration and nutation. His communications to the Royal Society, besides those already adverted to, were on ' The Longi- tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York, from Wanstead and London, determined by Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter ' (Phil. Trans, xxxiv. 85) ; and ' An Account of some Observations made in London by Mr. George Graham, and at Black River in Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concern- ing the going of a Clock ; in order to deter- mine the Difference between the Lengths of Isochronal Pendulums in those Places ' (ib. xxxviii. 302). His ' Directions for using the Common Micrometer ' were published by Maskelyne in 1772 (ib. Ixii. 46). The origi- nals of Bradley's Greenwich observations having been deposited in the Bodleian, the confused mass of his remaining papers, dis- interred by Professor S. P. Rigaud, afforded materials for a large quarto volume, pub- lished by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the title ' Miscellaneous Works and Correspon- dence of James Bradley, D.D., Astronomer- Royal.' It includes, besides the Kew and Wan- stead journals, every record of the slightest value in his handwriting, not omitting papers already printed in the ' Philosophical Trans- actions,' with many letters addressed to him by persons of eminence in England and abroad, and in some cases his replies. The prefixed memoir embodies all that the closest inquiry could gather concerning him. The investi- gation of his early observations, thus brought to light after nearly a century's oblivion, was made the subject of a prize by the Royal Society of Copenhagen in 1832 ; whence the publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of ' Reduction of the Observations made by Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine the Quantities of Aberration and Nutation ' (Oxford, 1838). [Rigaud's Memoirs of Bradley ; New and Gen. Biog. Diet. xii. 54, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Fouchy's Eloge, Mem. de 1'Ac. des Sciences, 1762, p. 231 (Hist.) ; same trans, in Annual Keg. 1765, p. 23, and Gent. Mag. xxxv. 361; Delambre's Hist, de 1'Astronomie au xviii* siecle, p. 413 ; Thomson's Hist, of K. Soc. p. 344 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. M. C. BRADLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con- veyancing barrister, was a contemporary of James Booth [q. v.], who has been called the patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradley- was called to the bar by the society, of Gray's Inn, and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with geat success for upwards of half a century, e is said to have managed the concerns of almost the whole county of Durham, and, Bradley 172 Bradley though & provincial counsel, his opinions were everywhere received with the greatest respect. His drafts, like Booth's, were prolix to excess, but some of them were, to a very recent period, in use as precedents in the northern counties. He published (London, 1779) ' An Enquiry into the Nature of Property and Estates as defined by English Law, in which are con- sidered the opinions of Mr. Justice Black- stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro- perty.' There was also published in 1804 in London ' Practical Points, or Maxims in Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi- ence of a late eminent conveyancer (Brad- ley), with critical observations on the various parts of a Deed by J. Ritson.' This was a collection of Bradley's notes on points of practice, and the technical minutiae of con- veyancing as they were suggested in the course of his professional life. Ritson was a contemporary and fellow-townsman of Bradley. The latter by his will left a con- siderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the purchase of books calculated to promote the interests of religion and virtue in Great Bri- tain and the happiness of mankind. Lord Thurlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside the charitable disposition of Bradley in favour of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton- on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788, and was buried in the parish church of Greatham, where a mural monument was erected to his memory on the north side of the chancel. [Gent. Mag. vol. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1184; David- son's Conveyancing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin's Legal Bibliograph, p. 141 ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham, iii. 140.] E. H. BRADLEY, RICHARD (d. 1732), bo- tanist and horticultural writer, was a very popular and voluminous author. His first essays in print were two papers published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1716, on mouldiness in melons, and the motions of ;7*X the sap. He was elected F.R.S. in 17D3; and professor of botany at Cambridge on 10 Nov. 1724, the latter by means of a pre- tended verbal recommendation from Dr. Wil- liam Sherard to Dr. Bentley, with pompous assurances that he would found a public bo- tanic garden in the university by his private purse and interest. Very soon after his elec- tion the vanity of his promises was seen, and his entire ignorance of Latin and Greek ex- cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after- wards succeeded him, was appointed to read the prescribed courses of lectures, in conse- quence of Bradley's neglect to do so. In 1729 he gave a course of lectures on ' Ma- teria Medica,' which he afterwards published. In 1731 it is stated that ' he was grown so scandalous that it was in agitation to turn him out of his professorship,' though the details of his delinquency do not appear to be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Nov. 1732. The use of Bradley's name was paid for by the publishers of a translation of Xeno- phon's ' Economics ' solely on account of his popularity, as he knew nothing of the ori- ginal language. His botanical publications show acuteness and diligence, and contain indications of much observation in advance of his time. Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes- sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley, but they have not been maintained distinct by succeeding botanists. His works include : 1. ( Historia planta- rum succulentarum, &c.,' London, 1716-27, 5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734. 2. ' New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,' London, 1717 (two editions), 8vo, 1731. 3. ' Gentleman's and Farmer's Calen- dar,' London, 1718, 8vo ; French translations (1723, 1743, 1756). 4. < Virtue and Use of Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con- tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8vo. 5. ' Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature,' London (1721 and 1739), 8vo. 6. ' Plague of Marseilles considered,' London, 1721, 8vo. 7. ' New Experiments and Ob- servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724, 8vo. 8. ' Treatise of Fallowing,' Edinburgh, 1724, 8vo. 9. 'Survey of Ancient Hus- bandry and Gardening collected from Cato, Varro, Columella, &c.,' London, 1725, 8vo r and several small treatises on gardening and agriculture. Part II. of Co-well's ' Curious and Profitable Gardener, concerning the great American Aloe,' has been attributed with little reason to Bradley. [Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790), | ii. 129-33; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51, j 709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed. vi. 1 (1812), 415-16; Kees's Cyclop, v. art. 'Bradley'; Seguier's Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller's Bibl. Bot. ii. 133-7 ; Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 31, id. ed. 2, | p. 38.] B. D. J. BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670), divine, a native of Berkshire, states that he was 72 years old in 1669, and was therefore born in 1597. He became a battler of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A. on 21 July 1620. He was chaplain to the Duke of Buckingham for several years, and accompanied him in the expedition to Ro- chelle and the Isle of Rhe in 1627. After Buckingham's murder in the following year he became chaplain to Charles I, and on 16 June 1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap- Bradley 173 Bradock plied to the council to take Bradley with him as chaplain of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom. 1628-9, p. 579). Soon afterwards (5 Mayl631) Bradley married Frances, the daughter of Sir John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefract, and he was presented by his father-in-law about the same time to the livings of Castleford and Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch royalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on 20 Dec. 1642, and was expelled a few years later by the parliamentary committee from both his Yorkshire livings. ' His lady and all his children/ writes Walker, ' were turned out of doors to seek their bread in desolate places,' and his library at Castleford fell into the hands of his oppressors. He pub- lished in London in 1658 a curious pamph- let entitled < A Present for Csesar of 100,000/. in hand and 50,000/. a year,' in which he re- commended the extortion of first-fruits and tithes according to their true value. The work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver ' Cromwell. At the Restoration he was re- I stored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary j to vindicate his 'pamphlet in another tract entitled < Appello Csesarem ' (York, 1661). | But his conduct did not satisfy the govern- ment, and in an assize sermon preached at York in 1663 and published as ' Caesar's Due ' and the Subject's Duty,' he said that the ' king had bidden him ' preach conscience to the people and not to meddle with state j affairs,' and that he had to apologise for his sermons preached against the excise and the excisemen, the Westminster lawyers, and *the rack-renting landlords and depopula- j tors.' He also expressed regret for having suggested the restoration of the council of the north. In 1666 he was made a pre- bendary of York. He died in 1670. His publications consist entirely of ser- mons. The earliest, entitled ' Comfort from the Cradle,' was preached at Winchester and published at Oxford in 1650; four others, ? -eached at York Minster, were published at ork between 1661 and 1670, and six occa- sional sermons appear to have been issued col- lectively in London in 1667. Walker de- scribes Bradley as ' an excellent preacher ' and ' a ready and acute wit.' A son, Savile, was at one time fellow of New College, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of Magdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells a curious story about his ordination in 1661. [Wood's Athenae Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. xliii, iii. 719 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 392, ii. 52 ; Walker's Suffer- ings, ii. 85 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751- 1813), physician, was a native of Worcester, where for some time he conducted a school in which mathematics formed a prominent study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu- cation, and, devoting himself to medical studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra- duated M.D. in 1791, his dissertation, which was published, being information from Rev. P. Vance-Smith, educated at the Bolton grammar school and : Hmdle y-J A. G. Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, but did not j BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746), graduate. This was due to the influence of j Jacobite rebel, born in 1717, was the only his uncle Holmes, then a minister in North- j child of a well-to-do Roman catholic in trade amptonshire, under whom he studied divinity, j ft t Manchester. He was educated at the free Returning to Lancashire, he was ordained school, and learned some classics there. About minister of Hindley. With other Lancashire | 1734 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Charles ministers, he was concerned in the royalist j Worral, a Manchester factor, trading at the rising under Sir George Booth [q. v.] He i Golden Ball, Lawrence Lane, London. In was ejected in 1662, but, continuing to preach, I 1740 Bradshaw was called back to Man- he suffered some months' imprisonment at the | Chester through the illness of his father, and instance of his relative Sir Roger Bradshaw, I after his father's death he found himself in an episcopalian magistrate. On the indulgence possession of a thriving trade and several of 1672 he got possession of Rainford Chapel, ' thousand pounds. Very quickly (about 1741) in the parish of Prescot. The neighbouring j he took a London partner, Mr. James Daw- clergy now and then preached for him, read- son, near the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and ing the prayer-book ; hence the churchwarden i he married a Miss Waggstaff of Manchester, was able to say ' yes ' to the question at visi- She and an only child both died in 1743. tations : ' Have you common prayer read , Bradshaw thereupon threw in his lot with yearly in your chapel ? ' Pearson, the bishop the Pretender. He was one of the rebel cour- of Chester, would not sustain informations , tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745. against peaceable ministers, so Bradshaw was J He visited his own city on 29 Nov., where he not disturbed. He was also one of the Monday j busied himself in recruiting at the Bell Inn. lecturers at Bolton. He died at Rainford in He was a member of the council of war, and 1702, in his sixty-seventh year, his death being received his fellow-rebels in his own house, the result of a mishap while riding to preach, j Having accepted a captaincy in Colonel His son Ebenezer, presbyterian minister at I Towneley's regiment he marched to Derby, Ramsgate, was ordained 22 June 1694 in Dr. | paying his men out of his own purse; he Annesley's meeting-house, Bishopsgate With- j headed his company on horseback in the skir- in, near Little St. Helen's (this was at the j mish at Clifton Moor ; he attended the Pre- tender's levSe on the retreat through Carlisle first public ordination among presbvterians after the Restoration). Bradshaw published : 1. ' The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd,' &c., 1677, 12mo (sermons on Cant, v., preface by Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., who died 21 June 1697, aged 52). 2. < The Trial and Triumph of Faith.' Halley confuses him (ii. 184) with another James Bradshaw, born at Darcy Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, presbyterian rector of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege of Lathom House by sermons from Jerem. xv. 14, in which he compared Lathom's seven towers to the seven heads of the beast. He was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hotham for not observing the parliamentary fast, but called to Macclesfield, whence he was ejected in 1662. He preached at Houghton Chapel, and subsequently at Bradshaw Chapel,reading some of the prayers, but not subscribing. He died in May 1683, aged 73. [Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 16, 123; Cala- my's Continuation, 1727, pp. 17, 140 ; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, i. 337, ii. 364; Hat- field's Manch. Socin. Controversy, 1825, p. 140; Halley's Lane., its Puritanism and Nonconf., 1 869, in December ; and preferring to be in Lord Elcho's troop of horse when the rebels were striving to keep together in Scotland in the early weeks of 1746, he fought at Falkirk. He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and finally at Culloden, on 16 April in the same year, where in the rout he was taken prisoner. His passage to London was by ship, with forty- two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the New Gaol, Southwark ; his trial took place at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that occasion he was dressed in new green cloth, and bore himself somewhat gaily. His counsel urged that he had always had 'lunatick pranks,' and had been driven entirely mad by the death of his wife and child. He was found guilty, and having been kept in gaol nearly a month more, he was executed on Kennington Common, 28 Nov. 1746, aged only 29. [Ho well's State Trials, xviii. 415-24.1 J.H. BRADSHAW, JOHN (1602-1659), regi- cide, was the second surviving son of Henry Bradshaw, a well-to-do country gentleman, Bradshaw 177 Bradshaw of Marple and Wibersley halls, Stockport, Cheshire, who died in 1654. His mother was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning- ton of Offerton in the same county, who was married at Stockport on 4 Feb. 1593, and died in January 1603-4. The eldest surviving son, Henry, the heir to the family property, was born in 1600. Francis, the youngest son, was baptised on 13 Jan. 1603-4. John was born at Wibersley Hall in 1602, and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec. in that year. Educated first at the free school of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan- cashire. There is a doubtful tradition that he spent some time in his youth at Macclesfield, and there wrote on a gravestone the lines : My brother Henry must heir the land, My brother Frank must be at his command ; Whilst I, poor Jack, will do that That all the world will wonder at. He studied law in London, and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627. He had previously served for several years as clerk to an attorney at Congleton, an'd ap- parently practised as a provincial barrister. He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and high steward of the borough several years later (Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 328). He formally resigned the office in May 1656. At Congleton he maintained no little state, and possessed much influence in the neigh- bourhood. He was steward of the manor of Glossop, Derbyshire, in 1630. ' All his early life,' writes Bradshaw's friend, Milton, in the l Second Defence of the People of England '(1654), ' he was sedulously employed in making himself acquainted with the laws of his country; he then practised with singular success and reputation at the bar.' Before 1643 he had removed from Congleton to Basinghall Street, London, and in that year was a candidate for the post of judge of the sheriffs' court in Lon- don. The right of appointment was claimed by both the court of aldermen and the court of common council, and the latter elected Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once upon the duties of the office, and continued in it till 1649, when other employment com- pelled him to apply for permission to nominate a deputy. Proctor meanwhile brought an action against him in the king's bench. The suit lingered till February 1654-5, when the claim of the court of common council to the appointment was established. In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord VOL. VI. Macguire of Fermanagh and HughMacmahon for their part in the Irish rebellion of 1641. Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and the latter received much assistance from Brad- shaw in his elaborate argument proving that Irish peers were amenable to English juries. The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac- guire. In 1645 Bradshaw was counsel for John Lilburne in his successful appeal to the House of Lords against the sentence pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for publishing seditious books eight years before. The commons nominated Bradshaw one of the commissioners of the great seal on 8 Oct. 1646, but the lords declined to confirm this arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap- pointed chief justice of Chester, and on 18 March following a judge in Wales. In June he was one of the counsel retained (with Oliver St. John, Jermin, and William Prynne) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins on the charge of passing judgment of death on men who had fought for the parliament. In a letter to the mayor of Chester (1 Aug. 1648) he promises to resume his practice of holding 'the grand sessions' at Chester after 1 the sad impediment ' of the wars, but only promises attention to the city's welfare on condition of its inhabitants' constant com- pliance with the directions of parliament (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 344). On 12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad- shaw and several other lawyers of their party serjeants-at-law. On 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords rejected the ordinance of the commons for bringing the king to trial before a parliamentary com- mission. The commons straightway re- solved to proceed on their sole authority. Certain peers and judges had been nominated members of the commission ; but the names of the former were now removed (3 Jan.), and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele, all lawyers without seats in the house, sub- stituted. On 6 Jan. the ordinance for the trial passed its final stage. On 8 Jan. the commission held its first private meeting in the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis- cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw did not put in an appearance. A second meeting took place two days later, from which Bradshaw was also absent. The com- missioners then proceeded to elect a presi- dent, and the choice fell upon the absent lawyer. Mr. Say filled the post for the rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum- mons was sent to Bradshaw to be present at the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. He then appeared and ' enlarged upon his own want of abilities to undergo so important a charge. . . . And when he was pressed ... he re- Bradshaw 178 Bradshaw quired time to consider it.' The next day he formally accepted the office, with (it is said) every sign of humility. It was re- solved by the court that he should hence- forward bear the title of lord president. Clarendon is probably right in describing Bradshaw as 'not much known [at this time] in Westminster Hall, though of good practice in the chamber.' There were cer- tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa- tion both in parliament and at the bar who might have been expected to be chosen be- fore Bradshaw president of the great com- mission. But there were obvious reasons for appointing a lawyer of comparatively little prominence. The proceedings demanded a very precise observance of legal formali- ties, and a lawyer was indispensable. But the anti-royalists had very few lawyers among them who believed in the justice or legality of the latest development of their policy. Whitelocke and Widdrington both refused to serve on the commission ; Serjeant Nicholas, who had been nominated to the commission at the same time as Bradshaw, declined to take part in the trial ; the parliamentary judges Rolle, St. John, and "Wilde deemed the proceedings irregular from first to last ; Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the commons had appointed solicitor-general on 12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against the king, and his place was filled for the occasion by John Cook, a man of far smaller ability. But the commissioners, whether or no they had any misgivings, were resolved to prove their confidence in the man of their choice. Everything was done to lend dignity to the newly elected president. The deanery at Westminster was handed over to him as his residence for the future, but during the trial it was arranged that he should lodge at Sir Abraham Williams's house in Palace Yard to be near Westminster Hall. He was given scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard. Although his stout-heartedness is repeatedly insisted on by his admirers, Bradshaw had some fear of personal violence at this time. ' Besides other defence,' saysKennett, 'he had a high-crowned beaver hat lined with plated steel to ward off blows/ The hat is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (Complete Hist. iii. 181 n. ; GKANGEK, Biog. Hist. ii. 397). Private meetings of the commission, at- tended by less than half the full number of members, were held under Bradshaw's presi- dency in the Painted Chamber at Westmin- ster almost every day of the week preceding the trial, and on the morning of each day of the trial itself. The trial opened at West- minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9. Bradshaw's name was read out by a clerk, and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair, ' having a desk with a crimson velvet cushion before him.' He was surrounded by atten- dants, and placed in the midst of his colleagues. The president addressed the prisoner as soon as he was brought into court as ( Charles Stuart, king of England,' and invited him to plead, but the king persistently declined the invitation on the ground of the court's in- competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and impatient appeals had no effect upon him. Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed- ings to the following Monday. The same scene was repeated on that and the next two days. The president repeatedly rebuked the prisoner for his freedom of language, and abso- lutely refused to allow him to make a speech. On 25 Jan. twenty-nine witnesses were hur- riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and the commissioners framed a sentence of death at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber. It was read over by them on the morning of the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad- shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and pronounced judgment in a long-winded and strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw spoke, Charles made an earnest appeal to be heard in his defence. Some of the com- missioners were anxious to grant him this request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it. After the sentence was pronounced, the king renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards to remove him. On 30 Jan., the day of the execution, the commission held its last meet- ing in private ; the death-warrant was duly engrossed and signed by fifty-eight members. Bradshaw's signature headed the list. Bradshaw was censured by crowds of pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf. Reason against Treason, or a Bone for Brad- shaw to pick, 9 July 1649). His friends professed to admire his self-confidence and dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous judicial experience. On the whole it appears that he behaved very much as might be ex- pected of a commonplace barrister suddenly called from the bench of a city sheriffs' court to fill a high and exceptionally dignified judicial office. The lord president's court was re-esta- blished, with Bradshaw at its head, on 2 Feb. 1648-9, and throughout the month it was engaged in trying leading royalists for high treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and Henry Rich, earl of Holland. Bradshaw, arrayed in his scarlet robes, pronounced sentence of death upon them all in very lengthy judgments. He showed none of these prisoners any Bradshaw 179 Bradshaw mercy, but he appeared to least advantage as the judge of Eusebius Andrews [q. v.], a royalist charged with conspiracy against the Commonwealth. He sought by repeated cross-examinations to convict Andrews out of his own mouth, and kept him in prison for very many months. Finally Bradshaw con- demned him to death on 6 Aug. 1650 (F. BUCKLEY'S account of the trial, 1660, re- printed in State Trials, v. 1-42). Bradshaw did not continue, however, to perform work of this kind. His place was filled by Serjeant Keeble in 1651, and by Serjeant 1'Isle in 1654. Bradshaw found other occupation in the council of state, to which he was elected by a vote of the commons on its formation (14 Feb. 1648-9), and chosen its permanent president (10 March). He did not attend its sittings till 12 March, after which he was rarely absent. No other member was so re- gular in his attendance. He was in frequent correspondence with Oliver Cromwell during the campaigns of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland and Scotland, and during those years offices and honours were heaped upon him. On 20 July 1649 parliament nominated him at- torney-general of Cheshire and North Wales, and eight days later chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, a post in which he was con- tinued by a special vote of the house on 18 July 1650. On 19 June 1649 parliament, having taken his great merit into considera- tion, paid him a sum of 1,000/., and on 15 Aug. 1649 formally handed over to him lands worth 2,0001. a year. The estates assigned him were those of the Earl of St. Albans and Lord Cot- tington. He was re-elected by parliament a member of the council of state (12 Feb. 1649-50, 7 Feb. 1650-1, 24 Nov. 1651, and 24 Nov. 1652), and presided regularly at its sit- tings, signing nearly all the official correspon- dence. He was not very popular with his col- leagues there. He seemed ' not much versed in suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/ and spent much of their time by his own long speeches.' Cromwell's gradual assumption of arbi- trary power did not meet with Bradshaw's approval. On 20 April 1653 Cromwell, who had first dissolved the Long parliament, pre- sented himself later in the day before the council of state, and declared it at an end. Bradshaw, as president, rose and addressed the intruder in the words : ' Sir, we have heard what you did at the house in the morning, and before many hours all Eng- land will hear it ; but, sir, you are mis- taken to think the parliament is dissolved, for no power under heaven can dissolve them but themselves ; therefore take you notice of that '(LuDLOW, Memoirs, 195) . Bradshaw did not sit in Barebones's parliament, which met on 4 July 1653, but an act was passed (16 Sept. ) by the assembly continuing him in the chan- cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He was I elected to the next parliament, which assem- bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 12 Sept. to sign the ' recognition ' pledging members to maintain the government ' as it is settled in a single person and a parliament.' He was summoned by Cromwell before the council of state formed by him on becoming pro- tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud- low, and was bidden by Cromwell to take out a new commission as chief justice of Chester. He refused to submit to the order. He declared that he had been appointed during his good behaviour, and had done nothing to forfeit his right to the place, as he would prove before any twelve j urymen. Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad- shaw immediately afterwards went his circuit as usual. But Cromwell revenged himself by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence in Cheshire. In the parliament which met 17 Sept. 1656 Bradshaw failed to obtain a seat, owing to the machinations of Tobias Bridges, Cromwell's major-general for the county (THTTBLOE, vi. 313) . There had been a proposal to nominate him for the city of London, but that came to nothing. * Serjeant Bradshaw/ writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom- well in Ireland (26 Aug. 1656), 'hath missed it in Cheshire, and is chosen nowhere else.' Bradshaw was now an open opponent of the government. According to an anony- mous letter sent to Monk he entered early in 1655 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pride, and others, to seize Monk as a first step towards the army's overthrow (THUELOE, Papers, iii. 185). He was also suspected, on no very valid ground, of encouraging the fifth-monarchy men in the following year. In August 1656 an attempt was made by Cromwell to deprive him of his office of chief justice of Chester (THUKLOE). In private and public Bradshaw vigorously denounced Cromwell's usurpation of power, and he is credited with having asserted that if such conduct ended in the Protector's assumption of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had committed the most horrid treason [in their treatment of Charles I] that ever was heard of (^Bradshaw's Ghost, being a Dialogue be- tween the said Ghost and an apparition of the late King, 1659). Under date 3 Dec. 1657 Whitelocke writes of the relations between Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste between them' was perceived to increase. During the last years of the protectorate Bradshaw took no part in politics. The death of the great Protector (3 Sept. 1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom- N2 Bradshaw 1 80 Bradshaw well (25 May 1659), restored to Bradshaw some of his lost influence. The reassembled Long parliament nominated him on 13 May one of the ten members of the reestablished council of state who were not to be members of parliament. On 3 June 1659 he was appointed a commissioner of the great seal for five months with Serjeants Fountaine and Tyrrel. But Bradshaw's health was ra- pidly failing, and on 9 June he wrote to the parliament asking to be temporarily relieved during indisposition of the duties of commis- sioner of the seal. On 22 July he took the necessary oath in the house to be faithful to the Commonwealth, but was still unable to attend to the work of the office. Matters went badly in his absence. The Long parliament again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing of the speaker's (Lenthall) arrest, 13 Oct., by Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on his way to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from his sick bed, and presented himself at the sitting of the council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea- voured to justify the army's action, but Brad- shaw, { weak and extenuated as he was,' says Ludlow, ( yet animated by ardent zeal and constant affection to the common cause, stood up and interrupted him, declared his abhor- rence of this detestable action ; and telling the council, that being now going to his God, he had not patience to sit there to hear His great name so openly blasphemed.' According to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he raved like a madman, and flung out of the room in a fury ( The Lives . . . of the prime actors . . . of that horrid murder of . . . King Charles, 1661). On arriving home at the deanery of Westminster, which he had con- tinued to occupy since his appointment as lord president, he became dangerously ill, and ' died of a quartan ague, which had held him for a year,' on 31 Oct. 1659 (Mercurius Poli- ticus, 31 Oct.) 'He declared a little be- fore he left the world that if the king were to be tried and condemned again, he would be the first man that would do it ' (PECK, Desiderata Ouriosa, xiv. 32). He was buried with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey (22 Nov.), and his funeral sermon an ela- borate eulogy was preached by John Howe, preacher at the abbey since 1654 (Merc. Pol. 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describes him as 'a strict man, and learned in his pro- fession ; no friend of monarchy.' Clarendon writes of him with great asperity, while Milton's stately panegyric, written in Brad- shaw's lifetime (1654), applauded his honest devotion to the cause of liberty. He was not a great man, but there is no reason to doubt his sincere faith in the republican principles which he consistently upheld. He was ap- parently well read in history and law. Ac- cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a study for himself on the roof of Westminster Abbey, which was well stocked with books. Charles II, in a letter to the mayor of Bris- tol (8 March 1661-2), states that Bradshaw's gipers, which were then in the hands of one eorge Bishop, included ' divers papers and writings ' taken by Bradshaw ' out of the office of the King's Library at Whitehall, which could not yet be recovered' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 328). Bradshaw is stated to have supplied ' evidences ' to March- mont Needham, when translating Selden's ' Mare Clausum ' (NICOLSON, Hist. Libr. iii. 124). He fully shared the piety of the leaders of the parliament, and, in spite of his high-handed conduct as lord president of the commission, does not seem to have been of an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock found a document a few years ago which proved that Bradshaw, after obtaining the ^ant of the estates of a royalist named Richard reene at Stapeley, heard of the destitute condition of Greene's three daughters ; where- upon he ordered (20 Sept. 1650) his steward to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe- nceum, 23 Nov. 1878). Similarly, on receiving the tithes of Feltham, Middlesex, he issued an address (4 Oct. 1651) to the inhabitants of the parish, stating that his anxiety l touching spyritualls ' had led him to provide and endow a minister for them without putting them to any charge (Athenceum for 1878, p. 689). On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted by act of parliament, together with Crom- well, Ireton, and Pride, all of whom died before the Restoration. As early as 3 May 1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted from any future pardon in a proclamation issued by Charles II. On 12 July 1660 the sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to the house Bradshaw's goods (Commons Jour- nal, viii. 88). On 4 Dec. 1660 parliament directed that the bodies of Bradshaw, Crom- well, and Ireton ' should be taken up from Westminster ' and hanged in their coffins at Tyburn. This indignity was duly perpetrated 30 Jan. 1660-1. The regicides' heads were subsequently exposed in Westminster Hall and their bodies reburied beneath the gallows (PEPTS'S Diary, 4 Feb. 1660-1). Bradshaw married Mary (b. 1596), daughter of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but had no children. She died between 1655 and 1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. On 9 Sept. 1661 directions were given for the removal of her body to the churchyard outside the abbey ( Westminster Abbey Register, Harl. Soc. p. 522). By his will, made in 1655 and Bradshaw 181 Bradshaw proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed by Earwaker), Bradshaw bequeathed most of his property, which consisted of estates in Berk- shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somerset, and Middlesex, to his wife, if she survived him, for her life, with reversion to Henry (d. 1698), his brother Henry's son. He also made chari- table bequests for establishing a free school at Marple, his birthplace ; for increasing the schoolmasters' stipends at Bunbury and Mid- dleton, where he had been educated ; and for maintaining good ministers at Feltham and Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted property by parliament. By one codicil he left his houses and lodgings at Westminster to the governors of the school and alrnshouses there, and added a legacy of 10/. to John Milton, the poet. After the .Restoration, how- ever, all Bradshaw's property was confiscated to the crown under the act of attainder. Two engraved portraits of Bradshaw are mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii. 71) one in his iron hat by Vandergucht, for Claren- don's ' History,' and another in 4to, ' partly scraped and partly stippled.' HENRY BRADSHAAV, the president's elder brother, signed a petition for the establish- ment of the presbyterian religion in Cheshire on 6 July 1646 ; acted as magistrate under the Commonwealth; held a commission of sergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse- quently one of lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Ashton's regiment of foot; commanded the militia of the Macclesfield hundred at the battle of Worcester (1651), where he was wounded; sat on the court-martial which tried the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at Chester in 1652 ; was charged with this offence at the Restoration ; was imprisoned by order of parliament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660 ; was pardoned on 23 Feb. 1660-1 ; and, dying at Marple, was buried at Stockport on 15 March 1660-1 (EARWAKER'S East Cheshire, ii. 62-9; ORMEROD, Cheshire, pp. 408-11). [Noble's Lives of the Eegicides, i. 47-66; Foss's Judges, vi. 418 et seq. ; Earwaker's East Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 408-9 ; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Eng- land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebellion ; White- locke's Memorials ; Ludlow's Memoirs; Thurloe's State Papers; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1649- 1658; Carlyle's Cromwell; Commons' Journal, vi. vii. viii. ; State Trials, iii. iv. v. Many attacks on Bradshaw were published after his death. The chief of them, besides those mentioned above, are The Arraignment of the Divel for stealing away President Bradshaw, 7 Nov. 1659 (fol. sh.) ; The President of Presidents, or an Elogie on the death of John Bradshaw, 1659 ; Bradshaw's Ultimum Vale, being the last words that were ever intended to be spoke of him, as they were delivered in a sermon Preach'd at his Interment by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England, Oxf. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinner; or, Bradshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with his last will and testament, Lond. 1659. Marchmont Needham published, 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech 'in- tended to have been spoken ' at his execution at Tyburn, but ' for very weightie reasons omitted.' The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom- well's new-erected Slaughter-House, a bitter at- tack on Bradshaw's judicial conduct, appeared in 1705.] S. L. L. BRADSHAW, JOHN (Jl. 1679), poli- tical writer, son of Alban Bradshaw, an at- torney, of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that town in 1659. He was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1674, and was expelled from that society in 1677 for robbing and attempting to murder one of the senior fellows. He was tried and con- demned to death, but after a year's imprison- ment was released. Wood says that Bradshaw, ' who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee ad omnia, retir'd afterwards to his own country, taught a petty school, turn'd quaker, was a preacher among them, and wrote and published "The Jesuits Countermin'd ; or, an Account of a new Plot, &c.," London, 1679, 4to.' When James II came to the throne, Bradshaw ' turned papist.' [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 619.] T. C. BRADSHAW, RICHARD (Jl. 1650), diplomatist, and a merchant of Chester, ap- pears in December 1642 as one of the col- lectors of the contribution raised for the defence of that city (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. p. 365). During the civil war he served as quartermaster-general of the horse under the command of Sir William Brereton [q. v.] (Petition in Commons Journals, 23 Jan. 1651). In the year 1649 he was mayor of Chester, and in January 1650 was appointed by par- liament resident at Hamburg. In Novem- ber 1652 he was for a short time employed as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in April 1657 was sent on a similar mission to Russia. He returned to England in 1659, and was in January 1660 one of the commis- sioners of the navy (Mercurius Politicus, 28 Jan. 1660). He is said by Heath to have been the kinsman of President Bradshaw; and from the tone of his letters, and his attendance at Bradshaw's funeral, this ap- pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood states that he was the nephew of John Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of the latter's family given in Earwaker's ' History of Cheshire ' does not confirm this statement. [Bradshaw has left a large correspondence. The Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain several let- Bradshaw 182 Bradshaw ters of 1649-51 . In the Sixth Eeport of the Koyal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 426-44, is a report by Mr. Horwood on a collection of letters to and from Bradshaw in the possession of Miss Ffarington. His official correspondence is contained in the Thurloe State Papers. Some other letters may be found in the Calendar of Domestic State Papers. Mercurius Politicus, Nos. 135 to 144, contains a full account of Bradshaw's Mission to Copenhagen (18 Dec. 1652 to 10 Feb. 1653). Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, pp. 485-90, contains depositions relative to the plot for his murder formed during his stay there. Peck terms him the nephew of President Bradshaw.] C. H. F. BRADSHAW, THOMAS (fi. 1591), poet, was the author of 'The Shepherd's Starre, now of late scene and at this hower to be obserued, merueilous orient in the East : which bringeth glad tydings to all that may behold her brightnes, having the foure ele- ments with the foure capital! vertues in her, which makes her elementall and a van- quishor of all earthly humors. Described by a Gentleman late of the Right worthie and honorable the Lord Burgh, his companie retinue in the Briell in North-holland/ London, 1591. The dedication is addressed to the well-known Earl of Essex and to ' Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of Gaynsburgh, Lord Gouernour of the towne of Bryell and the fortes of Newmanton and Cleyborow in North Holland for her Maiestie.' Alexander Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the author (dated ' from the court of Greenewich upon Saint George's day, 1591, Aprill 23') in which he says that he has taken the liberty of publishing this book in its author's ab- sence abroad. The preliminary poems by I. M. and Thomas Groos deal with Brad- shaw's departure from England. The volume consists of ' A Paraphrase upon the third of the Canticles of Theocritus/ in both verse and prose. The author's style in the preface is highly affected and euphuistic, but the Theocritean paraphrase reads pleasantly. The book is of great rarity. A copy is in the British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro- ceeded B.A. at Oxford in 1547, and suppli- cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549 (Or/. Univ. JReg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 212). [Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618), puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw, of a Lancashire family, was born at Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1571. His early schooling at Worcester was paid for by an uncle, on whose death his education was gratuitously continued by George Ainsworth, master of the grammar school at Ashby-de- la-Zouch. In 1589 Bradshaw went to Em- manuel College, Cambridge, where he gra- duated B.A. and MA., but was unsuccessful in competing for a fellowship (1595) with Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich. Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton [q. v.], the first master of Emmanuel, he ob- tained a tutorship in the family of Sir Thomas Leighton, governor of Guernsey. Here he came under the direct influence of the puritan leader, Thomas Cartwright [q. v.], who had framed (1576) the ecclesiastical discipline of the Channel Islands on the continental model, and was now preaching at Castle-cornet. Between Cartwright and Bradshaw a strong and lasting affection- was formed. Here also he met James Montague (afterwards bishop of Winchester). In 1599, when Montague was made first master of Sidney Sussex Col- lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointed one of the first fellows. He had a near es- cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at Harston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour- neying on horseback to the university. He took orders, some things at which he scrupled being dispensed with, and preached occasion- ally at Abington, Bassingbourne, and Steeple- Morden, villages near Cambridge. He left Cambridge, having got into trouble by dis- tributing the writings of John Darrel [q. v.], tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601, through Chaderton's influence, he was invited to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the diocese of Rochester. He was very popular, and the parishioners applied (25 April 1602), through Sir Francis Hastings, for the arch- bishop's confirmation of his appointment to the living. A report that he held unsound doctrine had, however, reached London ; and Bradshaw was cited on 26 May to appear next morning before Archbishop Whitgift, and Bancroft, bishop of London, at Shorne, near Chatham. He was accused of teaching ' that man is not bound to love God, unless he be sure that God loves him.' Bradshaw repudiated this heresy, and offered to produce testimony that he had taught no such thing. However, he was simply called upon to sub- scribe ; he declined, was suspended, and bound to appear again when summoned. The vicar, John Philips, stood his friend, and the pa- rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of Rochester, for his restoration, but without effect. Under this disappointment, Bradshaw found a retreat in the family of Alexander Redich, of Newhall, close to Stapenhill, Der- byshire. Redich procured him a license from William Overton, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, to preach in any part of his diocese. Accordingly he preached at a private chapel in Redich's park, and subsequently (from Bradshaw 183 Bradshaw 1604) in Stapenhill Church. Although he drew no emolument from his public work, the hospitality of his patron was liberally extended to him. Soon after his marriage he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill parish, and his wife made something by needlework and by teaching a few children. Bradshaw was one of a little knot of puritan divines who met periodically at Ashby-de- la-Zouch, Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Sta- penhill. Neither in form nor in aim was this association a presbyterian classis. Whether Bradshaw ever held Cartwright's views of ec- clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear ; it is plain that he did not adhere to them. Neal places both him and his neighbour Hildersham, of Ashby , among the beneficed clergy who inl 586 declared their approbation of Cartwright's 1 Book of Discipline ; ' but the chronology in both cases is manifestly wrong. Even Cart- wright and his immediate coadjutors declared in April 1592 that they never had exercised any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or so much as proposed to do so, till authorised by law. The exercises of the association with which Bradshaw was connected were limited to a public sermon and a private conference. In these discussions Bradshaw's balanced judg- ment gave him a superiority over his brethren, who called him ' the weighing divine.' He was strongly averse to ceremonies, both as unlawful in themselves and imposed by the undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was in London, probably on a publishing errand, in 1605 ; he had been chosen lecturer at Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop would not authorise him. He had already published against ceremonies, and though his tracts were anonymous, their paternity was well understood. He now put forth his most important piece, ' English Puritanisme,' 1605, 4to, which professed to embody the views of the most rigid section of the party. His views of doctrine would have satisfied Henry Ainsworth [q. v.] ; he was at one with Ainsworth as regards the independence of congregations, differing only as to the ma- chinery of their internal government ; he was no separatist, but he wanted to see the church purified. Moreover, he entertained a much stronger feeling than Ainsworth of the duty of submission to the civil authority. Let the king be a ' very infidel ' and persecutor of the truth, or openly defy every law of God, he held that he still retained, as ' archbishop and general overseer of all the churches within his dominions,' the right to rule all churches within his realm, and must not be resisted in the name of conscience ; those who cannot obey must passively take what punishment he allots. The key to Bradshaw's own scheme of church polity is the complete autonomy of individual congregations. He would have them disciplined inwardly on the presbyterian plan, the worshippers delegating their spi- ritual government to an oligarchy of pastors and elders, power of excommunication being reserved to ( the whole congregation itself.' But he would subject no congregation to any ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is within itself.' To prevent as far as possible the action of the state from being warped by ecclesiastical control, he would enact that no clergyman should hold any office of civil authority. Liberty of conscience is a prin- ciple which his view of the royal supremacy precludes him from directly stating ; but he very carefully guards against the possible abuse of church censures, and holds it a sin for any church officers to exercise authority over the body, goods, lives, liberty of any man. In spite of the safeguard provided by the auto- cratic control which he proposed to vest in the civil power, the system of which Bradshaw was the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed as abandoning every recognised security for the maintenance of protestant uniformity. That on his principle congregations might set up the mass was doubtless what was most feared ; ' puritan-papist ' is the significant title jiven in 1605 to a writer on Bradshaw's side, who would ' persuade the permission of the promiscuous use and profession of all sorts of heresies.' But before very long the ap- pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as Wightman confirmed the impression that the scheme of Bradshaw and his friends would never do. Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism bore no name, but its authorship was never any secret. It was not enough to answer him by the pen of the Bishop of London's Welsh chaplain ; his London lodgings were searched by two pursuivants, deputed to seize him and his pamphlets. His wife had sent him out of the way, and, not half an hour before the domiciliary visit, had succeeded in cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace. They carried this spirited lady before the high commission, but could extract nothing from her under examination, so they bound her to appear again when summoned, and let her go. Ames's Latin version of the ' English Puri- tanisme ' carried Bradshaw's views far and wide (see AMES, WILLIAM, 1576-1633, and BBOWHB'Sj5i0. of Congregationalism in Norf. and Suff. 1877, p. 66 seq.) His Derbyshire re- treat was Bradshaw's safe sanctuary ; thither he returned from many a journey in the cause he loved ; his friends there were influential ; and there was much in his personal address which, when his surface austerity yielded to the natural play of a bright and companionable Bradshaw 184 Bradshaw disposition, attached to him the affectionate ' regard of men who did not share his views. ! No encomium from his own party gives so | sympathetic a picture of his character as we find in the graphic touches of his compeer, Bishop Hall, who puts the living man before I us, ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty in friendship, regardless of the world, a de- spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.' In the year before his death Bradshaw got back to Derbyshire from one of his journeys, and the chancellor of Overall, the bishop of Co- ventry and Lichfield, ' welcomed him home with a suspension from preaching.' But ' the mediation of a couple of good angels ' (not 'two persons of some influence,' as Rose suggests, but coins of the realm) procured the withdrawal of the inhibition, and Bradshaw was left to pursue his work in peace. On a visit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma- lignant fever, which carried him off in 1618. A large company of ministers attended him to his burial in Chelsea Church on 16 May. The funeral sermon was preached by Thomas Gataker [q. v.], who subsequently became his biographer. Bradshaw married a widow at Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place till a short time prior to his election by the vestry as afternoon lecturer at Christ Church. He left three sons and a daughter ; the eldest son, John, was born in Threadneedle Street, and 'baptized in the church near thereto adjoyning, where the minister of the place, somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake, instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John.' He became rector of Etchingham, Sussex. Brad- shaw published : 1. ' A Triall of Subscription by way of a Preface unto certaine Subscribers, and reasons for lesse rigour against Nonsub- scribers,' 1599, 8vo (anon.) 2. ' Humble Motives for Association to maintain religion established,' 1601, 8vo (anon.) 3. * A con- sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco- pall,' 1604, 12mo (anon. ; the positions at- tacked are four, viz. that religion needs ceremonies, that they are lawful when their doctrine is lawful, that the doctrine of the Anglican ceremonies is part of the gospel, that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. 'A shorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme . . . the use of the crosse in baptisme is not indifferent, but utterly unlawful,' 1604, 8vo (anon.) 5. ' A Treatise of Divine Worship, tending to prove that the Ceremonies imposed . . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, 8vo (anon.); reprinted 1703, 8vo, with preface and postscript, signed D. M. (Daniel Mayo), t in defence of a book entitled " Thomas against Bennet" ' [see BENTSTET, THOMAS, D.D.] 6. ' A Proposition concerning kneeling in the very act of receiving, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon.) 7. 'A Treatise of the nature and use of things indifferent, tending to prove that the Ceremo- nies in present controversie . . . are neither in nature or use indifferent,' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; a note prefixed implies that it was circu- lated anonymously in manuscript and pub- lished by an admirer of the unknown author). 8. l Twelve generall arguments, proving that the Ceremonies imposed ... are unlawful!, and therefore that the Ministers of the Gos- pell, for the . . . omission of them in church service are most unjustly charg'd of dis- loyaltie to his Majestie,' 1605, 12mo (anon.) 9. l English Puritanisme : containeing the maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those that are called Puritanes . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to : the article AMES, WILLIAM, speaks of this as the earliest edition of the original ; it was translated into Latin for foreign use, with preface by William Ames, D.D., and title ' Puritanismus Anglicanus,' 1610, 8vo. Neal gives an abstract of this work and No. 10, carefully done ; but the main fault to be found with Neal is his introduction of the phrase * liberty of conscience, which implies rather more than Bradshaw expressly contends for). 10. ' A Protestation of the King's Supremacie : made in the name of the afflicted Ministers, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; it was in explanation of the statement of the church's attitude towards civil governors, contained in the fore- going, and concludes with an earnest plea for permission openly and peacefully to exer- cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub- ject only to the laws of the civil authority). 11. 'A myld and just Defence of certeyne Arguments ... in behalf of the silenced Ministers, against Mr. G. Powell's Answer to them,' 1606, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell was chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London, and had published against toleration (1605). In reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of the deprived and silenced Ministers' Argu- ments, . . .' 1606, 4to ; and in reply to Bradshaw's defence he wrote 'A Rejoinder to the mild Defence, justifying the Con- sideration,' &c., 1606, 4to). 12. < The Un- reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa- rant, by an Examination of Mr. Johnson's pretended Reasons,published in 1608, whereby heelaboureth to justifie his Schisme from the Church Assemblies of England,' Dort, 1614, 4to. (Francis Johnson's < Certayne Reasons and Arguments ' was written while Johnson was at one with Ainsworth in advocating a separatist congregational polity. John Canne, who subsequently became pastor of Johnson's Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis- tinguish himself as a fifth-monarchy man, published ' A Necessitie of Separation from Bradshaw 185 Bradshaw the Church of England, proved from the Nonconformists' Principles/ 1634, 4to, in reply to Bradshaw and Alexander Leighton, M.D., a non-separatist presbyterian. Gataker then brought out a supplemented edition of Bradshaw's book, 'The Unreasonable- ness of the Separation made apparent, in Answere to Mr. Francis Johnson ; together with a Defence of the said Answere against the Keply of Mr. John Canne,' 1640, 4to.) 13. 1 A Treatise of Justification,' 1615, 8vo ; trans- lated into Latin, 'Dissertatio de Justifica- tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, 12mo ; Oxford, 1658, 8vo. (Gataker says that John Prideaux, D.D., a strong opponent of Arminianism, after- wards bishop of Worcester, expressed pleasure at meeting Bradshaw's son, l for the old ac- quaintance I had, not with your father, but with his book of justification.') 14. The 2nd edition of Cartwright's ' A Treatise of the Christian Religion, . . .' 1616, 4to, has an address ' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B. (Bradshaw). Probably posthumous was 15, *A Preparation to the receiving of Christ's Body and Bloud, . . .' 8th edit., 1627, 12mo. Certainly posthumous were 16, 'A Plaine and Pithie Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by Gataker). 17. 'A Marriage Feast/ 1620, 4to (edited by Gataker). 18. t An Exposition of the XC. Psalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to. (The first of these seems to have been sepa- rately published as * A Meditation on Man s Mortality ; ' the other is the same as 14.) In ad- dition to the above, Brook gives the following, without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian Reproof.' 20. < A Treatise of the Sin against the Holy Ghost/ 21. < A Twofold Catechism.' 22. < An Answer to Mr. G. Powell ' (probably the same as 11, but possibly a reply to one of Powell's earlier tracts). 23. ' A Defence of the Baptism of Infants.' A collection of Bradshaw's tracts was published with the title, ' Several Treatises of Worship & Cere- monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford, 1660, 4to ; it contains Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly- leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed in Aug. 1660 by J. Rothwell, at the Foun- tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All the tracts, except 3 and 4, have separate title- pages, though the paging runs on, and are sometimes quoted as distinct issues. [Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology, 1677 ; Neal'sHist. of the Puritans, Dublin, 1759, i. 381, 418; ii. 62 seq., 106; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 212, 264 seq., 376 seq.; Brook's Memoirs of Cart-wright, 1845, pp. 434, 462 ; Fisher's Companion and Key to the Hist, of England, 1832, pp. 728, 747; Rose, Biog. Diet. 1857, v. 1; Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861, 1 ii. 236, 405 seq. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Eel. : Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, 99, 101 ; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, ii. 534 seq., , iii. 565 seq. ; extracts from Stapenhill Registers, per Rev. E. Warbreck. The list of Bradshaw's ; tracts has been compiled by help of the libraries ; of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata- logue of the Advocates' Library, Edin., and a private collection. Further search would pro- bably bring others to light. They are not easy to find, owing to their anonymity.] A. G-. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700), hack writer, was originally educated for the church. The eccentric bookseller John Dun- I ton, from whom our only knowledge of him is derived, has left a flattering account of his abilities. ' His genius was quite above the common order, and his style was incompa- rably fine. . . . He wrote for me the parable of the magpies, and many thousands of them sold.' Bradshaw lived in poverty and debt, and under the additional burden of a melan- i choly temperament. Dunton's last experi- ence of him was in connection with a j literary project for which he furnished cer- i tain material equipments ; possessed of these, I Bradshaw disappeared. The passage in which ' Dunton records this transaction has all his j characteristic nai'vetS, though it may be j doubted whether, if Bradshaw lived to read | it, he derived much satisfaction from the j plenary dispensation which was granted him ' If Mr. Bradshaw be yet alive, I here de- : clare to the world and to him that I freely forgive him what he owes both in money and books if he will only be so kind as to make ! me a visit.' Dunton believed Bradshaw to be the author of the ' Turkish Spy/ but this conjecture is negatived by counter claims supported on better authority (Gent. Mag. Ivi. pt. i. p. 33 : NICHOLS, Literary Anecdotes, . i. 413 ; D'ISEAELI, Curiosities of Literature, 5th ed. ii. 134). [Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705, ed. ! 1818.] J. M. S. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. (1671- 1 1732), bishop of Bristol, was born at Aberga- 1 venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1671 (CooPER, Biographical Dictionary}. He was educated at New College, Oxford, taking his degree of B. A. 14 April 1697, and proceeding M. A. 14 Jan. 1700. He was ordained deacon 4 June 1699, and priest 26 May 1700, and was senior preacher of the university in 1711- On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap- lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor- wich, he published a sermon preached in St. Paul's Cathedral. After having been for some time incumbent of Fawley, near Wantage, in Berkshire, he was appointed on 21 March 1717 to a prebend of Canterbury, which he Bradshawe 186 Brad street resigned on his appointment as canon of Christ Church, Oxford, on 24 May 1723. He received the degree of D.D. on 27 Aug. of the same year ; and on 29 Aug. 1724 was nominated to both the deanery of Christ Church and the bishopric of Bristol, receiving the two Preferments in commendam. He published in 730 a ' Sermon preached before the House of Lords on 30 Jan. 1729-30.' Bradshaw died at Bath on 16 Dec. 1732. He was buried in Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat stone, about two feet beyond the bishop's stall to- wards the chancel, was inscribed : ' William Bradshaw, D.D., Bishop of Bristol and Dean of Christ Church, in Oxford ; died 16 Dec. 1732, aged 62 ' (Rawlinson MSS. 4to, i. 267). It is also erroneously said that Bradshaw was buried at Bath (LE NEVE, Fasti) ; ' ibique jacet sepultus' (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus). Bradshaw left 300/. to Christ Church. [Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ; Cooper's Biog. Diet. 1873; History of the University of Oxford, 1814; Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ed. Ri- chardson, 1743; Le Neve's Fasti, 1854; Daily Journal, 19 Dec. 1732 ; Britton's Abbey and Ca- thedral Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popular History of Bristol, 1861.] A. H. G. BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1635), fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, was the author of ' Canticvm Evangelicvm Summam Sacri Evangelii contin ens,' London, 1635, 8vo, dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwaring, knight. This book is unnoticed by all bibliographers. [Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vi, 143.] T. C. BRADSTKEET, ANNE (1612-1672), poetess, was born in 1612, probably at North- ampton, and was the second of the six children of Thomas Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wife ( Works in Prose and Verse, Introd. p. xiv). Her father was once page to Lord Compton, then, steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and finally governor of Massachusetts. In 1628 Anne had the small-pox. Later in the same year she married Simon Bradstreet, son of Simon Bradstreet, a nonconformist minister in Lincolnshire : the younger Simon had been eight years in the Earl of Lincoln's family under Anne's father (Magnolia Christi Ame- ricana, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 was steward to the Countess of Warwick (Worlds, &c., Introd. p. xxii). On 29 March 1630 the Brad- streets, the Dudleys, and Arbella (the Earl of Lincoln's sister, wife of Isaac Johnson), with many others, set sail for New England, and on 12 June landed at Salem, whence they re- moved at once to Charlestown (ib. p. xxxi). In 1632 Anne had a ' fit of sickness,' and in 1634 the party settled at Ipswich, Massa- chusetts (Works, Introd. p. xxxv). Simon Bradstreet formed a plantation at Merrimac in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her ' Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.' At Ipswich, on Monday, 28 Sept. 1640, she at last be- came a mother, and she could eventually write, 23 June 1659 (Poems, p. 245) : I had eight birds hatcht in one nest, Four cocks there were and hens the rest. In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in honour of Du Bartas, and she shortly made a collection of her poems. The chief of them was entitled ' The Four Elements ; ' she dedi- cated the volume in verse to her father, under date 20 March 1642. These poems were dis- tributed in manuscript, and gained her great celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her as ' a crown to her father ' (Magnalia, bk. ii. p. 17), whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebrated poet of her time in America' (Poets and Poetry of America, p. 92). The book was at last pub- lished, in London, 1650, under the title ' The Tenth Muse,' . . . ' By a Gentlewoman in Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on 27 Dec., Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's mother, died (Poems, p. 220) ; in 1644 her father married again (having three more children by this marriage). In 1653 Anne's father died. In 1661 she had a further long and serious illness, and her husband, then secretary to the colony, had to proceed to England on state business. Anne wrote 1 Poetical Epistles' to him. By 3 Sept. 1662 he had returned. Anne Bradstreet wrote poems in 1665 and 1669 commemo- rating the deaths of three grandchildren ; and on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her last poem, beginning As weary pilgrim, now at rest. After this Anne Bradstreet's health failed entirely, and she died of consumption, at An- dover, Massachusetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60. It is not known where Anne Bradstreet was buried. Her poems, says Cotton Mather, are a ' monument for her memory beyond the stateliest marbles ; ' and these ' Poems ' were issued in a second edition, printed by John Foster, at Boston (America), in 1678. Anne Bradstreet also left a small manuscript book of ' Meditations,' designed for the use of her children. Extracts from this book appeared, with the title of ' The Puritan Mother,' in the American ' Congregational Visitor,' 1844 ; in Dr. Budington's * History of the First Church in Charlestown,' and in many American newspapers to which they were contributed by Mr. Dean Dudley ( Works, Introd. p. x). In 1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne Bradstreet's ' Works,' and there these ' Medi- tations,' together with all that Anne Brad- street ever wrote, are given in their entirety. Brad street 187 Bradstreet Simon Bradstreet (a portrait of whom is in the senate chamber of the State House, Massachusetts) married again after Anne's death, and became governor of Massachusetts in 1679, not dying till 1697, aged 94. Amongst Anne's descendants are Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dana, and Dr. Channing, besides many other of the best-known Americans. [Works of Anne Bradstreet, in Prose and Verse (ed. Ellis), U.S. A. 1867; Anne Bradstreet's Poems, 2nd ed. Boston, 1678 ; Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana, bk. ii. pp. 17, 19.] J. H. BRADSTREET, DUDLEY (1711-1763), adventurer, was born in 1711 in Tipperary, where his father had obtained considerable property under the Cromwellian grants, which, however, was much reduced by debts. Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his early years in charge of a foster father in Tipperary. While a youth he became a trooper, but soon quitted the army and traded unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and sub- sequently as a brewer. For several years, in Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an er- ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro- jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet was employed by government officials to act as a spy among suspected persons. He was also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them with information on the movements of Prince Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet as- sumed the character of a devoted adherent to the Stuart cause, and, under the name of ' Cap- tain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to the prince and his council at Derby. There he acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of Cumberland, and, without being suspected by the Jacobites, continued on good terms with them, and took his leave as a friend when they commenced their return march to Scotland. Bradstrefct's notices of Prince Charles and his associates are graphic. He describes circumstantially the executions, in August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino, at which he states he was present. Although Bradstreet's services as a secret agent were admitted by the govern- ment officials, he was unable to obtain from them either money or a commission in the army, which he considered had been promised to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing his case under the notice of the king, from whom he consequently received the sum of one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet subsequently subsisted for a time on the re- sults of schemes, his success in which he ascribed to the l superstition ' of the English people, and ' their credulity and faith in wondrous things.' The last of his devices at London appears to have been that styled the ' bottle conjurer,' which, with the assist- ance of several confederates, he carried out with great gains in January 1747-8. On his adventures in connection with the affair Brad- street wrote a play, in five acts, styled l The Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer,' which he states was revised for him by some of the best judges and actors in England, including Mrs. Woffington, who gave him ' the best advice she could about it.' This play was four times performed with great success at London, but on the fifth night, when Brad- street was to have taken the part of ' Spy,' the principal character, it was suppressed by the magistrates of Westminster. ' The Bottle Conjurer' was printed by Bradstreet with his ' Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet returned to Ireland, where he owned a small property in land. He attempted unsuccess- fully to carry on trade as a brewer in West- meath, and became involved in contests with officials of the excise. To raise funds, he printed an account of his life and adventures. The work is written with vivacity and de- scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multi- farnham, Westmeath, in 1763. His brother, Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759, and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet [q. v.], third baronet, was a younger brother of Sir Simon, the first baronet's son and heir. [The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Cap- tain Dudley Bradstreet, 1755; Dublin Journal, 1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.] J. T. G. BRADSTREET, ROBEET (1766- 1836), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was born at Highana, Suffolk, in 1766, and edu- cated under the care of the Rev. T. Foster, rector of Halesworth in that county. On 4 June 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, and he became a fellow-commoner of that society on 23 Jan. 1786. The dates of his degrees are B.A. 1786, M.A. 1789. Bradstreet was the pos- sessor of an estate at Bentley in Suffolk, with a mansion called Bentley Grove, which, it is believed, he inherited from his father. He resided for several years abroad, and witnessed many of the scenes of the French revolution, of which he was at one time an advocate. He married in France, but took advantage of the facility with which the marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on his return to England he married, in 1800, Miss Adham of Mason's Bridge, near Had- leigh, Suffolk, by whom he had a numerous family. For some time he lived at Higham Bradstreet 188 Bradwardine Hall, Raydon, but removing thence, lie re- sided at various places, and at length died at Southampton on 13 May 1836. He was the author of ' The Sabine Farm, a poem : into which is interwoven a series of translations, chiefly descriptive of the Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an excursion from Rome to Licenza,' London, 1810, 8vo. There are seven engraved plates in the work, and an appendix contains * Mis- cellaneous Odes from Horace.' [London Packet, 20-23 May 1836, p. 1, col. 1 ; Addit. MS. 19167, f. 237; Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii) 420, N.S., vi. 108.] T. C. BRADSTREET, SIR SAMUEL (1735?- 1791), Irish judge, the representative of a family who had settled in Ireland in the time of Cromwell, was born about 1735, being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad- street, a barrister, who was created a baronet of Ireland on 14 July 1759. Samuel Brad- street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary term, 1758. * He was appointed in 1766 to the recordership of Dublin. In June 1776 Brad- street who, at the death of Sir Simon, his elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the title as third baronet was elected represen- tative of the city of Dublin in the Irish House of Commons. He was re-elected in October 1783, and was distinguished as a member of the l patriotic party,' from which, however, according to Sir Jonah Barrington, he was one of the ' partial desertions.' ' Mr. Yelverton, the great champion of liberty, had been made chief baron, and silenced ; Mr. Bradstreet [i.e. Sir Samuel Bradstreet] became a judge [in January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly had accepted the office of paymaster, and had renegaded' (Historic Anecdotes, ii. 166). Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Maryborough, Queen's County, where he summed up for the conviction of Captain (afterwards General) Gillespie, for the murder of William Barring- ton, younger brother of Sir Jonah Barrington, whom he held to have been unfairly slain by Captain Gillespie in a duel. In 1788 Brad- street was appointed a commissioner of the great seal, in association with the Archbishop of Dublin and Sir Hugh Carleton, chief jus- tice of the court of common pleas. Bradstreet died at his seat at Booterstown, near Dublin, on 2 May 1791, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four sons by his wife Eliza, whom he married in 1771, and who died in 1802, only daugh- ter and heiress of James Tully, M.D., of Dublin. [Dublin Gazette, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-15 Jan. 1784; London Gazette, 10-13 Jan. 1784; Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1766-1776; St. James's Chronicle, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer- age and Baronetage, 1884; Smyth's Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland, 1839 ; B. H. Blacker's Parishes of Booterstown and Donny brook, 1860- 74 ; Members of Parliament : Parliament of Ire- land, 1559-1800, 1878; Barrington's Historic Memoirs of Ireland, 1833 ; Barrington's Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ; Barrington's Personal Sketches of his own Time, 1869-1 A - H . G. BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?- 1349), archbishop of Canterbury, is com- monly called DOCTOR PROFUNDTJS. His sur- name is variously spelt Bragwardin (Ger- son), Brandnardinus (Gesner), Bredwardyn (Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William de Dene). In public documents he is usually designated as Thomas de Bradwardina or de Bredewardina. His family may have ori- lally come from Bradwardine near Here- ford, but he himself says that he was born in Chichester, and implies that his father and grandfather were also natives of that city. Birchington indeed (WHARTON, Anglia Sa- cra, i. 42) says that he was born at Hertfield (Hartfield) in the diocese of Chichester, and William de Dene (Ana. Sac. i. 376) gives Condenna (probably Cowden) in the diocese of Rochester as his birthplace, but neither of these writers supports his statement by any evidence. At Chichester Thomas may have become acquainted with the celebrated Richard of Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe- dral early in the fourteenth century, and from that enthusiast in study and diligent collec- tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste for learning. Nothing, however, is known re- specting his education before he went to Ox- ford, nor has the exact date of his going thither been ascertained. All we know for certain is that he was entered at the college, then recently founded by W alter de Merton, and in 1325 his name appears as one of the proctors of the university. In this capacity he had to take part in a dispute between the university and the archdeacon of Oxford. The archdeaconry was held in commendam by Galhardus de Mora, cardinal of St. Lucia ; the duties of the office were discharged by deputy, and the emoluments were farmed by men whose object was to make as much gain for themselves as they could. They claimed spiritual jurisdiction over the university for the archdeacon. The chancellor and proctors resisted the claim, maintaining that the dis- cipline of the university pertained to them. The cardinal archdeacon having complained to the pope, the chancellor, proctors, and certain masters of arts were summoned to Avignon to answer for their conduct, but they Bradwardine 189 Bradwardine declined to appear and lodged a counter suit against the archdeacon in the king's court. The king, Edward III, compelled the arch- deacon to submit to the arbitration of Eng- lish judges, and the controversy ended in favour of the university, which was exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction. During his residence in Oxford, Thomas Bradwardine obtained the highest reputation as a mathematician, astronomer, moral phi- losopher, and theologian. At the request of the fellow's of Merton he delivered to them a course of theological lectures, which he afterwards expanded into a treatise. This work earned him the title of Doctor Profun- dus : in his ow T n day it was commonly called ' Summa Doctoris Profundi,' but in later times it has been entitled 'De Causa Dei contra Pelagium, et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses libri tres.' This treatise was edited by Sir Henry Savile in 1618 in a folio volume of nearly 1,000 pages. It con- tinued to be for ages a standard authority amongst theologians of the Augustinian and Calvinistic school. Dean Milner gives a sum- mary of its contents in his f Church History ' (iv. 79-106). According to Bradwardine the whole church had in his day become deeply infected with Pelagianism. 'I myself/ he says, l was once so foolish and vain when I first applied myself to the study of phi- losophy as to be seduced by this error. In the schools of the philosophers I rarely heard a word said concerning grace, but we were continually told that we were the masters of our own free actions, and that it was in our own power to do well or ill.' He en- deavours to prove, with much logical force and mathematical precision, that human ac- tions are totally devoid of all merit, that they do not deserve grace even of congruity, that is as being meet and equitable the most specious form of Pelagianism, and one which w r as most commonly entertained in that day. He maintains that human nature is absolutely incapable of conquering a single temptation without a supply of divine grace, and that this grace is the free and unmerited gift of God, whose knowledge and power are alike perfect. If God did not bestow His grace freely, He could not foresee how He would confer His gifts, and therefore His fore- knowledge would not be absolute ; so that the doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free grace are linked together. Underlying all the hard and dry reasoning, however, of this treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and genuine piety which occasionally breaks out into fervent meditation and prayer, full of love, humility, and thankfulness. The estimation in which Thomas Brad- wardine was held as a theologian in his own century is indicated by the way in which Chaucer refers to him. In the ' Nun's Priest's Tale ' the speaker, touching on the question of God's foreknowledge and man's free-will, is made to say : But I ne cannot boult it to the bren, As can the holy doctour S. Austin, Or Boece, or the Bishop Bradwirdyn. About 1335 Bradwardine was, with seven other Merton men, summoned to London by Richard of Bury, who had been made bishop of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the following year, and who surrounded himself with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains, partly from a love of splendour, partly from a love of the society of men of learning who could assist him in the formation of his library. In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtained for his chaplain Bradwardine the chancellorship of St. Paul's Cathedral with the prebend of Cadington Minor attached to it. He soon afterwards accepted also a prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathedral, although not without some scruples and hesitation, owing to the objec- tions then becoming prevalent against the non-residence of beneficiaries. On the joint recommendation of Arch- bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham he was appointed one of the royal chaplains. Although the title of confessor was borne by all the king's chaplains, the language of Birchington seems to imply that Bradwar- dine actually received the confession of Ed- ward III, which, considering what the life of the king then was, must have been a very difficult and unpleasant office if it was con- scientiously discharged. He joined the court in Flanders and accompanied the king, 16 Aug. 1338, in his progress up the Rhine to hold a conference at Coblenz with his brother-in-law Lewis of Bavaria. At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the king that Richard Coeur de Lion had offered public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca- thedral had been destroyed by fire, but the new structure, which has not been completed till our own day, was in course of erection. The plans were submitted to the king, and after consultation with Bradwardine he sub- scribed a sum equal to 1,500/. according to the present value of money. Bradwardine continued to be in attendance upon the king- up to the date of the victory of Cressy and the capture of Calais. He was so diligent in his exhortations to the king and the sol- diers that many attributed the successes of the English arms to the favour of Heaven obtained through the wholesome warnings Bradwardine 190 Brady and the holy example of the royal chaplain. After the battles of Cressy and Neville's Cross he was appointed one of the commis- sioners to treat of peace with King Philip. Archbishop Stratford died 23 Aug. 1348, and the chapter of Canterbury, thinking to anticipate the wishes of the king, elected Bradwardine to the vacant see without waiting for the congt d'Slire. The king, however, was offended by the irregularity, and requested the pope to set aside the elec- tion and appoint John of Ufford by provision. The appointment was merely a device in order to vindicate his own right of nomina- tion, which had been infringed by the pre- mature action of the chapter ; for John of Ufford was aged and paralytic, and died of the plague before his consecration. After the death of John of Ufford the chapter applied for the conge d'elire, which was sent with the recommendation to elect Bradwardine. The pope, Clement VI, also issued a bull in which he affected to supersede the election of the chapter, and appointed Thomas by provision. Bradwardine was on the continent at the time of his election, and repaired without delay to the papal court at Avignon for consecration, which took place 19 July 1349. The pope was so completely in the power of Edward at this time that he had once bitterly remarked, if the King of England were to ask him to make a bishop of a jack- ass, he could not refuse. The cardinals had resented the saying, and one of them, Hugo, cardinal of Tudela, a kinsman of the pope, had the ill taste to make the consecration of Bradwardine an occasion for indulging their spleen. In the midst of the banquet given by the pope, the doors of the hall being suddenly thrown open a clown entered seated upon a jackass and presented a humble peti- tion that he might be made archbishop of Canterbury. Considering the European re- putation of Bradwardine for learning and piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable; the pope rebuked the offender, and the rest of the cardinals marked their displeasure by vying with one another in the respect which they paid to the new archbishop. Although the Black Death was now raging in England, Bradwardine hastened thither. He landed at Dover on 19 Aug., did hom- age to the king at Eltham, and received the temporalities from him on the 22nd. Thence he went to London, and lodged at La Place, the residence of the Bishop of Rochester in Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival he had a feverish attack, which was attribu- ted to fatigue after his journey, but in the evening tumours under the arms and other symptoms of the deadly plague which was then ravaging London made their appear- ance, and on the 26th the archbishop died. Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the disease, the body was removed to Canterbury and buried in the cathedral. His works are : 1. ' De Causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum,' edited by Sir Henry Savile, London, 1618. 2. ' Trac- tatus de proportionibus,' Paris, 1495. 3. ' De quadrature, circuli,' Paris, 1495. 4. ' Arith- metica speculativa,' Paris, 1502. 5. ' Geo- metria speculativa,' Paris, 1530. 6. ' Ars Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec- tion, British Museum, No. 3744. This last is an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory by the method of mentally associating certain places with certain ideas or subjects, or the several parts of a discourse. [Sir Henry Savile, in the preface to his edition of Bradwardine's work De Causa Dei contra Pelagium, has collected all the notices of his life, which are but scanty. See also Birchington and William of Dene, Hist. Eoff., and William de Chambre, Hist. Dunelm., in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, vol. i. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops, vol. iv.] W. K. W. S. BRADY, SIB ANTONIO (1811-1881), admiralty official, was born at Deptford on 10 Nov. 1811, being the eldest son of Anthony Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then storekeeper at the Royal William victualling yard, Plymouth, by his marriage, on 20 Dee. 1810, with Marianne, daughter of Francis Perigal and Mary Ogier. He was educated at Colfe's school, Lewisham, and then entered the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic- toria victualling yard, Deptford, on 29 Nov. 1828, and, having served there and at Ply- mouth and Portsmouth, was, through the recommendation of Sir James Graham, pro- moted to headquarters at Somerset House as a second-class clerk in the accountant-gene- ral's office on 26 June 1844. He was gradu- ally promoted until in 1864 he became re- gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently assisted very materially in reorganising the office, he was made the first superintendent of the admiralty new contract department on 13 April 1869, when an improved salary of 1,000/. a year was allotted to him. He held this appointment until 31 March 1870, when he retired on a special pension. He was knighted by the queen at Windsor on 23 June 1870. After his retirement Sir Antonio devoted himself to social, educational, and religious reform. Having taken a great interest in the preservation of Epping Forest for the people, he was appointed a judge in the ' Verderer's court for the forest of Epping.' He was Brady 191 Brady associated with church work of all kinds. He published in 1869 ' The Church's Works and its Hindrances, with suggestions for Church Reform.' The establishment of the Plaistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the East London Museum at Bethnal Green, and the West Ham and Stratford Dispensary was in a great measure due to him. Brady was a member of the Ray, the Pa- laeontographical, and Geological Societies. So long ago as 1844 his attention had been attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick- earth which occupy the valley of the Roding at Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou- raged by Professor Owen he commenced col- lecting the rich series of mammalian remains in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com- prising amongst others the skeletons of the tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceros, horse, elk, stag, bison, ox, hippopotamus, &c. This valuable collection of pleistocene mammalia is now in the British Museum of Natural His- tory, Cromwell Road. In his l Catalogue of Pleistocene Mammalia from Ilford, Essex,' 1874, printed for private circulation only, Brady acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. William Davies, F.G.S., his instructor in the art of preserving fossil bones. He died suddenly at his residence, Maryland Point, Forest Lane, Stratford, on 12 Dec. 1881. He was buried in St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on 16 Dec. His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on 18 May 1837, and by her, who survived him, he left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector of Wennington, Essex, and two daughters. [Stratford and South Essex Advertiser, 16 and 23 Dec; 1881 ; Nature (1881-2), xxv. 174-5, by Henry Woodward; Guardian (1881), p. 1782; and collected information.] Gr. C. B. BRADY, JOHN (d. 1814), clerk in the victualling office, was the author of ' Clavis Calendaria; or a Compendious Analysis of the Calendar : illustrated with ecclesiastical, historical, and classical anecdotes,' 2 vols., London, 1812, 8vo ; 3rd edit., 1815. The com- piler also published an abridgment of the work, and some extracts from it appeared in 1826, under the title of ' The Credulity of our Forefathers.' This book, once very po- pular, has been long since superseded. Brady died at Kennington, Surrey, on 5 Dec. 1814. His son, John Henry Brady, arranged and adapted for publication 'Varieties of Lite- rature ; being principally selections from the portfolio of the late John Brady/ London, 1826, 8vo. [Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 36, 416; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. BRADY, SIR MAZIERE (1796-1871), lord chancellor of Ireland, born on 20 July 1796, was a great-grandson of the Rev. Nicho- las Brady, D.D. [q. v.], the psalmist, and the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a gold and silver thread manufacturer in Dub- lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity College, Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a scholarship there, and twice carried off the vice-chancel- lor's prize for English verse. He proceeded B.A. (1816) and M.A. (1819), and was called to the Irish bar in Trinity term of 1819. In 1833, under the ministry of Earl Grey, he, as an avowed liberal, was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the state of the Irish municipal corporations. In 1837 he was made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes- sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], and became at- torney-general in 1839. In the year following he was promoted to the bench as chief baron of the Court of Exchequer. He was raised to the bench of the Irish Court of Chancery, somewhat against his inclination, in 1846. He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the Russell administration, 1847-52. He became in 1850 the first vice-chancellor of the Queen's University, of the principles of which founda- tion Brady was a constant advocate. From 1853 to 1858 Brady was again lord chancellor of Ireland. He resumed the post once more in 1859, and held it through the second adminis- trations of Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell until the overthrow of the latter in 1866. On 28 June of that year he sat for the last time in the Irish Court of Chancery. He retired amidst general regret. He was fond of scien- tific studies, especially geology. In 1869 he was created a baronet by Mr. Gladstone. He died at his residence in Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin, on Thursday, 13 April 1871. At the time of his death, besides holding the vice-chancellorship of the Queen's Univer- sity, he was a member of the National Board of Education, and president of the Irish Art Union, and of the Academy of Music. Brady was twice married : first, in 1823, to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan of Dublin, who died in 1858 : and secondly to Mary, second daughter of the Right Hon. John HatcheU, P.C., of Fortfield House, co. Dublin. His first wife left him five children, by the eldest of whom, Francis William Brady, Q.C., he was succeeded in his title and estates. [Catalogue of Dublin Graduates, 1869 ; Free- man's Journal, 14 and 18 April 1871 ; Daily News, 15 April 1871; Irish Times, 18 April 1871; Times, 15 and 13 April 1871 ; Burke's Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, 1872 ; Wills's Irish Nation, its History and its Biography, 1875 ; Debrett's Baronetage, 1884.] A. H. G. Brady 192 Brady BRADY, NICHOLAS (1659-1726), divine and poet, son of Major Nicholas Brady, who served in the king's army in the rebellion, and Martha, daughter of Luke Gernon, a judge, was born at Bandon, county Cork, on 28 Oct. 1659. After he had for some time attended a school called St. Fin- berry's, kept by Dr. Tindall, he was sent to j England at the age of twelve, and admitted j into the college of Westminster in 1673. Thence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- [ ford, where he matriculated 4 Feb. 1678-9, | proceeding B.A. in Michaelmas term 1682. j He then returned to Ireland, lived with his father at Dublin, and took his B.A. degree at the university there in 1685, proceeding M.A. | the next year. Entering orders he was in- j stituted prebendary of Kinaglarchy in the church of Cork in July 1688, and a few months later was presented to the livings of Killmyne and Drinagh in Cork diocese. He was also chaplain to Bishop Wetenhall. j During the revolution he warmly upheld i the cause of the Prince of Orange, and j suffered some loss in consequence. His in- j terest with James's general, MacCarthy, j enabled him to save the town of Bandon, though James thrice commanded that it i should be burnt. The people of the town j having suffered considerable loss sent him j with a petition to the English parliament j praying for compensation. During his visit I to London his preaching was much admired ; i he was chosen lecturer at St. Michael's, ! Wood Street, and, on 10 July 1691, was ap- ! pointed to the church of St. Catherine Cree, j where he remained until 1696. The sermon j he preached on his resignation was printed, i London, 1696, 4to. On his resignation he received the living of Richmond, Surrey, 1 which he held until his death. From 1702 j to 1705 he also held the rectory of Stratford- | on-Avon, which he resigned on his appoint- ment to the rectory of Clapham on 21 Feb. 1705-6. Although his ecclesiastical prefer- ments brought him in an income of 600/. a year, his expensive habits, and especially his love of hospitality, obliged him to keep a school at Richmond. This school is men- tioned in terms of praise in a paper of Steele's in the ' Spectator' (No. 168). On 15 Nov. 1699 the university of Dublin conferred on him the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in recog- nition of his abilities, and sent him the diploma of doctor by the senior travelling fellow of the society. Brady was chaplain to i William III, to Mary, to Anne both as ! princess of Wales and as queen, and to the j Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In j 1690 he married Letitia, daughter of Dr. j Synge, archdeacon of Cork, and had by her , four sons and four daughters. He died at Richmond 20 May 1726, and was buried in that church. His funeral sermon, preached by the Rev. T. Stackhouse, vicar of Been- ham [q. v.], was published under the title of ' The Honour and Dignity of True Mini- sters of Christ,' London, 1726. Brady's best known work is (1) the metrical version' of the Psalms, which he undertook while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con- junction with Nahum Tate [q. v.] When their work was complete and had been sub- mitted to and revised by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops, the authors petitioned the king that he would allow it to be used in the public services of the church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec. 1696, made an order in council that it might ' be used in all churches ... as shall think fit to receive the same.' The ' New Version,' as the work of Brady and Tate is called to distinguish it from the version of T. Stern- hold and J. Hopkins, was well received by the whigs. Some of the stiffer tories among the clergy, however, objected to it, and their objections, which seem to have been that the new version was too poetical, that there was no need of change, and, as was hinted, that they were offended at the recommendation of the whig bishops and at the ' William R.' on the order allowing its use, were answered by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's and Mr. Brady's New Version, by a True Son of the Church of England,' London, 1698. The use of the 'New Version' was condemned by Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in his ' Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with critical observations on the New Version compared with the Old,' London, 1710, and Brady's share in the work was sneered at by Swift in his ' Remarks on Dr. Gibbs's Psalms.' Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Im- postors,' acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692, the prologue being spoken by Betterton, and the epilogue, the work of Shadwell, by Mrs. Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the some year, with a dedication to the Earl of Dorset, but without the author's name. The plot is concerned with the history of the Goths and Vandals. It was slightly recast for representation in 1729, the Goths and Vandals being turned into Portuguese and Spaniards. In 1692 (3) an 'Ode for St. Cecilia's Day,' which will be found in Nichols's 'Select Collection of Poems,' v. 302. (4) ' Proposals for the publication of a translation of Virgil's JEneids in blank verse, together with a specimen of the performance.' This translation was published by subscrip- Brady 193 Brady tion, being completed in 1726. Johnson says that ' when dragged into the world it did not live long enough to cry,' he had not seen it and believed that he had been in- formed of its existence by ' some old cata- logue.' It is not in the library of the British Museum, and has not been seen by the pre- sent writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons, 1704-6, republished with a third volume by Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting, Surrey, in 1730, a volume of ' Select Sermons preached before the Queen and on other oc- casions,' 1713. A considerable number of sermons, most of them republished in collec- tions, were also published separately. Among these was a sermon preached in Chelsea Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell, in November 1692 (London, 1693). [Rawlinson MSS. 4to, 5305, fol. 16, 248-57 ; Gibber's Lives of the Poets, iv. 62; Nichols's Select Collection of Poems, v. 302 ; Biog. Brit, ii. 960 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 173, 183; Todd's Dublin Graduates, 62 ; Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 381 ; Dugdale's Warwickshire, 680 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and full Account (as above), 1698 ; Bishop Beveridge's Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710 ; Swift's Works (Scott, 2nd ed.), xii. 261 ; Johnson's Works (Life of Dryden), ix. 431 (ed. 1806) ; Brady's Rape, 1692; Genest's History of the Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266 ; Biog. Dram. i. i. 58 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 809.] W. H. BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk. He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge, on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was created doctor by virtue of the king's letters in September 1660 (KENNET, Register, 251), and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed master of his college by royal mandate (KEN- NET, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or 1685) he held the office of keeper of the re- cords in the Tower, and took deep interest in studying the documents under his charge. He was admitted fellow of the College of Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In this capacity he was one of those who deposed to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct. 1688. He was regius professor of physic at Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money to Caius College. He wrote : 1. A letter to Dr. Sydenham, dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical ques- tions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epi- stolse Responsoriae duse,' 1680, 8vo. 2. ' An Introduction to Old English History com- prehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol. VOL. VI. 3. ' A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols., 1685, 1700, fol. 4. < An Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing their original,' &c., 1690 ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol. 5. ' An Inquiry into the remarkable instances of History and Parliamentary Records used by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreason- ableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to. His historical works are laborious, and are based on original authorities ; they are marked by the author's desire to uphold the royal prerogative. In his preface to his ' Treatise on Boroughs ' he says that he is able to show that they 'have nothing of the greatness and authority they boast of, but from the bounty of our ancient kings and their successors.' [Kennet's Register and Chronicle, 251, 870; Biographia Britannica, i. 959 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 418; Ackermann's History of the University of Cambridge, i. 106.] W. H. BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? -1827), general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account has it Cootehill), some time between October 1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that date his name appears as ' Peter,' but in all subsequent rolls he is called ' Thomas.' He served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the in- fantry regiment ' Wied.' On 10 April 1774 he was promoted ensign in the infantry regi- ment ' Fabri ; ' he became lieutenant 30 Nov. 1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784, and captain in 1788. He distinguished him- self as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in 1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross for personal bravery at the storming of Novi on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war. He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi- ment ' Murray,' of which he became colonel on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frank- enthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795, and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796 at Ukerad. He was promoted to major- general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799. He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801, and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of in- fantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy councillor in recognition of his services as a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809 be took a leading part in the battle of As- pern, a large portion of the Austrian army being under his conduct. General Brady was Bragg 194 Bragge retired on the pension of a full general on 3 Sept. 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827. [Archives of the Imperial Royal Ministry of War, Vienna ; information from local sources.] H. M. C. fc BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenant- general, colonel 28th foot, M.P. for Armagh, was at Blenheim as an ensign in the 1st foot guards, his commission bearing date 10 March 1702. He appears to have after- wards served in the 24thfoot, which was much distinguished in allMarlborough's subsequent campaigns under the command of Colonel Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same regiment of guards. The English records of this period contain no reference to Bragg, but in a set of Irish military entry-books, com- mencing in 1713, which are preserved in the Four Courts, Dublin, his name appears as captain in Primrose's regiment, lately re- turned from Holland to Ireland ; his com- mission is here dated 1 June 1715, on which day new commissions were issued to all of- ficers in the regiment in consequence of the accession of George I. On 12 June 1732 Bragg was appointed master of the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, in succession to Major-general Robert Stearne, deceased, and on 16 Dec. following he became lieutenant-colonel of Colonel Robert Hargreave's regiment, after- wards known as the 31st foot. On 10 Oct. 1734 he succeeded Major-general Nicholas Price as colonel of the 28th foot, an appoint- ment which he held for twenty-five years, and which originated the name 'The Old Braggs,' by which that regiment was long popularly known. As a brigadier-general Bragg accompanied Lord Stair to Flanders, where he commanded a brigade. He be- came a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in 1751 was appointed to the staff in Ireland. He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on 6 June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville. [Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards, vol. iii. (Lon- don, 1874); Treasury Papers, xciii. List of Recipients of Queen's Bounty for Blenheim; Irish Military Entry Books in Public Record Office, Dublin ; Gent. Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190, xv. 389, xvii. 496, xxi. 477, xxix. 293 ; De la WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Eep.] H. M. C. BRAGGE, WILLIAM (1823-1884), en- gineer and antiquary, was born at Birming- ham 31 May 1823, his father being Thomas Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some years of general tuition, Bragge studied practi- cal engineering with two Birmingham firms, and in his leisure applied himself closely to the study of mechanics and mathematics. In 1845 he entered the office of a civil engineer, and engaged in railway surveying. He acted first as assistant engineer and then as en- gineer-in-chief of part of the line from Chester to Holy head. Through the recommendation of Sir Charles Fox, Bragge was sent out to Brazil as the representative of Messrs. Belhouse & Co., of Manchester, and he carried out the light- ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with gas. This was followed by the survey of the first railway constructed in Brazil the line from Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis for which he received several distinctions from the em- peror Don Pedro. The emperor in later years visited Bragge at Sheffield. In 1858 Bragge left South America. He became one of the managing directors of the firm of Sir John Brown & Co., and was elected mayor of Sheffield. The rolling of armour plates, the manufacture of steel plates, the adoption of the helical railway buffer-spring, and other developments of mechanical enter- prise, were matters in which he rendered effective aid to his firm. Bragge filled the office of master cutler of Sheffield, and took great interest in the town's free libraries, school of art, and museums. In 1872 he resigned his position of managing director to his firm, which had been converted into a limited company, and went over to Paris as engineer to the Soci^te" des Engrais, which had for its object the utilisation of the sew- age of a large part of Paris. The scheme proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy pecuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876 Bragge returned to his native town of Birmingham, settling there, and developing a large organisation for the manufacture of watches by machinery on the American system. The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which he found time to cultivate in spite of his labours in business, were manifested in his numerous collections. Amongst these was a unique Cervantes collection, which in- cluded nearly every work written by or re- lating to the great Spanish writer. This collection, which consisted of 1,500 volumes, valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to his native town, but unfortunately it was de- stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems and precious stones which Bragge collected from all parts of Europe was purchased for the Birmingham Art Gallery. The most re- markable collection formed by Bragge was one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in which every quarter of the world was repre- sented. A catalogue prepared and published Braham 195 Braham by the collector showed that he had brought j together 13,000 examples of pipes. China, I Japan, Thibet, Van Diemen's Land, North j and South America, Greenland, the Gold j Coast, and the Falkland Islands, all furnished j specimens. ' There were also samples of some j hundreds of kinds of tobacco, of every con- ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare Chinese snuff-bottles, and also of all known means of procuring fire, from the rude In- dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of Paris or Vienna.' This collection was broken up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable j collection of manuscripts, which realised 12,500Z. He was always ready to place his treasures at the disposal of public bodies for | exhibition. Bragge was a fellow of the Society of An- tiquaries, of the Anthropological Society, of the Royal Geographical Society, and of many foreign societies. Bragge, who married a sister of the Rev. George Beddow, died at Handsworth, Bir- mingham, on 6 June 1884. For some time before his death he was almost totally blind. [Bragge's Bibliotheca Nicotiana, a catalogue of books about tobacco, together with a cata- logue of objects connected with the use of tobacco in all its forms, Birmingham. 1880; Brief Hand List of the Cervantes Collection, presented to the Birmingham Free Library, Reference Depart- ment, by William Bragge, Birmingham, 1874; Times, 10 June 1884 ; Birmingham Daily Post, 9 June 1884.] G. B. S. BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards COUNTESS WALDEGKAVE. [See WALDE- GKAVE.] BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 P-1856), tenor singer, was born in London about the year 1774. His parents were German Jews, who died when Braham was quite young, leaving him to what one of his biographers describes as ' the seasonable and affectionate attention of a near relation.' Whether it was at this time, or at an earlier age, that the future singer gained his living by selling pencils in the streets is not chronicled. Braham's first contact with music took place at the synagogue in Duke's Place. There he met with a chorister, a musician of his own race named Leoni, who discovered the germs of his talent. Leoni adopted the orphan, and gave him thorough instruction in music and singing, with such good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap- peared at Covent Garden on the occasion of a benefit performance for his master, and sang Arne's bravura air, ' The Soldier Tired,' between the acts of the 'Duenna.' About this time John Palmer had started the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but, not being able to obtain a license for dramatic performances, he opened the house on 20 June 1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita- tions, glees, songs, &c. Here Braham sang for about two years, until his voice broke. Even at this early period of his career his bravura singing must have been remarkable. His voice had a compass of two octaves, and some of his most successful parts were Cupid in Carter's * The Birthday,' and Hymen in Reeves's ( Hero and Leander.' He sang again at Covent Garden as Joe in < Poor Vulcan ' on 2 June 1788. About this time Braham's master, Leoni, became bankrupt, and the future tenor was once more thrown upon his own resources. After his voice broke he con- tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear- ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rane- lagh, but his main occupation consisted in teaching the pianoforte. He met with a wealthy patron, a member of the Goldsmid family, and when the change in his voice was settled, on the advice of the flute-player Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under Rauzzini in 1794. Braham remained at Bath until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him, induced Storace to procure him an engage- ment at Drury Lane, for which house Storace was just then engaged upon an opera. This work was ' Mahmoud,' but before it was finished the composer died, and the work was completed as a pasticcio by his sister, Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble, Mrs. Bland, and Braham, sang in it on its production, 30 April 1796. Braham's success was signal, and in the following season he appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in Gretry's ' Azor et Z6mire ' on 26 Nov. 1796, and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac- chini's 'Evelina,' as well as in the annual oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at Gloucester. In the following year, on the advice of the fencer M. St. George, Braham decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ac- cordingly, he left England with Nancy Sto- race, with whom he lived for several years, and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here the two singers gave a series of concerts, under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar- nais. These were so successful, that they remained eight months in Paris, and did not reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which they first visited, Braham sang at the Per- gola as Ulysses in an opera by Basili, and as Orestes in Moneta's