DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
LESLIE STEPHEN
VOL. VI.
BOTTOMLEY BROWELL
MACMILLAN AND CO.
LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO.
1886
DA
18
I
LIST OF WRITERS
IN THE SIXTH VOLUME.
O. A
A. J. A. . .
T. A. A. . .
J. A
E. C. A. A.
W.E.A.A.
G. F. R. B.
B. B. . . .
G. T. B. . .
W. G. B. .
0. B-T. . .
G. C. B. . .
O. Gr. B. . .
H. B
J. B
R. H. B. . .
R. C. B. . .
A.H.B. .
G. W. B. .
M. B
H. M. C. .
A. M. C. ,
T. C
C. H. C. . .
W. P. C. .
H. C
M. C. .
OSMUND AIRY.
SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I.
T. A. ARCHER.
JOHN ASHTON.
E. C. A. AXON.
W. E. A. AXON.
G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER.
THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
a. T. BETTANY.
THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D.
THE LATE OCTAVIAN BLEWITT.
G. C. BOASE.
THE VERY REV. Gr. Gf. BRADLEY.. D.D.,
DEAN OF WESTMINSTER.
HENRY BRADLEY.
JAMES BRITTEN.
R. H. BRODIE.
R. C. BROWNE.
A. H. BULLEN.
G-. W. BURNETT.
PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS.
H. MANNERS CHICHESTER.
Miss A. M. CLERKE.
THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.
C. H. COOTE.
W. P. COURTNEY.
HENRY CRAIK, LL.D.
THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON.
R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON.
A. D AUSTIN DOBSON.
F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
L. F Louis FAGAN.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.
J. Gr JAMES GAIRDNER.
R. Gf RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
J. W.-G-. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D.
J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A.
A. G-N. . . ALFRED GOODWIN.
G. G GORDON GOODWIN.
A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.
E. G EDMUND GOSSE.
A. H. G. . . A. H. GRANT.
N. G NEWCOMEN GROVES.
J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
R. H. ... ROBERT HARBISON.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.
W. H-H. . . WALTER HEPWORTH.
J. H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS.
R. H-T. . . . ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S.
W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.
B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.
A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D.
C. K CHARLES KENT.
J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.
J. K. L. . . J. K. LAUGHTON.
S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE.
VI
List of Writers.
W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A.
F. W. M. . F. W. MAITLAND.
W. M. ... WESTLAND MARSTON.
C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN.
J. M JAMES MEW.
A. M ARTHUR MILLER.
C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE.
N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D.
H. F. M. . H. FORSTER MORLEY, D.Sc.
T. THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN.
J. H. 0. . . THE KBV. CANON OVKRTON.
J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D.
K. L. P. . . E. L. POOLE.
S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
E. K ERNEST EADFORD.
J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG.
C. J. E. . . THE KEV. C. J. EOBINSON.
J. H. K. . . J. H. ROUND.
J. M. S. . . J. M. SCOTT.
E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH.
B. C. S. . . B. C. SKOTTOWE.
E. S EDWARD SMITH.
G. B. S. . . G-. BARNETT SMITH.
W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE.
L. S LESLIE STEPHEN.
H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS.
W.K.W.S. THE KEV. W. K. W. STEPHENS.
C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON.
R. E. T. . . R. E. THOMPSON, M.D.
J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE.
T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES.
C. W THE LATE CORNELIUS WALFORD.
A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D.
M. G. W. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS.
F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT.
T. W-R. . . THOMAS WHITTAKER.
H. T. W. . H. TRUEMAN WOOD.
W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH.
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Bottomley
Bouch
BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (/. 1820),
musician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire
in 1786. His parentage is not recorded, but
his musical education was begun at a very
early age; when only seven years old he
played a violin concerto in public. At the
age of twelve he was sent to Manchester,
where he studied under Grimshaw, organist
of St. John's Church, and Watts, the leader
of the concerts. Under Watts's direction he
at the same time carried on his violin studies
with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man-
chester. In 1801 Bottomley was articled
to Lawton, the organist of St. Peter's, Leeds,
and on the expiration of his term removed
to London to study the pianoforte under
Wcelfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his
native county, and obtained the appoint-
ment of organist to the parish church of
Bradford, but he made Halifax his home,
where he had a large teaching connection.
In 1820 he was appointed organist of Shef-
field parish church, which post he held for
some considerable time. The date of his
death is uncertain. Bottomley published
several original works, including ' Six Exer-
cises for Pianoforte,' twelve sonatinas for
the same instrument, two divertissements
with flute accompaniment, twelve valses,
eight rondos, ten airs varies, a duo for two
pianos, and a small dictionary of music (8vo),
published in London in 1816.
[Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians;
Watt's Bibl. Brit. pt. i. 138 a.] E. H.
BOUGH, SIR THOMAS (1822-1880),
civil engineer, the third son of William Bouch,
a captain in the mercantile marine, was born
in the village of Thursley, Cumberland, on
22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher,
Mr. Joseph Hannah, of Thursby, ' On the
Kaising of Water in Ancient and Modern
VOL. VI.
Times,' made so great an impression on his
mind that he at once commenced reading
books on mechanics. His first entrance into
business was in a mechanical engineering
establishment at Liverpool. At the age of
seventeen he engaged himself to Mr. Larmer,
civil engineer, who was then constructing the
Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Here he
remained four years. In November 1844 he
proceeded to Leeds, where he was employed
for a short time under Mr. George Leather,
M. Inst. C.E. Subsequently he was for four
years one of the resident engineers on the
Stockton and Darlington railway. In Janu-
ary 1849 he left Darlington and assumed
the position of manager and engineer of the
Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en-
gagement first brought to his notice the in-
convenient breaks in railway communication
caused by the wide estuaries of the Forth
and the Tay, the efforts to remedy which
afterwards occupied so much of his attention.
His proposal was to cross the estuaries by
convenient steam ferries, and he prepared
and carried into effect plans for a l floating
railway ' a system for shipping goods trains
which has ever since been in operation.
Soon after completing this work Bouch left
the service of the Northern railway and
engaged in general engineering business.
He designed and carried out nearly three
hundred miles of railways in the north of
England and Scotland, the chief of these
being the South Durham and Lancashire
Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten
miles long, the latter being considered the
pattern of a cheaply constructed line. On
the introduction of the tramway system he
was extensively engaged in laying out lines,
including some of the London tramways,
the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram-
ways, and many others. In the course of his
B
Bouch
Boucher
professional work Bouch constructed a num-
ber of remarkable bridges, chiefly in connec-
tion with railways. At Newcastle-on-Tyne he
designed the Redheugh viaduct, a compound
or stiffened-suspension bridge of four spans,
two of 260 feet and two of 240 feet each.
His principal railway bridges, independent
of the Tay bridge, were the Deepdale and
Beelah viaduct on the South Durham and
Lancashire railway, the Bilston Burn bridge
on the Edinburgh, Loanhead, and Roslin
line, and a bridge over the Esk near Mont-
rose. In all these bridges the lattice girder
was used, because of its simplicity and its
slight resistance to the wind encountered at
such high elevations.
In 1863 the first proposals for a Tay bridge
were made public, but the act of parliament
was not obtained until 1870. The Tay bridge,
which crossed the estuary from Newport in
Fife to the town of Dundee, was within a
few yards of two miles long. It consisted of
eighty-five spans seventy-two in the shal-
low water, and thirteen over the fairway
channel, two of these being 227 feet, and
eleven 245 feet wide. The system of wrought-
iron lattice girders was adopted throughout.
After many delays the line was completed
from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1877. The
inspection of the work by Major-general Coote
Synge Hutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the
board of trade, occupied three days, and on
31 May 1878 the bridge was opened with
much ceremony. The engineer was then
e'esented with the freedom of the town of
undee, and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted.
The traffic was continued uninterruptedly till
the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec. 1879, when
during a violent hurricane the central portion
of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrying
with it an entire train and its load of about
seventy passengers, all of whom lost their
lives. Under the shock and distress of mind
caused by this catastrophe Bouch's health
rapidly gave way, and he died at MofFat on
30 Oct. 1880. The rebuilding of the Forth
bridge was begun in 1882. Bouch became
an associate of the Institution of Civil En-
gineers on 3 Dec. 1850, and was advanced
to the class of member on 11 May 1858.
He married, July 1853, Miss Margaret Ada
Nelson, who survived him with one son and
two daughters. His brother, Mr. William
Bouch, was long connected with the locomo-
tive department of the Stockton and Darling-
ton and North Eastern lines.
[Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, Ixiii. 301-8 (1881) ; Illustrated
London News, with portrait, Ixxvii. 468 (1880);
Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Eeport of the
Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr. Rothery
upon the Fall of a portion of the Tay Bridge, in
Parliamentary Papers (1880), C 2616 and C
2616-i.] GK C. B.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1777-1818), divine,
was born in 1777. He was entered at St.
John's, Oxford ; proceeded B.A. on 23 May
1799 {Cat. Gmd. Oxon. p. 71) ; was elected
fellow of Magdalen at the same time (Preface
to his Sermons, p. 1) ; was admitted to holy
orders in 1801 (id. p. 5), and proceeded M.A.
on 29 April 1802. At this time he became
rector of Shaftesbury, and in 1804 vicar of
Kirk Newton, near Wooler, Northumberland.
He married and had several children. He
preached not only in his own parish, but in
the neighbouring district. One of his sermons
was delivered at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1810,
and another at Belford in 1816. He died on
12 Nov. 1818, at Kirk Newton. There is a
tablet to his memory on the north wall of
the church where he was buried (WILSON,
Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 73). After his
death a 12mo volume of his ' Sermons ' was
printed, dedicated to Shute Barrington, bishop
of Durham. The volume reached a second
edition in 1821.
[Preface to Sermons by the late Rev. John
Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private informa-
tion.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JOHN (1819-1878), divine,
born in 1819, was the son of a tenant-farmer
in Moneyrea, North Ireland. Intended for
the Unitarian ministry (in accordance with the
theological views of his parents), he was care-
fully educated, and in 1837 was sent to the
Belfast Academy, then under Drs. Mont-
gomery and J. Scott Porter. Leaving the
academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at
Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and finally, in
1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hack-
ney, where for five years his fervour and elo-
quence drew full congregations from all parts
of the metropolis. In 1850 Boucher pub-
lished a sermon on ' The Present Religious
Crisis,' and the ' Inquirer ' speaks of another
of the same year on 'Papal Aggression/
About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic
views ; but he soon afterwards changed his
opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853,
and entered himself at St. John's, Cambridge,
to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded
B.A. in 1857 (LTJARD, Grad. Cant. p. 46),
and it was hoped that he would have a bril-
liant career in the establishment; but his
health failed ; he left Cambridge, and leading
the life of a thorough invalid in the neighbour-
hood, at Chesterton, for many years, he died
12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the
trustees of Dr. Williams's library, till his con-
Boucher
Boucher
version caused him to resign ; and he was a
member of the presbyterian board, visiting
Carmarthen College. He married Louise, a
daughter of Ebenezer Johnston, of Stamford
Hill, London, who survived him a year. He
left no issue.
[The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Luard's
Grad. Cant. p. 46 ; private information.] J. H.
BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804),
divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber-
land ' statesman,' was born at Blencogo, a
small hamlet in the parish of Bromfield, be-
tween Wigton and Allonby, on 12 March
1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar
school. When about sixteen years old he
went to America to act as private tutor in
a Virginian family, and remained engaged
in tuition for some years, the stepson of
George Washington being numbered among
his pupils. Having resolved upon taking
orders he returned to England, and was
ordained by the Bishop of London in 1762.
For many years he had charge, in turn, of
several ecclesiastical parishes in America.
He was rector of Hanover, in King George's
County, in 1762 ; then of St. Mary's, in Caro-
lina; and lastly, in 1770, of St. Anne's, in
Annapolis. Whilst resident in the new
country he lived in intimate friendship with
Washington. They often dined together, and
spent many hours in talk ; but the time soon
came when they ' stood apart.' Boucher's
loyalty was uncompromising, and when the
American war broke out he denounced from
the pulpit the doctrines which were popular
in the colonies. ' His last sermon, preached
with pistols on his pulpit-cushion, concluded
with the following* words : " As long as I
live, yea, while I have my being, will I pro-
claim God save the king." ' Washington
shared in the denunciations of Boucher ; but
when the loyal divine published the discourses
which he had preached in North America be-
tween 1763 and 1775 he dedicated the col-
lection to the great American general, as ' a
tender of renewed amity.' Some time in the
autumn of 1775 he returned to England, and
soon after his struggles in opposition to the
advancement of the cause of the colonies
were rewarded by a government pension. In
January 1785 he was instituted to the vicar-
age of Epsom, on the presentation of the
Rev. John Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek
and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re-
tained until his death, which happened on
27 April 1804. Boucher was considered one
of the best preachers of his time, and was a
member of the distinguished clerical club,
still in existence (1886), under the fantastic
title of ' Nobody's Club.' He was thrice
married. His first wife, whom he married
in June 1772, was of the same family as
Joseph Addison ; the second, Mary Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles Foreman, was married
on 15 Jan. 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 1788 ;
by his third wife, widow of the Rev. Mr.
James, rector of Arthuret, and married to
Boucher at Carlisle in October 1789, he left
eight children [see BOTJCHIEE, BARTON]. Some
portions of Boucher's autobiography were
printed in 'Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i.
103-4, v. 501-3, vi. 21, 81, 141, 161.
Boucher was a man of widespread tastes
and of intense affection for his native county
of Cumberland. His anonymous tract, con-
taining proposals for its material advance-
ment, including the establishment of a county
bank, was signed 'A Cumberland Man,
Whitehaven, Dec. 1792,' and was reprinted
in Sir F. M. Eden's ' State of the Poor/ iii.
App. 387-401. To William Hutchinson's
1 Cumberland' he contributed the accounts
of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and
Sebergham, and the lives included in the
section entitled 'Biographia Cumbrensis.'
The edition of Relph's poetical works which
appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher,
and among the ' Original Poems ' of San-
derson (1800) is an epistle to Boucher on
his return from America. He published
several single sermons and addresses to his
parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the
title of l A View of the Causes and Conse-
quences of the American Revolution,' thirteen
of his discourses, 1763-1775. His ' Glossary
of Archaic and Provincial Words,' intended
as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to
which he devoted fourteen years, was left
uncompleted. Proposals for publication under
the direction of Sir F. M. Eden were issued
shortly before his death, and the part in-
cluding letter A was published in 1807, but
did not obtain sufficient encouragement to
justify the continuance of the work. A
second attempt at publication was made in
1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and
Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro-
duction to the whole work and the Glossary
as far as Blade. The attempt was again un-
successful ; and it is understood that most of
the materials passed into the hands of the
proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic-
tionary. A certain J. Odell, M. A., an Epsom
schoolmaster, published in 1806 an ' Essay on
the Elements of the English Language/
which was intended as an introduction to
Boucher's work.
[Gent. Mag. (1804), pt. ii. 591, by Sir F. M.
Eden (1831), 450 ; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v.
630-41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1859 ed.),
131-9, 169; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix.
B2
Bouchery
Bough
75-6, 282-4, 5th ser. ix. 50, 68, 89, 311, 371 ;
Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 625 ; Allen's
American Biog. Diet. (3rd ed.), 105-6; Hawks's
Eccles. Hist, of the United States, ii. 269.]
W. P. C.
BOUCHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712),
Latin poet, son of Arnold Bouchery, one of
the ministers of the Walloon congregation at
Canterbury, was born in that city in 1683,
and educated in the King's School there and
at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702,
M.A. 1706). It is said that at the time he
graduated M.A. he had migrated to Em-
manuel College, but the circumstance is not
recorded in the ' Cantabrigienses Graduati.'
He became rector of Little Blakenham in
Suffolk in 1709, and died at Ipswich on
24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me-
mory was erected in the church of St. George,
Canterbury, by his son, Gilbert Bouchery,
vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk. He published
an elegant Latin poem ' Hymnus Sacer :
sive Paraphrasis in Deborae et Baraci Canti-
cum, Alcaico carmine expressa, e libri Judi-
cum cap. v.,' Cambridge, typis academicis,
1706, 4to.
[Addit. MS. 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff. 113, 1146;
Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 46; Hasted's
Kent, iv. 469 n.] T. C.
BOUCHIER, BARTON (1794-1865), re-
ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger
son of the vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev.
Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed
his name from Boucher to Bouchier after
1822. He was educated at Balliol Col-
lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary,
daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thornbury,
of Avening, Gloucestershire (Gent. Mag.
1866, pp. 431-2). He proceeded B.A. in
1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at first
read for the bar. But he afterwards took
holy orders and became curate at Monmouth.
A sermon preached by him at Usk in 1822 for
the Christian Knowledge Society was pub-
lished by request. Bouchier held curacies
later at Old, Northamptonshire (Gent. Mag.
supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey,
from which place he issued an edition of
Bishop Andrewes's ' Prayers.' In 1836 he
published ' Prophecy and Fulfilment,' a little
book of corresponding texts ; and in 1845
'Thomas Bradley,' a story of a poor pa-
rishioner, and the first of a series of similar
pamphlets describing clerical experiences,
collected and published in various editions as
'My Parish,' and 'The Country Pastor,' from
1855 to 1860.
In 1852 Bouchier commenced the publica-
tion of his ' Manna in the House,' being ex-
positions of the gospels and the Acts, lasting,
with intervals, down to 1858 ; in 1854 he
wrote his 'The Ark in the House,' being
family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he
wrote his ' Manna in the Heart,' being com-
ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a
'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber-
deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on
Sundays, following up this appeal in 1854 by
'The Poor Man's Palace,' &c., a pamphlet ad-
dressed to the Crystal Palace directors. In
1856 he published ' Solace in Sickness,' a col-
lection of hymns, and in the same year was
made rector of Fonthill Bishop, Wiltshire.
He published his ' Farewell Sermon ' to his
Cheam flock, having preached it on 28 Sept.
In 1864 he published ' The History of Isaac.'
He died at the rectory 20 Dec. 1865, aged 71.
The editorship of ' The Vision,' a humorous
illustrated poem on Jonathan Boucher's phi-
lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden,
bart., and published in 1820, has been wrongly
attributed to Bouchier.
[G-ent. Mag. 4th ser. 1866, i. 431-2; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] J. H.
BOUCHIER or BOURCHIER,
GEORGE (d. 1643), royalist, was a wealthy
merchant of Bristol, fie entered into a plot
with Robert Yeomans, who had been one of
the sheriffs of Bristol, and several others, to
deliver that city, on 7 March 1642-3, to Prince
Rupert, for the service of King Charles I ; but
the scheme being discovered and frustrated,
he was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im-
prisonment, brought to trial before a council
of war. They were both found guilty and
hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May
1643. In his speech to the populace at the
place of execution Bouchier exhorted all
those who had set their hands to the plough
(meaning the defence of the royal cause) not
to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's
sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in
the king's service. There is a small portrait
of Bouchier in the preface to Winstanley's
' Loyall Martyrology,' 1665.
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843),
389; Lloyd's Memoires (1677), 565; Winstan-
ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5; Granger's Biog.
Hist, of England (1824), iii. 110; Barrett's
Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T. C.
BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822-1878), land-
scape painter, third child of a shoemaker,
originally from Somersetshire, was born at
Carlisle on 8 Jan. 1822, and when a boy
assisted at his father's craft. Later he was
for a short time engaged in the office of the
town clerk of Carlisle ; but, while still young,
abandoned the prospects of a law career, and
Boughen
Boughen
wandered about the country, making sketches
in water colour, and associating with gipsies.
In the course of his wanderings he visited
London several times ; first in 1838, when
he made some copies in the National Gallery.
He was never at any school of art. In 1845
he obtained employment as a scene-painter
at Manchester, and was thence taken by the
manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar-
ried Isabella Taylor, a singer at the theatre.
His abilities were recognised by Sir D.
Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to
give up his work at the theatre for land-
scape painting. He began in 1849 a more
earnest study of nature, working at Hamil-
ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest,
and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his
1 Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his
principal works may be mentioned : l Canty
Bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,'
1 London from Shooter's Hill,' ' Kirkwall,'
' Borrowdale ' (engraved in ' Art Journal,'
1871), ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban-
nockburn and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild-
ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra-
tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie
& Co. and by other publishers ; produced a
few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve-
ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up
the practice of scene-painting.
In 1856 he became an associate of the
Royal Scottish Academy, and on 10 Feb.
1875 a full member. For the last twenty
years of his life his abode was fixed at Edin-
burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878.
Although Bough at times painted in oil,
the majority of his works, and among them
his best, are in water colour. His style was
much influenced by his practice as a scene-
painter, and is characterised by great breadth,
freedom, and boldness of execution, with
power over atmospheric effects, but with at
times some deficiency in the quality of colour.
A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a
rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes
sarcastic manner, a warm heart and a mind
cultivated by loving knowledge of some
branches of older English literature. He was
a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and
the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection
of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow
Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh
in 1884.
[Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots-
man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in
Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 5 July 1884 ;
Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-H.
BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587-
1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck-
inghamshire, and received his education at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford
(B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed
chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ;
he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk-
shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated
to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The
presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe-
titioned against him in 1640 for having acted
as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected
from both his livings. Thereupon he retired
to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on
1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of
the garrison to the parliamentary forces;
he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent.
Wood says : ' This Dr. Boughen, as I have
been informed, lived to see his majesty re-
stored, and what before he had lost, he did
obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen
died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus
minus.' It is not improbable that he is
identical with the Edward Boughen, pre-
bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches-
ter, whose death occurred between 29 May
and 11 Aug. 1660 (WALKER, Sufferings of
the Clergy, ed. 1714, ii. 13).
Boughen was a learned man and a staunch
defender of the church of England. He
published : 1. Several sermons, including
' Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, ne-
cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity
in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can-
terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch-
bishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church,
April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635, 8vo ; reprinted in
1714, l with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D.,
rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some
account of the author, also vindicating him
and the preachers, who flourished under King
James I and King Charles I, from the reflec-
tions cast upon them in a late preface before
a sermon of Abp. Whit gift's.' 2. ' An Ac-
count of the Church Catholick : where it was
before the Reformation, and whether Rome
were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer
to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to.
A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris,
appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant,
as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho-
lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow
of New Coll. in Oxon.' (WooD, Athena Oxon.
ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. ' Observations upon
the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at
Westminster. After Advice had with their
Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of
Ministers pro Tempore, according to their
Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex-
amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645.
4. ' Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo-
sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng-
land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668,
Boughton
Boultbee
1671. The later editions bear this title : 'A
short Exposition of the Catechism of the
Church of England, with the Church Cate-
chism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in
English and Latin for the use of Scholars,'
Lond. 1671, 12mo. Some of the prayers an-
nexed are very singular. That for the king
implores ' that our sovereign King Charles
may be strengthened with the faith of Abra-
ham, endued with the mildness of Moses,
armed with the magnanimity of Joshua,
exalted with the humility of David, beauti-
fied with the wisdom of Solomon ; ' for the
queen : l That our most gracious queen Catha-
rine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving
to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise
as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah,'
&c. 5. 'Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience
sifted ; wherein is enquired whether the king
(considering his oath at coronation to protect
the clergy and their priviledges) can with a
safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of
Episcopacy,' Lond. 1648, 1650, 4to. Geree
published a reply under the title of Smoppayia,
the Sifter's Sieve broken.' 6. Poems in the
university collections on King James's visit
to Christ Church in 1605, and on the mar-
riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613.
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 388-90,
Fasti, i. 333, 347, ii. 100; Addit. MS. 5863,
f. 215 b ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill ; Kennett's Re-
gister and Chronicle, 597, 842, 843, 861
Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), 73.]
T. C.
BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr,
was an old widow of eighty years or more,
who held certain of Wycliffe's opinions. She
was said to be the mother of a lady named
Young, who was suspected of the like
doctrines. She was burnt at Smithfield
28 April 1494.
[Fabyan, p. 685, ed. Ellis ; Foxe's Acts and
Monuments, iii. 704, iv. 7, ed. 1846.] W. H.
BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1876), secre-
tary and director of the Liverpool, London,
and Globe Insurance Company, commenced
life in Liverpool as local agent for insurance
offices. In 1836 he founded the Liverpoo
Fire Office, which, after struggling with many
difficulties, became, through Boult's energy,
the largest fire insurance office in the world
After the great fires in Liverpool of 1842-i
Boult offered to the merchants of Liverpool
opportunities of insuring their merchandise
against fire in the various parts of the worlc
where it was lying awaiting transshipment
Agencies, which proved very successful, were
gradually opened in various parts of America
and Canada, in the Baltic, in the Mediter-
anean, and afterwards in the East generally,
ind in Australia. About 1848 the company,
3n account of the number of its London clients,
>ecame known as the Liverpool and London ;
fterwards, on absorbing the business of the
jlobe Insurance Company, under the autho-
rity of parliament the present title of Liver-
3Ool, London, and Globe was assumed. The
company now transacts a large business in all
:he leading mercantile countries of the world,
its premiums from fire insurance alone con-
siderably exceeding one million per annum.
Boult was the principal means of intro-
ducing * tariff rating ' as applied to cotton mills,
whereby real improvements in construction
are taken into account in determining the pre-
miums ; he originated the Liverpool Salvage
Committee, did much to secure the passing of
the Liverpool Fire Prevention Act, and de-
vised a uniform policy for the tariff fire offices.
He made the circuit of the globe in order to
render himself familiar with the real nature
of the fire risks which his company, in com-
mon with other fire offices, was called upon
to accept ; became managing director of his
company, and gave evidence before various
parliamentary committees on points affecting
the practice of fire insurance, especially before
that on fire protection which sat in 1867. He
died in 1876, aged 67.
[Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W.
BOULTBEE, THOMAS POWNALL,
LL.D. (1818-1884), divine, the eldest son of
Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar
of Bidford, Warwickshire, was born on 7 Aug.
1818. He was sent to Uppingham school in
1833, which he left with an exhibition to St.
John's College, Cambridge. He took the de-
gree of B. A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In
March 1842 he was elected fellow of his col-
lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844. He took
orders immediately ; and after holding one or
two curacies, and taking pupils, he became
curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten-
ham, afterwards dean of Carlisle. From 1852
to 1863 he was theological tutor and chaplain
of Cheltenham College. In 1863 he assumed
the principalship of the newly instituted Lon-
don College of Divinity, at first located in a
private house at Kilburn, where the principal
entered upon his task with a single student.
Two years afterwards it was moved to St.
John's Hall, Highbury, and the number of
pupils rose to fifty or sixty. In 1884 the
number of students in residence was sixty-
eight. Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in
1872, and in October 1883 received from the
Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, the preben-
dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan.
Boulter
Boulter
1884, and was buried at Chesham, Bucking-
hamshire,'of which, his youngest son was vicar.
Besides a few sermons and occasional
papers, Dr. Boultbee published: 1. ' The
Alleged Moral Difficulties of the Old Tes-
tament, a Lecture delivered in connection
with the^Christian Evidence Society,' 28 June
1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. < The Annual
Address of the Victoria Institute, or Philoso-
phical Society of Great Britain,' 8vo, London,
1873. 3. ' A Commentary on the Thirty-nine
Articles, forming an Introduction to the
Theology of the Church of England,' 8vo,
London, 1871, and other editions. 4. ' A
History of the Church of England Pre-Re-
formation Period,' 8vo, London, 1879.
[Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873; Crockford's
Clerical Directory; Times, 1 Feb. 1884; Eev.
C. H. Waller, St. John's Hall, Highbury, in the
Eock, 8 Feb. 1884; Eecord, 1, 8, and 15 Feb.
1884, where appear a funeral sermon by Bishop
Eyle, and communications from Gr. C., A. P., and
the Eev. Thomas Lewthwaite, Newsome Vicarage,
Huddersfield.] A. H. G.
BOULTER, HUGH (1672-1742), arch-
bishop of Armagh, born in London 4 Jan.
1671-2, was descended from a 'reputable and
.estated family.' His father was John Boulter
of St. Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant
Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated
at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was
an associate of Addison, and was subse-
quently made fellow of Magdalen College
(B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, D.D. 1708). In
1700 he received the appointment of chaplain
to Sir Charles Hedges, secretary of state,
and afterwards acted in the same capacity to
Archbishop Tenison. Through the patronage
of Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland, Boul-
ter was appointed to St. Olave's, Southwark
(1708), and archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16).
With Ambrose Philips, Zachary Pierce,
bishop of Rochester, and others, Boulter
contributed to a periodical established in
1718, and entitled < The Free Thinker.' In
1719 Boulter attended George I as chaplain
to Hanover, and was employed to instruct
Prince Frederick in the English language.
The king in the same year appointed him
bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ Church,
Oxford. Five years subsequently George
nominated Boulter to the primacy of the
protestant church in Ireland, then vacant,
which he for a time hesitated to accept. The
king's letter for his translation from the see of
Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug.
1724. In November of that year he arrived
in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips accompanied
him as his secretary. As a member of the
privy council and lord justice in Ireland
Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity
to governmental business, as well as to the
affairs of the protestant church. He approved
of the withdrawal of Wood's patent for cop-
per coinage. On other points he differed both
with William King, archbishop of Dublin,
and with Swift. One of Swift's last public
acts was his condemnation of the measure
promoted by Boulter for diminishing the value
of gold coin and increasing the quantity of
silver currency, which it was apprehended
would, by causing an advance in the rent of
land, increase the absentee drain from Ire-
land. Swift, in some satirical verses, ridi-
culed Boulter's abilities. Through Sir Robert
Walpole and his connections in England
Boulter acquired a predominating influence
in administration and in the parliament at
Dublin, where he considered himself to be
the head of the * English interest.' Boulter's
state policy, to secure what he styled l a good
footing ' for the ' English interest ' in Ireland,
was to confer important posts in church and
state there on his own countrymen, to repress
efforts of the protestants in Ireland towards
constitutional independence, and to leave the
Roman catholics subjected to penal legisla-
tion. By a statute enacted through Boulter's
influence the Roman catholics were excluded
from the legal profession, and disqualified
from holding offices connected with the ad-
ministration of law. Under another act passed
through Boulter's exertions they were de-
prived of the right of voting at elections for
members of parliament or magistrates the
sole constitutional right which they had been
allowed to exercise. Boulter forwarded with
great energy the scheme for protestant charter
schools, with a view to strengthen the ' Eng-
lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to
the church of England. He gave many liberal
contributions to protestant churches, and for
the relief of the poor in periods of distress in
Ireland. As a memorial of his charity, in
1741 a full-length portrait of him by Francis
Bindon was placed in the hall of the poor
house, Dublin. Boulter repeatedly held of-
fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab-
sence of the viceroy, Carteret, and his suc-
cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and Devonshire.
The death of Boulter occurred at London on
27 Sept. 1742. He was interred in the north
transept of Westminster Abbey, where a
marble monument and bust were placed over
his remains. * Sermons,' and l A Charge at
his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725,'
are his only published productions, with the
exception of a portion of his correspondence.
A selection of his letters was printed in two
volumes at Oxford in 1769, under the super-
intendence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted
Boulton
8
Boulton
as his, secretary in Ireland. This series con-
sists of letters from November 1724 to De-
cember 1738, to state officials and eminent
churchmen in England. They were repub-
lished at Dublin in 1770 by George Faulkner,
who, in his introduction to them, observed
that Boulter, with all his virtues, ' was too
partially favourable to the people of England
and too much prejudiced against the natives
of Ireland.' In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden
published at London ' Boulter's Monument,
a panegyrical poem.' This production, dedi-
cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re-
vised by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by him
in his dictionary. A full-length portrait
of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen College,
and a bust of him is in the library of Christ
Church, Oxford.
[Letters of Hugh Boulter, D.D., 1769-70;
Biographia Britannica, 1780; O'Conor's Hist, of
Irish Catholics, 1813 ; Stuart's Hist. Memoirs of
Armagh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott,
1824 ; Works of Samuel Johnson, 1825 ; Mant's
Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Boswell's Life
of Johnson, ed. Napier, 1884 ; C. J. Robinson's
Registers of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 315.]
J. T. GK
BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809),
engineer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept.
1728, where his father, Matthew Boulton the
elder, had long been carrying on the trade, ac-
cording to Dr. Smiles, of a silver stamper and
piercer. The Boultons were a Northamp-
tonshire family, but John, the grandfather
of the younger Matthew, settled in Lich-
field, and Matthew the elder was sent to
Birmingham to enter into business, in con-
sequence of the reduced fortunes of the
family. The younger Boulton entered his
father's business early, and soon set himself
to extend it. This he had succeeded in doing
to a considerable extent, when in 1759 his
father died. In the following year he mar-
ried Anne Robinson of Lichfield, with
whom he received a considerable dower.
Being thus able to command additional
capital, he determined to enlarge his opera-
tions still further, and with this view he
founded the famous Soho works. About the
same time he also entered into partnership i
with Mr. Fothergill. The works were opened
in 1762, and soon obtained a reputation for !
work of a higher character than it was then
usual to associate with the name of Birming-
ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve
not only the workmanship, but the artistic
merit of his wares, and for this purpose em-
ployed agents to procure for him the finest t
examples of art-work not only in metal, but
in pottery and other materials, which he :
employed as models for his own produc-
tions.
The growth of the factory, and the con-
sequent increased need for motive power
more abundant than the water-power with
which Soho was but scantily furnished, led
Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam
engine, then only used for pumping. He
himself made experiments, and constructed
a model of an improved engine, but nothing
came of it. Watt was then in partnership
with Roebuck, endeavouring unsuccessfully
to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a friend
of Boulton, and told him of Watt and his
experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to
Soho in 1767 and 1768 made him anxious
to secure the help of Boulton and to avail
himself of the resources in Soho in perfect-
ing the engine, while Boulton was on his
side desirous of getting Watt's aid in the
construction of an engine for the works.
For some time negotiations as to a partner-
ship between the two went on, but they
came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in
1772. As a set-off against a claim of 1,2007.,
Boulton then accepted Roebuck's share in
the engine patent, and entered into partner-
ship with Watt. In consequence of Boul-
ton's advice the act of parliament was pro-
cured by which the patent rights were
extended for a period of twenty-four years
(with the six expired years of the original
patent, thirty years in all). The history
of the difficulties which were vanquished
by the mechanical skill of one partner and
by the energy of the other will more fitly be
related in the account of Watt [see WATT,
JAMES], but it may be said here that if the
completion of the steam engine was due
to Watt, its introduction at that time
was due to Boulton. He devoted to the
enterprise not only all the capital he pos-
sessed, but all he could raise from any
source whatever, and indeed he brought
himself to the verge of bankruptcy before
the work was completed and the engine a
commercial success. He kept up the droop-
ing spirits of his partner, and would never
allow him to despond, when he was almost
inclined to despair of his own invention.
Of course at last he had his reward, but it
was not until after six or seven years' labour
and anxiety, and when he had passed his
sixtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1787 as the
year when Watt began to realise a profit
from the engine, but the greater outlay for
which Boulton had been responsible made
it some time later before he got clear from
his liabilities and began to make a profit.
The reform of the copper coinage was an-
other important movement with which
Boulton
Bouquet
Boulton was connected in the latter part of
his life. In 1788 he set up several coining
presses at Soho to be worked by steam (he
patented his press in 1790), and after making
large quantities of coins for the East India
Company, for foreign governments, and for
some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook
the production of a new copper coinage for
Great Britain. He also supplied machinery
to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced
in 1805, and until quite lately part at least
of our money was coined by the old machinery
constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was
not until the reorganisation of the mint ma-
chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was
finally abandoned.
In the scientific society of his time Boul-
ton held a prominent place. Among his
intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin,
Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow
of the Royal Society and a member of the
Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society
of note. His house at Soho was the meeting-
place for all scientific men, both English and
foreign. He died there 18 Aug. 1809.
[Smiles's Lives of Boulton and "Watt (founded
on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's
Life of Watt, London, 1858 ; Gent. Mag. 1809,
780, 883, 979.] H. T. W.
BOULTON, RICHARD (ft. 1697-1724),
physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was
the author of a number of works on the medical
and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason
of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con-
cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. ' An
Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,'
1699. 4. < Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by
his Letter to Dr. Leigh,' 1699. 5. ' System of
Rational and Practical Chirurgery,' 1699 ;
2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the
Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699-
1700. 7. ' Physico-Chirurgical Treatises of
the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve-
nerea,' 1714. 8. 'Essay on External Reme-
dies,' 1715. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721.
10. ' Vindication of the Compleat History of
Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the
Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though
apparently learned in the science of his pro-
fession, he was seemingly not successful in
his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane
he states that he undertook to write an
abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account
of ' misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in
another letter he mentions that successive
misfortunes had made him the object of his
compassion, and begs him to effect something
towards putting him in a way to live. In
the preface to the ' Vindication of the His-
tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for
some time out of England.
[Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ;
Sloane MS. 4038.]
BOUND, NICHOLAS (d. 1613). [See
BOWNDE.]
BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-1765), gene-
ral, born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne,
Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet
in the regiment of Constant in the service of
the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was
made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he
passed into the service of the king of Sardinia,
and distinguished himself in the wars against
France and Spain. The accounts he sent to
Holland of these campaigns having attracted
| the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was
j engaged by him in the service of the republic.
As captain-commandant, with the rank of
I lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Swiss
guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748,
j he was sent to the Low Countries to receive
from the French the places they were about
to evacuate. A few months afterwards he
accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels
in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the
war between the French and English settlers
in America in 1754 he was appointed lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi-
ment which was then raised in three bat-
talions, and by his integrity and capacity
gained great credit, especially in Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent
by General Amherst from Canada with mili-
tary stores and provisions for the relief of
Fort Pitt, and on 5 Aug. was attacked by a
powerful body of the Indians near the defile
of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated
them that they gave up their designs against
Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set-
tlements. In the following year he was sent
from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and
succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese,
Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of
peace. At the conclusion of the peace with
the Indians he was made brigadier-general
and commandant of all troops in the south-
ern colonies of British America. He died in
the autumn of 1765 at Pensacola, from an
epidemic then prevalent among the troops.
[The account of General Bouquet's Expedition
against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published
at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London
in the following year. The work has been as-
cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the
United States, who supplied the map, but pro-
perly belongs to Dr. William Smith, provost of
the College of Philadelphia. An edition in
French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori-
cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at
Bouquett
IO
Bourchier
Amsterdam in 1769. An English translation of
this life is added to an edition of the work pub-
lished at Cincinnati in 1868, and forming vol. i.
of the Ohio Historical Series. The letters and
documents formerly belonging to Bouquet, and
relating to military events in America, 1757-
1765, occupy thirty volumes of manuscripts in
the British Museum, Add. MSS. 21631-21660.
In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven-
tory of his property and of his will.]
T. F. H.
BOUQUETT, PHILIP, D.D. (1669-
1748), Hebrew professor, was educated at
"Westminster School, whence he was elected
in 1689 to a scholarship at Trinity College,
Cambridge. He became B.A. 1692, M.A.
1696,B.D. 1706,D.D. 1711. Whenavacancy
occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in
1704, which it was thought desirable to con-
fer on Sike, Bouquett was temporarily ap-
pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the
famous oriental scholar, for whom the post
was reserved. Sike was definitely elected in
August 1705, but on the professorship falling
vacant again seven years later, Bouquett was
elected to fill it permanently. He died senior
fellow of Trinity on 12 Feb. 1747-8, aged 79.
Cole describes him as 'born in France, an old
miserly refugee, who died rich in college, and
left his money among the French refugees.
He was a meagre, thin man, bent partly
double, and for his oddities and way of living
was much ridiculed.' He refused to sign the
petition against Dr. Bentley. Bouquett con-
tributed a copy of elegiacs to the university
collection of poems on the death of George I
and accession of George II in 1727.
[Welch's Al. West. 214 ; Gent. Mag. xviii. 92 ;
Cole's MSS. xxxiii. 274, xlv. 244, 334 ; Monk's
Life of Bentley, i. 186, 329-30.] J. M.
BOURCHIER, GEORGE. [See Bou-
CHIER.]
BOURCHIER, HENRY, EARL OP ESSEX
(d. 1483), was the son of Sir William Bour-
chier, earl of Ewe or Eu, and of Anne,
daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of
Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of
Stafford. He was therefore great-grandson of
Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed-
ward III, brother of Thomas [q.v.], archbishop
of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John,
duke of N orfolk, and half-brother of Humfrey,
duke of Buckingham. Early in the reign of
Henry VI he served in the French war, going
to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke
of York. He succeeded his father as earl of
Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament
by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the
barony of Bourchier. He served in France
under the Duke of York, was appointed lieu-
tenant-general in 1440, and in 1443 \vas cap-
tain of Crotoy in Picardy. He was summoned
to parliament as Viscount Bourchier in 1446.
He married Isabel, daughter of Richard, earl
of Cambridge, and aunt of Edward IV. In
1451 he served on the commission of oyer and
terminer for Kent and Sussex. The battle of
St. Albans made the Duke of York and his
party the masters of the king, and on 29 May
1455 Henry appointed Bourchier, the duke's
brother-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom.
Bourchier held office until 5 Oct. 1456, and
was then succeeded by the Earl of Shrewsbury
a change that l perhaps indicates that the
mediating policy of the Duke of Buckingham
was exchanged for a more determined one'
(STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 176) ; for up to this
time the Bourcliiers, in spite of their close
connection with the house of York, held a kind
of middle place between the two parties, and,
though the queen's party came into power in
February, continued to hold office in what
may be called the Lancastrian government.
His and his brother's sudden discharge from
office was put down to the queen's influence
(Paston Letters, i. 408). In 1460 Bourchier
was with the Earls of March and Warwick
at the battle of Northampton, and was there-
fore by that time a declared partisan of the
duke. On the accession of his nephew, Ed-
ward IV, he was created earl of Essex (30 June
1461) ; lie was made treasurer for the second
time, and held office for a year. He received
from the king the castle of Werk and the
honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to-
gether with many other estates in different
counties. In 1471 the earl was again made
treasurer, and retained his office during the
rest of his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John
de Vere, earl of Oxford, landed at St. Osyth's,
Essex and others rode against him and com-
pelled him to re-embark (Paston Letters, iii.
92). In this year also he was for about a
month keeper of the great seal during the
vacancy of the chancellorship. Essex died
4 April 1483, and was buried at Bylegh. He
had a large family. His eldest son, William,
who married Anne Woodville, died during his
lifetime, and he was therefore succeeded by
his grandson, Henry [q. v.] His second son,
Sir Henry Bourchier, married the daughter
and heiress of Lord Scales ; the third son,
Humfrey, Lord Cromwell, died in the battle
of Barnet ; the fourth son, Sir John, married
the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of
Groby. He had four other children.
[Polydore Vergil's Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603;
Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; Will. Worcester ;
Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 129 ; Stubbs's Constitu-
tional History, iii. 176 ; Foss's Judges of Eng-
land, iv. 423.] W. H.
Bourchier
Bourchier
BOURCHIER, HENRY, second EAEL
OF ESSEX (d. 1539), was the son of William
Bourchier and the grandson of Henry Bour-
chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne
Woodville, sister of the queen of Edward IV.
He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was
a member of the privy council of Henry VII.
In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou-
logne. At the knighthood of Henry, duke ; endangered
folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di-
vision being made of the council in 1526 for
purposes of business, his name was placed
with those who were to treat of matters of
law. He joined in the letter sent by a num-
ber of English nobles to Clement VII in
1530, warning him that imless he hastened
the king's
of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro-
minent part in the ceremonies, and was one
of the challengers at the jousts held in honour
of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de-
tachment against the rebels at Blackheath.
He accompanied the king and queen when
they crossed to Calais in 1500, to hold an in-
terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The
next year he was one of those appointed to
meet Catherine of Arragon. On the acces-
sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of
the new bodyguard. During the early years
of the king's reign he took a prominent part
in the revels in which Henry delighted.
Constant references may be found in the
State Papers to the earl's share in these en-
tertainments. For example, in 1510 he and
others, the king among the number, dressed
themselves as Robin Hood's men in a revel
given for the queen's delectation. He was also
constantly employed in state ceremonies, such
as meeting papal envoys, as in 1514, when
the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in
1515, when he met the prothonotary who
brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ;
and in 1524, when Dr. Hanyball came over
with the golden rose for the king. These
and such like engagements necessarily put
him to great expense. He received some
grants from Henry, and appears both as a
pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On
one occasion his tailor seems to have had
some difficulty in getting his bill settled.
He served at the sieges of Terouenne and
Tournay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears '
(HERBEKT) in 1513, and the next year was
made chief captain of the king's forces. When
the king's sister Margaret, widow of James
IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought
refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in
company with the king, Suffolk, and Sir G.
Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in
her honour. In 1520 he attended the king
at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes.
He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of
Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed-
minster as his share of the duke's estates.
In 1525, when engaged in raising money for
the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote
to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in-
surrection, and by the king's command took
a company to the borders of Essex and Suf-
divorce, his supremacy would be
1. While riding a young horse, in
1539, he was thrown and broke his neck.
As he had no male issue by his wife Mary,
his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour-
chier) became extinct at his death. His
barony descended to his daughter Anne, who
married William Parr, afterwards Earl of
Essex.
[Hall's Chron. (Hen. VIII), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed.
1548; Stow's Annals; Polydore Vergil's Historia
Anglica, 1437, 1521, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Eic. Ill
and Hen. VII, Eolls Series ; Herbert's Life and
Keign of Henry VIII, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers,
Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim; Dugdale's Baron-
age, ii. 130.] W. H.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN
DE (d. 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as
deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford,
to represent him in the parliament summoned
in 1306 for the purpose of granting an aid on
the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving
knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to
postpone the assumption of the same rank
for three years in consideration of paying a
fine of lOOs. In 1314-y> he appears as one
of the justices of assize for the counties of
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap-
pears in various commissions for the years
1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he
was summoned to parliament at Westminster,
apparently for the first time, as a justice, and
on the '31st of the same month was appointed
a justice of the common bench. Next year
he was engaged in trying certain persons
charged with making forcible entry upon the
manors of Hugh le Despenser, in Glamorgan-
shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in-
vestigating a charge of malversation against
certain commissioners of forfeited estates in
Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases
of extortion by sheriffs, commissioners of
array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford,
and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on
a special commission for the trial of persons
accused of complicity in the fabrication of
miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows
on which Henry de Montfort and Henry de
Wylyngton had been hanged at Bristol. In
February 1325-6 he was placed at the head
of a commission to try a charge of poaching
brought by the Bishop of London and the
dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a
Bourchier
12
Bourchier
number of persons alleged to have taken a
large fish, ' qui dicitur cete,' from the manor
of Walton, in violation of a charter of
Henry III, by which the chapter claimed the
exclusive right to all large fish found on
their estates, the tongue only being reserved
to the king. In the same year he was en-
gaged in trying cases of extortion by legal
officials in Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, and
Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the
conservators of the peace in Lincolnshire.
In December of this year he was summoned
to parliament for the last time. He was re-
appointed justice of the common bench
shortly after the accession of Edward III,
the patent being dated 24 March 1326-7.
The last fine was levied before him on Ascen-
sion day 1329. He died shortly afterwards,
as we know from the fact that in the follow-
ing year his heir, Robert, was put in posses-
sion of his estates by the king. By his mar-
riage with Helen, daughter and heir of
Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor
of Stanstead, in Halstead, Essex, adjoining
an estate which he had purchased in 1312.
He was buried in Stanstead Church.
[Parl. Writs, i. 164, 166, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139-
140, 236, 351, 419, pt, ii. 110-11, 119, 134-5,
139, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 188, 193, 230-2, 237,
241, 283, 288; Rot, Parl. i. 449 b Dugdale's
Orig. 45 ; Rot. Orig. Abbrev. ii. 44 ; Gal. Rot.
Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m. 10 ; Rymer's Fcedera (ed.
Clarke), ii. 619 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 253 ; Foss's
Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R.
BOURCHIER, JOHN, second BARON
BERNERS (1467 -1533), statesman and author,
was the son of Humphrey Bourchier, by
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney,
and widow of Sir Thomas Howard. His
father was slain at the battle of Barnet
(14 April 1471) fighting in behalf of Ed-
ward IV, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey (WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments,
1632, p. 482). His grandfather, John, the
youngest son of William Bourchier, earl of
Ewe, was created Baron Berners in 1455, and
died in 1474. Henry Bourchier [q. v.], the
Earl of Ewe's eldest son and the second Lord
Berners's granduncle, became Earl of Essex in
1461. Another granduncle, Thomas Bour-
chier [q. v.], was archbishop of Canterbury
from 1454 to 1486.
In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his
grandfather as Baron Berners. He is believed
to have studied for some years at Oxford, and
Wood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col-
lege. But little is known of his career till
after the accession of Henry VII. In 1492
he entered into a contract ' to serue the king in
his warres beyond see on hole yeere with two
speres ' (RYMER, Fc&dera, xii. 479). In 1497
he helped to repress the Cornish rebellion in
behalf of Perkin Warbeck. It is fairly cer-
tain that he and Henry VIII were acquainted
as youths, and the latter showed Berners
much favour in the opening years of his reign.
In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue to
Calais, and was present at the capture of
Terouenne. Later in the same year he was mar-
shal of the Earl of Surrey's army in Scotland.
When the Princess Mary married Louis XII
(9 Oct. 1514), Berners was sent with her to
France as her chamberlain. But he did not
remain abroad. On 18 May 1514 he had
been granted the reversion to the office of
chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 May
1516 he appears to have succeeded to the post.
In 1518 Berners was sent with John Kite,
archbishop of Armagh, on a special mission to
Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII
and Charles of Spain. The letters of the
envoys represent Berners as suffering from
severe gout. He sent the king accounts of
the bull-baiting and other sports that took
place at the Spanish court. The negotiations
dragged on from April to December, and the
irregularity with which money was sent to
the envoys from home caused them much
embarrassment (cf.Berners to Wolsey, 26 July
1518, in BRE WEE'S Letters fyc. of Henry
VIII}. Early in 1519 Berners was again
in England, and he, with his wife, attended
Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of
Gold in the next year. The privy council
thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of
the ceremonial which he forwarded to them.
Throughout this period Berners, when in
England, regularly attended parliament, and
was in all the commissions of the peace
issued for Hertfordshire and Surrey. But
his pecuniary resources were failing him.
He had entered upon several harassing law-
suits touching property in Staffordshire,
Wiltshire, and elsewhere. As early as 1511
he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the
loan was frequently repeated. In Decem-
ber 1520 he left England to become deputy
of Calais, during pleasure, with 100Z. yearly
as salary and 104/. as ' spyall money.' His
letters to Wolsey and other officers of state
prove him to have been busily engaged in suc-
ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica-
tions of Calais and in watching the armies of
France and the Low Countries in the neigh-
bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V.
In 1528 he obtained grants of manors in
Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Oxford-
shire. In 1529 and 1531 he sent Henry VIII
gifts of hawks (Privy Purse Expenses, pp. 54,
231). But his pecuniary troubles were in-
creasing, and his debts to the crown remained
Bourchier
Bourchier
unpaid. Early in 1532-3, while Berners was
very ill, Henry VIII directed his agents in
Calais to watch over the deputy's personal
effects in the interests of his creditors. On
16 March 1532-3 Berners died, and he was
buried in the parish church of Calais by his
special direction. All his goods were placed
under arrest and an inventory taken, which
is still at the Record Office, and proves
Berners to have lived in no little state.
Eighty books and four pictures are men-
tioned among his household furniture. By
his will (3 March 1532-3) he left his chief
property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his
executor, who became earl of Huntingdon in
1544 (Chronicle of Calais, Camd. Soc. p. 164).
Berners married Catherine, daughter of John
Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had a
daughter, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmund
Knyvet of Ashwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc-
ceeded to her father's estates in England.
Small legacies were also left to his illegiti-
mate sons, Humphrey, James, and George.
The barony of Berners was long in abey-
ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress
died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas
Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him
the barony, but died in 1616 before his claim
could be ratified. In 1720 Elizabeth, a great-
granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was confirmed
in the barony and bore the title of Baroness
Berners, but she died without issue in 1743,
and the barony fell again into abeyance. A
cousin of this lady in the third degree married
in 1720 Henry Wilson of Didlington, Norfolk,
and their grandson, Robert Wilson, claimed
and secured the barony in 1832. The barony
is now held by a niece of Henry William
Wilson (1797-1871), the third bearer of the
restored title.
While at Calais Berners devoted all his
leisure to literary pursuits. History, whether
real or fictitious, always interested him, and
in 1523 he published the first volume of his fa-
mous translation of (1) Froissart's Chronicles.
The second volume followed in 1525. Richard
Pynson was the printer. This work was un-
dertaken at the suggestion of Henry VHI
and was dedicated to him. Its style is re-
markably vivid and clear, and although a few
French words are introduced, Berners has
adhered so closely to the English idiom as
to give the book the character of an original
English work. It inaugurated the taste for
historical reading and composition by which
the later literature of the century is charac-
terised. Fabian, Hall, and Holinshed were
all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a
reprint of Berners's translation in 1812, and
although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart
(1803-5) has now very generally superseded
that of Berners, the later version is wanting
in the literary flavour which still gives
Berners's book an important place in Eng-
lish literature. But chivalric romance had
even a greater attraction for Berners than
chivalric history, and four lengthy transla-
tions from the French or Spanish were com-
pleted by him. The first was doubtless
(2) ' Huon of Burdeux,' translated from the
great prose French Charlemagne romance,
about 1530, but not apparently published
till after Lord Berners's death. It is pro-
bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in
1534 under the direction of Lord George
Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, who had urged
Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford
has a unique copy of this book. A second
edition, apparently issued by Robert Copland
in 1570, is wholly lost. Two copies of a third
revised edition, dated 1601, are extant, of
which one is in the British Museum and the
other in the Bodleian. The first edition was
reprinted by the Early English Text Society
1883-5. (3) < The Castell of Love ' (by D. de
San Pedro) was translated from the Spanish
1 at the instaunce of Lady Elizabeth Carew,
late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.'
The first edition was printed by Robert Wyer
about 1540, and a second came from the press
of John Kynge about the same time. (4) * The
golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour
and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a
French version of Guevara's ' El redox de
Principes.' It was completed only six days
before Berners's death, and was under-
taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis
Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534,
and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553, 1557,
and 1559. A very definite interest attaches
to this book. It has been proved that English
< Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of
the Spanish Guevara. Lyly's ' Euphues ' was
mainly founded on Sir Thomas North's * Dial
of Princes ' (1558 and 1567), and the ' Dial
of Princes' is a translation of an enlarged
edition of Guevara's ' El Redox/ which was
first translated into English by Berners. The
marked popularity of Berners's original trans-
lation clearly points to him as the founder of
'Guevarism' or so-called Euphuism in England
(LANDMANN'S Euphuismus, Giessen, 1881).
Berners also translated from the French
(5) 'The History of the moost noble and
valyaunt knight, Artheur of Lytell Brytaine.'
The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812.
Wood, following Bale, attributes to Berners
a Latin comedy, (6) ' Ite ad Vineam,' which
he says was often acted after vespers at
Calais, and a tract on (7) ' The Duties of the
Inhabitants of Calais.' Nothing is known
now of the former work ; but the latter may
Bourchier
Bourchier
not improbably be identified with the elabo-
rate ' Ordinances for watch and ward of
Calais' in Cotton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89-
102 b}. These ordinances were apparently
drawn np before 1532, and have been printed
at length in the ' Chronicle of Calais ' pub-
lished by the Camden Society, pp. 140-62.
Warton states, on the authority of Oldys,
that Henry, lord Berners, translated some of
Petrarch's sonnets, but the statement is pro-
bably wholly erroneous (Hist. EngL Poet.
iii. 58).
Holbein painted a portrait of Berners in
his robes as chancellor of the exchequer
(WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor-
num, i. 82). The picture is now at Key-
thorpe Hall, Leicestershire, in the posses-
sion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It
was engraved for the Early English Text ,
Society's reprint of ' Huon of Burdeux ' |
(1884).
[Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 132-3 ; Marshall's
Genealogist's Guide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foster's
Peerage ; Bale's Cent. Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's
Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 72 ; Brewer's Letters
and Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-1534 ; Utter-
son's Memoir of Berners in his reprint of the
Froissart (1812); Walpole's Eoyal and Noble
Authors, i. 239-45 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Intro-
duction to the Early English Text Society's
reprint of Huon of Burdeux, ed. S. L. Lee.]
S. L. L.
BOURCHIER, SIB JOHN (d. 1660),
regicide, grandson and heir of Sir Ralph
Bourchier, of Benningborough, Yorkshire,
appears in 1620 in the list of adventurers
for Virginia as subscribing 371. 10s. In the
following year, having complained of the lord-
keeper for giving judgment against him in a
lawsuit, he was censured and obliged to
make a humble submission (Lords' Journals,
iii. 179-92). He suffered more severely in
a contest with Strafford concerning the en-
closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre,
near York. Sir John attempted to assert his
claims by pulling down the fences, for which
he was fined and imprisoned. Directly the
Long parliament met he petitioned, and his
treatment was one of the minor charges
against Strafford (RusHWORTH, Strajford's
Trial, p. 146 ; see also Straff. Corr. i. 86-88,
ii. 59). His name also appears among those
who signed the different Yorkshire petitions
in favour of the parliament, and a letter from
him describing the presentation of the peti-
tion of 3 June 1642 on Hey worth Moor, and
a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile
on that occasion, was printed by order of
the House of Commons (Commons' Journals,
6 June 1642). He entered the Long parlia-
ment amongst the ' recruiters ' as member
for Ripon (1645). In December 1648 he was
appointed one of the king's judges, and signed
the death-warrant. In February 1651, and
again in November 1652, he was elected a
member of the council of state, and finally
succeeded in obtaining a grant of 6,000/. out
of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it
is not evident what satisfaction he actually
obtained (Commons 1 Journals, 31 July 1651).
At the Restoration he was, with the other
regicides, summoned to give himself up, and
the speaker acquainted the House of Com-
mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660
(Journals). While the two houses were
quarrelling over the exceptions to be made
to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as-
serting to the last the justice of the king's
condemnation. 1 1 tell you it was a just act ;
God and all good men will own it' (LuDLOw's
Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 358). Sir John's son,
Barrington Bourchier, having aided in the
Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's
estate (Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1661,
p. 557).
[Noble's Regicides and House of Cromwell,
ii. 36 ; the Fairfax Correspondence (Civil Wars),
i. 338, contains a letter from Sir John Bourchier
to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministers in
Yorkshire.] C. H. F.
BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, RO-
BERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son
of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common
pleas, began life in the profession of arms.
He was returned as a member for the county
of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In
1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench
in Ireland. He was present at the battle of
Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament
of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When
on his return to England the king displaced
his ministers, he committed the great seal,
which had long been held by Archbishop
Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chi-
chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus
became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan-
cellor. His salary was fixed at 500 L, besides
the usual fees. In the struggle between the
king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld
the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, in-
terrupted his address to the bishops in the
Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged
him to submit to the king. When the parlia-
ment of 1341 extorted from the king his assent
to their petitions that the account of the royal
officers should be audited, and that the chan-
cellor and other great officers should be
nominated in parliament, and should swear
to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he
had not assented to these articles, and would
Bourchier
Bourchier
not be bound by them, as they were contrary
to his oath and to the laws of the realm.
He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and
delivered it to parliament. He resigned his
office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to par-
liament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In
1346 he accompanied the king on his expedi-
tion to France. He was in command of a
large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in
the first division of the army. He married
Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas
Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead
for eight priests ; but it probably never con-
tained so many, as its revenues were very
small. The king granted him the right of
free warren, and license to crenellate his
house. He died of the plague in 1349, and
was buried at Halstead.
[Eolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131 ; Keturn
of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng.
Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's
Judges of England, iii. 399-402 ; Campbell's
Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's
Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391 ; Dugdale's
Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi.
1453.] W. H.
BpURCHIER, THOMAS (1404P-1486),
cardinal, was the third son of William
Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne
Plantagenet, second daughter of Thomas of
Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, youngest
son of Edward III. His father had won the
title he bore by his achievements under
Henry V in France, and transmitted it to
his eldest son, Henry [q. v.j, who afterwards
was created earl of Essex. A second son, by
right of his wife, was summoned to parlia-
ment as Lord Fitzwarren. The third, Thomas,
the subject of this article, was born about
1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death
of his father. A fourth, John Bourchier, was
ennobled as Lord Berners [see BOTJKCHIER,
JOHN]. A daughter Eleanor married John
Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur-
name, and the fourth duke, his son, conse-
quently speaks of the cardinal as his uncle
(Paston Letters, ii. 382).
Thomas Bourchier was sent at an early
age to Oxford, and took up his abode at
Nevill's Inn, one of five halls or inns which
occupied the site of what is now Corpus
Christi College. In 1424 he obtained the
prebend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathedral,
and before 1427 he was made dean of St.
Martin's-le-Grand, London. He also received
the prebend of West Thurrock, in the free
chapel of Hastings. In 1433, though not yet
of full canonical age, he was recommended
for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the
death of Thomas Polton. But Polton had
died at Basle while attending the general
council, and the pope had already nominated
as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis-
bury. On the other hand the commons in
parliament addressed the king in favour of
Bourchier, putting forward, according to the
royal letters, the 'nighness of blood that our
well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto
us and the cunning and virtues that rest in
his person.' Accordingly Brouns was trans-
lated to Rochester, and the pope cancelled his
previous nomination to Worcester by an ante-
dated bull in favour of Bourchier, whose no-
mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434.
The temporalities of the see were restored to
him on 15 April 1435.
Meanwhile, in 1434, Bourchier was made
chancellor of the university of Oxford, a po-
sition which he held for three years, and which
implies at least that he took some interest
in scholarship, though we have no evidence
that he himself was a distinguished scholar.
Wood says that he took part in a convocation
of the university as early as 1428. But we
may reasonably surmise that his subsequent
promotions were as much owing to high birth
as to great abilities. He had not remained
long in the see of Worcester when, in 1435,
the bishopric of Ely fell vacant. The chapter,
at the instigation of John Tiptoft, the prior,
agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes-
sengers to Rome to procure bulls for his
translation. The bulls came, but as the
government refused to ratify his election,
Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's
ministers wished to reward Cardinal Louis
de Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen (chan-
cellor of France under the English king) with
the revenues of the bishopric of Ely. So by
an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand-
ing the opposition of Archbishop Chichele,
the bishopric was not filled up, but the arch-
bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator
of the see. But when he died in 1443, there
was no further difficulty in the way of Bour-
chier's promotion. He was nominated by the
king, elected by the chapter, and having re-
ceived a bull for his translation, dated 20 Dec.
1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo-
ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444.
There is little known of his life at this
time beyond the story of his promotions, and
what we hear of his conduct as bishop is
from a very adverse critic, the historian of
the monastery of Ely, who says that he was
severe and exacting towards the tenants, and
that he would never celebrate mass in his
own cathedral except on the day of his in-
stallation, which he put off till two years
after his appointment. It appears that in 1 438
there was an intention of sending Bourchier,
Bourchier
16
Bourchier
then bishop of Worcester, with others to the
council of Basle ; but it does not appear that
he actually went (NICOLAS, Privy Council
Proceedings, v. 92, 99). That he was often
called to the king's councils at Westminster
there is ample evidence to show.
In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of
Canterbury, died. A deputation of the lords
rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to
the king, and to signify to him, if possible, that
a new chancellor, a new primate, and a new
council required to be appointed. But Henry's
intellectual prostration was complete, and he
gave no sign that he understood the simplest
inquiry. The lords accordingly appointed the
Duke of York protector, and on 30 March the
council, in compliance with a petition from
the commons, recommended the Bishop of
Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury ' for
his great merits, virtues, and great blood that
he is of ' (Rolls of Parl. v. 450). Bourchier
was translated on 22 April following ; and we
may presume that he owed his promotion to
the Duke of York's influence. On 6 Sept. in
the same year William Paston writes from
London to his brother : t My lord of Canter-
bury hath received his cross, and I was with
him in the king's chamber when he made his
homage ' (Paston Letters, i. 303) . Apparently
he paid a conventional reverence to the poor
unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe-
bruary following.
On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed
lord chancellor, and received the seals at
Greenwich from the king himself, who had
recovered from his illness at the new year.
His appointment, in fact, was one consequence
of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis-
bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the
Duke of York) could not have been acceptable
to the queen. Bourchier apparently had to
some extent the good-will of both parties,
and was expected to preserve the balance be-
tween them in peculiarly trying times. Little
more than two months after his appointment,
when the Duke of York and his friends took
up arms and marched southwards, they ad-
dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor
declaring that their intentions were peace-
able and that they came to do the king service
and to vindicate their loyalty. Bourchier
sent a special messenger to the king at Kil-
burn, but the man was not allowed to come
into the royal presence, and neither the letter
to the archbishop nor an address sent by the
lords actually reached the king (Rolls of Parl.
v. 280-1). The result was the first battle of
St. Albans, which was the commencement of
the wars of the Roses.
A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol-
lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech
as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount
Bourchier, was at the same time appointed
lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pro-
rogued to November. Before it met again
the king had fallen a second time into the
same melancholy state of imbecility, and for
a second time it was necessary to make York
protector. The archbishop resigned the great
seal in October 1456, when the queen had ob-
tained a clear advantage over the Duke of
York, and got the king, who had been long
separated from her, down to Coventry, where
a great council was held. These changes
raised misgivings, even in some who were
not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck-
ingham, who was a son of the same mother as
the two Bourchiers, was ill-pleased at seeing
his brothers discharged from high offices of
state, and it was^said that he had interposed to
protect the Duke of York himself from unfair
treatment at the council (Paston Letters, i.
408). But the archbishop was a peacemaker ;
and the temporary reconciliation of parties in
the spring of 1458 appears to have been greatly
owing to him. He and Waynflete drew up
the terms of the agreement between the lords
on both sides, which was sealed on 24 March,
the day before the general procession at St.
Paul's.
Shortly before this, in the latter part of
the year 1457, the archbishop had been called
upon to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chichester,
as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one,
for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He
was first turned out of the king's council, the
archbishop as the chief person there ordering
his expulsion, and then required to appear be-
fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His writings
were examined by three other bishops and
condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop,
as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that
high authorities were against him in several
points, and told him to choose between re-
cantation and burning. The poor man's spirit
was quite broken, and he preferred recanta-
tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the
archbishop for some time at Canterbury and
Maidstone, and afterwards committed by him
to the custody of the abbot of Thorney.
In April 1459 Bourchier brought before
the council a request from Pius II that the
king would send an ambassador to a council
at Mantua, where measures were to be con-
certed for the union of Christendom against
the Turks (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceed-
ings, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nuncio,
after remaining nearly a year and a half in
England, gave up his mission as hopeless and
recrossed the Channel. But at Calais the Earl
of Warwick, who was governor there, won
him over to the cause of the Duke of York.
Bourchier
Bourchier
He recrossed the Channel with the Earls of
Warwick, March, and Salisbury, giving their
enterprise the sanction of the church. Bour-
chier met them at Sandwich with his cross
borne before them. A statement of the Yorkist
grievances had been forwarded to him by the
earls before their coming, and apparently he
had done his best to publish it. Accompanied
by a great multitude, the earls, the legate, and
the archbishop passed on to London, which
opened its gates to them on 2 July 1460. Next
day there was a convocation of the clergy at
St. Paul's, at which the earls presented them-
selves before the archbishop, declared their
grievances, and swore upon the cross of St.
Thomas of Canterbury that they had no de-
signs against the king. The political situation
was discussed by the bishops and clergy, and it
was resolved that the archbishop and five of
his suffragans should go with the earls to the
king at Northampton and use their efforts for
a peaceful settlement. Eight days later was
fought the battle of Northampton, at which
Henry was taken prisoner. The archbishop,
as agreed upon in convocation, accompanied
the earls upon their march from London, and
sent a bishop to the king to explain their
attitude ; but the bishop (of whose name we
are not informed) acted in a totally different
spirit and encouraged the king's party to fight.
When the Duke of York came over from
Ireland later in the year and challenged the
crown in parliament, the archbishop came up
to him and asked if he would not first come
and pay his respects to the king. * I do not
remember,' he replied, l that there is any one
in this kingdom who ought not rather to
come and pay his respects to me.' Bourchier
immediately withdrew to report this answer
to Henry. When, after the second battle of
St. Albans, the queen was threatening Lon-
don, the archbishop had betaken himself to
Canterbury, awaiting better news with the
young Bishop of Exeter, George Nevill, whom
the Yorkists had appointed lord chancellor.
Bourchier, though he had shown in the
house of peers that he did not favour York's
repudiation of allegiance, could not possibly
sympathise with the disturbance of a parlia-
mentary settlement and the renewal of strife
and tumult. From this time, at all events,
he was a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke
of York's eldest son came up to London and
called a council at his residence of Baynard's
Castle on 3 March, he was among the lords
who attended and agreed that Edward was
now rightful king. On 28 June he set the
crown upon Edward's head. Four years later,
on Sunday after Ascension day (26 May)
1465, he also crowned his queen, Elizabeth
Woodville.
VOL. vr.
For some years nothing more is known of
the archbishop's life except that Edward IV
petitioned Pope Paul II to make him a car-
dinal in 1465, and it appears that he was
actually named by that pope accordingly on
Friday, 18 Sept. 1467. But some years elapsed
before the red hat was sent and his title of
cardinal was acknowledged in England. In
1469 the pope wrote to the king promising
that it should be sent very shortly ; but the
unsettled state of the country, and the new
revolution which for half a year restored
Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed
its transmission still further, and it was only
sent by the succeeding pope, Sixtus IV, in
1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May.
By this time the archbishop had given
further proofs of his devotion to Edward.
He and his brother, whom the king had
created earl of Essex after his coronation,
not only raised troops for his restoration in
1471, but were mediators with the Duke of
Clarence before his arrival in England, and
succeeded in winning him over again to his
brother's cause. After the king was again
peacefully settled on his throne he went on
pilgrimage to Canterbury at Michaelmas, ap-
rrently to attend the jubilee of St. Thomas
Becket, which, but for the state of- the
country, would have been held in the pre-
ceding" year. Edward had visited Canter-
bury before, soon after the coronation of his
queen, and bestowed on the cathedral a
window representing Becket's martyrdom,
of which, notwithstanding its destruction in
the days of Henry VIII, some fragments are
still visible.
Bourchier was hospitable after the fashion
of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can-
terbury an eastern patriarch, who is believed
to have been Peter II of Antioch. In
1455 the year after he became archbishop
he had purchased of Lord Saye and Sele
the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, which
he converted into a castellated mansion and
bequeathed to the see of Canterbury. It re-
mained as a residence for future archbishops
till Cranmer gave it up to Henry VIII.
Here Bourchier entertained much company,
among whom men of letters like Botoner and
patrons of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor-
cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians
like Hambois, Taverner, and others. That
he was a promoter of the introduction of
printing into England, even before the date
of Caxton's first work, rests only on the evi-
dence of a literary forgery published in the
seventeenth century.
In 1475 Bourchier was one of the four
arbitrators to whom the differences between
England and France were referred by the
Bourchier
18
Bourchier
peace of Amiens (RYMEK, xii. 16). In 1480,
feeling the effects of age, he appointed as his
suffragan William Westkarre, titular bishop
of Sidon. In 1483, after the death of Ed-
ward IV, he was again called on to take
part in public affairs in a way that must have
been much to his own discomfort. He went
at the head of a deputation from the council
to the queen-dowager in sanctuary at West-
minster, and persuaded her to deliver up her
second son Richard, duke of York, to the
keeping of his uncle, the protector, to keep
company with his brother, Edward V, then
holding state as sovereign in the Tower. The
cardinal pledged his own honour so strongly
for the young duke's security that the queen
at last consented. Within three weeks of the
time that he thus pledged himself for the
good faith of the protector he was called on
to officiate at the coronation of Richard III !
That he should have thus lent himself as
an instrument to the usurper must appear all
the more melancholy when we consider that
in 1471 he had taken the lead among the
peers of England (as being the first subject
in the realm) in swearing allegiance to
Edward, prince of Wales, as heir to the
throne (Parl. Rolls, vi. 234). But perhaps
we may overestimate the weakness involved
in such conduct, not considering the speci-
ous plea on which young Edward's title was
set aside, and the winning acts and plausible
manners which for the moment had made
Richard highly popular. The murder of the
princes had not yet taken place, and the
attendance of noblemen at Richard's corona-
tion was as full as it ever had been on any
similar occasion. After the murder a very
different state of feeling arose in the nation,
and the cardinal, who had pledged his word
for the safety of the princes, could not but
have shared that feeling strongly. How far
he entered into the conspiracies against
Richard III we do not know, but doubtless
he was one of those who rejoiced most sin-
cerely in the triumph of Henry VII at
Bosworth. Within little more than two
months of that victory he crowned the new
king at Westminster.
One further act of great solemnity it was
left for him to accomplish, and it formed the
fitting close to the career of a great peace-
maker. On 18 Jan. 1486 he married Henry
VII to Elizabeth of York, thus joining the
red rose and the white and taking away all
occasion for a renewal of civil war. He died at
Knowle on 6 April following, and was buried
in his own cathedral.
[W. Wyrcester; Contin. Hist.deEpp. Wygorn.,
and Hist. Eliensis in Wharton's Anglia Sacra ;
Nicolas's Privy Council Proceedings, vol. vi.; An
English Chronicle, ed. Davies (Camclen Society) ;
Registrum Johannis Whethamstede (Eolls ed.) ;
Hearne's Fragment, Fleetwood, and Warkworth
(three authorities which may be conveniently
consulted together in one volume, though very ill
edited, entitled ' Chronicles of the White Rose ') ;
Paston Letters ; Polydore Vergil ; Hall ; Pii
Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino compositi,
161 (ed. 1584); Rolls of Parliament; More's
Hist, of Richard III; Loci e Libro Veritatum
(Grascoigne), ed. Rogers; Babington's Introduc-
tion to Pecock's Represser ; Brown's Venetian
Calendar, i. 90, 91. A valuable modern life of
Bourchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the
Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G-.
BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?),
was a friar of the Observant order of the Fran-
ciscans. He was probably educated at Mag-
dalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of
his having graduated in that university.
When Queen Mary attempted to re-esta-
blish the friars in England, Bourchier be-
came a member of the new convent at Green-
wich ; but at that queen's death he left the
country. After spending some years in Paris,
where the theological faculty of the Sor-
bonne conferred on him the degree of doctor,
he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the
convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the
church of S. Maria di Ara Caeli, and subse-
quently became penitentiary in the church of
S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits,
his biographer, speaks of having sometimes
seen him.
He wrote several books, but the only one
that survives is the i Historia Ecclesiastica
de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci
dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia
sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio
sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia
tempore Elizabethse regnantis Reginse, idque
ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum prsesen-
tem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is
dated from Paris, ' ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan.
1582. The book was very popular among
catholics, and other editions were brought
out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in
1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of
his works was a treatise entitled ' Oratio doc-
tissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gon-
zagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem
pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conven-
tus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This
was published under the name of Thomas
Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have
been an alias of Bourchier.
Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans,
calls him, in his supplementary volume,
1 Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero An-
glice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis
autem Beccaro ' (an alternative form of
ajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con-
vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour-
3hier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S.
)lara and Parkinson, the author of ' Collec-
inea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two
listinct persons, who both took their degree
" D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers
however, of no better authority than
/'adding. Another treatise by Bourchier,
( De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur
juod a saecularibus judicari non debeant,' is
lentioned by Wadding as in his possession,
ut only in manuscript ; this was written at
'aris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno-
the 'Censura Orient alis Ecclesiae de
;ipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,' which
fas published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour-
chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about
1586.
[Pits, De AngliaeScriptoribus, 789; "Wadding's
Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl.
ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's
Athene Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ;
Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran-
jiscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat.
Min. 48-55.] C. T. M.
BOURDIEU, ISAAC DU. [See Du
BOTJRDIETJ.]
BOURDIEU, JEAN DTI. [See Du
BOFRDIETJ.]
BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR
(1811-1883), Madras civil servant, was the
second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon,
vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon-
shire. He was educated partly by his father,
and partly at a school at Ramsgate ; having
been nominated to an Indian writership, he
proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828,
and in the following year to Madras. After
serving in various subordinate appointments
in the provinces, he was appointed secretary
to the board of revenue, and eventually in
1854 secretary to government in the depart-
ments of revenue and public works. Bour-
dillon had previously been employed upon an
important commission appointed under in-
structions of the late court of directors to
report upon the system of public works in the
Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major
{now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of
the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu-
tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B.,
of the Madras artillery. The report of the
commission, which was written by Bourdillon,
enforces in clear and vigorous language the
enormous importance of works of irrigation,
and of improved communications for the pre-
vention of famines and the development of
the country. The writer's accurate know-
ledge of details and breadth of view render
the report one of the most valuable state
papers ever issued by an Indian government.
Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise
on the ryotwar system of land revenue, which
exposed a considerable amount of prevalent
misapprehension as to the principles and
practical working of that system. Working
in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir
Thomas Py croft, he was instrumental in ef-
fecting reforms in the transaction of public
business, both in the provinces and at the
presidency. He especially helped to improve
the method of reporting the proceedings of
the local government to the government of
India and to the secretary of state, which for
some years put Madras at the head of all the
Indian governments in respect of the thorough-
ness with which its business was conducted
and placed before the higher authorities.
Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he
was compelled to leave India, and to retire
from the public service at a time when the
reputation which he had achieved would in
all probability have secured his advancement
to one of the highest posts in the Indian
service. To the last he devoted much time
and attention to Indian questions, occasion-
ally contributing to the ' Calcutta Review,'
and interesting himself among other matters
in the questions of provincial finance and of
the Indian currency. He revised for the
late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later
pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He
died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May
1883.
[Madras Civil List; Eeport of the Madras
Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church
of Scotland Mission Press, 1856 ; family papers
and personal knowledge.] A. J. A.
BOURGEOIS, SIR PETER FRANCIS
(1756-1811), painter, is said to have been
descended from a family of some importance
in Switzerland. His father was a watch-
maker, residing in London at the time of his
birth. He was intended for the army, and
Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a
commission, but he preferred to be an artist,
and was encouraged in his choice of profes-
sion by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De
Loutherbourg was his master, and he early
acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter.
In 1776 he set out on a tour through France,
Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810,
the year before his death, he exhibited 103
pictures at the Royal Academy and five at
the British Institution. In 1787 he was
elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem-
ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow-
ing year he was appointed landscape-painter
to George III.
c2
Bourke
20
Bourke
Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanis-
laus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed
him his painter and conferred on him the
honour of a knight of the order of Merit,
and his title was confirmed by George III.
Although he appears to have been successful
as a painter, he owed much of his good for-
tune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer,
who was employed by Stanislaus to collect
works of art, which ultimately remained on
his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desen-
fans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his
death inherited what, with some pictures
added by himself, is no\v known as the Dul-
wich Gallery. He died from a fall from his
horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the
chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed
371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,0001.
campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he-
was posted to the staff of the army in Por-
tugal as assistant quartermaster-general, and
on account of his knowledge of Spanish was
sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the head-
quarters of Don Gregorio Cuesta, the com-
mander-in-chief of the Spanish army. From
30 May to 28 June 1809 he fulfilled his diffi-
cult mission to Wellesley's entire satisfaction,
and then for some unexplained reason resigned
his post on the staff and returned to England.
He was again sent, on account of his know-
ledge of Spanish, on a detached mission to
Galicia in 1812. He was gazetted an assistant
quartermaster-general, and stationed at Co-
runna, whence he sent up provisions and
ammunition to the front, and acted in general
as military resident in Galicia. At the con-
to provide for the maintenance of the collec- j elusion of the war he was promoted colonel
--''-* Jl ' and made a C.B. He was promoted major-
general in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor
of the eastern district of the Cape of Good
Hope from 1825 to 1828, when he returned
to England. In 1829 he edited, with Lord
Fitzwilliam, the ' Correspondence ' of Ed-
mund Burke, whom he had often visited at
Beaconsfield in his own younger days. In
1831 he was appointed governor of New
South Wales in succession to General Dar-
ling.
When Bourke arrived he found the colony
divided into two parties. The emancipists, or
freed convicts,had been encouraged byGeneral
Macquarie to believe that the colony existed
for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Bris-
bane and Darling had been entirely governed
by the wealthy emigrants and poor adven-
turers, and given all power to the party of the
exclusivists or pure merinos. General Darling
had behaved injudiciously, and had got into
much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi-
tion of absolute impartiality to both parties.
He freed the press at once from all restrictions ;
and though himself foully abused, he would
not use his position to interfere. Still more
important was his encouragement of emigra-
tion. Under his influence a regular scheme
of emigration was established, evidence was.
taken in Australia and issued in England
by the first Emigration Society, which was.
established in London in 1833, and means
were provided for bringing over emigrants
by selling the land in the colony at a mini-
mum price. He succeeded in carrying what
is known as Sir Eichard Bourke's Church
Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular,
and he became still more so by his travels,
throughout the inhabited part of his vice- .
kingdom. He was made a K.C.B. in 1835.
He resigned his governorship on 6 Dec. 1837,
after six years of office, on being reprimanded
tion, and 2,000/. to repair and beautify the
west wing and gallery of the college. The
members of the college, however, determined
to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs.
Desenfans contributed 6,000/. apiece for this
purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir)
John Soane as the architect of the present
buildings, which were commenced in the year
of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mau-
soleum for his remains and those of Mr. and
Mrs. Desenfans.
Although Bourgeois generally painted land-
scapes, he attempted history and portrait.
Amongst his pictures were ' Hunting a Tiger,'
Mr. Kemble as ' Coriolanus,' and ' A Detach-
ment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty-
two of his own works were included in his
bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides
landscapes, may now be seen ' A Friar kneel-
ing before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,'
and a portrait of himself. Though an artist
of taste and versatility, his works fail to sus-
tain the reputation which they earned for
him when alive.
[Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's
Diet. (Graves) ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818 ;
Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.] C. M.
BOURKE, SIB RICHARD (1777-1855),
colonial governor, was the only son of John
Bourke of Dromsally, a relation of Edmund
Burke, and was born in Dublin on 4 May
1777. He was originally educated for the
bar, and was more than twenty-one when
he was gazetted an ensign in the 1st or
Grenadier guards on 22 Nov. 1798. He
served in the expedition to the Helder, when
he was shot through the jaws at the battle
of Bergen, and was proiroted lieutenant and
captain on 25 Nov. 1799. As quartermaster-
general he served with Auchmuty's force at
Monte Video, and on the conclusion of the
Bourke
21
Bourke
by the secretary of state on account of his
dismissal of a Mr. Riddell from the executive
council. The sorrow at his departure was
genuine, and money was at once raised to
erect a statue to him. ' He was the most
popular governor who ever presided over the
colonial affairs' (BKAIM, History of New
South Wales, i. 275).
On returning home to Ireland Bourke
spent nearly twenty years at his country
seat, Thornfield, near Limerick. He was \
promoted lieutenant-general, and appointed
colonel of the 64th regiment in 1837, served
of it (' St. Petersburg and Moscow : A Visit
to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South-
well Bourke, Esq.,' 2 vols., Henry Colburn,
1846), which gave evidence of acute observa-
tion, and met with considerable success. In
1847 he took an active part in the relief of
the sufferers from the Irish famine. At the
general election in the same year he was
elected to parliament as one of the members
for the county of Kildare. In the following
year he married Miss Blanche Wyndham,
daughter of the first Lord Leconfield. In
1849 his grand uncle died, and his father suc-
the office of high sheriff of the county of ceeding to the earldom, he assumed the cour-
1 tesy title of Lord Naas. In 1852 he was
appointed chief secretary for Ireland in Lord
Derby's administration, and held the same
office during the subsequent conservative ad-
ministrations which came into power in 1858
and 1866, retaining it on the last occasion
until his appointment as viceroy and gover-
nor-general of India shortly before the fall of
Mr. Disraeli's government. He succeeded to
the Irish earldom on the death of his father
in 1867.
During all these years Lord Mayo had a
seat in the House of Commons, serving as
member for Kildare county from 1847 to
1852, for the Irish borough of Coleraine from
1852 to 1857, and for the English borough of
Cockermouth during the remainder of his
parliamentary life. His politics were those
of a moderate conservative. His policy was
Limerick in 1839, and was promoted general
in 1851. He died suddenly, at the age of
.seventy-eight, at Thornfield, on 13 Aug. 1855.
[Gent. Mag. 1855, p. 428; Eoyal Military
Calendar. For his Australian government con-
sult Braim's History of New South Wales,
from its Settlement to the Close of 1844, 2 vols.
1846 ; Lang's Historical and Statistical Account
of the Colony of New South Wales, from the
Foundation of the Colony to the Present Day,
1834, 1837, 1852, 1875; Flanagan's History of
New South Wales, 2 vols. 1862.] H. M. S.
BOURKE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL,
sixth EAEL or MAYO (1822-1872), viceroy
and governor-general of India, was the eldest
son of Robert Bourke, fifth earl of Mayo, who
succeeded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1849.
he earls of Mayo, like the earls and mar-
quises of Clanricarde, are said to have de-
scended from William Fitzadelm de Borgo,
who succeeded Strongbow in the government
of Ireland in 1066. Richard, the eldest of j
ten brothers and sisters, was born in Dublin
on 21 Feb. 1822, and spent his earlier years
at Hayes, a country house belonging to the
family in the county of Meath. He was edu-
cated at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity
College, Dublin, where, without going into
residence, he took an ordinary degree. His
father was a strong evangelical. His mother,
Anne Jocelyn, a granddaughter of the first
Earl of Roden, was a woman of considerable
culture, of deep religious feelings, and of
strong common sense. Brought up amidst
the sports of country life he became a clever
shot, an accomplished rider, and a good
swimmer. While an undergraduate he spent
much of his time at Palmerstown and in
London with his granduncle, the fourth Earl
of Mayo, whom Praed described as
A courtier of the nobler sort,
A Christian of the purer school,
Tory when whigs are great at court,
And protestant when papists rule.
^ In 1845 he made a tour in Russia, and after
Iiis return to England published an account
eminently conciliatory, combined with un-
flinching firmness in repressing sedition and
crime. While opposed to any measure for
disestablishing the protestant church in
Ireland, he was in favour of granting public
money to other institutions, whether catholic
or protestant, without respect of creed, ' esta-
blished for the education, relief, or succour of
his fellow-countrymen.' His view was that
no school, hospital, or asylum should languish
because of the religious teaching it afforded, or
because of the religion of those who supported
it. His opinions on these questions and on
the land question were very fully stated in a
speech made by him in the House of Commons
on 10 March 1868, in which he propounded a
policy which has been often described as the
' levelling-up policy,' involving the establish-
ment of a Roman catholic university, and such
changes in ecclesiastical matters as would
meet the just claims of the Roman catholic
portion of the community. He was in favour
of securing for tenants compensation for im-
provements effected by themselves, of pro-
viding for increased powers of improvement
by limited owners, and of written contracts in
supersession of the system of parole tenancies.
Lord Mavo's views on all these matters met
Bourke
22
Bourke
with full support from his political chief, Mr.
Disraeli, who, when announcing to the Buck-
inghamshire electors the appointment of his
friend to the office of viceroy and governor-
general of India, declared that ' a state of
affairs so dangerous was never encountered
with greater firmness, but at the same time
with greater magnanimity.' ' Upon that no-
bleman, for his sagacity, for his judgment,
fine temper, and knowledge of men, her ma-
jesty has been pleased to confer the office of
viceroy of India, and as viceroy of India I
believe he will earn a reputation that his
country will honour.' The resignation of the
ministry had actually taken place before the
governor-generalship became vacant ; but the
appointment was not interfered with by Mr.
Gladstone's government, and Lord Mayo was
sworn in as governor-general at Calcutta on
12 Jan. 1869.
Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of
the government of India and of the subordi-
nate governments had been mainly devoted
to internal administrative improvements, and
to the development of the resources of the
country. With the exception of the Orissa
famine no serious crisis had taxed the ener-
gies or the resources of the state, and Lord
Mayo received the government in a condition
of admirable efficiency, with no arrears of
current work (SiR JOHN STKACHEY'S Minute
on the Administration of the Earl of Mayo,
30 April 1872). But clear as the official file
was, and tranquil as was the condition of the
empire, several questions of first-rate impor-
tance speedily engaged the consideration of
the new viceroy. Of these the most important
were the relations of the government of India
with the foreign states on its borders, and
especially with Afghanistan, and the con-
dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding
the vigilant supervision of the late viceroy,
was not altogether satisfactory.
The condition of Afghanistan from the
time of the death of the amir, Dost Muham-
mad Khan, in 1863, up to a few months
before Lord Mayo's accession to office, had
been one of constant intestine war, three of
the sons of the late amir disputing the suc-
cession in a series of sanguinary struggles
which had lasted for five years. Sir John
Lawrence had from the first declined to aid
any one of the combatants in this internecine
strife, adhering to the policy of recognising
the de facto ruler, and at one time two de
facto rulers, when one of the brothers had
made himself master of Cabul and Candahar,
and the other held Herat. At length, in the
autumn of 1868. Shir Ali Khan having suc-
ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was
officially recognised by the governor-general
as sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan,,
and was presented with a gift of 20,000/. r
accompanied by a promise of 100,000/. more.
It was also arranged that the amir should
visit India, and should be received by the
viceroy with the honours due to the ruler of
Afghanistan. This position of affairs had
been brought to the notice of Lord Mayo
before his departure from England. While
fully realising the difficulties by which the
whole question was encompassed, he appears-
to have entertained some doubts as to the-
policy which so long had tolerated anarchy
in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of
the final decision to aid the re-establishment
of settled government in that country, he lost
no time on his arrival in giving effect to the
promises of his predecessor. A meeting with
the amir took place at Amballa in March
1869. The amir had come to India bent
upon obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a
treaty laying upon the British government
an obligation to support the Afghan govern-
ment in any emergency, and the recognition
by the government of India of his younger
son, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the-
exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan.
None of these requests were complied with.
But the amir received from Lord Mayo
emphatic assurances of the desire of the
government of India for the speedy consoli-
dation of his power, and of its determination
to respect the independence of Afghanistan.
He was encouraged to communicate fre-
quently and fully with the government of
India and its officers. Public opinion dif-
fered as to the success of the meeting. The
intimation that the government of India
would treat with displeasure any attempt of
the amir's rivals to rekindle civil war was
by some regarded as going too far, and by
others as not going far enough ; but the pre-
valent view was that good had been done,
and that Shir Ali had returned to Cabul
well satisfied with the result of his visit.
On the general question of the attitude of
the British government towards the adjoining
foreign states, Lord Mayo held that while
British interests and influence in Asia were
best secured by a policy of non-interference
in the affairs of such states, we could not
safely maintain Bowyer
handsome folios of * Domesday Book,' which
were not completed until 1783. He died on
18 Nov. 1777, aged 77. Most of his learned
pamphlets, essays, prefaces, corrections, and
notes have been reprinted as ' Miscellaneous
Tracts by the late William Bowyer . . . col-
lected and illustrated with notes by John
Nichols, F.S.L. Edin.,' London, 1785, 4to,
pp. 712.
Bowyer was a man of very small stature,
and in the jeux $ esprit of his day we find
him called 'the little man,' roviding new buildings, but served to esta-
)lish some bursaries. His bust, well known
to many generations of students, stood in a
niche of the quadrangle which was built
with his bequest, until a few years ago the
university deserted those buildings and moved
to its present situation, where the bust is still
preserved in the library. Boyd served the
offices of dean of faculty, rector, and vice-
chancellor in the university during several
years. His printed prose works appeared
between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical
works between 1640 and 1652. < The Battell
of the Soul in Death ' (1629), dedicated to
Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta
Maria, while the second volume contains a de-
dicatory letter to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia,
on the death of her son Frederick, is a sort
of prose manual for the sick. About 1640
Boydell
104
Boydell
he published a poem on General Lesly's vic-
tory at Newburn, which is marked by the
utmost extravagance and absurdity of lan-
guage and of metaphor. In 1640 he pub-
lished 'Four Letters of Comforts for the
deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord
Boyd.' The ' Psalms of David in Meeter,'
with metrical versions of the songs of the
Old and New Testament, was published in
1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd,
preserved in Glasgow University, are very
voluminous, and some extracts have been
published as curiosities. The chief portions
are the ' Four Evangels ' in verse, and a col-
lection of poetical stories, taken chiefly from
Bible history, which he calls * Zion's Flowers,'
and which, having been commonly called
' Boyd's Bible,' gave currency to the idea
that he had translated the whole Bible. The
stories are often absurd enough in style and
treatment, but the general notion of their
absurdities has been exaggerated from the
fact that they were abundantly parodied by
those whose object was to caricature the
presbyterian style which Boyd represented.
He seems to have been inclined to oppose
the policy of the royalist party even in earlier
days ; for though he wrote a Latin ode on
the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in
1633, his dedication of the ' Battell of the
Soul ' to the king contained what must have
been taken as a reflection on the want of
strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church.
In later years he became a staunch cove-
nanter, but did not relish the triumph of
Cromwell. In 1650 he preached before Crom-
well in the cathedral, and, as we are told,
1 railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom-
well's secretary, would have called him to
account, but Cromwell took means to pay
him back more effectually in kind by inviting
him to dine and then treating him to three
hours of prayers. After that, we are told,
Boyd found himself on better terms with the
Protector. Reflecting many of the oddities
and absurdities of style which were charac-
teristic of his time, Boyd seems nevertheless
to have been a man of considerable energy
and shrewdness, and to have won a fair
amount of contemporary popularity as an
author.
[Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin.
1878; Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, by Z. B.,
with introductory notice by Gr. Neil, Glasgow,
1855 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death,
Edin. 1629.] H. C.
BOYDELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en-
graver, print publisher, and lord mayor, was
born at Dorrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan.
1719. His father, Josiah, was a land surveyor,
and his mother's maiden name was Millies.
His grandfather was the Rev. J. Boydell,
D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple -
ton in Derbyshire. Boydell was brought up
to his father's profession, but when about
one-and-twenty he appears to have aban-
doned it in favour of art. He walked up to
London, became a student in the St. Martin's
Lane academy, and apprenticed himself to
W. H. Toms, the engraver. The year of his
apprenticeship is stated by himself to have
been 1741, but in another place he says that
he bound himself apprentice when ' within a
few months of twenty-one years of age.' It
is said that he was moved to do this by his
admiration of a print by Toms, after Bades-
lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his
own statement engraved upon his first print
that he ' never saw an engraved copper-plate
before he came on trial.' This first print,
which was begun immediately on being bound
apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le
Bas after Teniers. He soon began to publish
on his own account small landscapes, which
he produced in sets of six and sold for six-
pence. One of these was known as his
' Bridgebook ' because there was a bridge in
each view. As there were few print-shops at
that time in London, he induced the sellers
of toys to expose them in their windows, and
his most successful shop was at the sign of
the Cricket-bat in Duke's Court, St. Martin's
Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates
are included in the collection of his engravings
which he published in 1790, and the earliest
date to be found on any of them is 1744. In
the next year he appears to have commenced
the publication, at the price of one shilling
each, of larger views about London, Oxford,
and other places in England and Wales,
drawn and engraved by himself. This prac-
tice he continued with success for about ten
years, by which time he had amassed a small
capital. This was the foundation of his for-
tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790
in the British Museum, which was presented
by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp-
tor), is preserved an autograph note, in which
he calls it ' The only book that had the ho-
nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.'
In the * advertisement ' or preface to the
volume he speaks of his master Toms as one
1 who had himself never risen to any degree
of perfection,' and adds, 'indeed at that
period there was no engraver of any emi-
nence in this country.' Of his own engrav-
ings he speaks with proper humility, for
beyond a certain neatness of execution they
have little merit. ' The engraver has now
collected them,' he wrote, l more to show the
improvement of art in this country, since
Boydell
105
Boydell
the period of their publication, than from
any idea of their own merits.'
Though not altogether relinquishing the
burin till about 1767, he had long before
this commenced his career as a printseller
and a publisher of the works of other en-
gravers. After serving six years with Toms,
he purchased the remainder of his term of
apprenticeship, and the success of his prints,
especially of a volume of views in England
and Wales, published in 1751, enabled him
to set up in business on his own account.
The first engraving of great importance pro-
duced under his encouragement was Wool-
lett's plate after Wilson's ( Niobe,' published
in 1761. This was also (with the exception
of Hogarth's prints) the first important en-
graving by a British engraver after a British
painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Wool-
lett appended to ' Nollekens and his Times,'
recounts the history of this plate as told him
by Boydell. ' When I got a little forward in
the world,' said Boydell, 'I took a whole shop,
for at my commencement I kept only half a
one. In the course of one year I imported
numerous impressions of Vernet's celebrated
" Storm," so admirably engraved by Lerpi-
niere ; for which I was obliged to pay in
hard cash, as the French took none of our
prints in return. Upon Mr. Woollett's ex-
pressing himself highly delighted with this
Erint of the " Storm," I was induced, knowing
is ability as an engraver, to ask him if he
thought he could produce a print of the same
size, which I could send over, so that in
future I could avoid payment in money, and
prove to the French nation that an English-
man could produce a print of equal merit ;
upon which he immediately declared that he
should much like to try.'
The result was the print of ' Niobe,' for
which Boydell agreed to pay 100/., ' an un-
heard of price, being considerably more than
I had given for any copperplate.' He had,
however, to advance the engraver more than
this before the plate was finished. Very few
proofs were struck off, and 5s. only was
charged for the prints ; but the work brought
Boydell 2,000/. It was followed by the
' Phaeton,' also engraved by Woollett, after
Wilson, and published by Boydell in 1763.
These prints had a large sale on the con-
tinent, with which an enormous trade in
English engravings was soon established.
BoydelFs enterprise increased with his capi-
tal, and he continued to employ the latter in
encouraging English talent. In the list of
engravers employed by him are the names of
Woollett, M'Ardell, Hall, Earlom, Sharpe,
Heath, J. Smith, Val. Green, and other
Englishmen, and a large proportion of the
prints he published were, from the first, after
Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English
painters. His foreign trade spread the fame
of English engravers and English painters
abroad for the first time. The receipts from
some of the plates, especially the engravings
by Woollett after West's ' Death of General
Wolfe,' and ' Battle of La Hogue,' were
enormous. In 1790 he stated the receipts
from the former amounted to 15,000/. Both
were copied by the best engravers in Paris
and Vienna.
In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon-
don, having been elected alderman for the
ward of Cheap in 1782, and served sheriff
in 1785. During his career as a print pub-
lisher the course of the foreign trade in
prints was turned from an import to an ex-
port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf-
folk in the House of Lords that the revenue
coming into this country from this branch
of art at one time exceeded 200,000/. per
annum. Having amassed a large fortune,
Boydell in 1786 embarked upon the most
important enterprise of his life, viz. the pub-
lication, by subscription, of a series of prints
illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures
painted expressly for the work by English ar-
tists. For this purpose he gave commissions
to all the most celebrated painters of this
country for pictures, and built a gallery in
Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution
of this project extended over several years.
In 1789 the Shakespeare Gallery contained
thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in
1802 one hundred and sixty-two, of which
eighty-four were of large size. The total
number of works executed was 170, three of
which were pieces of sculpture, and the artists
employed were thirty-three painters and two
sculptors, Thomas Banks and the Hon. Mrs.
Darner. It appears from the preface to the cata-
logue of 1789, and from other recorded state-
ments of Boydell, that he wished to do for Eng-
lish painting what he had done for English
engraving, to make it respected by foreigners,
and there is independent evidence of the
generous spirit in which he conducted the
enterprise. Northcote, in a letter addressed
to Mrs. Carey, 3 Oct. 1821, says : * My picture
of " The Death of Wat Tyler " was painted
in the year 1786 for my friend and patron
Alderman Boydell, who did more for the ad-
vancement of the arts in England than the
whole mass of nobility put together. He
paid me more nobly than any other person
has done ; and his memory I shall ever
hold in reverence.'
Boydell's l Shakespeare ' was published in
1802, but the French revolution had stopped
his foreign trade, and placed him in such
Boydell
106
Boydell
serious financial difficulties that in 1804 he
was obliged to apply to parliament for permis-
sion to dispose of his property by lottery. This
property was very considerable. In the pre-
vious year Messrs. Boydell had published a
catalogue of their stock in forty-eight volumes,
which comprised no less than 4,432 plates,
of which 2,293 were after English artists. In
a letter read to the House of Commons Boy-
dell wrote : 'I have laid out with my brethren,
in promoting the commerce of the fine arts in
this country, above 350,000/.' In his printed
lottery scheme it is stated that it had been
proved before both houses of parliament that
the plates from which the prize prints were
taken cost upwards of 300,000/., his pictures
and drawings 46,266/., and the Shakespeare
Gallery upwards of 30,000/. The lottery
consisted of 22,000 tickets, all of which were
sold. The sum received enabled Boydell to
pay his debts, but he died at his house in
Cheapside on 12 Dec. 1804, before the lottery
was drawn.
This was done on 28 Jan. 1805, when the
chief prize, which included the Shakespeare
Gallery, pictures and estate, fell to Mr. Tassie,
nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos
in glass, who sold the property by auction.
The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon.
Mrs. Darner realised 6,181 1. 18s. 6d. The
gallery was purchased by the British Insti-
tution, and Banks's 'Apotheosis of Shake-
speare ' was reserved for a monument over
the remains of Boydell. This piece of sculp-
ture, however, after remaining for many
years in its original position over the en-
trance to the gallery, has now been removed
to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Although Boydell appears to have been
responsible for an imposition on the public
in regard to Woollett's print of < The Death
of General Wolfe/ the entire property of
which fell into his hands after the engraver's
death the plate was repaired and unlettered
proofs printed and sold his career was one
of well-won honour and success, until the
French revolution marred his prosperity.
His influence in encouraging native art in
England was great, and salutary, assuming
proportions of national importance. It is
true that the Boydell ' Shakespeare,' taken as
a whole, seems now to shed little lustre on
the English school, but this was not Boy-
dell's fault ; he employed the best artists he
could get Reynolds, Stothard, Smirke, Rom-
ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of
Derby, Angelica Kauffman, Westall, Hamil-
ton, and others. It must also be remembered
that this was the first great effort of the kind
ever made by English artists, and its influ-
ence cannot easily be overestimated. Boy-
dell deserves great credit for his patriotism,
generosity to artists, and public spirit. To
the corporation of London he presented the
frescoes by Rigaud on the cupola of the com-
mon-council chamber, and many other paint-
ings, including Reynolds's ' Lord Heathfield ;'
to the Stationers' Company, West's ' Alfred
the Great ' and Graham's ' Escape of Mary
Queen of Scots.' It was his intention, before
the reverse of his fortunes, to bequeath the
Shakespeare gallery of paintings to the na-
tion. In 1748 he married Elizabeth Lloyd,
second daughter of Edward Lloyd of the
Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire, by whom
he had no issue. He was buried at St. Olave's,
Coleman Street.
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Redgrave's Diet. o-.
Artists (1878) ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves, now in
course of publication) ; Annual Eeg. (1804) ;
Gent. Mag. (1804); Hayley's Life of Eomney;
Nollekens and his Times; Pye's Patronage of
British Art ; A Collection of Views in England
and Wales by J. B. (1790) ; Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Works revised by Steevens, with plates,
9 vols. (1802) ; A Description of several Pictures
presented to the Corporation of London by J. B.
(1794); Catalogues of Pictures in Shakespeare
Gallery (1789-1802); Hansard's Parliamentary
Debates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249.] C. M.
BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752-1817),
painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman
John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor
House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan.
1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art
and his capacity in design, he was sent to Lon-
don and placed under the care and patronage
of his uncle, whose partner and successor he
eventually became. He drew from the an-
tique, studied painting under Benjamin West,
and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving
from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boy-
dell undertook the publication of the series
of engravings from the famous Houghton
collection previous to its removal to thb
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his
nephew and Joseph Farington to make the
necessary drawings from the pictures for the
use of the engravers. Boydell painted seve-
ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal-
lery, and exhibited portraits and historical
subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772
and 1799. He resided for some time at
Hampstead, and during the French war as-
sisted in forming the corps known as the
Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he
was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of
the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his
uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but
ill-health compelled him to resign this latter
office within a few years. During the latter
part of his life he resided at Halliford, Middle-
Boyer
107
Boyer
sex, and lie died there on 27 March 1817. He
was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his
principal paintings may be mentioned : a por-
trait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited
at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by
Valentine Green : a portrait of his wife, when
Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhi-
bited in 1773 ; and * Coriolanus taking leave
of : his Family/ also exhibited in 1773. He
engraved some excellent plates in mezzo-
tinto : ' Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rem-
brandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo
Maratti ; ' The Virgin and Child,' after Par-
migiano ; ' Charles I,' after A. van Dyck.
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410 ; MS. notes
in the British Museum.] L. F.
BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), miscella-
neous writer, was born on 24 June 1667, at
Castres, in Upper Languedoc, where his father,
who suffered for his protestant zeal, was one of
the two consuls or chief magistrates. Boyer's
education at the academy of Puylaurens was
interrupted by the religious disturbances, and
leaving France with an uncle, a noted Hugue-
not preacher, he finished his studies at Frane-
ker in Friesland, after a brief episode, it is said,
of military service in Holland. Proceeding
to England in 1689 he fell into great poverty,
and is represented as transcribing and pre-
paring for the press Dr. Thomas Smith's
edition of Camden's Latin correspondence
(London, 1691). A good classical scholar,
Boyer became in"1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst,
afterwards first Earl Bathurst, whose father
Sir Benjamin was treasurer of the household
of the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. Pro-
bably through this connection he was ap-
pointed French teacher to her son William,
duke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared
and to whom he dedicated ' The Complete
French Master,' published in 1694. Disap-
pointed of advancement on account of his zeal
for whig principles, he abandoned tuition for
authorship. In December 1 699 he produced on
the London stage, with indifferent success, a
modified translation in blank verse of Racine's
' Iphigenie,' which was published in 1700 as
' Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a tragedy
written by Mr. Boyer.' A second edition of
it appeared in 1714 as ' The Victim, or Achilles
and Iphigenia in Aulis,' in an ' advertisement'
prefixed to which Boyer stated that in its first
form it had ' passed the correction and appro-
bation ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the
Hague the work which has made Boyer's a
familiar name, his ' Dictionnaire Royal Fran-
cais et Anglais, divisS en deux parties,' osten-
sibly composed for the use of the Duke of Glou-
cester, then dead. It was much superior to
every previous work of the kind, and has been
the basis of very many subsequent French-
English dictionaries ; the last English un-
abridged edition is that of 1816 ; the edition
published at Paris in 1860 is stated to be the
41st. For the English-French section Boyer
claimed the merit of containing a more com-
plete English dictionary than any previous
one, the English words and idioms in it being
defined and explained as well as accompanied
by their French equivalents. In the French
preface to the whole work Boyer said that
1,000 English words not in any other English
dictionary had been added to his by Richard
Savage, whom he spoke of as his friend, and
who assisted him in several of his French
manuals and miscellaneous compilations and
translations published subsequently. Among
the English versions of French works exe-
cuted in whole or in part by Boyer was a
popular translation of Fenelon's { Tel6maque,'
of which a twelfth edition appeared in 1728.
In 1702 Boyer published a ' History of
William III,' which included one of James II,
and in 1703 he began to issue t The History
of the Reign of Queen Anne digested into
annals,' a yearly register of political and mis-
cellaneous occurrences, containing several
plans and maps illustrating the military
operations of the war of the Spanish succes-
sion. Before the last volume, the eleventh,
of this work appeared in 1713, he had com-
menced the publication of a monthly periodi-
cal of the same kind, < The Political State of
Great Britain, being an impartial account of
the most material occurrences, ecclesiastical,
civil, and military, in a monthly letter to a
friend in Holland' (38 volumes, 1711-29). Its
contents, which were those of a monthly news-
paper, included abstracts of the chief political
pamphlets published on both sides, and, like
the ' Annals,' is, both from its form and mat-
ter, very useful for reference. ' The Political
State ' is, moreover, particularly noticeable as
being the first periodical, issued at brief in-
tervals, which contained a parliamentary chro-
nicle, and in which parliamentary debates were
reported with comparative regularity and with
some approximation to accuracy. In the case
of the House of Lords' reports various devices,
such as giving only the initials of the names
of the speakers, were resorted to in order to
escape punishment, but in the case of the
House of Commons the entire names were
frequently given. According to Boyer's own
account (preface to his folio History of Queen
Anne, and to vol. xxxvii. of the Political
State) he had been furnished by members of
both houses of parliament (among whom he
mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of
their speeches, and he had even succeeded in
becoming an occasional ' ear-witness ' of the
Boyer
108
Boyes
debates themselves. When he was threatened
at the beginning of 1729 with arrest by the
printers of the votes, whose monopoly they
accused him of infringing, he asserted that for
thirty years in his ' History of King William/
his ' Annals/ and in his ' Political State/ he
had given reports of parliamentary debates
without being molested. The threat induced
him to discontinue the publication of the de-
bates. He intended to resume the work, but
failed to carry out his intention (see Gent.
Mag. for November 1856, Autobiography of
Sylvanus Urban). He died on 16 Nov. 1729,
in a house which he had built for himself at
Chelsea.
Besides conducting the periodicals men-
tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Post-
boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-sheet.
His connection with it ended in August 1709,
through a quarrel with the proprietor, when
Boyer started on his own account a ' True Post-
boy/ which seems to have been short-lived.
A ' Case ' which he printed in vindication of
his right to use the name of ' Post-boy ' for
his new venture gives some curious particu-
lars of the way in which the news-sheets of
the time were manufactured. Boyer was
also the author of pamphlets, in one of which,
' An Account of the State and Progress of
the present Negotiations of Peace/ he attacked
Swift, who writes in the ' Journal to Stella '
(16 Oct. 1711), after dining with Boling-
broke : f One Boyer, a French dog, has
abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got
him up in a messenger's hands. The secre-
tary ' St. John ' promises me to swinge him.
... I must make that rogue an example for
warning to others.' Boyer was discharged
from custody through the intervention, he
says, of Harley, to whom he boasts of having
rendered services (Annals of Queen Anne, vol.
for 1711, pp. 264-5). Though he professed
a strict political impartiality in the conduct
of his principal periodicals, Boyer was a zea-
lous whig. For this reason doubtless Pope
gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad ' (book ii.
413), where, under the soporific influence of
Dulness, ' Boyer the state, and Law the stage
gave o'er ' his crime, according to Pope's ex-
planatory note, being that he was ' a volu-
minous compiler of annals, political collec-
tions, &c.'
Of Boyer's other writings the list of those
of them which are in the library of the British
Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of
print in its new catalogue mention may be
made of his folio ' History of Queen Anne '
(1722, second edition 1735), with maps and
plans illustrating Marlborough's campaigns,
and ' a regular series of all the medals that
were struck to commemorate the great events
of this reign ; ' and the ' Memoirs of the Life
and Negotiations of Sir William Temple,
Bart., containing the most important occur-
rences and the most secret springs of affairs in
Christendom from the year 1655 to the year
1681 ; with an account of Sir W. Temple's
writings/ published anonymously in 1714,
second edition 1715. Boyer's latest produc-
tion in composing which he seems to have
been assisted by a ' Mr. J. Innes ' was ' Le
Grand Theatre de 1'Honneur/ French and
English, 1729, containing a dictionary of he-
raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry, with
engravings of the arms of the sovereign prin-
ces and states of Europe. It was published
by subscription and dedicated to Frederick,
prince of Wales.
[Boyer's "Works ; obituary notice in vol.
xxxviii. of Political State, of which the Memoir
in Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, is mainly
a reproduction ; Haag's La France Protestante,
2nd edition, 1881; Grenest's Account of the Eng-
lish Stage, ii. 166-9; Catalogue of the British
Museum Library.] F. E.
BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811-
1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811,
entered Merchant Taylors' School in the
month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin
Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident
in Charterhouse Square. After a very credit-
able school career extending over nearly ten
years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law
exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford,
having relinquished a scholarship which he had
gained in the previous year at Lincoln College.
He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second
class in classics, his papers on history and
poetry being of marked excellence. Soon
afterwards he was appointed second master
of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and
eventually succeeded to the head-mastership,
which he filled for many years. He proceeded
M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford
(whither he was summoned to act as ex-
aminer at responsions in 1842), and among
a large circle of discriminating friends, he
enjoyed a high reputation for culture and
scholarship. l There was not an English or
Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not
familiar, and from whom he could not make
the most apposite quotations. With th$ best
prose authors in our own and in French,
and indeed other continental literature, he
was thoroughly acquainted ' (AKCHDEACON
HESSE Y). The fruits of his extensive read-
ing and literary taste are to be seen in his
published works, which evince also consider-
able originality of thought, terseness of ex-
pression, and felicity of illustration. The
closing years of his life were largely devoted
Boyle
109
Boyle
to practical benevolence, in the exercise of
which he was as humble as he was liberal.
He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May
1879.
His writings comprise: 1. 'Illustrations
of the Tragedies of ^Eschylus and Sophocles,
from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,'
1844. 2. ' English Repetitions, in Prose and
Verse, with introductory remarks on the
cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849.
3. ' Life and Books, a Record of Thought
and Reading,' 1859. 4. ' Lacon in Council,'
1865. The two latter works remind one
very much in their style and texture of
1 Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare.
[Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors'
School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon
Hessey, Dr. Seth B. "Watson, and other personal
friends of Mr. Boyes ; Preface and Appendix to
Sermon by Rev. J. G-. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.]
C. J. R.
BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth EAKL OF OR-
RERY in Ireland, and first BARON MARSTON,
of Marston in Somersetshire (1676-1731),
grandson of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery
[q. v.], was born at Chelsea in 1676, and suc-
ceeded his brother as Earl of Orrery in 1703.
Educated at Christ Church, he joined the wits
engaged in a struggle with Bentley, who re-
presented the scholarship of the Cambridge
whigs. Sir W. Temple had made some rash
statements as to the antiquity of Phalaris in
a treatise on ancient and modern learning,
and this was the subject of attack by Wotton,
a protege" of Bentley's, in his ' Reflections on
Ancient and Modern Learning/ published in
1694. By way of covering Temple's defeat,
the Christ Church scholars determined to
publish a new edition of the epistles of Pha-
laris. This was entrusted to Boyle, who,
without asserting the epistles to be genuine,
as Temple had done, attacked Bentley for
his rudeness in having withdrawn too ab-
ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's
Library, which Boyle had borrowed. Bentley
now added to a new edition of Wotton's ' Re-
flections ' a ' Dissertation ' upon the epistles,
from his own pen [see BENTLEY, RICHARD,
1662-1742J. Boyle was aided by Atterbury
and Smalridge in preparing a defence, pub-
lished in 1698, entitled ' Dr. Bentley's Dis-
sertations .... examined.' Bentley returned
to the charge and overwhelmed his opponents
by the wealth of his scholarship. The dispute
led to Swift's ' Battle of the Books.' Before
succeeding to the peerage Boyle was elected
M.P. for Huntingdon, but his return was
disputed, and the violence of the discussion
which took place led to his being engaged in
a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley,
in which he was wounded. He subsequently
entered the army, and was present at the battle
of Malplaquet, and in 1709 became major-
general. In 1706 he had married Lady Eliza-
beth Cecil, daughter of the Earl of Exeter. We
find him afterwards in London, as the centre
of Christ Church men there, a strong adhe-
rent of the party of Harley, and a member
of ' the club ' established by Swift. As envoy
in Flanders he took part in the negotiations
that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and
was afterwards made a privy councillor and
created Baron Marston. He was made a
lord of the bedchamber on the accession of
George I, but resigned this post on being de-
prived of his military command in 1716. Swift,
in the ' Four Last Years of the Queen,' adduces
Orrery's support of the tory ministry as a proof
that no Jacobite designs were entertained by
them ; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery
was thrown into the Tower for six months
as being implicated in Layer's plot, and was
released on bail only in consequence of Dr.
Mead's certifying that continued imprison-
ment was dangerous to his life. He was
subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug.
1731. Besides the works above named, he
wrote a comedy called 'As you find it.' The
astronomical instrument, invented by Gra-
ham, received from his patronage of the in-
ventor the name of an ' Orrery.'
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles ; Bentley's
Dissertation ; Swift's Battle of the Books ; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, DAVID, LORD BOYLE (1772-
1853), president of the Scottish court of ses-
sion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle
of Shewalton, near Irvine, the third son of
John, second Earl of Glasgow, was born at
Irvine on 26 July. 1772 ; was called to the
Scottish bar on 14 Dec. 1793 ; was gazetted
(9 May 1807), under the Duke of Portland's
administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ;
and in the general election of the following
month was returned to the House of Commons
by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent
until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a
lord of session and of justiciary. He was ap-
pointed lord justice clerk on 15 Oct. 1811. He
was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the
privy council of George IV, at whose corona-
tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir
Walter Scott to have shown to great advan-
tage in his robes.
After acting as lord justice clerk for nearly
thirty years, Boyle was appointed lordjustice-
general and president of the court of session,
on the resignation of Charles Hope, lord Gran-
ton. Boyle resigned office in May 1852, de-
clining the baronetcy which was offered to
Boyle
no
Boyle
him, and retired to his estate at Shewalton,
to which he had succeeded on the death of a
brother in 1837. He died on 30 Jan. 1853.
Boyle was always distinguished for his
noble personal appearance. Sir J. W. Gordon
painted full-length portraits of him for the
Faculty of Advocates and for the Society of
Writers to the Signet. Mr. Patrick Park
also made a bust of him for the hall of the So-
ciety of Solicitors before the Supreme Courts
in Edinburgh.
Boyle was twice married : first, on 24 Dec.
1804, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alex-
ander Montgomerie of Annick, brother of
the twelfth Earl of Eglintoun, who died on
14 April 1822 ; he had nine children by her,
the eldest of whom, Patrick Boyle, succeeded
to his estates; and secondly, on 17 July 1827,
to Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of David
Smythe of Methven, lord Methven, a lord of
session and of justiciary, who died on 25 Dec.
1880, leaving four children.
[Wood's Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ;
Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent.
Mag., passim ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of
the College of Justice, 1813; Caledonian Mer-
cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Feb. 1853; Edin-
burgh Evening Courant and Ayr Observer,
8 Feb. 1853; Times, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated
London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1853.]
A. H. G.
BOYLE, HENRy, LORD CARLETON
(d. 1725), politician, was the third and
youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of
Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter
of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson
of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.]
He sat in parliament for Tamworth from
1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University-
after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton
supported his opponent from 1692 to 1705,
and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710.
Although he was at the head of the poll at
Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try
his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he
was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter
year he became the chancellor of the ex-
chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord
treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was
made a principal secretary of state in the
room of Harley. Two years later he was
displaced for St. John, and the act formed
one of those bold steps on the part of the
tory ministry which ' almost shocked ' Swift.
Boyle is generally said to have been the
messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his
mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and
a definite promise of preferment and the pro-
spect of still greater advancement, secured
the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of
Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is'said,
for his good offices on this occasion, the third
volume of the ' Spectator ' was dedicated to
Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians
no one had ' made himself more friends and
fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist,
was another of the men of letters whom he
befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of
the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On
20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as
Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and
from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the
council in Walpole's administration. He
died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on
14 March 1725. He left this house, known
as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales,
and it was long notorious as the abode of
the prince regent : the name is still per-
petuated in Carlton House Terrace. The
winning manners and the tact of Lord Car-
leton have been highly praised. He was
never guilty, so it was said by his pane-
gyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any
acts to injure the success of the whig cause.
Swift, however, accuses him of avarice.
[Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's
Works ; Chalmers ; Cooper's Annals of Cam-
bridge, iv. 19, 40, 47 ; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.]
W. P. C.
BOYLE, HENRY, EARL OF SHANNON
(1682-1764), born at Castlemartyr, county
Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant-
colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger
Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry
Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien,
daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of
Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry
Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and
on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705,
Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the
family estates at Castlemartyr, which had
been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected
knight of the shire for Cork, and married
Catherine, daughter of-Chidley Coote. After
her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta
Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative,
Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That
nobleman entrusted the management of his
estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much
enhanced their value, and carried out and
promoted extensive improvements in his dis-
trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself
in parliament at Dublin in resisting success-
fully the attempt of the government to obtain
a vote for a continuation of supplies to the
crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Wai-
pole is stated to have entertained a high opi-
nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy
of Boyle, and to have styled him ' the King
of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was
Boyle i]
made a member of the privy council, chan-
cellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of
revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same
year elected speaker of the House of Commons
there. Through his connections, Boyle exer-
cised extensive political influence, and was
parliamentary leader of the whig party in
Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popu-
larity by opposing the government proposal
for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex-
chequer. In commemoration of the parlia-
mentary movements in this affair, medals
were struck containing portraits of Boyle
as speaker of the House of Commons. For
having opposed the government, Boyle and
some of his associates were dismissed from
offices which they held under the crown.
After negotiations with government, Boyle,
in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was
granted an annual pension of two thousand
pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of
Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of
Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for
many years in the House of Peers in Ireland,
and frequently acted as lord justice of that
kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in
his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year
of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were
engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks.
[Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland ;
Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of
Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS. ; Works
of Henry Grattan, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin,
1854-59.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, JOHN, fifth EARL OF CORK, fifth
EARL OF ORRERY, and second BARON MAR-
STOBT (1707 r 1762), was born on 2 Jan. 1707,
and was the only son of Charles Boyle, fourth
earl of Orrery [q. v.], whom he succeeded as
fifth earl in 1731. Like his father, he was
educated at Christ Church. He took some
part in parliamentary debates, chiefly in op-
position to Walpole. On the death, in 1753,
of his kinsman, Richard Boyle, the Earl of
Cork and Burlington [q. v.], he succeeded
him as fifth earl of Cork, thus uniting the
Orrery peerage to the older Cork peerage.
His father, from some grudge, left his library
to Christ Church, specially assigning as his
reason his son's want of taste for literature.
According to Johnson, the real reason was
that the son would not allow his wife to as-
sociate with the father's mistress. The pas-
sage in the will seems to have stimulated
the son to endeavour to disprove the charge,
and he has succeeded in making his name re-
membered as the friend first of Swift and
Pope, and afterwards of Johnson. His ' Re-
marks on Swift,' published in November
t Boyle
1751, attracted much attention as the first
attempt at an account of Swift, and 7,500
copies appear to have been sold within a
month. But neither Lord Orrery's ability,
nor his acquaintance with Swift, was such as
to give much value to his l Remarks.' The
acquaintance had begun about 1731 (appa-
rently from an application by Swift on behalf
of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her
poems to Orrery, although Swift had pre-
viously seen a good deal of his father), when
Swift was already sixty-four years old, and
their meetings, during the few succeeding
years before Swift became decrepit, were not
very frequent. If we are to judge, however,
from the expressions used by Swift, both in
his letters to Orrery and in correspondence
with others, the friendship seems to have
been cordial so far as it went. In one of the
earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be ' a
great example, restorer, and patron of virtue,
learning, and wit ; ' and he writes to Pope
that, next to Pope himself, he loves l no man
so well.' Pope, too, writes of Orrery to
Swift as one ' whose praises are that precious
ointment Solomon speaks of.' A bond of
sympathy existed between Swift and Orrery
in a common hatred of Walpole's govern-
ment. It was to Orrery's hand that Swift
entrusted the manuscript of his l Four Last
Years of the Queen ' for delivery to Dr. King
of Oxford ; and Orrery was the go-between
employed by Pope to get his letters from
Swift. In his will Swift leaves to Orrery a
portrait and some silver plate. On the other
hand, there are traditional stories of con-
temptuous expressions used by Swift of
Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may
have inspired in Orrery that dislike which
made his ' Remarks ' so full of rancour and
grudging criticism. The ' Remarks on the
Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift,' pub-
lished in 1751, are given in a series of
letters to his son and successor, Hamilton
Boyle (1730-1764), then an undergraduate
at Christ Church, and are written in a stilted
and affected style. The malice which he
showed made the book the subject of a bitter
attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v.],
who did something to clear Swift from the
aspersions ca'st on him by Orrery. But the
grudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift's
genius shown in the ' Remarks ' are mainly due
to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was
filled with literary aspirations, and, as Ber-
keley said of him, ' would have been a man
of genius had he known how to set about it.'
But he had no real capacity for apprehending
either the range of Swift's intellect or the
meaning of his humour. Orrery was after-
wards one of those who attempted to patronise
Boyle
112
Boyle
Johnson, by whom he was regarded kindly
and spoken of as one ( who would have been
a liberal patron if he had been rich.'
Orrery married in 1728 Lady Harriet
Hamilton, third daughter of the Earl of
Orkney, and after her death he married, in
1738, Miss Hamilton, of Caledon, in Tyrone.
He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743,
114-b and F.R.S. in 1&. He died on 16 Nov.
1762. He wrote some papers in the 'World'
and the l Connoisseur,' and various prologues
and fugitive verses. His other works are :
1. 'A Translation of the Letters of Pliny the
Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751). 2. ' An Essay
on the Life of Pliny.' 3. ' Memoirs of Robert
Carey, Earl of Monmouth,' published from the
original manuscript, with preface and notes.
4. ' Letters from Italy in 1754 and 1755,'
published after his death (with a life) by the
Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774.
[Buncombe's Life, as above ; Swift's and Pope's
Letters; Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 153, 232; Biog.
Brit.] H. C.
BOYLE, JOHN (1563 ?-l 620), bishop of
Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of
Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl
of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563.^Kjohn
Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford,
and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield
in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary
assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork,
and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed
to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and
Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618.
He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was
buried at Youghal.
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ec-
clesise Hibernicae, 1 851 ; Brady's Records of Cork,
Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580 ?-
1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore,
born in London about 1580, was son of Mi-
chael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle,
archbishop of Tuam [q. v.l Michael Boyle
entered Merchant Taylors School, London,
in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College,
Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A.
5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D.
9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He be-
came a fellow of his college,and no high opinion
was entertained there of his probity in matters
affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap-
pointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire.
Through the influence of his relative, the Earl
of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore
in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford
and Lismore in 1619. He held several
other appointments in the protestant church,
and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was
>, buried in the cathedral there.
After ' 1563.' insert * He was admitted to
Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1583, and
proceeded B.A. in 1586, M.A. in 1590,
B.D. in 1598, and D.D. in 1614 (Venn,
Alumni Cantab.^ pt. i, i. 196).'
[Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739 ; Robinson's
Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30 ;
Wood's Athense Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88 ; Wood's
Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elrington's
Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise
Hibernicae, 1851 ; Brady's Kecords of Cork,
Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.] J. T. G-.
BOYLE, MICHAEL, the younger (1609?-
1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of
Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q.v.], and
nephew of the elder Michael [q. v.], was born
about 1609. He was apparently educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded
M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated
M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory
in the diocese of Cloyne, received the degree of
D.D., was made dean of Cloyne, and during the
war in Ireland acted as chaplain-general to
the English army in Munster. In 1650 the pro-
testant royalists in Ireland employed Boyle,
in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and
Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be-
half with Oliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented
the conduct of Boyle in conveying Cromwell's
passport to him, which he rejected. Letters
of Boyle on these matters have been recently
printed in the second volume of the ' Con-
temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641-
1652.' At the Restoration, Boyle became privy
councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi-
shop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. In addition
to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re-
ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in
his diocese, on the ground of being unable to
find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser-
vices in England in connection with the Act
for the Settlement of Ireland, the House of
Lords at Dublin ordered a special memorial
of thanks to be entered in their journals in
1662. Boyle was translated to the see of
Dublin in 1663, and appointed chancellor of
Ireland in 1665. In the county of Wicklow
he established a town, to which he gave
the name of Blessington, and at his own
expense erected there a church, which he sup-
plied with plate and bells. In connection
with this town he in 1673 obtained the title
of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son,
Murragh. In 1675 Boyle was promoted from
the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An
autograph of Boyle at that time has been
reproduced on plate Ixxix of 'Facsimiles
of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2.
On the accession of James II, he was con-
tinued in office as lord chancellor, and ap-
pointed for the third time as lord justice
in Ireland, in conjunction with the Earl of
Granard, and held that post until Henry,
earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant
in December 1685. In Boyle's latter years
his faculties are stated to have been much
Boyle i
impaired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702,
in his ninety-third year, and was interred in
St. Patrick's Cathedral there. Little of the
wealth accumulated by Boyle was devoted
to religious or charitable uses. Letters and
papers of Boyle are extant in the Ormonde
archives at Kilkenny Castle and in the
Bodleian Library. Portraits of Archbishop
Boyle were engraved by Loggan and others.
Boyle's son, Murragh, viscount Blessington,
was author of a tragedy, entitled ' The Lost
Princess.' Baker, the dramatic critic, cha-
racterised this production as 'truly con-
temptible,' and added that the ' genius and
abilities of the writer did no credit to the
name of Boyle/ Viscount Blessington died
25 Dec. 1712, and was succeeded by his son
Charles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one time go-
vernor of Limerick, and lord j ustice of Ireland
in 1696. The title became extinct on the
death of the next heir in 1732.
[Carte's Life of Ormonde, 1736 ; Wood's Fasti
(Bliss), i. 498; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 130;
Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland;
Peerage of Ireland; BiographiaDramatica, 1812;
Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; G-ranard
Archives, Castle Forbes; Elrington's Life of
Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse,
1851; Reports of Royal Commission on Hist.
MSS.] J. T. G.
BOYLE, MURRAGH, VISCOUNT BLES-
SINGTON. [See under BOYLE, MICHAEL,
1609 P-1702.]
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF CORK
(1566-1643), an Irish statesman frequently
referred to as the ' great earl,' was descended
from an old Hereford family, the earliest of
which there is mention being Humphry de
Binvile, lord of the manor of Pixeley Court,
r Ledbury, about the time of Edward
Confessor. He was the great-grandson
1 Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire,
a younger branch of the family, and the
jond son of Roger Boyle, who had removed
Faversham, Kent, and had married there
>an, daughter of Robert Naylor of Canter-
iry (pedigree in ROBINSON'S Mansions of
Herefordshire, pp. 94-5). In his ' True Re-
lembrances ' he says : 'I was born in the city
'" Canterbury, as I find it written by my
TI father's hand, the 13th Oct. 1566.' After
fivate instruction in ' grammar learning'
>m a clergyman in Kent, he became 'a
lolar in Bennet's (Corpus Christi) College,
mbridge,' into which he was admitted in
L583 (MASTERS, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll.,
1831, p. 459). On leaving the university
entered the Middle Temple, but, finding
dmself without means to prosecute his
( studies, he became clerk to Sir Richard Man-
VOL. VI.
3 Boyle
wood, chief baron of the exchequer. In this
employment he discovered no prospect ade-
quate to his ambition, and therefore resolved
to try his fortunes in Ireland. Accordingly,
on Midsummer's eve, 23 June 1588, he landed
in Dublin, his whole property, as he tells us,
amounting only to 277. 3*. in money, a dia-
mond ring and a bracelet, and his wearing
apparel. With characteristic astuteness he
secured introductions to persons of high influ-
ence, and he was even affirmed to have done so
by means of counterfeited letters. At any rate,
as early as 1590 his name appears as escheator
to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa-
tion which he doubtless knew how to utilise
to his special personal advantage. In 1595
he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter
and coheiress of William Ansley, who died
in 1599 in childbed, leaving him an estate of
500/. a year in lands, ' which,' he says, ' was
the beginning of my fortune.' The last state-
ment must, however, be compared with the
fact that some time before this he had been
the victim of prosecutions, instigated, accord-
ing to his own account, by envy at his pro-
sperity. About 1592 he was imprisoned by
Sir William Fitzwilliam on the charge of
having embezzled records, and subsequently
he was several times apprehended at the in-
stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of
charges, one of them being that of stealing a
horse and jewel nine years before, of which
he was acquitted by pardon (Answers of Sir
Richard Boyle to the Accusations against him,
17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 12). Find-
ing these prosecutions unsuccessful, Sir Henry
Wallop and others, according to Boyle, ' all
joined together by their lies complaining
against me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing
that I came over without any estate, and
that I made so many purchases as it was not
possible to do without some foreign prince's
purse to supply me with money ' ( True Re-
membrances}. To defeat these machinations
Boyle resolved on the bold course of pro-
ceeding to England to justify himself to the
queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose
was frustrated by the outbreak of the re-
bellion in Munster. As the result of the
rebellion was to leave him without ' a penny
of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time
to be in danger from the accusations of his
enemies. Indeed, his fortunes in Ireland
were now so desperate that he was compelled
to leave the country and resume his legal
studies in his old chambers in the Temple.
Scarcely, however, had he entered upon them
when the Earl of Essex offered him employ-
ment in connection with ' issuing out his
patents and commissions for the government
of Ireland.' This at once caused him again
I
Boyle
114
Boyle
to experience the attentions of Sir Henry
Wallop, ' who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious
in his own heart that I had sundry papers
and collections of Michael Kittlewell, his late
treasurer, which might discover a great deal of
wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late
accounts ... he renewed his former com-
plaints against me to the queen's majesty.' In
consequence of this Boyle was conveyed a close
prisoner to the Gatehouse, and at the end of
two months underwent examination before
the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that
the complaints were in any way modified or
altered, but if they were not his account of
them in his ' True Remembrances ' is not only
inadequate but misleading. His examination
before the Star-chamber had no reference
whatever to his being in the pay of the king
of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism the ac-
cusations he specially instances as ' formerly '
made against him by Sir Henry Wallop
but bore chiefly on the causes of his previous
imprisonments, and on several asserted in-
stances of trafficking in forfeited estates (see
Articles wherein Richard Boyle, prisoner, is
to be examined, Add. MS. 19832, f. 8, and
Articles to be proved against Richard Boyle,
Add. MS. 19832, f. 9). It can scarcely be
affirmed that he came out of the ordeal of
examination with a reputation utterly un-
sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of
his explanations was condoned by the reve-
lations he made regarding the malversations
of his accuser as treasurer of Ireland, and
according to his own account he had no
sooner done speaking than the queen broke
out ' By G 's death, these are but inventions
against the young man, and all his sufferings
are but for being able to do us service.' Sir
Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the
treasurership by Sir George Carew [q. v.],and
a few days afterwards Boyle received the
office of clerk of the council of Munster. He
was chosen by Sir George Carew, who was
also lord president of Munster, to convey to
Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinsale
in December 1601, and after the final reduc-
tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. 1602,
sent over to England to give information in
reference to the condition of the country.
On the latter occasion he came provided by
Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc-
tion to Sir Walter Raleigh, recommending
him as a proper purchaser for all his lands in
Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.'
Through the mediation of Cecil, terms were
speedily adjusted, and for the paltry sum of
1,000/. Boyle saw himself the possessor of
12,000 acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip-
perary, exceptionally fertile, and present-
ing unusual natural advantages for the de-
velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended
on his own energy and skill in making proper
use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it
such a bad bargain that he was glad to be
rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the
country it was even possible that no amount
of enterprise and skill might be rewarded
with immediate success. Boyle, however,
possessed the advantage of being always on
the spot, and of dogged perseverance in the
one aim of acquiring wealth and power.
Before the purchase could be completed Ra-
leigh was attainted of high treason, but in
1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro-
perty from the crown, and paid the purchase-
money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no
doubt whatever as to the honourable cha-
racter of his dealings with Raleigh, who
throughout life remained on friendly terms
with him. The attempt of Raleigh's widow
and son to obtain possession of the property
was even morally without justification. It
had become to its possessor a source of im-
mense wealth, but the change was the result
solely of his marvellous energy and enter-
prise. Cromwell, when he afterwards be-
held the prodigious improvements Boyle had
effected, is said to have affirmed that, if there
had been one like him in every province, it
would have been impossible for the Irish
to raise a rebellion (Cox, Hist. Ireland,
vol. ii.) One of the chief causes of his suc-
cess was the introduction of manufactures
and mechanical arts by settlers from Eng-
land. From his ironworks alone, according
to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/.
(Ireland's Nat. Hist. (1652), p. 112). At
enormous expense he built bridges, con-
structed harbours, and founded towns, pro-
sperity springing up at his behest as if by a
magician's wand. All mutinous manifesta-
tions among the native population were kept
in check by the thirteen strong castles erected
in different districts, and defended by well-
armed bands of retaineis. At the same time,
for all willing to work, immunity from the
worst evils of poverty was guaranteed. C n
his vast plantations he kept no fewer thain
4,000 labourers maintained by his moneT-
His administration was despotic, but eji-
lightened and beneficent except as regarded
the papists. For his zeal in putting into
execution the laws against the papists IJie
received from the government special co^-
mendation a zeal which, if it arose from \ a
mistaken sense of duty, would deserve at leaa t
no special blame ; but probably self-interesp
rather than duty was what chiefly inspirecjl
it, for by the possession of popish houses h(P
obtained a considerable addition to his wealth!
The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng-
Boyle i
lish rule in the south of Ireland and his
paramount influence in Munster marked him
out for promotion to various high dignities.
On the occasion of his second marriage on
25 July 1603 to Catherine Fenton, daughter
of Sir George Fenton, principal secretary of
state, he received the honour of knighthood.
On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy
councillor for the province of Munster, and
12 Feb. 1612 a privy councillor of state for
the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616
he was created Lord Boyle, baron of Youghal,
and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dungarvan
and Earl of Cork. On 26 Oct. 1629 he was
appointed one of the lords justices of Ireland,
and on 9 Nov. 1631 he was constituted lord
high treasurer. So greatly was he esteemed
for his abilities and his knowledge of affairs
that, ' though he was no peer of England, yet
he was admitted to sit in the Lords House
upon the woolsack ut consularius ' (BORLASE, |
Reduction of Ireland, 219). For his pro- ;
motion and honours he was in a great |
degree indebted first to Sir George Carew,
and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland.
On the appointment of Wentworth, after- j
wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in |
1633, he, however, discovered not only that
the fountain of royal favour was, so far as 1
he was concerned, completely intercepted, |
but that all his astuteness would be required j
to enable him to hold his own against the
overmastering will of Strafford. The action
of Strafford in regard to the immense tomb
of black marble which the earl had erected
for his wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca-
thedral, Dublin, was, though not unjustifi-
able, sufficiently indicative of the general
character of his sentiments towards him. It
was utterly impossible, indeed, that there
could be harmonious action between men of
such consuming ambition placed in circum-
stances where their vital interests so conflicted.
At first Strafford had the advantage, but the
Earl of Cork's patience and self-control, dis-
ciplined by a long course of trials and hard-
ships, never for a moment failed him. In
e management of intrigue he was much
re than a match for Strafford, who found
purposes thwarted by causes in a great
ee beyond his ken, and ultimately fell
ictim to the hostility provoked by his
e of ' thorough.' One of the first intima-
.ons made to the council after Wentworth's
irrival was the intention of the king to issue
t commission for the remedying of defec-
ive titles to estates. The real design of the
;ommission was to enable the king to obtain
noney by confiscating estates to which the
title was doubtful. It was too probable that
the Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind
Boyle
were set on foot, would not escape scatheless.
A charge was preferred against him in regard
to his possession of the college and revenues
of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the
defence, adjourned the court, and sent word
to the Earl of Cork that, if he consented to
abide by his award, he would prove the best
friend he ever had. The earl at once agreed,
whereupon he intimated the decision ' that
he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds
for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col-
lege property, and surrender all the advow-
sons and patronage everything except the
college house and a few fields near the town.'
On learning the sentence Laud wrote to
Wentworth in high glee : ' No physic is better
than a vomit if it be given in time, and there-
fore you have taken a very judicious course to
administer one so early to my lord of Cork '
(Laud to Wentworth, 15 Nov. 1633, Letters
and Despatches of Thomas, Earl of Strafford,
i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of
Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he
never permitted himself to indulge in ex-
pressions of anger or to show any direct
hostility to Strafford. While undoubtedly
working to undermine his authority, he even
took pains to let it be known indirectly to
Strafford how thoroughly he admired his rule.
Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov. 1638,
mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to
him in high terms of his ' prudence, inde-
fatigable industry, and most impartial justice '
(Letters of Strafford, ii. 245), to which the un-
suspecting Strafford replies : ' It must be con-
fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had
more taken from him than any one, nay than
any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro-
ceeding with me I do acknowledge his in-
genuity as well as his justice' (Letters, ii, 271).
Possibly the Earl of" Cork deemed it best, in
the uncertain condition of the struggle at
this time, to be secure against any result ; but
even to the last, when the fall of Strafford
seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro-
minent part against him. At the trial he bore
witness with seeming reluctance. ' Though
I was prejudiced,' he says, l in no less than
40,000/. and 200 merks a year, I put off my
examination for six weeks.' He also states
that he was ' so reserved in his answers, that
no matter of treason could by them be fixed
upon the Earl of Strafford.' All the same,
but for the Earl of Cork, Stratford's Irish
policy would very likely not have been met
with the skilful and persistent opposition
which led to his impeachment ; and in any
case that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear
witness against him was not inspired by affec-
tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an
entry in his diary on the day of Strafford's
12
Boyle
116
Boyle
execution : < This day the Earl of Stratford Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford,
was beheaded. No man died more universally and the second son of Michael Boyle, mer-
hated, or less lamented by the people.' , chant, of London, and Jane, daughter and co-
Short ly after his return from England heir to William Peacock. He became warden
whither he had gone as a witness at Strafford's of Youghal on 24 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water-
trial the rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- ford on 10 May 1603, archdeacon of Limerick
land. Sudden as was the outbreak, the earl on 8 May 1605, and bishop of Cork, Cloyne,
was not taken by surprise, for from the be- and Koss on 22 Aug. 1620, these three prefer-
ginning he had carefully prepared against ! ments being obtained through the interest of
such a contingency. In Munster, therefore, ( his cousin, the first Earl of Cork. He was
the rebels, owing to the stand made by the j advanced to the see of Tuam on 30 May 1638.
Earl of Cork, found themselves completely I On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he
checkmated. Repairing to Youghal he sum- retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of
moned all his tenants to take up arms, and Killala, and others, to Galway for protection,
placed his sons at their head without delay, j where, when the town rose in arms against
In a letter to Speaker Lenthall, giving an the garrison, his life was preserved through
account of his successes, he states that, his ! the influence of the Earl of Clanricarde.
ready money being all spent in the payment ! He died at Cork on 19 March 1644, and was
of his troops, he had converted his plate into buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. . He is
coin {State Papers of the Earl of Orrery, p. 7). said to have repaired more churches and con-
At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642, his i secrated more new ones than any other bishop
four sons held prominent commands, and his
eldest son was slain on the field. The Earl
of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1643, and was
buried at Youghal. He left a large family,
many of whom were gifted with exceptional
talents, and either by their achievements or in-
fluential alliances conferred additional lustre
on his name. Of his seven sons, four were
ennobled in their father's lifetime. Eichard
[q. v.l was first earl of Burlington ; Roger
[q. v.J was first earl of Orrery ; Robert [q. v.],
the youngest, by his scientific achievements,
became the most illustrious of the Boyles ;
and of the eight daughters, seven were mar-
ried to noblemen.
[Earl of Cork's True Remembrances, printed
in Birch's edition of Robert Boyle's works ; Bud-
gell's Memoirs of the Boyles (1737), pp. 2-32;
A Collection of Letters chiefly written by Richard
Boyle, Earl of Corke, and several members of his
family in the seventeenth century, the originals
of which are in the library of the Royal Irish
Academy, and a copy in the British Museum
Harleian MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his
of his time. By his marriage to Martha,
daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of
Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and
nine daughters.
[Ware's Works (ed. Harris), i. 566, 616-7 ;
Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), i. 145.]
T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF BTTR-
LINGTON and second EARL OF CORK (1612-
1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle
[q. v.], first earl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh-
ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and was born at the
college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1612 (EARL OF
CORK, True Remembrances). On 13 Aug. 1624
he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord
deputy of Ireland. In his twentieth year he
was sent under a tutor to ' begin his travels
into foreign kingdoms,' his father allowing
him a grant of a thousand pounds a year
($.) On the continent he spent over two
years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy.
Shortly after his return he made the ac-
examination before the Privy Council in 1598 Mary, he accepted no office under the new
I regime. It was the Earl of Burlington who
was the first occupant of Burlington House,
/ Piccadilly. He died 15 Jan. 1697-8. His son
t Charles, lord Clifford, was father of Charles,
third earl of Cork, and of Henry, lord Car- |
leton [q. v.]
[Budgell's Memoirs of the Family of the
Boyles, pp. 32-3 ; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed.
1789, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii.
471-4.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, RICHARD, third EARL OF BUR- '
LINGTON and fourth EARL OF CORK (1695-
1753), celebrated for his architectural tastes
and his friendship with artists and men of let-
ters, was the only son of Charles, third earlof j
Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry i
Noel, Luffenham, Rutlandshire. He was born I
25, April 1695, and succeeded to the title and |
estates of his father in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714
he was sworn a member of the privy council.
In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute-
nant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in
June following custos rotulorum of the North
and West Ridings. In August of the same
year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire-
land. In June 1730 he was installed one of
the knights companions of the Garter, and in
June of the folio wing year constituted captain
of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Having
before he attained his majority spent several
years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an
enthusiastic admirer of the architectural
genius of Palladio, and on his return to Eng-
land not only continued his architectural
studies, but spent large sums of money to
gratify his tastes in this branch of art. His
earliest project was about 1716, to alter and
partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic-
cadilly, which had been built by his great
grandfather, the first earl of Burlington.
The professional artist engaged was Campbell,
who in f Vitruvius Britannicus,' published
in 1725, during the earl's lifetime, takes
credit for the whole design. Notwithstand-
ing this, Walpole asserts that the famous
colonnade within the court was the work of
Burlington ; and in any case it D ay be as-
sumed that Campbell was in a g: jat degree
guided in his plans by his patron's sugges-
tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon-
sible for the character of the building is
further supported by the fact that it formed a
striking and solitary exception to the bastard
and commonplace architecture of the period.
It undoubtedly justified the eulogy of Gay :
Beauty within ; without, proportion reigns.
(Trivia, book ii. line 494.)
But, as was the case in most of the designs
of Burlington, the useful was sacrificed to
the ornamental. The epigram regarding the
building attributed to Lord Hervey who,
if he did make use of it, must have trans-
lated it from Martial, xii. 50 contained a
spice of truth as well as malice. He says
that it was
Possessed of one great hall of state,
Without a room to sleep or eat.
The building figures in a print of Hogarth's
intended to satirise the earl and his friends,
entitled ' Taste of the Town,' afterwards
changed to ' Masquerades and Operas, Bur-
lington Gate.' Hogarth also published
another similar print entitled ' The Man of
Taste,' in which Pope is represented as white-
washing Burlington House and bespattering
the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Burlington
appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bur-
lington House was taken down to make way
for the new buildings devoted to science and
art. In addition to his town house Bur-
lington had a suburban residence at Chis-
wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House
Boyle
118
Boyle
and erected near it, in 1730-6, a villa built
after the model of the celebrated villa of Pal-
ladio. This building also provoked the satire
of Lord Hervey, who said of it that ' it was
too small to live in and too large to hang to
a watch.' The grounds were laid out in the
Italian style, adorned with temples, obelisks,
and statues, and in these ' sylvan scenes ' it
was the special delight of Burlington to en-
tertain the literary and artistic celebrities
whom he numbered among his friends. Here,
relates Gay,
Pope unloads the boughs within his reach,
The purple vine, blue plum, and blushing peach.
(Epistle on a Journey to Exeter.)
Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth
epistle of his Moral Essays, ' Of the Use of
Riches,' afterwards changed to ' On False
Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon-
shire to regain his health, addressed to him
his ' Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716.
Both poets frequently refer in terms of warm
eulogy to his disinterested devotion to lite-
rature ai d art ; but Gay, though he was en-
tertained by him for months, when he lost
in the South Sea scheme the money obtained
from the publication of his poems, expressed
his disappointment that he had received from
him so 'few real benefits' (CoxE, Life of
Gay, 24). This, however, was mere unrea-
sonable peevishness, for undoubtedly Bur-
lington erred rather on the side of generosity
than otherwise. Walpole says of him ' he
possessed every quality of a genius and artist
except envy.' He was a director of the
Royal Academy of Music for the performance
of Handel's works, and about 1716 received
Handel into his house (SCHOELCHEE, Life of
Handel, p. 44). At an early period he was a
patron of Bishop Berkeley. The architect
Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy,
resided in his house till his death in 1748,
and Burlington used every effort to secure
him commissions and extend his fame. His
enthusiastic admiration of Inigo Jones in-
duced him to repair the church at Covent
Garden. It was at his instance and by his help
that Kent published the designs of Inigo
Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful
edition of Palladio's ' Fabbriche Antiche,'
1730.
Burlington supplied designs for various
buildings, including the assembly rooms at
York built at his own expense, Lord Harring-
ton's house at Petersham, the dormitory at
"Westminster School, the Duke of Richmond's
house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in
Cork Street. The last two were pulled down
many years ago. Of General Wade's house
Walpole wrote, l It is worse contrived in the
inside than is conceivable, all to humour the
beauty of front,' and Lord Chesterfield sug-
gested that, ' as the general could not live in
it to his ease, he had better take a house over
against it and look at it.' Burlington ' spent,'
says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to
public works, and was known to choose that
the expense should fall on himself rather
than that his country should be deprived
of some beautiful edifices.' On this account
he became so seriously involved in money
difficulties that he was compelled to part
with a portion of his Irish estates, as we
learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is
now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in
Ireland for 200,000/., which won't pay his
debts ' (Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xix. 129).
He died in December 1753. By his wife,
Lady Dorothy Savile, daughter and coheiress
of William, marquis of Halifax, he left three
daughters, but no male heir. His wife was
a great patroness of music. She also drew
in crayons, and is said to have possessed a
genius for caricature.
[Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; Walpole's
Anecdotes of Painting;. Works of Pope, Gay,'
and Swift ; Wheatley's Bound about Piccadilly,
46-59.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, HON. ROBERT (1627-1691),
natural philosopher and chemist, was the \
seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard I
Boyle, the 4 great ' Earl of Cork, by his second 1
wife Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey
Fenton, principal secretary of state for Ire-
land, and was born at Lismore Castle, in the
province of Munster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627.
He learned early to speak Latin and French,
and won paternal predilection by his aptitude !
for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of ,
mind. His mother died when he was three \
years old, and at the age of eight he was sent \
to Eton, the provost then being his father's
friend, Sir Henry Wotton, described by
Boyle as ' not only a fine gentleman himself,
but very well skilled in the art of making
others so.' Here an accidental perusal of
Quintus Curtius 'conjured up in him' (he
narrates in an autobiographical fragment)
' that unsatisfied appetite for knowledge that
is yet as greedy as when it first was raised ; '
while ' Amadis de Gaule,' which fell into his
hands during his recovery from a fit of tertian
ague, produced an unsettling effect, counter- j
acted by a severe discipline self-imposed )
by a boy under ten of mental arithmetic
and algebra.
From Eton, after nearly four years, he was
transferred to his father's recently purchased !
estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his
education continued by the Rev. Mr. Douch,
Boyle
119
Boyle
and later by a French tutor named Mar-
combes. With him and his elder brother
Francis he left England in October 1638,
and, passing through Paris and Lyons, settled
during twenty-one months at Geneva, where
he acquired the gentlemanly accomplish-
ments of fluent French, dancing, fencing,
and tennis-playing. From this time, when
he was about fourteen, he dated his ' con-
version,' or that express dedication to religion
from which he never afterwards varied. The
immediate occasion of this momentous resolve
was the awe inspired by a thunderstorm.
At Florence during the winter of 1641-2
he mastered Italian, and studied 'the new
paradoxes of the great star-gazer Galileo/
whose death occurred during his stay (8 Jan.
1642). He chose in Rome to pass for a
Frenchman, and with the arrival of the party
at Marseilles, about May 1642, Boyle's record
of his early years abruptly closes. A serious
embarrassment here awaited them. A sum
of 250/., with difficulty raised by Lord Cork
during the calamities of the Irish rebellion,
was embezzled in course of transmission to
his sons. Almost penniless, they made their
way to Geneva, M. Marcombes' native place,
and there lived on credit for two years. At
length, by the sale of some jewels, they
raised money to defray their expenses home-
wards, and reached England in the summer
of 1644. They found their father dead, and
the country in such confusion that it was
nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who
had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could
make his way thither.
But civil distractions were powerless to
extinguish scientific zeal. From the meet-
ings in London in 1645 of the ' Philosophi-
cal,' or (as he preferred to call it) the ' In-
visible College,' incorporated, after the Re-
storation, as the Royal Society, Boyle de-
rived a definitive impulse towards experi-
mental inquiries. He was then a lad of
eighteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow-
ledged leader of the movement thus origi-
nated. Chemistry was from the first his
favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported
and bewitched me,' he wrote from Stalbridge
to his sister, Lady Ranelagh, 31 Aug. 1649,
as to ' make me fancy my laboratory a kind
of Elysium.' Compelled to visit his disor-
dered Irish estates in 1652 and 1653, he de-
scribed his native land as 'a barbarous country,
where chemical spirits were so misunder-
stood, and chemical instruments so unpro-
curable, that it was hard to have any Her-
metic thoughts in it.' Aided by Sir William
Petty, he accordingly practised instead ana-
tomical dissection, and satisfied himself ex-
perimentally as to the circulation of the
blood. On his return to England in June
1654 he settled at Oxford in the society of
some of his earlier philosophical associates,
and others of the same stamp, including
Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkins, and
Seth Ward. Meetings were alternately held
in the rooms of the warden of Wadham
(Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining
University College, and experiments were
zealously made and freely communicated.
Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number
of operators at work, and engaged Robert
Hooke as his chemical assistant. Reading
in 1657, in Schott's ' Mechanica hydraulico-
Eneumatica,' of Guericke's invention for ex-
austing the air in a closed vessel, he set
Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and
the result was the so-called l machina Boyle-
ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting
all the essential qualities of the modern air-
pump. By a multitude of experiments per-
formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the
effects (at that time very imperfectly recog-
nised) of the elasticity, compressibility, and
weight of the air ; investigated its function
in respiration, combustion, and the convey-
ance of sound, and exploded the obscure notion
of &fuga vacui. /A. first instalment of results
was published at Oxford in 1660, with the
title, l New Experiments Physico-Mechanical
touching the Spring of the Air and its Effects,
made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical
Engine.' His 'Defence against Linus,' ap-
pended, with his answer to the objections of
Hobbes, to the second edition (1662), con-
tained experimental proof of the proportional
relation between elasticity and pressure, still
known as ' Boyle's Law ' ( Works, folio ed.
1744, i. 100). This approximately true prin-
ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was
at once generalised and accepted, and was
confirmed by Mariotte in 1676. j
Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo-
gical subjects attention as earnest as if it
had been undivided. At the age of twenty-
one he had already written, besides a treatise
on ethics, several moral and religious essays,
afterwards published. His veneration for
the Scriptures induced him, although by
nature averse to linguistic studies, to learn
Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac
enough to read them in the originals. At
Oxford he made some further progress in this
direction,with assistance from Hyde, Pococke,
and Clarke ; applied himself to divinity under
Barlow (afterwards bishop of Lincoln) ; and
encouraged the writings on casuistry of Dr.
Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/. a
year. Throughout his life he was a munifi-
cent supporter of projects for the diffusion
of the Scriptures. He bore wholly, or in
Boyle
I2O
Boyle
part, the expense of printing the Indian, Irish,
and Welsh Bibles (1685-86) ; of the Turkish
New Testament, and of the Malayan version
of the Gospels and Acts (Oxford, 1677). As
governor of the Corporation for the Spread
of the Gospel in New England, and as direc-
tor of the East India Company (the charter
of which he was instrumental in procuring),
he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal
pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris-
tianity in those regions. He contributed,
moreover, largely to the publication of Bur-
net's l History of the Reformation,' bestowed
a splendid reward upon Pococke for his trans-
lation into Arabic of Grotius' ' De Veritate,'
and during some time spent 1,0001. a year in
private charity. Nor was science forgotten.
Besides his heavy regular outlay, and help
afforded to indigent savants, we hear in 1657,
in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for
investing 12,000/. in forfeited Irish estates,
the proceeds to be devoted to the advance-
ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase
to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi-
larly applied, but that, being ' cast upon im-
j>ropriations,' he felt bound to consecrate it
to religious uses.
On the Restoration, he was solicited by
the Earl of Clarendon to take orders ; but
excused himself, on the grounds of the absence
of an inner call, and of his persuasion that
arguments in favour of religion came with
more force from one not professionally pledged
to uphold it. This determination involved
the refusal of the provostship of Eton, offered
to him in 1665. He also repeatedly declined
a peerage, and died the only untitled member
of his large family.
In 1668 he left Oxford for London, and re-
sided until his death in Lady Ranelagh's house
in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Royal
Society perhaps furnished in part the induce-
ment to this move. Boyle might be called
the representative member of this distin-
guished body. He had taken a leading part
in its foundation ; he sat on its first council ;
the description and display of his ingenious
experiments gave interest to its proceedings ;
he was elected its president 30 Nov. 1680,
but declined to act from a scruple about
the oaths, and was replaced by Wren. His
voluminous writings flowed from him in
an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691, and
procured him an immense reputation, both
at home and abroad. Most of them ap-
peared in Latin, as well as in English, and
were more than once separately reprinted.
I In the < Sceptical Chymist ' (Oxford, 1661)
he virtually demolished, together with the
peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the
Spagyristic doctrine of the tria prima, tenta-
tively substituting the principles of a ' me-
chanical philosophy/ expounded in detail in
his ' Origin of Forms and Qualities ' (1666).
Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these
accord, in the main, with the views of many
recent physicists. They postulate one uni-
versal kind of matter, admit in the construc-
tion of the visible world only moving atoms,
and derive diversity of substance from their
various modes of grouping and manners of
movement, j, Boyle added as a corollary the
transmutability of differing forms of matter
by the rearrangement of their particles ef-
fected through the agency of fire or otherwise ;
referred ' sensible qualities ' to the action of
variously constituted particles on the human
frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase-
ology of the time, that ' the grand efficient of
forms is local motion ' ( Works, ii. 483). He
acquiesced in, rather than accepted, the cor-
puscular theory of light, but clearly recog-
nised in heat the results of a ( brisk ' molecular
agitation (ibid. i. 282).
In 'Experiments and Considerations touch-
ing Colours ' (1663) he described for the first
time the iridescence of metallic films and
soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydrostatical Paradoxes '
(1666) he enforced, by numerous and striking
experiments (presented to the Royal Society
in May 1664), the laws of fluid equilibrium.
His statement concerning the ' Incalescence
of Quicksilver with Gold' (Phil. Trans.
21 Feb. 1676) drew the serious attention of
Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's
Works, v. 396), and a widespread sensatio'n
was created by his ' Historical Account of a
Degradation of Gold ' (1678), the interest of
both these pseudo-observations being derived
from their supposed connection with alche-
mistic transformations. Boyle's faith in their
possibility was further evidenced by the re-
peal, procured through his influence in 1689,
of the statute 5 Henry IV against ' multi-
plying gold.'
Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents
were Newton, Locke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- |
denburg, Wallis, Beale, and Hartlib. To him
Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1659, his scheme for
the foundation of a ' physico-mathematic col-
lege,' and Newton, 28 Feb. 1679, his ideas
regarding the qualities of the aether. Na-
thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 \
his ' History of Generation ; ' Wallis in 1659
his essay on the ' Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in 1666
his ' Methodus curandi Febres,' intimating
Boyle's frequent association with him in his
visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed
to him in 1686 the letters constituting his
'Travels.' Wholesale plagiarism and theft
formed a vexatious, though no less flattering,
tribute to his fame. Hence the ' Advertise-
Boyle
121
Boyle
ment about the loss of many of his Writings/
published in May 1688, in which he described
the various mischances, both by fraud and
accident, having befallen them, and declared
his intention to write thenceforth on loose
sheets, as offering less temptation to thieves
than bulky packets, and to send to press with-
out the dangerous delays of prolonged re-
vision. In the same year he gave to the
world * A Disquisition concerning the Final
Causes of Natural Things,' and in 1690 ' Me-
dicina Hydrostatica ' and 'The Christian
Virtuoso,' setting forth the mutual service-
ableness of science and religion. The last
work published by himself was entitled ' Ex-
perimenta et Observationes Physicee,' part i.
(1691) ; the second part never appeared.
In 1689 the failing state of his health com-
pelled him to suspend communications to the
Royal Society, and to resign his post, filled
since 1661, as governor of the Corporation for
the Spread of the Gospel in New England.
About the same time he publicly notified his
intention of excluding visitors on certain por-
tions of four days in each week, thus reserving
leisure to ' recruit ' (as he said) ' his spirits,
to range his papers, and to take some care of
his affairs in Ireland, which are very much
disordered, and have their face often changed
by the public calamities there.' He was also
desirous to complete a collection of elaborate
chemical processes, which he is said to have
entrusted to a friend as t a kind of Hermetick
legacy,' but which were never made known.
Some secrets discovered by him, such as the
preparation of subtle poisons and of a liquid
for discharging writing, he concealed as mis-
chievous.
From the age of twenty-one he had suffered
from a torturing malady, of which he dreaded
the aggravation, with the approach of death,
beyond his powers of patient endurance. But
his end was without pain, and almost with-
out serious illness. His beloved sister, Ca-
therine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and
noble personage, died 23 Dec. 1691. He sur-
vived her one week, expiring three-quarters
of an hour after midnight, 30 Dec., aged
nearly 65, and was buried 7 Jan. 1692 in
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Dr.
Burnet preached his funeral sermon. By his
will he founded and endowed with 50/. a
year the < Boyle Lectures,' for the defence of
Christianity against unbelievers, of which the
first set of eight discourses was preached by
Bentley in 1692.
' Mr. Boyle,' Dr. Birch writes (Life, p. 86),
'was tall of stature, but slender, and his
countenance pale and emaciated. His con-
stitution was so tender and delicate that he
had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he
went abroad, according to the temperature of
the air, and in this he governed himself by
his thermometer. He escaped, indeed, the
small-pox during his life, but for almost forty
years he laboured under such a feebleness of
body and lowness of strength and spirits that
it was astonishing how he could read, medi-
tate, ,try experiments, and write as he did.
He had likewise a weakness * His eyes, which
made him very tender of them, .*nd extremely
apprehensive of such distempers as might
affect them.' To these disabilities was added
that of a memory so treacherous (by his own
account) that he was often tempted to abandon
study in despair. He spoke with a slight
hesitation ; nevertheless at times ' distin-
guished himself by so copious and lively a
flow of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir William
Davenant both thought him equal in that
respect to the most celebrated geniuses of
that age.' He never married, but Evelyn
was credibly informed that he had paid court
in his youth to the Earl of Monmouth's beau-
tiful daughter, and that his passion inspired
the essay on ' Seraphic Love,' published in
1660. It was, however, already written in
1648, and Boyle himself assures us, 6 Aug.
of that year, that he ' hath never yet been
hurt by Cupid ' ( Works, i. 155). The story
is thus certainly apocryphal.
The tenor of his life was in no way in-
consistent with his professions of piety. It
was simple and unpretending, stainless yet
not austere, humble without affectation. His
temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub-
dued to mildness ; his religious principles
were equally removed from laxity and in-
tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per-
secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree
the credulousness of his age. He publicly
subscribed to the truth of the stories about
the ' demon of Mascon,' and vouched for the
spurious cures of Greatrakes the 'stroker.'
Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in-
separable from the cultivation of a philosophy
' that valued no knowledge but as it had a
tendency to use.' His view of astronomical
studies is, in this respect, characteristic. If
the planets have no physical influence on
the earth, he admits his inability to propound
any end for the pains bestowed upon them ;
' we know them only to know them ' (ibid. v.
124).
Yet his services to science were unique.
The condition of his birth, the elevation of
his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of
his researches, combined to lend dignity and
currency to their results. These were coex-
tensive with the whole range, then accessible,
of experimental investigation. He personi-
fied, it might be said, in a manner at once
Boyle
122
Boyle
impressive and conciliatory, the victorious
revolt against scientific dogmatism then in
progress. Hence his unrivalled popularity
and privileged position, which even the most
rancorous felt compelled to respect. No
stranger of note visited England without
seeking an interview, which he regarded it as
an obligation of Christian charity to grant.
Three successive kings of England conversed
familiarly with him, and he was considered
to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of
the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr.
Boyle,' Hughes wrote in the 'Spectator'
(No. 554), ' was the person who seems to have
been designed by nature to succeed to the
labours and inquiries of that extraordinary
genius. By innumerable experiments he, in
a great measure, filled up those plans and
outlines of science which his predecessor had
sketched out.' Addison styled him (No. 531)
' an honour to his country, and a more dili-
gent as well as successful inquirer into the
works of nature than any other one nation
has ever produced.' 'To him,' Boerhaave
wrote, ' we owe the secrets of fire, air, water,
animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his
works may be deduced the whole system of
natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar-
tem Medicam, p. 152).
It must be admitted that Boyle's achieve-
ments are scarcely commensurate to praises
of which these are but a sample. His name
is identified with no great discovery ; he pur-
sued no subject far beyond the merely illus-
trative stage ; his performance supplied a
general introduction to modern science rather
than entered into the body of the work. But
such an introduction was indispensable, and
was admirably executed. It implied an ' ad-
vance all along the line.' Subjects of inquiry
were suggested, stripped of manifold obscuri-
ties, and set in approximately true mutual
relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the
experimental method was vividly exhibited,
and its use rendered easy and familiar. Boyle
was the true precursor of the modern chemist.
Besides clearing away a jungle of perplexed
notions, he collected a number of highly sug-
gestive facts and observations. He was the
first to distinguish definitely a mixture from
a compound ; with him originated the defi-
nition of an ' element ' as a hitherto unde-
composed constituent of a compound; he
introduced the use of vegetable colour-tests
of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint
as to the method of preparing phosphorus
(discovered by Brandt in 1669) he arrived at
it independently, communicated it 14 Oct.
1680 in a sealed packet to the Royal Society,
and published it for the first time in 1682
(Works iv. 37). In a tract printed the same
year he accurately described the qualities
of the new substance under the title of the
' Icy Noctiluca.' He, moreover, actually pre-
pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver
placed over water, but failed to .distinguish
it from what he called 'air generated de
novo' (ibid. i. 35).
In physics, besides the great merit of having
rendered the air-pump available for experi-
ment and discovered the law of gaseous
elasticity, he invented a compressed-air
pump, and directed the construction of the
first hermetically sealed thermometers made
in England. He sought to measure the ex-
pansive force of freezing water, first used
freezing mixtures, observed the effects of
atmospheric pressure on ebullition, added
considerably to the store of facts collected
about electricity and magnetism, determined
the specific gravities and refractive powers
of various substances, and made a notable
attempt to weigh light. He further ascer-
tained the unvarying high temperature of
human blood, and performed a variety of
curious experiments on respiration. He aimed
at being the disciple only of nature. Down
to 1657 he purposely refrained from ' seriously
or orderly ' reading the works of Gassendi,
Descartes, or 'so much as Sir F. Bacon's
" Novum Organum," in order not to be pos-
sessed with any theory or principles till he
had found what things themselves should
induce him to think ' (ibid. 194). And, al-
though he professed a special reverence for
Descartes, as the true author of the ' tenets
of mechanical philosophy' (ibid. iv. 521),
we find, nine years later, that he had not yet
carried out his intention of thoroughly study-
ing his writings (ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was
no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his
scientific efforts bore the broad Baconian
stamp ; nor was the general voice widely in
error which declared him to have (at least
in part) executed what Verulam designed.
The style of his writings, which had the
character rather of occasional essays than of
systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical
affectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole-
rably prolix, its not rare felicities of phrase
being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He
endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro-
cesses of compulsory concentration. Boulton's
first epitome of his writings appeared in
1699-1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second,
of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols.
8vo) ; and Dr. Peter Shaw's abridgment of.
his philosophical works in 1725 (3 vols. 8vo).
The first complete edition of his writings
was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio
volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4to, London,
1772). It included his posthumous remains
Boyle
123
Boyle
and correspondence, with a life of the author
founded on materials collected with abortive
biographical designs by Burnet and Wotton,
and embracing Boyle's unfinished narrative
of his early years entitled ' An Account of
Philaretus during his Minority.' More or
less complete Latin editions of his works
were issued at Geneva in 1677, 1680, and
1714; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Venice
in 1695. A French collection, with the title
' Recueil d'Exp^riences,' appeared at Paris in
1679. Of his separate treatises the follow-
ing, besides those already mentioned, deserve
to be particularised: 1. '.Some Considera-
tions touching the Usefulness of Experimental
Natural Philosophy' (Oxford, 1663, 2nd part
1671). 2. ' Some Considerations touching
the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1663),
extracted from an 'Essay on Scripture,'
begun 1652, and published, after the writer's
death, by Sir Peter Pett. 3. ' Occasional
Reflections upon several Subjects' (1664,
reprinted 1808), an early production satirised
by Butler in his ' Occasional Reflection on
Dr. Charlton's feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gres-
ham College,' and by Swift in his ' Medita-
tion on a Broom Stick,' who nevertheless was
probably indebted for the first idea of * Gul-
liver's Travels ' to one of the little pieces thus
caricatured (' Upon the Eating of Oysters,'
Works , ii. 219). 4. ' New Experiments and
Observations touching Cold, or an Experi-
mental History of Cold begun ' (1665), con-
taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine
of ' antiperistasis ' (in full credit with Bacon)
and of Hobttjs's theory of cold. 5. ' A Con-
tinuation of New Experiments Physico-
Mechanical touching the Spring and Weight
of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third
series appeared in 1682). 6. ' Tracts about
the Cosmical Qualities of Things' (1670).
7. ' An Essay about the Origin and Virtues
of Gems' (1672). 8. 'The Excellency of
Theology compared with Natural Philosophy '
(1673). 9. ' Some Considerations about the
Reconcilableness of Reason and Religion'
(1675). 10. ' The Aerial Noctiluca ' (1680).
11. 'Memoirs for the Natural History of
Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High
Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God'
(1685). 13. ' A Free Enquiry into the vul-
garly received Notion of Nature' (1686).
14. 'The General History of the Air de-
signed and begun' (1692). 15. ' Medicinal
Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both
posthumous.
Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub-
lished at London in 1688 and subsequent
years. He bequeathed his mineralogical col-
lections to the Royal Society, and his portrait
by Kerseboorn, the property of the same
body, formed part of the National Portrait
Exhibition in 1866.
[Life by Birch ; Biog. Brit. ; "Wood's Fasti Oxon.
(Bliss), ii. 286 ; Burnet's Funeral Sermon ; Watt's
Bibl. Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 155 ;
Poggendorff's Gesch. d. Physik, p. 466 ; Libes's
Hist. Phil, des Progres de la Physique, ii. 134 ;
A. Crum Brown's Development of the Idea of
Chemical Composition, pp. 9-14.] A. M. C.
BOYLE, ROGER, BARON BROGHILL, and
first EAKL OF ORRERY (162] -1679), states-
man, soldier, and dramatist, the third son of
Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Cathe-
rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, was
born at Lismore 25 April 1621. In recogni-
tion of his father's services he was on 28 Feb.
1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age
of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin
(BTJDGELL, Memoirs of the Boyles, p. 34), and
according to Wood (Athena, ed. Bliss, iii.
1200) he also 'received some of his academical
education in Oxon.' After concluding his
university career he spent some years on the
continent, chiefly in France and Italy, under
a governor, Mr. Markham. Soon after his
return to England, he was entrusted by the
Earl of Northumberland with the command
of his troop in the Scotch expedition. On
his marriage to Lady Margaret Howard,
third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set
out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on
the very day that the great rebellion broke
out. When the Earl of Cork summoned his
retainers, Lord Broghill was appointed to a
troop of horse, with which he joined the Lord
President St. Leger. It was only Broghill's
acuteness that prevented St. Leger from be-
lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry,
the leader of the Irish rebels, that he was act-
ing on the authority of a commission from the
king. Under the Earl of Cork he took part
in the defence of Lismore, and he held a com-
mand at the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642.
When the Marquis of Ormonde resigned his
authority to the parliamentary commissioners
in 1647, Lord Broghill, though a zealous
royalist, continued to serve under them until
the execution of the king. Immediately on
receipt of the news he went over to Eng-
land, where he lived for some time in strict
retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At
last, however, he determined to make a stre-
nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and
the royal cause, and, on the pretence of visiting
a German spa for the sake of his health, re-
solved to seek an interview with Charles II
on the continent, with a view to concoct
measures to aid in his restoration. With
this purpose he arrived in London, having
meanwhile made application to the Earl of
Boyle
124
Boyle
Warwick for a pass, only communicating his I
real design to certain royalists in whom he
had perfect confidence. While waiting the '
result of his application, he was surprised by
a message from Oliver Cromwell of his in-
tention to call on him at his lodgings. Crom-
well at once informed him that the council
were completely cognisant of the real charac-
ter of his designs, and that but for his inter-
position he would already have been l clapped
up in the Tower ' (MoEBiCE, Memoirs of the \
Earl of Orrery, p. 11). Broghill thanked
Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked j
his advice as to what he should do, whereupon ;
Cromwell offered him a general's command
in the war against the Irish. No oaths or
obligations were to be laid on him except a
promise on his word of honour faithfully to
assist to the best of his power in subduing
Ireland. Broghill, according to his biographer,
asked for time to consider ' this large offer,'
but Cromwell brusquely answered that he
must decide on the instant ; and, finding that
' no subterfuges could any longer be made
use of,' he gave his consent.
The extraordinary bargain is a striking
proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men
and of his consciousness of the immense diffi-
culty of the task he had in hand in Ireland.
The trust placed by him in Broghill's stead-
fastness and abilities was fully justified by
the result. By whatever motives he may have
been actuated, there can be no doubt that
Broghill strained every nerve to make the
cause of the parliament in Ireland triumph-
ant. Indeed but for his assistance Cromwell's
enterprise might have been attended with
almost fatal disasters. With the commission
of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately
proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for
Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster
that he soon found himself at the head of a
troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro-
perty, and 1,500 well-appointed infantry,
many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi-
quin. After joining Cromwell at Wexford,
he was left by him ' at Mallow, with about
six or seven hundred horse and four or five
hundred foot,' to protect the interests of the
parliament in Munster, and distinguished
himself by the capture of two strong garri-
sons (CAKLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxix.) This
vigorous procedure greatly contributed to
drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they
shortly afterwards surrendered. Cromwell
then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill
was ordered to attack a body of Irish under
the titular bishop of Ross, who were march-
ing to its relief. This force he met at Ma-
croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated,
taking the bishop prisoner. While prepar-
ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received
a message from Cromwell, whose troops had
been decimated by sickness and the sallies
of the enemy, to join him with the utmost
haste ; and on his arrival Clonmel was taken
after a desperate struggle. Cromwell, whose
presence in Scotland had been for some time
urgently required, now left the task of com-
pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the
hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at
the siege of Limerick. News having reached
the besiegers that preparations were being
made for its relief, Broghill was sent with a
strong detachment to disperse any bodies of
troops that might be gathering for this purpose.
By a rapid march he intercepted a strong force
under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the
army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so
completely routed them that all attempts to
relieve Limerick were abandoned.
On the conclusion of the war Broghill re-
mained in Munster to keep the province in
subjection, with Youghal for his headquarters
(MoEKiCE, 19). While the war was proceed-
ing he had been put in possession of as much
of Lord Muskerry 's estates as amounted to
1,000/. a year, until the country in which his
estate was situated was freed from the enemy
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 473),
and at its close Blarney Castle, with lands
adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/.,
was bestowed upon him, the bill after long
delay in parliament receiving the assent of
Cromwell in 1657 (Commons' Journal). Ire-
ton, who had been so suspicious of Broghill's
intentions as to advise that he should ' be
cut off,' died from exposure at Limerick, and
Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied
implicitly on Broghill's good faith, gradually
received him into his special confidence.
Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal
cause was for the time hopeless, devoted all
his energies to make the rule of Cromwell a
success. Actuated at first by motives of self-
interest, he latterly conceived for Cromwell
strong admiration and esteem. In Crom-
well's parliament which met in 1654 he sat
as member for Cork, and on the list of the
parliament of 1656 his name appears as
member both for Cork and Edinburgh. His
representation of the latter city is accounted
for by the fact that this year he was sent as
lord president of the council to Scotland.
That he remained in Scotland only one year
was due not to any failure to satisfy either
the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the
condition he made on accepting office, that he
should not be required to hold it for more
than a year. According to Robert Baillie
he 'gained more on the affections of the
people than all the English that ever were
Boyle
among us ' (Journals, iii. 315). After his
return to England he formed one of a special
council whom the Protector was in the habit
of consulting on matters of prime importance
(WHITELOCKE, Memorials, 656). He was
also a member of the House of Lords, nomi-
nated by Cromwell in December 1657 (Par I.
Hist. iii. 1518). It was chiefly at his in-
stance that the parliament resolved to recom-
mend Cromwell to adopt the title of king
(LUDLOW, Memoirs, 247), and he was one
of the committee appointed to discuss the
matter with Cromwell (Monarchy asserted \
to be the best, most ancient, and legall form
of government, in a conference held at White-
hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com-
mittee of Parliament, 1660, reprinted in
the State Letters of the Earl of Orrery,
1742). Probably it was after the failure of !
this negotiation that he brought before Crom-
well the remarkable proposal for a marriage
between Cromwell's daughter Frances and
Charles II (MoKRiCE, Memoirs of the Earl
of Orrery, 21). After the death of Oliver he
did his utmost to consolidate the government
of his son Richard, who consulted him in his
chief difficulties, but failed to profit suffi-
ciently by his advice. Convinced at last
that the cause of Richard was hopeless, he
passed over to Ireland, and obtaining from
the commissioners the command in Munster,
he, along with Sir Charles Coote, president
of Connaught, secured Ireland for the king.
His letter inviting Charles to land at Cork
actually reached him before the first commu-
nication of Monk, but the steps taken by
Monk in England rendered the landing of
Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con-
vention parliament Broghill sat as member
for Arundel, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was
created Earl of Orrery. About the close of
the year he was appointed one of the lord
justices of Ireland, and it was he who drew
up the act of settlement for that kingdom.
On the retirement of Lord Clarendon, the lord
high chancellor, he was offered the great
seals, but, from considerations of health, de-
clined them. He continued for the most
part to reside in Ireland in discharge of his
duties as lord president of Munster, and
in this capacity was successful in defeating
the attempt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral
of France, to land at Kinsale. The presi-
dency of Munster he, however, resigned in
1668 on account of disagreements with the
Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly
afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeached in
the House of Commons for ' raising of moneys
by his own authority upon his majesty's sub-
jects ; defrauding the king's subjects of their
estates/ but the king by commission on 11 Dec.
5 Boyle
suddenly put a stop to the proceedings by
proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach-
ment of the Earl of Orrery, Parl. Hist. iv.
434-40), and no further attempt was made
against him. He died from an attack of gout
16 Oct. 1679. He was buried at Youghal.
He left two sons and five daughters.
The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author
of an anonymous pamphlet l Irish Colours
displayed, in a reply of an English Protes-
tant to a letter of an Irish Roman Catholic/
1662. The ' Irish Roman Catholic' was
Father Peter Welsh, who replied to it by
' Irish Colours folded.' Both were addressed
to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was
the author of the pamphlet is not impossible,
but the statement is unsupported by proof.
It is probable, therefore, that it has been con-
founded with another reply to the same letter
professedly written by him and entitled ' An
Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed
and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator
to the Sec. and Reg. Popish Priests of Ire-
land.' This pamphlet has for sub-title ' A
full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish
rebels and the beginning of the rebellion
there. Necessary to be considered by all
adventurers and other persons estated in that
kingdom.' Both the letter of Welsh and this,
reply to it have been reprinted in the l State
Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742.
In 1654 he published in six volumes the first
part of a romance, ' Parthenissa/ a complete
edition of which appeared in three volumes
in 1665 and in 1677. The writer of the
notice of Orrery in the ' Biographia Britan-
nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance
to its remaining unfinished, but finished.it
certainly was, and if it had not been, its tedi-
ousness would not have been relieved by
adding to its length. More substantial merit
attaches to his ' Treatise of the Art of War/
1677, dedicated to the king. He claims for
it the distinction of being the first l Entire
Treatise on the Art of War written in our
language/ and the quality of comprehensive-
ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does
of the ' choice and educating of the soldiery ;
the arming of the soldiery ; the disciplining
of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons ;
the marching of an army ; the camping of
an army within a line or intrenchment ; and
battles.' The treatise is of undoubted inte-
rest as indicating the condition of the art at
the close of the Cromwellian wars, and, like
his political pamphlet, is written in a terse
and effective style.
Not content to excel as a statesman and
a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure
to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden
is to be believed, the hours he chose for the
Boyle
126
Boyle
recreation were not the most auspicious.
' The muses,' he says, ' have seldom employed
your thoughts but when some violent fit of
gout has snatched you from affairs of state,
and, like the priestess of Apollo, you never
come to deliver your oracles but unwillingly
and in torment ' (Dedication prefixed to The
Rivals). Commenting on this, Walpole re-
marked that the gout was a ' very impotent
muse.' Like his relative Eichard, second
earl of Burlington, Orrery was on terms of
intimate friendship with many eminent men
of letters among others Davenant, Dryden,
and Cowley. Besides several dramas he was
the author of ' A Poem on his Majesty's
happy Restoration,' which he presented to
the king, but which was never printed ; ' A
Poem on the Death of Abraham Cowley,'
1677, printed in a ' Collection of Poems ' by
various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re-
published in Budgell's ' Memoirs of the
Family of the Boyles,' and prefixed by Dr.
Sprat to his edition of Cowley's works ; ' The
Dream ' in which the genius of France is in-
troduced endeavouring to persuade Charles II
to become dependent on Louis XIV pre-
sented to the king, but never printed, and
now lost ; and ' Poems on most of the Festi-
vals of the Church,' 1681. Several of the
tragedies of Orrery attained a certain success
in their day. They are written in rhyme
with an easy flowing diction, and, if some-
what bombastic and extravagant in sentiment,
are not without effective situations, and mani-
fest considerable command of pathos. The
earliest of his plays performed was ' Henry V,'
at Lincoln's Inn Fields, as is proved by the
reference of Pepys, under date 13 Aug. 1664.
He then saw it acted, and he makes a
later reference, under date 28 Sept. of the
same year, to ' The General ' as ' Lord Brog-
hill's second play.' Downes asserts that
< Henry V ' was not brought out till 1667,
when the theatre was reopened, but it was
then only revived, and was performed ten
nights successively. The play was published
in 1668. It is doubtful if Orrery was the
author of' The General ' at least there is no
proof of his having acknowledged it. ' Mus-
tapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent,'
was brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields
3 April 1665, and played before their majes-
ties at court 20 Oct. 1666 (EVELYN). ' The
Black Prince,' published 1669, and played for
the first time at the king's house 19 Oct. 1667
(PEPYS), was not very successful, the read-
ing of a letter actually causing the audience
to hiss. ' Tryphon,' a tragedy, published in
1672, and acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields
8 Dec. 1668, met with some applause, but
showed a lack of invention, resembling his
other tragedies too closely in its construction.
These four tragedies were published together
in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his 'Dramatic
Works.' Of Orrery's two comedies, ' Guzman '
and ' Mr. Anthony,' * the former,' according
to Downes, 'took very well, the latter but
indifferent.' Pepys, who pronounced ' Guz-
man ' to be ' very ordinary,' mentions it as
produced anonymously 16 April 1669. It
was published posthumously in 1693. ' Mr.
Anthony ' was published in 1690, but is not
included in the ' Dramatic Works.' Two
tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu-
mously, ' Herod the Great,' in 1694, along
with his four early tragedies and the comedy
' Guzman ;' and ' Altemira ' in 1702, in which
year it was put upon the stage by his grand-
son Charles Boyle. The ' Complete Drama-
tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,' including
all his plays with the exception of 'Mr.
Anthony,' appeared in 1743. The Earl of
Orrery is the reputed author of ' English
Adventures, by a Person of Honour,' 1676,
entered in the catalogue of the Huth Li-
brary.
[State Letters of Eoger Boyle, 1st Earl of
Orrery, containing a series of correspondence
between the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship,
from the Kestoration to the year 1668, together
with some other letters and pieces of a different
kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by
the Eev. Mr. ThomasMorrice, his lordship's chap-
lain, 1742 ; Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles, 34-
93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Book whilst Governor
of Minister (1644-49), Add. MS. 25287 ; Letters
to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109-188;
Ludlow's Memoirs ; Whitelocke's Memorials ;
Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; Old-
mixon's History of the Stuarts ; Carte's Life of
Ormonde ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), especially
during the Protectorate ; Pepys's Diary; Evelyn's
Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), iii.
177 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1200-1;
Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors (Park), v.
191-7; Genest's History of the .Stage; Biog.
Brit. (Kippis), ii. 4 7 9-92; Lodge's Irish Peerage
(1789), i. 178-192.] T. F. H.
BOYLE, ROGER (1617 P-1687), bishop of
Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, where he was elected a fellow. On the out-
break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor
to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained
until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he
became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone
in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was
advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on
12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the see of
Down and Connor. On 21 Sept. 1672 he
was translated to the see of Clogher. He died
at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth
year of his age, and was buried in the church
Boyne
127
Boys
at Clones. He was the author of ' Inquisitio
in fidem Christianorum hujus Saeculi,' Dub-
lin, 1665, and 'Summa Theologies Chris-
tianas,' Dublin, 1681. His commonplace book
on various subjects, together with an abstract
of Sir Kenelm Digby's ' Treatise of Bodies,' is
in manuscript in Trinity College Library,
Dublin.
[Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, iii. 80,
207-8; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 190, 213, ii.
203.] T. F. H.
BOYNE, VISCOUNT. [See HAMILTON,
GUSTAVUS.]
BOYNE, JOHN (d. 1810), water-colour
painter, caricaturist, and engraver, was born
in county Down, Ireland, between 1750 and
1759. His father was originally a joiner by
trade, but afterwards held for many years
an appointment at the victualling office at
Deptford. Boyne was brought to England
when about nine years of age, and subse-
quently articled to William Byrne, the land-
scape-engraver. His master dying just at
the expiration of his apprenticeship, he made
an attempt to carry on the business himself,
but being idle and dissipated in his habits,
he was unsuccessful. He then joined a com-
pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford,
where he enacted some of Shakespeare's
characters, and assisted in a farce called
' Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode
of life, he returned to London in 1781, and
took to the business of pearl-setting, being
employed by a Mr. Flower, of Chichester
Rents, Chancery Lane. Later on we find
him in the capacity of a master in a draw-
ing school, first in Holborn, and afterwards
in Gloucester Street, Queen Square, where
Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne
died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June
1810. His most important artistic produc-
tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays,
spiritedly drawn and tinted ; also ' Assigna-
tion, a Sketch to the Memory of the Duke of
Bedford ;' < The Muck Worm,' and ' The Glow
Worm.' His ' Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now
in the South Kensington Museum, was en-
graved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub-
lished ' A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri-
dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a
Member of the Society of the Freedom of the
Press.'
[Magazine of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red-
grave's Dictionary of Artists of the English
School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F.
BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (rf.1461),
Carmelite, was educated at Oxford, and lec-
tured in theology at that university ; he also
visited for purposes of study the university of
Cambridge and several foreign universities.
He became head of the Carmelite community
at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451.
The following are the titles of works written
by Boys : 1. ' De duplici hominis immorta-
litate.' 2. ' Adversus Agarenos.' 3. ' Contra
varies Gentilium Ritus.' 4. 'De Spiritus
Doctrina.' 5. ' De vera Innocentia.'
[Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis,
p. 454 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Bibliotheca Car-
melitana.] A. M.
BOYS, EDWARD (1599-1667), divine, a
nephew of Dr. John Boys (1571-1625), dean
of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas
Boys of Hoad Court, in the parish of Blean,
Kent, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter
of Richard Rogers, dean of Canterbury, and
lord suffragan of Dover, was born in 1599
(W. BERET, County Genealogies, Kent, p.
445). Educated at Eton, he was elected
a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of
that house graduated B.A. in 1623, M.A.
in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1631.
He proceeded B.D., was appointed one of
the university preachers in 1634, and in
1639, on the presentation of William Pas-
ton, his friend and contemporary at college,
became rector of the tiny village of Maut-
boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful
authority, to have been one of the chap-
lains to Charles I (R. MASTERS, Hist. Cor-
pus Christi College, pp. 242-3). After an
incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died
at Mautboy on 10 March 1666-7, and was
buried in the chancel (BLOMEFIELD, Nor-
folk, ed. Parkin, xi. 229-30). An admired
scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher,
and in great favour with his bishop, Hall,
Boys was deterred from seeking higher pre-
ferment by an exceeding modesty. After
his death appeared his only known pub-
lication, a volume of 'Sixteen Sermons,
preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon-
don, 1672. The editor, Roger Flynt, a fellow-
collegian, tells us in his preface that it was
with difficulty he obtained leave of the dying
author to make them public, and gained it
only upon condition 'that he should say
nothing of him.' From which he leaves the
reader to judge 'how great this man was,
that made so little of himself.' He speaks,
nevertheless, of the great loss to the church
' that such a one should expire in a country
village consisting onely of four farmers.' In
1640 Boys had married Mary Herne, who
was descended from a family of that name
long seated in Norfolk. His portrait by W.
Faithorne, at the age of sixty-six, is prefixed
to his sermons.
Boys
128
Boys
[Chalmers's Biog. Diet. vi. 374-5; Masters's
Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. (Lamb), p. 353 ; Granger's
Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6 ;
General Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Chambers, i.
249, ii. 1336.] G-. G.
BOYS, EDWARD (1785-1866), captain,
son of John Boys (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered
the navy in 1796, and after serving in the
North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the
Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the
Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when
in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the
French, and continued so for six years, when
after many daring and ingenious attempts he
succeeded in effecting his escape. On his re-
turn to England he was made lieutenant,
and served mostly in the West Indies till the
peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander ;
but, consequent on the reduction of the navy
from its war strength, had no further em-
ployment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he
was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal.
On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of
captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866.
Immediately after his escape, and whilst in
the West Indies, he wrote for his family
an account of his adventures in France ; the
risk of getting some of his French friends into
trouble had, however, made him keep this
account private, and though abstracts from it
had found their way into the papers it was
not till 1827 that he was persuaded to pub-
lish it, under the title of ' Narrative of a Cap-
tivity and Adventures in France and Flanders
between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a
book of surpassing interest, and the source
from which the author of ' Peter Simple '
drew much of his account of that hero's es-
cape, more perhaps than from the previously
published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's ad-
ventures [see ASHWORTH, HEBTRY]. Captain
Boys also published in 1831 ' Remarks on the
Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich
or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the
present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was
captain of the Excellent and superintendent
of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth
1869-74, director of naval ordnance from
1874-8, and second in command of the Chan-
nel fleet in 1878-9.
[O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Berry's Kentish
Genealogies.] J. K. L.
BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of
Canterbury, was descended from an old
Kentish family who boasted that their ances-
tor came into England with the Conqueror,
and who at the beginning of the seventeenth
century had no less than eight branches,
each with its capital mansion, in the county
of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas
Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter
and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He
was born at Eythorn in 1571, and pro-
bably was educated at the King's School in
Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus
Christi College, Cambridge, where Arch-
bishop Parker had founded some scholarships
appropriated to scholars of that school. He
took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but
migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently
on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow-
ship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Cold-
well, and which was filled up by the election
of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was
forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His
first preferment was the small rectory of
Betshanger in his native county, which he
tells us was procured for him by his uncle
Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls
' my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears
to have resided upon this benefice and to have
at once begun to cultivate the art of preach-
ing. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the
mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon
afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but
the aggregate value of these preferments was
quite inconsiderable, and when he married
Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury,
in 1599, he must have had other means of
subsistence than his clerical income. The
dearth of competent preachers to supply the
London pulpits appears to have been severely
felt about this time, and in January 1593
Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor
and heads of the university of Cambridge
complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge
divines to take their part in this duty. The
same year that the primate appointed Boys
to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at
St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only
twenty-seven years of age. Two years after
he was called upon to preach at the Cross
again, and it was actually while he was in
the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made
his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1).
Next year we find him preaching at St.
Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping
his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded
D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the
Latin sermon he then delivered is among his
printed works. Whitgift's death (February
1604) made little alteration in his circum-
stances ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him
into his favour, and he preached at Asliford,
on the occasion of the primate holding his
primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607.
Two years after this Boys published his
first work, * The Minister's Invitatorie, being
An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip-
tures used in our English Liturgie : together
with a reason why the Church did chuse
Boys
129
Boys
the same.' The work was dedicated to Ban-
croft, who had lately been made chancellor
of the university of Oxford, and in the * dedi-
catorie epistle ' Boys speaks of his ' larger
exposition of the Gospels and Epistles ' as
shortly about to appear. It appeared accord-
ingly next year in 4to, under the title of
' An Exposition of the Dominical Epistles
and Gospels used in our English Liturgie
throughout the whole yeere,' and was dedi-
cated to his 'very dear uncle/ Sir John
Boys of Canterbury. In his dedication Boys
takes the opportunity of mentioning his
obligations to Sir John and to Archbishop
Whitgift for having watered what 'that
vertuous and worthy knight ' had planted.
The work supplied a great need and had a
very large and rapid sale ; new editions fol-
lowed one another in quick succession, and
it would be a difficult task to draw up an
exhaustive bibliographical account of Boys's
publications.
Archbishop Bancroft died in November
1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri-
macy in the spring of 1611. Boys dedicated
to him his next work, ' An Exposition of the
Festival Epistles and Gospels used in our
English Liturgie,' which, like its predeces-
sors, was published in 4to, the first part in
1614, the second in the following year.
Hitherto he had received but scant recogni-
tion of his services to the church, but prer
ferment now began to fall upon him liberally.
Abbot presented him with the sinecure rec-
tory of Hollingbourne, then with the rectory
of Monaghan in 1618, and finally, on the
death of Dr. Fotherby, he was promoted by
the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter-
bury, and installed on 3 May 1619. Mean-
while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi-
tion of the proper Psalms used in our English
Liturgie,' and dedicated it to Sir Thomas
Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot-
ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a
member of the high commission court, and
in 1622 he collected his works into a folio
volume, adding to those previously published
five miscellaneous sermons which he calls
lectures, and which are by no means good
specimens of his method or his style. These
were dedicated to Sir Dudley Digges of
Chilham Castle, and appear to have been
added for no other reason than to give occa-
sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish
magnate.
On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed
at Dover. Charles I saw her for the first
time on the 13th, and next day the king at-
tended service in Canterbury Cathedral, when
Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre-
served. It is a poor performance, stilted and
VOL. VI.
unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it
has the merit of being short.
Boys held the deanery of Canterbury for
I little more than six years, and died among
his books, suddenly, in September 1625.
There is a monument to him in the lady
i chapel of the cathedral. He left no chil-
dren ; his widow died during the rebellion.
Boys's works continued to be read and used
I very extensively till the troublous times set
! in ; but the dean was far too uncompromising
an A.nglican, and too unsparing in his denun-
ciation of those whom he calls the novelists,
to be regarded with any favour or toleration
by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed
by any who sympathised with the puritan
theology. When he began to be almost for-
gotten in England, his works were translated
into German and published at Strasburg in
1683, and again in two vols. 4to in 1685. It
may safely be affirmed that no writer of the
seventeenth century quotes so widely and
so frequently from contemporary literature
as Boys, and that not only from polemical
or exegetical theology, but from the whole
range of popular writers of the day. Bacon's
1 Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn-
ing,' Sandys's 'Travels,' Owen's, More's, and
Parkhurst's ' Epigrams,' ' The Vision of Piers
Plowman,' and Verstegan's 'Restitution,'
with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans-
lation of Du Bartas's ' Divine Weeks,' must
have been bought as soon as they were pub-
lished. Indeed Boys must have been one
of the great book collectors of his time.
Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely
proverbs, of allusions to the manners and
customs of the time, of curious words and
expressions.
[The works of John Boys, D.D., and Dean of
Canterbury, folio, 1622, pp. 122,491,508, 530,
972, &c. ; Remains of the Reverend and Famous
Postiller, John Boys, Doctor in Divinitie, and
late Dean of Canterburie .... 4to, 1631 (this
contains ' A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of
the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ;
Masters's History of Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss),
ii. 860; Fasti, ii. 276, 345 ; Nasmith's Catalogue
of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Neve's Fasti ;
Camb. Met. Soc. Proc. ii. 141 ; Fuller's Church
Hist B. x. cent. xvi. sec. 19-24.] A. J.
BOYS, JOHN (1561-1644). [See Bois.]
JOHN (1614P-1661), translator
of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (b. 1690)
of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of
Edward Boys, 1599-1677 [q. v.] His mother
was Mary, daughter of Martin Fotherby,
bishop of Salisbury. He was born about
1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d.
Boys
130
Boys
1625), brother of the dean, John Boys [q. v.],
inherited the estate of Hoad Court from his
uncle, Sir John Boys, an eminent lawyer, who
died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659-
1660 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter-
bury a declaration in favour of the assembly
of a free parliament, drawn up by himself in
behalf (as he asserted) ( of the nobility, gentry,
ministry, and commonalty of the county of
Kent.' But the declaration gave offence to
the magistrates, and the author, as he ex-
plained in his 'Vindication of the Kentish
Declaration,' only escaped imprisonment by
retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his
friends were less successful. In February
1659-60 he went to London with his kins-
man, Sir John Boys [q. v.] of Bonnington,
and presented to Monk, at Whitehall, a
letter of thanks, drawn up by himself ' ac-
cording to the order and advice of the
gentlemen of East Kent.' He also prepared
a speech for delivery to Charles II on his
landing at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but < he
was prevented therein by reason his majesty
made no stay at all in that town,' and he
therefore sent Charles a copy of it.
Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas-
sical attainments. In 1661 he published two
translations from Virgil's ' JEneid.' The first
is entitled, t JEneas, his Descent into Hell:
as it is inimitably described by the Prince
of Poets in the Sixth of his JEneis,' Lon-
don, 1661. The dedication is addressed to
Sir Edward Hyde, and congratulates him on
succeeding to the office of lord chancellor.
His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend,
Thomas Philipott, contribute commendatory
verses. The translation in heroic verse is
of very mediocre character, and is followed
by 181 pages of annotations. At their close
Boys mentions that he has just heard of the
death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept.
1660), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug-
gested by Virgil's lament for Marcellus. The
volume concludes with ' certain pieces relat-
ing to the publick,' i.e. on the political mat-
ters referred to above, and with a congratu-
latory poem (dated Canterbury, 30 Sept.
1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William
Somner, on the completion of his ' Dictiona-
rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys's se-
cond book is called '^Eneas, his Errours on
his Voyage from Troy into Italy ; an essay
upon the Third Book of Virgil's "^Eneis." '
It is dedicated to Lord Cornbury, Clarendon's
son. A translation of the third book of the
'^Eneid' in heroic verse occupies fifty-one
pages, and is followed by ' some few hasty
reflections upon the precedent poem.' Boys's
enthusiasm for Virgil is boundless, but his
criticism is rather childish.
Boys married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil-
liam Kingsley, archdeacon of Canterbury, by
whom he had three sons Thomas, who died
without issue ; John, a colonel in the army,
who died 4 Sept. 1710; and Sir William Boys,
M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Boys
himself died in 1660-1, and was buried in the
chancel of the church of Hoad.
[Hasted's Kent, i. 565 ; Corser's Anglo-Poet.
Collect, ii. 323-5; Brit. Mus. Cat; Berry's
Kentish Genealogies, p. 445.] S. L. L.
BOYS, SIR JOHN (1607-1664), royalist
military commander, was the eldest son and
heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent,
by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of
Northborne. He was baptised at Chillen-
don, Kent, on 5 April 1607. In the civil
war he became a captain in the royal army
and governor of Donnington Castle in Berk-
shire. This castle, which is within a mile of
Newbury, was garrisoned in 1643 for King
Charles I, and commanded the road from
Oxford to Newbury and the great road from
London to Bath and the west. Boys, by
the bravery with which he defended the castle
during a long siege, showed himself well
worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was
first attacked by the parliamentary army,
consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under
the command of Major-general Middleton,
who attempted to take the castle by assault,
but was repulsed with considerable loss.
Middleton lost at least 300 officers and men in
this fruitless attempt. Not long afterwards,
on 29 Sept. 1644, Colonel Horton began a
blockade, having raised a battery at the foot
of the hill near Newbury, from which he
plied the castle so incessantly during a period
of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap
of ruins, having beaten down three of the
towers and a part of the wall. Nearly 1,000
great shot are said to have been expended
during this time. Horton having received
reinforcements sent a summons to the go-
vernor, who refused to listen to any terms.
Soon afterwards the Earl of Manchester came
to the siege with his army, but their united
attempts proved unavailing ; and after two
or three days more of ineffectual battering
the whole army rose up from before the walls
and marched in different directions. When
the king came to Newbury (21 Oct. 1644)
he knighted the governor for his good ser-
vices, made him colonel of the regiment
which he had before commanded as lieu-
tenant-colonel to Earl Rivers, the nominal
governor of Donnington, and to his coat
armour gave the augmentation of a crown
imperial or, on a canton azure. During the
second battle of Newbury Boys secured the
Boys
Boys
king's artillery under the castle walls. After
the battle, when the king had gone with
his army to Oxford, the Earl of Essex with
his whole force besieged Donnington Castle
with no better success than the others had
done. He abandoned the attempt before the
king returned from Oxford for the purpose o
relieving Donnington on 4 Nov. 1644. Th
place was then re victualled, and his majest
slept in the castle that night with his arm
around him. In August 1648 Boys mad
a.' fruitless attempt to raise the siege o
Deal Castle. A resolution put in the Sous
of Commons at the same time to banis
him as one of the seven royalists who ha
been in arms against the parliament sine
1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 h
was a prisoner in Dover Castle for petition
ing for a free parliament, but was released o
23 Feb. 1659-60. He apparently received th
office of receiver of customs at Dover from
Charles II.
Sir John Boys died at his house at Bon
nington on 8 Oct. 1664, and was buried in
the parish church of Goodnestone-next
Wingham, Kent. The inscription describe
his achievements in the wars. By his first
wife, Lucy, he had five daughters. He hac
no children by his second marriage wit]
Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathanie
Finch, serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Si
John Fotherby of Barham, Kent.
There is a portrait of Boys engraved by
Stow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money
in his ' Battles of Newbury ' (1884).
[Clarendon's Hist, of the Kebellion (1843)
429, 499 ; Heath's Chronicle of the Civil Wars
62; Walter Money's Battles of Newbury (1884)
Hasted's Kent, iii. 705; Lysons's Berkshire, 356
357 ; Berry's Pedigrees of Families in Kent, 441
Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 51
52.] T. C.
BOYS, JOHN (1749-1824), agriculturist,
only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter
of William Cooper of Ripple, was born in
November 1749. At Betshanger and after-
wards at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill
and success, and as a grazier was well known
for his breed of South Down sheep. He was
one of the commissioners of sewers for East
Kent, and did much to promote the drainage
of the Finglesham and Eastry Brooks. At
the request of the board of agriculture he
wrote f A General View of the Agriculture of
the County of Kent,' 1796, and an ' Essay on
Paring and Burning,' 1805. He died on
16 Dec. 1824. By his wife Mary, daughter of
the Rev. Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry-
cum-Word, he had thirteen children, eight
sons and five daughters.
[Berry's Pedigrees of the County of Kent,
p. 446; Gent. Mag. xcv. (pt. i.) 86-7.]
T. F. H.
BO YS,THOMAS (1792-1880), theologian
and antiquary, son of Rear-admiral Thomas
Boys of Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent,
and educated at Tonbridge grammar school
and Trinity College, Cambridge. The failure
of his health from over-study prevented his
taking more than the ordinary degrees (B.A.
1813, M.A. 1817), and, finding an active life
necessary to him, he entered the army with
a view to becoming a military chaplain, was
attached to the military chest in the Peninsula
under Wellington in 1813, and was wounded
at the battle of Toulouse in three places, gain-
ing the Peninsular medal. He was ordained
deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822. While in
the Peninsula he employed his leisure time in
translating the Bible into Portuguese, a task
he performed so well, that his version has
been adopted both by catholics and protes-
tants, and Don Pedro I of Portugal publicly
thanked him for his gift to the nation. In
1848 he was appointed incumbent of Holy
Trinity, Hoxton ; but before that he had es-
tablished his reputation as a Hebrew scholar,
being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col-
lege, Hackney, from 1830 to 1832, and pro-
fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary College,
Islington, in 1836. While holding this last
post, he revised Deodati's Italian Bible, and
also the Arabic Bible. His pen was rarely
idle. In 1825 he published a key to the
Psalms, and in 1827 a * Plain Exposition of
the New Testament.' Already in 1821 he
had issued a volume of sermons, and in 1824
a book entitled l Tactica Sacra,' expounding a
theory that in the arrangement of the New
Testament writings a parallelism could be
detected similar to that used in the writings
of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub-
lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Proofs
of the Miraculous Faith and Experience of
the Church of Christ in all ages, from authen-
;ic records of the Fathers, Waldenses, Huss-
tes . . . an historical sketch suggested by
3. W. Noel's " Remarks on the Revival of
Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same
year produced a plea for verbal inspiration
mder the title 'A Word for the Bible,' and
1834 ' A Help to Hebrew.' He was also a fre-
uent contributor to 'Blackwood 'of sketches
nd papers, for the most part descriptive of
his Peninsular experiences. The most im-
>ortant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal,
vhich ran from November 1849 to July 1850.
rlis acquaintance with the literature and an-
iquities of the Jews was very thorough, but
>erhaps the best proofs of his extensive learn-
Boys
132
Boys
ing are to be found in the numerous letters
and papers, sometimes under his own name,
and sometimes under the assumed name of
'Vedette/ contributed to the second series of
'Notes and Queries.' Of these the twelve
papers on Chaucer difficulties are a most
valuable contribution to the study of early
English literature. He died 2 Sept. 1880,
aged 88.
[Times, 14 Sept. 1880; Men of the Time,
1872 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] E. B.
BOYS, THOMAS SHOTTER (1803-
1874), water-colour painter and lithographer,
was born at Pentonville on 2 Jan. 1803. He
was articled to George Cooke, the engraver,
with the view of following that profession,
but when, on the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, he visited Paris, he was induced by
Bonington, under whom he studied, to de-
vote himself to painting. He exhibited at
the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824,
and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded
to Brussels, but on the outbreak of the revo-
lution there returned to England. Paying
another visit to Paris, he remained there until
1837, and then again came to England for the
purpose of lithographing the works of David
Roberts and Clarkson Stanfield. Boys's great
work, 'Picturesque Architecture in Paris,
Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen,' &c., appeared in
1839, and created much admiration. King
Louis-Philippe sent the artist a ring in re-
cognition of its merits. He also published
' Original Views of London as it is,' drawn
and lithographed by himself, London, 1843.
He drew the illustrations to Blackie's ( His-
tory of England,' and etched some plates for
Ruskin's 'Stones of Venice.' Boys was a
member of the Institute of Painters in Water
Colours, and of several foreign artistic so-
cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu-
seum possesses two fine views of Paris by
him, drawn in water-colours, and another is
in the South Kensington Museum.
[Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary
of Recent and Living Painters and Engravers,
London, 1866, 8vo; MS. notes in the British
Museum.] L. F.
BOYS, WILLIAM (1735-1803), surgeon
and topographer, was born at Deal on 7 Sept.
1735. He was of an old Kent family (HAS-
TED, History of Kent, iii. 109), being the
eldest son of Commodore William Boys,
R.N., lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hos-
pital, by his wife, Elizabeth Pearson of Deal
( Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). About 1755
he was a surgeon at Sandwich, where he was
noted for his untiring explorations of Rich-
borough Castle, for skill in deciphering anciert
manuscripts and inscriptions, for his zeal in
collecting antiquities connected with Sand-
wich, and for his studies in astronomy, natural
history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married
Elizabeth Wise, a daughter of Henry Wise,
one of the Sandwich jurats (ib.\ and by her
he had two children. In 1761 he was elected
jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the
same year, 1761, she died, and in the next
year, 1762, he married Jane Fuller, coheiress
of her uncle, one John Paramor of Staten-
borough ($.) In 1767 Boys was mayor of
Sandwich. In 1774 his father died atGreen-
i wich (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} In 1775
i appeared his first publication a memorial
i to resist a scheme for draining a large tract
I of the neighbouring land, which it was thought
i would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew
it up as one of the commissioners of sewers,
on behalf of the corporation, and it was pub-
| lished at Canterbury in 1775 anonymously
i (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). In 1776
Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again
served as mayor. In 1783 his second wife
died, having borne him eight or nine children
(ib., and HASTED, Hist, of Kent, iv. 222 n.}
In the same year Boys furnished the Rev. John
Duncombe with much matter relating to the
Reculvers, printed in Duncombe's ' Antiqui-
ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published
' Testacea Minuta Rariora,' 4to, being plates
and description of the tiny shells found on
the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, ' that
inquisitive naturalist ' (Introd. p. i). The book
was put together by George Walker, Boys
himself being too much occupied by his pro-
fession. In 1786 Boys issued proposals for
publishing his ' Collections for a History of
Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover
its expenses, and placed his materials in the
hands of the printers (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vi.
613). In 1787 Boys published an < Account
of the Loss of the Luxborough,' 4to (NICHOLS,
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in
which his father (Commodore Boys) had been
one of the men compelled to resort to this
horrible means of preserving life. Boys had
a series of pictures hung up in his parlour
portraying the whole of the terrible circum-
stances (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon-
don to the Isle of Wight, quoted in NICHOLS'S
Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} Of this ' Account/ as
a separate publication, there is now no trace ;
but it appears in full in the 'History of
Greenwich Hospital,' by John Cooke and
John Maule, 1789, pp. 110 et seq.; it is also
stated there that six small paintings in the
council room of the hospital (presumably
replicas of those seen by Pennant in the
possession of William Boys) represent this
passage in the history of the late gallant
Boyse
133
Boyse
lieutenant-governor. In 1788 appeared the
first part of * Sandwich,' and in 1789 Boys was
appointed surgeon to the sick and wounded
seamen at Deal. Over the second part of
' Sandwich ' there was considerable delay and
anxiety (Letter from Denne, NICHOLS'S
Lit. III. vi. 613) ; but in 1792 the volume
was issued at much pecuniary loss to Boys.
In 1792 Boys also sent Dr. Simmons some
* Observations on Kit's Coity House/ which
were read at the Society of Antiquaries, and
appeared in vol. xi. of ' Archaeologia.' In
1796 he gave up his Sandwich practice and
went to reside at Walmer, but returned to
Sandwich at the end of three years, in 1799.
His health had now declined. He had apo-
plectic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy
on 15 March 1803, aged 68.
Boys was buried in St. Clement's Church,
Sandwich, where there is a Latin epitaph to
his memory, a suggestion for a monument with
some doggerel verses, from a correspondent to
the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii.
612), having fallen through. He was a
member of the Linnean Society, and a con-
tributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (In-
dex, vol. iii. preface, p. Ixxiv). A new fern
found by him at Sandwich was named Sterna
Boysii, after him, by Latham in his ' Index
Ornithologicus.'
[Watt's Bibl. Brit., where 'Sandwich 5 is said,
wrongly, to have consisted of three parts, and to
have been published in London ; Grent. Mag.
Ixxiii. pt. i. 293, 421-3; Hasted's Kent, iii. 109,
557 n. u, iv. 222 n. i ; Nichols's Lit. 111. iv. 676,
vi. 613, 653, 685, 687 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix.
24-27 nn.] J. H.
r BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby-
terian minister, born at Leeds on 14 Jan. 1660,
was one of sixteen children of Matthew Boyse,
a puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row-
ley, New England, and afterwards a resident
for about eighteen years at Boston, Mass. He
was admitted into the academy of Richard
Frankland, M.A., at Natland,near Kendal, on
16 April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to
the academy at Stepney under Edward Veal,
B.D. (ejected from the senior fellowship at
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1661 ; died 6 June
1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministerial en-
gagement was at Glassenbury, near Cran-
brook, Kent, where he preached nearly a year
(from the autumn of 1679). He was next
domestic chaplain, during the latter half of
1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager
Countess of Donegal (Letitia, daughter of Sir
William Hickes) in Lincoln's Inn Fields.
For six months in 1682 he ministered to the
Brownist church at Amsterdam, in the ab-
sence of the regular minister, but he did not
swerve from his presbyterianism. He would
have settled in England but for the penal
Laws against dissent. On the death of his
friend T. Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him
at Dublin, and there pursued a popular
ministry for forty-five years. His ordination
sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejected
from Broad winsor, Dorsetshire. The pres-
byterianism of Dublin and the south of Ireland
was of the English type ; that of the north
was chiefly Scottish in origin and discipline.
But there was occasional co-operation, and
there were from time to time congregations
in Dublin adhering to the northern body.
Boyse did his part in promoting a community
of spirit between the northern and southern
presbyterians of Ireland. Naturally he kept
up a good deal of communication with Eng-
lish brethren. From May 1691 to June 1702
Boyse had Emlyn as his colleague at Wood
Street. Meanwhile Boyse came forward as a
controversialist on behalf of presbyterian dis-
sent. In this capacity he proved himself cau-
tious, candid, and powerful ; ' vindication,' the
leading word on many of his polemical title-
pages, well describes his constant aim. First of
his works is the ' Vindicise Calvinisticse,' 1688,
4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa-
ture W. B., D.D.), in reply to William King
(1650-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's
Cathedral, who had attacked the presbyterians
in his f Answer ' to the ' Considerations ' of
Peter Manby (d. 1697), ex-dean of Derry,
who had turned catholic. Again, when Go-
vernor Walker of Derry described Alexander
Osborne (a presbyterian minister, originally
from co. Tyrone, who had been called to
Newmarket, Dublin, 6 Dec. 1687) as ' a spy
of Tyrconnel,' Boyse put forth a ' Vindica-
tion/ 1690, 4to, a tract of historical value.
He was a second time in the field against
King, now bishop of Derry (who had fulmi-
nated against presbyterian forms of worship),
in l Remarks,' 1694, and l Vindication of the
Remarks,' 1695. Early in the latter year he
had printed anonymously a folio tract, f The
Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland
in reference to a Bill of Indulgence,' &c., to
which Tobias Pullen, bishop of Dromore,
wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony
Dopping, bishop of Meath, another reply, like-
wise anonymous. Both prelates were against
a legal toleration for Irish dissent. Boyse re-
torted on them in ' The Case . . . Vindicated,'
1695. But the day for a toleration was not yet
come. The Irish parliament rejected bill after
bill brought forward in the interest of dis-
senters. The harmony of Boyse's ministerial
relations was broken in 1702 by the episode
of his colleague's deposition, and subsequent
trial, for a blasphemous libel on the ground
Boyse
134
Boyse
of an anti-trinitarian publication [see EMLYN,
THOMAS]. Boyse (who had himself been under
some suspicion of Pelagianism) moved in the
matter with manifest reluctance, had no hand
in the public prosecution, and made strenuous,
and at length successful, efforts to free Emlyn
from incarceration. Boyse drew up, with much
moderation, ' The Difference between Mr. E.
and the Dissenting Ministers of D. truly re-
presented ; ' and published ' A Vindication
of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour,'
1703, 8vo (2nd ed. 1710, 8vo), in answer to
Emlyn's * Humble Inquiry.' Emlyn thinks
that Boyse might have abstained from writing
against him while the trial was pending ; but
it is probable that Boyse's able defence of the j
doctrine in dispute gave weight to his inter- I
cession. Boyse at this early date takes note j
that ' the Unitarians are coming over to the
deists in point of doctrine.' Emlyn's place as
Boyse's colleague was supplied by Richard
Choppin, a Dublin man (licensed 1702, or-
dained 1704, died 1741). In 1708 Boyse issued
a volume of fifteen sermons, of which the last
was an ordination discourse on 'The Office of a
Scriptural Bishop,' with a polemical appendix.
This received answers from Edward Drury
and Matthew French, curates in Dublin, and
the discourse itself was, without Boyse's con-
sent, reprinted separately in 1709, 8vo. He
had, however, the opportunity of adding a vo-
luminous postscript, in which he replied to the
above answers, and he continued the contro-
versy in * A Clear Account of the Ancient
Episcopacy,' 1712. Meantime the reprint of
his sermon, with postscript, was burned by
the common hangman, by order of the Irish
House of Lords, in November 1711. This
was King's last argument against Boyse ; now
the archbishop of Dublin writes to Swift,
' we burned Mr. Boyse's book of a scriptural
bishop.' Once more Boyse came forward in
defence of dissent, in ' Remarks,' 1716, on a
pamphlet by William Tisdall, D.D., vicar of
Belfast, respecting the sacramental test. Boyse
had been one of tliepatroni of the academy at
Whitehaveri (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon,
M.D., and on its cessation he had to do with
the settlement in Dublin of Francis Hutche-
son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of
a somewhat similar institution, in which
Boyse taught divinity. He soon became in-
volved in the nonsubscription controversy.
At the synod in Belfast, 1721, he was present
as a commissioner from Dublin ; protested with
his colleague, in the name of the Dublin pres-
bytery, against the vote allowing a voluntary
subscription to the Westminster Confession ;
and succeeded in carrying a ' charitable decla-
ration,' freeing nonsubscribers from censure
and recommending mutual forbearance. The
preface to Abernethy's ' Seasonable Advice/
1722, and the postscript to his ' Defence ' of
the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's
collected works, though signed also by his
Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop-
pin. In the same year he preached (24 June)
at Londonderry during the sitting of the
general synod of Ulster. His text was John
viii. 34, 35, and the publication of the dis-
course, which strongly deprecated disunion,
was urged by men of both parties. Next year,
being unable through illness to offer peaceful
counsels in person, he printed the sermon.
Perhaps his pacific endeavours were dis-
counted by the awkward circumstance that
at this synod (1723) a letter was received from
him announcing a proposed change in the
management of the regium donum, viz. that
it be distributed by a body of trustees in Lon-
don, with the express view of checking the
high-handed party in the synod. The rupture
j between the southern and northern presby-
i terians was completed by the installation of
! a nonsubscriber, Alexander Colville, M.D.,
1 on 25 Oct. 1725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the
! Dublin presbytery ; Boyse was not one of the
i installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy
letter to the presbyterian ministers of the
north, in ' vindication ' of a private commu-
nication on their disputes, which had been
| printed without his knowledge. Writing to
i the Rev. Thomas Steward of Bury St. Ed-
i munds (d. 10 Sept. 1753, aged 84) on 1 Nov.
I 1726, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the
! nonsubscribers as 'the late shameful rup-
! ture,' and gives an account of the new presby-
j tery which the general synod, in pursuance
j of its separative policy, had erected for Dub-
lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly
on Boyse, considering the moderation of his
views and temper. He always wrote like a
gentleman. He published several sermons
against Romanists, and a letter (with appen-
dix) 'Concerning the Pretended Infallibility of
the Romish Church,' addressed to a protestant
divine who had written against Rome. His
' Some Queries offered to the Consideration
of the People called Quakers, &c.,' called
forth, shortly before Boyse's death, a reply
| by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin schoolmaster. It
is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re-
( lief from domestic sorrow, due to his son's
career. He died in straitened circumstances
on 22 Nov. 1728, leaving a son, Samuel [q. v.]
(the biographers of this son have not usually
mentioned that he was one of the deputation
to present the address from the general synod
of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a
daughter, married to Mr. Waddington. He
was succeeded in his ministry by Abernethy
(in 1730). Boyse's works were collected by
Boyse
himself in two huge folios, London,
(usually bound in one ; they are the earliest ii
not the only folios published by a presbyterian
minister of Ireland). Prefixed is a recom-
mendation (dated 23 April 1728) signed by
Calamy and five other London ministers.
The first volume contains seventy-one ser-
mons (several being funeral, ordination, and
anniversary discourses ; many had already
been collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo),
and several tracts on justification. Embedded
among the sermons (at p. 326) is a very cu-
rious piece of puritan autobiography, ' Some
Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of
Mr. Edmund Trench.' The second volume is
wholly controversial. Not included in these
volumes are : 1. ' Vindication of Osborne ' (see
above). 2. 'Sacramental Hymns collected
(chiefly) out of such Passages of the New Tes-
tament as contain the most suitable matter of
Divine Praises in the Celebration of the Lord's
Supper, &c.,' Dublin, 1693, small 8vo, with
another title-page, London, 1693. (This
little book, overlooked by his biographers, is
valuable as illustrating Boyse's theology : it
nominally contains twenty-three hymns, but
reckoning doublets in different metres there
are forty-one pieces by Boyse, one from George
Herbert, and two from Mr. Patrick, i.e. Simon
Patrick, bishop of Ely. In a very curious
preface Boyse disclaims the possession of any
poetic genius ; but his verses, published thir-
teen years before Isaac Watts came into the
field, are not without merit. To the volume is
prefixed the approval of six Dublin ministers,
headed by ' Tho. Toy,' and including ' Tho.
Emlin.') 3. 'Case of the Protestant Dis-
senters ' (see above. The tract is so rare that
Reid knows only of the copy at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin. The vindication of it is in the
' Works '). 4. ' Family Hymns for Morning
and Evening Worship. With some for the
Lord's Days. . . . All taken out of the Psalms
of David,' Dublin, 1701, 16mo. (Unknown
to bibliographers. Contains preface, recom-
mendation by six Dublin ministers, and
seventy-six hymns, in three parts, with music.
Boyse admits ' borrowing a few expressions
from some former versions.' The poetry is
superior to his former effort. A copy, un-
catalogued, is in the Antrim Presbytery
Library at Queen's College, Belfast.) 5. 'The
Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting
Ministers of D., &c.' (see above. Emlyn re- '[
prints it in the appendix to his ' Narrative,'
1719, and says Boyse drew it up). Of his
separate publications an incomplete list is
furnished by Witherow. The bibliography
of the earlier ones is better given in Reid.
Boyse wrote the Latin inscription on the
original pedestal (1701) of the equestrian
Boyse
statue of William III in College Green,
Dublin.
[Choppin's Funeral Sermon, 1728 ; Towers, in
Biog. Brit. ii. (1780), 531 ; Calamy's Hist. Ace.
of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 515; Thorn's
Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1864, 68 ;
Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyte-
rianism in Ireland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 79, 2nd ser.
1880, p. 74 ; Keid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland
(ed. Killen), 1867,vols.ii. iii. ; Anderson's British
Poets, 1794,x. 327 ; Monthly Kepos. 1811, pp.204,
261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm-
strong's Appendix to Ordination Service (James
Martineau), 1829, p. 70 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire-
Ian d(ed. A rchdall), 1789 (re Countess Donegal);
Winder's MSS. in Kenshaw Street Chapel Li-
brary, Liverpool (re Whitehaven) ; Narrative of
the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the
Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ;
manuscript extracts from Minutes of General
Synod, 1721 ; Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quak. 1782,
p. 82.] A. G.
BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet,
was the son of Joseph Boyse [q. v.], a dissent-
ing minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708.
He was educated at a private school in Dub-
lin and at the university of Glasgow. His
studies were interrupted by his marriage when
twenty with a Miss Atchenson. He returned
to Dublin with his wife, and lived in his
father's house without adopting any profes-
sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730
Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed
a letter on Liberty in the ' Dublin Journal,'
No. xcvii., in 1726, but his regular commence-
ment as an author dates from 1731, when he
printed his first book, 'Translations and
Poems/ in Edinburgh. He was patronised
by the Scottish nobility, and in this volume
and in some later poems wrote in praise of his
patrons. An elegy on the death of Viscountess
stormont, called ' The Tears of the Muses/
1736, procured for Boyse a valuable reward
Torn her husband, and the Duchess of Gordon
*uve the poet an introduction for a post in
jhe customs. The day on which he ought to
lave applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to
.ose the place rather than face the rain. Debts
at length compelled him to fly from Edin-
burgh. His patrons gave him introductions
:o the chief poet of the day, Mr. Pope, to the
.ord chancellor, and to Mr. Murray, after-
wards Lord Mansfield, and then solicitor-
general. Boyse had, however, not sufficient
steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted
the opportunities which these introductions
might have given him of procuring a start in
the world of letters or a settlement in life.
Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse
never called again. The phrases of Johnson
may be recognised in a description of him at
Boyse
136
Boyse
this time, which relates that l he had no power
of maintaining the dignity of wit, and though
his understanding was very extensive, yet but
a few could discover that he had any genius
above the common rank. He had so strong a
propension to groveling that his acquaintance
were generally of such a cast as could be of
no service to him ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets,
1753, v. 167). In 1739 Boyse published < The
Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 The Praise ot
Peace, a poem in three cantos from the Dutch
of Mr. Van Haren.' He translated Fenelon
on the demonstration of the existence of God,
and modernised the ' Squire's Tale ' and the
1 Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. These, with se-
veral papers in the ' Gentleman's Magazine '
signed Alcseus, were his chief publications in
London. At Reading, in 1747, he published,
in two volumes, ' An Historical Review of the
Transactions of Europe, 1739-45.' When
the payments of the booksellers did not satisfy
his wants, Boyse begged from sectaries, to
whom his father's theological reputation was
known, and when their patience was exhausted
from any one likely to give. Two of his begging
letters are preserved in the British Museum
(Sloane MS. 4033 B). A sentence in one
of these shows how abject a beggar the poet
had become. * You were pleased,' he writes
to Sir Hans Sloane, l to give my wife the en-
closed shilling last night. I doubt not but
you thought it a good one, but as it happened
otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa-
sioned by the mistake.' The letter is dated
14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re-
duced to greater straits. ' It was about the
year 1740 that Mr. Boyse, reduced to the last
extremity of human wretchedness, had not a
shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put
on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried
to the pawnbrokers, and he was obliged to be
confined to bed with no other covering than
a blanket. Daring this time he had some
employment in writing verses for the maga-
zines, and whoever had seen him in his study
must have thought the object singular enough.
He sat up in bed with a blanket wrapped
about him, through which he had cut a hole
large enough to admit his arm, and placing
the paper upon his knee scribbled, in the best
manner he could, the verses he was obliged
to make ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, v. 169).
Necessity is the mother of invention, and
Boyse's indigence led him to the discovery of
paper collars. ' Whenever his distresses so
pressed as to induce him to dispose of his
shirt, he fell upon an artificial method of sup-
plying one. He cut some white paper in
slips, which he tyed round his wrists, and in
the same manner supplied his neck. In this
plight he frequently appeared abroad, with
the additional inconvenience of want of
breeches ' (CiBBER, v. 169). In the midst of
this deserved squalor, and with vicious pro-
pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse
had some knowledge of literature and some
interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation.
It was this and his miseries, and some traces
which he now and then showed of a religious
education, not quite obliterated by a neglect
of all its precepts, which obtained for him the
acquaintance of Johnson. Shiel's ' Life of
Boyse ' (CIBBER, v. 160) contains Johnson's
recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at
Reading, where Boyse had gone to live. On
his return to London two years later he mar-
ried again. His second wife seems to have
been an uneducated woman, but she induced
him to live more regularly and to dress de-
cently. His last illness had, however, begun,
and after a lingering phthisis he died in
lodgings near Shoe Lane in May 1749. John-
son could not collect money enough to pay
for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction
from other paupers for Boyse, that the ser-
vice of the church was separately performed
over his corpse.
Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is
said to have had a taste for painting and for
music,and an extensive knowledge of heraldry.
' The Deity, a Poem,' is the best known of his
works. It appeared in 1729, went through
two editions in the author's lifetime, and has
been since printed in several collections of the
English poets (' The British Poets,' Chiswick,
1822, vol. lix.; Park's 'British Poets,' London,
1808, vol. xxxiii.) Fielding quotes some lines
from it on the theatre of time in the com-
parison between the world and the stage,
which is the introduction to book vii. of
1 Tom Jones.' He praises the lines, and says
that the quotation f is taken from a poem
called the Deity, published about nine years
ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A
proof that good books no more than good men
ido always survive the bad.' It was perhaps
a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made
Fielding praise him. The poem was obviously
suggested by the ' Essay on Man,' and the
arrangement of its parts is that common in
theological treatises on the attributes of God.
The edition of 1749 contains some alterations.
These are unimportant, as ' celestial wisdom '
(1739) altered to 'celestial spirit' (1749);
' doubtful gloom ' (1739) to ' dubious gloom '
(1749) ; while the few added lines can neither
raise nor depress the quality of the poem. In
some of Boyse's minor poems recollections of
Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior
may be traced. False rhymes are not un-
common in his verse, but the lines are usually
tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on
Brabazon
137
Brabazon
Loch Kian, in which Lord Stair's character is
compared to the steadfast rock of Ailsa, with
a coincident allusion to the Stair crest and
the family motto ' Firm.' Four six-line verses
entitled ' Stanzas to a Candle/ in which the
author compares his fading career to the nick-
ering and burning out of the candle on his
table, are the most original of all Boyse's
poems. They are free from affectation, and
show Boyse for once in a true poetic mood,
neither racking his brains for imagery nor
using his memory to help out the verse ; not
writing at threepence a line for the bookseller,
but recording a poetic association clearly de-
rived from the object before him.
[Gibber's Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol. v. ;
Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1791; Sloane MS.
4033 B ; Boyse's Works.] N. M.
BRABAZON, ROGER LE (d. 1||17),
judge, descended from an ancient family of
Normandy, the founder of which, Jacques le
Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with
William the Conqueror, his name occurring
in the Roll of Battle Abbey. The name is
variously spelt Brabacon, Brabancon, and
Brabanson, and was originally given to one of
the roving bands of mercenaries common in
the middle ages. His great-grandson Thomas
acquired the estate of Moseley in Leicester-
shire, by marriage with Amicia, heiress of
John de Moseley. Their son, Sir Roger, who
further acquired Eastwill in the same county,
married Beatrix, the eldest of the three sisters,
and coheirs of Hansel de Bisset, and by her
had two sons, of whom the elder was Roger,
the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider-
able learning, and practised before the great
judge De Hengham. His first legal office was
as justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in
Lancashire, which he held in 1287. In 1289,
when almost all the existing judges were re-
moved for extortion and-corrupt practices,
Brabazon was made a justice of the king's
bench, receiving a salary of 331. 6s. 8d. per
annum, being as much greater (viz. 61. 13s. 4rf.)
than the salaries of the other puisne justices as
it was less than the salary of the chief justice.
"When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator
between the rival claimants to the crown of
Scotland, resolved to claim the suzerainty for
himself, Brabazon (though not then chief jus-
ticiary as one account has it, the office then
no longer existing) was employed to search
for some legal justification for the claim. By
warping the facts he succeeded in making out
some shadow of a title, and accordingly at-
tended Edward and his parliament at Nor-
ham. The Scottish nobles and clergy assem-
bled there on 10 May 1291, and Brabazon,
speaking in French, the then court language of
Scotland, announced the king's determination,
and stated the grounds for it. A notary and
witnesses were at hand, and he called on the
nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para-
mount of Scotland. To this the Scotch de-
murred, and asked time for deliberation. Bra-
bazon referred to the king, and appointed the
day following for their decision ; but the time
was eventually extended to 1 June. Brabazon,
however, did not remain in Scotland till then,
but returned south to the business of his court,
acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng-
land in this year. After the Scottish crown
had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con-
tinued to be employed upon a plan for the
subjection of Scotland. He was one of a body
of commissioners to whom Edward referred a
complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgess
of Berwick, that English judges were exer-
cising jurisdiction north of the Tweed ; and
when the Scottish king presented a petition,
alleging that Edward had promised to observe
the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon re-
jected it, and held that if the king had made
any promises, while the Scottish throne was
vacant, in derogation of his just suzerainty,
such promises were temporary only and not
binding; and as to the conduct of the judges
they were deputed by the king as superior and
direct lord of Scotland, and represented his
person. Encouraged by this decision, Mac-
Duff, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish
king to the English House of Lords, and on
the advice of Brabazon and other judges it
was held that the king must come as a vassal
to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy
three of his castles were seized. He is found
in 1293 sitting in Westchepe, and with other
judges sentencing three men to mutilation by
loss of the right hand. But, although sitting
as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the
political events in which he was engaged, had
completely overshadowed Gilbert de Thorn-
ton, the chief justice of his court. The time
was now arrived to reward him. In 1295
Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra-
bazon succeeded him, and being reappointed
immediately upon the accession of Edward II,
6 Sept. 1307, continued in that office until his
retirement in 1316. He had been a commis-
sioner of array for the counties of Nottingham,
Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore-
land, and York, in 1296, and was constantly
summoned to the parliaments which met at
Westminster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle,
Northampton, Stamford, and York up to
1314. In 1297 Brabazon's position pointed
to him naturally as a member of the council
of Edward, the king's son, when left by his
father in England as lieutenant of the king-
dom. On 1 April 1300 he was appointed to
Brabazon
138
Brabazon
perambulate the royal forests in Salop, Staf-
fordshire, and Derby, and call the officers to
account. In 1305 he is named with John de j
Lisle as an additional justice in case of need j
in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Middlesex, pur-
suant to an ordinance of trailbaston, and al-
though the writ is cancelled, he certainly
acted, for he sat at Guildhall ' ad recipiendas
billas super articulis de trailbaston.' In
the same year, being present at the parlia-
ment held at Westminster, he was appointed
and sworn in as a commissioner to treat with
the Scotch representatives concerning the
government of Scotland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he
sat at the Tower of London on the trial of the
Earl of Athole and convicted him. In 1308,
having been appointed to try certain com-
plaints against the bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, Brabazon was ordered (19 Feb.) to
adjourn the hearing, in order to attend the
coronation of Edward II. He was twice as-
signed to hold pleas at York in 1309 and
1312, was detained specially in London in the
summer of 1313 to advise the king on matters
of high importance, and was still invested
with the office of commissioner of forests in
Stafford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and
Oxon, as late as 1316.
All these labours told severely on his health.
Broken by age and infirmity he, on 23 Feb.
1316, asked leave to resign his office of chief
justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda-
tory patent of discharge ; but he remained a
member of the privy council, and was to at-
tend in parliament whenever his health per-
mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge,
but did not long survive. He died on 13 June
1317, and his executor, John de Brabazon,
had masses said for him at Dunstable Abbey.
He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He
appears to have had a high character for learn-
ing. To his abilities his honours and offices
bear testimony, whatever blame may attach
to him for his course in politics. He was
a landowner in several counties. In 1296 he
is enrolled, pursuant to an ordinance for the
defence of the sea-coast, as a knight holding
lands in Essex, but non-resident, and in the
year following he was summoned as a land-
owner in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to
attend in person at the muster at Nottingham
for military service in Scotland with arms and
horses. In 1310 he had lands in Leicester-
shire, and in 1316 at Silbertoft and Sulby in
Northamptonshire, at East Bridgeford and
Hawkesworth in Nottinghamshire, and at
Rollright in Oxfordshire. The property at
East Bridgeford came to him through his wife
Beatrix, daughter of Sir John de Sproxton,
with the advowson of the church appurtenant
to the manor. As to this he was long engaged
in a dispute, for after he had presented a clerk
to the living and the ordinary had instituted
him, one Bonifacius de Saluce or Saluciis,
claiming apparently through some right con-
nected with the chapel of Trykehull, intruded
upon the living and got possession, and
though Brabazon petitioned for his removal
as early as 1300, the intruding priest was
still unousted in 1315. Brabazon left no issue,
his one son having died young ; he had a
daughter, Albreda, who married William le
Graunt ; his property passed to his brother
Matthew, from whom descend the present
earls of Meath, barons Brabazon of Ardee, in
Ireland.
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives
of the Chief Justices, i. 78 ; Dugdale's Origines ;
Tytler's Scotland, i. 80 ; History of the Family
of Brabazon ; Kot. Pat. 9 Edw. II ; Thurston's
Notts, i. 294 ; Biographical Peerage, iv. 30 ;
Boberts's Calend. Genealogicum, 461 ; Parlia-
mentary Bolls, i. 138, 218, 267, 301 ; Palgrave's
Parliamentary Writs, i. 490, ii. 581; Luard's
Annales Monastic!, iii. 410, iv. 506; Stubbs's
Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280.]
J. A. H.
BRABAZON, Sm WILLIAM (d. 1552),
vice- treasurer and lord justice of Ireland,
was descended from the family of Roger le
Brabazon [q. v.], and was the son of John
Brabazon of Eastwell, Leicestershire, and a
daughter of Chaworth. After succeeding
his father he was knighted on 20 Aug. 1534,
and appointed vice-treasurer and general
receiver of Ireland. In a letter from Chief-
justice Aylmer to Lord Cromwell in August
1535 he is styled ' the man that prevented
the total ruin and desolation of the king-
dom.' In 1536 he prevented the ravages
of O'Connor in Carberry by burning several
villages in Offaly and carrying away great
poil.
tive a speech in support of establishing the
popo that ho ponDuadod tno pajiiamont to
paoo tho bill fog that pujpooo. Ao a i-eoult >*&
of thio; many poligiouo hotieoo wore in 1539
anrronflQrod tn thp king For these and
other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con-
stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was
again appointed to the same office on 1 April
1546. In the same year he drove Patrick
O'More and Brian O'Connor from Kildare.
In April 1547 he was elected a member of
the privy council of Ireland. In the spring
of 1548 he assisted the lord deputy in sub-
duing a sedition raised in Kildare by the
sons of Viscount Baltinglass. He was a
third time made lord justice on 2 Feb. 1549.
In August 1550, with the aid of 8,000/. and
400 men from England, he subdued Charles
Brabourne
139
Brabourne
Mac-Art-Cavenagh, who, after making sub-
mission and renouncing his name, received
pardon. Brabazon died on 9 July 1552 (as
is proved by the inquisitions taken in the
year of his death), not in 1548 as recorded
on his tombstone. His heart was buried
with his ancestors at Eastwell, and his body
in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church,
Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter
and coheir to Nicholas Clifford of Holme,
he left two sons and three daughters.
[Lodge's Peerage (Archdall), i. 265-70 ; Genea-
logical History of the Family of Brabazon ; Gal.
State Papers, Irish Series; Cal. State Papers,
Dom. Series, Henry VIII; Cal. Carew MSS.
vol. i. ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bagwell's
Ireland under the Tudors, vol. i.] T. F. H.
BRABOURNE, THEOPHILUS (b.
1590), writer on the Sabbath question, was
a native of Norwich. The date of his birth
is fixed by his own statement in 1654 : ' I am
64 yeares of age ' (Answer to Cawdry, p. 75).
His father was a puritan hosier, who edu-
cated his son at the free school of Norwich till
he was fifteen years of age, and designed him
for the church. Incidentally he mentions
some curious particulars of Sunday trading
in Norwich during his schoolboy days, and
says that the city waits played regularly at
the market cross { on the latter part of the
Lord's day,' in the presence of thousands of
people. When the lad should have gone to
Cambridge, the silencing of many puritan
ministers for non-compliance with the cere-
monies induced the father to take him into
his own business, and send him to London,
as factor for selling stockings wholesale. He
remained in London till his marriage to
Abigail, daughter of Koger and Joane Gal-
liard. He was thus brother-in-law of Ben-
jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard.
After his marriage, Brabourne lived for two or
three years at Norwich with his father, and
resuming his intention of entering the minis-
try, he studied privately under ' three able
divines.' He seems to have been episcopally
ordained before 1628, and it is probable that
he officiated (Collings says he got a curacy
of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in-
dication of his having been connected with
any other place after he left London, though
Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls
him a Suffolk minister. In 1628 appeared
his 'Discourse upon the Sabbath Day/ in
which he impugns the received doctrine of
the sabbatical character of the Lord's day,
and maintains that Saturday is still the
sabbath. Hence Robert Cox regards him
as ' the founder in England of the sect at
first known as Sabbatarians, but now calling
themselves seventh-day baptists.' This is
quite incorrect ; Brabourne was no baptist,
founded no sect, and, true to the original
puritan standpoint [see BKADSHAW, WIL-
LIAM], wrote vehemently against all separa-
tists from the national church, and in fa-
vour of the supremacy of the civil power in
matters ecclesiastical. His attention had
been drawn to the Sabbath question (' Dis-
course,' p. 59) by a work published at Ox-
ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces-
tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con-
cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com-
' mandment.' Broad rests the authority of
I the Lord's day on the custom of the early
church and the constitution of the church of
j England. Brabourne leaves it to every
i man's conscience whether he will keep the
sabbath or the Lord's day, but decides that
those who prefer the former are on the safe
side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground
1 in his ' Defence ... of the Sabbath Day,'
1632, a work which he had the boldness to
dedicate to Charles I. Prior to this publica-
| tion he appears to have held discussions on
i the subject with several puritan ministers in
' his neighbourhood, and claimed to have al-
ways come off victorious. He tells us that
he held a conference, lasting ' many days, an
houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hoi-
born, with Francis White (bishop of Nor-
wich 1629-31, of Ely 1631-8). This was
the beginning of his troubles ; in his own
words, he was l tossed in the high commis-
sion court near three years.' He lay in the
Gatehouse at Westminster for nine weeks,
and was then publicly examined before the
high commission, ' near a hundred ministers
present (besides hundreds of other people).'
The king's advocate pleaded against him,
and Bishop White ' read a discourse of near
an hour long ' on his errors. Sir H. Martin,
one of the judges of the court, moved to sue
the king to issue his writ de hceretico combu-
rendo, but Laud interposed. Brabourne was
censured, and sent to Newgate, where he
remained eighteen months. When he had
been a year in prison, he was again exa-
mined before Laud, who told him that if he
had stopped with what he said of the Lord's
day, namely that it is not a sabbath of
divine institution, but a holy day of the
church, ' we should not have troubled you.'
Ultimately, he made his submission to the
high commission court. The Document is
called a recantation, but when safe from the
clutches of the court, Brabourne explained
that all he had actually retracted was the
word 'necessarily.' He had affirmed 'that
Saturday ought necessarily to be our sab-
bath j ' this he admitted to be a ' rash and
Brabourne
140
Brabourne
of God's, the Sabbath Day. . . . Under-
taken against all Anti-Sabbatharians, both of
Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana-
baptists ; and by name and especially against
these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut-
chinson, M. Furnace, M. Benton, M. Gallard,
M. Yates, M. Clmppel, M. Stinnet, M. John-
son, and M. Wade. The second edition,
corrected and amended; with a supply of
many things formerly omitted. . . .' 1632,
4to (according to Watt, the first edition was
presumptuous error,' for his opinion, though
true, was not ' a necessary truth.' Bra-
bourne's book was one of the reasons which
moved Charles I to reissue on 18 Oct. 1633
the declaration commonly known as the
Book of Sports ; it was by the king's com-
mand that Bishop White wrote his ' Treatise
of the Sabbath Day,' 1635, 4to, in the dedi-
cation of which (to Laud) is a short account
of Brabourne. Returning to Norwich in
1635, Brabourne probably resumed his minis-
try; but he got some property on the death of ! in 1631, 4to, and there was another edition
a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- I in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten-
ing 1 . In 1654 he writes in his reply to John j net of Abingdon, the first English seventh-
The
The
16mo
A ----- the
Collings was a bitter antagonist of j Change of Church-Discipline. . . . Also a
his non-presbyterian neighbours. Brabourne | Reply to Mr. Collins his answer made to
had written in 1653 l The Change of Church- j Mr. Brabourne's first part of the Change of
Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all Church-Discipline . . .' 1654, 4to (the reply
sorts. This stirred Collings to attack him | has a separate title-page and pagination, ' A
in ' Indoctus Doctor Edoctus,' &c. 1654, 4to.
A second part of Brabourne's tract pro-
Reply to the " Indoctus Doctor Edoctus/' '
1654, 4to). 5. ' The Second Vindication of
voked ' A New Lesson for the Indoctus my first Book of the Change of Discipline ;
Doctor,' &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabourne | being a Reply to Mr. Collings his second
wrote a f Second Vindication ' in reply. This ; Answer to it. Also a Dispute between Mr.
pamphlet war is marked by personalities, in \ Collings and T. Brabourne touching the
which Collings excels. Collings tells us | Sabbath Day,' 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. ' An
that Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, Answer to M. Cawdry's two books of the
had tried several employments. He had Sabbath lately come forth,' &c, 1654, 12mo.
been bolt-poake, weaver, hosier, maltster (in 6. l Answers to two books on the Sabbath :
St. Augustine's parish), and was now ' a j the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no
nonsensical scribbler,' who was forced to j Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren, the
publish his books at his own expense. While Jews' Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, 8vo (not
this dispute with Collings was going on, seen ; Jeremy Ives's book was published 1659,
Brabourne brought out an ' Answer ' to 4to ; Edmund Warren's (of Colchester) was
the ' Sabbatum Redivivum,' &c., of Daniel i also published 1659, 4to). 7. ' God save
1 ' and his Parlia
Theophilus
Brabourn unto the hon. Parliament, that, as
all magistrates in the Kingdome doe in their
office, so Bishops may be required in their
office to own the King's supremacy,' &c. 1661,
4to (published 5 March ; there is ; A Post-
script, (sic) i Of many evils' (sic) which follow
of the quest
to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was
unconvinced by Cawdrey. Five years later
he wrote on liis favourite theme against
Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard
of Brabourne till after the Restoration, when
he put out pamphlets rejoicing in liberty of
conscience, and defending the royal supre-
macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these
pamphlets he spells his name Brabourn. The
last of them was issued 18 March 1661.
Nothing is known of Brabourne later.
He published : 1. ' A Discourse upon the
Sabbath Day . . . Printed the 23th (sic) of
Decemb. anno dom. 1628,' 16mo (Brabourne
maintains that the duration of the sabbath is
' that space of time and light from day-peep
or day-break in the morning, until day be
quite off the sky at night). 2. ' A Defence
of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance
upon the King's grant to Bishops of a coer-
cive power in their courts for ceremonies ').
9. ' Of the Lavvfnluess (sic) of the Oath of
allegiance to the King, and of the other
oath to his supremacy. Written for the
benefit of Quakers and others, who out of
scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of
allegiance and supremacy,' 1661, 4to (pub-
lished 18 March, not included in Smith's
' Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana,' 1872).
[Wood's Athense Oxon. i. (1691), 333 ; Brook's
Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362 ; Barham's
Collier's Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii. 76 ; Hunt's Eel.
Bracegirdle
141
Bracegirdle
Thought in England, 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's
Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, xi.
1875 (Laud), 237 seq. ; Cox's Literature of the
Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c. ; Browne's
Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf-
folk, 1877, 494 n ; works cited above.] A. G.
BRACEGIRDLE, ANNE (1663 P-1748),
one of the most popular and brilliant of Eng-
lish actresses, was born about 1663, presu-
mably in one of the midland counties. Curll
(History of the English Stage) calls her the
daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle, of North-
^mptonshire (? Northampton), esq., says 'she
Rtifl the good fortune to be well placed when
j aii infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and
his wife/ and adds that ' she performed the
page in "The Orphan," at the Duke's Theatre
in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.'
' The Orphan ' was first played, at Dorset
Garden, in 1680. With the addition of a de-
cade to Mrs. Bracegirdle's age, which this
date renders imperative, this story, though
without authority and not undisputed, is re-
concilable with facts. Downes (JRoscius An-
glicanus) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in
connection with the Theatre Royal in 1688,
in which year she played Lucia in Shadwell's
' Squire of Alsatia.' Maria in Mountfort's
' Edward III,' Emmeline in Dryden's ' King
Arthur,' Tamira in D'Urfey's alteration of
Chapman's 'Bussy d'Ambois,' and other
similar parts followed. In 1693 Mrs. Brace-
girdle made, as Araminta in the ' Old Bache-
lor,' her first appearance in a comedy of
Congreve, the man in whose works her chief
triumphs were obtained, and whose name
has subsequently, for good or ill, been most
closely associated with her own. In the
memorable opening, by Betterton, of the
little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695,
with 'Love for Love,' Mrs. Bracegirdle
played Angelica. Two years later she enacted
Belinda in the ' Provoked Wife ' of Van-
brugh, and Almeria in Congreve's l Mourning
Bride.' To these, which may rank' as her
principal ' creations,' may be added the he-
roines of some of Rowe's tragedies, Selina in
1 Tamerlane,' Lavinia in the ' Fair Penitent,'
and in such alterations of Shakespeare as
were then customary ; Isabella (' Measure for
Measure '), Portia (' Merchant of Venice '),
Desdemona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford,
with other characters from plays of the epoch,
showing that her range included both comedy
and tragedy. In the season of 1706-7 Mrs.
Bracegirdle at the Haymarket came first into
competition with Mrs. Oldfield, before whose
star, then rising, her own went down. Accord-
ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield,
published in 1730, the year of her death, and
quoted by Genest (vol. ii. p. 375), the question
whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle
was the better actress in comedy was left to
the town to settle. ' Mrs. Bracegirdle accord-
ingly acted Mrs. Brittle ' (in Betterton's
t Amorous Widow ') f on one night, and Mrs.
Oldfield acted the same part on the next
night ; the preference was adjudged to Mrs.
Oldfield, at which Mrs. Bracegirdle was very
much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit,
being allowed by Swiney to be in the season
before Mrs. Bracegirdle's, added so much to
the affront that she quitted the stage imme-
diately.' That from this time (1707) she re-
fused all offers to rejoin the stage is certain.
Once again she appeared upon the scene of
her past triumphs. This was on the occasion
of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and
13 April 1709, when, with her companion
Mrs. Barry, she came from her retirement,
and played in ' Love for Love ' her favourite
role of Angelica [see BETTEETON, THOMAS].
After this date no more is publicly heard
of her until 18 Sept. 1748, when her body
was removed from her house in Howard
Street, Strand, and interred in the east
cloisters of Westminster Abbey. Of her
long life less than a third was directly con-
nected with the stage. An amount of pub-
licity unusual even in the case of women of
her profession was thrust upon her during
her early life. To this the murder of
Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun,
due to the passion of the former for Mrs.
Bracegirdle and his jealousy of his victim,
contributed. An assumption of virtue, any-
thing but common in those of her position
in the days in which she lived, was, however,
a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far
the merit of 'not being unguarded in her
private character,' which, without a hint of
a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Gibber, is her
due, it is useless now to inquire. Evidence
will be judged differently by different minds.
Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de-
clares ' She seems to have been a cold, vain,
and interested coquette, who perfectly under-
stood how much the influence of her charms
was increased by the fame of a severity
which cost her nothing, and who could ven-
ture to flirt with a succession of admirers
in the just confidence that no flame which
she might kindle in them would thaw her
own ice ' (History of England, iii. 380, ed.
1864). For this statement, to say the least
rash, the authorities Macaulay quotes, un-
friendly as they are, furnish no justification.
Tom Brown, of infamous memory, utters
sneers concerning her Abigail being ' brought
to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to
her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious
though atrocious publication, ( A Comparison
Bracegirdle
142
Bracken
between Two Stages,' expresses his want of
faith in the story of her innocence, concern-
ing which, without arraigning it, he says (p.
18), 'I believe no more on't than I believe
of John Mandevil.' Wholly valueless is the
evidence of these two indirect assailants
against the general verdict of a time known
to be censorious. Mrs. Bracegirdle may at
least claim to have had the highest reputa-
tion for virtue of any woman of her age ; and
her benevolence to the unemployed poor of
Clare Market and adjacent districts, l so that
she could not pass that neighbourhood with-
out the thankful acclamations of people of
all degrees, so that, if any one affronted her,
they would have been in danger of being
killed directly ' (TONY ASTON), is a pleasing
trait in her character. The story is worth
repeating that ' Lord Halifax, overhearing
the praise of Mrs. Bracegirdle's virtuous be-
haviour by the Dukes of Dorset and Devon-
shire and other nobles, said, " You all com-
mend her virtue, &c., but why do we not
present this incomparable woman with some-
thing worthy her acceptance ?" His lordship
deposited 200 guineas, which the rest made
up to 800 and sent to her ' (Tour ASTON).
Whether, as is insinuated in some quarters,
she yielded to the advances of Congreve,
whose devotion to her, like the similar de-
votion of Howe, seemed augmented by her
success in his pieces, and whose testimony
in his poems appears, like all other testimony,
to establish her virtue, remains undeter-
mined. In her own time she was suspected,
though her biographers ignore the fact, of
being married to Congreve. In a poem
called 'The Benefits of a Theatre,' which
appears in ' The State 'Poems,' vol. iv. p. 49,
and is no more capable of being quoted than
are the other contents of that valuable but
unsavoury receptacle, Congreve and Mrs.
Bracegirdle, unmistakably associated under
the names of Valentine and Angelica, are
distinctly, though doubtless wrongly, stated
to be married. Congreve left her in his will
a legacy of 200/. Grarrick, who met Mrs.
Bracegirdle after she had quitted the stage,
and heard her repeat some lines from Shake-
speare, is said to have expressed an opinion
that her reputation was undeserved. Colley
Gibber denied her any 'greater claim to
beauty than what the most desirable brunette
might pretend to,' but states that 'it was
even a fashion among the gay and young to
have a taste or tendre for Mrs. Bracegirdle.'
She inspired the best authors to write for
her, and two of them, Congreve and Howe,
1 when they gave her a lover, in her play,
seemed palpably to plead their own passion,
and made their private court to her in ficti-
tious character.' Aston, bitter in tongue as
he ordinarily is, shared his father's belief in
her purity, and has left a sufficiently tempting
picture of her. ' She was of a lovely height,
with dark-brown hair and eyebrows, black
sparkling eyes and a fresh blushy complexion,
and, whenever she exerted herself, had an
involuntary flushing in her breast, neck, and
face, having continually a cheerful aspect, and
a fine set of even white teeth, never making
an exit but that she left the audience in an
imitation of her pleasant countenance ' (Brief
Supplement, pp. 9-10).
[G-enest's History of the Stage ; Gibber's Apo-
logy, by Bellchambers ; Egerton's Life of Ann
Oldfield, 1731 ; Stanley's Historical Memorials
of Westminster Abbey; W. Clark Eussell's
Representative Actors ; A Comparison between
the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Aston's Brief Sup-
plement to Colley Gibber, n. d. ; Downe's Roscius
Anglicanus.] J. K
BRACEGIRDLE, JOHN (d. 1613-14),
poet, is supposed to have been a son of John
Bracegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon-
Avon from 1560 to 1569. He was matricu-
lated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge,
in December 1588, proceeded B.A. in 1591-
1592, commenced M.A. in 1595, and pro-
ceeded B.D. in 1602. He was inducted to
the vicarage of Rye in Sussex, on the pre-
sentation of Thomas Sackville, lord Buck-
hurst, 12 July 1602, and was buried there on
8 Feb. 1613-14.
He is author of ' Psychopharmacon, the
Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo-
sophie, contained, in five bookes, called the
Consolation of Philosophic, compiled by
Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boe-
thius,' translated into English blank verse,
except the metres, which are in many dif-
ferent kinds of rhyme, Addit. MS. 11401.
It is dedicated to Thomas Sackville, earl of
Dorset.
[Wheler's Stratford -upon- A von, 31 ; Cooper's
Athenae Cantab, ii. 430; Sussex Archaeological
Collections, xiii. 274.] T. C.
BRACKEN, HENRY, M.D. (1697-1764),
writer on farriery, was the son of Henry
Bracken of Lancaster, and was baptised
there 31 Oct. 1697. His early education
was gained at Lancaster under Mr. Bordley
and the Rev. Thomas Holmes, and he was
afterwards apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth-
ington, a physician in extensive practice at
Wigan. At the expiration of his appren-
ticeship, about 1717, he went to London,
and passed a few months as a pupil at St.
Thomas's Hospital. Thence he went over to
Bracken
143 Brackenbury
Paris to attend the Hotel-Dieu, and subse-
quently to Leyden, where he studied under
Herman Boerhaave, and took his degree of
M.D., but his name is omitted from the 'Al-
bum Studiosorum Academiae Lugd. Bat./
printed in 1875. On his return to London he
attended the practice of Drs. Wadsworth and
Plumtree, and soon began to practise on his
own account at Lancaster, and before long be-
came widely known as a surgeon and author.
About 1746 he was charged with abetting the
Jacobite rebels and thrown into prison, but
was discharged without trial, there appearing
to have been no ground for his arrest ; indeed,
he had previously rendered a service to the
king by intercepting a messenger to the
rebels, and sending the letters to the general
of the king's forces, and for this act he had
been obliged to keep out of the way of the
Pretender's followers. He received much
honour in his native town, and was twice
elected mayor in 1747-8 and 1757-8. In
his method of practice as a medical man he
was remarkably simple, discarding many of
the usual nostrums. In private life he was
liberal, generous, charitable, and popular ;
but his love of horse-racing, of conviviality,
and of smuggling, which he called gambling
with the king, prevented him from reaping
or retaining the full fruits of his success.
He published several books on horses, writ-
ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound-
ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to
be placed by John Lawrence at the head of all
veterinary writers, ancient or modern. Their
dates and titles are as follows : in 1735, an
edition of Captain William Burdon's ' Gentle-
man's Pocket Farrier,' with notes ; in 1738,
1 Farriery Improved, or a Oompleat Treatise
upon the Art of Farriery,' 2 vols., which
went through ten or more editions ; in 1742,
1 The Traveller's Pocket Farrier ; ' in 1751,
' A Treatise on the True Seat of Glanders in
Horses, together with the Method of Cure,
from the French of De la Fosse.' He wrote
also ' The Midwife's Companion,' 1737, which
he dedicated to Boerhaave (it was issued
with a fresh title-page in 1751) ; ' Lithiasis
Anglicana ; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into
the Nature and Origin of the Stone and
Gravel in Human Bodies,' 1739 ; a transla-
tion from the French of Maitre-Jan on the
eye ; and some papers on small-pox, &c.
On the establishment of the London Medical
Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the
literary assistance of Bracken, 'for whose
abilities,' he observed, 'I have long had a
great esteem, and who has laboured more
successfully for the improvement of medicine
than most of his contemporaries.' Bracken
died at Lancaster, 13 Nov. 1764.
[Prefaces to Bracken's writings ; Letter to Dr.
Preston Christopherson, printed in the Preston
Guardian, 4 Sept. 1880 ; Georgian Era, ii. 561 ;
John Lawrence's Treatise on Horses, 2nd ed. 1802,
i. 29-32 ; information furnished by Alderman W.
Roper of Lancaster.] C. W. S.
BRACKENBURY, SIR EDWARD
(1785-1864), lieutenant-colonel, a direct
descendant from Sir Robert Brackenbury,
lieutenant of the Tower of London in the
time of Richard III, was second son of
Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin-
colnshire, by his wife Janetta, daughter of
George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was born
in 1785. Having entered the army as an
ensign in the 61st regiment in 1803, and be-
come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same
year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at
Scylla Castle and at Gibraltar, 1807-8, and
in the Peninsula from 1809 to the end of the
war in 1814. At the battle of Salamanca he
took a piece of artillery from the enemy,
guarded by four soldiers, close to their re-
tiring column, without any near or imme-
diate support, and in many other important
engagements conducted himself with distin-
guished valour. As a reward for his nume-
rous services he received the war medal with
nine clasps.
On 22 July 1812 he was promoted to a
captaincy, and after the conclusion of the
war was attached to the Portuguese and
Spanish army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec.
1816, when he was placed on half-pay. He
served as a major in the 28th foot from
1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan. 1828, when he was
again placed on half-pay. His foreign services
were further recognised by his being made a
knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower
and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish
order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of
the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis.
Brackenbury, who was knighted by the
king at Windsor Castle on 26 Aug. 1836,
was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for
the county of Lincoln. He attained to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel on 10 Jan. 1837,
and ten years afterwards sold out of the
army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln-
shire, on 1 June 1864.
He was twice married : first, on 9 June
1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward
Bromhead of Reepham near Lincoln, and,
secondly, in March 1847, to Eleanor, daughter
of Addison Fenwick of Bishopwearmouth,
Durham, and widow of W. Brown Clark of
Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in
1862.
[Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon's The
Sixty-first Regiment (1837), pp. 24, 31, 67.]
G. C. B.
Brackenbury
144
Bracton
BRACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788-
1864), poet, was born in 1788 at Langton,
probably Lincolnshire, where he spent his
early years. On 28 Oct. 1808 he was a stu-
dent at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
In 1810 he published his 'Natale Solum and
other Poetical Pieces ' by subscription. In
1811 he proceeded B.A. (ROMILLY, Grad.
Cant. p. 45) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to
the Madras establishment, and returning after
some years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819.
From 1828 to 1856 he was chaplain and secre-
tary to the Magdalen Hospital, Blackfriars
Road, London. In 1862 he became rector of
Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart-
disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76.
[Brackenbury 's Natale Solum, &c. pp. 2, 10,
28, 58, 120 ; Gent. Mag. 1864, p. 668; Brayley's
Surrey, v. 321 ; private information.] J. H.
BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON,
VISCOUNT. [See EGERTON.]
BRACTON, BRATTON, or BRETTON,
HENRY DE (d. 1268), ecclesiastic and judge,
was author of a comprehensive treatise on the
law of England. Three places have been con-
jecturally assigned as the birthplace of this
distinguished jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly,
near Okehampton in Devonshire, Bratton
Fleming, near Barnstaple in the same county,
and Bratton Court, near Minehead in Somer-
setshire. The pretensions of Bratton Clovelly
seem to rest entirely upon the fact that an-
ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Travers
Iwiss, in his edition of Bracton's great work,
' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise/ in-
clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the
ground that one Odo de Bratton was per-
petual vicar of the church there in 1212
(Rot . Lit. Pat. i. 93 b), when the rectory was
conferred on William de Ralegh, a justice
itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de
Pateshull, Bracton is known to have had in
his possession almost certainly for the pur-
poses of his work. Bracton cites Ralegh's
decisions less frequently indeed than those
of Pateshull, whom he sometimes refers to
with a familiarity which seems to imply per-
sonal intimacy, as ' dominus Martinus,' or
simply Martinus (lib. iv., tract i., cap. xxvii.,
fol. 205 b, xxviii. fol. 207 6), but more fre-
quently than those of any other j udge. Ralegh
was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these
data, which it must be owned are rather
slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton
stood to both Pateshull and Ralegh in the
relation of a pupil, and that it was while the
latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he
came into connection with him. Collinson,
the historian of Somersetshire, is mistaken
in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc-
ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in
the Black Book of the Exchequer as holding
lands at Bratton, near Minehead, under Wil-
liam de Mohun, 12 Henry II (1166), and
that he lies buried in the church of St.
Michael in Minehead under a monument re-
presenting him in his robes, since it has been
established by Sir Travers Twiss that Bracton
was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral
before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a
little to the south of the entrance to the
choir, at which a daily mass was regularly
said for the benefit of his soul for the space
of three centuries after his decease. At the
same time, if Bracton was really a landowner
in the neighbourhood of Minehead, a monu-
ment may have been put up to his memory
by his relatives in the parish church there.
It seems impossible to decide upon the claims
of the three competing villages. Some un-
certainty also exists as to the orthography
of the judge's name, of which four principal
varieties Bracton, Bratton, Bretton, and
Bryckton are found. Bryckton may be dis-
missed without hesitation as corrupt, and
Bretton is almost certainly a dialectical
variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be-
tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to
decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols
to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris-
ing from the similarity between the tt and
the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen-
tury handwriting. The passage cited by Sir
Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii. liv-v) as evidence
that the judge himself considered Bracton to
be the correct spelling of his name appears
rather to militate against that view. The
passage in question refers to the fatal effect
of clerical errors in writs. According to the
reading of a manuscript (Rawlinson, c. 160,
in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers
Twiss's opinion (i. xxi, Iii), has been faith-
fully copied from a manuscript older than
any now extant (BRACTON, ed. Twiss, iii.
212), the writer says that if a person writes
Broctone for Bractone, or Bractone for Brat-
tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe-
rence can be drawn from the passage, it
would seem to be that, in the author's opinion,
Brattone, and not Bractone, was the true
form of the name. That it was so in fact
seems to be as nearly proved as such a thing
can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls
extending from 1250 to 1267, i.e. during
nearly the whole of Bracton's official life, and
numbering nearly a hundred in all. While
Bratton and Bretton occur with about equal
frequency, no single instance of Bracton is
discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five
entries in Bishop Branscombe's register cited
Bracton
145
Bracton
"by Sir Travers Twiss, four have Bratton and
one Bracton. The deed of 1272 endowing
a chantry for the benefit of his soul speaks
of Henry de Bratton, and so does the deed of
1276 with a like object. This chantry, which
existed until the reign of Henry VIII, seems
to have been always known as Bratton's
chantry. The earliest extant biographical
notice of Bracton occurs in Leland's ' Com-
mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis ' (i. cap.
cclxxvi.) He says he took it l ex inscriptione
libri Branomensis bibliothecae.' Bale, in his
* Illustrium Majoris Britannia) Scriptorum
Catalogus,' appropriates his account very
much as it stands, adding only that Bracton
was of good family, that his university was
Oxford, and that he was one of the justices
itinerant before he became chief justice. The
reference to the 'Branomensis bibliotheca'
he suppresses, probably because he could
make nothing of it. Tanner, who also re-
peats Leland, tries to emend the text by
inserting ' edidit ' after ( librum,' and appends
the following note : ' " In Bravionensis seu
Wigorniensis bibliothecse serie quadam legi
memoriaque retinui." Ita legit MS. Lei.
Trin.' It is clear that in any case the passage
is corrupt. The subsequent biographers of
Bracton until Foss do little more than repeat
Bale's statements, and these are only very
partially confirmed by the records. Dugdale
mentions him as a justice itinerant in Not-
tinghamshire and Derbyshire in 1245, and
places him in the commission of the follow-
ing year for Northumberland, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, and Lancashire. As he is de-
scribed as a justice in the record of a fine
levied in this year, preserved in the Register
of Waltham Abbey (Harl MS. 391, fol.
71), in close connection with Henry de Ba-
thonia and Jeremiah de Caxton, both jus-
tices of the Curia Regis, it is probable that
he was then one of the regular justices.
Against this, however, must be set the fact
that the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to
which reference has already been made does
not begin until 1250. After 1246 Dugdale
ignores him until 1260, from which date
until 1267 he mentions him pretty frequently
as a justice itinerant in the western counties.
After 1267 all the records are silent as to his
doings. During a portion of his career he
seems to have stood well with the king ; for
in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of
the town house of the Earl of Derby, then
recently deceased, during the minority of the
heir, being therein designated ' dilecto clerico
nostro.' In 1263-4 (21 Jan.) he was ap-
pointed archdeacon of Barnstaple, but re-
signed the post in the following May on being
created chancellor of the cathedral of Exeter.
VOL. VI.
He also held a prebend in the church of
Exeter, and another in that of Bosham in
Sussex, a peculiar of the bishops of Exeter,
from some date prior to 1237 until his death,
which occurred in 1268, and probably in the
summer or early autumn of that year, as
Oliver de Tracy succeeded him as chancellor
of Exeter Cathedral on 3 Sept., and Edward
Delacron, dean of Wells, and Richard de
Esse in the prebends of Bosham and Exeter
respectively in the following November. He
is known to have left some manuscripts to
the chapter of Exeter by his will, and it may
have been one of these that Leland saw, sup-
posing * Exoniensis bibliothecse ' to be the
true reading. For the statement that he dis-
charged the duties of chief justice for twenty
Siars no foundation is now discoverable,
uring the earlier portion of his official life
(1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and
if Bracton was ever chief justice, it must
have been either before 1258 or after 1265.
It is possible that, while the office was in
abeyance, the king entrusted his f dear clerk '
with some of the duties incident to it. It
is also possible, as Foss has conjectured, that
Bracton held the office during the interval
between the death of Hugh le Despenser and
the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 March
1267-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if he
was ever regularly appointed, no record of
the fact should have survived. Of his al-
leged connection with Oxford it is also im-
possible to discover any positive evidence.
That he was an Oxford man is intrinsically
probable from the character of his treatise,
1 De Legibus et Coiisuetudinibus Anglise.'
It bears such evident traces throughout of
the influence of the civil law as to leave no
doubt that the author was familiar not merely
with the Summa or manual of the civil law
compiled by the celebrated glossator, Azo
of Bologna, but with the Institutes and
Digest of Justinian, and Oxford was at that
time the seat of the study of the civil law
in this country. Moreover, Bracton's first
two books, 'De Rerum Divisione' and 'De
acquirendo Rerum Dominio,' have a deci-
dedly academic air, for they are carefully
mapped out according to logical divisions
such as a professor writing for a society of
students would naturally affect ; and though,
from a reference to the candidature of Richard,
earl of Cornwall, for the imperial crown in
the latter book (ii. cap. xix. 4, fol. 47), it
is clear that that passage was written as late
as 1257, it by no means follows that the
book as a whole does not belong to a much
earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be
affirmed with any confidence that Bracton
could not have acquired the accurate and
L
Bracton
146
Bracton
extensive knowledge of the Roman law which
he undoubtedly did possess without residing
in Oxford, and neither the title l dominus ' by
which he is usually designated in ecclesiastical
records, and which, as Sir Travers Twiss has
pointed out, was the proper appellation of a
professor of law at the university of Bologna ;
under the privilege accorded by Frederic I at |
the diet of Roncaglia (1158), nor that of
' magister ' given him by Gilbert Thornton
(chief justice), who epitomised his work in
1292, can be relied on as necessarily importing
an academical status. The date of the com-
position of his work is approximately fixed
by a reference to the Statute of Merton
(1235) on the one hand, and the absence of
any notice of the changes in the law intro-
duced by the Provisions of Westminster
(1259) on the other. The work seems never
to have received a final revision, and it is
probable that the order of arrangement of
the several treatises does not in all cases
correspond with the order of composition.
Bracton's relation to the civil and canon law
has been ably discussed by Professor Giiter-
bock of Konigsberg, who agrees in the main
with the view taken by Spence, that he did
not so much romanise English law as syste-
matise the results which a series of clerical
judges, themselves familiar with the civil
and canon codes, and using them to supple-
ment the inadequacy of the common law,
had already produced, a conclusion which is
in accordance with the strictly practical
purpose apparent throughout the treatise.
This view is also adopted by Sir Travers
Twiss. Bracton's position in the history
of English law is unique. The treatise ' De
Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise ' is the
first attempt to treat the whole extent of
the law in a manner at once systematic and
practical. The subject-matter of the work
is defined in the proem to be ' facta et casus,
qui quotidie emergunt et eveniunt in regno
Anglise,' and to this he for the most part
strictly limits himself, citing cases in support
of the principles he enunciates in the most
exemplary manner. Hence the influence of
the work was both immediate and enduring.
Besides the abridgment by Thornton, of
which, though none is now known to exist,
Selden had an imperfect copy, two other sum-
maries of it were compiled during the reign
of Edward I by two anonymous authors, one
in Latin, of which the title ' Fleta ' is thought
to conceal some reference either to the Fleet
Prison or to Fleet Street, the other in Norman-
French known as Britten. Through Coke,
who had a high respect for Bracton, and fre-
quently cited him, both in his judgments and
in his ' Commentary ' on Littleton, his influ-
ence has been effective in moulding the exist-
ing common law of England. Some remark-
able passages relating to the prerogative of
the king (i. cap. viii. 5, fol. 5 ; ii. cap. xvi.
3, fol. 34 ; iii. tract i. cap. ix. fol. 107 b}
were cited by Bradshaw in his judgment on
Charles I, and by Milton in his ( Defence of
the People of England/ as showing that the-
doctrine of passive obedience was repugnant
to the ancient common law of this country.
The bibliography of Bracton may be put
into very small compass. A considerable
portion of the treatise found its way into
print in 1557, in the shape of quotations
made by Sir William Staundeford in hi&
' Plees del Coron.' The first printed edition
of the entire work was published by Richard
Tot tell in 1569 (fol.), with a preface by one
T. N. (whose identity has never been deter-
mined), in which credit is taken for a careful
recension of the text. The next edition (4to)
appeared in 1640, being a mere reprint of
that of 1569. In spite of the labours of T. N.
the text remained in so unsatisfactory a con-
dition that Selden never cited it without
collation with manuscripts in his own pos-
session. No other edition appeared until
1878, when Sir Travers Twiss issued the first
volume of the recension and translation un-
dertaken by him by the direction of the
master of the rolls. The sixth and last vo-
lume appeared in 1883. For information
concerning the apparatus criticus available
for the establishment of the text reference
may be made to vol. i. pp. xlix-lxvi of this
edition, to the ( Law Magazine and Review,'
N.S., i. 560-1, ii. 398, to the < Athenaeum'
(19 July 1884), where Professor VinogradoiF,^
of Moscow, gives an interesting account of
the discovery by him among the Additional
MSS. in the British Museum (Addit. MS.
12269) of a collection of cases evidently com-
piled for Bracton's use, and actually used and
annotated by him for the purpose of his work,,
and also to an article in the ' Law Quarterly
Review ' for April 1885, in which the same
writer suggests one obvious and two unwar-
rantable alterations of the text, impugns the
authority of Rawl. MS. c. 160, on which
Sir Travers Twiss's recension is based, on the
ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui-
sition on degrees of affinity, and argues from
other passages that the text as it stands is
the result of the gradual incorporation with
Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc-
cessive commentaries.
[Lysons's Devonshire, ii. 66, 67 ; Domesday
Book, fol. 96, 101 b, 105 b, 107; Collinson's
Somersetshire, ii. 31 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. ii.
82 ; Britton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv ; Valor.
Eccl. ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257;
Bradberry
147
Bradbridge
Spence's Eqxiitable Jurisdiction of Court of
Chancery, i. 120; Tanner's Notitia Monastica
(ed. Nasmith), Sussex, v. ; Fourth Report of Dep.
Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat.,
cent. iii. art. xcviii. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dug-
dale's Orig. 56; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 12, 19;
Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 405, 417; Bracton
(ed. Twiss), i. ix-xviii, ii. vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v.
Ixxx ad fin., vi. lix-lxiii ; Cobbett's State Trials,
ii. 693, iv. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People
of England, cap. viii. ad fin. ; Henricus de Brac-
ton und sein Verhaltniss zum romischen Rechte
von Dr. Carl Griiterbock, Berlin, 1862 (this work
has been translated by Brinton Coxe, Philadel-
phia. 1866); Foss's Lives of the Judges.]
J. M. R.
BRADBERRY,sometimes called BRAD-
BURY, DAVID (1736-1803), nonconfor-
mist minister, appears to have been resident
in London in 1766, and for a time was minis-
ter of the congregation at Glovers' Hall, Lon-
don, which then belonged to the baptists;
but he went from Ramsgate to Manchester,
where he succeeded the Rev. Timothy Priest-
ley, brother of Joseph Priestley, 14 Aug. 1785,
as the minister of a congregational church in
Cannon Street. He was not very successful in
his ministry, which was disturbed by con-
troversy, especially with some Scotch mem-
bers, who were anxious to import the fashion
of 'ruling elders,' and who eventually seceded
and erected in Mosley Street what was then
the largest dissenting chapel in Lancashire
(HALLEY). He resigned his position in
1794 and left the neighbourhood. He is
buried in Bunhill Fields, where his grave-
stone states that he 'died 13 Jan. 1803, aged
67 years ; having been a preacher of the
gospel forty-two years.'
Bradberry was the author of : 1. ' A Chal-
lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Chief
of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amos iv. 12, Lon-
don, printed for the author, 1766. 2. t Letter
relative to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. ' Tete-
lestai, the Final Close,' a poem, in six parts,
Manchester, 1794. This poem describes the
day of judgment from an ' evangelical ' stand-
point, and is remarkable for its unusual
metre. The book is also a literary curiosity
from its long and quaint dedication, addressed
to the Deity , who is styled, among many other
titles, ' His most sublime, most high and
mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most
faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se-
rene, most reverend,' and ' Governor-general
of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop
of Souls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals,
Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of
Rights and Finisher of Fates, Father of
Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf. Notes and
Queries, 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.)
[Manual of the Chorlton Road Congregational
| Church, 1877 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii.
220 ; Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism, &c. ;
j British Museum General Catalogue ; Allibone's
Dictionary; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxviii. pt. ii.
p. 516; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849, p. 11.1
W. E. A. A.
BRADBRIDGE or BRODEBRIDGE,
WILLIAM (1501-1578), bishop of Exeter,
sprang from a Somersetshire family now ex-
tinct, but variously known as Bradbridge,
: Bredbridge, or Brodbridge. William Brad-
i bridge was born in London in 1501. From the
j fact that he succeeded one Augustine Brad-
bridge as chancellor of Chichester, who was
afterwards appointed treasurer and preben-
dary of Fordington, diocese of Sarum,inl566,
and who died the next year, it is possible
the latter was a brother. One Nicholas
Bradbridge was prebend of Lincoln in 1508,
and a Jone and George Bradbridge were
respectively martyred during the Marian
persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury.
William took his B.A. degree at Magdalen
College, Oxford, on 15 July 1528, but whether
as demy or non-foundationer does not appear.
In 1529 he became a fellow of his college,,
MA. on 6 June 1532, B.D. on 17 June 1539,
' being then arrived to some eminence in the
theological faculty' (W T OOD). On 26 March
1565 he supplicated the university for a D.D.
degree, but was not admitted. Yet Strype-
(Parker, book iv. 4) calls him D.D. He
espoused the reformed religion, and had to-
flee with Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi-
tives in 1553. He is found, however, in
England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on
the presentation of Ralph Henslow, he was
appointed prebendary of Lyme and Halstock,
Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester,
and in 1561 a dispensation was granted him
on account of this as regarded part of his
term of residence at Salisbury. He sub-
scribed the articles of 1562 as a member of
the lower house of convocation, and when
the puritanical six articles of the same year
were debated in that assembly, in common
with all those members who had been brought
into friendly contact with the practice of
foreign churches during the reign of Mary,
be signed them, but was outvoted by a
majority of one. He also subscribed the
articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated
to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April
1562, and was allowed to hold the chancel-
lorship in commendam with his bishopric.
On Low Sunday 1563 he preached the annual
Spittal sermon, and on 23 June of the same
year, showing himself conformable to the
discipline which was then being established,
was elected dean of Salisbury by letters from
L2
Bradbridge
148
Bradbridge
Queen Elizabeth, in the place of the Italian*
Peter Vannes. Here he was a contemporary
of Foxe, the martyrologist, and Harding, the
chief opponent of Jewell. On 26 Feb. 1570-1
the queen issued her significavit in his favour
to the archbishop, and he was duly elected
bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de-
claration of the queen's supremacy and doing
homage, the temporalities of the see were
restored to him on the 14th. He is still
termed B.D. (State Papers, Domestic, Eliz.
vol. Ixxxii.) His election was confirmed
the next day, and he was consecrated at
Lambeth on the 18th by Archbishop Parker
and Bishops Home and Bullingham of Win-
chester and Worcester. Although Wood says
'he laudably governed the see for about
eight years/ his administration was some-
what halting and void of vigour, the weak-
ness of age probably colouring his judgment
and prompting him to love retirement. He
exerted himself, however, to collect 250/.
among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall
for the use of Exeter College, whence his
name is inserted in its list of benefactors.
Oliver believes that either by his predecessor,
Bishop Alley, or by him, portions of the
palace at Exeter were taken down as being
superfluous and burdensome to the diminished
resources of the see. The bishop still kept
up his scholarship. In 1572 the Books of
Moses were allotted to him to translate for
the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at
least to one ' W. E.,' whom Strype takes
for ' l William Exon.' Hoker, however, says
(Antique Description of Exeter} : ' He was a
professor of divinity, but not taken to be so
well grounded as he persuaded himself. He
was zealous in religion, but not so forwards
as he was wished to be.' In 1576, when
papists on one side and schismatics on the
other were troubling the church, a glimpse
is obtained of Bradbridge's administration.
He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle-
men who would not attend church, but
could not induce them to conform. At
length as he saw ' they craved ever respite
of time and in time grew rather indurate
than reformed,' in compliance with an order
that such should be sent up to the privy
council or the ecclesiastical commission held
at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to
their reducement,' he wrote on the subject to
the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert
Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis
Ermyn. He begged the treasurer to prevail
with the archbishop or bishop of London ' to
take some pains with them,' adding that ' the
whole country longed to hear of their godly
determination, viz. what success they should
have with these gentlemen.' In the same
year another dangerous opinion in his dio-
cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher,
a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an
oath taken on one of the gospels ( was of no
more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly.'
All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and
on the bishop proceeding' to Liskeard the man
maintained his view in writing. As the town
was in such confusion that no trial could
be held with any prospect of justice, the
bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In
the meantime he sent for Dr. Tremayn, the
archbishop's commissary, and other learned
divines, and consulted on the point, saying
'that truly the Cornishmen were, many of
them, subtle in taking an oath,' and that if
the reverence due to scripture were abated
it would let in many disorders to the state.
Unluckily Strype does not give the conclu-
sion of these trials.
About this time the bishop was very uneasy
regarding an ecclesiastical commission which
he heard would probably be granted to several
in his diocese. Dr. Tremayn headed a party
against him, but the bishop withstood him,
and wrote to the treasurer that the commis-
sion was not required, adding that ' he spake
somewhat of experience, that his diocese was
great, and that the sectaries did daily in-
crease. And he persuaded himself he should
be able easier to rule those whom he partly
knew already than those which by this means
might get them new friends.' Indeed he
found the cares of his position so heavy that
he earnestly supplicated the treasurer (11
March 1576) that he might be suffered to
resign the bishopric and return to his deanery
of Sarum, urging 'the time serveth, the place
is open.' In his latter years he delighted
to dwell in the country, which proved very
burdensome to all who had business with
him. Newton Ferrers was his favourite re-
sidence, the benefice of which, together with
that of Lezante in Cornwall, the queen had
allowed him to hold in commendam in con-
sequence of the impoverished state of the see,
as had been the case with his predecessors.
Benefices were given to his successor also.
At the age of seventy he embarked largely in
agricultural speculations, which eventually
ruined him. ' Hitherto,' says Fuller, ' the
English bishops had been vivacious almost to
a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty
years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de-*
ceased within the compasse of two years.'
Among them was Bradbridge, who died
suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77,
no one being with him, at Newton Ferrers.
Izacke (Memorials of Exeter} sums up the
prevailing opinion of him, ' a man only me-
morable for this, that nothing memorable is
Bradburn
149
Bradbury
recorded of him saving that he well governed
this church about eight years.' When he
died he was indebted to the queen 1,4001. for
tenths and subsidies received in her behalf
from the clergy, so that immediately after
his death she seized upon all his goods. The
patent book of the see records that he ' had
not wherewith to bury him.' He was buried
in his own cathedral, on the north side of
the choir near the altar, under a plain altar
tomb, and around him lie his brother pre-
lates, Bishops Marshal, Stapledon, Lacy, and
Woolton. A simple Latin inscription was
put over him, now much defaced, record-
ing that he was 'nuper Exon. Episcopus.'
A shield containing his arms still remains,
1 Azure, a pheon's head argent.' His will is
in the Prerogative Office. No portrait of him
is known to exist. His register concludes
his acts with the old formula, ' Cujus animse
propitietur Deus. Amen.'
[Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 817;
Strype's Annals of the Keformation, 8vo, Cran-
mer, Parker, i. 377, ii. 416 ; Cardwell's Con-
ferences, p. 119 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Jones's Fasti
Ecclesiae Sarisb.pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hoker
and Izacke's Memorials of Exeter ; Fuller's Church
History, 16th Century; Oliver's Lives of the
Bishops of Exeter.] M. GK W.
BRADBURJST, SAMUEL (1751-1816),
methodist preacher, was an associate of Wes-
ley, and an intimate disciple of Fletcher ot
Madeley. He was the son of a private in the
army, and was born at Gibraltar. On his
father's return to England, when he was
about twelve years old, he was apprenticed
to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course
of youthful profligacy became a methodist at
the age of eighteen, entered the itinerant
ministry about three years later, and con-
tinued in it more than forty years till his
death. Bradburn was, according to the testi-
mony of all who heard him, an extraordinary
natural orator. He had a commanding figure,
though he grew corpulent early in life, a re-
markably easy carriage, and a voice and in-
tonation of wonderful power and beauty. By
assiduous study he became perhaps the great-
est preacher of his day, and was able constantly
to sway and fascinate vast masses of the people.
His natural powers manifested themselves
from the first time that he was called upon
to speak in public. On that occasion he was
suddenly impelled to take the place of an
absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with-
out hesitation, though for months previously
he had been trembling at the thought of
such an ordeal. In the evening of the same
day a large concourse came together to hear
him again, when he preached for three hours,
and found, at the same moment in which he
exercised the powers, that he had obtained the
fame of an orator. Bradburn was a man of
great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity.
Of this once famous preacher nothing remains
but a volume of a few posthumous sermons of
no particular merit.
[Bradburn's Life (written by his daughter in
the same year that he died) ; a second biography
(1871), by T. W. Blanshard, under the somewhat
affected title of The Life of Samuel Bradburn,
the Methodist Demosthenes.] K. W. D.
BRADBURY, GEORGE (d. 1696), judge,
was the eldest son of Henry Bradbury of St.
Martin's Fields, Middlesex. Of his early years
nothing is known. He was admitted a mem-
ber of the Middle Temple on 28 June 1660,
was created a master of arts by the university
of Oxford 28 Sept, 1663, and was called to
the bar on 17 May 1667. For some time his
practice in court was inconsiderable. He first
occurs as junior counsel against Lady Ivy in
a suit in which she asserted her title to lands in
Shadwell, 3 June 1684. The deeds upon which
she relied were of doubtful authenticity, and
Bradbury won commendation from Chief-jus-
tice Jeffreys,who was try ing the case, for inge-
niously pointing out that the date which the
deeds bore described Philip and Mary, in
whose reign they purported to have been exe-
cuted, by a title which they did not assume
till some years later. But the judge's temper
was not to be relied upon. Bradbury repeat-
ing his comment, Jeffreys broke out upon
him : ' Lord, sir ! you must be cackling too ;
we told you your objection was very inge-
nious, but that must not make you trouble-
some. You cannot lay an egg but you must
be cackling over it.' Bradbury's name next
occurs in 1681, when he was one of two trus-
tees of the marriage settlement of one of the
Carys of Tor Abbey. His position in his pro-
fession must consequently have been consider-
able, and in December 1688, when the chiefs
of the bar were summoned to consult with
the peers upon the political crisis, Bradbury
was among the number. In the July of the
year following he was assigned by the House
of Lords as counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair,
Dr. Elliott, and others, who were impeached
for dispersing proclamations of King James.
The impeachment was, however, abandoned.
On 9 July, upon the death of Baron Carr, he
was appointed to the bench of the court of
exchequer, and continued in office until his
death, which took place 12 Feb. 1696. The
last judicial act recorded of him is a letter
preserved in the treasury in support of a
petition of the Earl of Scarborough, 19 April
1695.
Bradbury
150
Bradbury
[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; State Trials, x
616, 626; Luttrell's Diary, i. 490, 555, 557, iv
117; Parliamentary History, v. 362; Pat. 1 W
and M. p. 4 ; Nicholls's Herald and Genealogist,
viii. 107; Eedington's Treasury Papers, i. 438;
Cat. Oxford Graduates; Woolrych's Life of
Jeffreys.] J. A. H.
BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-1860),
writer on printing, was the eldest son of
William Bradbury, of the firm of Bradbury
& Evans, proprietors of ' Punch/ founders of
the 'Daily News,' the 'Field,' and other
periodicals, and publishers for Dickens and
Thackeray. In 1850 he entered as a pupil in
the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna, where
he became acquainted with the art of nature
printing, a process whereby natural objects
are impressed into plates, and afterwards
printed from in the natural colours. In 1855
he produced in folio the fine f nature-printed '
plates to Moore and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great
Britain and Ireland.' These were followed by
' British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal
octavo, and a reproduction of the i Ferns,' also
in octavo. In the same year, and again in 1 860,
he lectured at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain on the subject of nature printing.
He paid much attention to the production of
bank notes and the security of paper money,
on which he discoursed at the Royal Insti-
tution. This lecture was published in 1856,
in quarto, with plates by John Leighton,
F.S.A. In 1860 this subject was pursued by
the publication of ' Specimens of Bank Note
Engraving,' &c. Another address on ' Print-
ing : its Dawn, Day, and Destiny,' was issued
in 1858. He died by his own hand 2 Sept.
1860, aged 29, leaving a business he had
founded in Fetter Lane, and afterwards
moved to Farringdon Street, which was car-
ried on under the name of Bradbury, Wilkin-
son & Co. At the time of his death he thought
of producing a large work in folio on the
graphic arts of the nineteenth century, but
he never got beyond the proof of a prospectus
that was ample enough to indicate the wide
scale of his design.
[Information supplied by Mr. John Leighton,
F.S.A.; JBigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of
Printing, i. 23, 77-8 ; Proceedings of Royal In-
stitution.] C. W. S.
BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-1759),
congregational minister, born in Yorkshire,
was educated for the congregational ministry
in an academy at AtterclifFe. Of Bradbury
as a student we have a glimpse (25 March
1695) in the diary of Oliver Hey wood, who
gave him books. He preached his first ser-
mon on 14 June 1696, and went to reside as
assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas
Whitaker, minister of the independent con-
gregation, Call Lane, Leeds. Bradbury speaks
of Whitaker's ' noble latitude,' and commends
him as being orthodox in opinion, yet no slave
to 'the jingle of a party' (' The Faithful
Minister's Farewell, two sermons [Acts xx.
32] on the death of Mr. T. Whitaker,' 1712,
8vo). From Leeds, in 1697. Bradbury went
to Beverley, as a supply ; and in 1699 to New-
castle-on-Tyne, first assisting Richard Gilpin,
M.D. (ejected from Greystock, Cumber-
land), afterwards Bennet, Gilpin's successor,
both presbyterians. It seems that Bradbury
expected a co-pastorate, and judging from
Turner's account (Mon. Repos. 1811, p. 514)
of a manuscript ' Speech delivered at Madam
Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr. Thos. Brad-
bury,' his after influence was not without its
effect in causing a split in the congregation.
It is significant that Bennet's ' Irenicum,'
1722, did more than any other publication
to stay the divisive effects of Bradbury's
action at Salters' Hall. Bradbury went to
London in 1703 as assistant to Galpine, in
the independent congregation at Stepney.
On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become
colleague with Samuel Wright at Great
Yarmoutli, but declined. After the death
of Benoni Rowe, Bradbury was appointed
(16 March 1707) pastor of the independent
congregation in New Street, by Fetter Lane.
He was ordained 10 July 1707 by ministers
of different denominations ; his confession of
faith on the occasion (which reached a fifth
edition in 1729) is remarkable for its uncom-
promising Calvinism, but is expressed entirely
in words of scripture. His brother Peter be-
came his assistant, Bradbury took part in the
various weekly dissenting lectureships, de-
livering a famous series at the Weighhouse on
the duty of singing (1708, 8vo), and a sermon
before the Societies for Reformation of Morals
(1708, 8vo). His political sermons attracted
much attention, from the freedom of their style
and the quaintness of their titles. Among
them were ' The Son of Tabeal [Is. vii. 5-7]
on occasion of the French invasion in favour
of the Pretender,' 1708, 8vo (four editions) ;
' The Divine Right of the Revolution '
[1 Chron. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo ; ' Theocracy ;
the Government of the Judges applied to the
Revolution' [Jud. ii. 18], 1712, 8vo ; ' Steadi-
ness in Religion . . . the example of Daniel
under the Decree of Darius,' 1712, 8vo;
' The Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan
compared in their regard for civil liberty'
[Gen. xlix. 14-18], 1712, 8vo (a 5th of No-
vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston,
U.S., in 1768) ; ' The Lawfulness of resist-
ing Tyrants, &c.' [1 Chron. xii. 16-18], 1714,
8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EIKO>J>
Bradbury
Bradbury
^; a sermon [Hos. vii. 7] preached
29 May, with Appendix of papers relating to
the Restoration, 1660, and the present settle-
ment,' 1715, 8vo ; ' Non-resistance without
Priestcraft ' [Rom. xiii. 2], 1715, 8vo (5 Nov.) ;
* The Establishment of the Kingdom in the
hand of Solomon, applied to the Revolution
and the Reign of King George ' [1 K. ii. 46],
1716, 8vo (5 Nov.); 'The Divine Right of
Kings inquired into ' [Prov. viii. 15], 1718,
8vo; ' The Primitive Tories ; or . . . Perse-
cution, Rebellion, and Priestcraft ' [Jude 11],
1718, 8vo (four editions). Bradbury boasted
of being the first to proclaim George I, which ;
he did on Sunday, 1 Aug. 1714, being ap-
prised, while in his pulpit, of the death of Anne
lay the concerted signal of a handkerchief.
The report was current that he preached from
2 K. ix. 34, ' Go, see now this cursed woman
and bury her, for she is a king's daughter ;'
but perhaps he only quoted the text in con-
versation. Another story is to the effect
that when, on 24 Sept., the dissenting mi-
nisters went in their black gowns with an
address to the new king, a courtier asked,
* Pray, sir, is this a funeral ? ' On which
Bradbury replied, 'Yes, sir, it is the funeral
of the Schism Act, and the resurrection of
liberty.' Robert Winter, D.D., Bradbury's
descendant, is responsible for the statement
that there had been a plot to assassinate him,
and that the spy who was sent to Fetter Lane
was converted by Bradbury's preaching. On
the other hand it is said that Harley had
offered to stop his mouth with a bishopric.
Bradbury's political harangues were some-
times too violent for men of his own party.
Defoe wrote ' A Friendly Epistle by way of
reproof from one of the people called Quakers,
to T. B., a dealer in many words,' 1715, 8vo
{two editions in same year). With the re-
ference of the Exeter controversy to the
judgment of the dissenting ministers of Lon-
don, a large part of Bradbury's vehemence
passed from the sphere of politics to that of
theology. The origin of the dispute belongs !
to the life of James Peirce (1674-1726), the '
leader of dissent against Wells and Nicholls.
Peirce, the minister of James's Meeting,
Exeter, was accused, along with others, of
favouring Arianism. The Western Assembly
was disposed to salve the matter over by ad-
mitting the orthodoxy of the declarations of
faith made by the parties in September 1718.
But the body of thirteen trustees who held the
property of the four Exeter meeting-houses
appealed to London for further advice. After
much negotiation the whole body of London
dissenting ministers of the three denomina-
tions was convened at Salters' Hall to con-
sider a draft letter of advice to Exeter. Brad-
bury put himself in the front of the conserva-
tive party ; the real mover on the opposite
side was the whig politician John Shute Bar-
rington, viscount Barring-ton, a member of
Bradbury's congregation, and afterwards the
; Papinian of Lardner's letter on the Logos.
The conference met on Thursday, 19 Feb. 1719
(the day after the royal assent to the repeal
of the Schism Act), when Bradbury proposed
that, after days of fasting and prayer, a de-
putation should be sent to Exeter to offer
advice on the spot ; this was negatived. At
the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad-
bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice,
embodying a declaration of the orthodoxy of
the conference, in words taken from the As-
sembly's catechism. This was rejected by
fifty-seven to fifty-three. Sir Joseph Jekyll,
master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene,
is author of the often-quoted saying, 'The
Bible carried it by four.' At the third meet-
ing, 3 March, the proposition was renewed, but
the moderator, Joshua Oldfield, would not take
a second vote. Over sixty ministers went up
into the gallery and subscribed a declaration
of adherence to the first Anglican article, and
the fifth and sixth answers of the Assembly's
catechism. They then left the place amid
hisses, Bradbury characteristically exclaim-
ing, ' 'Tis the voice of the serpent, and may
be expected against a zeal for the seed of the
woman.' Thus perished the good accord of
English dissent. Principal Chalmers, of
King's College, Old Aberdeen, who was pre-
sent at the third meeting, and in strong
sympathy with Bradbury's side, reported to
Calamy that ' he never saw nor heard of such
strange conduct and management before.'
The nonsubscribing majority, to the num-
ber of seventy-three, met again at Salters'
Hall on 10 March, and agreed upon their ad-
vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March.
Bradbury and his subscribers (61, 63, or 69)
met separately on 9 March, and sent off" their
advice on 7 April. The remarkable thing is
that the two advices (bating the preamble) are
in substance and almost in terms identical ;
and the letter accompanying the nonsub-
scribers' advice not only disowns Arianism,
but declares their ( sincere belief in the
doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the proper
divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, which they
apprehend to be clearly revealed in the Holy
Scriptures.' Both advices preach peace and
charity, while owning the duty of congrega-
tions to withdraw from ministers who teach
what they deem to be serious error. Neither
was in time to do good or harm, for the Exeter
trustees had taken the matter into their own
hands by formally excluding Peirce and his
colleague from all the meeting-houses. Brad-
Bradbury
Bradbury
bury had his share in the ensuing pamphlet
war, which was political as well as religious, for ,
a schism in dissent was deprecated as inimical
to the whig interest. He printed ' An Answer j
to some Reproaches cast on those Dissenting
Ministers who subscribed, c./ 1719, 8vo ; '.
a sermon on ' The Necessity of contending
for Revealed Religion' [Jude 3], 1720, 8vo
(appended is a letter from Cotton Mather on
the late disputes) ; and ' A Letter to John j
Barrington Slmte, Esq.,' 1720, 8vo. Barring- |
ton left Bradbury's congregation, and joined
that of Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., independent
minister and nonsubscriber, at Pinners' Hall. I
Bradbury was brought to book by ' a Dis-
senting Layman' in 'Christian Liberty as-
serted, in opposition to Protestant Popery,'
1719, 8vo, a letter addressed to him by name,
and answered by ' a Gentleman of Exon,'
in { A Modest Apology for Mr. T. Bradbury,'
1719, 8vo. But most of the pamphleteers
passed him by as ' an angry man, that makes
some bustle among you' (Letter of Advice to
the Prot. Diss., 1720, 8vo) to aim at Wil-
liam Tong, Benjamin Robinson, Jeremiah
Smith, and Thomas Reynolds, four presby-
terian ministers who had issued a whip for
the Salters' Hall conference in the subscrib-
ing interest, and who subsequently published
a joint defence of the doctrine of the Trinity.
In 1720 an attempt was made to oust Brad-
bury from the Pinners' Hall lectureship ; in
the same year he started an anti-Arian Wed-
nesday lecture at Fetter Lane. This did not
mend matters. There appeared ' An Appeal
to the Dissenting Ministers, occasioned by the
Behaviour of Mr. Thomas Bradbury,' 1722,
8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the ' Moral Philo-
sopher,' 1737), who had made an unusually
orthodox confession at his ordination [see
BOWDEN. JOHN] in 1716, but was now on
his way to ' Christian deism,' wrote his ' Ab-
surdity of opposing Faith to Reason ' in reply
to Bradbury's 5th of November sermon, 1722,
on ' The Nature of Faith.' He had previously
attacked Bradbury in a postscript to his
' Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm,'
1719, 8vo. Returning to a former topic,
Bradbury published in 1724, 8vo, ' The Power
of Christ over Plagues and Health,' prefix-
ing an account of the anti-Arian lectureship.
He published also * The Mystery of Godli-
ness considered,' 1726, 8vo, 2 vols. (sixty-one
sermons, reprinted Edin. 1795). In 1728
his position at Fetter Lane became uncom-
fortable ; he left, taking with him his brother
Peter, now his colleague, and most of his flock.
The presbyterian meet ing-house i n NewCourt ,
Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was vacant
through the removal of James Wood (a sub-
scriber) to the Weighhouse in 1727 ; Brad-
bury was asked, 20 Oct. 1728, to New Court,
and accepted on condition that the congrega-
tion would take in the Fetter Lane seceders-
and join the independents. This arrange-
ment, which has helped to create the false
impression that at Salters' Hall the presby-
terians and independents took opposite sides
as denominations, was made 27 Nov. 1728 y
Peter continuing as his brother's colleague
(he probably died about 1730, as Jacob Fowler
succeeded him in 1731 ). Bradbury now pub-
lished ' Jesus Christ the Brightness of Glory/
1729, 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3) ; and
a tract ' On the Repeal of the Test Acts/
1732, 8vo. His last publication seems to-
have been ' Joy in Heaven and Justice on
Earth,' 1747, 8vo (two sermons), unless hi&
discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle-
ming drew * The Character of the Rev. Tho.
Bradbury, taken from his own pen/ 1749,
8vo, are later. Doubtless he was a most
effective as well as a most unconventional
preacher ; the lampoon (about 1730) in the
Blackmore papers may be accepted as evi-
dence of his 'melodious' voice, his 'head
uplifted/ and his ' dancing hands.' The stout
Yorkshireman reached a great age. He died
on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and was buried in
Bunhill Fields. His wife's name was Rich-
mond ; he left two daughters, one married
(1744) to John Winter, brother to Richard
Winter, who succeeded Bradbury, and father
to Robert Winter, D.D., who succeeded
Richard; the other daughter married (1768)
George Welch, a banker. Besides the publi-
cations noticed above, Bradbury printed seve-
ral funeral and other sermons, including two
on the death of Robert Bragge (died 1738;.
' eternal Bragge ' of Lime Street, who preached
for four months on Joseph's coat). His 'Works/
1762, 8vo, 3 vols. (second edition 1772), con-
sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly political.
[Memoir by John Brown, Berwick, 1831;
Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, ii. 367- and
index ; Thompson's MS. List of Academies (with
Toulmin's and Kentish's additions) in Dr. Wil-
liams's Librnry ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood,
1842, p. 385 ; Christian Reformer, 1847, p. 399 ;
Bogue and Bennet's Hist, of Dissenters, vol. iii.
1810, pp. 489 seq. ; Mon. Repos. 1811, pp. 514,.
722 ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in
Norf. and Suff., 1877, p. 242 ; James's Hist. Presb.
Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 23 seq., Ill seq.,.
690, 705 seq. ; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own
Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 403 seq. ; Salmon's Chronol.
Historian, 2nd ed. 1733, pp. 406-7; Chr. Mode-
rator, 1826, pp. 193 seq. ; Pamphlets of 1719 on
the Salters' Hall Conference, esp. A True Re-
lation, &c. (the subscribers' account), An Au-
thentick Account, &c. (nonsubscribers'), An Im-
partial State, &c. (these give the main facts ; the-
argumentative tracts are legion) ; Blackmore
Braddock
153
Braddock
Papers in possession of E. D. Darbishire, Man-
chester (the verses on the London ministers
are given in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 454, by
A. B. K., i.e. Eobert Brook Aspland).] A. G.
^BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695-1755),
je^' ^major-general, wag gQn ^ Major-general Ed-
: jUtjU/- ward Braddock,regimental lieutenant-colonel
^/ bitk of the Coldstream guards in 1703. After serv-
'yF ve/u -YT ing with credit in Flanders and Spain the elder
Braddock retired from the service in 1715, and
died on 15 June 1720 at Bath, where he was
buried in the Abbey Church. Braddock the
younger entered the army as ensign in Colonel
Cornelius Swann's company of his father's
regiment on 29 Aug. 1710, and became a lieu-
tenant in 1716. He is said to have fought
a duel with swords and pistols with a Colonel
Waller in Hyde Park on 26 May 1718. Both
battalions of the Coldstreams were then en-
camped in the park. He became lieutenant
of the grenadier company in 1727, and cap-
tain and lieutenant-colonel in the regiment
in 1735. Walpole (Letters, ii. 460-2) has
raked up some discreditable stories of him
at this period of his life, which possibly need
qualification; Walpole is, at any rate, dis-
tinctly wrong in stating that Braddock was
subsequently * governor ' of Gibraltar. He be-
came second major in the Coldstreams in 1743,
first major in 1745, and lieutenant-colonel
21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded
war service is in September 1746, when the
second battalion of his regiment, under his
command, was sent to join, but did not actu-
ally take part in Admiral Lestock's descent
on L'Orient, after which the battalion re-
turned to London. He embarked in com-
mand of it again in May 1746, and proceeded
to Holland, where he served under the Prince
of Orange in the attempt to raise the siege
of Bergen-op-Zoom, and was afterwards quar-
tered at Breda and elsewhere until the bat-
talion returned home in December 1748. On
17 Feb. 1753 Braddock was promoted from
the Guards to the colonelcy of the 14th foot
at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, as
then was customary ; but there is no record
of his having exercised any higher command
in that garrison. He became a major-general
29 March 1754, and soon after was appointed
to the command in America, with a view to
driving the French from their recent encroach-
ments. The warrant of appointment, of which
there is a copy in the archives at Philadelphia,
appoints Braddock to be ' general and com-
mander-in-chief of all our troops and forces
y l are in North America or y l shall be sent
or rais'd there to vindicate our just rights and
possessions.' Braddock, who must have been
then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil-
liam, duke of Cumberland, to whom he pro-
bably owed the appointment, although his
detractors alleged that his sturdy begging for
place under pressure of his gambling debts
was the real cause. He arrived at his resi-
dence in Arlington Street from France on
\ 6 Nov., and left for Cork, where his reinforce-
ments were to rendezvous on the 30th. Before
leaving he executed a will in favour of Mr.
! Calcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife,
better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy
! [q. v.] This lady, a natural daughter of an
i old brother officer, had been petted from her
earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls
her second father, and who, she admits, was
' misled as to her relations with Calcraft (BEL-
LAMY, Apoloffy, in. 206). Delays occurring
at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from
the Downs with Commodore Keppel on
24 Dec. 1754, arriving in Hampton Roads,
Virginia, 20 Feb. 1755. He found everything
in the utmost confusion. The colonies were
at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea-
lousies were rife ; no magazines had been
collected ; the promised provincial troops had
| not even been raised, and the few regulars
already there were of the worst description.
Braddock summoned a council of provincial
governors to concert measures for carrying
out his instructions. Eventually it was re-
solved to despatch four expeditions three in
the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and
the French posts in Nova Scotia ; one in the
south against Fort Duquesne, on the present
site of Pittsburg. The troops for the latter
rendezvoused, under Braddock's command, at
Fort Cumberland, a stockaded post on the Po-
tomac, about halfway between the Virginian
seaboard and Fort Duquesne, a distance of
two hundred and twenty miles : and after de-
lays caused by what George Washington, then
a young officer of provincials and a volunteer
with the expedition, termed the 'vile mis-
management ' of the horse-transport, and the
desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a
spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June,
where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock
pushed on with twelve hundred chosen men,
regulars and provincials, who reached the Mo-
nongahela river on 8 July, in excellent order
and spirits, and crossed the next morning with
colours flying and music playing. During the
advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when
about seven miles from Fort Duquesne, the
head of the column encountered an ambuscade
of French and Indians concealed in the long
grass and tangled undergrowth of the forest
openings. Flank attacks by unseen Indians
threw the advance into wild disorder, which
communicated itself to the main body coming
up in support, leading to terrible slaughter,
Braddock
'54
Braddock
and ending, after (it is said) two hours' fight-
ing, in a panic-stricken rout. Braddock, who
strove bravely to re-form his men, after having
several horses shot under him, was himself
struck down by a bullet, which passed through
his right arm and lodged in the body. His
aide-de-camp Orme and some provincial offi-
cers with great difficulty had him carried off i
the field. He rallied sufficiently to give di- j
rections for succouring the wounded, but gra-
dually sank and died at sundown on Sunday, !
13 July 1755, at a halting-place called Great
Meadows, between fifty and sixty miles from
the battlefield. ' We shall know better how to j
deal with them next time ' were his last words
as he rallied momentarily before expiring. He '
was buried before dawn in the middle of the
track, and the precaution was taken of passing
the vehicles of the retreating force, now re- ;
duced to some degree of order, over the grave, !
to efface whatever might lead to desecration
by the pursuers. Long after, in 1823, the
grave was rifled by labourers employed in the
construction of the national road hard by, and
some of the bones, still distinguishable by mili-
tary trappings, were carried off. Others were
buried at the foot of a broad spreading oak,
which marks or marked the locality, about a
mile to the west of Fort Necessity.
No portrait of Braddock is known to exist,
but he is described as rather short and stout in
person in his later years. To failings common
among military men of his day he added the
unpopular defects of a hasty temper and a
coarse, self-assertive manner, but his fidelity
and honour as a public servant have never
been questioned, even by those who have por-
trayed his character in darkest colours. He was
a severe disciplinarian, but his severity, like his
alleged incapacity as a general, has probably
been exaggerated. The difficulties he appears
to have encountered at every step have been
forgotten, as well as the fact that the ponderous
discipline in which he had been trained from
his youth up, and which was still associated
with the best traditions of the English foot,
had never before been in serious collision with
the tactics of the backwoods. Two shrewd
observers among those who knew him person-
ally judged him less harshly than have most
later critics. Wolfe, on the first tidings of
the disaster, wrote of Braddock as ' a man of
courage and good sense, although not a master
of the art of war,' and added emphatic tes-
timony to the wretched discipline of most
line regiments at the time (WRIGHT, Life of
Wolfe, p. 324). Benjamin Franklin said of
him : ' He was, I think, a brave man, and
might have made a good figure in some Eu-
ropean war, but he had too much self-confi-
dence, and had too high an idea of the validity
of European troops, and too low a one of
Americans and Indians ' (SPARKS, Franklin,
i. 140). One of Braddock's order-books, said
to have belonged to Washington, is preserved
in the library of Congress, and a silken mili-
tary sash, worked with the date 1707, and
much stained as with blood, which is believed
to have been Braddock's sash, is in the posses-
sion of the family of the late General Zachary
Taylor, United States army, into whose hands
it came during the Mexican war. In after
years more than one individual sought a
shameful notoriety by claiming to have trai-
torously given Braddock his death-wound
during the fight. Mr. Winthrop Sargent has
exposed the absurdity of these stories. One
is reproduced in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd
ser. xii. 5. Braddock had two sisters, who
received from their father a respectable for-
tune of 6,000 1., and both of whom predeceased
their brother. The unhappy fate of Fanny
Braddock, the surviving sister, who committed
suicide at Bath in 1739, has been recorded by
Goldsmith (Miscellaneous Works, Prior's ed.
iii. 294). Descendants of abrother were stated
in 'Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some
time back to be living at Martham in Norfolk,
in humble circumstances, and to believe them-
selves entitled to a considerable amount of
money, the papers relating to which had been
lost. No account has been found of moneys
standing to the credit of Braddock or his re-
presentatives in any public securities.
The accounts of the Fort Duquesne expe-
dition published at the time appear to have
been mostly catchpenny productions; but
two authentic narratives are in existence. Of
these one is the manuscript journal of Brad-
dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme,
Coldstream guards, who afterwards retired
from the service and died in 1781. This is
now No. 212 King's MSS. in British Museum.
The other is the manuscript diary of a naval
officer attached to Braddock's force, which is
now in the possession of the Rev. F. O. Morris
of Nunburnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by
whom it was published some years ago under
the title, ' An Account of the Battle on the
Monagahela River, from an original docu-
ment by one of the survivors ' (London, 1854,
8vo). Copies of these journals have been em-
bodied with a mass of information from Ame-
rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop
Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming
vol. v. of ' Memoirs of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania' (Philadelphia, 1856). A
map of Braddock's route was prepared from
traces found still extant in 1846, when a rail-
way survey was in progress in the locality,
and first appeared in a Pittsburg periodical,
entitled ' Olden Time ' (vol. ii.) An excel-
Braddocke
'55
Braddon
lent account of Braddock's expedition and of
the events leading up to it is given in Park-
man's ' Montcalm and Wolfe,' vol. i. Some
brief military criticisms were contributed by
Colonel Malleson to the ' Army and Navy
Magazine/ March 1885, pp. 401, 404-5. The
Home Office and War Office Warrant and
Military Entry Books in the Record Office in
London contain references to the expedition,
but none of any special note.
[Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards
(London, 1832), i. 388-9, vol. ii. Appendix; Home
Office Military Entry Books, 10-27 ; Cannon's
Hist. Eecord 14th (Buckinghamshire) Foot;
Carter's Hist. Kecord 44th (East Essex) Foot ;
"Walpole's Letters (eel. Cunningham, 1856), ii.
460-2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy
(5 vols., London, 1786), iii. 206 ; Beatson's Naval
and Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol-
lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 296 etseq. ; Memoirs Hist.
Soc. of Pennsylvania, vol. v. ; Parkman's Mont-
calm and Wolfe (London, 1884) ; Army and Navy
Mag. liii. 385-405 ; American Magazine of His-
tory, ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, 462, viii. 473, 500, 502;
Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Eeport, i. 226 a ; Notes
and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd ser.
xii. 5.] H. M. C.
BRADDOCKE, JOHN (1656-1719), di-
vine, was a native of Shropshire, and received
his education at St. Catharine's Hall, Cam-
bridge, where he was elected to a fellowship
(B.A. 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving the
university about 1689, he became chaplain
to Sir James Oxenden, bart., of Dean, near
Canterbury, and chaplain to Dr. John Bat-
tely, rector of the neighbouring parish of
Adisham. In 1694 he was nominated by
Archbishop Tenison to the perpetual curacy
of Folkestone, and on 1 April 1698 he was
presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's,
alias Hackington, near Canterbury. On the
promotion of Dr. Offspring Blackall, his con-
temporary at college and intimate friend, to
the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was
made the bishop's chaplain, though he got
nothing by the appointment except the title.
In 1709 he was collated by Archbishop Teni-
son to the mastership of Eastbridge hospital
in Kent. He died in his vicarage house on
14 Aug. 1719, in his sixty-fourth year.
He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of the Fathers
and Schools considered, concerning the Ar-
ticles of a Trinity of Divine Persons and the
Unity of God. In answer to the Animad-
versions on the Dean of St. Paul's Vindica-
tion of the Doctrine of the Holy and ever
Blessed Trinity, in defence of those sacred Ar-
ticles, against the objections of the Socinians,
and the misrepresentations of the Animad-
verter.' Part I, 1695, 4to. 2. ' Deus unus et
trinus,' 4to. This \vas entirely printed, except
the title-page, but was suppressed, and never
j published, by the desire of Archbishop Teni-
son, who thought the controversy ought not
to be continued.
[MS. Addit. 5863, f. 1146; Cantabrigienses
Graduati (1787), 49 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 388, 601 ,
iv. 628.1 T. C.
BRADDON, LAURENCE (d. 1724),
politician, the second son of William Brad-
don of Treworgy, in St. Genny's, Cornwall,
was called to the bar at the Middle Temple,
and for some time worked hard at his pro-
fession. When the Earl of Essex died in
the Tower in 1683, Braddon adopted the
belief that he had been murdered, and worked
actively to collect sufficient evidence to prove
the murder. He set on foot inquiries on
the subject in London, and when a rumour
reached him that the news of the earl's death
was known at Marlborough on the very day
of, if not before, the occurrence, he posted off
thither. When his action became known at
court, he was arrested and put under restraint.
For a time he was let out on bail, but on
7 Feb. 1683-4 he was tried with Mr. Hugh
Speke at the king's bench on the accusation
of conspiring to spread the belief that the
Earl of Essex was murdered by some persons
about him, and of endeavouring to suborn
witnesses to testify the same. Braddon was
found guilty on all the counts, but Speke
was acquitted of the latter charge. The one
was fined 1,000 J. and the other 2,000/., with
sureties for good behaviour during their lives.
Braddon remained in prison until the landing
of William III, when he was liberated. In
February 1695 he was appointed solicitor to
the wine licence office, a place valued at IOQI.
per annum. His death occurred on Sunday,
29 Nov. 1724.
Most of Braddon's works relate to the
death of the Earl of Essex. The ' Enquiry
into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther
of the late Earl of Essex ' (1689) was probably
from his pen, and he was undoubtedly the
author of ' Essex's Innocency and Honour
vindicated' (1690), 'Murther will out'
(1692), ' True and Impartial Narrative of
the Murder of Arthur, Earl of Essex ' (1729),
as well as ' Bishop Burnet's late History
charg'd with great Partiality and Misrepre-
sentation' (1725) in the bishop's account of
this mysterious affair. Braddon also pub-
lished ' The Constitutions of the Company of
Watermen and Lightermen,' and an ' Ab-
stract of the Rules, Orders, and Constitu-
tions ' of the same company, both of them
issued in 1708. ' The Miseries of the Poor
are a National Sin, Shame, and Danger ' was
the title of a work (1717) in which he
Brade
156
Bradfield
argued for the establishment of guardians of
the poor and inspectors for the encourage-
ment of arts and manufactures. Five years
later he brought out 'Particular Answers to
the most material Objections made to the
Proposals for relieving the Poor.' The re-
port of his trial was printed in 1684, and
reprinted in ' Cobbett's State Trials,' ix.
1127-1228, and his impeachment of Bishop
Burnet's i History ' is reprinted in the same
volume of Cobbett, pp. 1229-1332.
[Hist. Kegister (1724), 51 ; Kippis's Biog.
Brit. iii. 229-30; North's Examen, 386-8;
Wilts Archaeological Mag. iii. 367-76 ; Notes
and Queries (1863), 3rd ser. iv. 500; Ealph's
Hist, of England, i. 761-5 ; Luttrell's State
Affairs, i. 286, 299-306, iii. 441 ; Bibl. Cornub.
i. 40, iii. 1091 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Keport,
406-7.] W. P. C.
BRADE, JAMES. [See BRAID.]
BRADE, WILLIAM (ft. 1615), an Eng-
lish musician, was violist to the Duke of
Holstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham-
burg at the beginning of the seventeenth
century. He was living at Hamburg on
19 Aug. 1609, when he dedicated a volume
of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke
of Schleswig, and he probably remained at
the same town until 14 Feb. 1619, when
he was appointed capellmeister to Johann
Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His
salary in this post was 500 thalers per an-
num, besides a thaler a week for i kostgeld '
when at court, and when following the mar-
grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals
weekly, with sufficient beer, a stoup of wine
daily, free lodgings, and all disbursements.
He also received two suits of clothes (' Ehren-
kleid'), and his son, Christian Brade, had
300 thalers, with clothes, boots, shoes, and
maintenance. Brade had full authority over
the court band, but the care of the boys of
the chapel was given to a vice-capellmeister.
He does not seem to have remained long at
Berlin, as a report on the margrave's band,
drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of
the past capellmeisters, and in the following
year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy-
ing his post. Nothing more is known of
him ; but Dr. Rimbault (an untrustworthy
guide) says (GROVE, Diet, of Music, i. 269 a)
that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the
authority for which statement cannot be
discovered.
The greatest confusion exists as to the
bibliography of Brade's works, all of which
are extremely rare. F6tis and Rimbault
copy Gerber's ' Lexikon der Tonkiinstler '
(Leipzig, 1812), i. 493, with the exception
that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Oder as
Frankfort, which is additionally misleading.
The list given by these authorities differs
materially from the following, which is taken
from Moller's l Cimbria Literata,' 1744, ii.
103, and is reprinted in the 'Lexikon der
hamburgischen Schriftsteller/ 1851, i. 364:
1. ' Musicalische Concerten,' Hamburg, 1609,
4to. 2. ' Newe ausserlesene Paduanen, Gal-
liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran-
ten, auf allerlei Instrumenten zu gebrau-
chen,' Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. 'Newe
ausserlesene Paduanen und Galliarden, midt
6 Stimmen, auf allerhand Instrumenten, in-
sonderheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Hamburg,
1614, 4to. 4. ' Newe ausserlesene liebliche
Branden, Intraden, Masqueraden, Balletten,
Alamanden, Couranten, Volten, Aufziige und
frembde Tantze, samt schonen lieblichen
Friihlings- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5
Stimmen ; auf allerlei Instrumenten, inson-
derheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Liibeck, 1617,
8vo. 5. 'Newe lustige Volten, Couranten,
Balletten, Paduanen, Galliarden, Masquera-
den, auch allerlei Arten newer franzosischer
Tantze, mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instru-
menten zu gebrauchen,' Berlin, 1621, 4to.
Fetis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of
2 as 1609, and the place of publication of 5
as Frankfurt a. d. Oder. Bohn's 'Biblio-
graphic der Musik-Druckwerke bis 1700'
(p. 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the
title-page, by which it would seem that 1609
is the right date. A manuscript ' Fancy ' by
Brade is in the library of the Royal College
of Music.
[The authorities quoted above ; Fetis's Bio-
graphie desMusiciens (1837), ii. 293 a ; Mendel's
Musikalisches Lexicon, i. 162 ; Brand's Biblio-
theca Librorum German icorum Classica (1611),
555; L. Schneider's Geschichte derChurfurstlich-
Brandenburgischen und Koniglich-Preussischen
Capelle, pp. 29, 30, 31.] W. B. S.
BRADFIELD, HENRY JOSEPH
STEELE (1805-1852), surgeon and author,
was born on 18 May 1805 in Derby Street,
Westminster, where his father, Thomas Brad-
field, was a coal merchant. Whilst still under
age he published in 1825 ' Waterloo, or the
British Minstrel, a poem.' He was bred to-
the art of surgery, and on 26 April 1826 left
England in the schooner Unicorn in Lord
Cochrane's expedition to Greece, during
which he was present in several engagements-
by land and sea. After his return he pub-
lished ' The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians,
a poem,' 1830 ; ' Tales of the Cyclades, poems/
1830: and in 1839 edited a work entitled 'A
Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's-
" Russia.'" On 1 Sept. 1832 he received from
the King of the Belgians a commission as
sous-lieutenant in the Bataillon Etranger
Bradford
157
Bradford
of Belgium, and was appointed to the 1st
regiment of lancers. At one time he held a
commission in the Royal West Middlesex
Militia. He was appointed on 31 Dec. 1835
stipendiary magistrate in Tobago, from which
he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May
1836. He was reappointed to the southern
or Cedros district on 13 April 1839, but
soon returned to England, having been su-
perseded in consequence of a quarrel with
some other colonial officer. In 1841 he
again went to the West Indies in the capa-
city of private secretary to Colonel Mac-
donald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and
in 184:2 he acted for some time as colonial
secretary in Barbados. The charges which
had occasioned his previous return were,
however, renewed, and the government can-
celled his appointment. From that period
he lived very precariously, and for many
years solicited in vain a reversal of his sen-
tence at the colonial office. He turned his
moderate literary talents to account, and
among some communications he made to
the * Gentleman's Magazine ' were articles on
1 The Last of the Paleologi ' in January 1843,
and a ' Memoir of Major-general Thomas
Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe'
in August, September, and October in the
same year. Latterly he practised all the arts
of the professional mendicant. He com-
mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic
acid in the coffee-room of the St. Alban's
Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Square,
London, on 11 Oct. 1852.
[Cochrane's Wanderings in Greece (1837), p.
SO; Gent. Mag. (1853), xxxix. 102; Morning
Post, 13 Oct. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Oct. p. 6.1
G. C. B.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro-
testant martyr, was born of gentle parents
about 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A
local tradition claims him as a native of the
chapelry of Blackley. He was educated at
the grammar school, Manchester. In his
' Meditations on the Commandments,' written
during his imprisonment in the reign of Queen
Mary, he speaks of the ' particular benefits '
that he had received from his parents and
tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered
the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton,
Rutlandshire, who was treasurer at various
times of the king's camps and buildings in
Boulogne. At the siege of Montreuil in
1544 Bradford acted as deputy-paymaster
under Sir John Harrington. On 8 April 1547
he entered the Inner Temple as a student of
common law. Here, at the instance of a fel-
low-student, Thomas Sampson, afterwards
dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention
to the study of divinity. A marked change
now came over his character. He sold his
' chains, rings, brooches, and jewels of gold,'
and gave the money to the poor. Moved by
a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to
be made to the crown of a sum of money
which he or Sir John Harrington had frau-
dulently appropriated. The facts are not
very clear. Sampson in his address * To the
Christian Reader,' prefixed to Bradford's
' Two Notable Sermons,' 1574, states that the
fraud was committed by Bradford and with-
out the knowledge of his master ; but Brad-
ford's own words, in his last examination
before Bishop Gardiner, are : ' My lord, I set
my foot to his foot, whosoever he be, that can
come forth and justly vouch to my face that
ever I deceived 'my master. And as you are
chief justice by office in England, I desire
justice upon them that so slander me, because
they cannot proA r e it ' (Examination of Brad-
ford, London, 1561, sig. a vi.) In May 1548
he published translations from Artopoaus
and Chrysostom, and in or about the follow-
ing August entered St. Catharine's Hall,
Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and
profiting in knowledge and godly conversa-
tion ' were such, that on 19 Oct. 1549 the
university bestowed on him, by special grace,
the degree of master of arts. The entry in
the grace book describes him as a man of
mature age and approved life, who had for
eight years been diligently employed in the
study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip-
tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to
a fellowship at Pembroke Hall. In a letter
to Traves, written about November 1549, he
says: 'My fellowship here is worth seven
pound a year, for I have allowed me eighteen-
pence a week, and as good as thirty-three
shillings fourpence a year in money, besides
my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am
bound to nothing but once or twice a year to
keep a problem. Thus you see what a good
Lord God is unto me.' Among his pupils at
Pembroke Hall was John Whitgift, after-
wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of his
intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he
accompanied on a visit to Oxford in July
1550. On 10 Aug. of the same year he was
ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley at Fulham,
and received a license to preach. The bishop
made him one of his chaplains, received him
into his own house, and held him in the
highest esteem. 1 1 thank God heartily,' wrote
Ridley to Bernhere [q. v.] after Bradford's
martyrdom, ' that ever I was acquainted with
our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I
had such a one in my house.' On 24 Aug.
1551 Bradford received the prebend of
Kentish Town, in the church of St. Paul. A
Bradford
158
Bradford
few months later he was appointed one of the
king's six chaplains in ordinary. Two of the
chaplains remained with the king, and four
preached throughout the country. Bradford
preached in many towns of Lancashire and
Cheshire, also in London and Saffron Wai-
den. Foxe says that ' sharply he opened and
reproved sin ; sweetly he preached Christ
crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and
errors ; earnestly he persuaded to godly life.'
John Knox, in his ' Godly Letter,' 1554,
speaks with admiration of his intrepidity in
the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with
passionate earnestness. He takes the first
words that come to hand, and makes no at-
tempt to construct elaborate periods. ' Let
us, even to the wearing of our tongue to the
stumps, preach and pray,' he exclaims in the
'Sermon on Repentance;' and not for a
moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke
out boldly and never shrank from denouncing
the vices of the great. In a sermon preached
before Edward VI he rebuked the worldliness
of the courtiers, declaring that God's ven-
geance would come upon the ungodly among
them, and bidding them take example by the
sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke
of Somerset. At the close of his sermon,
with weeping eyes and in a voice of lamen-
tation, he cried out aloud : ' God punished
him ; and shall He spare you that be double
more wicked ? No, He shall not. Will ye
or will ye not, ye shall drink the cup of the
Lord's wrath. Judicium Domini, .Indicium
Domini ! The judgment of the Lord, the
judgment of the Lord ! '
On 13 Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces-
sion of Queen Mary, a sermon in defence of
Bonner and against Edward VI was preached
at St. Paul's Cross by Gilbert Bourne [q. v.],
rector of High Ongar in Essex, and afterwards
bishop of Bath and Wells. The sermon gave
great offence to the hearers, who would have
pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to
pieces if Bradford and John Rogers, vicar of
St. Sepulchre's, had not interposed. On the
same day in the afternoon Bradford preached
at Bow Church, Cheapside, and reproved the
people for the violence that had been offered
in the morning to Bourne. Within three
days after this occurrence Bradford was sum-
moned before the privy council on the charge
of preaching seditious sermons, and was com-
mitted to the Tower, where he wrote his
treatise on * The Hurt of Hearing Mass.' At
first he was permitted to see no man but his
keeper ; afterwards this severity was relaxed,
and he was allowed the society of his fellow-
prisoner, Dr. Sandys. On 6 Feb. 1553-4
Bradford and Sandys were separated; the
latter was sent to the Marshalsea, and the
former was lodged in the same room as Cran-
mer, Latimer, and Ridley, the Tower being-
then very full owing to the imprisonment of
; Wyatt and his followers. Latimer, in his
protest addressed to the queen's commis-
sioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker
Society), tells how he and his fellow-prisoners-
* did together read over the New Testament
1 with great deliberation and painful study/
On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the
King's Bench prison. Here, probably by the
favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, the knight-
I marshal of the prison, he was occasionally
j allowed at large on his parole, and was suf-
fered to receive visitors and administer the
1 sacrament. Once a week he used to visit
the criminals in the prison, distributing
charity among them and exhorting them to
amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-5 he was
brought up for examination before Bishops
Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There
is an account (first published in 1561) in his
own words of his three separate examinations
before the commissioners on 22, 29, and
30 Jan. The commissioners questioned him
closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en-
deavoured to convince him that his views
were heretical ; but he answered their argu-
ments with imperturbable calmness, and re-
fused to be convinced. Accordingly he was
condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was
committed to the Compter in the Poultry.
It was at first determined to have him burned
at his native town, Manchester ; but, whether
in the hope of making him recant or from
fear of enraging the people of Manchester,
the authorities finally kept him in London
and waited some months before carrying
out the sentence. At the Compter he was
visited by several catholic divines, who en-
deavoured unsuccessfully to effect his conver-
sion. Among these were Archbishop Heath,
Bishop Day, Alphonsus a Castro, afterwards
archbishop of Compostella, and Bartholomew
Carranza, confessor to King Philip, and after-
wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as
he refused to recant, a day was fixed for car-
rying out the sentence. On Sunday, 30 June
1555, he was taken late at night from the
Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in
tears bidding him farewell. In spite of the
lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad,
and as he passed along Cheapside the people
wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread
that he was to be burned at four o'clock the
next morning, and by that hour a great con-
course of people had assembled ; but it was
not until nine o'clock that he was brought to .
the stake. ' Then,' says Foxe, l was he led
forth to Smithfield with a great company of
weaponed men to conduct him thither, as the-
Bradford
Bradford
like was not seen at no man's burning ; for
in every corner of Smithfield there were some,
besides those who stood about the stake.' A
young man named John Leaf was his fellow-
martyr. After taking a faggot in his hand
and kissing it, Bradford desired of the sheriffs
that his servant might have his raiment.
Consent being given, he put off his raiment
and went to the stake. Then holding up his
hands, and looking up to heaven, he cried :
' England, England, repent thee of thy
sins, repent thee of thy sins. Beware of
idolatry, beware ,of false antichrists ; take
heed they do not deceive you.' As he was
speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be
tied if he would not keep silence. ' O master
sheriff,' said Bradford, * I am quiet. God for-
give you this, master sheriff.' Then having
asked the people to pray for him he turned
to John Leaf and said : ' Be of good comfort,
brother, for we shall have a merry supper
with the Lord this night.' His last words
were : ' Strait is the way and narrow is the
gate that leadeth to salvation, and few there
be that find it.'
Bradford was a man of singularly gentle
character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that
he was ' of a more soft and mild nature than
many of his fellows.' There is a tradition
that on seeing some criminals going to exe-
cution ht> xclaimed : ' But for the grace of
God there goes John Bradford.' Often when
engaged in conversation he would suddenly
fall into a deep reverie, during which his eyes
would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles.
In all companies he would reprove sin and
misbehaviour in any person, ' especially
swearers, filthy talkers, and popish praters ; '
but the manner of his reproof was at once so
earnest and so kindly that none could take
offence. His life was passed in prayer and
study. He seldom slept more than four hours,
and he ate only one meal a day. In person
he was tall and slender, of a somewhat san-
guine complexion, and with an auburn beard.
A portrait of him (which is engraved in
Baines's ' History of Lancashire, ii. 243) is
preserved in the Chetham Library at Man-
chester. A more modern portrait is in Pem-
broke Hall, Cambridge.
The following is a list of Bradford's wri-
tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the
Lawe and of the Gospell, gathered owt of the
hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . .
Translated into English,' London, 1548, 8vo.
2. ' A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me-
lanchthon], translated into English,' London,
n. d. 8vo. 3. ' Two Notable Sermons, the one
of Repentance, and the other of the Lorde's
Supper,' London, 1574, 1581, 1599, 1617 ; the
* Sermon on Repentance ' had been issued se-
parately in 1553 and 1558. 4. ' Complaint of
I Verity e,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed
I in a collection issued by William Copland.
j 5. 'A Godlye Medytacyon,' London, 1559.
' 6. ' Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes.
Prayer, the Beleefe, and Ten Commande-
ments ... whereunto is annexed a defence
of the doctrine of God's eternal election and
j predestination,' London, 1562,1578, 1604, &c.
7. ' Meditations ; ' from his autograph in a
! copy of Tyndale's New Testament. 8. ' Medi-
tations and Prayers from manuscripts in Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, and elsewhere/
9. ' All the Examinacions of the Constante
Martir of God, M. John Bradforde, before
the Lord Chancellour, B. of Winchester,
the B. of London, and other comissioners ;
whereunto ar annexed his priuate talk and
conflictes in prison after his condemnacion, r
' &c. 1561. 10. ' Hurte of hering Masse,' n. d.
I (printed by Copland), 1580, 1596. 11. 'A
' FruitefulT Treatise and full of heavenly con-
| solation against the feare of death,' n. d.
12. Five treatises, namely (1) ' The Old Man
and the New;' (2) ' The Flesh and the Spirit ; *
(3) 'Defence of Election;' (4) 'Against the
Fear of Death ; ' (5) ' The Restoration of all
Things.' 13. ' Ten Declarations and Ad-
dresses.' 14. 'An Exhortation to the Brethren
in England, and four farewells to London,
Cambridge, Lancashire, and Cheshire, and
Saffron Walden ; ' from Coverdale's ' Letters
of the Martyrs ' and Foxe's ' Acts and Monu-
ments.' 15. 'Sweet Meditations of the
Kingdom of Christ,' n. d. 16. Letters from
Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' 1563, 1570,
and 1583 ; Coverdale's ' Letters of the Mar-
tyrs,' Strype's 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' and
manuscripts in Emmanuel College, Cam-
bridge, and British Museum. It is probable
that Bradford contributed to 'A Confuta-
cion of Four Romish Doctrines,' a treatise en-
titled 'An Exhortacion to the Carienge of
Chryste's crosse, with a true and briefe confu-
tacion of false and papistical! doctryne,' n. d.,
printed abroad. A complete collection of
Bradford's writings, very carefully edited
by Rev. Aubrey Townsend, was published at
Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols.
8vo, 1848-53.
[Life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts
and Monuments ; Strype ; Holling worth's Man-
cuniensis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Baines's Lanca-
shire, ii. 243-54; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's
Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, i. 125;
Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses.] A. H. B.
BRADFORD, EARL or. [See NEWPORT,
FRANCIS.]
BRADFORD, JOHN (d. 1780), Welsh
poet, was born early in the eighteenth cen-
Bradford
160
Bradford
tury. In 1730, while still a boy, be was ad-
mitted a * disciple ' of the bardic chair of
Glamorgan, in which chair he himself pre-
sided in 1750. Some of his poems, ' moral
pieces of great merit,' according to Dr. Owen
Pughe, were printed in a contemporary Welsh
periodical entitled the ' Eurgrawn.'
[Owen Pughe's Cambrian Biography.]
A. M.
BRADFORD, JOHN (1750-1805), dis-
senting minister, was born at Hereford in
1750, the son of a clothier, educated at Here-
ford grammar school, and at Wadham Col-
lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of
B.A. On leaving college he accepted a
curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he
married when twenty-eight years of age, and
had a family of twelve children. About this
time his religious opinions became decidedly
Calvinistic, and he preached in several of
Lady Huntingdon's chapels. On account of
this irregularity the rector discharged him
from his curacy. He then joined the Countess
of Huntingdon's connection, and, after spend-
ing some time in South Wales, removed to
Birmingham, and preached with great popu-
larity in the old playhouse, which the countess
had purchased and made into a chapel for
him. Subsequently he left the connection
of the countess for a new chapel in Bar-
tholomew Street, supplementing his small
income by making watch-chains. Not being
successful, he removed to London in 1797,
and preached till his death in the City Chapel,
Grub Street. He died 16 July 1805, and
was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some account
of his life is given in an octavo volume, chiefly
controversial, by his successor, William Wales
Home. Bradford published : 1 . ' The Law
of Faith opposed to the Law of Works,' Bir-
mingham, 1787 (being an answer to the bap-
tist circular letter signed Joshua Thomas).
2. * An Address to the Inhabitants of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of
two Ministers sent by the Countess of Hunt-
ingdon,' 1788. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns '
(some of them composed by himself), 1792.
4, 'The Difference between True and False
Holiness.' 5. 'A Christian's Meetness for
Glory.' 6. ' Comfort for the Feeble-minded.'
7. 'The Gospel spiritually discerned.' 8. 'One
Baptism.' A fine octavo edition of ' Bun-
van's Pilgrim's Progress, with Notes by John
Bradford,' was published in 1792. Mr. Offor
says, ' These notes are very valuable.'
[Bunjan's Works (ed. Offor), with notes to
the Pilgrim by Bradford ; Gadsby's Memoirs of
Hymn Writers ; Home's Life of the Rev. John
Bradford, 1806.] J. H. T.
BRADFORD, SAMUEL, D.D. (1652-
1731), bishop successively of Carlisle and
Rochester, was the son of William Bradford,
a citizen of London, who distinguished him-
self as a parish officer at the time of the plague,
and was born in St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on
20 Dec. 1652. He was educated at St. Paul's
School ; and when the school was closed, owing
to the plague and the fire of London, he at-
tended the Charterhouse. He was admitted
to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1669, but
left without a degree in consequence of re-
ligious scruples. He devoted himself for a
time to the study of medicine ; but, his former
scruples being removed, he was admitted in
1680, through the favour of Archbishop San-
croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate,
and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 July
1697. He shrank from taking orders until
after the Revolution, and acted as private
tutor in the families of several country gen-
tlemen. Bradford was ordained deacon and
priest in 1690, and in the spring of the follow-
ing year was elected by the governors of St.
Thomas's Hospital the minister of their church
in Southwark. He soon received the lecture-
ship of St. Mary-le-Bow, and was tutor to the
two grandsons of Archbishop Tillotson, with
whom he resided at Carlisle House, Lambeth.
In November 1693 Dr. Tillotson collated
Bradford to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow ;
he then resigned his minor ecclesiastical pre-
ferments, but soon after accepted the lecture-
ship of All Hallows, in Bread Street.
Bradford was a frequent preacher before
the corporation of London, and was a staunch
whig and protestant. On 30 Jan. 1698 he
preached before William III, who was so
much pleased that in March following he ap-
pointed Bradford one of the royal chaplains
in ordinary. The appointment was continued
by Queen Anne, by whose command he was
created D.D. on the occasion of her visit to
the university of Cambridge, 16 April 1705 ;
and on 23 Feb. 1708 was made a prebendary
of Westminster.
In 1699 Bradford delivered the Boyle lec-
ture in St. Paul's Cathedral, and preached
eight sermons on ' The Credibility of the
Christian Revelation, from its Intrinsick Evi-
dence.' These, with a ninth sermon preached
in his own church in January 1700, were is-
sued with other Boyle lectures delivered
between 1691 and 1732, in 'A Defence of Na-
tural and Revealed Religion,' &c. 3 vols. fol.,
London, 1739.
Bradford was elected master of Corpus
Christi College on 17 May 1716; and on
21 April 1718 was nominated to the bishop-
ric of Carlisle, to which he was consecrated
on 1 June following. In 1723 he was trans-
Bradford
161
Bradford
lated to the see of Rochester, and was also
appointed to the deanery of Westminster,
which he held in commendam with the bi-
shopric of Rochester. In 1724 Bradford re-
signed the mastership of Corpus Christi, and
in 1725 became the first dean of the revived
order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731,
at the deanery of Westminster, and was buried
In the abbey. JWWjflWS'SWISJ &.
Bradford s wife, who survived him, was
a daughter of Captain Ellis of Medbourne
in Leicestershire, and bore him one son
and two daughters. One of the latter was
married to Dr. Reuben Clarke, archdeacon
of Essex, and the other to Dr. John Denne,
archdeacon of Rochester. His son, the Rev.
William Bradford, died on 15 July 1728,
aged thirty-two, when he was archdeacon of
Rochester and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Bradford published more than a score of
separate sermons. One of these a ' Discourse
concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regenera-
tion,' 2nd ed., 8vo, London, 1709 attained a
singular popularity. A ninth edition was pub-
lished in 1819 by the Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge.
[Graduati Cantab. 1787; Gent. Mag. May
1731; Chronological Diary, 1731; Birch's Life
of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752 ; History and An-
tiquities of Rochester, &c., 1817; R. Masters's
Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (Lamb), 1831 ; Le
Neve's Fasti, 1851.] A. H. G.
BRADFORD, SIB THOMAS (1777-
1853), general, was the eldest son of Thomas
Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaster, and
Ashdown Park in Sussex, and was born on
1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign
In the 4th regiment on 20 Oct. 1793. He was
promoted major into the Nottinghamshire
Fencibles, then stationed in Ireland, in 1795.
He gave proof of military ability during the
Irish rebellion, and in 1801 was promoted
"brevet lieutenant-colonel, and appointed as-
sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was
again brought on to the strength of the army
as major in 1805, and served with Auchmuty
as deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the
expedition to South America. In June 1808
he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur
Wellesley to Portugal, and was present at
the battles of Vimeiro and Corunna. On his
return to England he became assistant adju-
tant-general at Canterbury, and lieutenant-
colonel in succession of the 34th and 82nd
regiments in 1809. In 1810 he was promoted
colonel, and took the command of a brigade
in the Portuguese army. He proved himself
one of the most successful Portuguese briga-
diers, and at the attack on the Arapiles in
the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade
VOL. 71.
showed itself worthy of a place beside the
British army. In 1813 he was promoted
major-general, and made a mariscal de campo
in the Portuguese service, receiving the com-
mand of a Portuguese division. He com-
manded this division at Vittoria, at the siege
of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the
Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was
so severely wounded that he had to return to
England.
In 1814 he was placed on the staff of the
northern district, and made K.C.B. and
K.T.S. ; but he missed the battle of Water-
loo, at which his younger brother, Lieutenant-
colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B.,
who had also been a staff officer in the
Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the
seventh division of the army of occupation
in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops
in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted
lieutenant-general in May 1825, and was thei*
appointed commander-in-chief of the troops
in the Bombay presidency. He held this
command for four years, and on his return to
England in 1829 received the colonelcy of
the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made
G.C.H., in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro-
moted general, and in 1846 exchanged the
colonelcy of the 38th for that of the 4th regi-
ment. He died in London on 28 Nov. 1853,
aged 75.
[Royal Military Calendar ; obituary notices
in the Times, Gent. Mag., and Colburn's United
Service Magazine.] H. M. S.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657),
second governor of Plymouth, New England,
and one of the founders of the colony, was
born in a small village on the southern border
of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in
Mather's ' Magnalia,' the chief authority on
his early life, wrongly printed Ansterfield,
and was first identified as Austerfield by
Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the
Early History of the Founders of New Eng-
land). William was the eldest son and third
child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter
of John Hanson, and according to the entry
still to be found in the parish register was
baptised 19 March 1589-90. The family held
the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 his two
grandfathers, William Bradford and John
Hanson, were the only persons of property in
the township. On the death of his father,
on 15 July 1591, he was left, according to
Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance/
and ' was cast on the education, first of his
grandparents and then of his uncles, who de-
voted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs
of husbandry.' He is said to have had serious
impressions of religion at the age of twelve
Bradford
162
Bradford
or thirteen, and shortly afterwards began to
attend the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Clifton, i
puritan rector of Babworth. Notwithstand- !
ing the strong opposition of his relations and i
the scoffs of his neighbours, he joined the com-
pany of puritan separatists, or Brownists,who
first met at the house of William Brewster
[q.v.] at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, in 1606,
and were presided over by Clifton. The com- i
munity within a short period obtained con-
siderable accessions, but, being threatened
with persecution, resolved to remove to Hol-
land. Bradford, along with the principal
members of the party, entered into negotia-
tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to
embark them at Boston, but betrayed their
intention to the magistrates, who sent some
of them to prison, and compelled others to
return to their homes. Bradford after seve-
ral months' imprisonment succeeded, in the
spring of the following year, in reaching
Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster-
dam, he became apprenticed to a French
protest ant who was engaged in the manufac-
ture of silk. On coming of age he converted
his estate in England into money, and entered
into business on his own account, in which
he is said to have been somewhat unsuccess-
ful. About 1609 he removed with the com-
munity to Leyden, and when, actuated by a
desire to live as Englishmen under English
rule, they resolved to emigrate to some Eng- \
lish colony, he was among the most zealous
and active in the promotion of the enterprise.
Their choice lay between Guinea and New
England, and was finally decided in favour
of the latter. By the assistance of Sir Edwin
Sandys, treasurer, and afterwards governor
of Virginia, a patent was granted them for
a tract of country within that colony, and on
5 Sept. 1620 Bradford, with the first com-
pany of ( Pilgrim Fathers,' numbering in all
a hundred men, women, and children, em-
barked for their destination in the Mayflower
at Southampton. By stress of weather they
were prevented landing within the territory of
the Virginia Company, and finding themselves
in a region beyond the patent, they drew up
and signed a compact of government before
landing at the harbour of Plymouth already
so named in Smith's map of 1616. Under
this compact Carver was chosen the first
governor, and on his death on 21 April 1621
the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected
every year continuously, with the exception
of two intervals respectively of three years
and two years at his own special request.
This fact sufficiently indicates his paramount
influence in the colony, an influence due both
to the unselfishness and gentleness of his
nature, and to his great practical abilities as
a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to*
his energy and forethought that the colony
at the most critical period of its history was
not visited by overwhelming disaster. Among
the earliest acts of his administration was to-
send an embassy to confirm a league with the
Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered
by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to
that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding his.
friendship it was found necessary in 1622, on
account of the threats of the sachem of Narra-
gansett, to fortify the town, but no attack was
made. Another plot entered into among cer-
tain chiefs to exterminate the English was,
through the sachem of Masassoit, disclosed to
Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem
the ringleaders were seized and put to death.
The friendship of the Indians, necessary as it
was in itself, was also of the highest advan-
tage on account of the threatened extinction
of the colony by famine. The constant ar-
rival of new colonists frequently reduced
them almost to the starving point. The
scarcity was increased by the early attempts
at communism, and it was not till after an
agreement that each family should plant for
themselves on such ground as should be as-
signed them by lot, that they were relieved
from the necessity of increasing their supplies
of provisions by traffic with the Indians.
In 1629 a patent was obtained from the
council of New England, vesting the colony
in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso-
ciates, and assigns, confirming their title to
a certain tract of land, and conferring the
power to frame a constitution and laws. In
framing their laws, the model adopted by
the colonists was primarily and principally
the ' ancient platform of God's law, and
secondly the laws of England. At first the
whole body of freemen assembled for legis-
lative, executive, and judicial business, but
in 1634 the governor and his assistants were
constituted a judicial court, and afterwards
the supreme judiciary. The first assembly of
representatives met in 1639, and in the fol-
lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re-
quest, surrendered the patent into the hands
of the general court, reserving to himself
only his proportion as settler by previous
agreement. He died on 9 May 1657. His
first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at
Leyden on 20 Nov. 1613, was drowned at
Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on
14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter,
widow of Edward Southworth, a lady with
whom he had been previously acquainted in
England, and who, at his request, had arrived
in the colony with the view of being mar-
ried to him. By his first marriage he had
one son, and by his second two sons and a
Bradford
163
Bradford
daughter. His son William, by the second
marriage (born on 17 June 1624, died on
20 Feb. 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the
colony, and attained high distinction during
the wars with the Indians.
Though not enj oy ing special educational ad-
vantages in early life, Bradford possessed
more literary culture than was common
among those of similar occupation to him-
self. He had some knowledge of Latin and
Greek, and knew sufficient Hebrew to enable
him to l see with his own eyes the ancient
oracles of God in their native beauty.' He
was also well read in history and philosophy,
and an adept in the theological discussion
peculiar to the time. He employed much of
his leisure in literary composition, but the
only work of his which appeared in his life-
time was ' A Diary of Occurrences ' during
the first year of the colony, from their land-
ing at Cape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec.
1621. This book, written in conjunction
with Edward Winslow, was printed at
London in 1622, with a preface signed by
G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind
him are thus referred to in a clause of his
will : ' I commend unto your wisdom and
discretion some small books written by my
own hand, to be improved as you shall see
meet. In special I commend to you a little
book with a black cover, wherein there is a
word to Plymouth, a word to Boston, and a
word to New England.' These books are all
written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the
Historical Society of Massachusetts there is a
transcript copy of these verses which bears date
1657. It contains (1) * Some observations
of God's merciful dealings with us in this
wilderness,' published first in a fragmentary
form in 1794 in vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 77-84,
of the ' Collections of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society,' by Belknap, among whose
papers the fragment of the original manu-
script was found, and in 1858 presented
to the society ; published in complete form
in the ' Proceedings ' of the society, 1869-70,
pp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to Plymouth,'
first published in 'Proceedings,' 1869-70,
pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) Of Boston in New
England,' and ' A Word to New England,'
published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the
' Collections ;' (5) * Epitaphium Meum,' pub-
lished in Morton's ' Memorial,' pp. 264-5 of
Davis's edition ; and (6) a long piece in verse
on the religious sects of New England, which
has never been published. In 1841 Alexander
Young published * Chronicles of the Pilgrim
Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602
to 1625,' containing, in addition to other
tracts, the following writings belonging to
Bradford: (1) A fragment of his 'History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his-
tory of the community before its removal to
Holland down to 1620, when it set sail for
America, printed from a manuscript in the
records of the First Church, Plymouth, in
the handwriting of Secretary Morton, with
the inscription, ' This was originally penned
by Mr. Wm. Bradford, governor of New
Plymouth ; ' (2) the ' Diary of Occurrences r
referred to above, first printed 1622, again
in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in
the fourth volume of his ' Pilgrims,' thus re-
printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ' Collections,' and the
portions omitted in the abridgment reprinted
with a number of errors in vol. xix. of the
' Collections,' from a manuscript copy of the
original made at Philadelphia ; (3) ' A. Dia-
logue or the Sum of a Conference between
some young men born in New England and
sundry ancient men that came out of Hol-
land and Old England,' 1648, printed from
a complete copy in the records of the First
Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied
by Secretary Morton, but existing also in
a fragmentary form in the handwriting of
Bradford in the Cabinet of the Massachu-
setts Historical Society ; (4) a ' Memoir of
Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from
the original manuscript into the church re-
cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter-
book, containing letters to him, rescued from a
grocer's shop in Halifax, the earlier and more
valuable part having been destroyed. Brad-
ford was the author of two other dialogues
or conferences, of which the second has ap-
parently perished, but the third, l concerning
the church and government thereof,' having
the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some
old papers taken from the remains of Mr.
Prince's collection, belonging to the old South
Church of Boston, and published in the i Pro-
ceedings ' of the Massachusetts Historical So-
ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-64. Copies of several
of his letters were published in the ' Collec-
tions ' of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to
JohnWinthrop in vol.vi. 4th series, pp. 156-61.
The manuscripts of Bradford were made use
of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for
their historical works, and are the principal
authorities for the early history of the colony.
Besides the manuscripts already mentioned,
they had access to a connected ' History of
the Plymouth Plantation,' by Bradford, which
at one time existed in Bradford's own hand-
writing in the New England Library, but
was supposed to have been lost during the war
with England. In Anderson's 'History of
the Colonial Church,' published in 1848, the
manuscript was referred to as ' now in the
M2
Bradford
164
Bradford
possession of the Bishop of London,' but
the statement not having come under the
notice of any one in New England interested
in the matter, it was not till 1855 that cer-
tain paragraphs in a ' History of the Pro-
testant Episcopal Church of America,' by
Samuel Wilberforce, published in 1846, pro-
fessedly quoted from a l MS. History of Ply-
mouth in the Fulham Library,' led to its
identification. These paragraphs were shown
by J. W. Thornton to the Rev. Mr. Barry,
author of ' The History of Massachusetts,'
who brought them under the notice of Sam.
G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden-
tified with certain passages from Bradford's
* History,' quoted by the earlier historians.
On inquiry in England the surmise was con-
firmed, and a copy having been made from
the manuscript in Bradford's handwriting in
the Fulham Library, it was published in
vol. iii. (1856) of the 4th series of the < Col-
lections ' of the Mass. Hist. Soc. The manu-
script is supposed to have been taken to Eng-
land in 1774 by Governor Hutchinson, who
is the last person in America known to have
had it in his possession. The printed book-
plate of the New England Library is pasted
on one of the blank leaves.
[The chief original sources for the life of Brad-
ford are his own writings ; Mather's Magnalia,
vol. ii. chap. i. ; ShurtlefFs Eecollections of the
Pilgrims in Russell's Guide to Plymouth ; Mor-
ton's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning
the Early History of the Founders of New Ply-
mouth, 1849. See also Belknap's American Bio-
graphy, ii. 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the
Pilgrims ; Fessenden's Genealogy of the Bradford
Family ; .Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the
First Settlers of New England, i. 231 ; Raine's
History of the Parish of Blyth; Hutchinson's
History of Massachusetts; Collections of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series,
vol. iii. ; Winsor's Governor Bradford's Manu-
script History of Plymouth Plantation and its
Transmission to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who
identified Bradford's Manuscript? 1883.]
T. F. H.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752),
the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the
son of William and Anne Bradford of Lei-
cestershire, where the family had held a good
position for several generations. He is usually
said to have been born in 1658, and on his
tombstone the date is 1660, but both dates
are contradicted by the ' American Almanac'
for 1739, printed by himself, where, under the
month of May, the following entry appears :
< The printer born the 20th, 1663.' He learned
his art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace-
church Street, London. Sowles was an inti-
mate friend of William Penn and George Fox,
and his daughter Elizabeth married Bradford.
It says much for the enlightened forethought
i of Penn that he induced Bradford to ac-
j company him in his first voyage to Penn-
j sylvania, on which he sailed 1 Sept. 1682.
| Bradford returned to London, but he set out
again in 1685, hoping to embrace within his
operations the whole of the middle colonies.
In 1692 he was printing for Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island,
and in 1702 also for Maryland. The earliest
issue from his press is an almanac for 1686
(printed in 1685), entitled ' America's Mes-
senger/ of which there is a copy in the
Quakers' Library, London. In 1686, aloi
with some Germans of the name of Ritten"!
house, he erected on the Wissahickon, near
Philadelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta'
blished in America. Apart from almanac^
his first publication was in 1688, a volumf
entitled ' The Temple of Wisdom/ which in'
eluded the essays and religious meditation)
of Francis Bacon. Of this book there ij
a copy in the Quakers' Library, London
The honour of being the first to propose th
printing of the Bible in America is usuallf
assigned to Cotton Mather, but in 1688, seveL
years before Mather, Bradford had entered
upon the project of printing a copy of the Holy
Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the
Book of Common Prayer. In 1689 he was
summoned before the governor and council
of Pennsylvania for printing the charter.
During the disputes in the colony caused by
the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford,
who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub-
lishing the writings of Keith and Budd, and
his press, type, and instruments were seized.
Not only, however, were they restored to him
by Fletcher, governor of New York, during his
temporary administration of Pennsylvania,
but at the instance of Fletcher he went to
New York, where, on 12 Oct. 1693, he was
appointed royal printer at a salary of 40,
which was raised in 1696 to 60/., and in
1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deacon
of Trinity Church, New York, from which
he received 30/. on bond, to enable him to
print the Common Prayer and version of the
Psalms, and when the enterprise did not pay
the bond was returned to him. In 1725 he
began the publication of the 'New York
Gazette/the first newspaper published in New
York, which he edited until his eightieth
year. He was also appointed king's printer
for New Jersey, as appears from the earliest
copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717.
He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty-
nine. He was buried in the grounds of
Trinity Church, New York, where there is
a monument to his memory. His character
Bradick
165
Bradley
is thus summed up in the ' New York Ga-
zette ' of 25 May 1752 : ' He was a man of
great sobriety and industry, a real friend to
the poor and needy, and kind and affable to
all. He was a true Englishman. His tem-
perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he
was a stranger to sickness all his life.'
[New York Gazette, 25 May 1752 ; New York
Historical Magazine, iii. 171-76 (containing ca-
talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ;
Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians,
1859, pp. 124-9 ; Penington's An Apostate ex-
posed, or George Keith contradicting himself
and his brother Bradford, 1695; the Tryals of
Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and
Wm. Bradford, Quakers, for several great mis-
demeanours (as was pretended by their adver-
saries) before a Court of Quakers, at the Session
held at Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, 9th, 10th,
and 12th day of December 1692, printed first
beyond the sea, and now reprinted in London
for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1
T. F. H.
BRADICK, WALTER (1706-1794), a
merchant at Lisbon, was ruined by the earth-
quake which destroyed that city in 1755.
Returning to England he had the further
misfortune to lose his eyesight, and in 1774,
on the nomination of the queen, he was ad-
mitted to the Charterhouse, where he died
on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ' Cho-
heleth, or the Royal Preacher,' a poem, and he
was the author of ' several detached publica-
tions.' A contemporary record of his death
affirms that i Choheleth ' ' will be a lasting
testimony to his abilities,' but it may be
doubted whether the work is now extant.
[Information from Master of Charterhouse ;
Gent. Mag. Ixv. pt. i. 83.] J. M. S.
BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871),
eminent as a preacher and writer of sermons
published between 1818 and 1853, belonged
to the evangelical school of the church of
England. He was born at Halstead, Essex,
in February 1789. His parents, Thomas and
Ann Bradley, were both of Yorkshire origin,
but settled in "Wallingford, where their son
Charles, the elder of two sons, passed the
greater part of the first twenty-five years of
his life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep-
herd of Yattenden, took pupils and edited
several school books, one or two of which are
still in use. He was, for a time after his mar-
riage, a member of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford,
but was ordained on reaching the age of 23,
without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812
became curate of High "Wycombe. Here for
many years he combined the work of a
private tutor with the sole charge of a large
parish. Among his pupils were the late
Mr. Smith O'Brien, the leader for a short
time of the so-called national party in Ire-
land ; Mr. Bonamy Price, professor of poli-
tical economy in the university of Oxford ;
and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more
than half a century in the diocese and city
of Winchester. His powers as a preacher
soon attracted attention. He formed the ac-
quaintance of William Wilberforce, Thomas
Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and
others ; and a volume of sermons, published
in 1818 with a singularly felicitous dedica-
tion to Lord Liverpool, followed by a second
edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The
sixth edition was published in 1824, the
eleventh in 1854.
In the year 1825 he was presented by
Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids,
afterwards of Lichfield) to the vicarage of
Glasbury in Brecknockshire. Here a volume
of sermons was published in 1825, which
reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained
the living of Glasbury till his death, but in
the year 1829 became the first incumbent of
St. James's Chapel at Clapham in Surrey,
where he resided, with some periods of absence,
till 1852.
By this time his reputation as a preacher
was fully established. His striking face and
figure and dignified and impressive delivery
added to the effect produced by the substance
and style of his sermons, which were pre-
pared and written with unusual care and
thought. A volume of sermons published in
1831, followed by two volumes of 'Practical
Sermons' in 1836 and 1838, by ' Sacramental
Sermons ' in 1842, and ' Sermons on the Chris-
tian Life ' in 1853, had for many years an
exceedingly large circulation, and were widely
preached in other pulpits than his own, not
only in England and Wales, but in Scotland
and America. Of late years their sale greatly
declined, but the interest taken in them has
revived, and a volume of selections was pub-
lished in 1884.
Quite apart from the character of their
contents, as enforcing the practical and spe-
culative side of Christianity from the point
of view of the earlier leaders of the evange-
lical party in the church of England, the
literary merits of Bradley's sermons will
probably give them a lasting place in litera-
ture of the kind. No one can read them
without being struck by their singular sim-
plicity and force, and at the same time by
the sustained dignity and purity of the lan-
guage.
Bradley was the father of a numerous
family. By his first wife, who died in 1831,
he had thirteen children, of whom twelve
survived him. The eldest of six sons was
Bradley
166
Bradley
the late Rev. C. Bradley of Soutligate, well
known in educational circles. The fourth is
the present dean of Westminster (late master
of University College, Oxford, and formerly of
Marlborough College). By his second mar-
riage in 1840 with Emma, daughter of Mr.
John Linton, he also left a large family, one
of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer-
ton College, Oxford, author of a work on
ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrew
Cecil, fellow of Balliol, is professor of English
literature at Liverpool.
Bradley spent the last period of his life at
Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871.
[Personal knowledge.]
G. G. B.
BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816-1863),
journalist, was born at Whitby in Yorkshire
in 1816, and apprenticed to a firm of printers
in his native town. After being for several
years a reporter on the ' York Herald ' he
was appointed editor of the ' Sunderland and
Durham County Herald,' and about 1848 he
became editor and one of the proprietors of
the ' Newcastle Guardian.' He resided at
Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. 1863,
being greatly respected, and for a consider-
able period an influential member of the
town council. Bradley published ' A Con-
cise and Practical System of Short -hand
Writing, with a brief History of the Progress
of the Art. Illustrated by sixteen engraved
lessons and exercises,' London, 1843, 12mo.
The system is a variation of Dr. Mayor's.
[Whitby Times, 23 Oct. 1863; Rockwell's
Teaching, Practice, and Literature of Shorthand,
70.] T. C.
BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), as-
tronomer-royal, was the third son of William
Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at
Bradley Castle, county Durham, from the
fourteenth century, by his marriage, in 1678,
with Jane Pound of Bishop's Canning in
Wiltshire. He was born at Sherbourn in
Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March
1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain-
able. He was educated at the Northleach
grammar school, and was admitted as a com-
moner to Balliol College, Oxford, 15 March
1711, when in his eighteenth year, proceeding
B.A. 15 Oct. 1714, and M.A. 21 June 1717.
His university career had little share in
moulding his genius. His uncle, the Rev.
James Pound, rector of Wanstead in Essex,
was at that time one of the best astronomical
observers in England. A warm attachment
sprang up between him and his nephew. He
nursed him through the small-pox in 1717 ;
he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from
a somewhat straitened home ; above all, he
discerned and cultivated his extraordinary
talents. Bradley quickly acquired all his
instructor's skill and more than his ardour.
Every spare moment was devoted to co-
operation with him. His handwriting ap-
pears in the W T anstead books from 1715, and
the journals of the Royal Society notice
a communication from him. regarding the
aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formally
introduced to the learned world by Halley,
who, in publishing his observation of an ap-
pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717,
prophetically described him as ' eruditus
juvenis,qui simul industria et ingenio pollens
his studiis promovendis aptissimus natus
est ' (Phil Trans, xxx. 853). The skill with
which he and Pound together deduced from
the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral-
lax between 9" and 12", was praised by the
same authority (ib. xxxi. 114), who again
imparted to the Royal Society ' some very
curious observations' made by Bradley on
Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for
the sun of less than 10" ( Journal Books R.
Soc. 16 Nov. 1721). The entry of one of
these states that 'the 15-feet tube was moved
by a machine that made it to keep pace with
the stars' (BRADLEY, Miscellaneous Works,
p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving
automatic movement to a telescope.
Doubtless with the view of investigating
annual parallax, Bradley noted the relative
positions of the component stars of y Virginis,
12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719
and 1 Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter
observation about 1759 brought the discovery
of their orbital revolution almost within his
grasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyne to
Herschel, served to confirm and correct its
theory (Phil Tram, xciii. 363).
Bradley's first sustained research, however,
was concerned with the Jovian system. He
early began to calculate the tabular errors of
each eclipse observed, and the collation of older
observations with his own afforded him the
discovery that the irregularities of the three
inner satellites (rightly attributed to their
mutual attraction) recur in the same order
after 437 days. His ' Corrected Tables ' were
finished in 1718, but, though printed in the
following year with Halley's i Planetary
Tables,' remained unpublished until 1749, by
which time they had become obsolete. The
appended 'Remarks' ( Works, p. 81), de-
scribing the 437-day cycle, are stated by the
minutes to have been read before the Royal
Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then
already a fellow ; he was elected 6 Nov. 1718,
on the motion of Halley, and under the pre-
sidential sanction of Newton.
The choice of a profession meantime be-
Bradley
167
Bradley
came imperative. He had been brought up
to the church, and in 1719 Hoadly, bishop
of Hereford, presented him to the vicarage of
Bridstow. On this title, accordingly, he was
ordained deacon at St. Paul's, 24 May, and
priest, 25 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine-
cure rectory of Llandewi-Velfry in Pem-
brokeshire was procured for him by his friend
Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the Prince of
Wales, and he also became chaplain to the
bishop of Hereford. His prospects of promo-
tion were thus considerable, but he continued
to frequent Wanstead, and took an early op-
portunity of extricating himself from a posi- !
tion in which his duties were at variance with |
his inclinations. The Savilian chair of as- !
tronomy at Oxford became vacant by the
death of Keill in August 1721. Bradley was
elected to fill it 31 Oct., and, immediately re-
signing his preferments, found himself free to
follow his bent on an income which amounted
in 1724 to 138/. 5s. 9d. He read his in-
augural lecture 26 April 1722.
In 1723 we find him assisting his uncle
in experiments upon Hadlev's new reflector
(Phil. Trans, xxxii. 382) ; and Hadley's ex-
ample and instructions encouraged him, about
the same time, to attempt the grinding of
specula (SMITH, A Compleat System of Op-
ticks, ii. 302). In this he was only partially
successful, though his mechanical skill sufficed
at all times for the repair and adjustment of
his instruments. His observations and ele-
ments of a comet discovered by Halley 9 Oct.
1723 formed the subject of his first paper in
' Philosophical Transactions ' (xxxiii. 41 ; see
NEWTON'S Principia, 3rd edit. lib. iii. prop. 42,
3>. 523, 1726). Bradley was the first successor
of Halley in the then laborious task of com-
puting the orbits of comets. He published
parabolic elements for those of 1737 and 1757
(Phil. Trans, xl. iii, 1. 408), and by his com-
munication to Lemonnier of the orbit of, and
process of calculation applied to, the comet
of 1742, knowledge of his method became
diffused abroad.
By the death of Pound, which took place
16 Nov. 1724, he lost 'a relation to whom he
was dear, even more than by the ties of blood.'
He continued, however, to observe with his
instruments, and to reside with his widow
(visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his
lectures) in a small house in the town of
Wanstead memorable as the scene of his chief
discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24|-foot te-
lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction
of the zenith at the house of Mr. Samuel Moly-
neux on Kew Green. It had been resolved by
him and Bradley to subject Hooke's supposed
detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to
& searching inquiry, and the first observation
for the purpose was made by Molyneux at
noon 3 Dec. 1725. It was repeated by Bradley,
' chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec., when, to
his surprise, he found the star pass a little more
to the southward. This unexpected change,
which was in the opposite direction to what
could have been produced by parallax, con-
tinued, in spite of every precaution against
error, at the rate of about \" in three days ;
and at the end of a year's observation the star
had completed an oscillation 39" in extent.
Meanwhile an explanation was vainly
sought of this enigmatical movement, per-
ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with
their latitude, by other stars. A nutation of
the earth's axis was first thought of, and a test
star, or ' anti-Draco,' on the opposite side of
the pole (35 Camelopardi) was watched from
7 Jan. 1726; but the quantity of its motion was
insufficient to support that hypothesis. The
friends next considered 'what refraction
might do,' on the supposition of an annual
change of figure in the earth's atmosphere
through the action of a resisting medium;
this too was discarded on closer examination.
Bradley now resolved to procure an instru-
ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a zenith-
sector of 12 feet radius, and 12 range, was
mounted for him by Graham in the upper
part of his aunt's house. Thenceforth he
trusted entirely to the Wanstead results. A
year's assiduous use of this instrument gave
him a set of empirical rules for the annual
apparent motions of stars in various parts of
the sky ; but he had almost despaired of being
able to account for them, when an unex-
pected illumination fell upon him. Accom-
panying a pleasure party in a sail on the
Thames one day about September 1728, he
noticed that the wind seemed to shift each
time that the boat put about, and a question
put to the boatman brought the (to him) signi-
ficant reply that the changes in direction of
the vane at the top of the mast were merely
due to changes in the boat's course, the wind
remaining steady throughout. This was the
clue he needed. He divined at once that the
progressive transmission of light, combined
with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must
cause an annual shifting of the direction in
which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an
amount depending upon the ratio of the two
velocities. Working out the problem in de-
tail, he found that the consequences agreed
perfectly with the rules already deduced from
observation, and announced his memorable
discovery of the * aberration of light ' in the
form of a letter to Halley, read before the
Royal Society 9 and 16 Jan. 1729 (Phil.
Trans, xxxv. 637).
Never was a more minutely satisfactory
Bradley
168
Bradley
explanation offered of a highly complex phe-
nomenon. It was never disputed, and has
scarcely been corrected. Bradley found the
< constant' of aberration to be 20-25" (reduc-
ing it, however, in 1748 to 20"). Struve fixed
it at 20-445". Bradley concluded, from the
amount of aberration, the velocity of light to
be such as to bring it from the sun to the
earth in 8 m 13 s , although Roemer had, from
actual observation, estimated the interval at
ll m . The best recent determination (Glase-
napp's) of the 'light equation' is 8 m 21 s .
Bradley's demonstration of his rules for
aberration remained unpublished till 1832
( Works, p. 287). He observed only the effects
in declination ; but his theory was verified as
regards right ascension also, by Eustachio
Manfredi at Bologna in 1729. The subject
was fully investigated by Clairaut in 1737
(Mem. de FAc. 1737, p. 205). An important
secondary inference from the Wanstead ob-
servations was that of the vast distances of
even the brighter stars. Bradley stated deci-
sively that the parallax neither of y Draconis
nor of r) Ursse Majoris reached V, and be-
lieved that he should have detected half that
quantity (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 660. Double
parallaxes are there spoken of). This well-
grounded assurance shows an extraordinary
advance in exactness of observation.
Bradley succeeded Whiteside as lecturer
on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729,
and resigned the post in 1760, after the close
of his seventy-ninth course. There was no
endowment, Lord Crewe's benefaction of 30/.
per annum becoming payable only in 1749 ;
but fees of three guineas a course, with an
average attendance of fifty-seven, produced
emoluments sufficient for his wants. His
lectures were delivered in the Ashmolean
Museum, of which he vainly sought the
keepership in 1731. In 17^32 he took a share
in a trial at sea of Hadley's sextants, and wrote
a letter warmly commendatory of the inven-
tion ( Works, p. 505). His removal to Oxford
occurred in May of the same year, when he oc-
cupied a house in New College Lane attached
to his professorship. His aunt, Mrs. Pound,
accompanied him, with two of her nephews,
and lived with him there five years. He trans-
ported thither most of his instruments, but
left Graham's sector undisturbed. An im-
portant investigation was in progress by its
means, for the purposes of which he made dur-
ing the next fifteen years periodical visits to
Wanstead.
It is certain that Halley desired to have
Bradley for his successor, and it is even said
that he offered to resign in -his favour. But
death anticipated his project, 14 Jan. 1742.
Through the urgent representations of George,
earl of Macclesfield, who quoted to Lord-
chancellor Hardwicke Newton's dictum that
he was ' the best astronomer in Europe,' Brad-
ley was appointed astronomer-royal 3 Feb.
1742. The honour of a degree of D.D. was
conferred upon him by diploma at Oxford
22 Feb., and in June he went to live at
Greenwich. His first care was to remedy, so
far as possible, the miserable state of the in-
struments, and to procure an assistant in- the
person of John Bradley, son of his eldest
brother, who, at a stipend of 26/., diligently
carried out his instructions during fourteen
years, and Avas replaced successively by Mason
and Green.
With untiring and well-directed zeal Brad-
ley laboured at the duties of his new office.
He took his first transit at Greenwich
25 July 1742, and by the end of the year 1500
had been entered. The work done in 1743
was enormous. The records of observations-
with the transit instrument fill 177, with
the quadrant 148 folio pages. On 8 Aug.
255 determinations of the former, 181 of
the latter kind were made. His efforts to-
wards a higher degree of accuracy were un-
ceasing and successful ; yet he never pos-
sessed an achromatic telescope. He recognised
it as the first duty of an astronomer to make
himself acquainted with the peculiar defects,
of his instruments, and was indefatigable in
I testing and improving them. By the addi-
! tion of a finer micrometer screw, 18 July 1745,
he succeeded in measuring intervals of half a
\ second with the eight-foot quadrant erected
by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from
attempting further refinements by discover-
j ing it a year later to be sensibly eccentric.
At various times between 1743 and 1749 he
made experiments on the length of the seconds
pendulum, giving the most accurate result
i previous to Kater's in 1818. The great comet
! of 1743 was first seen at Greenwich 26 Dec.,
and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744.
i Bradley roughly computed its trajectory, but
| went no further, it is conjectured, out of kind-
ness towards young Betts, who had the ambi-
tion to try his hand on it. He also observed
the first comet of 1748, and calculated that of
1707. His observations of Halley's comet
in 1759 have for the most part perished.
The time was now ripe for the publication
of his second great discovery. From the first
the Wanstead observations had shown the
displacements due to aberration to be at-
tended by a ' residual phenomenon.' A slight
progressive inequality was detected, occasion-
ing in stars near the equinoctial colures an
excess, in those near the solstitial colures a
defect of movement in declination, as com-
pared with that required by a precession of
Bradley
169
Bradley
50". The true explanation in a ' nodding '
movement of the axis, due to the moon's
unequal action upon the equatorial parts of
the earth, was more than suspected early in
1732 ; but Bradley did not consider the proof
complete until he had tracked each star
through an entire revolution of the moon's
nodes (18*6 years) back to its mean place (al-
lowance being made for annual precession).
In 'September 1747 he was at length fully
satisfied of the correspondence of his hypo-
thesis with facts ; and 14 Feb. 1748 a letter
to the Earl of Macclesfield, in which he set
forth the upshot of his twenty years' watch-
ing and waiting, was read before the Royal
Society (Phil. Trans, xlv. 1). The idea of a
possible nutation of the earth's axis was not
unfamiliar to astronomers ; and Newton had
predicted the occurrence of a semi-annual,
but scarcely sensible, effect of the kind. A
phenomenon such as Bradley detected, how-
ever, depending on the position of the lunar
orbit, was unthought of until its necessity
became evident with the fact of its existence.
The complete development of its theory went
beyond his mathematical powers, and he
invited assistance, promptly rendered by
D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley 's coefficient
of nutation (9") has proved nearly a quarter
of a second too small. He might probably
have gone even nearer to the truth had he
trusted more implicitly to his own observa-
tions. His confidence was, however, em-
barrassed by the proper motions of the stars,
the ascertainment of which he, with his
usual clear insight into the conditions of exact
astronomy, urged upon well-provided obser-
vers ; while his sagacious hint that they
might be mere optical effects of a real trans-
lation of the solar system (Phil. Trans, xlv.
40) gave the first opening for a scientific
treatment of that remarkable subject.
As regards nutation, the novelty of his an-
nouncement had been somewhat taken off by
previous disclosures. On his return from Lap-
land, Maupertuis consulted him as to the re-
duction of his observations, when Bradley
imparted to him, 27 Oct. 1737, his incipient
discovery. Maupertuis was not bound to
secrecy, nor did he observe it. He trans-
mitted the information to the Paris Academy
(Mem. de TAc. 1737, p. 411), while Lalande
published in 1745 (ib. 1745, p. 512) the con-
firmatory results of observations undertaken
at Bradley 's suggestion.
The discovery of aberration earned for its
author, 14 Dec. 1730, exemption on the part
of the Royal Society from all future pay-
ments ; that of nutation was honoured in
1748 with the Copley medal. His heightened
reputation further enabled him to ask and
obtain a new instrumental outfit for the Royal
Observatory. He took advantage of the annual
visitation by members of the Royal Society
to represent its absolute necessity ; and a
petition drawn up by him and signed by the
president and members of council in August
1748 produced an order for 1,000/. under the
! sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's
handwriting informs us, by the treasurer of
the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of
old stores. The wise expenditure of this
paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modern
practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate
in the co-operation of John Bird. The eight-
foot mural quadrant, for which he paid him
300 /., was an instrument not unworthy the
eye and hand that were to use it. He had
also from him a movable quadrant forty
inches in radius, and a transit-instrument of
eight-feet focal length. From Short a six-
foot reflector was ordered, but not delivered
until much later ; and 20/. was paid for a
magnetic apparatus, changes in dip and va-
riation having been objects of attention to
Bradley as early as 1729. For the Wanstead
sector, removed to Greenwich in July 1749,
45/. was allowed to him.
The first employment of Bird's quadrant
was in a series of observations, 10 Aug. 1750
to 31 July 1753, for the purpose of deter-
mining the latitude of the observatory and
the laws of refraction. Simultaneously with
Lacaille and Mayer, Bradley introduced the
improvement of correcting these for barome-
trical and thermometrical fluctuations. His
formula for computing mean refraction at
any altitude closely represented the actual
amounts down to within 10 of the horizon
(GRANT, Hist. Phys. Astr. pp. 329-30). After
its publication by Maskelyne in 1763, it was
generally adopted in England, and was in
use at Greenwich down to 1833.
In 1751 Bradley made observations for
determining the distances of the sun and
moon in concert with those of Lacaille at
the Cape of Good Hope (Mem. de VAc. 1752,
p. 424). From the combined results for
Mars, Delisle deduced a solar parallax of
10-3" (BRADLEY, Misc. Works, p. 481). A
series of 230 comparisons with the heavens-
of Tobias Mayer's ' Lunar Tables,' between
December 1755 and February 1756, enabled
Bradley to report them to the admiralty as-
accurate generally within V. His hopes of
bringing the lunar method of longitudes into
actual use were thus revived ; and he under-
took, aided by Mason, a laborious correction
of the remaining errors founded on 1,220
observations. The particulars of these were
inserted in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1774^
but the amended tables, completed from
Bradley
170
Bradley
them in 1760, never saw the light, and were |
superseded by Mayer's own improvements in
1770. The regular work of the observatory, !
consisting in meridian observations of the
sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile
carried on with unremitting diligence and j
unrivalled skill.
The salary of astronomer-royal was then,
as in Flamsteed's time, 100/. a year, reduced j
to 907. by fees at public offices. This pit- j
tance was designed to be supplemented by i
Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's
name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which
was, however, refused on the honourable
ground of incompatibility of clerical with
official obligations. His disinterestedness
was compensated by a crown pension of
2501. per annum, granted under the privy
seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his suc-
cessors. Honours now fell thickly upon him.
From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a
member of the council of the Royal Society,
and he occupied that position uninterruptedly
from 1752 until his death. In July 1746
Euler wrote to announce his admission to
the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was as-
sociated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg
respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably
in acknowledgment of his services in super-
intending the construction of a quadrant by
Bird for the latter body, complimented with
its full membership in 1754 ; while the in-
stitute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June
1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe
but sought a correspondence with him,
which he usually declined, being averse to
writing, and leaving many letters unan-
swered.
No direct descendant of Bradley survives.
He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter
of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Glouces-
tershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daugh-
ter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745,
who married in 1771 her first cousin, the
Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an
only daughter, who died childless in 1806.
Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Mac-
clesfield grew closer after his removal to
Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him
in the establishment (about 1739) of an ob-
servatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the
reform of the calendar, calculating the tables
appended to the bill for that purpose. Until
near the close of his life he continued to re-
side about three months of each year at Ox-
ford, but resigned his readership through ill-
health in 1760. For several years he had
felt the approach of an obscure malady in
occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours
in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his
hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a
heavy cloud of depression settled over his
spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension
of surviving his mental faculties, which re-
mained nevertheless clear to the end. He
attended, for the last time, a meeting of the
Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a
paper of instructions for Mason, on his de-
parture to observe the transit of Venus, the
latest astronomical event in which he took
an active interest. But already in May he
was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and
when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761,
arrived, he was unable to use the telescope.
He, however, took a final observation with the
transit-instrument in September, after which
his handwriting disappears from the Green-
wich registers. The few months that remained
he spent at Chalford, being much attached
to his wife's relations, and there died, in the
house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's
acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth
year, and was buried with his wife and mother
at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on
examination to be a chronic inflammation
of the abdominal viscera. The case was
described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the
1 Philosophical Transactions ' (lii. 635).
In character Bradley is described as ' hu-
mane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son,
an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a
steady friend ' (Suppl. to New Biog. Diet.,
1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives
experienced his generosity. His life was
blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper
mild and placid. He was habitually taci-
turn, but was clear, ready, and open in ex-
plaining his opinions to others. No homage
could overthrow his modesty or disturb his
caution. He was always more apprehen-
sive of injuring his reputation than san-
guine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from
publicity; polished composition, moreover,
was irksome to him. His only elaborate
pieces were the accounts of his two leading
discoveries ; and the preservation of several
unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords
evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of
expression. Nor had he any taste for ab-
stract mathematics. His great powers were
those of sagacity and persistence. He pos-
sessed l a most extraordinary clearness of
perception, both mental and "organic ; great
accuracy in the combination of his ideas ;
and an inexhaustible fund of that " industry
and patient thought " to which Newton as-
cribed his own discoveries ' (RiGAUD, Me-
moirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive
than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and
precision. No discrepancy was too minute
for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible
causes and their consequences was keen, dis-
Bradley
171
Bradley
passionate, and complete ; his mental grasp
was close and unrelaxing. He ranks as the
founder of modern observational astronomy ;
nor by the example of his ' solicitous accu-
racy' alone or chiefly, though this was much.
But his discoveries of aberration and nuta-
tion first rendered possible exact knowledge
of the places of the fixed stars, and thereby
of the movements of the other celestial bodies.
Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in his
diligent and faithful record of the state of
the heavens in his time, a mass of docu-
mentary evidence invaluable for the testing
of theory, or the elucidation of change.
The publication, for the benefit of his
daughter, of his observations, contained in
thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, was
interrupted by official demands for their pos-
session, followed up by a lawsuit commenced
by the crown in 1767, but abandoned in 1776.
The Rev. Mr. Peach, Bradley's son-in-law,
thereupon offered them to Lord North, to be
printed by the Clarendon Press, and after
many delays the first of two volumes ap-
peared in 1798, under the editorship of Dr.
Hornsby, with the title ' Astronomical Ob-
servations made at the Royal Observatory
at Greenwich, from the year 1750 to the year
1762;' the second, edited by Dr. Abram
Robertson, in 1805. They number about
60,000, and fill close upon 1,000 large folio
pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the
observations of Bliss and Green down to
15 March 1765, was included in the second
volume. A catalogue of 387 stars, computed
by Mason fromBradley's original manuscripts,
and appended to the 'Nautical Almanac'
for 1773, formed the basis of a similar work
inserted by Hornsby in vol. i. (p. xxxviii); and
1,041 of Bradley's stars, reduced by Pilati,
were added toPiazzi's second catalogue (1814).
In the hands of Bessel, however, his obser-
vations assumed a new value. With extra-
ordinary skill and labour he deduced from
them in 1818 a catalogue of 3,222 stars for
the epoch 1755, so authentically determined
as to afford, by comparison with their later
places, a sure criterion of their proper mo-
tions. The title of ' Fundamenta Astrono-
mise ' fitly expressed the importance of this
work. More accurate values for precession
and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad-
ley's observations of the moon and planets,
when reduced by Airy, supplied valuable
data for the correction of the theories of
those bodies.
Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford
{by Hudson), at Shirburn Castle, at Green-
wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society.
A dial, erected in 1831 by command of
William IV, marks the spot at Kew where
he began the observations which led to the
discoveries of aberration and nutation. His
communications to the Royal Society, besides
those already adverted to, were on ' The Longi-
tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York,
from Wanstead and London, determined by
Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter '
(Phil. Trans, xxxiv. 85) ; and ' An Account
of some Observations made in London by
Mr. George Graham, and at Black River in
Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concern-
ing the going of a Clock ; in order to deter-
mine the Difference between the Lengths of
Isochronal Pendulums in those Places ' (ib.
xxxviii. 302). His ' Directions for using
the Common Micrometer ' were published by
Maskelyne in 1772 (ib. Ixii. 46). The origi-
nals of Bradley's Greenwich observations
having been deposited in the Bodleian, the
confused mass of his remaining papers, dis-
interred by Professor S. P. Rigaud, afforded
materials for a large quarto volume, pub-
lished by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the
title ' Miscellaneous Works and Correspon-
dence of James Bradley, D.D., Astronomer-
Royal.' It includes, besides the Kew and Wan-
stead journals, every record of the slightest
value in his handwriting, not omitting papers
already printed in the ' Philosophical Trans-
actions,' with many letters addressed to him
by persons of eminence in England and abroad,
and in some cases his replies. The prefixed
memoir embodies all that the closest inquiry
could gather concerning him. The investi-
gation of his early observations, thus brought
to light after nearly a century's oblivion,
was made the subject of a prize by the Royal
Society of Copenhagen in 1832 ; whence the
publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of
' Reduction of the Observations made by
Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine
the Quantities of Aberration and Nutation '
(Oxford, 1838).
[Rigaud's Memoirs of Bradley ; New and Gen.
Biog. Diet. xii. 54, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippis);
Fouchy's Eloge, Mem. de 1'Ac. des Sciences,
1762, p. 231 (Hist.) ; same trans, in Annual Keg.
1765, p. 23, and Gent. Mag. xxxv. 361; Delambre's
Hist, de 1'Astronomie au xviii* siecle, p. 413 ;
Thomson's Hist, of K. Soc. p. 344 ; Watt's Bibl.
Brit.] A. M. C.
BRADLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con-
veyancing barrister, was a contemporary of
James Booth [q. v.], who has been called the
patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradley-
was called to the bar by the society, of Gray's
Inn, and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with
geat success for upwards of half a century,
e is said to have managed the concerns of
almost the whole county of Durham, and,
Bradley
172
Bradley
though & provincial counsel, his opinions were
everywhere received with the greatest respect.
His drafts, like Booth's, were prolix to excess,
but some of them were, to a very recent period,
in use as precedents in the northern counties.
He published (London, 1779) ' An Enquiry
into the Nature of Property and Estates as
defined by English Law, in which are con-
sidered the opinions of Mr. Justice Black-
stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro-
perty.' There was also published in 1804
in London ' Practical Points, or Maxims in
Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi-
ence of a late eminent conveyancer (Brad-
ley), with critical observations on the various
parts of a Deed by J. Ritson.' This was
a collection of Bradley's notes on points of
practice, and the technical minutiae of con-
veyancing as they were suggested in the
course of his professional life. Ritson was
a contemporary and fellow-townsman of
Bradley. The latter by his will left a con-
siderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the
purchase of books calculated to promote the
interests of religion and virtue in Great Bri-
tain and the happiness of mankind. Lord
Thurlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside
the charitable disposition of Bradley in favour
of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton-
on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788, and was buried in
the parish church of Greatham, where a
mural monument was erected to his memory
on the north side of the chancel.
[Gent. Mag. vol. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1184; David-
son's Conveyancing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin's Legal
Bibliograph, p. 141 ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham,
iii. 140.] E. H.
BRADLEY, RICHARD (d. 1732), bo-
tanist and horticultural writer, was a very
popular and voluminous author. His first
essays in print were two papers published in
the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1716,
on mouldiness in melons, and the motions of
;7*X the sap. He was elected F.R.S. in 17D3;
and professor of botany at Cambridge on
10 Nov. 1724, the latter by means of a pre-
tended verbal recommendation from Dr. Wil-
liam Sherard to Dr. Bentley, with pompous
assurances that he would found a public bo-
tanic garden in the university by his private
purse and interest. Very soon after his elec-
tion the vanity of his promises was seen, and
his entire ignorance of Latin and Greek ex-
cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after-
wards succeeded him, was appointed to read
the prescribed courses of lectures, in conse-
quence of Bradley's neglect to do so. In
1729 he gave a course of lectures on ' Ma-
teria Medica,' which he afterwards published.
In 1731 it is stated that ' he was grown so
scandalous that it was in agitation to turn
him out of his professorship,' though the
details of his delinquency do not appear to
be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Nov.
1732.
The use of Bradley's name was paid for
by the publishers of a translation of Xeno-
phon's ' Economics ' solely on account of his
popularity, as he knew nothing of the ori-
ginal language. His botanical publications
show acuteness and diligence, and contain
indications of much observation in advance
of his time.
Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes-
sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley,
but they have not been maintained distinct
by succeeding botanists.
His works include : 1. ( Historia planta-
rum succulentarum, &c.,' London, 1716-27,
5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734.
2. ' New Improvements of Planting and
Gardening,' London, 1717 (two editions), 8vo,
1731. 3. ' Gentleman's and Farmer's Calen-
dar,' London, 1718, 8vo ; French translations
(1723, 1743, 1756). 4. < Virtue and Use of
Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con-
tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8vo.
5. ' Philosophical Account of the Works of
Nature,' London (1721 and 1739), 8vo.
6. ' Plague of Marseilles considered,' London,
1721, 8vo. 7. ' New Experiments and Ob-
servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724,
8vo. 8. ' Treatise of Fallowing,' Edinburgh,
1724, 8vo. 9. 'Survey of Ancient Hus-
bandry and Gardening collected from Cato,
Varro, Columella, &c.,' London, 1725, 8vo r
and several small treatises on gardening and
agriculture. Part II. of Co-well's ' Curious
and Profitable Gardener, concerning the great
American Aloe,' has been attributed with
little reason to Bradley.
[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790),
| ii. 129-33; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51,
j 709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed. vi.
1 (1812), 415-16; Kees's Cyclop, v. art. 'Bradley';
Seguier's Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller's Bibl. Bot.
ii. 133-7 ; Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 31, id. ed. 2,
| p. 38.] B. D. J.
BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670),
divine, a native of Berkshire, states that he
was 72 years old in 1669, and was therefore
born in 1597. He became a battler of Exeter
College, Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A.
on 21 July 1620. He was chaplain to the
Duke of Buckingham for several years, and
accompanied him in the expedition to Ro-
chelle and the Isle of Rhe in 1627. After
Buckingham's murder in the following year he
became chaplain to Charles I, and on 16 June
1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap-
Bradley
173
Bradock
plied to the council to take Bradley with him
as chaplain of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom.
1628-9, p. 579). Soon afterwards (5 Mayl631)
Bradley married Frances, the daughter of Sir
John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefract, and
he was presented by his father-in-law about
the same time to the livings of Castleford
and Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch
royalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on
20 Dec. 1642, and was expelled a few years
later by the parliamentary committee from
both his Yorkshire livings. ' His lady and
all his children/ writes Walker, ' were turned
out of doors to seek their bread in desolate
places,' and his library at Castleford fell
into the hands of his oppressors. He pub-
lished in London in 1658 a curious pamph-
let entitled < A Present for Csesar of 100,000/.
in hand and 50,000/. a year,' in which he re-
commended the extortion of first-fruits and
tithes according to their true value. The
work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver '
Cromwell. At the Restoration he was re- I
stored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary j
to vindicate his 'pamphlet in another tract
entitled < Appello Csesarem ' (York, 1661). |
But his conduct did not satisfy the govern-
ment, and in an assize sermon preached at
York in 1663 and published as ' Caesar's Due '
and the Subject's Duty,' he said that the '
king had bidden him ' preach conscience to
the people and not to meddle with state j
affairs,' and that he had to apologise for his
sermons preached against the excise and the
excisemen, the Westminster lawyers, and
*the rack-renting landlords and depopula- j
tors.' He also expressed regret for having
suggested the restoration of the council of
the north. In 1666 he was made a pre-
bendary of York. He died in 1670.
His publications consist entirely of ser-
mons. The earliest, entitled ' Comfort from
the Cradle,' was preached at Winchester and
published at Oxford in 1650; four others,
? -eached at York Minster, were published at
ork between 1661 and 1670, and six occa-
sional sermons appear to have been issued col-
lectively in London in 1667. Walker de-
scribes Bradley as ' an excellent preacher '
and ' a ready and acute wit.'
A son, Savile, was at one time fellow of
New College, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of
Magdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells
a curious story about his ordination in 1661.
[Wood's Athenae Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. xliii, iii.
719 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 392, ii. 52 ; Walker's Suffer-
ings, ii. 85 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]
S. L. L.
BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751-
1813), physician, was a native of Worcester,
where for some time he conducted a school
in which mathematics formed a prominent
study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu-
cation, and, devoting himself to medical
studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra-
duated M.D. in 1791, his dissertation, which
was published, being information from Rev. P. Vance-Smith,
educated at the Bolton grammar school and : Hmdle y-J A. G.
Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, but did not j BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746),
graduate. This was due to the influence of j Jacobite rebel, born in 1717, was the only
his uncle Holmes, then a minister in North- j child of a well-to-do Roman catholic in trade
amptonshire, under whom he studied divinity, j ft t Manchester. He was educated at the free
Returning to Lancashire, he was ordained school, and learned some classics there. About
minister of Hindley. With other Lancashire | 1734 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Charles
ministers, he was concerned in the royalist j Worral, a Manchester factor, trading at the
rising under Sir George Booth [q. v.] He i Golden Ball, Lawrence Lane, London. In
was ejected in 1662, but, continuing to preach, I 1740 Bradshaw was called back to Man-
he suffered some months' imprisonment at the | Chester through the illness of his father, and
instance of his relative Sir Roger Bradshaw, I after his father's death he found himself in
an episcopalian magistrate. On the indulgence possession of a thriving trade and several
of 1672 he got possession of Rainford Chapel, ' thousand pounds. Very quickly (about 1741)
in the parish of Prescot. The neighbouring j he took a London partner, Mr. James Daw-
clergy now and then preached for him, read- son, near the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and
ing the prayer-book ; hence the churchwarden i he married a Miss Waggstaff of Manchester,
was able to say ' yes ' to the question at visi- She and an only child both died in 1743.
tations : ' Have you common prayer read , Bradshaw thereupon threw in his lot with
yearly in your chapel ? ' Pearson, the bishop the Pretender. He was one of the rebel cour-
of Chester, would not sustain informations , tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745.
against peaceable ministers, so Bradshaw was J He visited his own city on 29 Nov., where he
not disturbed. He was also one of the Monday j busied himself in recruiting at the Bell Inn.
lecturers at Bolton. He died at Rainford in He was a member of the council of war, and
1702, in his sixty-seventh year, his death being received his fellow-rebels in his own house,
the result of a mishap while riding to preach, j Having accepted a captaincy in Colonel
His son Ebenezer, presbyterian minister at I Towneley's regiment he marched to Derby,
Ramsgate, was ordained 22 June 1694 in Dr. | paying his men out of his own purse; he
Annesley's meeting-house, Bishopsgate With- j headed his company on horseback in the skir-
in, near Little St. Helen's (this was at the j mish at Clifton Moor ; he attended the Pre-
tender's levSe on the retreat through Carlisle
first public ordination among presbvterians
after the Restoration). Bradshaw published :
1. ' The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd,' &c.,
1677, 12mo (sermons on Cant, v., preface by
Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., who died 21 June
1697, aged 52). 2. < The Trial and Triumph
of Faith.' Halley confuses him (ii. 184) with
another James Bradshaw, born at Darcy
Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at
Brasenose College, Oxford, presbyterian rector
of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege
of Lathom House by sermons from Jerem.
xv. 14, in which he compared Lathom's seven
towers to the seven heads of the beast. He
was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hotham
for not observing the parliamentary fast, but
called to Macclesfield, whence he was ejected
in 1662. He preached at Houghton Chapel,
and subsequently at Bradshaw Chapel,reading
some of the prayers, but not subscribing. He
died in May 1683, aged 73.
[Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 16, 123; Cala-
my's Continuation, 1727, pp. 17, 140 ; Palmer's
Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, i. 337, ii. 364; Hat-
field's Manch. Socin. Controversy, 1825, p. 140;
Halley's Lane., its Puritanism and Nonconf., 1 869,
in December ; and preferring to be in Lord
Elcho's troop of horse when the rebels were
striving to keep together in Scotland in the
early weeks of 1746, he fought at Falkirk.
He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and
finally at Culloden, on 16 April in the same
year, where in the rout he was taken prisoner.
His passage to London was by ship, with forty-
two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the
New Gaol, Southwark ; his trial took place
at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that
occasion he was dressed in new green cloth,
and bore himself somewhat gaily. His counsel
urged that he had always had 'lunatick
pranks,' and had been driven entirely mad by
the death of his wife and child. He was
found guilty, and having been kept in gaol
nearly a month more, he was executed on
Kennington Common, 28 Nov. 1746, aged
only 29.
[Ho well's State Trials, xviii. 415-24.1
J.H.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (1602-1659), regi-
cide, was the second surviving son of Henry
Bradshaw, a well-to-do country gentleman,
Bradshaw
177
Bradshaw
of Marple and Wibersley halls, Stockport,
Cheshire, who died in 1654. His mother
was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning-
ton of Offerton in the same county, who
was married at Stockport on 4 Feb. 1593,
and died in January 1603-4. The eldest
surviving son, Henry, the heir to the family
property, was born in 1600. Francis, the
youngest son, was baptised on 13 Jan. 1603-4.
John was born at Wibersley Hall in 1602,
and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec.
in that year. Educated first at the free school
of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools
at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan-
cashire. There is a doubtful tradition that he
spent some time in his youth at Macclesfield,
and there wrote on a gravestone the lines :
My brother Henry must heir the land,
My brother Frank must be at his command ;
Whilst I, poor Jack, will do that
That all the world will wonder at.
He studied law in London, and was called
to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627.
He had previously served for several years
as clerk to an attorney at Congleton, an'd ap-
parently practised as a provincial barrister.
He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and
high steward of the borough several years
later (Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 328). He
formally resigned the office in May 1656.
At Congleton he maintained no little state,
and possessed much influence in the neigh-
bourhood. He was steward of the manor of
Glossop, Derbyshire, in 1630.
' All his early life,' writes Bradshaw's
friend, Milton, in the l Second Defence of the
People of England '(1654), ' he was sedulously
employed in making himself acquainted with
the laws of his country; he then practised
with singular success and reputation at the
bar.' Before 1643 he had removed from
Congleton to Basinghall Street, London,
and in that year was a candidate for the
post of judge of the sheriffs' court in Lon-
don. The right of appointment was claimed
by both the court of aldermen and the court
of common council, and the latter elected
Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time
the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a
rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once
upon the duties of the office, and continued
in it till 1649, when other employment com-
pelled him to apply for permission to nominate
a deputy. Proctor meanwhile brought an
action against him in the king's bench. The
suit lingered till February 1654-5, when the
claim of the court of common council to the
appointment was established.
In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the
counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord
VOL. VI.
Macguire of Fermanagh and HughMacmahon
for their part in the Irish rebellion of 1641.
Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and
the latter received much assistance from Brad-
shaw in his elaborate argument proving that
Irish peers were amenable to English juries.
The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac-
guire. In 1645 Bradshaw was counsel for
John Lilburne in his successful appeal to
the House of Lords against the sentence
pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for
publishing seditious books eight years before.
The commons nominated Bradshaw one of
the commissioners of the great seal on 8 Oct.
1646, but the lords declined to confirm this
arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap-
pointed chief justice of Chester, and on
18 March following a judge in Wales. In
June he was one of the counsel retained
(with Oliver St. John, Jermin, and William
Prynne) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins
on the charge of passing judgment of death
on men who had fought for the parliament.
In a letter to the mayor of Chester (1 Aug.
1648) he promises to resume his practice of
holding 'the grand sessions' at Chester after
1 the sad impediment ' of the wars, but only
promises attention to the city's welfare on
condition of its inhabitants' constant com-
pliance with the directions of parliament
(Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 344). On
12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad-
shaw and several other lawyers of their party
serjeants-at-law.
On 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords rejected the
ordinance of the commons for bringing the
king to trial before a parliamentary com-
mission. The commons straightway re-
solved to proceed on their sole authority.
Certain peers and judges had been nominated
members of the commission ; but the names
of the former were now removed (3 Jan.),
and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele,
all lawyers without seats in the house, sub-
stituted. On 6 Jan. the ordinance for the
trial passed its final stage. On 8 Jan. the
commission held its first private meeting in
the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis-
cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw
did not put in an appearance. A second
meeting took place two days later, from
which Bradshaw was also absent. The com-
missioners then proceeded to elect a presi-
dent, and the choice fell upon the absent
lawyer. Mr. Say filled the post for the
rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum-
mons was sent to Bradshaw to be present at
the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. He then
appeared and ' enlarged upon his own want
of abilities to undergo so important a charge.
. . . And when he was pressed ... he re-
Bradshaw
178
Bradshaw
quired time to consider it.' The next day
he formally accepted the office, with (it is
said) every sign of humility. It was re-
solved by the court that he should hence-
forward bear the title of lord president.
Clarendon is probably right in describing
Bradshaw as 'not much known [at this
time] in Westminster Hall, though of good
practice in the chamber.' There were cer-
tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa-
tion both in parliament and at the bar who
might have been expected to be chosen be-
fore Bradshaw president of the great com-
mission. But there were obvious reasons
for appointing a lawyer of comparatively
little prominence. The proceedings demanded
a very precise observance of legal formali-
ties, and a lawyer was indispensable. But
the anti-royalists had very few lawyers among
them who believed in the justice or legality
of the latest development of their policy.
Whitelocke and Widdrington both refused to
serve on the commission ; Serjeant Nicholas,
who had been nominated to the commission
at the same time as Bradshaw, declined to
take part in the trial ; the parliamentary
judges Rolle, St. John, and "Wilde deemed
the proceedings irregular from first to last ;
Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the
commons had appointed solicitor-general on
12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against
the king, and his place was filled for the
occasion by John Cook, a man of far smaller
ability. But the commissioners, whether or
no they had any misgivings, were resolved
to prove their confidence in the man of their
choice. Everything was done to lend dignity
to the newly elected president. The deanery
at Westminster was handed over to him as
his residence for the future, but during the
trial it was arranged that he should lodge at
Sir Abraham Williams's house in Palace Yard
to be near Westminster Hall. He was given
scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard.
Although his stout-heartedness is repeatedly
insisted on by his admirers, Bradshaw had
some fear of personal violence at this time.
' Besides other defence,' saysKennett, 'he had
a high-crowned beaver hat lined with plated
steel to ward off blows/ The hat is now in
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (Complete
Hist. iii. 181 n. ; GKANGEK, Biog. Hist. ii. 397).
Private meetings of the commission, at-
tended by less than half the full number of
members, were held under Bradshaw's presi-
dency in the Painted Chamber at Westmin-
ster almost every day of the week preceding
the trial, and on the morning of each day of
the trial itself. The trial opened at West-
minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9.
Bradshaw's name was read out by a clerk,
and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair,
' having a desk with a crimson velvet cushion
before him.' He was surrounded by atten-
dants, and placed in the midst of his colleagues.
The president addressed the prisoner as soon
as he was brought into court as ( Charles
Stuart, king of England,' and invited him to
plead, but the king persistently declined the
invitation on the ground of the court's in-
competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and
impatient appeals had no effect upon him.
Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed-
ings to the following Monday. The same
scene was repeated on that and the next two
days. The president repeatedly rebuked the
prisoner for his freedom of language, and abso-
lutely refused to allow him to make a speech.
On 25 Jan. twenty-nine witnesses were hur-
riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and
the commissioners framed a sentence of death
at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber.
It was read over by them on the morning of
the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad-
shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and
pronounced judgment in a long-winded and
strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw
spoke, Charles made an earnest appeal to
be heard in his defence. Some of the com-
missioners were anxious to grant him this
request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it.
After the sentence was pronounced, the king
renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly
told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards
to remove him. On 30 Jan., the day of the
execution, the commission held its last meet-
ing in private ; the death-warrant was duly
engrossed and signed by fifty-eight members.
Bradshaw's signature headed the list.
Bradshaw was censured by crowds of
pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal
behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf.
Reason against Treason, or a Bone for Brad-
shaw to pick, 9 July 1649). His friends
professed to admire his self-confidence and
dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous
judicial experience. On the whole it appears
that he behaved very much as might be ex-
pected of a commonplace barrister suddenly
called from the bench of a city sheriffs' court
to fill a high and exceptionally dignified
judicial office.
The lord president's court was re-esta-
blished, with Bradshaw at its head, on 2 Feb.
1648-9, and throughout the month it was
engaged in trying leading royalists for high
treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke
of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and Henry Rich,
earl of Holland. Bradshaw, arrayed in his
scarlet robes, pronounced sentence of death
upon them all in very lengthy judgments.
He showed none of these prisoners any
Bradshaw
179
Bradshaw
mercy, but he appeared to least advantage
as the judge of Eusebius Andrews [q. v.], a
royalist charged with conspiracy against the
Commonwealth. He sought by repeated
cross-examinations to convict Andrews out
of his own mouth, and kept him in prison for
very many months. Finally Bradshaw con-
demned him to death on 6 Aug. 1650 (F.
BUCKLEY'S account of the trial, 1660, re-
printed in State Trials, v. 1-42). Bradshaw
did not continue, however, to perform work of
this kind. His place was filled by Serjeant
Keeble in 1651, and by Serjeant 1'Isle in 1654.
Bradshaw found other occupation in the
council of state, to which he was elected by
a vote of the commons on its formation
(14 Feb. 1648-9), and chosen its permanent
president (10 March). He did not attend
its sittings till 12 March, after which he was
rarely absent. No other member was so re-
gular in his attendance. He was in frequent
correspondence with Oliver Cromwell during
the campaigns of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland
and Scotland, and during those years offices
and honours were heaped upon him. On
20 July 1649 parliament nominated him at-
torney-general of Cheshire and North Wales,
and eight days later chancellor of the duchy
of Lancaster, a post in which he was con-
tinued by a special vote of the house on
18 July 1650. On 19 June 1649 parliament,
having taken his great merit into considera-
tion, paid him a sum of 1,000/., and on 15 Aug.
1649 formally handed over to him lands worth
2,0001. a year. The estates assigned him were
those of the Earl of St. Albans and Lord Cot-
tington. He was re-elected by parliament a
member of the council of state (12 Feb.
1649-50, 7 Feb. 1650-1, 24 Nov. 1651, and 24
Nov. 1652), and presided regularly at its sit-
tings, signing nearly all the official correspon-
dence. He was not very popular with his col-
leagues there. He seemed ' not much versed in
suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/ and spent
much of their time by his own long speeches.'
Cromwell's gradual assumption of arbi-
trary power did not meet with Bradshaw's
approval. On 20 April 1653 Cromwell, who
had first dissolved the Long parliament, pre-
sented himself later in the day before the
council of state, and declared it at an end.
Bradshaw, as president, rose and addressed
the intruder in the words : ' Sir, we have
heard what you did at the house in the
morning, and before many hours all Eng-
land will hear it ; but, sir, you are mis-
taken to think the parliament is dissolved,
for no power under heaven can dissolve them
but themselves ; therefore take you notice of
that '(LuDLOW, Memoirs, 195) . Bradshaw did
not sit in Barebones's parliament, which met
on 4 July 1653, but an act was passed (16 Sept. )
by the assembly continuing him in the chan-
cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
I elected to the next parliament, which assem-
bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 12 Sept.
to sign the ' recognition ' pledging members
to maintain the government ' as it is settled
in a single person and a parliament.' He was
summoned by Cromwell before the council
of state formed by him on becoming pro-
tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud-
low, and was bidden by Cromwell to take
out a new commission as chief justice of
Chester. He refused to submit to the order.
He declared that he had been appointed
during his good behaviour, and had done
nothing to forfeit his right to the place, as
he would prove before any twelve j urymen.
Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad-
shaw immediately afterwards went his circuit
as usual. But Cromwell revenged himself
by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence
in Cheshire. In the parliament which met
17 Sept. 1656 Bradshaw failed to obtain a seat,
owing to the machinations of Tobias Bridges,
Cromwell's major-general for the county
(THTTBLOE, vi. 313) . There had been a proposal
to nominate him for the city of London, but
that came to nothing. * Serjeant Bradshaw/
writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom-
well in Ireland (26 Aug. 1656), 'hath missed
it in Cheshire, and is chosen nowhere else.'
Bradshaw was now an open opponent of
the government. According to an anony-
mous letter sent to Monk he entered early in
1655 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pride,
and others, to seize Monk as a first step
towards the army's overthrow (THUELOE,
Papers, iii. 185). He was also suspected,
on no very valid ground, of encouraging
the fifth-monarchy men in the following
year. In August 1656 an attempt was made
by Cromwell to deprive him of his office of
chief justice of Chester (THUKLOE). In private
and public Bradshaw vigorously denounced
Cromwell's usurpation of power, and he is
credited with having asserted that if such
conduct ended in the Protector's assumption
of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had
committed the most horrid treason [in their
treatment of Charles I] that ever was heard
of (^Bradshaw's Ghost, being a Dialogue be-
tween the said Ghost and an apparition of the
late King, 1659). Under date 3 Dec. 1657
Whitelocke writes of the relations between
Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste
between them' was perceived to increase.
During the last years of the protectorate
Bradshaw took no part in politics.
The death of the great Protector (3 Sept.
1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom-
N2
Bradshaw
1 80
Bradshaw
well (25 May 1659), restored to Bradshaw
some of his lost influence. The reassembled
Long parliament nominated him on 13 May
one of the ten members of the reestablished
council of state who were not to be members
of parliament. On 3 June 1659 he was
appointed a commissioner of the great seal
for five months with Serjeants Fountaine
and Tyrrel. But Bradshaw's health was ra-
pidly failing, and on 9 June he wrote to the
parliament asking to be temporarily relieved
during indisposition of the duties of commis-
sioner of the seal. On 22 July he took the
necessary oath in the house to be faithful to
the Commonwealth, but was still unable to
attend to the work of the office. Matters went
badly in his absence. The Long parliament
again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing
of the speaker's (Lenthall) arrest, 13 Oct., by
Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on his way
to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from his sick
bed, and presented himself at the sitting of the
council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea-
voured to justify the army's action, but Brad-
shaw, { weak and extenuated as he was,' says
Ludlow, ( yet animated by ardent zeal and
constant affection to the common cause, stood
up and interrupted him, declared his abhor-
rence of this detestable action ; and telling
the council, that being now going to his God,
he had not patience to sit there to hear His
great name so openly blasphemed.' According
to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he
raved like a madman, and flung out of the room
in a fury ( The Lives . . . of the prime actors
. . . of that horrid murder of . . . King
Charles, 1661). On arriving home at the
deanery of Westminster, which he had con-
tinued to occupy since his appointment as
lord president, he became dangerously ill, and
' died of a quartan ague, which had held him
for a year,' on 31 Oct. 1659 (Mercurius Poli-
ticus, 31 Oct.) 'He declared a little be-
fore he left the world that if the king were
to be tried and condemned again, he would
be the first man that would do it ' (PECK,
Desiderata Ouriosa, xiv. 32). He was buried
with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey
(22 Nov.), and his funeral sermon an ela-
borate eulogy was preached by John Howe,
preacher at the abbey since 1654 (Merc.
Pol. 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describes him
as 'a strict man, and learned in his pro-
fession ; no friend of monarchy.' Clarendon
writes of him with great asperity, while
Milton's stately panegyric, written in Brad-
shaw's lifetime (1654), applauded his honest
devotion to the cause of liberty. He was not
a great man, but there is no reason to doubt
his sincere faith in the republican principles
which he consistently upheld. He was ap-
parently well read in history and law. Ac-
cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a
study for himself on the roof of Westminster
Abbey, which was well stocked with books.
Charles II, in a letter to the mayor of Bris-
tol (8 March 1661-2), states that Bradshaw's
gipers, which were then in the hands of one
eorge Bishop, included ' divers papers and
writings ' taken by Bradshaw ' out of the
office of the King's Library at Whitehall,
which could not yet be recovered' (Hist.
MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 328). Bradshaw is
stated to have supplied ' evidences ' to March-
mont Needham, when translating Selden's
' Mare Clausum ' (NICOLSON, Hist. Libr.
iii. 124). He fully shared the piety of the
leaders of the parliament, and, in spite of his
high-handed conduct as lord president of the
commission, does not seem to have been of
an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock
found a document a few years ago which
proved that Bradshaw, after obtaining the
^ant of the estates of a royalist named Richard
reene at Stapeley, heard of the destitute
condition of Greene's three daughters ; where-
upon he ordered (20 Sept. 1650) his steward
to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe-
nceum, 23 Nov. 1878). Similarly, on receiving
the tithes of Feltham, Middlesex, he issued
an address (4 Oct. 1651) to the inhabitants of
the parish, stating that his anxiety l touching
spyritualls ' had led him to provide and endow
a minister for them without putting them to
any charge (Athenceum for 1878, p. 689).
On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that
Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted
by act of parliament, together with Crom-
well, Ireton, and Pride, all of whom died
before the Restoration. As early as 3 May
1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted
from any future pardon in a proclamation
issued by Charles II. On 12 July 1660 the
sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to
the house Bradshaw's goods (Commons Jour-
nal, viii. 88). On 4 Dec. 1660 parliament
directed that the bodies of Bradshaw, Crom-
well, and Ireton ' should be taken up from
Westminster ' and hanged in their coffins at
Tyburn. This indignity was duly perpetrated
30 Jan. 1660-1. The regicides' heads were
subsequently exposed in Westminster Hall
and their bodies reburied beneath the gallows
(PEPTS'S Diary, 4 Feb. 1660-1).
Bradshaw married Mary (b. 1596), daughter
of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but
had no children. She died between 1655 and
1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
On 9 Sept. 1661 directions were given for the
removal of her body to the churchyard outside
the abbey ( Westminster Abbey Register, Harl.
Soc. p. 522). By his will, made in 1655 and
Bradshaw
181
Bradshaw
proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed by
Earwaker), Bradshaw bequeathed most of his
property, which consisted of estates in Berk-
shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somerset, and
Middlesex, to his wife, if she survived him,
for her life, with reversion to Henry (d. 1698),
his brother Henry's son. He also made chari-
table bequests for establishing a free school
at Marple, his birthplace ; for increasing the
schoolmasters' stipends at Bunbury and Mid-
dleton, where he had been educated ; and for
maintaining good ministers at Feltham and
Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted
property by parliament. By one codicil he
left his houses and lodgings at Westminster
to the governors of the school and alrnshouses
there, and added a legacy of 10/. to John
Milton, the poet. After the .Restoration, how-
ever, all Bradshaw's property was confiscated
to the crown under the act of attainder.
Two engraved portraits of Bradshaw are
mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii. 71) one
in his iron hat by Vandergucht, for Claren-
don's ' History,' and another in 4to, ' partly
scraped and partly stippled.'
HENRY BRADSHAAV, the president's elder
brother, signed a petition for the establish-
ment of the presbyterian religion in Cheshire
on 6 July 1646 ; acted as magistrate under
the Commonwealth; held a commission of
sergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse-
quently one of lieutenant-colonel in Colonel
Ashton's regiment of foot; commanded the
militia of the Macclesfield hundred at the
battle of Worcester (1651), where he was
wounded; sat on the court-martial which
tried the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at
Chester in 1652 ; was charged with this offence
at the Restoration ; was imprisoned by order
of parliament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660 ;
was pardoned on 23 Feb. 1660-1 ; and, dying
at Marple, was buried at Stockport on 15
March 1660-1 (EARWAKER'S East Cheshire,
ii. 62-9; ORMEROD, Cheshire, pp. 408-11).
[Noble's Lives of the Eegicides, i. 47-66;
Foss's Judges, vi. 418 et seq. ; Earwaker's East
Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii.
408-9 ; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Eng-
land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebellion ; White-
locke's Memorials ; Ludlow's Memoirs; Thurloe's
State Papers; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1649-
1658; Carlyle's Cromwell; Commons' Journal,
vi. vii. viii. ; State Trials, iii. iv. v. Many attacks
on Bradshaw were published after his death.
The chief of them, besides those mentioned above,
are The Arraignment of the Divel for stealing
away President Bradshaw, 7 Nov. 1659 (fol. sh.) ;
The President of Presidents, or an Elogie on the
death of John Bradshaw, 1659 ; Bradshaw's
Ultimum Vale, being the last words that were
ever intended to be spoke of him, as they were
delivered in a sermon Preach'd at his Interment
by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England,
Oxf. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinner; or,
Bradshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with his
last will and testament, Lond. 1659. Marchmont
Needham published, 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech 'in-
tended to have been spoken ' at his execution at
Tyburn, but ' for very weightie reasons omitted.'
The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity
of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom-
well's new-erected Slaughter-House, a bitter at-
tack on Bradshaw's judicial conduct, appeared in
1705.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, JOHN (Jl. 1679), poli-
tical writer, son of Alban Bradshaw, an at-
torney, of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that
town in 1659. He was admitted a scholar of
Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1674, and
was expelled from that society in 1677 for
robbing and attempting to murder one of
the senior fellows. He was tried and con-
demned to death, but after a year's imprison-
ment was released. Wood says that Bradshaw,
' who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee
ad omnia, retir'd afterwards to his own
country, taught a petty school, turn'd quaker,
was a preacher among them, and wrote and
published "The Jesuits Countermin'd ; or,
an Account of a new Plot, &c.," London,
1679, 4to.' When James II came to the
throne, Bradshaw ' turned papist.'
[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 619.]
T. C.
BRADSHAW, RICHARD (Jl. 1650),
diplomatist, and a merchant of Chester, ap-
pears in December 1642 as one of the col-
lectors of the contribution raised for the
defence of that city (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th
Rep. p. 365). During the civil war he served
as quartermaster-general of the horse under
the command of Sir William Brereton [q. v.]
(Petition in Commons Journals, 23 Jan. 1651).
In the year 1649 he was mayor of Chester,
and in January 1650 was appointed by par-
liament resident at Hamburg. In Novem-
ber 1652 he was for a short time employed
as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in
April 1657 was sent on a similar mission to
Russia. He returned to England in 1659,
and was in January 1660 one of the commis-
sioners of the navy (Mercurius Politicus,
28 Jan. 1660). He is said by Heath to have
been the kinsman of President Bradshaw;
and from the tone of his letters, and his
attendance at Bradshaw's funeral, this ap-
pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood
states that he was the nephew of John
Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of the latter's
family given in Earwaker's ' History of
Cheshire ' does not confirm this statement.
[Bradshaw has left a large correspondence. The
Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain several let-
Bradshaw
182
Bradshaw
ters of 1649-51 . In the Sixth Eeport of the Koyal
Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 426-44,
is a report by Mr. Horwood on a collection of
letters to and from Bradshaw in the possession of
Miss Ffarington. His official correspondence is
contained in the Thurloe State Papers. Some
other letters may be found in the Calendar of
Domestic State Papers. Mercurius Politicus, Nos.
135 to 144, contains a full account of Bradshaw's
Mission to Copenhagen (18 Dec. 1652 to 10 Feb.
1653). Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, pp. 485-90,
contains depositions relative to the plot for his
murder formed during his stay there. Peck terms
him the nephew of President Bradshaw.]
C. H. F.
BRADSHAW, THOMAS (fi. 1591),
poet, was the author of 'The Shepherd's
Starre, now of late scene and at this hower
to be obserued, merueilous orient in the East :
which bringeth glad tydings to all that may
behold her brightnes, having the foure ele-
ments with the foure capital! vertues in her,
which makes her elementall and a van-
quishor of all earthly humors. Described
by a Gentleman late of the Right worthie
and honorable the Lord Burgh, his companie
retinue in the Briell in North-holland/
London, 1591. The dedication is addressed
to the well-known Earl of Essex and to
' Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of Gaynsburgh,
Lord Gouernour of the towne of Bryell and
the fortes of Newmanton and Cleyborow in
North Holland for her Maiestie.' Alexander
Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the
author (dated ' from the court of Greenewich
upon Saint George's day, 1591, Aprill 23')
in which he says that he has taken the liberty
of publishing this book in its author's ab-
sence abroad. The preliminary poems by
I. M. and Thomas Groos deal with Brad-
shaw's departure from England. The volume
consists of ' A Paraphrase upon the third of
the Canticles of Theocritus/ in both verse
and prose. The author's style in the preface
is highly affected and euphuistic, but the
Theocritean paraphrase reads pleasantly. The
book is of great rarity. A copy is in the
British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro-
ceeded B.A. at Oxford in 1547, and suppli-
cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549
(Or/. Univ. JReg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 212).
[Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ;
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618),
puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw,
of a Lancashire family, was born at Market
Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1571. His early
schooling at Worcester was paid for by an
uncle, on whose death his education was
gratuitously continued by George Ainsworth,
master of the grammar school at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch. In 1589 Bradshaw went to Em-
manuel College, Cambridge, where he gra-
duated B.A. and MA., but was unsuccessful
in competing for a fellowship (1595) with
Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich.
Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton
[q. v.], the first master of Emmanuel, he ob-
tained a tutorship in the family of Sir Thomas
Leighton, governor of Guernsey. Here he
came under the direct influence of the puritan
leader, Thomas Cartwright [q. v.], who had
framed (1576) the ecclesiastical discipline of
the Channel Islands on the continental model,
and was now preaching at Castle-cornet.
Between Cartwright and Bradshaw a strong
and lasting affection- was formed. Here also
he met James Montague (afterwards bishop
of Winchester). In 1599, when Montague
was made first master of Sidney Sussex Col-
lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointed
one of the first fellows. He had a near es-
cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at
Harston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour-
neying on horseback to the university. He
took orders, some things at which he scrupled
being dispensed with, and preached occasion-
ally at Abington, Bassingbourne, and Steeple-
Morden, villages near Cambridge. He left
Cambridge, having got into trouble by dis-
tributing the writings of John Darrel [q. v.],
tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601,
through Chaderton's influence, he was invited
to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the
diocese of Rochester. He was very popular,
and the parishioners applied (25 April 1602),
through Sir Francis Hastings, for the arch-
bishop's confirmation of his appointment to
the living. A report that he held unsound
doctrine had, however, reached London ; and
Bradshaw was cited on 26 May to appear
next morning before Archbishop Whitgift,
and Bancroft, bishop of London, at Shorne,
near Chatham. He was accused of teaching
' that man is not bound to love God, unless
he be sure that God loves him.' Bradshaw
repudiated this heresy, and offered to produce
testimony that he had taught no such thing.
However, he was simply called upon to sub-
scribe ; he declined, was suspended, and bound
to appear again when summoned. The vicar,
John Philips, stood his friend, and the pa-
rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of
Rochester, for his restoration, but without
effect. Under this disappointment, Bradshaw
found a retreat in the family of Alexander
Redich, of Newhall, close to Stapenhill, Der-
byshire. Redich procured him a license from
William Overton, bishop of Coventry and
Lichfield, to preach in any part of his diocese.
Accordingly he preached at a private chapel
in Redich's park, and subsequently (from
Bradshaw
183
Bradshaw
1604) in Stapenhill Church. Although he
drew no emolument from his public work,
the hospitality of his patron was liberally
extended to him. Soon after his marriage
he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill
parish, and his wife made something by
needlework and by teaching a few children.
Bradshaw was one of a little knot of puritan
divines who met periodically at Ashby-de-
la-Zouch, Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Sta-
penhill. Neither in form nor in aim was this
association a presbyterian classis. Whether
Bradshaw ever held Cartwright's views of ec-
clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear ; it is plain
that he did not adhere to them. Neal places
both him and his neighbour Hildersham, of
Ashby , among the beneficed clergy who inl 586
declared their approbation of Cartwright's
1 Book of Discipline ; ' but the chronology in
both cases is manifestly wrong. Even Cart-
wright and his immediate coadjutors declared
in April 1592 that they never had exercised
any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or so much as
proposed to do so, till authorised by law.
The exercises of the association with which
Bradshaw was connected were limited to a
public sermon and a private conference. In
these discussions Bradshaw's balanced judg-
ment gave him a superiority over his brethren,
who called him ' the weighing divine.' He
was strongly averse to ceremonies, both as
unlawful in themselves and imposed by the
undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was
in London, probably on a publishing errand,
in 1605 ; he had been chosen lecturer at
Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop
would not authorise him. He had already
published against ceremonies, and though
his tracts were anonymous, their paternity
was well understood. He now put forth his
most important piece, ' English Puritanisme,'
1605, 4to, which professed to embody the
views of the most rigid section of the party.
His views of doctrine would have satisfied
Henry Ainsworth [q. v.] ; he was at one with
Ainsworth as regards the independence of
congregations, differing only as to the ma-
chinery of their internal government ; he was
no separatist, but he wanted to see the church
purified. Moreover, he entertained a much
stronger feeling than Ainsworth of the duty
of submission to the civil authority. Let the
king be a ' very infidel ' and persecutor of the
truth, or openly defy every law of God, he
held that he still retained, as ' archbishop and
general overseer of all the churches within
his dominions,' the right to rule all churches
within his realm, and must not be resisted in
the name of conscience ; those who cannot
obey must passively take what punishment
he allots. The key to Bradshaw's own scheme
of church polity is the complete autonomy of
individual congregations. He would have
them disciplined inwardly on the presbyterian
plan, the worshippers delegating their spi-
ritual government to an oligarchy of pastors
and elders, power of excommunication being
reserved to ( the whole congregation itself.'
But he would subject no congregation to any
ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is
within itself.' To prevent as far as possible
the action of the state from being warped by
ecclesiastical control, he would enact that
no clergyman should hold any office of civil
authority. Liberty of conscience is a prin-
ciple which his view of the royal supremacy
precludes him from directly stating ; but he
very carefully guards against the possible
abuse of church censures, and holds it a sin
for any church officers to exercise authority
over the body, goods, lives, liberty of any man.
In spite of the safeguard provided by the auto-
cratic control which he proposed to vest in the
civil power, the system of which Bradshaw was
the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed
as abandoning every recognised security for
the maintenance of protestant uniformity.
That on his principle congregations might set
up the mass was doubtless what was most
feared ; ' puritan-papist ' is the significant title
jiven in 1605 to a writer on Bradshaw's side,
who would ' persuade the permission of the
promiscuous use and profession of all sorts
of heresies.' But before very long the ap-
pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as
Wightman confirmed the impression that the
scheme of Bradshaw and his friends would
never do. Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism
bore no name, but its authorship was never
any secret. It was not enough to answer
him by the pen of the Bishop of London's
Welsh chaplain ; his London lodgings were
searched by two pursuivants, deputed to seize
him and his pamphlets. His wife had sent
him out of the way, and, not half an hour
before the domiciliary visit, had succeeded in
cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace.
They carried this spirited lady before the high
commission, but could extract nothing from
her under examination, so they bound her to
appear again when summoned, and let her go.
Ames's Latin version of the ' English Puri-
tanisme ' carried Bradshaw's views far and
wide (see AMES, WILLIAM, 1576-1633, and
BBOWHB'Sj5i0. of Congregationalism in Norf.
and Suff. 1877, p. 66 seq.) His Derbyshire re-
treat was Bradshaw's safe sanctuary ; thither
he returned from many a journey in the cause
he loved ; his friends there were influential ;
and there was much in his personal address
which, when his surface austerity yielded to
the natural play of a bright and companionable
Bradshaw
184
Bradshaw
disposition, attached to him the affectionate '
regard of men who did not share his views. !
No encomium from his own party gives so |
sympathetic a picture of his character as we
find in the graphic touches of his compeer,
Bishop Hall, who puts the living man before I
us, ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty
in friendship, regardless of the world, a de-
spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.' In
the year before his death Bradshaw got back
to Derbyshire from one of his journeys, and
the chancellor of Overall, the bishop of Co-
ventry and Lichfield, ' welcomed him home
with a suspension from preaching.' But ' the
mediation of a couple of good angels ' (not
'two persons of some influence,' as Rose
suggests, but coins of the realm) procured the
withdrawal of the inhibition, and Bradshaw
was left to pursue his work in peace. On
a visit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma-
lignant fever, which carried him off in 1618.
A large company of ministers attended him
to his burial in Chelsea Church on 16 May.
The funeral sermon was preached by Thomas
Gataker [q. v.], who subsequently became his
biographer. Bradshaw married a widow at
Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place
till a short time prior to his election by the
vestry as afternoon lecturer at Christ Church.
He left three sons and a daughter ; the eldest
son, John, was born in Threadneedle Street,
and 'baptized in the church near thereto
adjoyning, where the minister of the place,
somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake,
instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John.' He
became rector of Etchingham, Sussex. Brad-
shaw published : 1. ' A Triall of Subscription
by way of a Preface unto certaine Subscribers,
and reasons for lesse rigour against Nonsub-
scribers,' 1599, 8vo (anon.) 2. ' Humble
Motives for Association to maintain religion
established,' 1601, 8vo (anon.) 3. * A con-
sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco-
pall,' 1604, 12mo (anon. ; the positions at-
tacked are four, viz. that religion needs
ceremonies, that they are lawful when their
doctrine is lawful, that the doctrine of the
Anglican ceremonies is part of the gospel,
that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. 'A
shorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme
. . . the use of the crosse in baptisme is not
indifferent, but utterly unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.) 5. ' A Treatise of Divine Worship,
tending to prove that the Ceremonies imposed
. . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, 8vo
(anon.); reprinted 1703, 8vo, with preface
and postscript, signed D. M. (Daniel Mayo),
t in defence of a book entitled " Thomas
against Bennet" ' [see BENTSTET, THOMAS, D.D.]
6. ' A Proposition concerning kneeling in the
very act of receiving, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon.)
7. 'A Treatise of the nature and use of things
indifferent, tending to prove that the Ceremo-
nies in present controversie . . . are neither
in nature or use indifferent,' 1605, 8vo (anon. ;
a note prefixed implies that it was circu-
lated anonymously in manuscript and pub-
lished by an admirer of the unknown author).
8. l Twelve generall arguments, proving that
the Ceremonies imposed ... are unlawful!,
and therefore that the Ministers of the Gos-
pell, for the . . . omission of them in church
service are most unjustly charg'd of dis-
loyaltie to his Majestie,' 1605, 12mo (anon.)
9. l English Puritanisme : containeing the
maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those
that are called Puritanes . . .' 1605, 8vo
(anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to :
the article AMES, WILLIAM, speaks of this as
the earliest edition of the original ; it was
translated into Latin for foreign use, with
preface by William Ames, D.D., and title
' Puritanismus Anglicanus,' 1610, 8vo. Neal
gives an abstract of this work and No. 10,
carefully done ; but the main fault to be found
with Neal is his introduction of the phrase
* liberty of conscience, which implies rather
more than Bradshaw expressly contends for).
10. ' A Protestation of the King's Supremacie :
made in the name of the afflicted Ministers,
. . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; it was in explanation
of the statement of the church's attitude
towards civil governors, contained in the fore-
going, and concludes with an earnest plea
for permission openly and peacefully to exer-
cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub-
ject only to the laws of the civil authority).
11. 'A myld and just Defence of certeyne
Arguments ... in behalf of the silenced
Ministers, against Mr. G. Powell's Answer to
them,' 1606, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell was
chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London, and
had published against toleration (1605). In
reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of
the deprived and silenced Ministers' Argu-
ments, . . .' 1606, 4to ; and in reply to
Bradshaw's defence he wrote 'A Rejoinder
to the mild Defence, justifying the Con-
sideration,' &c., 1606, 4to). 12. < The Un-
reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa-
rant, by an Examination of Mr. Johnson's
pretended Reasons,published in 1608, whereby
heelaboureth to justifie his Schisme from the
Church Assemblies of England,' Dort, 1614,
4to. (Francis Johnson's < Certayne Reasons
and Arguments ' was written while Johnson
was at one with Ainsworth in advocating a
separatist congregational polity. John Canne,
who subsequently became pastor of Johnson's
Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis-
tinguish himself as a fifth-monarchy man,
published ' A Necessitie of Separation from
Bradshaw
185
Bradshaw
the Church of England, proved from the
Nonconformists' Principles/ 1634, 4to, in
reply to Bradshaw and Alexander Leighton,
M.D., a non-separatist presbyterian. Gataker
then brought out a supplemented edition
of Bradshaw's book, 'The Unreasonable-
ness of the Separation made apparent, in
Answere to Mr. Francis Johnson ; together
with a Defence of the said Answere against the
Keply of Mr. John Canne,' 1640, 4to.) 13.
1 A Treatise of Justification,' 1615, 8vo ; trans-
lated into Latin, 'Dissertatio de Justifica-
tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, 12mo ; Oxford,
1658, 8vo. (Gataker says that John Prideaux,
D.D., a strong opponent of Arminianism, after-
wards bishop of Worcester, expressed pleasure
at meeting Bradshaw's son, l for the old ac-
quaintance I had, not with your father, but
with his book of justification.') 14. The 2nd
edition of Cartwright's ' A Treatise of the
Christian Religion, . . .' 1616, 4to, has an
address ' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B.
(Bradshaw). Probably posthumous was 15,
*A Preparation to the receiving of Christ's
Body and Bloud, . . .' 8th edit., 1627, 12mo.
Certainly posthumous were 16, 'A Plaine
and Pithie Exposition of the Second Epistle
to the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by
Gataker). 17. 'A Marriage Feast/ 1620, 4to
(edited by Gataker). 18. t An Exposition of
the XC. Psalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to.
(The first of these seems to have been sepa-
rately published as * A Meditation on Man s
Mortality ; ' the other is the same as 14.) In ad-
dition to the above, Brook gives the following,
without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian
Reproof.' 20. < A Treatise of the Sin against
the Holy Ghost/ 21. < A Twofold Catechism.'
22. < An Answer to Mr. G. Powell ' (probably
the same as 11, but possibly a reply to one of
Powell's earlier tracts). 23. ' A Defence of
the Baptism of Infants.' A collection of
Bradshaw's tracts was published with the
title, ' Several Treatises of Worship & Cere-
monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford,
1660, 4to ; it contains Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly-
leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed
in Aug. 1660 by J. Rothwell, at the Foun-
tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All
the tracts, except 3 and 4, have separate title-
pages, though the paging runs on, and are
sometimes quoted as distinct issues.
[Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology,
1677 ; Neal'sHist. of the Puritans, Dublin, 1759,
i. 381, 418; ii. 62 seq., 106; Brook's Lives of
the Puritans, 1813, ii. 212, 264 seq., 376 seq.;
Brook's Memoirs of Cart-wright, 1845, pp. 434,
462 ; Fisher's Companion and Key to the Hist,
of England, 1832, pp. 728, 747; Rose, Biog.
Diet. 1857, v. 1; Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861,
1 ii. 236, 405 seq. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Eel.
: Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, 99,
101 ; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, ii. 534 seq.,
, iii. 565 seq. ; extracts from Stapenhill Registers,
per Rev. E. Warbreck. The list of Bradshaw's
; tracts has been compiled by help of the libraries
; of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata-
logue of the Advocates' Library, Edin., and a
private collection. Further search would pro-
bably bring others to light. They are not easy
to find, owing to their anonymity.] A. G-.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700),
hack writer, was originally educated for the
church. The eccentric bookseller John Dun-
I ton, from whom our only knowledge of him
is derived, has left a flattering account of his
abilities. ' His genius was quite above the
common order, and his style was incompa-
rably fine. . . . He wrote for me the parable of
the magpies, and many thousands of them
sold.' Bradshaw lived in poverty and debt,
and under the additional burden of a melan-
i choly temperament. Dunton's last experi-
ence of him was in connection with a
j literary project for which he furnished cer-
i tain material equipments ; possessed of these,
I Bradshaw disappeared. The passage in which
' Dunton records this transaction has all his
j characteristic nai'vetS, though it may be
j doubted whether, if Bradshaw lived to read
| it, he derived much satisfaction from the
j plenary dispensation which was granted him
' If Mr. Bradshaw be yet alive, I here de-
: clare to the world and to him that I freely
forgive him what he owes both in money and
books if he will only be so kind as to make
! me a visit.' Dunton believed Bradshaw to
be the author of the ' Turkish Spy/ but this
conjecture is negatived by counter claims
supported on better authority (Gent. Mag.
Ivi. pt. i. p. 33 : NICHOLS, Literary Anecdotes,
. i. 413 ; D'ISEAELI, Curiosities of Literature,
5th ed. ii. 134).
[Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705, ed.
! 1818.] J. M. S.
BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. (1671-
1 1732), bishop of Bristol, was born at Aberga-
1 venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1671
(CooPER, Biographical Dictionary}. He was
educated at New College, Oxford, taking his
degree of B. A. 14 April 1697, and proceeding
M. A. 14 Jan. 1700. He was ordained deacon
4 June 1699, and priest 26 May 1700, and
was senior preacher of the university in
1711- On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap-
lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor-
wich, he published a sermon preached in St.
Paul's Cathedral. After having been for some
time incumbent of Fawley, near Wantage,
in Berkshire, he was appointed on 21 March
1717 to a prebend of Canterbury, which he
Bradshawe
186
Brad street
resigned on his appointment as canon of Christ
Church, Oxford, on 24 May 1723. He received
the degree of D.D. on 27 Aug. of the same
year ; and on 29 Aug. 1724 was nominated
to both the deanery of Christ Church and
the bishopric of Bristol, receiving the two
Preferments in commendam. He published in
730 a ' Sermon preached before the House of
Lords on 30 Jan. 1729-30.' Bradshaw died at
Bath on 16 Dec. 1732. He was buried in
Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat stone,
about two feet beyond the bishop's stall to-
wards the chancel, was inscribed : ' William
Bradshaw, D.D., Bishop of Bristol and Dean
of Christ Church, in Oxford ; died 16 Dec.
1732, aged 62 ' (Rawlinson MSS. 4to, i. 267).
It is also erroneously said that Bradshaw was
buried at Bath (LE NEVE, Fasti) ; ' ibique
jacet sepultus' (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus).
Bradshaw left 300/. to Christ Church.
[Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ; Cooper's
Biog. Diet. 1873; History of the University of
Oxford, 1814; Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ed. Ri-
chardson, 1743; Le Neve's Fasti, 1854; Daily
Journal, 19 Dec. 1732 ; Britton's Abbey and Ca-
thedral Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popular
History of Bristol, 1861.] A. H. G.
BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1635),
fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, was the
author of ' Canticvm Evangelicvm Summam
Sacri Evangelii contin ens,' London, 1635, 8vo,
dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwaring, knight.
This book is unnoticed by all bibliographers.
[Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vi, 143.]
T. C.
BRADSTKEET, ANNE (1612-1672),
poetess, was born in 1612, probably at North-
ampton, and was the second of the six children
of Thomas Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wife
( Works in Prose and Verse, Introd. p. xiv).
Her father was once page to Lord Compton,
then, steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and
finally governor of Massachusetts. In 1628
Anne had the small-pox. Later in the same
year she married Simon Bradstreet, son of
Simon Bradstreet, a nonconformist minister
in Lincolnshire : the younger Simon had been
eight years in the Earl of Lincoln's family
under Anne's father (Magnolia Christi Ame-
ricana, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 was steward
to the Countess of Warwick (Worlds, &c.,
Introd. p. xxii). On 29 March 1630 the Brad-
streets, the Dudleys, and Arbella (the Earl of
Lincoln's sister, wife of Isaac Johnson), with
many others, set sail for New England, and
on 12 June landed at Salem, whence they re-
moved at once to Charlestown (ib. p. xxxi).
In 1632 Anne had a ' fit of sickness,' and in
1634 the party settled at Ipswich, Massa-
chusetts (Works, Introd. p. xxxv). Simon
Bradstreet formed a plantation at Merrimac
in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her
' Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.' At Ipswich,
on Monday, 28 Sept. 1640, she at last be-
came a mother, and she could eventually
write, 23 June 1659 (Poems, p. 245) :
I had eight birds hatcht in one nest,
Four cocks there were and hens the rest.
In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in
honour of Du Bartas, and she shortly made a
collection of her poems. The chief of them
was entitled ' The Four Elements ; ' she dedi-
cated the volume in verse to her father, under
date 20 March 1642. These poems were dis-
tributed in manuscript, and gained her great
celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her as ' a
crown to her father ' (Magnalia, bk. ii. p. 17),
whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebrated
poet of her time in America' (Poets and Poetry
of America, p. 92). The book was at last pub-
lished, in London, 1650, under the title ' The
Tenth Muse,' . . . ' By a Gentlewoman in
Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on
27 Dec., Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's
mother, died (Poems, p. 220) ; in 1644 her
father married again (having three more
children by this marriage). In 1653 Anne's
father died. In 1661 she had a further long
and serious illness, and her husband, then
secretary to the colony, had to proceed to
England on state business. Anne wrote
1 Poetical Epistles' to him. By 3 Sept.
1662 he had returned. Anne Bradstreet
wrote poems in 1665 and 1669 commemo-
rating the deaths of three grandchildren ; and
on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her last poem,
beginning
As weary pilgrim, now at rest.
After this Anne Bradstreet's health failed
entirely, and she died of consumption, at An-
dover, Massachusetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60.
It is not known where Anne Bradstreet
was buried. Her poems, says Cotton Mather,
are a ' monument for her memory beyond the
stateliest marbles ; ' and these ' Poems ' were
issued in a second edition, printed by John
Foster, at Boston (America), in 1678. Anne
Bradstreet also left a small manuscript book
of ' Meditations,' designed for the use of her
children. Extracts from this book appeared,
with the title of ' The Puritan Mother,' in the
American ' Congregational Visitor,' 1844 ; in
Dr. Budington's * History of the First Church
in Charlestown,' and in many American
newspapers to which they were contributed
by Mr. Dean Dudley ( Works, Introd. p. x). In
1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne
Bradstreet's ' Works,' and there these ' Medi-
tations,' together with all that Anne Brad-
street ever wrote, are given in their entirety.
Brad street
187
Bradstreet
Simon Bradstreet (a portrait of whom is
in the senate chamber of the State House,
Massachusetts) married again after Anne's
death, and became governor of Massachusetts
in 1679, not dying till 1697, aged 94. Amongst
Anne's descendants are Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Dana, and Dr. Channing, besides
many other of the best-known Americans.
[Works of Anne Bradstreet, in Prose and
Verse (ed. Ellis), U.S. A. 1867; Anne Bradstreet's
Poems, 2nd ed. Boston, 1678 ; Mather's Magnalia
Christi Americana, bk. ii. pp. 17, 19.] J. H.
BRADSTREET, DUDLEY (1711-1763),
adventurer, was born in 1711 in Tipperary,
where his father had obtained considerable
property under the Cromwellian grants,
which, however, was much reduced by debts.
Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his
early years in charge of a foster father in
Tipperary. While a youth he became a
trooper, but soon quitted the army and traded
unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and sub-
sequently as a brewer. For several years, in
Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an er-
ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro-
jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet
was employed by government officials to act
as a spy among suspected persons. He was
also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of
Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them
with information on the movements of Prince
Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet as-
sumed the character of a devoted adherent to
the Stuart cause, and, under the name of ' Cap-
tain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to the
prince and his council at Derby. There he
acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of
Cumberland, and, without being suspected
by the Jacobites, continued on good terms
with them, and took his leave as a friend
when they commenced their return march to
Scotland. Bradstrefct's notices of Prince
Charles and his associates are graphic. He
describes circumstantially the executions, in
August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and
Lord Balmerino, at which he states he was
present. Although Bradstreet's services as
a secret agent were admitted by the govern-
ment officials, he was unable to obtain from
them either money or a commission in the
army, which he considered had been promised
to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing
his case under the notice of the king, from
whom he consequently received the sum of
one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet
subsequently subsisted for a time on the re-
sults of schemes, his success in which he
ascribed to the l superstition ' of the English
people, and ' their credulity and faith in
wondrous things.' The last of his devices
at London appears to have been that styled
the ' bottle conjurer,' which, with the assist-
ance of several confederates, he carried out
with great gains in January 1747-8. On his
adventures in connection with the affair Brad-
street wrote a play, in five acts, styled l The
Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer,' which he
states was revised for him by some of the
best judges and actors in England, including
Mrs. Woffington, who gave him ' the best
advice she could about it.' This play was
four times performed with great success at
London, but on the fifth night, when Brad-
street was to have taken the part of ' Spy,'
the principal character, it was suppressed by
the magistrates of Westminster. ' The Bottle
Conjurer' was printed by Bradstreet with his
' Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet
returned to Ireland, where he owned a small
property in land. He attempted unsuccess-
fully to carry on trade as a brewer in West-
meath, and became involved in contests with
officials of the excise. To raise funds, he
printed an account of his life and adventures.
The work is written with vivacity and de-
scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multi-
farnham, Westmeath, in 1763. His brother,
Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in
Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759,
and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet
[q. v.], third baronet, was a younger brother
of Sir Simon, the first baronet's son and
heir.
[The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Cap-
tain Dudley Bradstreet, 1755; Dublin Journal,
1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.]
J. T. G.
BRADSTREET, ROBEET (1766-
1836), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was
born at Highana, Suffolk, in 1766, and edu-
cated under the care of the Rev. T. Foster,
rector of Halesworth in that county. On
4 June 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of
St. John's College, Cambridge, and he became
a fellow-commoner of that society on 23 Jan.
1786. The dates of his degrees are B.A.
1786, M.A. 1789. Bradstreet was the pos-
sessor of an estate at Bentley in Suffolk,
with a mansion called Bentley Grove, which,
it is believed, he inherited from his father.
He resided for several years abroad, and
witnessed many of the scenes of the French
revolution, of which he was at one time an
advocate. He married in France, but took
advantage of the facility with which the
marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on
his return to England he married, in 1800,
Miss Adham of Mason's Bridge, near Had-
leigh, Suffolk, by whom he had a numerous
family. For some time he lived at Higham
Bradstreet
188
Bradwardine
Hall, Raydon, but removing thence, lie re-
sided at various places, and at length died at
Southampton on 13 May 1836.
He was the author of ' The Sabine Farm,
a poem : into which is interwoven a series
of translations, chiefly descriptive of the
Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an
excursion from Rome to Licenza,' London,
1810, 8vo. There are seven engraved plates
in the work, and an appendix contains * Mis-
cellaneous Odes from Horace.'
[London Packet, 20-23 May 1836, p. 1, col. 1 ;
Addit. MS. 19167, f. 237; Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii)
420, N.S., vi. 108.] T. C.
BRADSTREET, SIR SAMUEL (1735?-
1791), Irish judge, the representative of a
family who had settled in Ireland in the
time of Cromwell, was born about 1735,
being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad-
street, a barrister, who was created a baronet
of Ireland on 14 July 1759. Samuel Brad-
street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary
term, 1758. * He was appointed in 1766 to the
recordership of Dublin. In June 1776 Brad-
street who, at the death of Sir Simon, his
elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the
title as third baronet was elected represen-
tative of the city of Dublin in the Irish House
of Commons. He was re-elected in October
1783, and was distinguished as a member of
the l patriotic party,' from which, however,
according to Sir Jonah Barrington, he was one
of the ' partial desertions.' ' Mr. Yelverton,
the great champion of liberty, had been made
chief baron, and silenced ; Mr. Bradstreet [i.e.
Sir Samuel Bradstreet] became a judge [in
January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly
had accepted the office of paymaster, and
had renegaded' (Historic Anecdotes, ii. 166).
Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Maryborough,
Queen's County, where he summed up for the
conviction of Captain (afterwards General)
Gillespie, for the murder of William Barring-
ton, younger brother of Sir Jonah Barrington,
whom he held to have been unfairly slain by
Captain Gillespie in a duel. In 1788 Brad-
street was appointed a commissioner of the
great seal, in association with the Archbishop
of Dublin and Sir Hugh Carleton, chief jus-
tice of the court of common pleas. Bradstreet
died at his seat at Booterstown, near Dublin,
on 2 May 1791, and was succeeded in the
baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four
sons by his wife Eliza, whom he married
in 1771, and who died in 1802, only daugh-
ter and heiress of James Tully, M.D., of
Dublin.
[Dublin Gazette, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-15
Jan. 1784; London Gazette, 10-13 Jan. 1784;
Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1766-1776; St.
James's Chronicle, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer-
age and Baronetage, 1884; Smyth's Chronicle of
the Law Officers of Ireland, 1839 ; B. H. Blacker's
Parishes of Booterstown and Donny brook, 1860-
74 ; Members of Parliament : Parliament of Ire-
land, 1559-1800, 1878; Barrington's Historic
Memoirs of Ireland, 1833 ; Barrington's Rise and
Fall of the Irish Nation ; Barrington's Personal
Sketches of his own Time, 1869-1 A - H . G.
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?-
1349), archbishop of Canterbury, is com-
monly called DOCTOR PROFUNDTJS. His sur-
name is variously spelt Bragwardin (Ger-
son), Brandnardinus (Gesner), Bredwardyn
(Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William
de Dene). In public documents he is usually
designated as Thomas de Bradwardina or de
Bredewardina. His family may have ori-
lally come from Bradwardine near Here-
ford, but he himself says that he was born
in Chichester, and implies that his father and
grandfather were also natives of that city.
Birchington indeed (WHARTON, Anglia Sa-
cra, i. 42) says that he was born at Hertfield
(Hartfield) in the diocese of Chichester, and
William de Dene (Ana. Sac. i. 376) gives
Condenna (probably Cowden) in the diocese
of Rochester as his birthplace, but neither of
these writers supports his statement by any
evidence.
At Chichester Thomas may have become
acquainted with the celebrated Richard of
Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who
held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe-
dral early in the fourteenth century, and from
that enthusiast in study and diligent collec-
tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste
for learning. Nothing, however, is known re-
specting his education before he went to Ox-
ford, nor has the exact date of his going
thither been ascertained. All we know for
certain is that he was entered at the college,
then recently founded by W alter de Merton,
and in 1325 his name appears as one of the
proctors of the university. In this capacity
he had to take part in a dispute between
the university and the archdeacon of Oxford.
The archdeaconry was held in commendam
by Galhardus de Mora, cardinal of St. Lucia ;
the duties of the office were discharged by
deputy, and the emoluments were farmed by
men whose object was to make as much gain
for themselves as they could. They claimed
spiritual jurisdiction over the university for
the archdeacon. The chancellor and proctors
resisted the claim, maintaining that the dis-
cipline of the university pertained to them.
The cardinal archdeacon having complained
to the pope, the chancellor, proctors, and
certain masters of arts were summoned to
Avignon to answer for their conduct, but they
Bradwardine
189
Bradwardine
declined to appear and lodged a counter suit
against the archdeacon in the king's court.
The king, Edward III, compelled the arch-
deacon to submit to the arbitration of Eng-
lish judges, and the controversy ended in
favour of the university, which was exempted
from all episcopal jurisdiction.
During his residence in Oxford, Thomas
Bradwardine obtained the highest reputation
as a mathematician, astronomer, moral phi-
losopher, and theologian. At the request of
the fellow's of Merton he delivered to them
a course of theological lectures, which he
afterwards expanded into a treatise. This
work earned him the title of Doctor Profun-
dus : in his ow T n day it was commonly called
' Summa Doctoris Profundi,' but in later
times it has been entitled 'De Causa Dei
contra Pelagium, et de virtute causarum ad
suos Mertonenses libri tres.' This treatise
was edited by Sir Henry Savile in 1618 in
a folio volume of nearly 1,000 pages. It con-
tinued to be for ages a standard authority
amongst theologians of the Augustinian and
Calvinistic school. Dean Milner gives a sum-
mary of its contents in his f Church History '
(iv. 79-106). According to Bradwardine the
whole church had in his day become deeply
infected with Pelagianism. 'I myself/ he
says, l was once so foolish and vain when I
first applied myself to the study of phi-
losophy as to be seduced by this error. In
the schools of the philosophers I rarely heard
a word said concerning grace, but we were
continually told that we were the masters
of our own free actions, and that it was
in our own power to do well or ill.' He en-
deavours to prove, with much logical force
and mathematical precision, that human ac-
tions are totally devoid of all merit, that
they do not deserve grace even of congruity,
that is as being meet and equitable the
most specious form of Pelagianism, and one
which w r as most commonly entertained in
that day. He maintains that human nature
is absolutely incapable of conquering a single
temptation without a supply of divine grace,
and that this grace is the free and unmerited
gift of God, whose knowledge and power are
alike perfect. If God did not bestow His
grace freely, He could not foresee how He
would confer His gifts, and therefore His fore-
knowledge would not be absolute ; so that the
doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free
grace are linked together. Underlying all
the hard and dry reasoning, however, of this
treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and
genuine piety which occasionally breaks out
into fervent meditation and prayer, full of
love, humility, and thankfulness.
The estimation in which Thomas Brad-
wardine was held as a theologian in his own
century is indicated by the way in which
Chaucer refers to him. In the ' Nun's Priest's
Tale ' the speaker, touching on the question of
God's foreknowledge and man's free-will, is
made to say :
But I ne cannot boult it to the bren,
As can the holy doctour S. Austin,
Or Boece, or the Bishop Bradwirdyn.
About 1335 Bradwardine was, with seven
other Merton men, summoned to London by
Richard of Bury, who had been made bishop
of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the
following year, and who surrounded himself
with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains,
partly from a love of splendour, partly from
a love of the society of men of learning who
could assist him in the formation of his library.
In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtained for
his chaplain Bradwardine the chancellorship
of St. Paul's Cathedral with the prebend of
Cadington Minor attached to it. He soon
afterwards accepted also a prebendal stall in
Lincoln Cathedral, although not without some
scruples and hesitation, owing to the objec-
tions then becoming prevalent against the
non-residence of beneficiaries.
On the joint recommendation of Arch-
bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham
he was appointed one of the royal chaplains.
Although the title of confessor was borne
by all the king's chaplains, the language of
Birchington seems to imply that Bradwar-
dine actually received the confession of Ed-
ward III, which, considering what the life
of the king then was, must have been a very
difficult and unpleasant office if it was con-
scientiously discharged. He joined the court
in Flanders and accompanied the king,
16 Aug. 1338, in his progress up the Rhine
to hold a conference at Coblenz with his
brother-in-law Lewis of Bavaria.
At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the
king that Richard Coeur de Lion had offered
public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his
escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca-
thedral had been destroyed by fire, but the
new structure, which has not been completed
till our own day, was in course of erection.
The plans were submitted to the king, and
after consultation with Bradwardine he sub-
scribed a sum equal to 1,500/. according to
the present value of money. Bradwardine
continued to be in attendance upon the king-
up to the date of the victory of Cressy and
the capture of Calais. He was so diligent
in his exhortations to the king and the sol-
diers that many attributed the successes of
the English arms to the favour of Heaven
obtained through the wholesome warnings
Bradwardine
190
Brady
and the holy example of the royal chaplain.
After the battles of Cressy and Neville's
Cross he was appointed one of the commis-
sioners to treat of peace with King Philip.
Archbishop Stratford died 23 Aug. 1348,
and the chapter of Canterbury, thinking to
anticipate the wishes of the king, elected
Bradwardine to the vacant see without
waiting for the congt d'Slire. The king,
however, was offended by the irregularity,
and requested the pope to set aside the elec-
tion and appoint John of Ufford by provision.
The appointment was merely a device in
order to vindicate his own right of nomina-
tion, which had been infringed by the pre-
mature action of the chapter ; for John of
Ufford was aged and paralytic, and died of
the plague before his consecration.
After the death of John of Ufford the
chapter applied for the conge d'elire, which
was sent with the recommendation to elect
Bradwardine. The pope, Clement VI, also
issued a bull in which he affected to supersede
the election of the chapter, and appointed
Thomas by provision. Bradwardine was on
the continent at the time of his election, and
repaired without delay to the papal court at
Avignon for consecration, which took place
19 July 1349. The pope was so completely in
the power of Edward at this time that he had
once bitterly remarked, if the King of England
were to ask him to make a bishop of a jack-
ass, he could not refuse. The cardinals had
resented the saying, and one of them, Hugo,
cardinal of Tudela, a kinsman of the pope,
had the ill taste to make the consecration of
Bradwardine an occasion for indulging their
spleen. In the midst of the banquet given
by the pope, the doors of the hall being
suddenly thrown open a clown entered seated
upon a jackass and presented a humble peti-
tion that he might be made archbishop of
Canterbury. Considering the European re-
putation of Bradwardine for learning and
piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable;
the pope rebuked the offender, and the rest
of the cardinals marked their displeasure by
vying with one another in the respect which
they paid to the new archbishop.
Although the Black Death was now raging
in England, Bradwardine hastened thither.
He landed at Dover on 19 Aug., did hom-
age to the king at Eltham, and received the
temporalities from him on the 22nd. Thence
he went to London, and lodged at La Place,
the residence of the Bishop of Rochester in
Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival
he had a feverish attack, which was attribu-
ted to fatigue after his journey, but in the
evening tumours under the arms and other
symptoms of the deadly plague which was
then ravaging London made their appear-
ance, and on the 26th the archbishop died.
Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the
disease, the body was removed to Canterbury
and buried in the cathedral.
His works are : 1. ' De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium et de virtute causarum,' edited by
Sir Henry Savile, London, 1618. 2. ' Trac-
tatus de proportionibus,' Paris, 1495. 3. ' De
quadrature, circuli,' Paris, 1495. 4. ' Arith-
metica speculativa,' Paris, 1502. 5. ' Geo-
metria speculativa,' Paris, 1530. 6. ' Ars
Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec-
tion, British Museum, No. 3744. This last is
an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory
by the method of mentally associating certain
places with certain ideas or subjects, or the
several parts of a discourse.
[Sir Henry Savile, in the preface to his edition
of Bradwardine's work De Causa Dei contra
Pelagium, has collected all the notices of his
life, which are but scanty. See also Birchington
and William of Dene, Hist. Eoff., and William
de Chambre, Hist. Dunelm., in Wharton's Anglia
Sacra, vol. i. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops,
vol. iv.] W. K. W. S.
BRADY, SIB ANTONIO (1811-1881),
admiralty official, was born at Deptford on
10 Nov. 1811, being the eldest son of Anthony
Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then
storekeeper at the Royal William victualling
yard, Plymouth, by his marriage, on 20 Dee.
1810, with Marianne, daughter of Francis
Perigal and Mary Ogier. He was educated
at Colfe's school, Lewisham, and then entered
the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic-
toria victualling yard, Deptford, on 29 Nov.
1828, and, having served there and at Ply-
mouth and Portsmouth, was, through the
recommendation of Sir James Graham, pro-
moted to headquarters at Somerset House as
a second-class clerk in the accountant-gene-
ral's office on 26 June 1844. He was gradu-
ally promoted until in 1864 he became re-
gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently
assisted very materially in reorganising the
office, he was made the first superintendent
of the admiralty new contract department on
13 April 1869, when an improved salary of
1,000/. a year was allotted to him. He held
this appointment until 31 March 1870, when
he retired on a special pension. He was
knighted by the queen at Windsor on 23 June
1870.
After his retirement Sir Antonio devoted
himself to social, educational, and religious
reform. Having taken a great interest in the
preservation of Epping Forest for the people,
he was appointed a judge in the ' Verderer's
court for the forest of Epping.' He was
Brady
191
Brady
associated with church work of all kinds.
He published in 1869 ' The Church's Works
and its Hindrances, with suggestions for
Church Reform.' The establishment of the
Plaistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the East
London Museum at Bethnal Green, and the
West Ham and Stratford Dispensary was in
a great measure due to him.
Brady was a member of the Ray, the Pa-
laeontographical, and Geological Societies.
So long ago as 1844 his attention had been
attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick-
earth which occupy the valley of the Roding at
Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou-
raged by Professor Owen he commenced col-
lecting the rich series of mammalian remains
in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com-
prising amongst others the skeletons of the
tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceros, horse,
elk, stag, bison, ox, hippopotamus, &c. This
valuable collection of pleistocene mammalia
is now in the British Museum of Natural His-
tory, Cromwell Road. In his l Catalogue of
Pleistocene Mammalia from Ilford, Essex,'
1874, printed for private circulation only,
Brady acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr.
William Davies, F.G.S., his instructor in the
art of preserving fossil bones. He died suddenly
at his residence, Maryland Point, Forest Lane,
Stratford, on 12 Dec. 1881. He was buried in
St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on 16 Dec.
His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of
George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on
18 May 1837, and by her, who survived him,
he left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector
of Wennington, Essex, and two daughters.
[Stratford and South Essex Advertiser, 16 and
23 Dec; 1881 ; Nature (1881-2), xxv. 174-5, by
Henry Woodward; Guardian (1881), p. 1782;
and collected information.] Gr. C. B.
BRADY, JOHN (d. 1814), clerk in the
victualling office, was the author of ' Clavis
Calendaria; or a Compendious Analysis of
the Calendar : illustrated with ecclesiastical,
historical, and classical anecdotes,' 2 vols.,
London, 1812, 8vo ; 3rd edit., 1815. The com-
piler also published an abridgment of the
work, and some extracts from it appeared in
1826, under the title of ' The Credulity of
our Forefathers.' This book, once very po-
pular, has been long since superseded. Brady
died at Kennington, Surrey, on 5 Dec. 1814.
His son, John Henry Brady, arranged and
adapted for publication 'Varieties of Lite-
rature ; being principally selections from the
portfolio of the late John Brady/ London,
1826, 8vo.
[Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 36, 416;
Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in
Brit. Mus.] T. C.
BRADY, SIR MAZIERE (1796-1871),
lord chancellor of Ireland, born on 20 July
1796, was a great-grandson of the Rev. Nicho-
las Brady, D.D. [q. v.], the psalmist, and
the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a
gold and silver thread manufacturer in Dub-
lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity College,
Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a scholarship
there, and twice carried off the vice-chancel-
lor's prize for English verse. He proceeded
B.A. (1816) and M.A. (1819), and was called
to the Irish bar in Trinity term of 1819. In
1833, under the ministry of Earl Grey, he, as
an avowed liberal, was appointed one of the
commissioners to inquire into the state of the
Irish municipal corporations. In 1837 he was
made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes-
sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], and became at-
torney-general in 1839. In the year following
he was promoted to the bench as chief baron
of the Court of Exchequer. He was raised to
the bench of the Irish Court of Chancery,
somewhat against his inclination, in 1846.
He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the
Russell administration, 1847-52. He became
in 1850 the first vice-chancellor of the Queen's
University, of the principles of which founda-
tion Brady was a constant advocate. From
1853 to 1858 Brady was again lord chancellor
of Ireland. He resumed the post once more in
1859, and held it through the second adminis-
trations of Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell
until the overthrow of the latter in 1866. On
28 June of that year he sat for the last time
in the Irish Court of Chancery. He retired
amidst general regret. He was fond of scien-
tific studies, especially geology. In 1869 he
was created a baronet by Mr. Gladstone. He
died at his residence in Upper Pembroke
Street, Dublin, on Thursday, 13 April 1871.
At the time of his death, besides holding the
vice-chancellorship of the Queen's Univer-
sity, he was a member of the National Board
of Education, and president of the Irish Art
Union, and of the Academy of Music.
Brady was twice married : first, in 1823,
to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan
of Dublin, who died in 1858 : and secondly
to Mary, second daughter of the Right Hon.
John HatcheU, P.C., of Fortfield House,
co. Dublin. His first wife left him five
children, by the eldest of whom, Francis
William Brady, Q.C., he was succeeded in
his title and estates.
[Catalogue of Dublin Graduates, 1869 ; Free-
man's Journal, 14 and 18 April 1871 ; Daily News,
15 April 1871; Irish Times, 18 April 1871;
Times, 15 and 13 April 1871 ; Burke's Lives of
the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, 1872 ; Wills's
Irish Nation, its History and its Biography, 1875 ;
Debrett's Baronetage, 1884.] A. H. G.
Brady
192
Brady
BRADY, NICHOLAS (1659-1726),
divine and poet, son of Major Nicholas
Brady, who served in the king's army in the
rebellion, and Martha, daughter of Luke
Gernon, a judge, was born at Bandon, county
Cork, on 28 Oct. 1659. After he had for
some time attended a school called St. Fin-
berry's, kept by Dr. Tindall, he was sent to j
England at the age of twelve, and admitted j
into the college of Westminster in 1673.
Thence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- [
ford, where he matriculated 4 Feb. 1678-9, |
proceeding B.A. in Michaelmas term 1682. j
He then returned to Ireland, lived with his
father at Dublin, and took his B.A. degree at
the university there in 1685, proceeding M.A. |
the next year. Entering orders he was in- j
stituted prebendary of Kinaglarchy in the
church of Cork in July 1688, and a few
months later was presented to the livings of
Killmyne and Drinagh in Cork diocese. He
was also chaplain to Bishop Wetenhall. j
During the revolution he warmly upheld i
the cause of the Prince of Orange, and j
suffered some loss in consequence. His in- j
terest with James's general, MacCarthy, j
enabled him to save the town of Bandon,
though James thrice commanded that it i
should be burnt. The people of the town j
having suffered considerable loss sent him j
with a petition to the English parliament j
praying for compensation. During his visit I
to London his preaching was much admired ; i
he was chosen lecturer at St. Michael's, !
Wood Street, and, on 10 July 1691, was ap- !
pointed to the church of St. Catherine Cree, j
where he remained until 1696. The sermon j
he preached on his resignation was printed, i
London, 1696, 4to. On his resignation he
received the living of Richmond, Surrey, 1
which he held until his death. From 1702 j
to 1705 he also held the rectory of Stratford- |
on-Avon, which he resigned on his appoint-
ment to the rectory of Clapham on 21 Feb.
1705-6. Although his ecclesiastical prefer-
ments brought him in an income of 600/. a
year, his expensive habits, and especially his
love of hospitality, obliged him to keep a
school at Richmond. This school is men-
tioned in terms of praise in a paper of Steele's
in the ' Spectator' (No. 168). On 15 Nov.
1699 the university of Dublin conferred on
him the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in recog-
nition of his abilities, and sent him the
diploma of doctor by the senior travelling
fellow of the society. Brady was chaplain to i
William III, to Mary, to Anne both as !
princess of Wales and as queen, and to the j
Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In j
1690 he married Letitia, daughter of Dr. j
Synge, archdeacon of Cork, and had by her ,
four sons and four daughters. He died at
Richmond 20 May 1726, and was buried in
that church. His funeral sermon, preached
by the Rev. T. Stackhouse, vicar of Been-
ham [q. v.], was published under the title
of ' The Honour and Dignity of True Mini-
sters of Christ,' London, 1726.
Brady's best known work is (1) the metrical
version' of the Psalms, which he undertook
while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con-
junction with Nahum Tate [q. v.] When
their work was complete and had been sub-
mitted to and revised by the archbishop of
Canterbury and the bishops, the authors
petitioned the king that he would allow it
to be used in the public services of the
church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec.
1696, made an order in council that it might
' be used in all churches ... as shall think
fit to receive the same.' The ' New Version,'
as the work of Brady and Tate is called to
distinguish it from the version of T. Stern-
hold and J. Hopkins, was well received by
the whigs. Some of the stiffer tories among
the clergy, however, objected to it, and their
objections, which seem to have been that the
new version was too poetical, that there was
no need of change, and, as was hinted, that
they were offended at the recommendation
of the whig bishops and at the ' William R.'
on the order allowing its use, were answered
by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's
and Mr. Brady's New Version, by a True
Son of the Church of England,' London,
1698. The use of the 'New Version' was
condemned by Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in
his ' Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by
T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with
critical observations on the New Version
compared with the Old,' London, 1710, and
Brady's share in the work was sneered at
by Swift in his ' Remarks on Dr. Gibbs's
Psalms.' Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy
entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Im-
postors,' acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692,
the prologue being spoken by Betterton, and
the epilogue, the work of Shadwell, by Mrs.
Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the
some year, with a dedication to the Earl of
Dorset, but without the author's name. The
plot is concerned with the history of the
Goths and Vandals. It was slightly recast
for representation in 1729, the Goths and
Vandals being turned into Portuguese and
Spaniards. In 1692 (3) an 'Ode for St.
Cecilia's Day,' which will be found in
Nichols's 'Select Collection of Poems,' v.
302. (4) ' Proposals for the publication of a
translation of Virgil's JEneids in blank verse,
together with a specimen of the performance.'
This translation was published by subscrip-
Brady
193
Brady
tion, being completed in 1726. Johnson
says that ' when dragged into the world it
did not live long enough to cry,' he had not
seen it and believed that he had been in-
formed of its existence by ' some old cata-
logue.' It is not in the library of the British
Museum, and has not been seen by the pre-
sent writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons,
1704-6, republished with a third volume by
Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting,
Surrey, in 1730, a volume of ' Select Sermons
preached before the Queen and on other oc-
casions,' 1713. A considerable number of
sermons, most of them republished in collec-
tions, were also published separately. Among
these was a sermon preached in Chelsea
Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell,
in November 1692 (London, 1693).
[Rawlinson MSS. 4to, 5305, fol. 16, 248-57 ;
Gibber's Lives of the Poets, iv. 62; Nichols's
Select Collection of Poems, v. 302 ; Biog. Brit,
ii. 960 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 173,
183; Todd's Dublin Graduates, 62 ; Newcourt's
Repertorium, i. 381 ; Dugdale's Warwickshire,
680 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and
full Account (as above), 1698 ; Bishop Beveridge's
Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710 ; Swift's
Works (Scott, 2nd ed.), xii. 261 ; Johnson's
Works (Life of Dryden), ix. 431 (ed. 1806) ;
Brady's Rape, 1692; Genest's History of the
Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266 ; Biog. Dram. i. i. 58 ;
Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 809.]
W. H.
BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian
and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk.
He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge,
on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was
created doctor by virtue of the king's letters
in September 1660 (KENNET, Register, 251),
and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed
master of his college by royal mandate (KEN-
NET, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or
1685) he held the office of keeper of the re-
cords in the Tower, and took deep interest in
studying the documents under his charge.
He was admitted fellow of the College of
Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician
in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In
this capacity he was one of those who deposed
to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct.
1688. He was regius professor of physic at
Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university
in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He
died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money
to Caius College.
He wrote : 1. A letter to Dr. Sydenham,
dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical ques-
tions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epi-
stolse Responsoriae duse,' 1680, 8vo. 2. ' An
Introduction to Old English History com-
prehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol.
VOL. VI.
3. ' A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols.,
1685, 1700, fol. 4. < An Historical Treatise
of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing
their original,' &c., 1690 ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol.
5. ' An Inquiry into the remarkable instances
of History and Parliamentary Records used
by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreason-
ableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to.
His historical works are laborious, and are
based on original authorities ; they are marked
by the author's desire to uphold the royal
prerogative. In his preface to his ' Treatise
on Boroughs ' he says that he is able to show
that they 'have nothing of the greatness and
authority they boast of, but from the bounty
of our ancient kings and their successors.'
[Kennet's Register and Chronicle, 251, 870;
Biographia Britannica, i. 959 ; Munk's Coll. of
Phys. (1878), i. 418; Ackermann's History of
the University of Cambridge, i. 106.] W. H.
BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? -1827),
general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian
army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account
has it Cootehill), some time between October
1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian
service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that
date his name appears as ' Peter,' but in all
subsequent rolls he is called ' Thomas.' He
served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the in-
fantry regiment ' Wied.' On 10 April 1774
he was promoted ensign in the infantry regi-
ment ' Fabri ; ' he became lieutenant 30 Nov.
1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784,
and captain in 1788. He distinguished him-
self as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in
1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross
for personal bravery at the storming of Novi
on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war.
He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served
on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that
year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the
corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was
transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi-
ment ' Murray,' of which he became colonel
on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frank-
enthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795,
and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796
at Ukerad. He was promoted to major-
general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served
in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799.
He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801,
and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy
of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of in-
fantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor
of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy
councillor in recognition of his services as
a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809
be took a leading part in the battle of As-
pern, a large portion of the Austrian army
being under his conduct. General Brady was
Bragg
194
Bragge
retired on the pension of a full general on
3 Sept. 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827.
[Archives of the Imperial Royal Ministry of
War, Vienna ; information from local sources.]
H. M. C.
fc BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenant-
general, colonel 28th foot, M.P. for Armagh,
was at Blenheim as an ensign in the 1st
foot guards, his commission bearing date
10 March 1702. He appears to have after-
wards served in the 24thfoot, which was much
distinguished in allMarlborough's subsequent
campaigns under the command of Colonel
Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same
regiment of guards. The English records of
this period contain no reference to Bragg, but
in a set of Irish military entry-books, com-
mencing in 1713, which are preserved in the
Four Courts, Dublin, his name appears as
captain in Primrose's regiment, lately re-
turned from Holland to Ireland ; his com-
mission is here dated 1 June 1715, on which
day new commissions were issued to all of-
ficers in the regiment in consequence of the
accession of George I. On 12 June 1732 Bragg
was appointed master of the Royal Hospital,
Kilmainham, in succession to Major-general
Robert Stearne, deceased, and on 16 Dec.
following he became lieutenant-colonel of
Colonel Robert Hargreave's regiment, after-
wards known as the 31st foot. On 10 Oct.
1734 he succeeded Major-general Nicholas
Price as colonel of the 28th foot, an appoint-
ment which he held for twenty-five years,
and which originated the name 'The Old
Braggs,' by which that regiment was long
popularly known. As a brigadier-general
Bragg accompanied Lord Stair to Flanders,
where he commanded a brigade. He be-
came a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in
1751 was appointed to the staff in Ireland.
He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on
6 June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small
fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville.
[Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards, vol. iii. (Lon-
don, 1874); Treasury Papers, xciii. List of
Recipients of Queen's Bounty for Blenheim;
Irish Military Entry Books in Public Record
Office, Dublin ; Gent. Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190,
xv. 389, xvii. 496, xxi. 477, xxix. 293 ; De la
WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Eep.]
H. M. C.
BRAGGE, WILLIAM (1823-1884), en-
gineer and antiquary, was born at Birming-
ham 31 May 1823, his father being Thomas
Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some years
of general tuition, Bragge studied practi-
cal engineering with two Birmingham firms,
and in his leisure applied himself closely to
the study of mechanics and mathematics. In
1845 he entered the office of a civil engineer,
and engaged in railway surveying. He acted
first as assistant engineer and then as en-
gineer-in-chief of part of the line from Chester
to Holy head.
Through the recommendation of Sir Charles
Fox, Bragge was sent out to Brazil as the
representative of Messrs. Belhouse & Co.,
of Manchester, and he carried out the light-
ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with gas.
This was followed by the survey of the first
railway constructed in Brazil the line from
Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis for which he
received several distinctions from the em-
peror Don Pedro. The emperor in later years
visited Bragge at Sheffield.
In 1858 Bragge left South America. He
became one of the managing directors of the
firm of Sir John Brown & Co., and was elected
mayor of Sheffield. The rolling of armour
plates, the manufacture of steel plates, the
adoption of the helical railway buffer-spring,
and other developments of mechanical enter-
prise, were matters in which he rendered
effective aid to his firm. Bragge filled the
office of master cutler of Sheffield, and took
great interest in the town's free libraries,
school of art, and museums. In 1872 he
resigned his position of managing director to
his firm, which had been converted into a
limited company, and went over to Paris as
engineer to the Soci^te" des Engrais, which
had for its object the utilisation of the sew-
age of a large part of Paris. The scheme
proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy
pecuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876
Bragge returned to his native town of
Birmingham, settling there, and developing
a large organisation for the manufacture
of watches by machinery on the American
system.
The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which
he found time to cultivate in spite of his
labours in business, were manifested in his
numerous collections. Amongst these was
a unique Cervantes collection, which in-
cluded nearly every work written by or re-
lating to the great Spanish writer. This
collection, which consisted of 1,500 volumes,
valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to his
native town, but unfortunately it was de-
stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free
Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems and
precious stones which Bragge collected from
all parts of Europe was purchased for the
Birmingham Art Gallery. The most re-
markable collection formed by Bragge was
one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in
which every quarter of the world was repre-
sented. A catalogue prepared and published
Braham
195
Braham
by the collector showed that he had brought j
together 13,000 examples of pipes. China, I
Japan, Thibet, Van Diemen's Land, North j
and South America, Greenland, the Gold j
Coast, and the Falkland Islands, all furnished j
specimens. ' There were also samples of some j
hundreds of kinds of tobacco, of every con-
ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare
Chinese snuff-bottles, and also of all known
means of procuring fire, from the rude In-
dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of
Paris or Vienna.' This collection was broken
up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable j
collection of manuscripts, which realised
12,500Z. He was always ready to place his
treasures at the disposal of public bodies for |
exhibition.
Bragge was a fellow of the Society of An-
tiquaries, of the Anthropological Society, of
the Royal Geographical Society, and of many
foreign societies.
Bragge, who married a sister of the Rev.
George Beddow, died at Handsworth, Bir-
mingham, on 6 June 1884. For some time
before his death he was almost totally blind.
[Bragge's Bibliotheca Nicotiana, a catalogue
of books about tobacco, together with a cata-
logue of objects connected with the use of tobacco
in all its forms, Birmingham. 1880; Brief Hand
List of the Cervantes Collection, presented to the
Birmingham Free Library, Reference Depart-
ment, by William Bragge, Birmingham, 1874;
Times, 10 June 1884 ; Birmingham Daily Post,
9 June 1884.] G. B. S.
BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards
COUNTESS WALDEGKAVE. [See WALDE-
GKAVE.]
BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 P-1856), tenor
singer, was born in London about the year
1774. His parents were German Jews, who
died when Braham was quite young, leaving
him to what one of his biographers describes
as ' the seasonable and affectionate attention
of a near relation.' Whether it was at this
time, or at an earlier age, that the future
singer gained his living by selling pencils in
the streets is not chronicled. Braham's first
contact with music took place at the synagogue
in Duke's Place. There he met with a chorister,
a musician of his own race named Leoni, who
discovered the germs of his talent. Leoni
adopted the orphan, and gave him thorough
instruction in music and singing, with such
good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap-
peared at Covent Garden on the occasion of
a benefit performance for his master, and
sang Arne's bravura air, ' The Soldier Tired,'
between the acts of the 'Duenna.' About
this time John Palmer had started the
Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but,
not being able to obtain a license for dramatic
performances, he opened the house on 20 June
1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita-
tions, glees, songs, &c. Here Braham sang
for about two years, until his voice broke.
Even at this early period of his career his
bravura singing must have been remarkable.
His voice had a compass of two octaves, and
some of his most successful parts were Cupid
in Carter's * The Birthday,' and Hymen in
Reeves's ( Hero and Leander.' He sang again
at Covent Garden as Joe in < Poor Vulcan '
on 2 June 1788. About this time Braham's
master, Leoni, became bankrupt, and the
future tenor was once more thrown upon his
own resources. After his voice broke he con-
tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear-
ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rane-
lagh, but his main occupation consisted in
teaching the pianoforte. He met with a
wealthy patron, a member of the Goldsmid
family, and when the change in his voice was
settled, on the advice of the flute-player
Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under
Rauzzini in 1794. Braham remained at Bath
until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him,
induced Storace to procure him an engage-
ment at Drury Lane, for which house Storace
was just then engaged upon an opera. This
work was ' Mahmoud,' but before it was
finished the composer died, and the work
was completed as a pasticcio by his sister,
Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble,
Mrs. Bland, and Braham, sang in it on its
production, 30 April 1796. Braham's success
was signal, and in the following season he
appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in
Gretry's ' Azor et Z6mire ' on 26 Nov. 1796,
and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac-
chini's 'Evelina,' as well as in the annual
oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at
Gloucester. In the following year, on the
advice of the fencer M. St. George, Braham
decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ac-
cordingly, he left England with Nancy Sto-
race, with whom he lived for several years,
and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here
the two singers gave a series of concerts,
under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar-
nais. These were so successful, that they
remained eight months in Paris, and did not
reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which
they first visited, Braham sang at the Per-
gola as Ulysses in an opera by Basili, and as
Orestes in Moneta's