DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY BOTTOMLEY BROWELL DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN VOL. VI. BOTTOMLEY BROWELL MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1886 DA 18 I LIST OF WRITERS IN THE SIXTH VOLUME. O. A A. J. A. . . T. A. A. . . J. A E. C. A. A. W.E.A.A. G. F. R. B. B. B. . . . G. T. B. . . W. G. B. . 0. B-T. . . G. C. B. . . O. Gr. B. . . H. B J. B R. H. B. . . R. C. B. . . A.H.B. . G. W. B. . M. B H. M. C. . A. M. C. , T. C C. H. C. . . W. P. C. . H. C M. C. . OSMUND AIRY. SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I. T. A. ARCHER. JOHN ASHTON. E. C. A. AXON. W. E. A. AXON. G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER. THE REV. RONALD BAYNE. a. T. BETTANY. THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D. THE LATE OCTAVIAN BLEWITT. G. C. BOASE. THE VERY REV. Gr. Gf. BRADLEY.. D.D., DEAN OF WESTMINSTER. HENRY BRADLEY. JAMES BRITTEN. R. H. BRODIE. R. C. BROWNE. A. H. BULLEN. G-. W. BURNETT. PROFESSOR MONTAGU BURROWS. H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. Miss A. M. CLERKE. THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. C. H. COOTE. W. P. COURTNEY. HENRY CRAIK, LL.D. THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON. R. W. D. . THE REV. CANON DIXON. A. D AUSTIN DOBSON. F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE. L. F Louis FAGAN. C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH. J. Gr JAMES GAIRDNER. R. Gf RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. W.-G-. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D. J. T. Gr. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. A. G-N. . . ALFRED GOODWIN. G. G GORDON GOODWIN. A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. E. G EDMUND GOSSE. A. H. G. . . A. H. GRANT. N. G NEWCOMEN GROVES. J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON. R. H. ... ROBERT HARBISON. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON. W. H-H. . . WALTER HEPWORTH. J. H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS. R. H-T. . . . ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON. A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D. C. K CHARLES KENT. J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT. J. K. L. . . J. K. LAUGHTON. S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE. VI List of Writers. W. D. M. . THE REV. W. D. MACRAY, F.S.A. F. W. M. . F. W. MAITLAND. W. M. ... WESTLAND MARSTON. C. T. M. . . C. TRICE MARTIN. J. M JAMES MEW. A. M ARTHUR MILLER. C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE. N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D. H. F. M. . H. FORSTER MORLEY, D.Sc. T. 0 THE KEV. THOMAS OLDEN. J. H. 0. . . THE KBV. CANON OVKRTON. J. F. P. . . J. F. PAYNE, M.D. K. L. P. . . E. L. POOLE. S. L.-P. . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. E. K ERNEST EADFORD. J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG. C. J. E. . . THE KEV. C. J. EOBINSON. J. H. K. . . J. H. ROUND. J. M. S. . . J. M. SCOTT. E. S. S. . . E. S. SHUCKBURGH. B. C. S. . . B. C. SKOTTOWE. E. S EDWARD SMITH. G. B. S. . . G-. BARNETT SMITH. W. B. S. . . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. H. M. S. . . H. M. STEPHENS. W.K.W.S. THE KEV. W. K. W. STEPHENS. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. R. E. T. . . R. E. THOMPSON, M.D. J. H. T. . . J. H. THORPE. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. E. V THE REV. CANON VENABLES. C. W THE LATE CORNELIUS WALFORD. A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D. M. G. W. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS. F. W-T. . . FRANCIS WATT. T. W-R. . . THOMAS WHITTAKER. H. T. W. . H. TRUEMAN WOOD. W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Bottomley Bouch BOTTOMLEY, JOSEPH (/. 1820), musician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire in 1786. His parentage is not recorded, but his musical education was begun at a very early age; when only seven years old he played a violin concerto in public. At the age of twelve he was sent to Manchester, where he studied under Grimshaw, organist of St. John's Church, and Watts, the leader of the concerts. Under Watts's direction he at the same time carried on his violin studies with Yaniewicz, then resident in Man- chester. In 1801 Bottomley was articled to Lawton, the organist of St. Peter's, Leeds, and on the expiration of his term removed to London to study the pianoforte under Wcelfl. In 1807 Bottomley returned to his native county, and obtained the appoint- ment of organist to the parish church of Bradford, but he made Halifax his home, where he had a large teaching connection. In 1820 he was appointed organist of Shef- field parish church, which post he held for some considerable time. The date of his death is uncertain. Bottomley published several original works, including ' Six Exer- cises for Pianoforte,' twelve sonatinas for the same instrument, two divertissements with flute accompaniment, twelve valses, eight rondos, ten airs varies, a duo for two pianos, and a small dictionary of music (8vo), published in London in 1816. [Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians; Watt's Bibl. Brit. pt. i. 138 a.] E. H. BOUGH, SIR THOMAS (1822-1880), civil engineer, the third son of William Bouch, a captain in the mercantile marine, was born in the village of Thursley, Cumberland, on 22 Feb. 1822. A lecture by his first teacher, Mr. Joseph Hannah, of Thursby, ' On the Kaising of Water in Ancient and Modern VOL. VI. Times,' made so great an impression on his mind that he at once commenced reading books on mechanics. His first entrance into business was in a mechanical engineering establishment at Liverpool. At the age of seventeen he engaged himself to Mr. Larmer, civil engineer, who was then constructing the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Here he remained four years. In November 1844 he proceeded to Leeds, where he was employed for a short time under Mr. George Leather, M. Inst. C.E. Subsequently he was for four years one of the resident engineers on the Stockton and Darlington railway. In Janu- ary 1849 he left Darlington and assumed the position of manager and engineer of the Edinburgh and Northern railway. This en- gagement first brought to his notice the in- convenient breaks in railway communication caused by the wide estuaries of the Forth and the Tay, the efforts to remedy which afterwards occupied so much of his attention. His proposal was to cross the estuaries by convenient steam ferries, and he prepared and carried into effect plans for a l floating railway ' — a system for shipping goods trains which has ever since been in operation. Soon after completing this work Bouch left the service of the Northern railway and engaged in general engineering business. He designed and carried out nearly three hundred miles of railways in the north of England and Scotland, the chief of these being the South Durham and Lancashire Union, fifty miles long, and the Peebles, ten miles long, the latter being considered the pattern of a cheaply constructed line. On the introduction of the tramway system he was extensively engaged in laying out lines, including some of the London tramways, the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee tram- ways, and many others. In the course of his B Bouch Boucher professional work Bouch constructed a num- ber of remarkable bridges, chiefly in connec- tion with railways. At Newcastle-on-Tyne he designed the Redheugh viaduct, a compound or stiffened-suspension bridge of four spans, two of 260 feet and two of 240 feet each. His principal railway bridges, independent of the Tay bridge, were the Deepdale and Beelah viaduct on the South Durham and Lancashire railway, the Bilston Burn bridge on the Edinburgh, Loanhead, and Roslin line, and a bridge over the Esk near Mont- rose. In all these bridges the lattice girder was used, because of its simplicity and its slight resistance to the wind encountered at such high elevations. In 1863 the first proposals for a Tay bridge were made public, but the act of parliament was not obtained until 1870. The Tay bridge, which crossed the estuary from Newport in Fife to the town of Dundee, was within a few yards of two miles long. It consisted of eighty-five spans — seventy-two in the shal- low water, and thirteen over the fairway channel, two of these being 227 feet, and eleven 245 feet wide. The system of wrought- iron lattice girders was adopted throughout. After many delays the line was completed from shore to shore on 22 Sept. 1877. The inspection of the work by Major-general Coote Synge Hutchinson, R.E., on behalf of the board of trade, occupied three days, and on 31 May 1878 the bridge was opened with much ceremony. The engineer was then e'esented with the freedom of the town of undee, and on 26 June 1879 he was knighted. The traffic was continued uninterruptedly till the evening of Sunday, 28 Dec. 1879, when during a violent hurricane the central portion of the bridge fell into the river Tay, carrying with it an entire train and its load of about seventy passengers, all of whom lost their lives. Under the shock and distress of mind caused by this catastrophe Bouch's health rapidly gave way, and he died at MofFat on 30 Oct. 1880. The rebuilding of the Forth bridge was begun in 1882. Bouch became an associate of the Institution of Civil En- gineers on 3 Dec. 1850, and was advanced to the class of member on 11 May 1858. He married, July 1853, Miss Margaret Ada Nelson, who survived him with one son and two daughters. His brother, Mr. William Bouch, was long connected with the locomo- tive department of the Stockton and Darling- ton and North Eastern lines. [Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Ixiii. 301-8 (1881) ; Illustrated London News, with portrait, Ixxvii. 468 (1880); Times, 29, 30, and 31 Dec. 1879 ; Eeport of the Court of Inquiry and Report of Mr. Rothery upon the Fall of a portion of the Tay Bridge, in Parliamentary Papers (1880), C 2616 and C 2616-i.] GK C. B. BOUCHER, JOHN (1777-1818), divine, was born in 1777. He was entered at St. John's, Oxford ; proceeded B.A. on 23 May 1799 {Cat. Gmd. Oxon. p. 71) ; was elected fellow of Magdalen at the same time (Preface to his Sermons, p. 1) ; was admitted to holy orders in 1801 (id. p. 5), and proceeded M.A. on 29 April 1802. At this time he became rector of Shaftesbury, and in 1804 vicar of Kirk Newton, near Wooler, Northumberland. He married and had several children. He preached not only in his own parish, but in the neighbouring district. One of his sermons was delivered at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1810, and another at Belford in 1816. He died on 12 Nov. 1818, at Kirk Newton. There is a tablet to his memory on the north wall of the church where he was buried (WILSON, Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 73). After his death a 12mo volume of his ' Sermons ' was printed, dedicated to Shute Barrington, bishop of Durham. The volume reached a second edition in 1821. [Preface to Sermons by the late Rev. John Boucher, M.A. pp. i, v, vi, vii ; private informa- tion.] J. H. BOUCHER, JOHN (1819-1878), divine, born in 1819, was the son of a tenant-farmer in Moneyrea, North Ireland. Intended for the Unitarian ministry (in accordance with the theological views of his parents), he was care- fully educated, and in 1837 was sent to the Belfast Academy, then under Drs. Mont- gomery and J. Scott Porter. Leaving the academy in 1842, Boucher became minister at Southport ; next at Glasgow ; and finally, in 1848, at the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hack- ney, where for five years his fervour and elo- quence drew full congregations from all parts of the metropolis. In 1850 Boucher pub- lished a sermon on ' The Present Religious Crisis,' and the ' Inquirer ' speaks of another of the same year on 'Papal Aggression/ About this time Boucher adopted rationalistic views ; but he soon afterwards changed his opinions again, resigned his pulpit in 1853, and entered himself at St. John's, Cambridge, to read for Anglican orders. He proceeded B.A. in 1857 (LTJARD, Grad. Cant. p. 46), and it was hoped that he would have a bril- liant career in the establishment; but his health failed ; he left Cambridge, and leading the life of a thorough invalid in the neighbour- hood, at Chesterton, for many years, he died 12 March 1878, aged 59. He was one of the trustees of Dr. Williams's library, till his con- Boucher Boucher version caused him to resign ; and he was a member of the presbyterian board, visiting Carmarthen College. He married Louise, a daughter of Ebenezer Johnston, of Stamford Hill, London, who survived him a year. He left no issue. [The Inquirer, 23 March 1878, p. 190 ; Luard's Grad. Cant. p. 46 ; private information.] J. H. BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804), divine and philologer, the son of a Cumber- land ' statesman,' was born at Blencogo, a small hamlet in the parish of Bromfield, be- tween Wigton and Allonby, on 12 March 1738, and was educated at Wigton grammar school. When about sixteen years old he went to America to act as private tutor in a Virginian family, and remained engaged in tuition for some years, the stepson of George Washington being numbered among his pupils. Having resolved upon taking orders he returned to England, and was ordained by the Bishop of London in 1762. For many years he had charge, in turn, of several ecclesiastical parishes in America. He was rector of Hanover, in King George's County, in 1762 ; then of St. Mary's, in Caro- lina; and lastly, in 1770, of St. Anne's, in Annapolis. Whilst resident in the new country he lived in intimate friendship with Washington. They often dined together, and spent many hours in talk ; but the time soon came when they ' stood apart.' Boucher's loyalty was uncompromising, and when the American war broke out he denounced from the pulpit the doctrines which were popular in the colonies. ' His last sermon, preached with pistols on his pulpit-cushion, concluded with the following* words : " As long as I live, yea, while I have my being, will I pro- claim God save the king." ' Washington shared in the denunciations of Boucher ; but when the loyal divine published the discourses which he had preached in North America be- tween 1763 and 1775 he dedicated the col- lection to the great American general, as ' a tender of renewed amity.' Some time in the autumn of 1775 he returned to England, and soon after his struggles in opposition to the advancement of the cause of the colonies were rewarded by a government pension. In January 1785 he was instituted to the vicar- age of Epsom, on the presentation of the Rev. John Parkhurst, the editor of the Greek and Hebrew lexicons. This living he re- tained until his death, which happened on 27 April 1804. Boucher was considered one of the best preachers of his time, and was a member of the distinguished clerical club, still in existence (1886), under the fantastic title of ' Nobody's Club.' He was thrice married. His first wife, whom he married in June 1772, was of the same family as Joseph Addison ; the second, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Foreman, was married on 15 Jan. 1787, and died on 14 Sept. 1788 ; by his third wife, widow of the Rev. Mr. James, rector of Arthuret, and married to Boucher at Carlisle in October 1789, he left eight children [see BOTJCHIEE, BARTON]. Some portions of Boucher's autobiography were printed in 'Notes and Queries,' 5th ser. i. 103-4, v. 501-3, vi. 21, 81, 141, 161. Boucher was a man of widespread tastes and of intense affection for his native county of Cumberland. His anonymous tract, con- taining proposals for its material advance- ment, including the establishment of a county bank, was signed 'A Cumberland Man, Whitehaven, Dec. 1792,' and was reprinted in Sir F. M. Eden's ' State of the Poor/ iii. App. 387-401. To William Hutchinson's 1 Cumberland' he contributed the accounts of the parishes of Bromfield, Caldbeck, and Sebergham, and the lives included in the section entitled 'Biographia Cumbrensis.' The edition of Relph's poetical works which appeared in 1797 was dedicated to Boucher, and among the ' Original Poems ' of San- derson (1800) is an epistle to Boucher on his return from America. He published several single sermons and addresses to his parishioners, and issued in 1797, under the title of l A View of the Causes and Conse- quences of the American Revolution,' thirteen of his discourses, 1763-1775. His ' Glossary of Archaic and Provincial Words,' intended as a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary, to which he devoted fourteen years, was left uncompleted. Proposals for publication under the direction of Sir F. M. Eden were issued shortly before his death, and the part in- cluding letter A was published in 1807, but did not obtain sufficient encouragement to justify the continuance of the work. A second attempt at publication was made in 1832, when the Rev. Joseph Hunter and Joseph Stevenson brought out the Intro- duction to the whole work and the Glossary as far as Blade. The attempt was again un- successful ; and it is understood that most of the materials passed into the hands of the proprietors of Dr. Webster's English Dic- tionary. A certain J. Odell, M. A., an Epsom schoolmaster, published in 1806 an ' Essay on the Elements of the English Language/ which was intended as an introduction to Boucher's work. [Gent. Mag. (1804), pt. ii. 591, by Sir F. M. Eden (1831), 450 ; Nichols's Illust, of Lit. v. 630-41 ; Sir J. A. Park's W. Stevens (1859 ed.), 131-9, 169; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. B2 Bouchery Bough 75-6, 282-4, 5th ser. ix. 50, 68, 89, 311, 371 ; Manning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 620, 625 ; Allen's American Biog. Diet. (3rd ed.), 105-6; Hawks's Eccles. Hist, of the United States, ii. 269.] W. P. C. BOUCHERY, WEYMAN (1683-1712), Latin poet, son of Arnold Bouchery, one of the ministers of the Walloon congregation at Canterbury, was born in that city in 1683, and educated in the King's School there and at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1702, M.A. 1706). It is said that at the time he graduated M.A. he had migrated to Em- manuel College, but the circumstance is not recorded in the ' Cantabrigienses Graduati.' He became rector of Little Blakenham in Suffolk in 1709, and died at Ipswich on 24 March 1712. A mural tablet to his me- mory was erected in the church of St. George, Canterbury, by his son, Gilbert Bouchery, vicar of Swaffham, Norfolk. He published an elegant Latin poem — ' Hymnus Sacer : sive Paraphrasis in Deborae et Baraci Canti- cum, Alcaico carmine expressa, e libri Judi- cum cap. v.,' Cambridge, typis academicis, 1706, 4to. [Addit. MS. 5864, f. 96, 19084, ff. 113, 1146; Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 46; Hasted's Kent, iv. 469 n.] T. C. BOUCHIER, BARTON (1794-1865), re- ligious writer, born in 1794, was a younger son of the vicar of Epsom, Surrey, the Rev. Jonathan Boucher [q. v.] Barton changed his name from Boucher to Bouchier after 1822. He was educated at Balliol Col- lege, Oxford. In 1816 he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Thornbury, of Avening, Gloucestershire (Gent. Mag. 1866, pp. 431-2). He proceeded B.A. in 1822, and M.A. in 1827. Bouchier at first read for the bar. But he afterwards took holy orders and became curate at Monmouth. A sermon preached by him at Usk in 1822 for the Christian Knowledge Society was pub- lished by request. Bouchier held curacies later at Old, Northamptonshire (Gent. Mag. supra), and (before 1834) at Cheam, Surrey, from which place he issued an edition of Bishop Andrewes's ' Prayers.' In 1836 he published ' Prophecy and Fulfilment,' a little book of corresponding texts ; and in 1845 'Thomas Bradley,' a story of a poor pa- rishioner, and the first of a series of similar pamphlets describing clerical experiences, collected and published in various editions as 'My Parish,' and 'The Country Pastor,' from 1855 to 1860. In 1852 Bouchier commenced the publica- tion of his ' Manna in the House,' being ex- positions of the gospels and the Acts, lasting, with intervals, down to 1858 ; in 1854 he wrote his 'The Ark in the House,' being family prayers for a month ; and in 1855 he wrote his ' Manna in the Heart,' being com- ments on the Psalms. In 1853 he wrote a 'Letter' to the prime minister (Lord Aber- deen) against opening the Crystal Palace on Sundays, following up this appeal in 1854 by 'The Poor Man's Palace,' &c., a pamphlet ad- dressed to the Crystal Palace directors. In 1856 he published ' Solace in Sickness,' a col- lection of hymns, and in the same year was made rector of Fonthill Bishop, Wiltshire. He published his ' Farewell Sermon ' to his Cheam flock, having preached it on 28 Sept. In 1864 he published ' The History of Isaac.' He died at the rectory 20 Dec. 1865, aged 71. The editorship of ' The Vision,' a humorous illustrated poem on Jonathan Boucher's phi- lological studies, written by Sir F. M. Eden, bart., and published in 1820, has been wrongly attributed to Bouchier. [G-ent. Mag. 4th ser. 1866, i. 431-2; Brit. Mus. Cat.] J. H. BOUCHIER or BOURCHIER, GEORGE (d. 1643), royalist, was a wealthy merchant of Bristol, fie entered into a plot with Robert Yeomans, who had been one of the sheriffs of Bristol, and several others, to deliver that city, on 7 March 1642-3, to Prince Rupert, for the service of King Charles I ; but the scheme being discovered and frustrated, he was, with Yeomans, after eleven weeks' im- prisonment, brought to trial before a council of war. They were both found guilty and hanged in Wine Street, Bristol, on 30 May 1643. In his speech to the populace at the place of execution Bouchier exhorted all those who had set their hands to the plough (meaning the defence of the royal cause) not to be terrified by his and his fellow-prisoner's sufferings into withdrawing their exertions in the king's service. There is a small portrait of Bouchier in the preface to Winstanley's ' Loyall Martyrology,' 1665. [Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion (1843), 389; Lloyd's Memoires (1677), 565; Winstan- ley's Loyall Martyrology, 5; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 110; Barrett's Hist, of Bristol, 227, 228.] T. C. BOUGH, SAMUEL (1822-1878), land- scape painter, third child of a shoemaker, originally from Somersetshire, was born at Carlisle on 8 Jan. 1822, and when a boy assisted at his father's craft. Later he was for a short time engaged in the office of the town clerk of Carlisle ; but, while still young, abandoned the prospects of a law career, and Boughen Boughen wandered about the country, making sketches in water colour, and associating with gipsies. In the course of his wanderings he visited London several times ; first in 1838, when he made some copies in the National Gallery. He was never at any school of art. In 1845 he obtained employment as a scene-painter at Manchester, and was thence taken by the manager, Glover, to Glasgow, where he mar- ried Isabella Taylor, a singer at the theatre. His abilities were recognised by Sir D. Macnee, P.R.S.A., who persuaded him to give up his work at the theatre for land- scape painting. He began in 1849 a more earnest study of nature, working at Hamil- ton, in the neighbouring Cadzow Forest, and at Port Glasgow, where he painted his 1 Shipbuilding at Dumbarton.' Among his principal works may be mentioned : l Canty Bay,' 'The Rocket Cart,' 'St. Monan's,' 1 London from Shooter's Hill,' ' Kirkwall,' ' Borrowdale ' (engraved in ' Art Journal,' 1871), ' March of the Avenging Army,' * Ban- nockburn and the Carse of Stirling,' ' Guild- ford Bridge.' He supplied landscape illustra- tions for books published by Messrs. Blackie & Co. and by other publishers ; produced a few etchings of no great merit ; painted seve- ral panoramas ; and never entirely gave up the practice of scene-painting. In 1856 he became an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and on 10 Feb. 1875 a full member. For the last twenty years of his life his abode was fixed at Edin- burgh, where he died 19 Nov. 1878. Although Bough at times painted in oil, the majority of his works, and among them his best, are in water colour. His style was much influenced by his practice as a scene- painter, and is characterised by great breadth, freedom, and boldness of execution, with power over atmospheric effects, but with at times some deficiency in the quality of colour. A thorough Bohemian, he concealed under a rough exterior, and an abrupt and sometimes sarcastic manner, a warm heart and a mind cultivated by loving knowledge of some branches of older English literature. He was a great amateur of music, a fair violinist, and the possessor of a fine bass voice. A collection of his works was exhibited at the Glasgow Institute in 1880, and another at Edinburgh in 1884. [Edinburgh Courant, November 1878; Scots- man, November 1878; Mr. R. L. Stevenson in Academy, 30 Nov. 1878 ; Academy, 5 July 1884 ; Art Journal, January 1879.] W. H-H. BOUGHEN, EDWARD, D.D. (1587- 1660 ?), royalist divine, was a native of Buck- inghamshire, and received his education at "Westminster School, whence he was elected to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed chaplain to Dr. Howson, bishop of Oxford ; he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berk- shire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch pe- titioned against him in 1640 for having acted as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected from both his livings. Thereupon he retired to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on 1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of the garrison to the parliamentary forces; he afterwards resided at Chartham in Kent. Wood says : ' This Dr. Boughen, as I have been informed, lived to see his majesty re- stored, and what before he had lost, he did obtain ;' and Baker also states that ' Boughen died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus minus.' It is not improbable that he is identical with the Edward Boughen, pre- bendary of Marden in the church of Chiches- ter, whose death occurred between 29 May and 11 Aug. 1660 (WALKER, Sufferings of the Clergy, ed. 1714, ii. 13). Boughen was a learned man and a staunch defender of the church of England. He published : 1. Several sermons, including ' Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, ne- cessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Can- terbury at the Visitation of the Lord Arch- bishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church, April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635, 8vo ; reprinted in 1714, l with a preface by Tho. Brett, LL.D., rector of Betteshanger in Kent. Giving some account of the author, also vindicating him and the preachers, who flourished under King James I and King Charles I, from the reflec- tions cast upon them in a late preface before a sermon of Abp. Whit gift's.' 2. ' An Ac- count of the Church Catholick : where it was before the Reformation, and whether Rome were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer to two letters' signed T. B., Lond. 1653, 4to. A reply by R. T., printed, it is said, at Paris, appeared in 1654. ' By which R. T. is meant, as I have been informed by some Rom. Catho- lics, Thomas Read, LL.D., sometimes fellow of New Coll. in Oxon.' (WooD, Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 390). 3. ' Observations upon the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at Westminster. After Advice had with their Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of Ministers pro Tempore, according to their Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Ex- amination therein expressed,' Oxford, 1645. 4. ' Principles of Religion ; or, a short Expo- sition of the Catechism of the Church of Eng- land,' Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668, Boughton Boultbee 1671. The later editions bear this title : 'A short Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England, with the Church Cate- chism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in English and Latin for the use of Scholars,' Lond. 1671, 12mo. Some of the prayers an- nexed are very singular. That for the king implores ' that our sovereign King Charles may be strengthened with the faith of Abra- ham, endued with the mildness of Moses, armed with the magnanimity of Joshua, exalted with the humility of David, beauti- fied with the wisdom of Solomon ; ' for the queen : l That our most gracious queen Catha- rine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah,' &c. 5. 'Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience sifted ; wherein is enquired whether the king (considering his oath at coronation to protect the clergy and their priviledges) can with a safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of Episcopacy,' Lond. 1648, 1650, 4to. Geree published a reply under the title of Smoppayia, the Sifter's Sieve broken.' 6. Poems in the university collections on King James's visit to Christ Church in 1605, and on the mar- riage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 388-90, Fasti, i. 333, 347, ii. 100; Addit. MS. 5863, f. 215 b ; Hasted's Kent, iii. Ill ; Kennett's Re- gister and Chronicle, 597, 842, 843, 861 Welch's Alumni Westmon. (Phillimore), 73.] T. C. BOUGHTON, JOAN (d. 1494), martyr, was an old widow of eighty years or more, who held certain of Wycliffe's opinions. She was said to be the mother of a lady named Young, who was suspected of the like doctrines. She was burnt at Smithfield 28 April 1494. [Fabyan, p. 685, ed. Ellis ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, iii. 704, iv. 7, ed. 1846.] W. H. BOULT, SWINTON (1809-1876), secre- tary and director of the Liverpool, London, and Globe Insurance Company, commenced life in Liverpool as local agent for insurance offices. In 1836 he founded the Liverpoo Fire Office, which, after struggling with many difficulties, became, through Boult's energy, the largest fire insurance office in the world After the great fires in Liverpool of 1842-i Boult offered to the merchants of Liverpool opportunities of insuring their merchandise against fire in the various parts of the worlc where it was lying awaiting transshipment Agencies, which proved very successful, were gradually opened in various parts of America and Canada, in the Baltic, in the Mediter- •anean, and afterwards in the East generally, ind in Australia. About 1848 the company, 3n account of the number of its London clients, >ecame known as the Liverpool and London ; fterwards, on absorbing the business of the jlobe Insurance Company, under the autho- rity of parliament the present title of Liver- 3Ool, London, and Globe was assumed. The company now transacts a large business in all :he leading mercantile countries of the world, its premiums from fire insurance alone con- siderably exceeding one million per annum. Boult was the principal means of intro- ducing * tariff rating ' as applied to cotton mills, whereby real improvements in construction are taken into account in determining the pre- miums ; he originated the Liverpool Salvage Committee, did much to secure the passing of the Liverpool Fire Prevention Act, and de- vised a uniform policy for the tariff fire offices. He made the circuit of the globe in order to render himself familiar with the real nature of the fire risks which his company, in com- mon with other fire offices, was called upon to accept ; became managing director of his company, and gave evidence before various parliamentary committees on points affecting the practice of fire insurance, especially before that on fire protection which sat in 1867. He died in 1876, aged 67. [Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W. BOULTBEE, THOMAS POWNALL, LL.D. (1818-1884), divine, the eldest son of Thomas Boultbee, for forty-seven years vicar of Bidford, Warwickshire, was born on 7 Aug. 1818. He was sent to Uppingham school in 1833, which he left with an exhibition to St. John's College, Cambridge. He took the de- gree of B. A. in 1841, as fifth wrangler. In March 1842 he was elected fellow of his col- lege, and proceeded M.A. in 1844. He took orders immediately ; and after holding one or two curacies, and taking pupils, he became curate to the Rev. Francis Close, of Chelten- ham, afterwards dean of Carlisle. From 1852 to 1863 he was theological tutor and chaplain of Cheltenham College. In 1863 he assumed the principalship of the newly instituted Lon- don College of Divinity, at first located in a private house at Kilburn, where the principal entered upon his task with a single student. Two years afterwards it was moved to St. John's Hall, Highbury, and the number of pupils rose to fifty or sixty. In 1884 the number of students in residence was sixty- eight. Boultbee took the degree of LL.D. in 1872, and in October 1883 received from the Bishop of London, Dr. Jackson, the preben- dal stall of Eadland in St. Paul's Cathedral. Dr. Boultbee died at Bournemouth on 30 Jan. Boulter Boulter 1884, and was buried at Chesham, Bucking- hamshire,'of which, his youngest son was vicar. Besides a few sermons and occasional papers, Dr. Boultbee published: 1. ' The Alleged Moral Difficulties of the Old Tes- tament, a Lecture delivered in connection with the^Christian Evidence Society,' 28 June 1872 ; 8vo, London, 1872. 2. < The Annual Address of the Victoria Institute, or Philoso- phical Society of Great Britain,' 8vo, London, 1873. 3. ' A Commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles, forming an Introduction to the Theology of the Church of England,' 8vo, London, 1871, and other editions. 4. ' A History of the Church of England Pre-Re- formation Period,' 8vo, London, 1879. [Graduati Cantabrigienses, 1873; Crockford's Clerical Directory; Times, 1 Feb. 1884; Eev. C. H. Waller, St. John's Hall, Highbury, in the Eock, 8 Feb. 1884; Eecord, 1, 8, and 15 Feb. 1884, where appear a funeral sermon by Bishop Eyle, and communications from Gr. C., A. P., and the Eev. Thomas Lewthwaite, Newsome Vicarage, Huddersfield.] A. H. G. BOULTER, HUGH (1672-1742), arch- bishop of Armagh, born in London 4 Jan. 1671-2, was descended from a 'reputable and .estated family.' His father was John Boulter of St. Katharine Cree. He entered Merchant Taylors' School 11 Sept. 1685, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, 1686-7. He was an associate of Addison, and was subse- quently made fellow of Magdalen College (B.A. 1690, M.A. 1693, D.D. 1708). In 1700 he received the appointment of chaplain to Sir Charles Hedges, secretary of state, and afterwards acted in the same capacity to Archbishop Tenison. Through the patronage of Charles Spencer, earl of Sunderland, Boul- ter was appointed to St. Olave's, Southwark (1708), and archdeacon of Surrey (1715-16). With Ambrose Philips, Zachary Pierce, bishop of Rochester, and others, Boulter contributed to a periodical established in 1718, and entitled < The Free Thinker.' In 1719 Boulter attended George I as chaplain to Hanover, and was employed to instruct Prince Frederick in the English language. The king in the same year appointed him bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ Church, Oxford. Five years subsequently George nominated Boulter to the primacy of the protestant church in Ireland, then vacant, which he for a time hesitated to accept. The king's letter for his translation from the see of Bristol to that of Armagh was dated 31 Aug. 1724. In November of that year he arrived in Ireland, and Ambrose Philips accompanied him as his secretary. As a member of the privy council and lord justice in Ireland Boulter devoted himself with much assiduity to governmental business, as well as to the affairs of the protestant church. He approved of the withdrawal of Wood's patent for cop- per coinage. On other points he differed both with William King, archbishop of Dublin, and with Swift. One of Swift's last public acts was his condemnation of the measure promoted by Boulter for diminishing the value of gold coin and increasing the quantity of silver currency, which it was apprehended would, by causing an advance in the rent of land, increase the absentee drain from Ire- land. Swift, in some satirical verses, ridi- culed Boulter's abilities. Through Sir Robert Walpole and his connections in England Boulter acquired a predominating influence in administration and in the parliament at Dublin, where he considered himself to be the head of the * English interest.' Boulter's state policy, to secure what he styled l a good footing ' for the ' English interest ' in Ireland, was to confer important posts in church and state there on his own countrymen, to repress efforts of the protestants in Ireland towards constitutional independence, and to leave the Roman catholics subjected to penal legisla- tion. By a statute enacted through Boulter's influence the Roman catholics were excluded from the legal profession, and disqualified from holding offices connected with the ad- ministration of law. Under another act passed through Boulter's exertions they were de- prived of the right of voting at elections for members of parliament or magistrates — the sole constitutional right which they had been allowed to exercise. Boulter forwarded with great energy the scheme for protestant charter schools, with a view to strengthen the ' Eng- lish interest,' by bringing over the Irish to the church of England. He gave many liberal contributions to protestant churches, and for the relief of the poor in periods of distress in Ireland. As a memorial of his charity, in 1741 a full-length portrait of him by Francis Bindon was placed in the hall of the poor house, Dublin. Boulter repeatedly held of- fice as lord justice in Ireland during the ab- sence of the viceroy, Carteret, and his suc- cessors, the Dukes of Dorset and Devonshire. The death of Boulter occurred at London on 27 Sept. 1742. He was interred in the north transept of Westminster Abbey, where a marble monument and bust were placed over his remains. * Sermons,' and l A Charge at his Primary Visitation in Ireland in 1725,' are his only published productions, with the exception of a portion of his correspondence. A selection of his letters was printed in two volumes at Oxford in 1769, under the super- intendence of Ambrose Philips, who had acted Boulton 8 Boulton as his, secretary in Ireland. This series con- sists of letters from November 1724 to De- cember 1738, to state officials and eminent churchmen in England. They were repub- lished at Dublin in 1770 by George Faulkner, who, in his introduction to them, observed that Boulter, with all his virtues, ' was too partially favourable to the people of England and too much prejudiced against the natives of Ireland.' In 1745 Dr. Samuel Madden published at London ' Boulter's Monument, a panegyrical poem.' This production, dedi- cated to Frederick, prince of Wales, was re- vised by Samuel Johnson, and quoted by him in his dictionary. A full-length portrait of Boulter is preserved in Magdalen College, and a bust of him is in the library of Christ Church, Oxford. [Letters of Hugh Boulter, D.D., 1769-70; Biographia Britannica, 1780; O'Conor's Hist, of Irish Catholics, 1813 ; Stuart's Hist. Memoirs of Armagh, 1819 ; Works of Swift, ed. Sir W. Scott, 1824 ; Works of Samuel Johnson, 1825 ; Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. Napier, 1884 ; C. J. Robinson's Registers of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 315.] J. T. GK BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809), engineer, was born in Birmingham 3 Sept. 1728, where his father, Matthew Boulton the elder, had long been carrying on the trade, ac- cording to Dr. Smiles, of a silver stamper and piercer. The Boultons were a Northamp- tonshire family, but John, the grandfather of the younger Matthew, settled in Lich- field, and Matthew the elder was sent to Birmingham to enter into business, in con- sequence of the reduced fortunes of the family. The younger Boulton entered his father's business early, and soon set himself to extend it. This he had succeeded in doing to a considerable extent, when in 1759 his father died. In the following year he mar- ried Anne Robinson of Lichfield, with whom he received a considerable dower. Being thus able to command additional capital, he determined to enlarge his opera- tions still further, and with this view he founded the famous Soho works. About the same time he also entered into partnership i with Mr. Fothergill. The works were opened in 1762, and soon obtained a reputation for ! work of a higher character than it was then usual to associate with the name of Birming- ham. Boulton laid himself out to improve not only the workmanship, but the artistic merit of his wares, and for this purpose em- ployed agents to procure for him the finest t examples of art-work not only in metal, but in pottery and other materials, which he : employed as models for his own produc- tions. The growth of the factory, and the con- sequent increased need for motive power more abundant than the water-power with which Soho was but scantily furnished, led Boulton to direct his thoughts to the steam engine, then only used for pumping. He himself made experiments, and constructed a model of an improved engine, but nothing came of it. Watt was then in partnership with Roebuck, endeavouring unsuccessfully to perfect his engine. Roebuck was a friend of Boulton, and told him of Watt and his experiments. Two visits paid by Watt to Soho in 1767 and 1768 made him anxious to secure the help of Boulton and to avail himself of the resources in Soho in perfect- ing the engine, while Boulton was on his side desirous of getting Watt's aid in the construction of an engine for the works. For some time negotiations as to a partner- ship between the two went on, but they came to nothing until Roebuck's failure in 1772. As a set-off against a claim of 1,2007., Boulton then accepted Roebuck's share in the engine patent, and entered into partner- ship with Watt. In consequence of Boul- ton's advice the act of parliament was pro- cured by which the patent rights were extended for a period of twenty-four years (with the six expired years of the original patent, thirty years in all). The history of the difficulties which were vanquished by the mechanical skill of one partner and by the energy of the other will more fitly be related in the account of Watt [see WATT, JAMES], but it may be said here that if the completion of the steam engine was due to Watt, its introduction at that time was due to Boulton. He devoted to the enterprise not only all the capital he pos- sessed, but all he could raise from any source whatever, and indeed he brought himself to the verge of bankruptcy before the work was completed and the engine a commercial success. He kept up the droop- ing spirits of his partner, and would never allow him to despond, when he was almost inclined to despair of his own invention. Of course at last he had his reward, but it was not until after six or seven years' labour and anxiety, and when he had passed his sixtieth year. Dr. Smiles gives 1787 as the year when Watt began to realise a profit from the engine, but the greater outlay for which Boulton had been responsible made it some time later before he got clear from his liabilities and began to make a profit. The reform of the copper coinage was an- other important movement with which Boulton Bouquet Boulton was connected in the latter part of his life. In 1788 he set up several coining presses at Soho to be worked by steam (he patented his press in 1790), and after making large quantities of coins for the East India Company, for foreign governments, and for some of the colonies, he in 1797 undertook the production of a new copper coinage for Great Britain. He also supplied machinery to the new mint on Tower Hill, commenced in 1805, and until quite lately part at least of our money was coined by the old machinery constructed by Boulton and Watt. It was not until the reorganisation of the mint ma- chinery in 1882 that Boulton's press was finally abandoned. In the scientific society of his time Boul- ton held a prominent place. Among his intimates were Franklin, Priestley, Darwin, Wedgwood, and Edgeworth ; he was a fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society of note. His house at Soho was the meeting- place for all scientific men, both English and foreign. He died there 18 Aug. 1809. [Smiles's Lives of Boulton and "Watt (founded on original papers), London, 1865 ; Muirhead's Life of Watt, London, 1858 ; Gent. Mag. 1809, 780, 883, 979.] H. T. W. BOULTON, RICHARD (ft. 1697-1724), physician, educated at Brasenose College, Ox- ford, and for some time settled at Chester, was the author of a number of works on the medical and kindred sciences, including : 1. ' Reason of Muscular Motion,' 1697. 2. ' Treatise con- cerning the Heat of the Blood,' 1698. 3. ' An Examination of Mr. John Colbatche's Books,' 1699. 4. < Letter to Dr. Goodal occasioned by his Letter to Dr. Leigh,' 1699. 5. ' System of Rational and Practical Chirurgery,' 1699 ; 2nd edition, 1713. 6. 'The Works of the Hon. Robert Boyle epitomised,' 3 vols. 1699- 1700. 7. ' Physico-Chirurgical Treatises of the Gout, the King's Evil, and the Lues Ve- nerea,' 1714. 8. 'Essay on External Reme- dies,' 1715. 9. ' Essay on the Plague,' 1721. 10. ' Vindication of the Compleat History of Magic,' 1722. 11. 'Thoughts concerning the Unusual Qualities of the Air,' 1724. Though apparently learned in the science of his pro- fession, he was seemingly not successful in his practice, for in a letter to Sir Hans Sloane he states that he undertook to write an abridgment of Mr. Boyle's works on account of ' misfortunes still attending him ; ' and in another letter he mentions that successive misfortunes had made him the object of his compassion, and begs him to effect something towards putting him in a way to live. In the preface to the ' Vindication of the His- tory of Magic ' he states that he had been for some time out of England. [Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Sloane MS. 4038.] BOUND, NICHOLAS (d. 1613). [See BOWNDE.] BOUQUET, HENRY (1719-1765), gene- ral, born at Rolle, in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, was in 1736 received as a cadet in the regiment of Constant in the service of the States-General of Holland,and in 1738 was made ensign in the same regiment. Thence he passed into the service of the king of Sardinia, and distinguished himself in the wars against France and Spain. The accounts he sent to Holland of these campaigns having attracted | the attention of the Prince of Orange, he was j engaged by him in the service of the republic. As captain-commandant, with the rank of I lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of Swiss guards newly formed in the Hague in 1748, j he was sent to the Low Countries to receive from the French the places they were about to evacuate. A few months afterwards he accompanied Lord Middleton in his travels in France and Italy. On the outbreak of the war between the French and English settlers in America in 1754 he was appointed lieu- tenant-colonel of the Royal American regi- ment which was then raised in three bat- talions, and by his integrity and capacity gained great credit, especially in Pennsyl- vania and Virginia. In 1763 he was sent by General Amherst from Canada with mili- tary stores and provisions for the relief of Fort Pitt, and on 5 Aug. was attacked by a powerful body of the Indians near the defile of Turtle Creek, but so completely defeated them that they gave up their designs against Fort Pitt and retreated to their remote set- tlements. In the following year he was sent from Canada against the Ohio Indians, and succeeded in reducing a body of Shawanese, Delaware, and other tribes to make terms of peace. At the conclusion of the peace with the Indians he was made brigadier-general and commandant of all troops in the south- ern colonies of British America. He died in the autumn of 1765 at Pensacola, from an epidemic then prevalent among the troops. [The account of General Bouquet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764 was published at Philadelphia in 1765 and reprinted in London in the following year. The work has been as- cribed to Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the United States, who supplied the map, but pro- perly belongs to Dr. William Smith, provost of the College of Philadelphia. An edition in French by C. G-. F. Dumas, with an histori- cal sketch of General Bouquet, was issued at Bouquett IO Bourchier Amsterdam in 1769. An English translation of this life is added to an edition of the work pub- lished at Cincinnati in 1868, and forming vol. i. of the Ohio Historical Series. The letters and documents formerly belonging to Bouquet, and relating to military events in America, 1757- 1765, occupy thirty volumes of manuscripts in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 21631-21660. In Add. MS. 21660 there is a copy of the inven- tory of his property and of his will.] T. F. H. BOUQUETT, PHILIP, D.D. (1669- 1748), Hebrew professor, was educated at "Westminster School, whence he was elected in 1689 to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became B.A. 1692, M.A. 1696,B.D. 1706,D.D. 1711. Whenavacancy occurred in the professorship of Hebrew in 1704, which it was thought desirable to con- fer on Sike, Bouquett was temporarily ap- pointed to it in the absence of Sike, the famous oriental scholar, for whom the post was reserved. Sike was definitely elected in August 1705, but on the professorship falling vacant again seven years later, Bouquett was elected to fill it permanently. He died senior fellow of Trinity on 12 Feb. 1747-8, aged 79. Cole describes him as 'born in France, an old miserly refugee, who died rich in college, and left his money among the French refugees. He was a meagre, thin man, bent partly double, and for his oddities and way of living was much ridiculed.' He refused to sign the petition against Dr. Bentley. Bouquett con- tributed a copy of elegiacs to the university collection of poems on the death of George I and accession of George II in 1727. [Welch's Al. West. 214 ; Gent. Mag. xviii. 92 ; Cole's MSS. xxxiii. 274, xlv. 244, 334 ; Monk's Life of Bentley, i. 186, 329-30.] J. M. BOURCHIER, GEORGE. [See Bou- CHIER.] BOURCHIER, HENRY, EARL OP ESSEX (d. 1483), was the son of Sir William Bour- chier, earl of Ewe or Eu, and of Anne, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, and widow of Edmund, earl of Stafford. He was therefore great-grandson of Robert Bourchier [q. v.], chancellor to Ed- ward III, brother of Thomas [q.v.], archbishop of Canterbury, and of Anne, wife of John, duke of N orfolk, and half-brother of Humfrey, duke of Buckingham. Early in the reign of Henry VI he served in the French war, going to Calais in 1430 with the king and the Duke of York. He succeeded his father as earl of Ewe, and was once summoned to parliament by that title. In 1435 he succeeded to the barony of Bourchier. He served in France under the Duke of York, was appointed lieu- tenant-general in 1440, and in 1443 \vas cap- tain of Crotoy in Picardy. He was summoned to parliament as Viscount Bourchier in 1446. He married Isabel, daughter of Richard, earl of Cambridge, and aunt of Edward IV. In 1451 he served on the commission of oyer and terminer for Kent and Sussex. The battle of St. Albans made the Duke of York and his party the masters of the king, and on 29 May 1455 Henry appointed Bourchier, the duke's brother-in-law, treasurer of the kingdom. Bourchier held office until 5 Oct. 1456, and was then succeeded by the Earl of Shrewsbury — a change that l perhaps indicates that the mediating policy of the Duke of Buckingham was exchanged for a more determined one' (STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 176) ; for up to this time the Bourcliiers, in spite of their close connection with the house of York, held a kind of middle place between the two parties, and, though the queen's party came into power in February, continued to hold office in what may be called the Lancastrian government. His and his brother's sudden discharge from office was put down to the queen's influence (Paston Letters, i. 408). In 1460 Bourchier was with the Earls of March and Warwick at the battle of Northampton, and was there- fore by that time a declared partisan of the duke. On the accession of his nephew, Ed- ward IV, he was created earl of Essex (30 June 1461) ; lie was made treasurer for the second time, and held office for a year. He received from the king the castle of Werk and the honour of Tindall, in Northumberland, to- gether with many other estates in different counties. In 1471 the earl was again made treasurer, and retained his office during the rest of his life. When, on 28 May 1473, John de Vere, earl of Oxford, landed at St. Osyth's, Essex and others rode against him and com- pelled him to re-embark (Paston Letters, iii. 92). In this year also he was for about a month keeper of the great seal during the vacancy of the chancellorship. Essex died 4 April 1483, and was buried at Bylegh. He had a large family. His eldest son, William, who married Anne Woodville, died during his lifetime, and he was therefore succeeded by his grandson, Henry [q. v.] His second son, Sir Henry Bourchier, married the daughter and heiress of Lord Scales ; the third son, Humfrey, Lord Cromwell, died in the battle of Barnet ; the fourth son, Sir John, married the niece and heiress of Lord Ferrers of Groby. He had four other children. [Polydore Vergil's Hist. Angl. 1299, ed. 1603; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner ; Will. Worcester ; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 129 ; Stubbs's Constitu- tional History, iii. 176 ; Foss's Judges of Eng- land, iv. 423.] W. H. Bourchier Bourchier BOURCHIER, HENRY, second EAEL OF ESSEX (d. 1539), was the son of William Bourchier and the grandson of Henry Bour- chier, first earl [q. v.] His mother was Anne Woodville, sister of the queen of Edward IV. He succeeded his grandfather in 1483. He was a member of the privy council of Henry VII. In 1492 he was present at the siege of Bou- logne. At the knighthood of Henry, duke ; endangered folk to overawe the malcontents. On a di- vision being made of the council in 1526 for purposes of business, his name was placed with those who were to treat of matters of law. He joined in the letter sent by a num- ber of English nobles to Clement VII in 1530, warning him that imless he hastened the king's of York (Henry VIII), the earl took a pro- minent part in the ceremonies, and was one of the challengers at the jousts held in honour of the event. In 1497 he commanded a de- tachment against the rebels at Blackheath. He accompanied the king and queen when they crossed to Calais in 1500, to hold an in- terview with the Duke of Burgundy. The next year he was one of those appointed to meet Catherine of Arragon. On the acces- sion of Henry VIII he was made captain of the new bodyguard. During the early years of the king's reign he took a prominent part in the revels in which Henry delighted. Constant references may be found in the State Papers to the earl's share in these en- tertainments. For example, in 1510 he and others, the king among the number, dressed themselves as Robin Hood's men in a revel given for the queen's delectation. He was also constantly employed in state ceremonies, such as meeting papal envoys, as in 1514, when the pope sent Henry a cap and sword; in 1515, when he met the prothonotary who brought over the cardinal's hat for Wolsey ; and in 1524, when Dr. Hanyball came over with the golden rose for the king. These and such like engagements necessarily put him to great expense. He received some grants from Henry, and appears both as a pensioner and a debtor of the crown. On one occasion his tailor seems to have had some difficulty in getting his bill settled. He served at the sieges of Terouenne and Tournay as ' lieutenant-general of the spears ' (HERBEKT) in 1513, and the next year was made chief captain of the king's forces. When the king's sister Margaret, widow of James IV and wife of the Earl of Angus, sought refuge in England, the Earl of Essex, in company with the king, Suffolk, and Sir G. Carew, held the lists in the jousts given in her honour. In 1520 he attended the king at the celebrated meeting held at Guisnes. He sat as one of the judges of the Duke of Buckingham, and received the manor of Bed- minster as his share of the duke's estates. In 1525, when engaged in raising money for the crown from the men of Essex, he wrote to Wolsey, pointing out the danger of an in- surrection, and by the king's command took a company to the borders of Essex and Suf- divorce, his supremacy would be 1. While riding a young horse, in 1539, he was thrown and broke his neck. As he had no male issue by his wife Mary, his earldom (of Essex) and viscounty (Bour- chier) became extinct at his death. His barony descended to his daughter Anne, who married William Parr, afterwards Earl of Essex. [Hall's Chron. (Hen. VIII), f. 6, 8, 26, 63, ed. 1548; Stow's Annals; Polydore Vergil's Historia Anglica, 1437, 1521, ed. 1603 ; Letters, Eic. Ill and Hen. VII, Eolls Series ; Herbert's Life and Keign of Henry VIII, 34 ; Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, ed. Brewer, passim; Dugdale's Baron- age, ii. 130.] W. H. BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, JOHN DE (d. 1330 ?), judge, is first mentioned as deputed by Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, to represent him in the parliament summoned in 1306 for the purpose of granting an aid on the occasion of the Prince of Wales receiving knighthood. In 1312 he was permitted to postpone the assumption of the same rank for three years in consideration of paying a fine of lOOs. In 1314-y> he appears as one of the justices of assize for the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and his name ap- pears in various commissions for the years 1317, 1319, and 1320. In 1321 (15 May) he was summoned to parliament at Westminster, apparently for the first time, as a justice, and on the '31st of the same month was appointed a justice of the common bench. Next year he was engaged in trying certain persons charged with making forcible entry upon the manors of Hugh le Despenser, in Glamorgan- shire, Brecknock, and elsewhere, and in in- vestigating a charge of malversation against certain commissioners of forfeited estates in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, and trying cases of extortion by sheriffs, commissioners of array, and other officers in Essex, Hertford, and Middlesex. In the same year he sat on a special commission for the trial of persons accused of complicity in the fabrication of miracles in the neighbourhood of the gallows on which Henry de Montfort and Henry de Wylyngton had been hanged at Bristol. In February 1325-6 he was placed at the head of a commission to try a charge of poaching brought by the Bishop of London and the dean and chapter of St. Paul's against a Bourchier 12 Bourchier number of persons alleged to have taken a large fish, ' qui dicitur cete,' from the manor of Walton, in violation of a charter of Henry III, by which the chapter claimed the exclusive right to all large fish found on their estates, the tongue only being reserved to the king. In the same year he was en- gaged in trying cases of extortion by legal officials in Suffolk, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, and persons indicted before the conservators of the peace in Lincolnshire. In December of this year he was summoned to parliament for the last time. He was re- appointed justice of the common bench shortly after the accession of Edward III, the patent being dated 24 March 1326-7. The last fine was levied before him on Ascen- sion day 1329. He died shortly afterwards, as we know from the fact that in the follow- ing year his heir, Robert, was put in posses- sion of his estates by the king. By his mar- riage with Helen, daughter and heir of Walter of Colchester, he acquired the manor of Stanstead, in Halstead, Essex, adjoining an estate which he had purchased in 1312. He was buried in Stanstead Church. [Parl. Writs, i. 164, 166, ii. Div. ii. pt. i. 139- 140, 236, 351, 419, pt, ii. 110-11, 119, 134-5, 139, 148-9, 151, 153-4, 188, 193, 230-2, 237, 241, 283, 288; Rot, Parl. i. 449 b • Dugdale's Orig. 45 ; Rot. Orig. Abbrev. ii. 44 ; Gal. Rot. Pat. 89 m. 6, 99 m. 10 ; Rymer's Fcedera (ed. Clarke), ii. 619 ; Morant's Essex, ii. 253 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. BOURCHIER, JOHN, second BARON BERNERS (1467 -1533), statesman and author, was the son of Humphrey Bourchier, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney, and widow of Sir Thomas Howard. His father was slain at the battle of Barnet (14 April 1471) fighting in behalf of Ed- ward IV, and was buried in Westminster Abbey (WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments, 1632, p. 482). His grandfather, John, the youngest son of William Bourchier, earl of Ewe, was created Baron Berners in 1455, and died in 1474. Henry Bourchier [q. v.], the Earl of Ewe's eldest son and the second Lord Berners's granduncle, became Earl of Essex in 1461. Another granduncle, Thomas Bour- chier [q. v.], was archbishop of Canterbury from 1454 to 1486. In 1474 John Bourchier succeeded his grandfather as Baron Berners. He is believed to have studied for some years at Oxford, and Wood conjectures that he was of Balliol Col- lege. But little is known of his career till after the accession of Henry VII. In 1492 he entered into a contract ' to serue the king in his warres beyond see on hole yeere with two speres ' (RYMER, Fc&dera, xii. 479). In 1497 he helped to repress the Cornish rebellion in behalf of Perkin Warbeck. It is fairly cer- tain that he and Henry VIII were acquainted as youths, and the latter showed Berners much favour in the opening years of his reign. In 1513 he travelled in the king's retinue to Calais, and was present at the capture of Terouenne. Later in the same year he was mar- shal of the Earl of Surrey's army in Scotland. When the Princess Mary married Louis XII (9 Oct. 1514), Berners was sent with her to France as her chamberlain. But he did not remain abroad. On 18 May 1514 he had been granted the reversion to the office of chancellor of the exchequer, and on 28 May 1516 he appears to have succeeded to the post. In 1518 Berners was sent with John Kite, archbishop of Armagh, on a special mission to Spain to form an alliance between Henry VIII and Charles of Spain. The letters of the envoys represent Berners as suffering from severe gout. He sent the king accounts of the bull-baiting and other sports that took place at the Spanish court. The negotiations dragged on from April to December, and the irregularity with which money was sent to the envoys from home caused them much embarrassment (cf.Berners to Wolsey, 26 July 1518, in BRE WEE'S Letters fyc. of Henry VIII}. Early in 1519 Berners was again in England, and he, with his wife, attended Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in the next year. The privy council thanked him (2 July 1520) for the account of the ceremonial which he forwarded to them. Throughout this period Berners, when in England, regularly attended parliament, and was in all the commissions of the peace issued for Hertfordshire and Surrey. But his pecuniary resources were failing him. He had entered upon several harassing law- suits touching property in Staffordshire, Wiltshire, and elsewhere. As early as 1511 he had borrowed 350/. of the king, and the loan was frequently repeated. In Decem- ber 1520 he left England to become deputy of Calais, during pleasure, with 100Z. yearly as salary and 104/. as ' spyall money.' His letters to Wolsey and other officers of state prove him to have been busily engaged in suc- ceeding years in strengthening the fortifica- tions of Calais and in watching the armies of France and the Low Countries in the neigh- bourhood. In 1522 he received Charles V. In 1528 he obtained grants of manors in Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Oxford- shire. In 1529 and 1531 he sent Henry VIII gifts of hawks (Privy Purse Expenses, pp. 54, 231). But his pecuniary troubles were in- creasing, and his debts to the crown remained Bourchier Bourchier unpaid. Early in 1532-3, while Berners was very ill, Henry VIII directed his agents in Calais to watch over the deputy's personal effects in the interests of his creditors. On 16 March 1532-3 Berners died, and he was buried in the parish church of Calais by his special direction. All his goods were placed under arrest and an inventory taken, which is still at the Record Office, and proves Berners to have lived in no little state. Eighty books and four pictures are men- tioned among his household furniture. By his will (3 March 1532-3) he left his chief property in Calais to Francis Hastings, his executor, who became earl of Huntingdon in 1544 (Chronicle of Calais, Camd. Soc. p. 164). Berners married Catherine, daughter of John Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had a daughter, Joan or Jane, the wife of Edmund Knyvet of Ashwellthorp in Norfolk, who suc- ceeded to her father's estates in England. Small legacies were also left to his illegiti- mate sons, Humphrey, James, and George. The barony of Berners was long in abey- ance. Lord Berners's daughter and heiress died in 1561, and her grandson, Sir Thomas Knyvett, petitioned the crown to grant him the barony, but died in 1616 before his claim could be ratified. In 1720 Elizabeth, a great- granddaughter of Sir Thomas, was confirmed in the barony and bore the title of Baroness Berners, but she died without issue in 1743, and the barony fell again into abeyance. A cousin of this lady in the third degree married in 1720 Henry Wilson of Didlington, Norfolk, and their grandson, Robert Wilson, claimed and secured the barony in 1832. The barony is now held by a niece of Henry William Wilson (1797-1871), the third bearer of the restored title. While at Calais Berners devoted all his leisure to literary pursuits. History, whether real or fictitious, always interested him, and in 1523 he published the first volume of his fa- mous translation of (1) Froissart's Chronicles. The second volume followed in 1525. Richard Pynson was the printer. This work was un- dertaken at the suggestion of Henry VHI and was dedicated to him. Its style is re- markably vivid and clear, and although a few French words are introduced, Berners has adhered so closely to the English idiom as to give the book the character of an original English work. It inaugurated the taste for historical reading and composition by which the later literature of the century is charac- terised. Fabian, Hall, and Holinshed were all indebted to it. E. V. Utterson issued a reprint of Berners's translation in 1812, and although Col. Johnes's translation of Froissart (1803-5) has now very generally superseded that of Berners, the later version is wanting in the literary flavour which still gives Berners's book an important place in Eng- lish literature. But chivalric romance had even a greater attraction for Berners than chivalric history, and four lengthy transla- tions from the French or Spanish were com- pleted by him. The first was doubtless (2) ' Huon of Burdeux,' translated from the great prose French Charlemagne romance, about 1530, but not apparently published till after Lord Berners's death. It is pro- bable that Wynkyn de Worde printed it in 1534 under the direction of Lord George Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, who had urged Berners to undertake it. Lord Crawford has a unique copy of this book. A second edition, apparently issued by Robert Copland in 1570, is wholly lost. Two copies of a third revised edition, dated 1601, are extant, of which one is in the British Museum and the other in the Bodleian. The first edition was reprinted by the Early English Text Society 1883-5. (3) < The Castell of Love ' (by D. de San Pedro) was translated from the Spanish 1 at the instaunce of Lady Elizabeth Carew, late wyfe to Syr Nicholas Carewe, knight.' The first edition was printed by Robert Wyer about 1540, and a second came from the press of John Kynge about the same time. (4) * The golden boke of Marcus Aurelius, emperour and eloquent oratour,' was a translation of a French version of Guevara's ' El redox de Principes.' It was completed only six days before Berners's death, and was under- taken at the desire of his nephew, Sir Francis Bryan [q. v.] It was first published in 1534, and republished in 1539, 1542, 1553, 1557, and 1559. A very definite interest attaches to this book. It has been proved that English < Euphuism' is an adaptation of the style of the Spanish Guevara. Lyly's ' Euphues ' was mainly founded on Sir Thomas North's * Dial of Princes ' (1558 and 1567), and the ' Dial of Princes' is a translation of an enlarged edition of Guevara's ' El Redox/ which was first translated into English by Berners. The marked popularity of Berners's original trans- lation clearly points to him as the founder of 'Guevarism' or so-called Euphuism in England (LANDMANN'S Euphuismus, Giessen, 1881). Berners also translated from the French (5) 'The History of the moost noble and valyaunt knight, Artheur of Lytell Brytaine.' The book was reprinted by Utterson in 1812. Wood, following Bale, attributes to Berners a Latin comedy, (6) ' Ite ad Vineam,' which he says was often acted after vespers at Calais, and a tract on (7) ' The Duties of the Inhabitants of Calais.' Nothing is known now of the former work ; but the latter may Bourchier Bourchier not improbably be identified with the elabo- rate ' Ordinances for watch and ward of Calais' in Cotton MS. (Faust. E. vii. 89- 102 b}. These ordinances were apparently drawn np before 1532, and have been printed at length in the ' Chronicle of Calais ' pub- lished by the Camden Society, pp. 140-62. Warton states, on the authority of Oldys, that Henry, lord Berners, translated some of Petrarch's sonnets, but the statement is pro- bably wholly erroneous (Hist. EngL Poet. iii. 58). Holbein painted a portrait of Berners in his robes as chancellor of the exchequer (WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Wor- num, i. 82). The picture is now at Key- thorpe Hall, Leicestershire, in the posses- sion of the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt Wilson. It was engraved for the Early English Text , Society's reprint of ' Huon of Burdeux ' | (1884). [Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 132-3 ; Marshall's Genealogist's Guide ; Burke's Peerage ; Foster's Peerage ; Bale's Cent. Script, ix. 1 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 72 ; Brewer's Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, 1509-1534 ; Utter- son's Memoir of Berners in his reprint of the Froissart (1812); Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors, i. 239-45 ; Fuller's Worthies ; Intro- duction to the Early English Text Society's reprint of Huon of Burdeux, ed. S. L. Lee.] S. L. L. BOURCHIER, SIB JOHN (d. 1660), regicide, grandson and heir of Sir Ralph Bourchier, of Benningborough, Yorkshire, appears in 1620 in the list of adventurers for Virginia as subscribing 371. 10s. In the following year, having complained of the lord- keeper for giving judgment against him in a lawsuit, he was censured and obliged to make a humble submission (Lords' Journals, iii. 179-92). He suffered more severely in a contest with Strafford concerning the en- closure of certain lands in the forest of Galtre, near York. Sir John attempted to assert his claims by pulling down the fences, for which he was fined and imprisoned. Directly the Long parliament met he petitioned, and his treatment was one of the minor charges against Strafford (RusHWORTH, Strajford's Trial, p. 146 ; see also Straff. Corr. i. 86-88, ii. 59). His name also appears among those who signed the different Yorkshire petitions in favour of the parliament, and a letter from him describing the presentation of the peti- tion of 3 June 1642 on Hey worth Moor, and a quarrel between himself and Lord Savile on that occasion, was printed by order of the House of Commons (Commons' Journals, 6 June 1642). He entered the Long parlia- ment amongst the ' recruiters ' as member for Ripon (1645). In December 1648 he was appointed one of the king's judges, and signed the death-warrant. In February 1651, and again in November 1652, he was elected a member of the council of state, and finally succeeded in obtaining a grant of 6,000/. out of the estate of the Earl of Strafford, but it is not evident what satisfaction he actually obtained (Commons1 Journals, 31 July 1651). At the Restoration he was, with the other regicides, summoned to give himself up, and the speaker acquainted the House of Com- mons with his surrender on 18 June 1660 (Journals). While the two houses were quarrelling over the exceptions to be made to the act of indemnity, Bourchier died, as- serting to the last the justice of the king's condemnation. 1 1 tell you it was a just act ; God and all good men will own it' (LuDLOw's Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 358). Sir John's son, Barrington Bourchier, having aided in the Restoration, obtained a grant of his father's estate (Cal. of State Papers, Dom., 1661, p. 557). [Noble's Regicides and House of Cromwell, ii. 36 ; the Fairfax Correspondence (Civil Wars), i. 338, contains a letter from Sir John Bourchier to Lord Fairfax on the want of ministers in Yorkshire.] C. H. F. BOURCHIER or BOUSSIER, RO- BERT (d. 1349), chancellor, the eldest son of John Bourchier [q. v.], a judge of common pleas, began life in the profession of arms. He was returned as a member for the county of Essex in 1330, 1332, 1338, and 1339. In 1334 he was chief justice of the king's bench in Ireland. He was present at the battle of Cadsant in 1337. He sat in the parliament of 1340 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 113). When on his return to England the king displaced his ministers, he committed the great seal, which had long been held by Archbishop Stratford and his brother, the Bishop of Chi- chester, alternately, to Bourchier, who thus became, on 14 Dec. 1340, the first lay chan- cellor. His salary was fixed at 500 L, besides the usual fees. In the struggle between the king and the archbishop, Bourchier withheld the writ of summons to the ex-chancellor, in- terrupted his address to the bishops in the Painted Chamber, and on 27 April 1341 urged him to submit to the king. When the parlia- ment of 1341 extorted from the king his assent to their petitions that the account of the royal officers should be audited, and that the chan- cellor and other great officers should be nominated in parliament, and should swear to obey the laws, Bourchier declared that he had not assented to these articles, and would Bourchier Bourchier not be bound by them, as they were contrary to his oath and to the laws of the realm. He nevertheless exemplified the statute, and delivered it to parliament. He resigned his office on 29 Oct. He was summoned to par- liament as a peer in 16 Edward III. In 1346 he accompanied the king on his expedi- tion to France. He was in command of a large body of troops, and fought at Crecy in the first division of the army. He married Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Preyers. He founded a college at Halstead for eight priests ; but it probably never con- tained so many, as its revenues were very small. The king granted him the right of free warren, and license to crenellate his house. He died of the plague in 1349, and was buried at Halstead. [Eolls of Parliament, ii. 113, 127, 131 ; Keturn of Members, i. 89-126; Murimuth, 111, Eng. Hist. Soc.; Froissart, i. 151, 163 (Johnes); Foss's Judges of England, iii. 399-402 ; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, i. 234-41; Stubbs's Constitutional History, ii. 387, 391 ; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 126; Dugdale's Monasticon, vi. 1453.] W. H. BpURCHIER, THOMAS (1404P-1486), cardinal, was the third son of William Bourchier, earl of Ewe, by the Lady Anne Plantagenet, second daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III. His father had won the title he bore by his achievements under Henry V in France, and transmitted it to his eldest son, Henry [q. v.j, who afterwards was created earl of Essex. A second son, by right of his wife, was summoned to parlia- ment as Lord Fitzwarren. The third, Thomas, the subject of this article, was born about 1404 or 1405, and was but a child at the death of his father. A fourth, John Bourchier, was ennobled as Lord Berners [see BOTJKCHIER, JOHN]. A daughter Eleanor married John Mowbray, third duke of Norfolk of that sur- name, and the fourth duke, his son, conse- quently speaks of the cardinal as his uncle (Paston Letters, ii. 382). Thomas Bourchier was sent at an early age to Oxford, and took up his abode at Nevill's Inn, one of five halls or inns which occupied the site of what is now Corpus Christi College. In 1424 he obtained the prebend of Colwick, in Lichfield Cathedral, and before 1427 he was made dean of St. Martin's-le-Grand, London. He also received the prebend of West Thurrock, in the free chapel of Hastings. In 1433, though not yet of full canonical age, he was recommended for the see of Worcester, then vacant by the death of Thomas Polton. But Polton had died at Basle while attending the general council, and the pope had already nominated as his successor Thomas Brouns, dean of Salis- bury. On the other hand the commons in parliament addressed the king in favour of Bourchier, putting forward, according to the royal letters, the 'nighness of blood that our well-beloved master Thomas attaineth unto us and the cunning and virtues that rest in his person.' Accordingly Brouns was trans- lated to Rochester, and the pope cancelled his previous nomination to Worcester by an ante- dated bull in favour of Bourchier, whose no- mination therefore bears date 9 March 1434. The temporalities of the see were restored to him on 15 April 1435. Meanwhile, in 1434, Bourchier was made chancellor of the university of Oxford, a po- sition which he held for three years, and which implies at least that he took some interest in scholarship, though we have no evidence that he himself was a distinguished scholar. Wood says that he took part in a convocation of the university as early as 1428. But we may reasonably surmise that his subsequent promotions were as much owing to high birth as to great abilities. He had not remained long in the see of Worcester when, in 1435, the bishopric of Ely fell vacant. The chapter, at the instigation of John Tiptoft, the prior, agreed to postulate Bourchier, who sent mes- sengers to Rome to procure bulls for his translation. The bulls came, but as the government refused to ratify his election, Bourchier feared to receive them. The king's ministers wished to reward Cardinal Louis de Luxembourg, archbishop of Rouen (chan- cellor of France under the English king) with the revenues of the bishopric of Ely. So by an arrangement with the pope, notwithstand- ing the opposition of Archbishop Chichele, the bishopric was not filled up, but the arch- bishop of Rouen was appointed administrator of the see. But when he died in 1443, there was no further difficulty in the way of Bour- chier's promotion. He was nominated by the king, elected by the chapter, and having re- ceived a bull for his translation, dated 20 Dec. 1443, he was confirmed and had the tempo- ralities restored to him on 27 Feb. 1444. There is little known of his life at this time beyond the story of his promotions, and what we hear of his conduct as bishop is from a very adverse critic, the historian of the monastery of Ely, who says that he was severe and exacting towards the tenants, and that he would never celebrate mass in his own cathedral except on the day of his in- stallation, which he put off till two years after his appointment. It appears that in 1 438 there was an intention of sending Bourchier, Bourchier 16 Bourchier then bishop of Worcester, with others to the council of Basle ; but it does not appear that he actually went (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceedings, v. 92, 99). That he was often called to the king's councils at Westminster there is ample evidence to show. In March 1454 Kemp, the archbishop of Canterbury, died. A deputation of the lords rode to Windsor to convey the intelligence to the king, and to signify to him, if possible, that a new chancellor, a new primate, and a new council required to be appointed. But Henry's intellectual prostration was complete, and he gave no sign that he understood the simplest inquiry. The lords accordingly appointed the Duke of York protector, and on 30 March the council, in compliance with a petition from the commons, recommended the Bishop of Ely's promotion to the see of Canterbury ' for his great merits, virtues, and great blood that he is of ' (Rolls of Parl. v. 450). Bourchier was translated on 22 April following ; and we may presume that he owed his promotion to the Duke of York's influence. On 6 Sept. in the same year William Paston writes from London to his brother : t My lord of Canter- bury hath received his cross, and I was with him in the king's chamber when he made his homage ' (Paston Letters, i. 303) . Apparently he paid a conventional reverence to the poor unconscious king ; he was enthroned in Fe- bruary following. On 7 March 1455 Bourchier was appointed lord chancellor, and received the seals at Greenwich from the king himself, who had recovered from his illness at the new year. His appointment, in fact, was one consequence of the king's recovery, as the Earl of Salis- bury (the chancellor, and brother-in-law of the Duke of York) could not have been acceptable to the queen. Bourchier apparently had to some extent the good-will of both parties, and was expected to preserve the balance be- tween them in peculiarly trying times. Little more than two months after his appointment, when the Duke of York and his friends took up arms and marched southwards, they ad- dressed a letter to Bourchier as chancellor declaring that their intentions were peace- able and that they came to do the king service and to vindicate their loyalty. Bourchier sent a special messenger to the king at Kil- burn, but the man was not allowed to come into the royal presence, and neither the letter to the archbishop nor an address sent by the lords actually reached the king (Rolls of Parl. v. 280-1). The result was the first battle of St. Albans, which was the commencement of the wars of the Roses. A parliament was summoned for 9 July fol- lowing, which Bourchier opened by a speech as chancellor. His brother Henry, viscount Bourchier, was at the same time appointed lord treasurer. The parliament was soon pro- rogued to November. Before it met again the king had fallen a second time into the same melancholy state of imbecility, and for a second time it was necessary to make York protector. The archbishop resigned the great seal in October 1456, when the queen had ob- tained a clear advantage over the Duke of York, and got the king, who had been long separated from her, down to Coventry, where a great council was held. These changes raised misgivings, even in some who were not of Yorkist leanings. The Duke of Buck- ingham, who was a son of the same mother as the two Bourchiers, was ill-pleased at seeing his brothers discharged from high offices of state, and it was^said that he had interposed to protect the Duke of York himself from unfair treatment at the council (Paston Letters, i. 408). But the archbishop was a peacemaker ; and the temporary reconciliation of parties in the spring of 1458 appears to have been greatly owing to him. He and Waynflete drew up the terms of the agreement between the lords on both sides, which was sealed on 24 March, the day before the general procession at St. Paul's. Shortly before this, in the latter part of the year 1457, the archbishop had been called upon to deprive Pecock, bishop of Chichester, as a heretic. The case was a remarkable one, for Pecock was anything but a Lollard. He was first turned out of the king's council, the archbishop as the chief person there ordering his expulsion, and then required to appear be- fore the archbishop at Lambeth. His writings were examined by three other bishops and condemned as unsound. Then the archbishop, as his judge, briefly pointed out to him that high authorities were against him in several points, and told him to choose between re- cantation and burning. The poor man's spirit was quite broken, and he preferred recanta- tion. Nevertheless he was imprisoned by the archbishop for some time at Canterbury and Maidstone, and afterwards committed by him to the custody of the abbot of Thorney. In April 1459 Bourchier brought before the council a request from Pius II that the king would send an ambassador to a council at Mantua, where measures were to be con- certed for the union of Christendom against the Turks (NICOLAS, Privy Council Proceed- ings, vi. 298). Coppini, the pope's nuncio, after remaining nearly a year and a half in England, gave up his mission as hopeless and recrossed the Channel. But at Calais the Earl of Warwick, who was governor there, won him over to the cause of the Duke of York. Bourchier Bourchier He recrossed the Channel with the Earls of Warwick, March, and Salisbury, giving their enterprise the sanction of the church. Bour- chier met them at Sandwich with his cross borne before them. A statement of the Yorkist grievances had been forwarded to him by the earls before their coming, and apparently he had done his best to publish it. Accompanied by a great multitude, the earls, the legate, and the archbishop passed on to London, which opened its gates to them on 2 July 1460. Next day there was a convocation of the clergy at St. Paul's, at which the earls presented them- selves before the archbishop, declared their grievances, and swore upon the cross of St. Thomas of Canterbury that they had no de- signs against the king. The political situation was discussed by the bishops and clergy, and it was resolved that the archbishop and five of his suffragans should go with the earls to the king at Northampton and use their efforts for a peaceful settlement. Eight days later was fought the battle of Northampton, at which Henry was taken prisoner. The archbishop, as agreed upon in convocation, accompanied the earls upon their march from London, and sent a bishop to the king to explain their attitude ; but the bishop (of whose name we are not informed) acted in a totally different spirit and encouraged the king's party to fight. When the Duke of York came over from Ireland later in the year and challenged the crown in parliament, the archbishop came up to him and asked if he would not first come and pay his respects to the king. * I do not remember,' he replied, l that there is any one in this kingdom who ought not rather to come and pay his respects to me.' Bourchier immediately withdrew to report this answer to Henry. When, after the second battle of St. Albans, the queen was threatening Lon- don, the archbishop had betaken himself to Canterbury, awaiting better news with the young Bishop of Exeter, George Nevill, whom the Yorkists had appointed lord chancellor. Bourchier, though he had shown in the house of peers that he did not favour York's repudiation of allegiance, could not possibly sympathise with the disturbance of a parlia- mentary settlement and the renewal of strife and tumult. From this time, at all events, he was a decided Yorkist ; and when the Duke of York's eldest son came up to London and called a council at his residence of Baynard's Castle on 3 March, he was among the lords who attended and agreed that Edward was now rightful king. On 28 June he set the crown upon Edward's head. Four years later, on Sunday after Ascension day (26 May) 1465, he also crowned his queen, Elizabeth Woodville. VOL. vr. For some years nothing more is known of the archbishop's life except that Edward IV petitioned Pope Paul II to make him a car- dinal in 1465, and it appears that he was actually named by that pope accordingly on Friday, 18 Sept. 1467. But some years elapsed before the red hat was sent and his title of cardinal was acknowledged in England. In 1469 the pope wrote to the king promising that it should be sent very shortly ; but the unsettled state of the country, and the new revolution which for half a year restored Henry VI as king in 1470, no doubt delayed its transmission still further, and it was only sent by the succeeding pope, Sixtus IV, in 1473. It arrived at Lambeth on 31 May. By this time the archbishop had given further proofs of his devotion to Edward. He and his brother, whom the king had created earl of Essex after his coronation, not only raised troops for his restoration in 1471, but were mediators with the Duke of Clarence before his arrival in England, and succeeded in winning him over again to his brother's cause. After the king was again peacefully settled on his throne he went on pilgrimage to Canterbury at Michaelmas, ap- rrently to attend the jubilee of St. Thomas Becket, which, but for the state of- the country, would have been held in the pre- ceding" year. Edward had visited Canter- bury before, soon after the coronation of his queen, and bestowed on the cathedral a window representing Becket's martyrdom, of which, notwithstanding its destruction in the days of Henry VIII, some fragments are still visible. Bourchier was hospitable after the fashion of his time. In 1468 he entertained at Can- terbury an eastern patriarch, who is believed to have been Peter II of Antioch. In 1455 — the year after he became archbishop — he had purchased of Lord Saye and Sele the manor of Knowle, in Sevenoaks, which he converted into a castellated mansion and bequeathed to the see of Canterbury. It re- mained as a residence for future archbishops till Cranmer gave it up to Henry VIII. Here Bourchier entertained much company, among whom men of letters like Botoner and patrons of learning like Tiptoft, earl of Wor- cester, were not unfrequent ; also musicians like Hambois, Taverner, and others. That he was a promoter of the introduction of printing into England, even before the date of Caxton's first work, rests only on the evi- dence of a literary forgery published in the seventeenth century. In 1475 Bourchier was one of the four arbitrators to whom the differences between England and France were referred by the 0 Bourchier 18 Bourchier peace of Amiens (RYMEK, xii. 16). In 1480, feeling the effects of age, he appointed as his suffragan William Westkarre, titular bishop of Sidon. In 1483, after the death of Ed- ward IV, he was again called on to take part in public affairs in a way that must have been much to his own discomfort. He went at the head of a deputation from the council to the queen-dowager in sanctuary at West- minster, and persuaded her to deliver up her second son Richard, duke of York, to the keeping of his uncle, the protector, to keep company with his brother, Edward V, then holding state as sovereign in the Tower. The cardinal pledged his own honour so strongly for the young duke's security that the queen at last consented. Within three weeks of the time that he thus pledged himself for the good faith of the protector he was called on to officiate at the coronation of Richard III ! That he should have thus lent himself as an instrument to the usurper must appear all the more melancholy when we consider that in 1471 he had taken the lead among the peers of England (as being the first subject in the realm) in swearing allegiance to Edward, prince of Wales, as heir to the throne (Parl. Rolls, vi. 234). But perhaps we may overestimate the weakness involved in such conduct, not considering the speci- ous plea on which young Edward's title was set aside, and the winning acts and plausible manners which for the moment had made Richard highly popular. The murder of the princes had not yet taken place, and the attendance of noblemen at Richard's corona- tion was as full as it ever had been on any similar occasion. After the murder a very different state of feeling arose in the nation, and the cardinal, who had pledged his word for the safety of the princes, could not but have shared that feeling strongly. How far he entered into the conspiracies against Richard III we do not know, but doubtless he was one of those who rejoiced most sin- cerely in the triumph of Henry VII at Bosworth. Within little more than two months of that victory he crowned the new king at Westminster. One further act of great solemnity it was left for him to accomplish, and it formed the fitting close to the career of a great peace- maker. On 18 Jan. 1486 he married Henry VII to Elizabeth of York, thus joining the red rose and the white and taking away all occasion for a renewal of civil war. He died at Knowle on 6 April following, and was buried in his own cathedral. [W. Wyrcester; Contin. Hist.deEpp. Wygorn., and Hist. Eliensis in Wharton's Anglia Sacra ; Nicolas's Privy Council Proceedings, vol. vi.; An English Chronicle, ed. Davies (Camclen Society) ; Registrum Johannis Whethamstede (Eolls ed.) ; Hearne's Fragment, Fleetwood, and Warkworth (three authorities which may be conveniently consulted together in one volume, though very ill edited, entitled ' Chronicles of the White Rose ') ; Paston Letters ; Polydore Vergil ; Hall ; Pii Secundi Commentarii a Gobellino compositi, 161 (ed. 1584); Rolls of Parliament; More's Hist, of Richard III; Loci e Libro Veritatum (Grascoigne), ed. Rogers; Babington's Introduc- tion to Pecock's Represser ; Brown's Venetian Calendar, i. 90, 91. A valuable modern life of Bourchier will be found in Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. v.] J. G-. BOURCHIER, THOMAS (d. 1586?), was a friar of the Observant order of the Fran- ciscans. He was probably educated at Mag- dalen Hall, Oxford, but there is no record of his having graduated in that university. When Queen Mary attempted to re-esta- blish the friars in England, Bourchier be- came a member of the new convent at Green- wich ; but at that queen's death he left the country. After spending some years in Paris, where the theological faculty of the Sor- bonne conferred on him the degree of doctor, he travelled to Rome. He at first joined the convent of the Reformed Franciscans at the church of S. Maria di Ara Caeli, and subse- quently became penitentiary in the church of S. Giovanni in Laterano, where John Pits, his biographer, speaks of having sometimes seen him. He wrote several books, but the only one that survives is the i Historia Ecclesiastica de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Divi Francisci dictorum de Observantia, qui partim in Anglia sub Henrico octavo Rege, partim in Belgio sub Principe Auriaco, partim et in Hybernia tempore Elizabethse regnantis Reginse, idque ab anno 1536 usque ad hunc nostrum prsesen- tem annum 1582, passi sunt.' The preface is dated from Paris, ' ex conventu nostro,' 1 Jan. 1582. The book was very popular among catholics, and other editions were brought out at Ingolstadt in 1583 and 1584, Paris in 1586, and at Cologne in 1628. Another of his works was a treatise entitled ' Oratio doc- tissima et efficacissima ad Franciscum Gon- zagam totius ordinis ministrum generalem pro pace et disciplina regulari Magni Conven- tus Parisiensis instituenda,' Paris, 1582. This was published under the name of Thomas Lancton, or Lacton, which appears to have been an alias of Bourchier. Wadding, the historian of the Franciscans, calls him, in his supplementary volume, 1 Thomas Bourchier Gallice, Lacton vero An- glice, et Latinis Lanius, vel Lanio, Italis autem Beccaro ' (an alternative form of ajo), and elsewhere expresses himself con- vinced of the identity of Lancton and Bour- 3hier. It is but fair to say that Francis a S. )lara and Parkinson, the author of ' Collec- inea Anglo-Minoritica,' consider them two listinct persons, who both took their degree " D.D. at Paris about 1580. These writers however, of no better authority than /'adding. Another treatise by Bourchier, (De judicio religiosorum, in quo demonstratur juod a saecularibus judicari non debeant,' is lentioned by Wadding as in his possession, ut only in manuscript ; this was written at 'aris in 1582. In 1584 he edited and anno- the 'Censura Orient alis Ecclesiae de ;ipuis Hsereticorum dogmatibus,' which fas published by Stanislaus Scoluvi. Bour- •chier died, according to Pits, at Rome about 1586. [Pits, De AngliaeScriptoribus, 789; "Wadding's Scriptores Ordinis Minorum, pp. 219, 221 ; Suppl. ad Scriptores trium Ordinum, 671 ; Wood's Athene Oxon. i. 525 ; Joannes a S. Antonio ; Bibliotheca Univ. Franciscana, iii. 116; Fran- jiscus a S. Clara, Hist. Min. Provin. Angl. Frat. Min. 48-55.] C. T. M. BOURDIEU, ISAAC DU. [See Du BOTJRDIETJ.] BOURDIEU, JEAN DTI. [See Du BOFRDIETJ.] BOURDILLON, JAMES DEWAR (1811-1883), Madras civil servant, was the second son of the Rev. Thomas Bourdillon, vicar of Fenstanton and Hilton, Huntingdon- shire. He was educated partly by his father, and partly at a school at Ramsgate ; having been nominated to an Indian writership, he proceeded to Haileybury College in 1828, and in the following year to Madras. After serving in various subordinate appointments in the provinces, he was appointed secretary to the board of revenue, and eventually in 1854 secretary to government in the depart- ments of revenue and public works. Bour- dillon had previously been employed upon an important commission appointed under in- structions of the late court of directors to report upon the system of public works in the Madras presidency, his colleagues being Major {now Major-general) F. C. Cotton, C.S.I., of the Madras engineers, and Major (now Lieu- tenant-general) Sir George Balfour, K.C.B., of the Madras artillery. The report of the commission, which was written by Bourdillon, enforces in clear and vigorous language the enormous importance of works of irrigation, and of improved communications for the pre- vention of famines and the development of the country. The writer's accurate know- ledge of details and breadth of view render the report one of the most valuable state papers ever issued by an Indian government. Bourdillon was also the author of a treatise on the ryotwar system of land revenue, which exposed a considerable amount of prevalent misapprehension as to the principles and practical working of that system. Working in concert with his friend and colleague, Sir Thomas Py croft, he was instrumental in ef- fecting reforms in the transaction of public business, both in the provinces and at the presidency. He especially helped to improve the method of reporting the proceedings of the local government to the government of India and to the secretary of state, which for some years put Madras at the head of all the Indian governments in respect of the thorough- ness with which its business was conducted and placed before the higher authorities. Bourdillon's health failed in 1861, and he was compelled to leave India, and to retire from the public service at a time when the reputation which he had achieved would in all probability have secured his advancement to one of the highest posts in the Indian service. To the last he devoted much time and attention to Indian questions, occasion- ally contributing to the ' Calcutta Review,' and interesting himself among other matters in the questions of provincial finance and of the Indian currency. He revised for the late Colonel J. T. Smith, R.E., all his later pamphlets on a gold currency for India. He died suddenly at Tunbridge Wells on 21 May 1883. [Madras Civil List; Eeport of the Madras Public Works Commissioners, Madras Church of Scotland Mission Press, 1856 ; family papers and personal knowledge.] A. J. A. BOURGEOIS, SIR PETER FRANCIS (1756-1811), painter, is said to have been descended from a family of some importance in Switzerland. His father was a watch- maker, residing in London at the time of his birth. He was intended for the army, and Lord Heathfield offered to procure him a commission, but he preferred to be an artist, and was encouraged in his choice of profes- sion by Reynolds and Gainsborough. De Loutherbourg was his master, and he early acquired a reputation as a landscape-painter. In 1776 he set out on a tour through France, Holland, and Italy. Between 1779 and 1810, the year before his death, he exhibited 103 pictures at the Royal Academy and five at the British Institution. In 1787 he was elected an associate, and in 1793 a full mem- ber of the Royal Academy. In the follow- ing year he was appointed landscape-painter to George III. c2 Bourke 20 Bourke Bourgeois owed his knighthood to Stanis- laus, king of Poland, who in 1791 appointed him his painter and conferred on him the honour of a knight of the order of Merit, and his title was confirmed by George III. Although he appears to have been successful as a painter, he owed much of his good for- tune to Joseph Desenfans, a picture-dealer, who was employed by Stanislaus to collect works of art, which ultimately remained on his hands. Bourgeois, who lived with Desen- fans, assisted him in his purchases, and at his death inherited what, with some pictures added by himself, is no\v known as the Dul- wich Gallery. He died from a fall from his horse on 8 Jan. 1811, and was buried in the chapel of Dulwich College. He bequeathed 371 pictures to Dulwich College, with 10,0001. campaign was put on half-pay. In 1808 he- was posted to the staff of the army in Por- tugal as assistant quartermaster-general, and on account of his knowledge of Spanish was sent by Sir Arthur Wellesley to the head- quarters of Don Gregorio Cuesta, the com- mander-in-chief of the Spanish army. From 30 May to 28 June 1809 he fulfilled his diffi- cult mission to Wellesley's entire satisfaction, and then for some unexplained reason resigned his post on the staff and returned to England. He was again sent, on account of his know- ledge of Spanish, on a detached mission to Galicia in 1812. He was gazetted an assistant quartermaster-general, and stationed at Co- runna, whence he sent up provisions and ammunition to the front, and acted in general as military resident in Galicia. At the con- to provide for the maintenance of the collec- j elusion of the war he was promoted colonel --''-* Jl ' and made a C.B. He was promoted major- general in 1821, and was lieutenant-governor of the eastern district of the Cape of Good Hope from 1825 to 1828, when he returned to England. In 1829 he edited, with Lord Fitzwilliam, the ' Correspondence ' of Ed- mund Burke, whom he had often visited at Beaconsfield in his own younger days. In 1831 he was appointed governor of New South Wales in succession to General Dar- ling. When Bourke arrived he found the colony divided into two parties. The emancipists, or freed convicts,had been encouraged byGeneral Macquarie to believe that the colony existed for them alone ; while, on the other hand, Bris- bane and Darling had been entirely governed by the wealthy emigrants and poor adven- turers, and given all power to the party of the exclusivists or pure merinos. General Darling had behaved injudiciously, and had got into much trouble. Bourke at once took up a posi- tion of absolute impartiality to both parties. He freed the press at once from all restrictions ; and though himself foully abused, he would not use his position to interfere. Still more important was his encouragement of emigra- tion. Under his influence a regular scheme of emigration was established, evidence was. taken in Australia and issued in England by the first Emigration Society, which was. established in London in 1833, and means were provided for bringing over emigrants by selling the land in the colony at a mini- mum price. He succeeded in carrying what is known as Sir Eichard Bourke's Church Act. Bourke's impartiality made him popular, and he became still more so by his travels, throughout the inhabited part of his vice- . kingdom. He was made a K.C.B. in 1835. He resigned his governorship on 6 Dec. 1837, after six years of office, on being reprimanded tion, and 2,000/. to repair and beautify the west wing and gallery of the college. The members of the college, however, determined to erect a new gallery, and they and Mrs. Desenfans contributed 6,000/. apiece for this purpose, and employed Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Soane as the architect of the present buildings, which were commenced in the year of the death of Bourgeois, and include a mau- soleum for his remains and those of Mr. and Mrs. Desenfans. Although Bourgeois generally painted land- scapes, he attempted history and portrait. Amongst his pictures were ' Hunting a Tiger,' Mr. Kemble as ' Coriolanus,' and ' A Detach- ment of Horse, costume of Charles I.' Twenty- two of his own works were included in his bequest to Dulwich College, where, besides landscapes, may now be seen ' A Friar kneel- ing before a Cross,' 'Tobit and the Angel,' and a portrait of himself. Though an artist of taste and versatility, his works fail to sus- tain the reputation which they earned for him when alive. [Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves) ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1818 ; Warner's Cat. Dulwich Coll. MSS.] C. M. BOURKE, SIB RICHARD (1777-1855), colonial governor, was the only son of John Bourke of Dromsally, a relation of Edmund Burke, and was born in Dublin on 4 May 1777. He was originally educated for the bar, and was more than twenty-one when he was gazetted an ensign in the 1st or Grenadier guards on 22 Nov. 1798. He served in the expedition to the Helder, when he was shot through the jaws at the battle of Bergen, and was proiroted lieutenant and captain on 25 Nov. 1799. As quartermaster- general he served with Auchmuty's force at Monte Video, and on the conclusion of the Bourke 21 Bourke by the secretary of state on account of his dismissal of a Mr. Riddell from the executive council. The sorrow at his departure was genuine, and money was at once raised to erect a statue to him. ' He was the most popular governor who ever presided over the colonial affairs' (BKAIM, History of New South Wales, i. 275). On returning home to Ireland Bourke spent nearly twenty years at his country seat, Thornfield, near Limerick. He was \ promoted lieutenant-general, and appointed colonel of the 64th regiment in 1837, served of it (' St. Petersburg and Moscow : A Visit to the Court of the Czar, by Richard South- well Bourke, Esq.,' 2 vols., Henry Colburn, 1846), which gave evidence of acute observa- tion, and met with considerable success. In 1847 he took an active part in the relief of the sufferers from the Irish famine. At the general election in the same year he was elected to parliament as one of the members for the county of Kildare. In the following year he married Miss Blanche Wyndham, daughter of the first Lord Leconfield. In 1849 his grand uncle died, and his father suc- the office of high sheriff of the county of ceeding to the earldom, he assumed the cour- 1 tesy title of Lord Naas. In 1852 he was appointed chief secretary for Ireland in Lord Derby's administration, and held the same office during the subsequent conservative ad- ministrations which came into power in 1858 and 1866, retaining it on the last occasion until his appointment as viceroy and gover- nor-general of India shortly before the fall of Mr. Disraeli's government. He succeeded to the Irish earldom on the death of his father in 1867. During all these years Lord Mayo had a seat in the House of Commons, serving as member for Kildare county from 1847 to 1852, for the Irish borough of Coleraine from 1852 to 1857, and for the English borough of Cockermouth during the remainder of his parliamentary life. His politics were those of a moderate conservative. His policy was Limerick in 1839, and was promoted general in 1851. He died suddenly, at the age of .•seventy-eight, at Thornfield, on 13 Aug. 1855. [Gent. Mag. 1855, p. 428; Eoyal Military •Calendar. For his Australian government con- sult Braim's History of New South Wales, from its Settlement to the Close of 1844, 2 vols. 1846 ; Lang's Historical and Statistical Account of the Colony of New South Wales, from the Foundation of the Colony to the Present Day, 1834, 1837, 1852, 1875; Flanagan's History of New South Wales, 2 vols. 1862.] H. M. S. BOURKE, RICHARD SOUTHWELL, sixth EAEL or MAYO (1822-1872), viceroy and governor-general of India, was the eldest son of Robert Bourke, fifth earl of Mayo, who succeeded his uncle, the fourth earl, in 1849. he earls of Mayo, like the earls and mar- quises of Clanricarde, are said to have de- scended from William Fitzadelm de Borgo, who succeeded Strongbow in the government of Ireland in 1066. Richard, the eldest of j ten brothers and sisters, was born in Dublin on 21 Feb. 1822, and spent his earlier years at Hayes, a country house belonging to the family in the county of Meath. He was edu- cated at home, and in 1841 entered Trinity College, Dublin, where, without going into residence, he took an ordinary degree. His father was a strong evangelical. His mother, Anne Jocelyn, a granddaughter of the first Earl of Roden, was a woman of considerable culture, of deep religious feelings, and of strong common sense. Brought up amidst the sports of country life he became a clever shot, an accomplished rider, and a good swimmer. While an undergraduate he spent much of his time at Palmerstown and in London with his granduncle, the fourth Earl of Mayo, whom Praed described as A courtier of the nobler sort, A Christian of the purer school, Tory when whigs are great at court, And protestant when papists rule. ^ In 1845 he made a tour in Russia, and after Iiis return to England published an account eminently conciliatory, combined with un- flinching firmness in repressing sedition and crime. While opposed to any measure for disestablishing the protestant church in Ireland, he was in favour of granting public money to other institutions, whether catholic or protestant, without respect of creed, ' esta- blished for the education, relief, or succour of his fellow-countrymen.' His view was that no school, hospital, or asylum should languish because of the religious teaching it afforded, or because of the religion of those who supported it. His opinions on these questions and on the land question were very fully stated in a speech made by him in the House of Commons on 10 March 1868, in which he propounded a policy which has been often described as the ' levelling-up policy,' involving the establish- ment of a Roman catholic university, and such changes in ecclesiastical matters as would meet the just claims of the Roman catholic portion of the community. He was in favour of securing for tenants compensation for im- provements effected by themselves, of pro- viding for increased powers of improvement by limited owners, and of written contracts in supersession of the system of parole tenancies. Lord Mavo's views on all these matters met Bourke 22 Bourke with full support from his political chief, Mr. Disraeli, who, when announcing to the Buck- inghamshire electors the appointment of his friend to the office of viceroy and governor- general of India, declared that ' a state of affairs so dangerous was never encountered with greater firmness, but at the same time with greater magnanimity.' ' Upon that no- bleman, for his sagacity, for his judgment, fine temper, and knowledge of men, her ma- jesty has been pleased to confer the office of viceroy of India, and as viceroy of India I believe he will earn a reputation that his country will honour.' The resignation of the ministry had actually taken place before the governor-generalship became vacant ; but the appointment was not interfered with by Mr. Gladstone's government, and Lord Mayo was sworn in as governor-general at Calcutta on 12 Jan. 1869. Under Sir John Lawrence the attention of the government of India and of the subordi- nate governments had been mainly devoted to internal administrative improvements, and to the development of the resources of the country. With the exception of the Orissa famine no serious crisis had taxed the ener- gies or the resources of the state, and Lord Mayo received the government in a condition of admirable efficiency, with no arrears of current work (SiR JOHN STKACHEY'S Minute on the Administration of the Earl of Mayo, 30 April 1872). But clear as the official file was, and tranquil as was the condition of the empire, several questions of first-rate impor- tance speedily engaged the consideration of the new viceroy. Of these the most important were the relations of the government of India with the foreign states on its borders, and especially with Afghanistan, and the con- dition of the finances, which, notwithstanding the vigilant supervision of the late viceroy, was not altogether satisfactory. The condition of Afghanistan from the time of the death of the amir, Dost Muham- mad Khan, in 1863, up to a few months before Lord Mayo's accession to office, had been one of constant intestine war, three of the sons of the late amir disputing the suc- cession in a series of sanguinary struggles which had lasted for five years. Sir John Lawrence had from the first declined to aid any one of the combatants in this internecine strife, adhering to the policy of recognising the de facto ruler, and at one time two de facto rulers, when one of the brothers had made himself master of Cabul and Candahar, and the other held Herat. At length, in the autumn of 1868. Shir Ali Khan having suc- ceeded in establishing his supremacy, was officially recognised by the governor-general as sovereign of the whole of Afghanistan,, and was presented with a gift of 20,000/.r accompanied by a promise of 100,000/. more. It was also arranged that the amir should visit India, and should be received by the viceroy with the honours due to the ruler of Afghanistan. This position of affairs had been brought to the notice of Lord Mayo before his departure from England. While fully realising the difficulties by which the whole question was encompassed, he appears- to have entertained some doubts as to the- policy which so long had tolerated anarchy in Afghanistan, but cordially approving of the final decision to aid the re-establishment of settled government in that country, he lost no time on his arrival in giving effect to the promises of his predecessor. A meeting with the amir took place at Amballa in March 1869. The amir had come to India bent upon obtaining a fixed annual subsidy, a treaty laying upon the British government an obligation to support the Afghan govern- ment in any emergency, and the recognition by the government of India of his younger son, Abdulla Jan, as his successor, to the- exclusion of his eldest son, Yakub Khan. None of these requests were complied with. But the amir received from Lord Mayo emphatic assurances of the desire of the government of India for the speedy consoli- dation of his power, and of its determination to respect the independence of Afghanistan. He was encouraged to communicate fre- quently and fully with the government of India and its officers. Public opinion dif- fered as to the success of the meeting. The intimation that the government of India would treat with displeasure any attempt of the amir's rivals to rekindle civil war was by some regarded as going too far, and by others as not going far enough ; but the pre- valent view was that good had been done, and that Shir Ali had returned to Cabul well satisfied with the result of his visit. On the general question of the attitude of the British government towards the adjoining foreign states, Lord Mayo held that while British interests and influence in Asia were best secured by a policy of non-interference in the affairs of such states, we could not safely maintain Bowyer handsome folios of * Domesday Book,' which were not completed until 1783. He died on 18 Nov. 1777, aged 77. Most of his learned pamphlets, essays, prefaces, corrections, and notes have been reprinted as ' Miscellaneous Tracts by the late William Bowyer . . . col- lected and illustrated with notes by John Nichols, F.S.L. Edin.,' London, 1785, 4to, pp. 712. Bowyer was a man of very small stature, and in the jeux $ esprit of his day we find him called 'the little man,' roviding new buildings, but served to esta- )lish some bursaries. His bust, well known to many generations of students, stood in a niche of the quadrangle which was built with his bequest, until a few years ago the university deserted those buildings and moved to its present situation, where the bust is still preserved in the library. Boyd served the offices of dean of faculty, rector, and vice- chancellor in the university during several years. His printed prose works appeared between 1629 and 1650 ; the printed poetical works between 1640 and 1652. < The Battell of the Soul in Death ' (1629), dedicated to Charles I, and in French to Queen Henrietta Maria, while the second volume contains a de- dicatory letter to Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, on the death of her son Frederick, is a sort of prose manual for the sick. About 1640 Boydell 104 Boydell he published a poem on General Lesly's vic- tory at Newburn, which is marked by the utmost extravagance and absurdity of lan- guage and of metaphor. In 1640 he pub- lished 'Four Letters of Comforts for the deaths of Earle of Haddington and of Lord Boyd.' The ' Psalms of David in Meeter,' with metrical versions of the songs of the Old and New Testament, was published in 1648. The manuscript writings of Boyd, preserved in Glasgow University, are very voluminous, and some extracts have been published as curiosities. The chief portions are the ' Four Evangels ' in verse, and a col- lection of poetical stories, taken chiefly from Bible history, which he calls * Zion's Flowers,' and which, having been commonly called ' Boyd's Bible,' gave currency to the idea that he had translated the whole Bible. The stories are often absurd enough in style and treatment, but the general notion of their absurdities has been exaggerated from the fact that they were abundantly parodied by those whose object was to caricature the presbyterian style which Boyd represented. He seems to have been inclined to oppose the policy of the royalist party even in earlier days ; for though he wrote a Latin ode on the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood in 1633, his dedication of the ' Battell of the Soul ' to the king contained what must have been taken as a reflection on the want of strict Sabbatarianism in the episcopal church. In later years he became a staunch cove- nanter, but did not relish the triumph of Cromwell. In 1650 he preached before Crom- well in the cathedral, and, as we are told, 1 railed at him to his face.' Thurloe, Crom- well's secretary, would have called him to account, but Cromwell took means to pay him back more effectually in kind by inviting him to dine and then treating him to three hours of prayers. After that, we are told, Boyd found himself on better terms with the Protector. Reflecting many of the oddities and absurdities of style which were charac- teristic of his time, Boyd seems nevertheless to have been a man of considerable energy and shrewdness, and to have won a fair amount of contemporary popularity as an author. [Four Letters of Comfort, 1640, reprinted Edin. 1878; Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, by Z. B., with introductory notice by Gr. Neil, Glasgow, 1855 ; The Last Battle of the Soul in Death, Edin. 1629.] H. C. BOYDELL, JOHN (1719-1804), en- graver, print publisher, and lord mayor, was born at Dorrington in Shropshire on 19 Jan. 1719. His father, Josiah, was a land surveyor, and his mother's maiden name was Millies. His grandfather was the Rev. J. Boydell, D.D., vicar of Ashbourne and rector of Maple - ton in Derbyshire. Boydell was brought up to his father's profession, but when about one-and-twenty he appears to have aban- doned it in favour of art. He walked up to London, became a student in the St. Martin's Lane academy, and apprenticed himself to W. H. Toms, the engraver. The year of his apprenticeship is stated by himself to have been 1741, but in another place he says that he bound himself apprentice when ' within a few months of twenty-one years of age.' It is said that he was moved to do this by his admiration of a print by Toms, after Bades- lade, of Hawarden Castle, but we have his own statement engraved upon his first print that he ' never saw an engraved copper-plate before he came on trial.' This first print, which was begun immediately on being bound apprentice, is a copy of an engraving by Le Bas after Teniers. He soon began to publish on his own account small landscapes, which he produced in sets of six and sold for six- pence. One of these was known as his ' Bridgebook ' because there was a bridge in each view. As there were few print-shops at that time in London, he induced the sellers of toys to expose them in their windows, and his most successful shop was at the sign of the Cricket-bat in Duke's Court, St. Martin's Lane. Twelve of these small landscape plates are included in the collection of his engravings which he published in 1790, and the earliest date to be found on any of them is 1744. In the next year he appears to have commenced the publication, at the price of one shilling each, of larger views about London, Oxford, and other places in England and Wales, drawn and engraved by himself. This prac- tice he continued with success for about ten years, by which time he had amassed a small capital. This was the foundation of his for- tune. In the copy of the Collection of 1790 in the British Museum, which was presented by him to Miss Banks (daughter of the sculp- tor), is preserved an autograph note, in which he calls it ' The only book that had the ho- nour of making a Lord Mayor of London.' In the * advertisement ' or preface to the volume he speaks of his master Toms as one 1 who had himself never risen to any degree of perfection,' and adds, 'indeed at that period there was no engraver of any emi- nence in this country.' Of his own engrav- ings he speaks with proper humility, for beyond a certain neatness of execution they have little merit. ' The engraver has now collected them,' he wrote, l more to show the improvement of art in this country, since Boydell 105 Boydell the period of their publication, than from any idea of their own merits.' Though not altogether relinquishing the burin till about 1767, he had long before this commenced his career as a printseller and a publisher of the works of other en- gravers. After serving six years with Toms, he purchased the remainder of his term of apprenticeship, and the success of his prints, especially of a volume of views in England and Wales, published in 1751, enabled him to set up in business on his own account. The first engraving of great importance pro- duced under his encouragement was Wool- lett's plate after Wilson's ( Niobe,' published in 1761. This was also (with the exception of Hogarth's prints) the first important en- graving by a British engraver after a British painter. J. T. Smith, in his account of Wool- lett appended to ' Nollekens and his Times,' recounts the history of this plate as told him by Boydell. ' When I got a little forward in the world,' said Boydell, 'I took a whole shop, for at my commencement I kept only half a one. In the course of one year I imported numerous impressions of Vernet's celebrated " Storm," so admirably engraved by Lerpi- niere ; for which I was obliged to pay in hard cash, as the French took none of our prints in return. Upon Mr. Woollett's ex- pressing himself highly delighted with this Erint of the " Storm," I was induced, knowing is ability as an engraver, to ask him if he thought he could produce a print of the same size, which I could send over, so that in future I could avoid payment in money, and prove to the French nation that an English- man could produce a print of equal merit ; upon which he immediately declared that he should much like to try.' The result was the print of ' Niobe,' for which Boydell agreed to pay 100/., ' an un- heard of price, being considerably more than I had given for any copperplate.' He had, however, to advance the engraver more than this before the plate was finished. Very few proofs were struck off, and 5s. only was charged for the prints ; but the work brought Boydell 2,000/. It was followed by the ' Phaeton,' also engraved by Woollett, after Wilson, and published by Boydell in 1763. These prints had a large sale on the con- tinent, with which an enormous trade in English engravings was soon established. BoydelFs enterprise increased with his capi- tal, and he continued to employ the latter in encouraging English talent. In the list of engravers employed by him are the names of Woollett, M'Ardell, Hall, Earlom, Sharpe, Heath, J. Smith, Val. Green, and other Englishmen, and a large proportion of the prints he published were, from the first, after Wilson, West, Reynolds, and other English painters. His foreign trade spread the fame of English engravers and English painters abroad for the first time. The receipts from some of the plates, especially the engravings by Woollett after West's ' Death of General Wolfe,' and ' Battle of La Hogue,' were enormous. In 1790 he stated the receipts from the former amounted to 15,000/. Both were copied by the best engravers in Paris and Vienna. In 1790 he was elected lord mayor of Lon- don, having been elected alderman for the ward of Cheap in 1782, and served sheriff in 1785. During his career as a print pub- lisher the course of the foreign trade in prints was turned from an import to an ex- port one. It was stated by the Earl of Suf- folk in the House of Lords that the revenue coming into this country from this branch of art at one time exceeded 200,000/. per annum. Having amassed a large fortune, Boydell in 1786 embarked upon the most important enterprise of his life, viz. the pub- lication, by subscription, of a series of prints illustrative of Shakespeare, after pictures painted expressly for the work by English ar- tists. For this purpose he gave commissions to all the most celebrated painters of this country for pictures, and built a gallery in Pall Mall for their exhibition. The execution of this project extended over several years. In 1789 the Shakespeare Gallery contained thirty-four pictures, in 1791 sixty-five, in 1802 one hundred and sixty-two, of which eighty-four were of large size. The total number of works executed was 170, three of which were pieces of sculpture, and the artists employed were thirty-three painters and two sculptors, Thomas Banks and the Hon. Mrs. Darner. It appears from the preface to the cata- logue of 1789, and from other recorded state- ments of Boydell, that he wished to do for Eng- lish painting what he had done for English engraving, to make it respected by foreigners, and there is independent evidence of the generous spirit in which he conducted the enterprise. Northcote, in a letter addressed to Mrs. Carey, 3 Oct. 1821, says : * My picture of " The Death of Wat Tyler " was painted in the year 1786 for my friend and patron Alderman Boydell, who did more for the ad- vancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of nobility put together. He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall ever hold in reverence.' Boydell's l Shakespeare ' was published in 1802, but the French revolution had stopped his foreign trade, and placed him in such Boydell 106 Boydell serious financial difficulties that in 1804 he was obliged to apply to parliament for permis- sion to dispose of his property by lottery. This property was very considerable. In the pre- vious year Messrs. Boydell had published a catalogue of their stock in forty-eight volumes, which comprised no less than 4,432 plates, of which 2,293 were after English artists. In a letter read to the House of Commons Boy- dell wrote : 'I have laid out with my brethren, in promoting the commerce of the fine arts in this country, above 350,000/.' In his printed lottery scheme it is stated that it had been proved before both houses of parliament that the plates from which the prize prints were taken cost upwards of 300,000/., his pictures and drawings 46,266/., and the Shakespeare Gallery upwards of 30,000/. The lottery consisted of 22,000 tickets, all of which were sold. The sum received enabled Boydell to pay his debts, but he died at his house in Cheapside on 12 Dec. 1804, before the lottery was drawn. This was done on 28 Jan. 1805, when the chief prize, which included the Shakespeare Gallery, pictures and estate, fell to Mr. Tassie, nephew of the celebrated imitator of cameos in glass, who sold the property by auction. The pictures and two bas-reliefs by the Hon. Mrs. Darner realised 6,181 1. 18s. 6d. The gallery was purchased by the British Insti- tution, and Banks's 'Apotheosis of Shake- speare ' was reserved for a monument over the remains of Boydell. This piece of sculp- ture, however, after remaining for many years in its original position over the en- trance to the gallery, has now been removed to Stratford-upon-Avon. Although Boydell appears to have been responsible for an imposition on the public in regard to Woollett's print of < The Death of General Wolfe/ the entire property of which fell into his hands after the engraver's death — the plate was repaired and unlettered proofs printed and sold — his career was one of well-won honour and success, until the French revolution marred his prosperity. His influence in encouraging native art in England was great, and salutary, assuming proportions of national importance. It is true that the Boydell ' Shakespeare,' taken as a whole, seems now to shed little lustre on the English school, but this was not Boy- dell's fault ; he employed the best artists he could get — Reynolds, Stothard, Smirke, Rom- ney, Fuseli, Opie, Barry, West, Wright of Derby, Angelica Kauffman, Westall, Hamil- ton, and others. It must also be remembered that this was the first great effort of the kind ever made by English artists, and its influ- ence cannot easily be overestimated. Boy- dell deserves great credit for his patriotism, generosity to artists, and public spirit. To the corporation of London he presented the frescoes by Rigaud on the cupola of the com- mon-council chamber, and many other paint- ings, including Reynolds's ' Lord Heathfield ;' to the Stationers' Company, West's ' Alfred the Great ' and Graham's ' Escape of Mary Queen of Scots.' It was his intention, before the reverse of his fortunes, to bequeath the Shakespeare gallery of paintings to the na- tion. In 1748 he married Elizabeth Lloyd, second daughter of Edward Lloyd of the Fords, near Oswestry, in Shropshire, by whom he had no issue. He was buried at St. Olave's, Coleman Street. [Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Redgrave's Diet. o-. Artists (1878) ; Bryan's Diet. (Graves, now in course of publication) ; Annual Eeg. (1804) ; Gent. Mag. (1804); Hayley's Life of Eomney; Nollekens and his Times; Pye's Patronage of British Art ; A Collection of Views in England and Wales by J. B. (1790) ; Shakespeare's Dra- matic Works revised by Steevens, with plates, 9 vols. (1802) ; A Description of several Pictures presented to the Corporation of London by J. B. (1794); Catalogues of Pictures in Shakespeare Gallery (1789-1802); Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, vol. i. 1803-4, p. 249.] C. M. BOYDELL, JOSIAH (1752-1817), painter and engraver, nephew of Alderman John Boydell [q. v.], was born at the Manor House, near Hawarden, Flintshire, on 18 Jan. 1752. Giving early proofs of his love for art and his capacity in design, he was sent to Lon- don and placed under the care and patronage of his uncle, whose partner and successor he eventually became. He drew from the an- tique, studied painting under Benjamin West, and acquired the art of mezzotinto engraving from Richard Earlom. When Alderman Boy- dell undertook the publication of the series of engravings from the famous Houghton collection previous to its removal to thb Hermitage, St. Petersburg, he employed his nephew and Joseph Farington to make the necessary drawings from the pictures for the use of the engravers. Boydell painted seve- ral of the subjects for the Shakespeare Gal- lery, and exhibited portraits and historical subjects at the Royal Academy between 1772 and 1799. He resided for some time at Hampstead, and during the French war as- sisted in forming the corps known as the Loyal Hampstead Volunteers, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. He was master of the Stationers' Company, and succeeded his uncle as alderman of the ward of Cheap, but ill-health compelled him to resign this latter office within a few years. During the latter part of his life he resided at Halliford, Middle- Boyer 107 Boyer sex, and lie died there on 27 March 1817. He was buried in Hampstead Church. Among his principal paintings may be mentioned : a por- trait of Alderman John Boydell, exhibited at the Academy in 1772, and engraved by Valentine Green : a portrait of his wife, when Miss North, in the character of Juno, exhi- bited in 1773 ; and * Coriolanus taking leave of :his Family/ also exhibited in 1773. He engraved some excellent plates in mezzo- tinto : ' Hansloe and his Mother,' after Rem- brandt; 'The Holy Family,' after Carlo Maratti ; ' The Virgin and Child,' after Par- migiano ; ' Charles I,' after A. van Dyck. [Magazine of the Fine Arts, ii. 410 ; MS. notes in the British Museum.] L. F. BOYER, ABEL (1667-1729), miscella- neous writer, was born on 24 June 1667, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, where his father, who suffered for his protestant zeal, was one of the two consuls or chief magistrates. Boyer's education at the academy of Puylaurens was interrupted by the religious disturbances, and leaving France with an uncle, a noted Hugue- not preacher, he finished his studies at Frane- ker in Friesland, after a brief episode, it is said, of military service in Holland. Proceeding to England in 1689 he fell into great poverty, and is represented as transcribing and pre- paring for the press Dr. Thomas Smith's edition of Camden's Latin correspondence (London, 1691). A good classical scholar, Boyer became in"1692 tutor to Allen Bathurst, afterwards first Earl Bathurst, whose father Sir Benjamin was treasurer of the household of the princess, afterwards Queen Anne. Pro- bably through this connection he was ap- pointed French teacher to her son William, duke of Gloucester, for whose use he prepared and to whom he dedicated ' The Complete French Master,' published in 1694. Disap- pointed of advancement on account of his zeal for whig principles, he abandoned tuition for authorship. In December 1 699 he produced on the London stage, with indifferent success, a modified translation in blank verse of Racine's ' Iphigenie,' which was published in 1700 as ' Achilles or Iphigenia in Aulis, a tragedy written by Mr. Boyer.' A second edition of it appeared in 1714 as ' The Victim, or Achilles and Iphigenia in Aulis,' in an ' advertisement' prefixed to which Boyer stated that in its first form it had ' passed the correction and appro- bation ' of Dryden. In 1702 appeared at the Hague the work which has made Boyer's a familiar name, his ' Dictionnaire Royal Fran- cais et Anglais, divisS en deux parties,' osten- sibly composed for the use of the Duke of Glou- cester, then dead. It was much superior to every previous work of the kind, and has been the basis of very many subsequent French- English dictionaries ; the last English un- abridged edition is that of 1816 ; the edition published at Paris in 1860 is stated to be the 41st. For the English-French section Boyer claimed the merit of containing a more com- plete English dictionary than any previous one, the English words and idioms in it being defined and explained as well as accompanied by their French equivalents. In the French preface to the whole work Boyer said that 1,000 English words not in any other English dictionary had been added to his by Richard Savage, whom he spoke of as his friend, and who assisted him in several of his French manuals and miscellaneous compilations and translations published subsequently. Among the English versions of French works exe- cuted in whole or in part by Boyer was a popular translation of Fenelon's { Tel6maque,' of which a twelfth edition appeared in 1728. In 1702 Boyer published a ' History of William III,' which included one of James II, and in 1703 he began to issue t The History of the Reign of Queen Anne digested into annals,' a yearly register of political and mis- cellaneous occurrences, containing several plans and maps illustrating the military operations of the war of the Spanish succes- sion. Before the last volume, the eleventh, of this work appeared in 1713, he had com- menced the publication of a monthly periodi- cal of the same kind, < The Political State of Great Britain, being an impartial account of the most material occurrences, ecclesiastical, civil, and military, in a monthly letter to a friend in Holland' (38 volumes, 1711-29). Its contents, which were those of a monthly news- paper, included abstracts of the chief political pamphlets published on both sides, and, like the ' Annals,' is, both from its form and mat- ter, very useful for reference. ' The Political State ' is, moreover, particularly noticeable as being the first periodical, issued at brief in- tervals, which contained a parliamentary chro- nicle, and in which parliamentary debates were reported with comparative regularity and with some approximation to accuracy. In the case of the House of Lords' reports various devices, such as giving only the initials of the names of the speakers, were resorted to in order to escape punishment, but in the case of the House of Commons the entire names were frequently given. According to Boyer's own account (preface to his folio History of Queen Anne, and to vol. xxxvii. of the Political State) he had been furnished by members of both houses of parliament (among whom he mentioned Lord Stanhope) with reports of their speeches, and he had even succeeded in becoming an occasional ' ear-witness ' of the Boyer 108 Boyes debates themselves. When he was threatened at the beginning of 1729 with arrest by the printers of the votes, whose monopoly they accused him of infringing, he asserted that for thirty years in his ' History of King William/ his ' Annals/ and in his ' Political State/ he had given reports of parliamentary debates without being molested. The threat induced him to discontinue the publication of the de- bates. He intended to resume the work, but failed to carry out his intention (see Gent. Mag. for November 1856, Autobiography of Sylvanus Urban). He died on 16 Nov. 1729, in a house which he had built for himself at Chelsea. Besides conducting the periodicals men- tioned, Boyer began in 1705 to edit the ' Post- boy/ a thrice-a-week London news-sheet. His connection with it ended in August 1709, through a quarrel with the proprietor, when Boyer started on his own account a ' True Post- boy/ which seems to have been short-lived. A ' Case ' which he printed in vindication of his right to use the name of ' Post-boy ' for his new venture gives some curious particu- lars of the way in which the news-sheets of the time were manufactured. Boyer was also the author of pamphlets, in one of which, ' An Account of the State and Progress of the present Negotiations of Peace/ he attacked Swift, who writes in the ' Journal to Stella ' (16 Oct. 1711), after dining with Boling- broke : f One Boyer, a French dog, has abused me in a pamphlet, and I have got him up in a messenger's hands. The secre- tary ' — St. John — ' promises me to swinge him. ... I must make that rogue an example for warning to others.' Boyer was discharged from custody through the intervention, he says, of Harley, to whom he boasts of having rendered services (Annals of Queen Anne, vol. for 1711, pp. 264-5). Though he professed a strict political impartiality in the conduct of his principal periodicals, Boyer was a zea- lous whig. For this reason doubtless Pope gave him a niche in the ' Dunciad ' (book ii. 413), where, under the soporific influence of Dulness, ' Boyer the state, and Law the stage gave o'er ' — his crime, according to Pope's ex- planatory note, being that he was ' a volu- minous compiler of annals, political collec- tions, &c.' Of Boyer's other writings — the list of those of them which are in the library of the British Museum occupies nearly four folio pages of print in its new catalogue — mention may be made of his folio ' History of Queen Anne ' (1722, second edition 1735), with maps and plans illustrating Marlborough's campaigns, and ' a regular series of all the medals that were struck to commemorate the great events of this reign ; ' and the ' Memoirs of the Life and Negotiations of Sir William Temple, Bart., containing the most important occur- rences and the most secret springs of affairs in Christendom from the year 1655 to the year 1681 ; with an account of Sir W. Temple's writings/ published anonymously in 1714, second edition 1715. Boyer's latest produc- tion— in composing which he seems to have been assisted by a ' Mr. J. Innes ' — was ' Le Grand Theatre de 1'Honneur/ French and English, 1729, containing a dictionary of he- raldic terms and a treatise on heraldry, with engravings of the arms of the sovereign prin- ces and states of Europe. It was published by subscription and dedicated to Frederick, prince of Wales. [Boyer's "Works ; obituary notice in vol. xxxviii. of Political State, of which the Memoir in Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, is mainly a reproduction ; Haag's La France Protestante, 2nd edition, 1881; Grenest's Account of the Eng- lish Stage, ii. 166-9; Catalogue of the British Museum Library.] F. E. BOYES, JOHN FREDERICK (1811- 1879), classical scholar, born 10 Feb. 1811, entered Merchant Taylors' School in the month of October 1819, his father, Benjamin Boyes (a Yorkshireman), being then resident in Charterhouse Square. After a very credit- able school career extending over nearly ten years, he went in 1829 as Andrew's civil law exhibitioner to St. John's College, Oxford, having relinquished a scholarship which he had gained in the previous year at Lincoln College. He graduated B.A. in 1833, taking a second class in classics, his papers on history and poetry being of marked excellence. Soon afterwards he was appointed second master of the proprietary school, Walthamstow, and eventually succeeded to the head-mastership, which he filled for many years. He proceeded M.A. in due course. At school, at Oxford (whither he was summoned to act as ex- aminer at responsions in 1842), and among a large circle of discriminating friends, he enjoyed a high reputation for culture and scholarship. l There was not an English or Latin or Greek poet with whom he was not familiar, and from whom he could not make the most apposite quotations. With th$ best prose authors in our own and in French, and indeed other continental literature, he was thoroughly acquainted ' (AKCHDEACON HESSE Y). The fruits of his extensive read- ing and literary taste are to be seen in his published works, which evince also consider- able originality of thought, terseness of ex- pression, and felicity of illustration. The closing years of his life were largely devoted Boyle 109 Boyle to practical benevolence, in the exercise of which he was as humble as he was liberal. He died at Maida Hill, London, 26 May 1879. His writings comprise: 1. 'Illustrations of the Tragedies of ^Eschylus and Sophocles, from the Greek, Latin, and English Poets,' 1844. 2. ' English Repetitions, in Prose and Verse, with introductory remarks on the cultivation of taste in the young,' 1849. 3. ' Life and Books, a Record of Thought and Reading,' 1859. 4. ' Lacon in Council,' 1865. The two latter works remind one very much in their style and texture of 1 Guesses at Truth,' by the brothers Hare. [Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 211; Information from Archdeacon Hessey, Dr. Seth B. "Watson, and other personal friends of Mr. Boyes ; Preface and Appendix to Sermon by Rev. J. G-. Tanner (E. Hale), 1879.] C. J. R. BOYLE, CHARLES, fourth EAKL OF OR- RERY in Ireland, and first BARON MARSTON, of Marston in Somersetshire (1676-1731), grandson of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.], was born at Chelsea in 1676, and suc- ceeded his brother as Earl of Orrery in 1703. Educated at Christ Church, he joined the wits engaged in a struggle with Bentley, who re- presented the scholarship of the Cambridge whigs. Sir W. Temple had made some rash statements as to the antiquity of Phalaris in a treatise on ancient and modern learning, and this was the subject of attack by Wotton, a protege" of Bentley's, in his ' Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning/ published in 1694. By way of covering Temple's defeat, the Christ Church scholars determined to publish a new edition of the epistles of Pha- laris. This was entrusted to Boyle, who, without asserting the epistles to be genuine, as Temple had done, attacked Bentley for his rudeness in having withdrawn too ab- ruptly a manuscript belonging to the King's Library, which Boyle had borrowed. Bentley now added to a new edition of Wotton's ' Re- flections ' a ' Dissertation ' upon the epistles, from his own pen [see BENTLEY, RICHARD, 1662-1742J. Boyle was aided by Atterbury and Smalridge in preparing a defence, pub- lished in 1698, entitled ' Dr. Bentley's Dis- sertations .... examined.' Bentley returned to the charge and overwhelmed his opponents by the wealth of his scholarship. The dispute led to Swift's ' Battle of the Books.' Before succeeding to the peerage Boyle was elected M.P. for Huntingdon, but his return was disputed, and the violence of the discussion which took place led to his being engaged in a duel with his colleague, Francis Wortley, in which he was wounded. He subsequently entered the army, and was present at the battle of Malplaquet, and in 1709 became major- general. In 1706 he had married Lady Eliza- beth Cecil, daughter of the Earl of Exeter. We find him afterwards in London, as the centre of Christ Church men there, a strong adhe- rent of the party of Harley, and a member of ' the club ' established by Swift. As envoy in Flanders he took part in the negotiations that preceded the treaty of Utrecht, and was afterwards made a privy councillor and created Baron Marston. He was made a lord of the bedchamber on the accession of George I, but resigned this post on being de- prived of his military command in 1716. Swift, in the ' Four Last Years of the Queen,' adduces Orrery's support of the tory ministry as a proof that no Jacobite designs were entertained by them ; but it is curious that in 1721 Orrery was thrown into the Tower for six months as being implicated in Layer's plot, and was released on bail only in consequence of Dr. Mead's certifying that continued imprison- ment was dangerous to his life. He was subsequently discharged, and died on 28 Aug. 1731. Besides the works above named, he wrote a comedy called 'As you find it.' The astronomical instrument, invented by Gra- ham, received from his patronage of the in- ventor the name of an ' Orrery.' [Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles ; Bentley's Dissertation ; Swift's Battle of the Books ; Biog. Brit.] H. C. BOYLE, DAVID, LORD BOYLE (1772- 1853), president of the Scottish court of ses- sion, fourth son of the Hon. Patrick Boyle of Shewalton, near Irvine, the third son of John, second Earl of Glasgow, was born at Irvine on 26 July. 1772 ; was called to the Scottish bar on 14 Dec. 1793 ; was gazetted (9 May 1807), under the Duke of Portland's administration, solicitor-general for Scotland ; and in the general election of the following month was returned to the House of Commons by Ayrshire, which he continued to represent until his appointment, on 23 Feb. 1811, as a lord of session and of justiciary. He was ap- pointed lord justice clerk on 15 Oct. 1811. He was sworn on 11 April 1820 a member of the privy council of George IV, at whose corona- tion, on 19 July 1821, he is recorded by Sir Walter Scott to have shown to great advan- tage in his robes. After acting as lord justice clerk for nearly thirty years, Boyle was appointed lordjustice- general and president of the court of session, on the resignation of Charles Hope, lord Gran- ton. Boyle resigned office in May 1852, de- clining the baronetcy which was offered to Boyle no Boyle him, and retired to his estate at Shewalton, to which he had succeeded on the death of a brother in 1837. He died on 30 Jan. 1853. Boyle was always distinguished for his noble personal appearance. Sir J. W. Gordon painted full-length portraits of him for the Faculty of Advocates and for the Society of Writers to the Signet. Mr. Patrick Park also made a bust of him for the hall of the So- ciety of Solicitors before the Supreme Courts in Edinburgh. Boyle was twice married : first, on 24 Dec. 1804, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Alex- ander Montgomerie of Annick, brother of the twelfth Earl of Eglintoun, who died on 14 April 1822 ; he had nine children by her, the eldest of whom, Patrick Boyle, succeeded to his estates; and secondly, on 17 July 1827, to Camilla Catherine, eldest daughter of David Smythe of Methven, lord Methven, a lord of session and of justiciary, who died on 25 Dec. 1880, leaving four children. [Wood's Douglas's Peerage of Scotland, 1813 ; Lodge's Peerage and Baronetage, 1883 ; Gent. Mag., passim ; Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice, 1813; Caledonian Mer- cury and Glasgow Herald, 7 Feb. 1853; Edin- burgh Evening Courant and Ayr Observer, 8 Feb. 1853; Times, 9 Feb. 1853; Illustrated London News, 29 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1853.] A. H. G. BOYLE, HENRy, LORD CARLETON (d. 1725), politician, was the third and youngest son of Charles, lord Clifford, of Lanesborough, by Jane, youngest daughter of William, duke of Somerset, and grandson of Richard Boyle, second earl of Cork [q. v.] He sat in parliament for Tamworth from 1689 to 1690, for Cambridge University- after a contest in which Sir Isaac Newton supported his opponent — from 1692 to 1705, and for Westminster from 1705 to 1710. Although he was at the head of the poll at Cambridge in 1701, he did not venture to try his fortune in 1705. From 1699 to 1701 he was a lord of the treasury, and in the latter year he became the chancellor of the ex- chequer; from 1704 to 1710 he was lord treasurer of Ireland, and in 1708 he was made a principal secretary of state in the room of Harley. Two years later he was displaced for St. John, and the act formed one of those bold steps on the part of the tory ministry which ' almost shocked ' Swift. Boyle is generally said to have been the messenger who found Addison [q. v.] in his mean lodging, and by his blandishments, and a definite promise of preferment and the pro- spect of still greater advancement, secured the poet's pen to celebrate the victory of Blenheim and its hero. In return, it is'said, for his good offices on this occasion, the third volume of the ' Spectator ' was dedicated to Boyle, with the eulogy that among politicians no one had ' made himself more friends and fewer enemies.' Southerne, the dramatist, was another of the men of letters whom he befriended. Boyle was engaged as one of the managers of the trial of Sacheverell. On 20 Oct. 1714 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carleton of Carleton, Yorkshire, and from 1721 to 1725 was lord president of the council in Walpole's administration. He died a bachelor at his house in Pall Mall on 14 March 1725. He left this house, known as Carlton House, to the Prince of Wales, and it was long notorious as the abode of the prince regent : the name is still per- petuated in Carlton House Terrace. The winning manners and the tact of Lord Car- leton have been highly praised. He was never guilty, so it was said by his pane- gyrists, of an imprudent speech or of any acts to injure the success of the whig cause. Swift, however, accuses him of avarice. [Budgell's Lives of Boyles, 149-55; Swift's Works ; Chalmers ; Cooper's Annals of Cam- bridge, iv. 19, 40, 47 ; Lodge's Peerage, i. 175.] W. P. C. BOYLE, HENRY, EARL OF SHANNON (1682-1764), born at Castlemartyr, county Cork, in 1682, was second son of Lieutenant- colonel Henry Boyle, second son of Roger Boyle, first earl of Orrery [q. v.] Henry Boyle's mother was Lady Mary O'Brien, daughter of Murragh O'Brien, first earl of Inchiquin, and president of Munster. Henry Boyle's father died in Flanders in 1693, and on the death of his eldest son, Roger, in 1705, Henry Boyle, as second son, succeeded to the family estates at Castlemartyr, which had been much neglected. In 1715 he was elected knight of the shire for Cork, and married Catherine, daughter of-Chidley Coote. After her death he married, in 1726, Henrietta Boyle, youngest daughter of his relative, Charles, earl of Burlington and Cork. That nobleman entrusted the management of his estates in Ireland to Henry Boyle, who much enhanced their value, and carried out and promoted extensive improvements in his dis- trict. In 1729 Boyle distinguished himself in parliament at Dublin in resisting success- fully the attempt of the government to obtain a vote for a continuation of supplies to the crown for twenty-one years. Sir Robert Wai- pole is stated to have entertained a high opi- nion of the penetration, sagacity, and energy of Boyle, and to have styled him ' the King of the Irish Commons.' Boyle, in 1733, was Boyle i] made a member of the privy council, chan- cellor of the exchequer, and commissioner of revenue in Ireland. He was also in the same year elected speaker of the House of Commons there. Through his connections, Boyle exer- cised extensive political influence, and was parliamentary leader of the whig party in Ireland. In 1753 Boyle acquired high popu- larity by opposing the government proposal for appropriating a surplus in the Irish ex- chequer. In commemoration of the parlia- mentary movements in this affair, medals were struck containing portraits of Boyle as speaker of the House of Commons. For having opposed the government, Boyle and some of his associates were dismissed from offices which they held under the crown. After negotiations with government, Boyle, in 1756, resigned the speakership, and was granted an annual pension of two thousand pounds for thirty-one years, with the titles of Baron of Castlemartyr, Viscount Boyle of Bandon, and Earl of Shannon. He sat for many years in the House of Peers in Ireland, and frequently acted as lord justice of that kingdom. Boyle died at Dublin of gout in his head, on 27 Sept. 1764, in the 82nd year of his age. Portraits of Henry Boyle were engraved in mezzotinto by John Brooks. [Account of Life of Henry Boyle, 1754; Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland ; Peerage of Ireland, 1789, ii. 364; Hardy's Life of Charlemont, 1810; Charlemont MSS. ; Works of Henry Grattan, 1822 ; Hist, of City of Dublin, 1854-59.] J. T. G-. BOYLE, JOHN, fifth EARL OF CORK, fifth EARL OF ORRERY, and second BARON MAR- STOBT (1707r1762), was born on 2 Jan. 1707, and was the only son of Charles Boyle, fourth earl of Orrery [q. v.], whom he succeeded as fifth earl in 1731. Like his father, he was educated at Christ Church. He took some part in parliamentary debates, chiefly in op- position to Walpole. On the death, in 1753, of his kinsman, Richard Boyle, the Earl of Cork and Burlington [q. v.], he succeeded him as fifth earl of Cork, thus uniting the Orrery peerage to the older Cork peerage. His father, from some grudge, left his library to Christ Church, specially assigning as his reason his son's want of taste for literature. According to Johnson, the real reason was that the son would not allow his wife to as- sociate with the father's mistress. The pas- sage in the will seems to have stimulated the son to endeavour to disprove the charge, and he has succeeded in making his name re- membered as the friend first of Swift and Pope, and afterwards of Johnson. His ' Re- marks on Swift,' published in November t Boyle 1751, attracted much attention as the first attempt at an account of Swift, and 7,500 copies appear to have been sold within a month. But neither Lord Orrery's ability, nor his acquaintance with Swift, was such as to give much value to his l Remarks.' The acquaintance had begun about 1731 (appa- rently from an application by Swift on behalf of Mrs. Barber for leave to dedicate her poems to Orrery, although Swift had pre- viously seen a good deal of his father), when Swift was already sixty-four years old, and their meetings, during the few succeeding years before Swift became decrepit, were not very frequent. If we are to judge, however, from the expressions used by Swift, both in his letters to Orrery and in correspondence with others, the friendship seems to have been cordial so far as it went. In one of the earliest letters he hopes Orrery will be ' a great example, restorer, and patron of virtue, learning, and wit ; ' and he writes to Pope that, next to Pope himself, he loves l no man so well.' Pope, too, writes of Orrery to Swift as one ' whose praises are that precious ointment Solomon speaks of.' A bond of sympathy existed between Swift and Orrery in a common hatred of Walpole's govern- ment. It was to Orrery's hand that Swift entrusted the manuscript of his l Four Last Years of the Queen ' for delivery to Dr. King of Oxford ; and Orrery was the go-between employed by Pope to get his letters from Swift. In his will Swift leaves to Orrery a portrait and some silver plate. On the other hand, there are traditional stories of con- temptuous expressions used by Swift of Orrery, and these, if repeated to him, may have inspired in Orrery that dislike which made his ' Remarks ' so full of rancour and grudging criticism. The ' Remarks on the Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift,' pub- lished in 1751, are given in a series of letters to his son and successor, Hamilton Boyle (1730-1764), then an undergraduate at Christ Church, and are written in a stilted and affected style. The malice which he showed made the book the subject of a bitter attack (1754) by Dr. Patrick Delany [q. v.], who did something to clear Swift from the aspersions ca'st on him by Orrery. But the grudging praise and feeble estimate of Swift's genius shown in the ' Remarks ' are mainly due to the poverty of Orrery's own mind. He was filled with literary aspirations, and, as Ber- keley said of him, ' would have been a man of genius had he known how to set about it.' But he had no real capacity for apprehending either the range of Swift's intellect or the meaning of his humour. Orrery was after- wards one of those who attempted to patronise Boyle 112 Boyle Johnson, by whom he was regarded kindly and spoken of as one ( who would have been a liberal patron if he had been rich.' Orrery married in 1728 Lady Harriet Hamilton, third daughter of the Earl of Orkney, and after her death he married, in 1738, Miss Hamilton, of Caledon, in Tyrone. He was made a D.C.L. of Oxford in 1743, 114-b and F.R.S. in 1«&. He died on 16 Nov. 1762. He wrote some papers in the 'World' and the l Connoisseur,' and various prologues and fugitive verses. His other works are : 1. 'A Translation of the Letters of Pliny the Younger' (2 vols. 4to, 1751). 2. ' An Essay on the Life of Pliny.' 3. ' Memoirs of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth,' published from the original manuscript, with preface and notes. 4. ' Letters from Italy in 1754 and 1755,' published after his death (with a life) by the Rev. J. Buncombe in 1774. [Buncombe's Life, as above ; Swift's and Pope's Letters; Nichols's Lit. Illust. ii. 153, 232; Biog. Brit.] H. C. BOYLE, JOHN (1563 ?-l 620), bishop of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne, a native of Kent and elder brother of Richard, first earl of Cork [q. v.], was born about 1563.^Kjohn Boyle obtained the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and is stated to have been dean of Lichfield in 1610. Through the interest and pecuniary assistance of his brother, the Earl of Cork, and other relatives, he was in 1617 appointed to the united sees of Roscarberry, Cork, and Cloyne. His consecration took place in 1618. He died at Cork on 10 July 1620, and was buried at Youghal. [Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739; Fasti Ec- clesise Hibernicae, 1 851 ; Brady's Records of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, 1863.] J. T. G. BOYLE, MICHAEL, the elder (1580 ?- 1635), bishop of Waterford and Lismore, born in London about 1580, was son of Mi- chael Boyle, and brother of Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q. v.l Michael Boyle entered Merchant Taylors School, London, in 1587, and proceeded to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1593. He took the degree of B. A. 5 Dec. 1597, of M.A. 25 June 1601, of B.D. 9 July 1607, and of D.D. 2 July 1611. He be- came a fellow of his college,and no high opinion was entertained there of his probity in matters affecting his own interests. Boyle was ap- pointed vicar of Finden in Northamptonshire. Through the influence of his relative, the Earl of Cork, he obtained the deanery of Lismore in 1614, and was made bishop of Waterford and Lismore in 1619. He held several other appointments in the protestant church, and dying at Waterford on 27 Dec. 1635, was >, buried in the cathedral there. After ' 1563.' insert * He was admitted to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1583, and proceeded B.A. in 1586, M.A. in 1590, B.D. in 1598, and D.D. in 1614 (Venn, Alumni Cantab.^ pt. i, i. 196).' [Ware's Bishops of Ireland, 1739 ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 30 ; Wood's Athense Oxonienses (Bliss), ii. 88 ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 275, 292, 321, 344 ; Elrington's Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicae, 1851 ; Brady's Kecords of Cork, Cloyne, and Eoss, 1863.] J. T. G-. BOYLE, MICHAEL, the younger (1609?- 1702), archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of Richard Boyle, archbishop of Tuam [q.v.], and nephew of the elder Michael [q. v.], was born about 1609. He was apparently educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he proceeded M.A., and on 4 Nov. 1637 was incorporated M.A. of Oxford. In 1637 he obtained a rectory in the diocese of Cloyne, received the degree of D.D., was made dean of Cloyne, and during the war in Ireland acted as chaplain-general to the English army in Munster. In 1650 the pro- testant royalists in Ireland employed Boyle, in conjunction with Sir Robert Sterling and Colonel John Daniel, to negotiate on their be- half with Oliver Cromwell. Ormonde resented the conduct of Boyle in conveying Cromwell's passport to him, which he rejected. Letters of Boyle on these matters have been recently printed in the second volume of the ' Con- temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641- 1652.' At the Restoration, Boyle became privy councillor in Ireland, and was appointed bi- shop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. In addition to the episcopal revenues, he continued to re- ceive for a time the profits of six parishes in his diocese, on the ground of being unable to find clergymen for them. For Boyle's ser- vices in England in connection with the Act for the Settlement of Ireland, the House of Lords at Dublin ordered a special memorial of thanks to be entered in their journals in 1662. Boyle was translated to the see of Dublin in 1663, and appointed chancellor of Ireland in 1665. In the county of Wicklow he established a town, to which he gave the name of Blessington, and at his own expense erected there a church, which he sup- plied with plate and bells. In connection with this town he in 1673 obtained the title of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son, Murragh. In 1675 Boyle was promoted from the see of Dublin to that of Armagh. An autograph of Boyle at that time has been reproduced on plate Ixxix of 'Facsimiles of National MSS. of Ireland,' part iv. p. 2. On the accession of James II, he was con- tinued in office as lord chancellor, and ap- pointed for the third time as lord justice in Ireland, in conjunction with the Earl of Granard, and held that post until Henry, earl of Clarendon, arrived as lord-lieutenant in December 1685. In Boyle's latter years his faculties are stated to have been much Boyle i impaired. He died in Dublin on 10 Dec. 1702, in his ninety-third year, and was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral there. Little of the wealth accumulated by Boyle was devoted to religious or charitable uses. Letters and papers of Boyle are extant in the Ormonde archives at Kilkenny Castle and in the Bodleian Library. Portraits of Archbishop Boyle were engraved by Loggan and others. Boyle's son, Murragh, viscount Blessington, was author of a tragedy, entitled ' The Lost Princess.' Baker, the dramatic critic, cha- racterised this production as 'truly con- temptible,' and added that the ' genius and abilities of the writer did no credit to the name of Boyle/ Viscount Blessington died 25 Dec. 1712, and was succeeded by his son Charles (d. 10 Aug. 1718), at one time go- vernor of Limerick, and lord j ustice of Ireland in 1696. The title became extinct on the death of the next heir in 1732. [Carte's Life of Ormonde, 1736 ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. 498; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 130; Journals of Lords and Commons of Ireland; Peerage of Ireland; BiographiaDramatica, 1812; Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland, 1840 ; G-ranard Archives, Castle Forbes; Elrington's Life of Ussher, 1848; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse, 1851; Reports of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS.] J. T. G. BOYLE, MURRAGH, VISCOUNT BLES- SINGTON. [See under BOYLE, MICHAEL, 1609 P-1702.] BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF CORK (1566-1643), an Irish statesman frequently referred to as the ' great earl,' was descended from an old Hereford family, the earliest of which there is mention being Humphry de Binvile, lord of the manor of Pixeley Court, r Ledbury, about the time of Edward Confessor. He was the great-grandson 1 Ludovic Boyle of Bidney, Herefordshire, a younger branch of the family, and the jond son of Roger Boyle, who had removed Faversham, Kent, and had married there >an, daughter of Robert Naylor of Canter- iry (pedigree in ROBINSON'S Mansions of Herefordshire, pp. 94-5). In his ' True Re- lembrances ' he says : 'I was born in the city '" Canterbury, as I find it written by my TI father's hand, the 13th Oct. 1566.' After fivate instruction in ' grammar learning' >m a clergyman in Kent, he became 'a lolar in Bennet's (Corpus Christi) College, mbridge,' into which he was admitted in L583 (MASTERS, Hist. Corpus Christi Coll., 1831, p. 459). On leaving the university entered the Middle Temple, but, finding dmself without means to prosecute his ( studies, he became clerk to Sir Richard Man- VOL. VI. 3 Boyle wood, chief baron of the exchequer. In this employment he discovered no prospect ade- quate to his ambition, and therefore resolved to try his fortunes in Ireland. Accordingly, on Midsummer's eve, 23 June 1588, he landed in Dublin, his whole property, as he tells us, amounting only to 277. 3*. in money, a dia- mond ring and a bracelet, and his wearing apparel. With characteristic astuteness he secured introductions to persons of high influ- ence, and he was even affirmed to have done so by means of counterfeited letters. At any rate, as early as 1590 his name appears as escheator to John Crofton, escheator general, a situa- tion which he doubtless knew how to utilise to his special personal advantage. In 1595 he married, at Limerick, Joan, the daughter and coheiress of William Ansley, who died in 1599 in childbed, leaving him an estate of 500/. a year in lands, ' which,' he says, ' was the beginning of my fortune.' The last state- ment must, however, be compared with the fact that some time before this he had been the victim of prosecutions, instigated, accord- ing to his own account, by envy at his pro- sperity. About 1592 he was imprisoned by Sir William Fitzwilliam on the charge of having embezzled records, and subsequently he was several times apprehended at the in- stance of Sir Henry Wallop on a variety of charges, one of them being that of stealing a horse and jewel nine years before, of which he was acquitted by pardon (Answers of Sir Richard Boyle to the Accusations against him, 17 Feb. 1598, Add. MS. 19832, f. 12). Find- ing these prosecutions unsuccessful, Sir Henry Wallop and others, according to Boyle, ' all joined together by their lies complaining against me to Queen Elizabeth, expressing that I came over without any estate, and that I made so many purchases as it was not possible to do without some foreign prince's purse to supply me with money ' ( True Re- membrances}. To defeat these machinations Boyle resolved on the bold course of pro- ceeding to England to justify himself to the queen, but the fulfilment of his purpose was frustrated by the outbreak of the re- bellion in Munster. As the result of the rebellion was to leave him without ' a penny of certain revenue,' he ceased for the time to be in danger from the accusations of his enemies. Indeed, his fortunes in Ireland were now so desperate that he was compelled to leave the country and resume his legal studies in his old chambers in the Temple. Scarcely, however, had he entered upon them when the Earl of Essex offered him employ- ment in connection with ' issuing out his patents and commissions for the government of Ireland.' This at once caused him again I Boyle 114 Boyle to experience the attentions of Sir Henry Wallop, ' who/ says Boyle, ' being conscious in his own heart that I had sundry papers and collections of Michael Kittlewell, his late treasurer, which might discover a great deal of wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late accounts ... he renewed his former com- plaints against me to the queen's majesty.' In consequence of this Boyle was conveyed a close prisoner to the Gatehouse, and at the end of two months underwent examination before the Star-chamber. Boyle does not state that the complaints were in any way modified or altered, but if they were not his account of them in his ' True Remembrances ' is not only inadequate but misleading. His examination before the Star-chamber had no reference whatever to his being in the pay of the king of Spain or a pervert to Catholicism — the ac- cusations he specially instances as ' formerly ' made against him by Sir Henry Wallop — but bore chiefly on the causes of his previous imprisonments, and on several asserted in- stances of trafficking in forfeited estates (see Articles wherein Richard Boyle, prisoner, is to be examined, Add. MS. 19832, f. 8, and Articles to be proved against Richard Boyle, Add. MS. 19832, f. 9). It can scarcely be affirmed that he came out of the ordeal of examination with a reputation utterly un- sullied, but the unsatisfactory character of his explanations was condoned by the reve- lations he made regarding the malversations of his accuser as treasurer of Ireland, and according to his own account he had no sooner done speaking than the queen broke out ' By G — 's death, these are but inventions against the young man, and all his sufferings are but for being able to do us service.' Sir Henry Wallop was at once superseded in the treasurership by Sir George Carew [q. v.],and a few days afterwards Boyle received the office of clerk of the council of Munster. He was chosen by Sir George Carew, who was also lord president of Munster, to convey to Elizabeth tidings of the victory near Kinsale in December 1601, and after the final reduc- tion of the province he was, on 15 Oct. 1602, sent over to England to give information in reference to the condition of the country. On the latter occasion he came provided by Sir George Carew with a letter of introduc- tion to Sir Walter Raleigh, recommending him as a proper purchaser for all his lands in Ireland ' if he was disposed to part with them.' Through the mediation of Cecil, terms were speedily adjusted, and for the paltry sum of 1,000/. Boyle saw himself the possessor of 12,000 acres in Cork, Waterford, and Tip- perary, exceptionally fertile, and present- ing unusual natural advantages for the de- velopment of trade. All, it is true, depended on his own energy and skill in making proper use of his purchase. Raleigh had found it such a bad bargain that he was glad to be rid of it. In the disturbed condition of the country it was even possible that no amount of enterprise and skill might be rewarded with immediate success. Boyle, however, possessed the advantage of being always on the spot, and of dogged perseverance in the one aim of acquiring wealth and power. Before the purchase could be completed Ra- leigh was attainted of high treason, but in 1604 Boyle obtained a patent for the pro- perty from the crown, and paid the purchase- money to Raleigh. There can indeed be no doubt whatever as to the honourable cha- racter of his dealings with Raleigh, who throughout life remained on friendly terms with him. The attempt of Raleigh's widow and son to obtain possession of the property was even morally without justification. It had become to its possessor a source of im- mense wealth, but the change was the result solely of his marvellous energy and enter- prise. Cromwell, when he afterwards be- held the prodigious improvements Boyle had effected, is said to have affirmed that, if there had been one like him in every province, it would have been impossible for the Irish to raise a rebellion (Cox, Hist. Ireland, vol. ii.) One of the chief causes of his suc- cess was the introduction of manufactures and mechanical arts by settlers from Eng- land. From his ironworks alone, according to Boate, he made a clear gain of 100,000/. (Ireland's Nat. Hist. (1652), p. 112). At enormous expense he built bridges, con- structed harbours, and founded towns, pro- sperity springing up at his behest as if by a magician's wand. All mutinous manifesta- tions among the native population were kept in check by the thirteen strong castles erected in different districts, and defended by well- armed bands of retaineis. At the same time, for all willing to work, immunity from the worst evils of poverty was guaranteed. C n his vast plantations he kept no fewer thain 4,000 labourers maintained by his moneT- His administration was despotic, but eji- lightened and beneficent except as regarded the papists. For his zeal in putting into execution the laws against the papists IJie received from the government special co^- mendation — a zeal which, if it arose from \ a mistaken sense of duty, would deserve at leaa t no special blame ; but probably self-interesp rather than duty was what chiefly inspirecjl it, for by the possession of popish houses h(P obtained a considerable addition to his wealth! The services rendered by Boyle to the Eng- Boyle i lish rule in the south of Ireland and his paramount influence in Munster marked him out for promotion to various high dignities. On the occasion of his second marriage on 25 July 1603 to Catherine Fenton, daughter of Sir George Fenton, principal secretary of state, he received the honour of knighthood. On 12 March 1606 he was sworn a privy councillor for the province of Munster, and 12 Feb. 1612 a privy councillor of state for the kingdom of Ireland. On 29 Sept. 1616 he was created Lord Boyle, baron of Youghal, and on 6 Oct. 1620 Viscount Dungarvan and Earl of Cork. On 26 Oct. 1629 he was appointed one of the lords justices of Ireland, and on 9 Nov. 1631 he was constituted lord high treasurer. So greatly was he esteemed for his abilities and his knowledge of affairs that, ' though he was no peer of England, yet he was admitted to sit in the Lords House upon the woolsack ut consularius ' (BORLASE, | Reduction of Ireland, 219). For his pro- ; motion and honours he was in a great | degree indebted first to Sir George Carew, and afterwards to Lord-deputy Falkland. On the appointment of Wentworth, after- j wards Earl of Strafford, as lord deputy in | 1633, he, however, discovered not only that the fountain of royal favour was, so far as 1 he was concerned, completely intercepted, | but that all his astuteness would be required j to enable him to hold his own against the overmastering will of Strafford. The action of Strafford in regard to the immense tomb of black marble which the earl had erected for his wife in the choir of St. Patrick's Ca- thedral, Dublin, was, though not unjustifi- able, sufficiently indicative of the general character of his sentiments towards him. It was utterly impossible, indeed, that there could be harmonious action between men of such consuming ambition placed in circum- stances where their vital interests so conflicted. At first Strafford had the advantage, but the Earl of Cork's patience and self-control, dis- ciplined by a long course of trials and hard- ships, never for a moment failed him. In e management of intrigue he was much re than a match for Strafford, who found purposes thwarted by causes in a great ee beyond his ken, and ultimately fell ictim to the hostility provoked by his e of ' thorough.' One of the first intima- .ons made to the council after Wentworth's irrival was the intention of the king to issue t commission for the remedying of defec- ive titles to estates. The real design of the ;ommission was to enable the king to obtain noney by confiscating estates to which the title was doubtful. It was too probable that the Earl of Cork, if an inquiry of this kind Boyle were set on foot, would not escape scatheless. A charge was preferred against him in regard to his possession of the college and revenues of Youghal. Wentworth, after hearing the defence, adjourned the court, and sent word to the Earl of Cork that, if he consented to abide by his award, he would prove the best friend he ever had. The earl at once agreed, whereupon he intimated the decision ' that he should be fined fifteen thousand pounds for the rents and profits of the Youghal Col- lege property, and surrender all the advow- sons and patronage — everything except the college house and a few fields near the town.' On learning the sentence Laud wrote to Wentworth in high glee : ' No physic is better than a vomit if it be given in time, and there- fore you have taken a very judicious course to administer one so early to my lord of Cork ' (Laud to Wentworth, 15 Nov. 1633, Letters and Despatches of Thomas, Earl of Strafford, i. 156). Deeply chagrined as the Earl of Cork no doubt was by this turn of affairs, he never permitted himself to indulge in ex- pressions of anger or to show any direct hostility to Strafford. While undoubtedly working to undermine his authority, he even took pains to let it be known indirectly to Strafford how thoroughly he admired his rule. Laud, writing to Strafford 21 Nov. 1638, mentions that the Earl of Cork had spoken to him in high terms of his ' prudence, inde- fatigable industry, and most impartial justice ' (Letters of Strafford, ii. 245), to which the un- suspecting Strafford replies : ' It must be con- fessed his lordship hath in a judicious way had more taken from him than any one, nay than any six in the kingdom besides ; so in this pro- ceeding with me I do acknowledge his in- genuity as well as his justice' (Letters, ii, 271). Possibly the Earl of" Cork deemed it best, in the uncertain condition of the struggle at this time, to be secure against any result ; but even to the last, when the fall of Strafford seemed inevitable, he avoided taking a pro- minent part against him. At the trial he bore witness with seeming reluctance. ' Though I was prejudiced,' he says, l in no less than 40,000/. and 200 merks a year, I put off my examination for six weeks.' He also states that he was ' so reserved in his answers, that no matter of treason could by them be fixed upon the Earl of Strafford.' All the same, but for the Earl of Cork, Stratford's Irish policy would very likely not have been met with the skilful and persistent opposition which led to his impeachment ; and in any case that the Earl of Cork's reluctance to bear witness against him was not inspired by affec- tion or esteem is sufficiently shown from an entry in his diary on the day of Strafford's 12 Boyle 116 Boyle execution : < This day the Earl of Stratford Michael Boyle [q. v.], bishop of Waterford, was beheaded. No man died more universally and the second son of Michael Boyle, mer- hated, or less lamented by the people.' , chant, of London, and Jane, daughter and co- Short ly after his return from England — heir to William Peacock. He became warden whither he had gone as a witness at Strafford's of Youghal on 24 Feb. 1602-3, dean of Water- trial — the rebellion of 1641 broke out in Ire- ford on 10 May 1603, archdeacon of Limerick land. Sudden as was the outbreak, the earl on 8 May 1605, and bishop of Cork, Cloyne, was not taken by surprise, for from the be- and Koss on 22 Aug. 1620, these three prefer- ginning he had carefully prepared against ! ments being obtained through the interest of such a contingency. In Munster, therefore, ( his cousin, the first Earl of Cork. He was the rebels, owing to the stand made by the j advanced to the see of Tuam on 30 May 1638. Earl of Cork, found themselves completely I On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1641, he checkmated. Repairing to Youghal he sum- retired with Dr. John Maxwell, bishop of moned all his tenants to take up arms, and Killala, and others, to Galway for protection, placed his sons at their head without delay, j where, when the town rose in arms against In a letter to Speaker Lenthall, giving an the garrison, his life was preserved through account of his successes, he states that, his ! the influence of the Earl of Clanricarde. ready money being all spent in the payment ! He died at Cork on 19 March 1644, and was of his troops, he had converted his plate into buried in the cathedral of St. Finbar. . He is coin {State Papers of the Earl of Orrery, p. 7). said to have repaired more churches and con- At the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642, his i secrated more new ones than any other bishop four sons held prominent commands, and his eldest son was slain on the field. The Earl of Cork died on 15 Sept. 1643, and was buried at Youghal. He left a large family, many of whom were gifted with exceptional talents, and either by their achievements or in- fluential alliances conferred additional lustre on his name. Of his seven sons, four were ennobled in their father's lifetime. Eichard [q. v.l was first earl of Burlington ; Roger [q. v.J was first earl of Orrery ; Robert [q. v.], the youngest, by his scientific achievements, became the most illustrious of the Boyles ; and of the eight daughters, seven were mar- ried to noblemen. [Earl of Cork's True Remembrances, printed in Birch's edition of Robert Boyle's works ; Bud- gell's Memoirs of the Boyles (1737), pp. 2-32; A Collection of Letters chiefly written by Richard Boyle, Earl of Corke, and several members of his family in the seventeenth century, the originals of which are in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, and a copy in the British Museum Harleian MS. 80 ; various papers regarding his of his time. By his marriage to Martha, daughter of Richard (or John) Wright, of Catherine Hill, Surrey, he left two sons and nine daughters. [Ware's Works (ed. Harris), i. 566, 616-7 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), i. 145.] T. F. H. BOYLE, RICHARD, first EARL OF BTTR- LINGTON and second EARL OF CORK (1612- 1697), was the second son of Richard Boyle [q. v.], first earl of Cork, by Catherine, daugh- ter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and was born at the college of Youghal on 20 Oct. 1612 (EARL OF CORK, True Remembrances). On 13 Aug. 1624 he was knighted at Youghal by Falkland, lord deputy of Ireland. In his twentieth year he was sent under a tutor to ' begin his travels into foreign kingdoms,' his father allowing him a grant of a thousand pounds a year ($.) On the continent he spent over two years, visiting France, Flanders, and Italy. Shortly after his return he made the ac- examination before the Privy Council in 1598 Mary, he accepted no office under the new I regime. It was the Earl of Burlington who was the first occupant of Burlington House, / Piccadilly. He died 15 Jan. 1697-8. His son t Charles, lord Clifford, was father of Charles, third earl of Cork, and of Henry, lord Car- | leton [q. v.] [Budgell's Memoirs of the Family of the Boyles, pp. 32-3 ; Lodge's Irish Peerage, ed. 1789, i. 169-174 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 471-4.] T. F. H. BOYLE, RICHARD, third EARL OF BUR- ' LINGTON and fourth EARL OF CORK (1695- 1753), celebrated for his architectural tastes and his friendship with artists and men of let- ters, was the only son of Charles, third earlof j Cork, and Juliana, daughter and heir to Henry i Noel, Luffenham, Rutlandshire. He was born I 25, April 1695, and succeeded to the title and | estates of his father in 1704. On 9 Oct. 1714 he was sworn a member of the privy council. In May 1715 he was appointed lord-lieute- nant of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and in June following custos rotulorum of the North and West Ridings. In August of the same year he was made lord high treasurer of Ire- land. In June 1730 he was installed one of the knights companions of the Garter, and in June of the folio wing year constituted captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. Having before he attained his majority spent several years in Italy, Lord Burlington became an enthusiastic admirer of the architectural genius of Palladio, and on his return to Eng- land not only continued his architectural studies, but spent large sums of money to gratify his tastes in this branch of art. His earliest project was about 1716, to alter and partly reconstruct Burlington House, Pic- cadilly, which had been built by his great grandfather, the first earl of Burlington. The professional artist engaged was Campbell, who in f Vitruvius Britannicus,' published in 1725, during the earl's lifetime, takes credit for the whole design. Notwithstand- ing this, Walpole asserts that the famous colonnade within the court was the work of Burlington ; and in any case it D ay be as- sumed that Campbell was in a g: jat degree guided in his plans by his patron's sugges- tions. That Burlington was chiefly respon- sible for the character of the building is further supported by the fact that it formed a striking and solitary exception to the bastard and commonplace architecture of the period. It undoubtedly justified the eulogy of Gay : Beauty within ; without, proportion reigns. (Trivia, book ii. line 494.) But, as was the case in most of the designs of Burlington, the useful was sacrificed to the ornamental. The epigram regarding the building attributed to Lord Hervey — who, if he did make use of it, must have trans- lated it from Martial, xii. 50 — contained a spice of truth as well as malice. He says that it was Possessed of one great hall of state, Without a room to sleep or eat. The building figures in a print of Hogarth's intended to satirise the earl and his friends, entitled ' Taste of the Town,' afterwards changed to ' Masquerades and Operas, Bur- lington Gate.' Hogarth also published another similar print entitled ' The Man of Taste,' in which Pope is represented as white- washing Burlington House and bespattering the Duke of Chandos, and Lord Burlington appears as a mason going up a ladder. Bur- lington House was taken down to make way for the new buildings devoted to science and art. In addition to his town house Bur- lington had a suburban residence at Chis- wick. He pulled down old Chiswick House Boyle 118 Boyle and erected near it, in 1730-6, a villa built after the model of the celebrated villa of Pal- ladio. This building also provoked the satire of Lord Hervey, who said of it that ' it was too small to live in and too large to hang to a watch.' The grounds were laid out in the Italian style, adorned with temples, obelisks, and statues, and in these ' sylvan scenes ' it was the special delight of Burlington to en- tertain the literary and artistic celebrities whom he numbered among his friends. Here, relates Gay, Pope unloads the boughs within his reach, The purple vine, blue plum, and blushing peach. (Epistle on a Journey to Exeter.) Pope addressed to Burlington the fourth epistle of his Moral Essays, ' Of the Use of Riches,' afterwards changed to ' On False Taste ; ' and Gay, whom he sent into Devon- shire to regain his health, addressed to him his ' Epistle on a Journey to Exeter,' 1716. Both poets frequently refer in terms of warm eulogy to his disinterested devotion to lite- rature ai d art ; but Gay, though he was en- tertained by him for months, when he lost in the South Sea scheme the money obtained from the publication of his poems, expressed his disappointment that he had received from him so 'few real benefits' (CoxE, Life of Gay, 24). This, however, was mere unrea- sonable peevishness, for undoubtedly Bur- lington erred rather on the side of generosity than otherwise. Walpole says of him ' he possessed every quality of a genius and artist except envy.' He was a director of the Royal Academy of Music for the performance of Handel's works, and about 1716 received Handel into his house (SCHOELCHEE, Life of Handel, p. 44). At an early period he was a patron of Bishop Berkeley. The architect Kent, whose acquaintance he made in Italy, resided in his house till his death in 1748, and Burlington used every effort to secure him commissions and extend his fame. His enthusiastic admiration of Inigo Jones in- duced him to repair the church at Covent Garden. It was at his instance and by his help that Kent published the designs of Inigo Jones, and he also brought out a beautiful edition of Palladio's ' Fabbriche Antiche,' 1730. Burlington supplied designs for various buildings, including the assembly rooms at York built at his own expense, Lord Harring- ton's house at Petersham, the dormitory at "Westminster School, the Duke of Richmond's house at Whitehall, and General Wade's in Cork Street. The last two were pulled down many years ago. Of General Wade's house Walpole wrote, l It is worse contrived in the inside than is conceivable, all to humour the beauty of front,' and Lord Chesterfield sug- gested that, ' as the general could not live in it to his ease, he had better take a house over against it and look at it.' Burlington ' spent,' says Walpole, ' large sums in contributing to public works, and was known to choose that the expense should fall on himself rather than that his country should be deprived of some beautiful edifices.' On this account he became so seriously involved in money difficulties that he was compelled to part with a portion of his Irish estates, as we learn from Swift : * My Lord Burlington is now selling in one article 9,000/. a year in Ireland for 200,000/., which won't pay his debts ' (Swift's Works, ed. Scott, xix. 129). He died in December 1753. By his wife, Lady Dorothy Savile, daughter and coheiress of William, marquis of Halifax, he left three daughters, but no male heir. His wife was a great patroness of music. She also drew in crayons, and is said to have possessed a genius for caricature. [Lodge's Irish Peerage, i. 177-8; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting;. Works of Pope, Gay,' and Swift ; Wheatley's Bound about Piccadilly, 46-59.] T. F. H. BOYLE, HON. ROBERT (1627-1691), natural philosopher and chemist, was the \ seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard I Boyle, the 4 great ' Earl of Cork, by his second 1 wife Catherine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, principal secretary of state for Ire- land, and was born at Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, on 25 Jan. 1627. He learned early to speak Latin and French, and won paternal predilection by his aptitude ! for study, strict veracity, and serious turn of , mind. His mother died when he was three \ years old, and at the age of eight he was sent \ to Eton, the provost then being his father's friend, Sir Henry Wotton, described by Boyle as ' not only a fine gentleman himself, but very well skilled in the art of making others so.' Here an accidental perusal of Quintus Curtius 'conjured up in him' (he narrates in an autobiographical fragment) ' that unsatisfied appetite for knowledge that is yet as greedy as when it first was raised ; ' while ' Amadis de Gaule,' which fell into his hands during his recovery from a fit of tertian ague, produced an unsettling effect, counter- j acted by a severe discipline — self-imposed ) by a boy under ten — of mental arithmetic and algebra. From Eton, after nearly four years, he was transferred to his father's recently purchased ! estate of Stalbridge, in Dorsetshire, and his education continued by the Rev. Mr. Douch, Boyle 119 Boyle and later by a French tutor named Mar- combes. With him and his elder brother Francis he left England in October 1638, and, passing through Paris and Lyons, settled during twenty-one months at Geneva, where he acquired the gentlemanly accomplish- ments of fluent French, dancing, fencing, and tennis-playing. From this time, when he was about fourteen, he dated his ' con- version,' or that express dedication to religion from which he never afterwards varied. The immediate occasion of this momentous resolve was the awe inspired by a thunderstorm. At Florence during the winter of 1641-2 he mastered Italian, and studied 'the new paradoxes of the great star-gazer Galileo/ whose death occurred during his stay (8 Jan. 1642). He chose in Rome to pass for a Frenchman, and with the arrival of the party at Marseilles, about May 1642, Boyle's record of his early years abruptly closes. A serious embarrassment here awaited them. A sum of 250/., with difficulty raised by Lord Cork during the calamities of the Irish rebellion, was embezzled in course of transmission to his sons. Almost penniless, they made their way to Geneva, M. Marcombes' native place, and there lived on credit for two years. At length, by the sale of some jewels, they raised money to defray their expenses home- wards, and reached England in the summer of 1644. They found their father dead, and the country in such confusion that it was nearly four months before Robert Boyle, who had inherited the manor of Stalbridge, could make his way thither. But civil distractions were powerless to extinguish scientific zeal. From the meet- ings in London in 1645 of the ' Philosophi- cal,' or (as he preferred to call it) the ' In- visible College,' incorporated, after the Re- storation, as the Royal Society, Boyle de- rived a definitive impulse towards experi- mental inquiries. He was then a lad of eighteen, but rose rapidly to be the acknow- ledged leader of the movement thus origi- nated. Chemistry was from the first his favourite study. * Vulcan has so transported and bewitched me,' he wrote from Stalbridge to his sister, Lady Ranelagh, 31 Aug. 1649, as to ' make me fancy my laboratory a kind of Elysium.' Compelled to visit his disor- dered Irish estates in 1652 and 1653, he de- scribed his native land as 'a barbarous country, where chemical spirits were so misunder- stood, and chemical instruments so unpro- curable, that it was hard to have any Her- metic thoughts in it.' Aided by Sir William Petty, he accordingly practised instead ana- tomical dissection, and satisfied himself ex- perimentally as to the circulation of the blood. On his return to England in June 1654 he settled at Oxford in the society of some of his earlier philosophical associates, and others of the same stamp, including Wallis and Wren, Goddard, Wilkins, and Seth Ward. Meetings were alternately held in the rooms of the warden of Wadham (Wilkins) and at Boyle's lodgings, adjoining University College, and experiments were zealously made and freely communicated. Boyle erected a laboratory, kept a number of operators at work, and engaged Robert Hooke as his chemical assistant. Reading in 1657, in Schott's ' Mechanica hydraulico- Eneumatica,' of Guericke's invention for ex- austing the air in a closed vessel, he set Hooke to contrive a method less clumsy, and the result was the so-called l machina Boyle- ana,' completed towards 1659, and presenting all the essential qualities of the modern air- pump. By a multitude of experiments per- formed with it, Boyle vividly illustrated the effects (at that time very imperfectly recog- nised) of the elasticity, compressibility, and weight of the air ; investigated its function in respiration, combustion, and the convey- ance of sound, and exploded the obscure notion of &fuga vacui. /A. first instalment of results was published at Oxford in 1660, with the title, l New Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching the Spring of the Air and its Effects, made, for the most part, in a new Pneumatical Engine.' His 'Defence against Linus,' ap- pended, with his answer to the objections of Hobbes, to the second edition (1662), con- tained experimental proof of the proportional relation between elasticity and pressure, still known as ' Boyle's Law ' ( Works, folio ed. 1744, i. 100). This approximately true prin- ciple, although but loosely demonstrated, was at once generalised and accepted, and was confirmed by Mariotte in 1676. j Boyle meanwhile bestowed upon theolo- gical subjects attention as earnest as if it had been undivided. At the age of twenty- one he had already written, besides a treatise on ethics, several moral and religious essays, afterwards published. His veneration for the Scriptures induced him, although by nature averse to linguistic studies, to learn Hebrew and Greek, Chaldee and Syriac enough to read them in the originals. At Oxford he made some further progress in this direction,with assistance from Hyde, Pococke, and Clarke ; applied himself to divinity under Barlow (afterwards bishop of Lincoln) ; and encouraged the writings on casuistry of Dr. Robert Sanderson with a pension of 50/. a year. Throughout his life he was a munifi- cent supporter of projects for the diffusion of the Scriptures. He bore wholly, or in Boyle I2O Boyle part, the expense of printing the Indian, Irish, and Welsh Bibles (1685-86) ; of the Turkish New Testament, and of the Malayan version of the Gospels and Acts (Oxford, 1677). As governor of the Corporation for the Spread of the Gospel in New England, and as direc- tor of the East India Company (the charter of which he was instrumental in procuring), he made strenuous efforts, and gave liberal pecuniary aid towards the spread of Chris- tianity in those regions. He contributed, moreover, largely to the publication of Bur- net's l History of the Reformation,' bestowed a splendid reward upon Pococke for his trans- lation into Arabic of Grotius' ' De Veritate,' and during some time spent 1,0001. a year in private charity. Nor was science forgotten. Besides his heavy regular outlay, and help afforded to indigent savants, we hear in 1657, in a letter from Oldenburg, of a scheme for investing 12,000/. in forfeited Irish estates, the proceeds to be devoted to the advance- ment of learning ; and a looked-for increase to his fortunes in 1662 should have been simi- larly applied, but that, being ' cast upon im- j>ropriations,' he felt bound to consecrate it to religious uses. On the Restoration, he was solicited by the Earl of Clarendon to take orders ; but excused himself, on the grounds of the absence of an inner call, and of his persuasion that arguments in favour of religion came with more force from one not professionally pledged to uphold it. This determination involved the refusal of the provostship of Eton, offered to him in 1665. He also repeatedly declined a peerage, and died the only untitled member of his large family. In 1668 he left Oxford for London, and re- sided until his death in Lady Ranelagh's house in Pall Mall. The meetings of the Royal Society perhaps furnished in part the induce- ment to this move. Boyle might be called the representative member of this distin- guished body. He had taken a leading part in its foundation ; he sat on its first council ; the description and display of his ingenious experiments gave interest to its proceedings ; he was elected its president 30 Nov. 1680, but declined to act from a scruple about the oaths, and was replaced by Wren. His voluminous writings flowed from him in an unfailing stream from 1660 to 1691, and procured him an immense reputation, both at home and abroad. Most of them ap- peared in Latin, as well as in English, and were more than once separately reprinted. I In the < Sceptical Chymist ' (Oxford, 1661) he virtually demolished, together with the peripatetic doctrine of the four elements, the Spagyristic doctrine of the tria prima, tenta- tively substituting the principles of a ' me- chanical philosophy/ expounded in detail in his ' Origin of Forms and Qualities ' (1666). Founded on the old atomic hypothesis, these accord, in the main, with the views of many recent physicists. They postulate one uni- versal kind of matter, admit in the construc- tion of the visible world only moving atoms, and derive diversity of substance from their various modes of grouping and manners of movement, j, Boyle added as a corollary the transmutability of differing forms of matter by the rearrangement of their particles ef- fected through the agency of fire or otherwise ; referred ' sensible qualities ' to the action of variously constituted particles on the human frame, and declared, in the obscure phrase- ology of the time, that ' the grand efficient of forms is local motion ' ( Works, ii. 483). He acquiesced in, rather than accepted, the cor- puscular theory of light, but clearly recog- nised in heat the results of a ( brisk ' molecular agitation (ibid. i. 282). In 'Experiments and Considerations touch- ing Colours ' (1663) he described for the first time the iridescence of metallic films and soap-bubbles ; in ' Hydrostatical Paradoxes ' (1666) he enforced, by numerous and striking experiments (presented to the Royal Society in May 1664), the laws of fluid equilibrium. His statement concerning the ' Incalescence of Quicksilver with Gold' (Phil. Trans. 21 Feb. 1676) drew the serious attention of Newton (see his letter to Oldenburg in Boyle's Works, v. 396), and a widespread sensatio'n was created by his ' Historical Account of a Degradation of Gold ' (1678), the interest of both these pseudo-observations being derived from their supposed connection with alche- mistic transformations. Boyle's faith in their possibility was further evidenced by the re- peal, procured through his influence in 1689, of the statute 5 Henry IV against ' multi- plying gold.' Amongst Boyle's numerous correspondents were Newton, Locke, Aubrey, Evelyn, Ol- | denburg, Wallis, Beale, and Hartlib. To him Evelyn unfolded, 3 Sept. 1659, his scheme for the foundation of a ' physico-mathematic col- lege,' and Newton, 28 Feb. 1679, his ideas regarding the qualities of the aether. Na- thaniel Highmore dedicated to him in 1651 \ his ' History of Generation ; ' Wallis in 1659 his essay on the ' Cycloid ; ' Sydenham in 1666 his ' Methodus curandi Febres,' intimating Boyle's frequent association with him in his visits to his patients ; and Burnet addressed to him in 1686 the letters constituting his 'Travels.' Wholesale plagiarism and theft formed a vexatious, though no less flattering, tribute to his fame. Hence the ' Advertise- Boyle 121 Boyle ment about the loss of many of his Writings/ published in May 1688, in which he described the various mischances, both by fraud and accident, having befallen them, and declared his intention to write thenceforth on loose sheets, as offering less temptation to thieves than bulky packets, and to send to press with- out the dangerous delays of prolonged re- vision. In the same year he gave to the world * A Disquisition concerning the Final Causes of Natural Things,' and in 1690 ' Me- dicina Hydrostatica ' and 'The Christian Virtuoso,' setting forth the mutual service- ableness of science and religion. The last work published by himself was entitled ' Ex- perimenta et Observationes Physicee,' part i. (1691) ; the second part never appeared. In 1689 the failing state of his health com- pelled him to suspend communications to the Royal Society, and to resign his post, filled since 1661, as governor of the Corporation for the Spread of the Gospel in New England. About the same time he publicly notified his intention of excluding visitors on certain por- tions of four days in each week, thus reserving leisure to ' recruit ' (as he said) ' his spirits, to range his papers, and to take some care of his affairs in Ireland, which are very much disordered, and have their face often changed by the public calamities there.' He was also desirous to complete a collection of elaborate chemical processes, which he is said to have entrusted to a friend as t a kind of Hermetick legacy,' but which were never made known. Some secrets discovered by him, such as the preparation of subtle poisons and of a liquid for discharging writing, he concealed as mis- chievous. From the age of twenty-one he had suffered from a torturing malady, of which he dreaded the aggravation, with the approach of death, beyond his powers of patient endurance. But his end was without pain, and almost with- out serious illness. His beloved sister, Ca- therine Lady Ranelagh, a conspicuous and noble personage, died 23 Dec. 1691. He sur- vived her one week, expiring three-quarters of an hour after midnight, 30 Dec., aged nearly 65, and was buried 7 Jan. 1692 in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster. Dr. Burnet preached his funeral sermon. By his will he founded and endowed with 50/. a year the < Boyle Lectures,' for the defence of Christianity against unbelievers, of which the first set of eight discourses was preached by Bentley in 1692. ' Mr. Boyle,' Dr. Birch writes (Life, p. 86), 'was tall of stature, but slender, and his countenance pale and emaciated. His con- stitution was so tender and delicate that he had divers sorts of cloaks to put on when he went abroad, according to the temperature of the air, and in this he governed himself by his thermometer. He escaped, indeed, the small-pox during his life, but for almost forty years he laboured under such a feebleness of body and lowness of strength and spirits that it was astonishing how he could read, medi- tate, ,try experiments, and write as he did. He had likewise a weakness * His eyes, which made him very tender of them, .*nd extremely apprehensive of such distempers as might affect them.' To these disabilities was added that of a memory so treacherous (by his own account) that he was often tempted to abandon study in despair. He spoke with a slight hesitation ; nevertheless at times ' distin- guished himself by so copious and lively a flow of wit that Mr. Cowley and Sir William Davenant both thought him equal in that respect to the most celebrated geniuses of that age.' He never married, but Evelyn was credibly informed that he had paid court in his youth to the Earl of Monmouth's beau- tiful daughter, and that his passion inspired the essay on ' Seraphic Love,' published in 1660. It was, however, already written in 1648, and Boyle himself assures us, 6 Aug. of that year, that he ' hath never yet been hurt by Cupid ' ( Works, i. 155). The story is thus certainly apocryphal. The tenor of his life was in no way in- consistent with his professions of piety. It was simple and unpretending, stainless yet not austere, humble without affectation. His temper, naturally choleric, he gradually sub- dued to mildness ; his religious principles were equally removed from laxity and in- tolerance, and he was a declared foe to per- secution. He shared, indeed, in some degree the credulousness of his age. He publicly subscribed to the truth of the stories about the ' demon of Mascon,' and vouched for the spurious cures of Greatrakes the 'stroker.' Nor did he wholly escape the narrowness in- separable from the cultivation of a philosophy ' that valued no knowledge but as it had a tendency to use.' His view of astronomical studies is, in this respect, characteristic. If the planets have no physical influence on the earth, he admits his inability to propound any end for the pains bestowed upon them ; ' we know them only to know them ' (ibid. v. 124). Yet his services to science were unique. The condition of his birth, the elevation of his character, the unflagging enthusiasm of his researches, combined to lend dignity and currency to their results. These were coex- tensive with the whole range, then accessible, of experimental investigation. He personi- fied, it might be said, in a manner at once Boyle 122 Boyle impressive and conciliatory, the victorious revolt against scientific dogmatism then in progress. Hence his unrivalled popularity and privileged position, which even the most rancorous felt compelled to respect. No stranger of note visited England without seeking an interview, which he regarded it as an obligation of Christian charity to grant. Three successive kings of England conversed familiarly with him, and he was considered to have inherited, nay outshone, the fame of the great Verulam. 'The excellent Mr. Boyle,' Hughes wrote in the 'Spectator' (No. 554), ' was the person who seems to have been designed by nature to succeed to the labours and inquiries of that extraordinary genius. By innumerable experiments he, in a great measure, filled up those plans and outlines of science which his predecessor had sketched out.' Addison styled him (No. 531) ' an honour to his country, and a more dili- gent as well as successful inquirer into the works of nature than any other one nation has ever produced.' 'To him,' Boerhaave wrote, ' we owe the secrets of fire, air, water, animals, vegetables, fossils ; so that from his works may be deduced the whole system of natural knowledge ' (Methodus discendi Ar- tem Medicam, p. 152). It must be admitted that Boyle's achieve- ments are scarcely commensurate to praises of which these are but a sample. His name is identified with no great discovery ; he pur- sued no subject far beyond the merely illus- trative stage ; his performance supplied a general introduction to modern science rather than entered into the body of the work. But such an introduction was indispensable, and was admirably executed. It implied an ' ad- vance all along the line.' Subjects of inquiry were suggested, stripped of manifold obscuri- ties, and set in approximately true mutual relations. Above all, the fruitfulness of the experimental method was vividly exhibited, and its use rendered easy and familiar. Boyle was the true precursor of the modern chemist. Besides clearing away a jungle of perplexed notions, he collected a number of highly sug- gestive facts and observations. He was the first to distinguish definitely a mixture from a compound ; with him originated the defi- nition of an ' element ' as a hitherto unde- composed constituent of a compound; he introduced the use of vegetable colour-tests of acidity and alkalinity. From a bare hint as to the method of preparing phosphorus (discovered by Brandt in 1669) he arrived at it independently, communicated it 14 Oct. 1680 in a sealed packet to the Royal Society, and published it for the first time in 1682 (Works iv. 37). In a tract printed the same year he accurately described the qualities of the new substance under the title of the ' Icy Noctiluca.' He, moreover, actually pre- pared hydrogen, and collected it in a receiver placed over water, but failed to .distinguish it from what he called 'air generated de novo' (ibid. i. 35). In physics, besides the great merit of having rendered the air-pump available for experi- ment and discovered the law of gaseous elasticity, he invented a compressed-air pump, and directed the construction of the first hermetically sealed thermometers made in England. He sought to measure the ex- pansive force of freezing water, first used freezing mixtures, observed the effects of atmospheric pressure on ebullition, added considerably to the store of facts collected about electricity and magnetism, determined the specific gravities and refractive powers of various substances, and made a notable attempt to weigh light. He further ascer- tained the unvarying high temperature of human blood, and performed a variety of curious experiments on respiration. He aimed at being the disciple only of nature. Down to 1657 he purposely refrained from ' seriously or orderly ' reading the works of Gassendi, Descartes, or 'so much as Sir F. Bacon's " Novum Organum," in order not to be pos- sessed with any theory or principles till he had found what things themselves should induce him to think ' (ibid. 194). And, al- though he professed a special reverence for Descartes, as the true author of the ' tenets of mechanical philosophy' (ibid. iv. 521), we find, nine years later, that he had not yet carried out his intention of thoroughly study- ing his writings (ibid. ii. 458). Yet he was no true Cartesian ; the whole course of his scientific efforts bore the broad Baconian stamp ; nor was the general voice widely in error which declared him to have (at least in part) executed what Verulam designed. The style of his writings, which had the character rather of occasional essays than of systematic treatises, is free from rhetorical affectations; it is lucid, fluent, but intole- rably prolix, its not rare felicities of phrase being, as it were, smothered in verbosity. He endeavoured to remedy this defect by pro- cesses of compulsory concentration. Boulton's first epitome of his writings appeared in 1699-1700 (London, 3 vols. 8vo) ; a second, of his theological works, in 1715 (3 vols. 8vo) ; and Dr. Peter Shaw's abridgment of. his philosophical works in 1725 (3 vols. 8vo). The first complete edition of his writings was published by Birch in 1744 in five folio volumes (2nd edition in 6 vols. 4to, London, 1772). It included his posthumous remains Boyle 123 Boyle and correspondence, with a life of the author founded on materials collected with abortive biographical designs by Burnet and Wotton, and embracing Boyle's unfinished narrative of his early years entitled ' An Account of Philaretus during his Minority.' More or less complete Latin editions of his works were issued at Geneva in 1677, 1680, and 1714; at Cologne in 1680-95; and at Venice in 1695. A French collection, with the title ' Recueil d'Exp^riences,' appeared at Paris in 1679. Of his separate treatises the follow- ing, besides those already mentioned, deserve to be particularised: 1. '.Some Considera- tions touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy' (Oxford, 1663, 2nd part 1671). 2. ' Some Considerations touching the Style of the Holy Scriptures' (1663), extracted from an 'Essay on Scripture,' begun 1652, and published, after the writer's death, by Sir Peter Pett. 3. ' Occasional Reflections upon several Subjects' (1664, reprinted 1808), an early production satirised by Butler in his ' Occasional Reflection on Dr. Charlton's feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gres- ham College,' and by Swift in his ' Medita- tion on a Broom Stick,' who nevertheless was probably indebted for the first idea of * Gul- liver's Travels ' to one of the little pieces thus caricatured (' Upon the Eating of Oysters,' Works , ii. 219). 4. ' New Experiments and Observations touching Cold, or an Experi- mental History of Cold begun ' (1665), con- taining a refutation of the vulgar doctrine of ' antiperistasis ' (in full credit with Bacon) and of Hobttjs's theory of cold. 5. ' A Con- tinuation of New Experiments Physico- Mechanical touching the Spring and Weight of the Air and their Effects ' (1669, a third series appeared in 1682). 6. ' Tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things' (1670). 7. ' An Essay about the Origin and Virtues of Gems' (1672). 8. 'The Excellency of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy ' (1673). 9. ' Some Considerations about the Reconcilableness of Reason and Religion' (1675). 10. ' The Aerial Noctiluca ' (1680). 11. 'Memoirs for the Natural History of Human Blood' (1684). 12. ' Of the High Veneration Man's Intellect owes to God' (1685). 13. ' A Free Enquiry into the vul- garly received Notion of Nature' (1686). 14. 'The General History of the Air de- signed and begun' (1692). 15. ' Medicinal Experiments' (1692, 3rd vol. 1698), both posthumous. Catalogues of Boyle's works were pub- lished at London in 1688 and subsequent years. He bequeathed his mineralogical col- lections to the Royal Society, and his portrait by Kerseboorn, the property of the same body, formed part of the National Portrait Exhibition in 1866. [Life by Birch ; Biog. Brit. ; "Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 286 ; Burnet's Funeral Sermon ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chimie, ii. 155 ; Poggendorff's Gesch. d. Physik, p. 466 ; Libes's Hist. Phil, des Progres de la Physique, ii. 134 ; A. Crum Brown's Development of the Idea of Chemical Composition, pp. 9-14.] A. M. C. BOYLE, ROGER, BARON BROGHILL, and first EAKL OF ORRERY (162] -1679), states- man, soldier, and dramatist, the third son of Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Cathe- rine, daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fenton, was born at Lismore 25 April 1621. In recogni- tion of his father's services he was on 28 Feb. 1627 created Baron Broghill. At the age of fifteen he entered Trinity College, Dublin (BTJDGELL, Memoirs of the Boyles, p. 34), and according to Wood (Athena, ed. Bliss, iii. 1200) he also 'received some of his academical education in Oxon.' After concluding his university career he spent some years on the continent, chiefly in France and Italy, under a governor, Mr. Markham. Soon after his return to England, he was entrusted by the Earl of Northumberland with the command of his troop in the Scotch expedition. On his marriage to Lady Margaret Howard, third daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, he set out for Ireland, arriving 23 Oct. 1641, on the very day that the great rebellion broke out. When the Earl of Cork summoned his retainers, Lord Broghill was appointed to a troop of horse, with which he joined the Lord President St. Leger. It was only Broghill's acuteness that prevented St. Leger from be- lieving the representations of Lord Muskerry, the leader of the Irish rebels, that he was act- ing on the authority of a commission from the king. Under the Earl of Cork he took part in the defence of Lismore, and he held a com- mand at the battle of Liscarrol, 3 Sept. 1642. When the Marquis of Ormonde resigned his authority to the parliamentary commissioners in 1647, Lord Broghill, though a zealous royalist, continued to serve under them until the execution of the king. Immediately on receipt of the news he went over to Eng- land, where he lived for some time in strict retirement at Marston, Somersetshire. At last, however, he determined to make a stre- nuous attempt to retrieve his own fortunes and the royal cause, and, on the pretence of visiting a German spa for the sake of his health, re- solved to seek an interview with Charles II on the continent, with a view to concoct measures to aid in his restoration. With this purpose he arrived in London, having meanwhile made application to the Earl of Boyle 124 Boyle Warwick for a pass, only communicating his I real design to certain royalists in whom he had perfect confidence. While waiting the ' result of his application, he was surprised by a message from Oliver Cromwell of his in- tention to call on him at his lodgings. Crom- well at once informed him that the council were completely cognisant of the real charac- ter of his designs, and that but for his inter- position he would already have been l clapped up in the Tower ' (MoEBiCE, Memoirs of the \ Earl of Orrery, p. 11). Broghill thanked Cromwell warmly for his kindness, and asked j his advice as to what he should do, whereupon ; Cromwell offered him a general's command in the war against the Irish. No oaths or obligations were to be laid on him except a promise on his word of honour faithfully to assist to the best of his power in subduing Ireland. Broghill, according to his biographer, asked for time to consider ' this large offer,' but Cromwell brusquely answered that he must decide on the instant ; and, finding that ' no subterfuges could any longer be made use of,' he gave his consent. The extraordinary bargain is a striking proof both of Cromwell's knowledge of men and of his consciousness of the immense diffi- culty of the task he had in hand in Ireland. The trust placed by him in Broghill's stead- fastness and abilities was fully justified by the result. By whatever motives he may have been actuated, there can be no doubt that Broghill strained every nerve to make the cause of the parliament in Ireland triumph- ant. Indeed but for his assistance Cromwell's enterprise might have been attended with almost fatal disasters. With the commission of master of ordnance, Broghill immediately proceeded to Bristol, where he embarked for Ireland. Such was his influence in Munster that he soon found himself at the head of a troop of horse manned by gentlemen of pro- perty, and 1,500 well-appointed infantry, many of whom had deserted from Lord Inchi- quin. After joining Cromwell at Wexford, he was left by him ' at Mallow, with about six or seven hundred horse and four or five hundred foot,' to protect the interests of the parliament in Munster, and distinguished himself by the capture of two strong garri- sons (CAKLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxix.) This vigorous procedure greatly contributed to drive the enemy into Kilkenny, where they shortly afterwards surrendered. Cromwell then proceeded to Clonmel, and Broghill was ordered to attack a body of Irish under the titular bishop of Ross, who were march- ing to its relief. This force he met at Ma- croom 10 May 1650, and totally defeated, taking the bishop prisoner. While prepar- ing to pursue the defeated enemy he received a message from Cromwell, whose troops had been decimated by sickness and the sallies of the enemy, to join him with the utmost haste ; and on his arrival Clonmel was taken after a desperate struggle. Cromwell, whose presence in Scotland had been for some time urgently required, now left the task of com- pleting the subjugation of Ireland in the hands of Ireton, whom Broghill joined at the siege of Limerick. News having reached the besiegers that preparations were being made for its relief, Broghill was sent with a strong detachment to disperse any bodies of troops that might be gathering for this purpose. By a rapid march he intercepted a strong force under Lord Muskerry, advancing to join the army raised by the pope's nuncio, and so completely routed them that all attempts to relieve Limerick were abandoned. On the conclusion of the war Broghill re- mained in Munster to keep the province in subjection, with Youghal for his headquarters (MoEKiCE, 19). While the war was proceed- ing he had been put in possession of as much of Lord Muskerry 's estates as amounted to 1,000/. a year, until the country in which his estate was situated was freed from the enemy (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1649-50, p. 473), and at its close Blarney Castle, with lands adjoining it to the annual value of 1,000/., was bestowed upon him, the bill after long delay in parliament receiving the assent of Cromwell in 1657 (Commons' Journal). Ire- ton, who had been so suspicious of Broghill's intentions as to advise that he should ' be cut off,' died from exposure at Limerick, and Cromwell, who throughout the war had relied implicitly on Broghill's good faith, gradually received him into his special confidence. Broghill, on his part, realising that the royal cause was for the time hopeless, devoted all his energies to make the rule of Cromwell a success. Actuated at first by motives of self- interest, he latterly conceived for Cromwell strong admiration and esteem. In Crom- well's parliament which met in 1654 he sat as member for Cork, and on the list of the parliament of 1656 his name appears as member both for Cork and Edinburgh. His representation of the latter city is accounted for by the fact that this year he was sent as lord president of the council to Scotland. That he remained in Scotland only one year was due not to any failure to satisfy either the Scots or Cromwell, but simply to the condition he made on accepting office, that he should not be required to hold it for more than a year. According to Robert Baillie he 'gained more on the affections of the people than all the English that ever were Boyle among us ' (Journals, iii. 315). After his return to England he formed one of a special council whom the Protector was in the habit of consulting on matters of prime importance (WHITELOCKE, Memorials, 656). He was also a member of the House of Lords, nomi- nated by Cromwell in December 1657 (Par I. Hist. iii. 1518). It was chiefly at his in- stance that the parliament resolved to recom- mend Cromwell to adopt the title of king (LUDLOW, Memoirs, 247), and he was one of the committee appointed to discuss the matter with Cromwell (Monarchy asserted \ to be the best, most ancient, and legall form of government, in a conference held at White- hall with Oliver Lord Cromwell and a Com- mittee of Parliament, 1660, reprinted in the State Letters of the Earl of Orrery, 1742). Probably it was after the failure of ! this negotiation that he brought before Crom- well the remarkable proposal for a marriage between Cromwell's daughter Frances and Charles II (MoKRiCE, Memoirs of the Earl of Orrery, 21). After the death of Oliver he did his utmost to consolidate the government of his son Richard, who consulted him in his chief difficulties, but failed to profit suffi- ciently by his advice. Convinced at last that the cause of Richard was hopeless, he passed over to Ireland, and obtaining from the commissioners the command in Munster, he, along with Sir Charles Coote, president of Connaught, secured Ireland for the king. His letter inviting Charles to land at Cork actually reached him before the first commu- nication of Monk, but the steps taken by Monk in England rendered the landing of Charles in Ireland unnecessary. In the Con- vention parliament Broghill sat as member for Arundel, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was created Earl of Orrery. About the close of the year he was appointed one of the lord justices of Ireland, and it was he who drew up the act of settlement for that kingdom. On the retirement of Lord Clarendon, the lord high chancellor, he was offered the great seals, but, from considerations of health, de- clined them. He continued for the most part to reside in Ireland in discharge of his duties as lord president of Munster, and in this capacity was successful in defeating the attempt of the Duke of Beaufort, admiral of France, to land at Kinsale. The presi- dency of Munster he, however, resigned in 1668 on account of disagreements with the Duke of Ormonde, lord-lieutenant. Shortly afterwards he was on 25 Nov. impeached in the House of Commons for ' raising of moneys by his own authority upon his majesty's sub- jects ; defrauding the king's subjects of their estates/ but the king by commission on 11 Dec. 5 Boyle suddenly put a stop to the proceedings by proroguing both houses to 14 Feb. (Impeach- ment of the Earl of Orrery, Parl. Hist. iv. 434-40), and no further attempt was made against him. He died from an attack of gout 16 Oct. 1679. He was buried at Youghal. He left two sons and five daughters. The Earl of Orrery was the reputed author of an anonymous pamphlet l Irish Colours displayed, in a reply of an English Protes- tant to a letter of an Irish Roman Catholic/ 1662. The ' Irish Roman Catholic' was Father Peter Welsh, who replied to it by ' Irish Colours folded.' Both were addressed to the Duke of Ormonde. That Orrery was the author of the pamphlet is not impossible, but the statement is unsupported by proof. It is probable, therefore, that it has been con- founded with another reply to the same letter professedly written by him and entitled ' An Answer to a scandalous letter lately printed and subscribed by Peter Welsh, Procurator to the Sec. and Reg. Popish Priests of Ire- land.' This pamphlet has for sub-title ' A full Discovery of the Treachery of the Irish rebels and the beginning of the rebellion there. Necessary to be considered by all adventurers and other persons estated in that kingdom.' Both the letter of Welsh and this, reply to it have been reprinted in the l State Letters of Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery/ 1742. In 1654 he published in six volumes the first part of a romance, ' Parthenissa/ a complete edition of which appeared in three volumes in 1665 and in 1677. The writer of the notice of Orrery in the ' Biographia Britan- nica ' attributes the neglect of the romance to its remaining unfinished, but finished.it certainly was, and if it had not been, its tedi- ousness would not have been relieved by adding to its length. More substantial merit attaches to his ' Treatise of the Art of War/ 1677, dedicated to the king. He claims for it the distinction of being the first l Entire Treatise on the Art of War written in our language/ and the quality of comprehensive- ness cannot be denied to it, treating as it does of the ' choice and educating of the soldiery ; the arming of the soldiery ; the disciplining of the soldiery ; the ordering of the garrisons ; the marching of an army ; the camping of an army within a line or intrenchment ; and battles.' The treatise is of undoubted inte- rest as indicating the condition of the art at the close of the Cromwellian wars, and, like his political pamphlet, is written in a terse and effective style. Not content to excel as a statesman and a general, Orrery devoted some of his leisure to the cultivation of poetry ; but if Dryden is to be believed, the hours he chose for the Boyle 126 Boyle recreation were not the most auspicious. ' The muses,' he says, ' have seldom employed your thoughts but when some violent fit of gout has snatched you from affairs of state, and, like the priestess of Apollo, you never come to deliver your oracles but unwillingly and in torment ' (Dedication prefixed to The Rivals). Commenting on this, Walpole re- marked that the gout was a ' very impotent muse.' Like his relative Eichard, second earl of Burlington, Orrery was on terms of intimate friendship with many eminent men of letters — among others Davenant, Dryden, and Cowley. Besides several dramas he was the author of ' A Poem on his Majesty's happy Restoration,' which he presented to the king, but which was never printed ; ' A Poem on the Death of Abraham Cowley,' 1677, printed in a ' Collection of Poems ' by various authors, 1701, 3rd edition, 1716, re- published in Budgell's ' Memoirs of the Family of the Boyles,' and prefixed by Dr. Sprat to his edition of Cowley's works ; ' The Dream ' — in which the genius of France is in- troduced endeavouring to persuade Charles II to become dependent on Louis XIV — pre- sented to the king, but never printed, and now lost ; and ' Poems on most of the Festi- vals of the Church,' 1681. Several of the tragedies of Orrery attained a certain success in their day. They are written in rhyme with an easy flowing diction, and, if some- what bombastic and extravagant in sentiment, are not without effective situations, and mani- fest considerable command of pathos. The earliest of his plays performed was ' Henry V,' at Lincoln's Inn Fields, as is proved by the reference of Pepys, under date 13 Aug. 1664. He then saw it acted, and he makes a later reference, under date 28 Sept. of the same year, to ' The General ' as ' Lord Brog- hill's second play.' Downes asserts that < Henry V ' was not brought out till 1667, when the theatre was reopened, but it was then only revived, and was performed ten nights successively. The play was published in 1668. It is doubtful if Orrery was the author of' The General ' — at least there is no proof of his having acknowledged it. ' Mus- tapha, the Son of Solyman the Magnificent,' was brought out at Lincoln's Inn Fields 3 April 1665, and played before their majes- ties at court 20 Oct. 1666 (EVELYN). ' The Black Prince,' published 1669, and played for the first time at the king's house 19 Oct. 1667 (PEPYS), was not very successful, the read- ing of a letter actually causing the audience to hiss. ' Tryphon,' a tragedy, published in 1672, and acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields 8 Dec. 1668, met with some applause, but showed a lack of invention, resembling his other tragedies too closely in its construction. These four tragedies were published together in 1690, and now form vol. i. of his 'Dramatic Works.' Of Orrery's two comedies, ' Guzman ' and ' Mr. Anthony,' * the former,' according to Downes, 'took very well, the latter but indifferent.' Pepys, who pronounced ' Guz- man ' to be ' very ordinary,' mentions it as produced anonymously 16 April 1669. It was published posthumously in 1693. ' Mr. Anthony ' was published in 1690, but is not included in the ' Dramatic Works.' Two tragedies of Orrery's were published posthu- mously, ' Herod the Great,' in 1694, along with his four early tragedies and the comedy ' Guzman ;' and ' Altemira ' in 1702, in which year it was put upon the stage by his grand- son Charles Boyle. The ' Complete Drama- tic Works of the Earl of Orrery,' including all his plays with the exception of 'Mr. Anthony,' appeared in 1743. The Earl of Orrery is the reputed author of ' English Adventures, by a Person of Honour,' 1676, entered in the catalogue of the Huth Li- brary. [State Letters of Eoger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, containing a series of correspondence between the Duke of Ormonde and his lordship, from the Kestoration to the year 1668, together with some other letters and pieces of a different kind, particularly the Life of the Earl of Orrery by the Eev. Mr. ThomasMorrice, his lordship's chap- lain, 1742 ; Budgell's Memoirs of the Boyles, 34- 93 ; Earl of Orrery's Letter Book whilst Governor of Minister (1644-49), Add. MS. 25287 ; Letters to Sir John Malet, Add. MS. 32095, ff. 109-188; Ludlow's Memoirs ; Whitelocke's Memorials ; Clarendon's History of the Rebellion; Old- mixon's History of the Stuarts ; Carte's Life of Ormonde ; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), especially during the Protectorate ; Pepys's Diary; Evelyn's Diary ; Ware's Writers of Ireland (Harris), iii. 177 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1200-1; Walpole's Eoyal and Noble Authors (Park), v. 191-7; Genest's History of the .Stage; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 4 7 9-92; Lodge's Irish Peerage (1789), i. 178-192.] T. F. H. BOYLE, ROGER (1617 P-1687), bishop of Clogher, was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin, where he was elected a fellow. On the out- break of the rebellion in 1641 he became tutor to Lord Paulet, in whose family he remained until the Restoration, when in 1660-1 he became rector of Carrigaline and of Ringrone in the diocese of Cork. Thence he was advanced to the deanery of Cork, and on 12 Sept. 1667 he was promoted to the see of Down and Connor. On 21 Sept. 1672 he was translated to the see of Clogher. He died at Clones on 26 Nov. 1687, in the seventieth year of his age, and was buried in the church Boyne 127 Boys at Clones. He was the author of ' Inquisitio in fidem Christianorum hujus Saeculi,' Dub- lin, 1665, and 'Summa Theologies Chris- tianas,' Dublin, 1681. His commonplace book on various subjects, together with an abstract of Sir Kenelm Digby's ' Treatise of Bodies,' is in manuscript in Trinity College Library, Dublin. [Cotton's Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae, iii. 80, 207-8; Ware's Works (Harris), i. 190, 213, ii. 203.] T. F. H. BOYNE, VISCOUNT. [See HAMILTON, GUSTAVUS.] BOYNE, JOHN (d. 1810), water-colour painter, caricaturist, and engraver, was born in county Down, Ireland, between 1750 and 1759. His father was originally a joiner by trade, but afterwards held for many years an appointment at the victualling office at Deptford. Boyne was brought to England when about nine years of age, and subse- quently articled to William Byrne, the land- scape-engraver. His master dying just at the expiration of his apprenticeship, he made an attempt to carry on the business himself, but being idle and dissipated in his habits, he was unsuccessful. He then joined a com- pany of strolling actors near Chelmsford, where he enacted some of Shakespeare's characters, and assisted in a farce called ' Christmas ; ' but soon wearying of this mode of life, he returned to London in 1781, and took to the business of pearl-setting, being employed by a Mr. Flower, of Chichester Rents, Chancery Lane. Later on we find him in the capacity of a master in a draw- ing school, first in Holborn, and afterwards in Gloucester Street, Queen Square, where Holmes and Heaphy were his pupils. Boyne died at his house in Pentonville on 22 June 1810. His most important artistic produc- tions were heads from Shakespeare's plays, spiritedly drawn and tinted ; also ' Assigna- tion, a Sketch to the Memory of the Duke of Bedford ;' < The Muck Worm,' and ' The Glow Worm.' His ' Meeting of Connoisseurs,' now in the South Kensington Museum, was en- graved in stipple by T.Williamson. He pub- lished ' A Letter to Richard Brinsley Sheri- dan, Esq., on his late proceedings as a Member of the Society of the Freedom of the Press.' [Magazine of the Fine Arts, iii. 222 ; Red- grave's Dictionary of Artists of the English School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F. BOYS or BOSCHUS, DAVID (rf.1461), Carmelite, was educated at Oxford, and lec- tured in theology at that university ; he also visited for purposes of study the university of Cambridge and several foreign universities. He became head of the Carmelite community at Gloucester, and died there in the year 1451. The following are the titles of works written by Boys : 1. ' De duplici hominis immorta- litate.' 2. ' Adversus Agarenos.' 3. ' Contra varies Gentilium Ritus.' 4. 'De Spiritus Doctrina.' 5. ' De vera Innocentia.' [Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britannicis, p. 454 ; Villiers de St. Etienne, Bibliotheca Car- melitana.] A. M. BOYS, EDWARD (1599-1667), divine, a nephew of Dr. John Boys (1571-1625), dean of Canterbury [q. v.], and the son of Thomas Boys of Hoad Court, in the parish of Blean, Kent, by his first wife, Sarah, daughter of Richard Rogers, dean of Canterbury, and lord suffragan of Dover, was born in 1599 (W. BERET, County Genealogies, Kent, p. 445). Educated at Eton, he was elected a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge, in May 1620, and as a member of that house graduated B.A. in 1623, M.A. in 1627, and obtained a fellowship in 1631. He proceeded B.D., was appointed one of the university preachers in 1634, and in 1639, on the presentation of William Pas- ton, his friend and contemporary at college, became rector of the tiny village of Maut- boy in Norfolk. He is said, but on doubtful authority, to have been one of the chap- lains to Charles I (R. MASTERS, Hist. Cor- pus Christi College, pp. 242-3). After an incumbency of twenty-eight years Boys died at Mautboy on 10 March 1666-7, and was buried in the chancel (BLOMEFIELD, Nor- folk, ed. Parkin, xi. 229-30). An admired scholar, of exceptional powers as a preacher, and in great favour with his bishop, Hall, Boys was deterred from seeking higher pre- ferment by an exceeding modesty. After his death appeared his only known pub- lication, a volume of 'Sixteen Sermons, preached upon several occasions,' 4to, Lon- don, 1672. The editor, Roger Flynt, a fellow- collegian, tells us in his preface that it was with difficulty he obtained leave of the dying author to make them public, and gained it only upon condition 'that he should say nothing of him.' From which he leaves the reader to judge 'how great this man was, that made so little of himself.' He speaks, nevertheless, of the great loss to the church ' that such a one should expire in a country village consisting onely of four farmers.' In 1640 Boys had married Mary Herne, who was descended from a family of that name long seated in Norfolk. His portrait by W. Faithorne, at the age of sixty-six, is prefixed to his sermons. Boys 128 Boys [Chalmers's Biog. Diet. vi. 374-5; Masters's Hist. Corpus Chr. Coll. (Lamb), p. 353 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. iii. 295-6 ; General Hist, of Norfolk, ed. J. Chambers, i. 249, ii. 1336.] G-. G. BOYS, EDWARD (1785-1866), captain, son of John Boys (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered the navy in 1796, and after serving in the North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the French, and continued so for six years, when after many daring and ingenious attempts he succeeded in effecting his escape. On his re- turn to England he was made lieutenant, and served mostly in the West Indies till the peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander ; but, consequent on the reduction of the navy from its war strength, had no further em- ployment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal. On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866. Immediately after his escape, and whilst in the West Indies, he wrote for his family an account of his adventures in France ; the risk of getting some of his French friends into trouble had, however, made him keep this account private, and though abstracts from it had found their way into the papers it was not till 1827 that he was persuaded to pub- lish it, under the title of ' Narrative of a Cap- tivity and Adventures in France and Flanders between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a book of surpassing interest, and the source from which the author of ' Peter Simple ' drew much of his account of that hero's es- cape, more perhaps than from the previously published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's ad- ventures [see ASHWORTH, HEBTRY]. Captain Boys also published in 1831 ' Remarks on the Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was captain of the Excellent and superintendent of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth 1869-74, director of naval ordnance from 1874-8, and second in command of the Chan- nel fleet in 1878-9. [O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Berry's Kentish Genealogies.] J. K. L. BOYS, JOHN (1571-1625), dean of Canterbury, was descended from an old Kentish family who boasted that their ances- tor came into England with the Conqueror, and who at the beginning of the seventeenth century had no less than eight branches, each with its capital mansion, in the county of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He was born at Eythorn in 1571, and pro- bably was educated at the King's School in Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where Arch- bishop Parker had founded some scholarships appropriated to scholars of that school. He took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellow- ship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Cold- well, and which was filled up by the election of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His first preferment was the small rectory of Betshanger in his native county, which he tells us was procured for him by his uncle Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls ' my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears to have resided upon this benefice and to have at once begun to cultivate the art of preach- ing. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but the aggregate value of these preferments was quite inconsiderable, and when he married Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury, in 1599, he must have had other means of subsistence than his clerical income. The dearth of competent preachers to supply the London pulpits appears to have been severely felt about this time, and in January 1593 Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor and heads of the university of Cambridge complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge divines to take their part in this duty. The same year that the primate appointed Boys to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only twenty-seven years of age. Two years after he was called upon to preach at the Cross again, and it was actually while he was in the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1). Next year we find him preaching at St. Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the Latin sermon he then delivered is among his printed works. Whitgift's death (February 1604) made little alteration in his circum- stances ; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him into his favour, and he preached at Asliford, on the occasion of the primate holding his primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607. Two years after this Boys published his first work, * The Minister's Invitatorie, being An Exposition of all the Principall Scrip- tures used in our English Liturgie : together with a reason why the Church did chuse Boys 129 Boys the same.' The work was dedicated to Ban- croft, who had lately been made chancellor of the university of Oxford, and in the * dedi- catorie epistle ' Boys speaks of his ' larger exposition of the Gospels and Epistles ' as shortly about to appear. It appeared accord- ingly next year in 4to, under the title of ' An Exposition of the Dominical Epistles and Gospels used in our English Liturgie throughout the whole yeere,' and was dedi- cated to his 'very dear uncle/ Sir John Boys of Canterbury. In his dedication Boys takes the opportunity of mentioning his obligations to Sir John and to Archbishop Whitgift for having watered what 'that vertuous and worthy knight ' had planted. The work supplied a great need and had a very large and rapid sale ; new editions fol- lowed one another in quick succession, and it would be a difficult task to draw up an exhaustive bibliographical account of Boys's publications. Archbishop Bancroft died in November 1610, and Abbot was promoted to the pri- macy in the spring of 1611. Boys dedicated to him his next work, ' An Exposition of the Festival Epistles and Gospels used in our English Liturgie,' which, like its predeces- sors, was published in 4to, the first part in 1614, the second in the following year. Hitherto he had received but scant recogni- tion of his services to the church, but prer ferment now began to fall upon him liberally. Abbot presented him with the sinecure rec- tory of Hollingbourne, then with the rectory of Monaghan in 1618, and finally, on the death of Dr. Fotherby, he was promoted by the king, James I, to the deanery of Canter- bury, and installed on 3 May 1619. Mean- while in 1616 he had put forth his ' Exposi- tion of the proper Psalms used in our English Liturgie,' and dedicated it to Sir Thomas Wotton, son and heir of Edward, lord Wot- ton of Marleigh. In 1620 he was made a member of the high commission court, and in 1622 he collected his works into a folio volume, adding to those previously published five miscellaneous sermons which he calls lectures, and which are by no means good specimens of his method or his style. These were dedicated to Sir Dudley Digges of Chilham Castle, and appear to have been added for no other reason than to give occa- sion for paying a compliment to a Kentish magnate. On 12 June 1625 Henrietta Maria landed at Dover. Charles I saw her for the first time on the 13th, and next day the king at- tended service in Canterbury Cathedral, when Boys preached a sermon, which has been pre- served. It is a poor performance, stilted and VOL. VI. unreal as such sermons usually were ; but it has the merit of being short. Boys held the deanery of Canterbury for I little more than six years, and died among his books, suddenly, in September 1625. There is a monument to him in the lady i chapel of the cathedral. He left no chil- dren ; his widow died during the rebellion. Boys's works continued to be read and used I very extensively till the troublous times set ! in ; but the dean was far too uncompromising an A.nglican, and too unsparing in his denun- ciation of those whom he calls the novelists, to be regarded with any favour or toleration by presbyterians, or independents, or indeed by any who sympathised with the puritan theology. When he began to be almost for- gotten in England, his works were translated into German and published at Strasburg in 1683, and again in two vols. 4to in 1685. It may safely be affirmed that no writer of the seventeenth century quotes so widely and so frequently from contemporary literature as Boys, and that not only from polemical or exegetical theology, but from the whole range of popular writers of the day. Bacon's 1 Essays' and 'The Advancement of Learn- ing,' Sandys's 'Travels,' Owen's, More's, and Parkhurst's ' Epigrams,' ' The Vision of Piers Plowman,' and Verstegan's 'Restitution,' with Boys's favourite book, Sylvester's trans- lation of Du Bartas's ' Divine Weeks,' must have been bought as soon as they were pub- lished. Indeed Boys must have been one of the great book collectors of his time. Boys's works are full to overflowing of homely proverbs, of allusions to the manners and customs of the time, of curious words and expressions. [The works of John Boys, D.D., and Dean of Canterbury, folio, 1622, pp. 122,491,508, 530, 972, &c. ; Remains of the Reverend and Famous Postiller, John Boys, Doctor in Divinitie, and late Dean of Canterburie .... 4to, 1631 (this contains ' A Briefe View of the Life and Vertues of the Authour,' by R. T.) ; Fuller's Worthies, Kent ; Masters's History of Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge, 334, 459; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 860; Fasti, ii. 276, 345 ; Nasmith's Catalogue of Corpus MSS. Nos. 215, 216 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Camb. Met. Soc. Proc. ii. 141 ; Fuller's Church Hist B. x. cent. xvi. sec. 19-24.] A. J. BOYS, JOHN (1561-1644). [See Bois.] JOHN (1614P-1661), translator of Virgil, was the son of John Boys (b. 1690) of Hoad Court, Blean, Kent, and nephew of Edward Boys, 1599-1677 [q. v.] His mother was Mary, daughter of Martin Fotherby, bishop of Salisbury. He was born about 1614. His grandfather, Thomas Boys (d. Boys 130 Boys 1625), brother of the dean, John Boys [q. v.], inherited the estate of Hoad Court from his uncle, Sir John Boys, an eminent lawyer, who died without issue in 1612. On 24 Jan. 1659- 1660 Boys presented to the mayor of Canter- bury a declaration in favour of the assembly of a free parliament, drawn up by himself in behalf (as he asserted) ( of the nobility, gentry, ministry, and commonalty of the county of Kent.' But the declaration gave offence to the magistrates, and the author, as he ex- plained in his 'Vindication of the Kentish Declaration,' only escaped imprisonment by retiring to a hiding-place. Several of his friends were less successful. In February 1659-60 he went to London with his kins- man, Sir John Boys [q. v.] of Bonnington, and presented to Monk, at Whitehall, a letter of thanks, drawn up by himself ' ac- cording to the order and advice of the gentlemen of East Kent.' He also prepared a speech for delivery to Charles II on his landing at Dover on 25 May 1660 ; but < he was prevented therein by reason his majesty made no stay at all in that town,' and he therefore sent Charles a copy of it. Boys chiefly prided himself on his clas- sical attainments. In 1661 he published two translations from Virgil's ' JEneid.' The first is entitled, t JEneas, his Descent into Hell: as it is inimitably described by the Prince of Poets in the Sixth of his JEneis,' Lon- don, 1661. The dedication is addressed to Sir Edward Hyde, and congratulates him on succeeding to the office of lord chancellor. His cousin, Charles Fotherby, and his friend, Thomas Philipott, contribute commendatory verses. The translation in heroic verse is of very mediocre character, and is followed by 181 pages of annotations. At their close Boys mentions that he has just heard of the death of Henry, duke of Gloucester (13 Sept. 1660), and proceeds to pen an elegy sug- gested by Virgil's lament for Marcellus. The volume concludes with ' certain pieces relat- ing to the publick,' i.e. on the political mat- ters referred to above, and with a congratu- latory poem (dated Canterbury, 30 Sept. 1656) addressed to Boys's friend, William Somner, on the completion of his ' Dictiona- rium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum.' Boys's se- cond book is called '^Eneas, his Errours on his Voyage from Troy into Italy ; an essay upon the Third Book of Virgil's "^Eneis." ' It is dedicated to Lord Cornbury, Clarendon's son. A translation of the third book of the '^Eneid' in heroic verse occupies fifty-one pages, and is followed by ' some few hasty reflections upon the precedent poem.' Boys's enthusiasm for Virgil is boundless, but his criticism is rather childish. Boys married Anne, daughter of Dr. Wil- liam Kingsley, archdeacon of Canterbury, by whom he had three sons — Thomas, who died without issue ; John, a colonel in the army, who died 4 Sept. 1710; and Sir William Boys, M.D., who is stated to have died in 1744. Boys himself died in 1660-1, and was buried in the chancel of the church of Hoad. [Hasted's Kent, i. 565 ; Corser's Anglo-Poet. Collect, ii. 323-5; Brit. Mus. Cat; Berry's Kentish Genealogies, p. 445.] S. L. L. BOYS, SIR JOHN (1607-1664), royalist military commander, was the eldest son and heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent, by Jane, daughter of Edward Sanders of Northborne. He was baptised at Chillen- don, Kent, on 5 April 1607. In the civil war he became a captain in the royal army and governor of Donnington Castle in Berk- shire. This castle, which is within a mile of Newbury, was garrisoned in 1643 for King Charles I, and commanded the road from Oxford to Newbury and the great road from London to Bath and the west. Boys, by the bravery with which he defended the castle during a long siege, showed himself well worthy of the trust reposed in him. It was first attacked by the parliamentary army, consisting of 3,000 horse and foot, under the command of Major-general Middleton, who attempted to take the castle by assault, but was repulsed with considerable loss. Middleton lost at least 300 officers and men in this fruitless attempt. Not long afterwards, on 29 Sept. 1644, Colonel Horton began a blockade, having raised a battery at the foot of the hill near Newbury, from which he plied the castle so incessantly during a period of twelve days that he reduced it to a heap of ruins, having beaten down three of the towers and a part of the wall. Nearly 1,000 great shot are said to have been expended during this time. Horton having received reinforcements sent a summons to the go- vernor, who refused to listen to any terms. Soon afterwards the Earl of Manchester came to the siege with his army, but their united attempts proved unavailing ; and after two or three days more of ineffectual battering the whole army rose up from before the walls and marched in different directions. When the king came to Newbury (21 Oct. 1644) he knighted the governor for his good ser- vices, made him colonel of the regiment which he had before commanded as lieu- tenant-colonel to Earl Rivers, the nominal governor of Donnington, and to his coat armour gave the augmentation of a crown imperial or, on a canton azure. During the second battle of Newbury Boys secured the Boys Boys king's artillery under the castle walls. After the battle, when the king had gone with his army to Oxford, the Earl of Essex with his whole force besieged Donnington Castle with no better success than the others had done. He abandoned the attempt before the king returned from Oxford for the purpose o relieving Donnington on 4 Nov. 1644. Th place was then re victualled, and his majest slept in the castle that night with his arm around him. In August 1648 Boys mad a.' fruitless attempt to raise the siege o Deal Castle. A resolution put in the Sous of Commons at the same time to banis him as one of the seven royalists who ha been in arms against the parliament sine 1 Jan. 1647-8 was negatived. In 1659 h was a prisoner in Dover Castle for petition ing for a free parliament, but was released o 23 Feb. 1659-60. He apparently received th office of receiver of customs at Dover from Charles II. Sir John Boys died at his house at Bon nington on 8 Oct. 1664, and was buried in the parish church of Goodnestone-next Wingham, Kent. The inscription describe his achievements in the wars. By his first wife, Lucy, he had five daughters. He hac no children by his second marriage wit] Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathanie Finch, serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Si John Fotherby of Barham, Kent. There is a portrait of Boys engraved by Stow, and reproduced by Mr. Walter Money in his ' Battles of Newbury ' (1884). [Clarendon's Hist, of the Kebellion (1843) 429, 499 ; Heath's Chronicle of the Civil Wars 62; Walter Money's Battles of Newbury (1884) Hasted's Kent, iii. 705; Lysons's Berkshire, 356 357 ; Berry's Pedigrees of Families in Kent, 441 Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 51 52.] T. C. BOYS, JOHN (1749-1824), agriculturist, only son of William Boys and Ann, daughter of William Cooper of Ripple, was born in November 1749. At Betshanger and after- wards at Each, Kent, he farmed with skill and success, and as a grazier was well known for his breed of South Down sheep. He was one of the commissioners of sewers for East Kent, and did much to promote the drainage of the Finglesham and Eastry Brooks. At the request of the board of agriculture he wrote f A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Kent,' 1796, and an ' Essay on Paring and Burning,' 1805. He died on 16 Dec. 1824. By his wife Mary, daughter of the Rev. Richard Harvey, vicar of Eastry- cum-Word, he had thirteen children, eight •sons and five daughters. [Berry's Pedigrees of the County of Kent, p. 446; Gent. Mag. xcv. (pt. i.) 86-7.] T. F. H. BO YS,THOMAS (1792-1880), theologian and antiquary, son of Rear-admiral Thomas Boys of Kent, was born at Sandwich, Kent, and educated at Tonbridge grammar school and Trinity College, Cambridge. The failure of his health from over-study prevented his taking more than the ordinary degrees (B.A. 1813, M.A. 1817), and, finding an active life necessary to him, he entered the army with a view to becoming a military chaplain, was attached to the military chest in the Peninsula under Wellington in 1813, and was wounded at the battle of Toulouse in three places, gain- ing the Peninsular medal. He was ordained deacon in 1816, and priest in 1822. While in the Peninsula he employed his leisure time in translating the Bible into Portuguese, a task he performed so well, that his version has been adopted both by catholics and protes- tants, and Don Pedro I of Portugal publicly thanked him for his gift to the nation. In 1848 he was appointed incumbent of Holy Trinity, Hoxton ; but before that he had es- tablished his reputation as a Hebrew scholar, being teacher of Hebrew to Jews at the col- lege, Hackney, from 1830 to 1832, and pro- fessor of Hebrew at the Missionary College, Islington, in 1836. While holding this last post, he revised Deodati's Italian Bible, and also the Arabic Bible. His pen was rarely idle. In 1825 he published a key to the Psalms, and in 1827 a * Plain Exposition of the New Testament.' Already in 1821 he had issued a volume of sermons, and in 1824 a book entitled l Tactica Sacra,' expounding a theory that in the arrangement of the New Testament writings a parallelism could be detected similar to that used in the writings of the Jewish prophets. In 1832 he pub- lished ' The Suppressed Evidence, or Proofs of the Miraculous Faith and Experience of the Church of Christ in all ages, from authen- ;ic records of the Fathers, Waldenses, Huss- tes . . . an historical sketch suggested by 3. W. Noel's " Remarks on the Revival of Miraculous Powers in the Church." ' The same year produced a plea for verbal inspiration mder the title 'A Word for the Bible,' and 1834 ' A Help to Hebrew.' He was also a fre- uent contributor to 'Blackwood 'of sketches nd papers, for the most part descriptive of his Peninsular experiences. The most im- >ortant of these was ' My Peninsular Medal, vhich ran from November 1849 to July 1850. rlis acquaintance with the literature and an- iquities of the Jews was very thorough, but >erhaps the best proofs of his extensive learn- Boys 132 Boys ing are to be found in the numerous letters and papers, sometimes under his own name, and sometimes under the assumed name of 'Vedette/ contributed to the second series of 'Notes and Queries.' Of these the twelve papers on Chaucer difficulties are a most valuable contribution to the study of early English literature. He died 2 Sept. 1880, aged 88. [Times, 14 Sept. 1880; Men of the Time, 1872 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] E. B. BOYS, THOMAS SHOTTER (1803- 1874), water-colour painter and lithographer, was born at Pentonville on 2 Jan. 1803. He was articled to George Cooke, the engraver, with the view of following that profession, but when, on the expiration of his appren- ticeship, he visited Paris, he was induced by Bonington, under whom he studied, to de- vote himself to painting. He exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1824, and in Paris in 1827. In 1830 he proceeded to Brussels, but on the outbreak of the revo- lution there returned to England. Paying another visit to Paris, he remained there until 1837, and then again came to England for the purpose of lithographing the works of David Roberts and Clarkson Stanfield. Boys's great work, 'Picturesque Architecture in Paris, Ghent, Antwerp, Rouen,' &c., appeared in 1839, and created much admiration. King Louis-Philippe sent the artist a ring in re- cognition of its merits. He also published ' Original Views of London as it is,' drawn and lithographed by himself, London, 1843. He drew the illustrations to Blackie's ( His- tory of England,' and etched some plates for Ruskin's 'Stones of Venice.' Boys was a member of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, and of several foreign artistic so- cieties. He died in 1874. The British Mu- seum possesses two fine views of Paris by him, drawn in water-colours, and another is in the South Kensington Museum. [Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Recent and Living Painters and Engravers, London, 1866, 8vo; MS. notes in the British Museum.] L. F. BOYS, WILLIAM (1735-1803), surgeon and topographer, was born at Deal on 7 Sept. 1735. He was of an old Kent family (HAS- TED, History of Kent, iii. 109), being the eldest son of Commodore William Boys, R.N., lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hos- pital, by his wife, Elizabeth Pearson of Deal ( Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). About 1755 he was a surgeon at Sandwich, where he was noted for his untiring explorations of Rich- borough Castle, for skill in deciphering anciert manuscripts and inscriptions, for his zeal in collecting antiquities connected with Sand- wich, and for his studies in astronomy, natural history, and mathematics. In 1759 he married Elizabeth Wise, a daughter of Henry Wise, one of the Sandwich jurats (ib.\ and by her he had two children. In 1761 he was elected jurat, acting with his wife's father. In the same year, 1761, she died, and in the next year, 1762, he married Jane Fuller, coheiress of her uncle, one John Paramor of Staten- borough ($.) In 1767 Boys was mayor of Sandwich. In 1774 his father died atGreen- i wich (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} In 1775 i appeared his first publication — a memorial i to resist a scheme for draining a large tract I of the neighbouring land, which it was thought i would destroy Sandwich harbour. Boys drew it up as one of the commissioners of sewers, on behalf of the corporation, and it was pub- | lished at Canterbury in 1775 anonymously i (Gent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 421-3). In 1776 Boys was elected F.S.A. In 1782 he again served as mayor. In 1783 his second wife died, having borne him eight or nine children (ib., and HASTED, Hist, of Kent, iv. 222 n.} In the same year Boys furnished the Rev. John Duncombe with much matter relating to the Reculvers, printed in Duncombe's ' Antiqui- ties of Reculver.' In 1784 was published ' Testacea Minuta Rariora,' 4to, being plates and description of the tiny shells found on the seashore near Sandwich, by Boys, ' that inquisitive naturalist ' (Introd. p. i). The book was put together by George Walker, Boys himself being too much occupied by his pro- fession. In 1786 Boys issued proposals for publishing his ' Collections for a History of Sandwich ' at a price which should only cover its expenses, and placed his materials in the hands of the printers (NICHOLS, Lit. III. vi. 613). In 1787 Boys published an < Account of the Loss of the Luxborough,' 4to (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 24), a case of cannibalism, in which his father (Commodore Boys) had been one of the men compelled to resort to this horrible means of preserving life. Boys had a series of pictures hung up in his parlour portraying the whole of the terrible circum- stances (Pennant, in his Journey from Lon- don to the Isle of Wight, quoted in NICHOLS'S Lit. Anecd. ix. 24 n.} Of this ' Account/ as a separate publication, there is now no trace ; but it appears in full in the 'History of Greenwich Hospital,' by John Cooke and John Maule, 1789, pp. 110 et seq.; it is also stated there that six small paintings in the council room of the hospital (presumably replicas of those seen by Pennant in the possession of William Boys) represent this passage in the history of the late gallant Boyse 133 Boyse lieutenant-governor. In 1788 appeared the first part of * Sandwich,' and in 1789 Boys was appointed surgeon to the sick and wounded seamen at Deal. Over the second part of ' Sandwich ' there was considerable delay and anxiety (Letter from Denne, NICHOLS'S Lit. III. vi. 613) ; but in 1792 the volume was issued at much pecuniary loss to Boys. In 1792 Boys also sent Dr. Simmons some * Observations on Kit's Coity House/ which were read at the Society of Antiquaries, and appeared in vol. xi. of ' Archaeologia.' In 1796 he gave up his Sandwich practice and went to reside at Walmer, but returned to Sandwich at the end of three years, in 1799. His health had now declined. He had apo- plectic attacks in 1799, and died of apoplexy on 15 March 1803, aged 68. Boys was buried in St. Clement's Church, Sandwich, where there is a Latin epitaph to his memory, a suggestion for a monument with some doggerel verses, from a correspondent to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixxiii. pt. ii. 612), having fallen through. He was a member of the Linnean Society, and a con- tributor to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (In- dex, vol. iii. preface, p. Ixxiv). A new fern found by him at Sandwich was named Sterna Boysii, after him, by Latham in his ' Index Ornithologicus.' [Watt's Bibl. Brit., where 'Sandwich5 is said, •wrongly, to have consisted of three parts, and to have been published in London ; Grent. Mag. Ixxiii. pt. i. 293, 421-3; Hasted's Kent, iii. 109, 557 n. u, iv. 222 n. i ; Nichols's Lit. 111. iv. 676, vi. 613, 653, 685, 687 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 24-27 nn.] J. H. r BOYSE, JOSEPH (1660-1728), presby- terian minister, born at Leeds on 14 Jan. 1660, was one of sixteen children of Matthew Boyse, a puritan, formerly elder of the church at Row- ley, New England, and afterwards a resident for about eighteen years at Boston, Mass. He was admitted into the academy of Richard Frankland, M.A., at Natland,near Kendal, on 16 April 1675, and went thence in 1678 to the academy at Stepney under Edward Veal, B.D. (ejected from the senior fellowship at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1661 ; died 6 June 1708, aged 76). Boyse's first ministerial en- gagement was at Glassenbury, near Cran- brook, Kent, where he preached nearly a year (from the autumn of 1679). He was next domestic chaplain, during the latter half of 1681 and spring of 1682, to the Dowager Countess of Donegal (Letitia, daughter of Sir William Hickes) in Lincoln's Inn Fields. For six months in 1682 he ministered to the Brownist church at Amsterdam, in the ab- sence of the regular minister, but he did not swerve from his presbyterianism. He would have settled in England but for the penal Laws against dissent. On the death of his friend T. Haliday in 1683, he succeeded him at Dublin, and there pursued a popular ministry for forty-five years. His ordination sermon was preached by John Pinney, ejected from Broad winsor, Dorsetshire. The pres- byterianism of Dublin and the south of Ireland was of the English type ; that of the north was chiefly Scottish in origin and discipline. But there was occasional co-operation, and there were from time to time congregations in Dublin adhering to the northern body. Boyse did his part in promoting a community of spirit between the northern and southern presbyterians of Ireland. Naturally he kept up a good deal of communication with Eng- lish brethren. From May 1691 to June 1702 Boyse had Emlyn as his colleague at Wood Street. Meanwhile Boyse came forward as a controversialist on behalf of presbyterian dis- sent. In this capacity he proved himself cau- tious, candid, and powerful ; ' vindication,' the leading word on many of his polemical title- pages, well describes his constant aim. First of his works is the ' Vindicise Calvinisticse,' 1688, 4to, an able epistle (with the pseudo-signa- ture W. B., D.D.), in reply to William King (1650-1712), then chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, who had attacked the presbyterians in his f Answer ' to the ' Considerations ' of Peter Manby (d. 1697), ex-dean of Derry, who had turned catholic. Again, when Go- vernor Walker of Derry described Alexander Osborne (a presbyterian minister, originally from co. Tyrone, who had been called to Newmarket, Dublin, 6 Dec. 1687) as ' a spy of Tyrconnel,' Boyse put forth a ' Vindica- tion/ 1690, 4to, a tract of historical value. He was a second time in the field against King, now bishop of Derry (who had fulmi- nated against presbyterian forms of worship), in l Remarks,' 1694, and l Vindication of the Remarks,' 1695. Early in the latter year he had printed anonymously a folio tract, f The Case of the Protestant Dissenters in Ireland in reference to a Bill of Indulgence,' &c., to which Tobias Pullen, bishop of Dromore, wrote an anonymous answer, and Anthony Dopping, bishop of Meath, another reply, like- wise anonymous. Both prelates were against a legal toleration for Irish dissent. Boyse re- torted on them in ' The Case . . . Vindicated,' 1695. But the day for a toleration was not yet come. The Irish parliament rejected bill after bill brought forward in the interest of dis- senters. The harmony of Boyse's ministerial relations was broken in 1702 by the episode of his colleague's deposition, and subsequent trial, for a blasphemous libel on the ground Boyse 134 Boyse of an anti-trinitarian publication [see EMLYN, THOMAS]. Boyse (who had himself been under some suspicion of Pelagianism) moved in the matter with manifest reluctance, had no hand in the public prosecution, and made strenuous, and at length successful, efforts to free Emlyn from incarceration. Boyse drew up, with much moderation, ' The Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting Ministers of D. truly re- presented ; ' and published ' A Vindication of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour,' 1703, 8vo (2nd ed. 1710, 8vo), in answer to Emlyn's * Humble Inquiry.' Emlyn thinks that Boyse might have abstained from writing against him while the trial was pending ; but it is probable that Boyse's able defence of the j doctrine in dispute gave weight to his inter- I cession. Boyse at this early date takes note j that ' the Unitarians are coming over to the deists in point of doctrine.' Emlyn's place as Boyse's colleague was supplied by Richard Choppin, a Dublin man (licensed 1702, or- dained 1704, died 1741). In 1708 Boyse issued a volume of fifteen sermons, of which the last was an ordination discourse on 'The Office of a Scriptural Bishop,' with a polemical appendix. This received answers from Edward Drury and Matthew French, curates in Dublin, and the discourse itself was, without Boyse's con- sent, reprinted separately in 1709, 8vo. He had, however, the opportunity of adding a vo- luminous postscript, in which he replied to the above answers, and he continued the contro- versy in * A Clear Account of the Ancient Episcopacy,' 1712. Meantime the reprint of his sermon, with postscript, was burned by the common hangman, by order of the Irish House of Lords, in November 1711. This was King's last argument against Boyse ; now the archbishop of Dublin writes to Swift, ' we burned Mr. Boyse's book of a scriptural bishop.' Once more Boyse came forward in defence of dissent, in ' Remarks,' 1716, on a pamphlet by William Tisdall, D.D., vicar of Belfast, respecting the sacramental test. Boyse had been one of tliepatroni of the academy at Whitehaveri (1708-19), under Thomas Dixon, M.D., and on its cessation he had to do with the settlement in Dublin of Francis Hutche- son, the ethical writer, as head (till 1729) of a somewhat similar institution, in which Boyse taught divinity. He soon became in- volved in the nonsubscription controversy. At the synod in Belfast, 1721, he was present as a commissioner from Dublin ; protested with his colleague, in the name of the Dublin pres- bytery, against the vote allowing a voluntary subscription to the Westminster Confession ; and succeeded in carrying a ' charitable decla- ration,' freeing nonsubscribers from censure and recommending mutual forbearance. The preface to Abernethy's ' Seasonable Advice/ 1722, and the postscript to his ' Defence ' of the same, 1724, are included among Boyse's collected works, though signed also by his Dublin brethren, Nathaniel Weld and Chop- pin. In the same year he preached (24 June) at Londonderry during the sitting of the general synod of Ulster. His text was John viii. 34, 35, and the publication of the dis- course, which strongly deprecated disunion, was urged by men of both parties. Next year, being unable through illness to offer peaceful counsels in person, he printed the sermon. Perhaps his pacific endeavours were dis- counted by the awkward circumstance that at this synod (1723) a letter was received from him announcing a proposed change in the management of the regium donum, viz. that it be distributed by a body of trustees in Lon- don, with the express view of checking the high-handed party in the synod. The rupture j between the southern and northern presby- i terians was completed by the installation of ! a nonsubscriber, Alexander Colville, M.D., 1 on 25 Oct. 1725 at Dromore, co. Down, by the ! Dublin presbytery ; Boyse was not one of the i installers. He published in 1726 a lengthy letter to the presbyterian ministers of the north, in ' vindication ' of a private commu- nication on their disputes, which had been | printed without his knowledge. Writing to i the Rev. Thomas Steward of Bury St. Ed- i munds (d. 10 Sept. 1753, aged 84) on 1 Nov. I 1726, Boyse speaks of the exclusion of the ! nonsubscribers as 'the late shameful rup- ! ture,' and gives an account of the new presby- j tery which the general synod, in pursuance j of its separative policy, had erected for Dub- lin. Controversies crowded rather thickly on Boyse, considering the moderation of his views and temper. He always wrote like a gentleman. He published several sermons against Romanists, and a letter (with appen- dix) 'Concerning the Pretended Infallibility of the Romish Church,' addressed to a protestant divine who had written against Rome. His ' Some Queries offered to the Consideration of the People called Quakers, &c.,' called forth, shortly before Boyse's death, a reply | by Samuel Fuller, a Dublin schoolmaster. It is possible that in polemics Boyse sought a re- ( lief from domestic sorrow, due to his son's career. He died in straitened circumstances on 22 Nov. 1728, leaving a son, Samuel [q. v.] (the biographers of this son have not usually mentioned that he was one of the deputation to present the address from the general synod of Ulster on the accession of George I), and a daughter, married to Mr. Waddington. He was succeeded in his ministry by Abernethy (in 1730). Boyse's works were collected by Boyse himself in two huge folios, London, (usually bound in one ; they are the earliest ii not the only folios published by a presbyterian minister of Ireland). Prefixed is a recom- mendation (dated 23 April 1728) signed by Calamy and five other London ministers. The first volume contains seventy-one ser- mons (several being funeral, ordination, and anniversary discourses ; many had already been collected in two volumes, 1708-10, 8vo), and several tracts on justification. Embedded among the sermons (at p. 326) is a very cu- rious piece of puritan autobiography, ' Some Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Trench.' The second volume is wholly controversial. Not included in these volumes are : 1. ' Vindication of Osborne ' (see above). 2. 'Sacramental Hymns collected (chiefly) out of such Passages of the New Tes- tament as contain the most suitable matter of Divine Praises in the Celebration of the Lord's Supper, &c.,' Dublin, 1693, small 8vo, with another title-page, London, 1693. (This little book, overlooked by his biographers, is valuable as illustrating Boyse's theology : it nominally contains twenty-three hymns, but reckoning doublets in different metres there are forty-one pieces by Boyse, one from George Herbert, and two from Mr. Patrick, i.e. Simon Patrick, bishop of Ely. In a very curious preface Boyse disclaims the possession of any poetic genius ; but his verses, published thir- teen years before Isaac Watts came into the field, are not without merit. To the volume is prefixed the approval of six Dublin ministers, headed by ' Tho. Toy,' and including ' Tho. Emlin.') 3. 'Case of the Protestant Dis- senters ' (see above. The tract is so rare that Reid knows only of the copy at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin. The vindication of it is in the ' Works '). 4. ' Family Hymns for Morning and Evening Worship. With some for the Lord's Days. . . . All taken out of the Psalms of David,' Dublin, 1701, 16mo. (Unknown to bibliographers. Contains preface, recom- mendation by six Dublin ministers, and seventy-six hymns, in three parts, with music. Boyse admits ' borrowing a few expressions from some former versions.' The poetry is superior to his former effort. A copy, un- catalogued, is in the Antrim Presbytery Library at Queen's College, Belfast.) 5. 'The Difference between Mr. E. and the Dissenting Ministers of D., &c.' (see above. Emlyn re- '[ prints it in the appendix to his ' Narrative,' 1719, and says Boyse drew it up). Of his separate publications an incomplete list is furnished by Witherow. The bibliography of the earlier ones is better given in Reid. Boyse wrote the Latin inscription on the original pedestal (1701) of the equestrian Boyse statue of William III in College Green, Dublin. [Choppin's Funeral Sermon, 1728 ; Towers, in Biog. Brit. ii. (1780), 531 ; Calamy's Hist. Ace. of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 515; Thorn's Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1864, 68 ; Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presbyte- rianism in Ireland, 1st ser. 1879, p. 79, 2nd ser. 1880, p. 74 ; Keid's Hist. Presb. Ch. in Ireland (ed. Killen), 1867,vols.ii. iii. ; Anderson's British Poets, 1794,x. 327 ; Monthly Kepos. 1811, pp.204, 261; Christian Moderator, 1826, p. 34; Arm- strong's Appendix to Ordination Service (James Martineau), 1829, p. 70 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ire- Ian d(ed. A rchdall), 1789 (re Countess Donegal); Winder's MSS. in Kenshaw Street Chapel Li- brary, Liverpool (re Whitehaven) ; Narrative of the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, 1727, p. 47 ; manuscript extracts from Minutes of General Synod, 1721 ; Smith's Biblioth. Anti-Quak. 1782, p. 82.] A. G. BOYSE, SAMUEL (1708-1749), poet, was the son of Joseph Boyse [q. v.], a dissent- ing minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708. He was educated at a private school in Dub- lin and at the university of Glasgow. His studies were interrupted by his marriage when twenty with a Miss Atchenson. He returned to Dublin with his wife, and lived in his father's house without adopting any profes- sion. His father died in 1728, and in 1730 Boyse went to Edinburgh. He had printed a letter on Liberty in the ' Dublin Journal,' No. xcvii., in 1726, but his regular commence- ment as an author dates from 1731, when he printed his first book, 'Translations and Poems/ in Edinburgh. He was patronised by the Scottish nobility, and in this volume and in some later poems wrote in praise of his patrons. An elegy on the death of Viscountess •stormont, called ' The Tears of the Muses/ 1736, procured for Boyse a valuable reward Torn her husband, and the Duchess of Gordon *uve the poet an introduction for a post in jhe customs. The day on which he ought to lave applied was stormy, and Boyse chose to .ose the place rather than face the rain. Debts at length compelled him to fly from Edin- burgh. His patrons gave him introductions :o the chief poet of the day, Mr. Pope, to the .ord chancellor, and to Mr. Murray, after- wards Lord Mansfield, and then solicitor- general. Boyse had, however, not sufficient steadiness to improve advantages, and wasted the opportunities which these introductions might have given him of procuring a start in the world of letters or a settlement in life. Pope happened to be from home, and Boyse never called again. The phrases of Johnson may be recognised in a description of him at Boyse 136 Boyse this time, which relates that l he had no power of maintaining the dignity of wit, and though his understanding was very extensive, yet but a few could discover that he had any genius above the common rank. He had so strong a propension to groveling that his acquaintance were generally of such a cast as could be of no service to him ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, 1753, v. 167). In 1739 Boyse published < The Deity : a Poem ; ' in 1742 « The Praise ot Peace, a poem in three cantos from the Dutch of Mr. Van Haren.' He translated Fenelon on the demonstration of the existence of God, and modernised the ' Squire's Tale ' and the 1 Coke's Tale ' from Chaucer. These, with se- veral papers in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' signed Alcseus, were his chief publications in London. At Reading, in 1747, he published, in two volumes, ' An Historical Review of the Transactions of Europe, 1739-45.' When the payments of the booksellers did not satisfy his wants, Boyse begged from sectaries, to whom his father's theological reputation was known, and when their patience was exhausted from any one likely to give. Two of his begging letters are preserved in the British Museum (Sloane MS. 4033 B). A sentence in one of these shows how abject a beggar the poet had become. * You were pleased,' he writes to Sir Hans Sloane, l to give my wife the en- closed shilling last night. I doubt not but you thought it a good one, but as it happened otherwise you will forgive the trouble occa- sioned by the mistake.' The letter is dated 14 Feb. 1738. Two years later he was re- duced to greater straits. ' It was about the year 1740 that Mr. Boyse, reduced to the last extremity of human wretchedness, had not a shirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel to put on ; the sheets in which he lay were carried to the pawnbrokers, and he was obliged to be confined to bed with no other covering than a blanket. Daring this time he had some employment in writing verses for the maga- zines, and whoever had seen him in his study must have thought the object singular enough. He sat up in bed with a blanket wrapped about him, through which he had cut a hole large enough to admit his arm, and placing the paper upon his knee scribbled, in the best manner he could, the verses he was obliged to make ' (CiBBER, Lives of the Poets, v. 169). Necessity is the mother of invention, and Boyse's indigence led him to the discovery of paper collars. ' Whenever his distresses so pressed as to induce him to dispose of his shirt, he fell upon an artificial method of sup- plying one. He cut some white paper in slips, which he tyed round his wrists, and in the same manner supplied his neck. In this plight he frequently appeared abroad, with the additional inconvenience of want of breeches ' (CiBBER, v. 169). In the midst of this deserved squalor, and with vicious pro- pensities and ridiculous affectations, Boyse had some knowledge of literature and some interesting, if untrustworthy, conversation. It was this and his miseries, and some traces which he now and then showed of a religious education, not quite obliterated by a neglect of all its precepts, which obtained for him the acquaintance of Johnson. Shiel's ' Life of Boyse ' (CIBBER, v. 160) contains Johnson's recollections. Mrs. Boyse died in 1745 at Reading, where Boyse had gone to live. On his return to London two years later he mar- ried again. His second wife seems to have been an uneducated woman, but she induced him to live more regularly and to dress de- cently. His last illness had, however, begun, and after a lingering phthisis he died in lodgings near Shoe Lane in May 1749. John- son could not collect money enough to pay for a funeral, but he obtained the distinction from other paupers for Boyse, that the ser- vice of the church was separately performed over his corpse. Besides his literary attainments, Boyse is said to have had a taste for painting and for music,and an extensive knowledge of heraldry. ' The Deity, a Poem,' is the best known of his works. It appeared in 1729, went through two editions in the author's lifetime, and has been since printed in several collections of the English poets (' The British Poets,' Chiswick, 1822, vol. lix.; Park's 'British Poets,' London, 1808, vol. xxxiii.) Fielding quotes some lines from it on the theatre of time in the com- parison between the world and the stage, which is the introduction to book vii. of 1 Tom Jones.' He praises the lines, and says that the quotation f is taken from a poem called the Deity, published about nine years ago, and long since buried in oblivion. A proof that good books no more than good men ido always survive the bad.' It was perhaps a knowledge of Boyse's miseries which made Fielding praise him. The poem was obviously suggested by the ' Essay on Man,' and the arrangement of its parts is that common in theological treatises on the attributes of God. The edition of 1749 contains some alterations. These are unimportant, as ' celestial wisdom ' (1739) altered to 'celestial spirit' (1749); ' doubtful gloom ' (1739) to ' dubious gloom ' (1749) ; while the few added lines can neither raise nor depress the quality of the poem. In some of Boyse's minor poems recollections of Spenser, of Milton, of Cowley, and of Prior may be traced. False rhymes are not un- common in his verse, but the lines are usually tolerable. Some of his best are in a poem on Brabazon 137 Brabazon Loch Kian, in which Lord Stair's character is compared to the steadfast rock of Ailsa, with a coincident allusion to the Stair crest and the family motto ' Firm.' Four six-line verses entitled ' Stanzas to a Candle/ in which the author compares his fading career to the nick- ering and burning out of the candle on his table, are the most original of all Boyse's poems. They are free from affectation, and show Boyse for once in a true poetic mood, neither racking his brains for imagery nor using his memory to help out the verse ; not writing at threepence a line for the bookseller, but recording a poetic association clearly de- rived from the object before him. [Gibber's Lives of the Poets, 1753, vol. v. ; Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1791; Sloane MS. 4033 B ; Boyse's Works.] N. M. BRABAZON, ROGER LE (d. 1||17), judge, descended from an ancient family of Normandy, the founder of which, Jacques le Brabazon of Brabazon Castle, came over with William the Conqueror, his name occurring in the Roll of Battle Abbey. The name is variously spelt Brabacon, Brabancon, and Brabanson, and was originally given to one of the roving bands of mercenaries common in the middle ages. His great-grandson Thomas acquired the estate of Moseley in Leicester- shire, by marriage with Amicia, heiress of John de Moseley. Their son, Sir Roger, who further acquired Eastwill in the same county, married Beatrix, the eldest of the three sisters, and coheirs of Hansel de Bisset, and by her had two sons, of whom the elder was Roger, the judge. Roger was a lawyer of consider- able learning, and practised before the great judge De Hengham. His first legal office was as justice itinerant of pleas of the forest in Lancashire, which he held in 1287. In 1289, when almost all the existing judges were re- moved for extortion and-corrupt practices, Brabazon was made a justice of the king's bench, receiving a salary of 331. 6s. 8d. per annum, being as much greater (viz. 61. 13s. 4rf.) than the salaries of the other puisne justices as it was less than the salary of the chief justice. "When Edward I, though acting as arbitrator between the rival claimants to the crown of Scotland, resolved to claim the suzerainty for himself, Brabazon (though not then chief jus- ticiary as one account has it, the office then no longer existing) was employed to search for some legal justification for the claim. By warping the facts he succeeded in making out some shadow of a title, and accordingly at- tended Edward and his parliament at Nor- ham. The Scottish nobles and clergy assem- bled there on 10 May 1291, and Brabazon, speaking in French, the then court language of Scotland, announced the king's determination, and stated the grounds for it. A notary and witnesses were at hand, and he called on the nobles to do homage to Edward as lord para- mount of Scotland. To this the Scotch de- murred, and asked time for deliberation. Bra- bazon referred to the king, and appointed the day following for their decision ; but the time was eventually extended to 1 June. Brabazon, however, did not remain in Scotland till then, but returned south to the business of his court, acting as justice itinerant in the west of Eng- land in this year. After the Scottish crown had been adjudged to Baliol, Brabazon con- tinued to be employed upon a plan for the subjection of Scotland. He was one of a body of commissioners to whom Edward referred a complaint of Roger Bartholomew, a burgess of Berwick, that English judges were exer- cising jurisdiction north of the Tweed ; and when the Scottish king presented a petition, alleging that Edward had promised to observe the Scottish law and customs, Brabazon re- jected it, and held that if the king had made any promises, while the Scottish throne was vacant, in derogation of his just suzerainty, such promises were temporary only and not binding; and as to the conduct of the judges they were deputed by the king as superior and direct lord of Scotland, and represented his person. Encouraged by this decision, Mac- Duff, earl of Fife, appealed against the Scottish king to the English House of Lords, and on the advice of Brabazon and other judges it was held that the king must come as a vassal to the bar and plead, and upon his contumacy three of his castles were seized. He is found in 1293 sitting in Westchepe, and with other judges sentencing three men to mutilation by loss of the right hand. But, although sitting as a puisne judge, Brabazon, owing to the political events in which he was engaged, had completely overshadowed Gilbert de Thorn- ton, the chief justice of his court. The time was now arrived to reward him. In 1295 Gilbert de Thornton was removed and Bra- bazon succeeded him, and being reappointed immediately upon the accession of Edward II, 6 Sept. 1307, continued in that office until his retirement in 1316. He had been a commis- sioner of array for the counties of Nottingham, Derby, Lancaster, Cumberland, Westmore- land, and York, in 1296, and was constantly summoned to the parliaments which met at Westminster, Salisbury, Lincoln, Carlisle, Northampton, Stamford, and York up to 1314. In 1297 Brabazon's position pointed to him naturally as a member of the council of Edward, the king's son, when left by his father in England as lieutenant of the king- dom. On 1 April 1300 he was appointed to Brabazon 138 Brabazon perambulate the royal forests in Salop, Staf- fordshire, and Derby, and call the officers to account. In 1305 he is named with John de j Lisle as an additional justice in case of need j in Sussex, Surrey, Kent, and Middlesex, pur- suant to an ordinance of trailbaston, and al- though the writ is cancelled, he certainly acted, for he sat at Guildhall ' ad recipiendas billas super articulis de trailbaston.' In the same year, being present at the parlia- ment held at Westminster, he was appointed and sworn in as a commissioner to treat with the Scotch representatives concerning the government of Scotland. On 29 Oct. 1307 he sat at the Tower of London on the trial of the Earl of Athole and convicted him. In 1308, having been appointed to try certain com- plaints against the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, Brabazon was ordered (19 Feb.) to adjourn the hearing, in order to attend the coronation of Edward II. He was twice as- signed to hold pleas at York in 1309 and 1312, was detained specially in London in the summer of 1313 to advise the king on matters of high importance, and was still invested with the office of commissioner of forests in Stafford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, and Oxon, as late as 1316. All these labours told severely on his health. Broken by age and infirmity he, on 23 Feb. 1316, asked leave to resign his office of chief justice. Leave was granted in a very lauda- tory patent of discharge ; but he remained a member of the privy council, and was to at- tend in parliament whenever his health per- mitted. He was succeeded by William Inge, but did not long survive. He died on 13 June 1317, and his executor, John de Brabazon, had masses said for him at Dunstable Abbey. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. He appears to have had a high character for learn- ing. To his abilities his honours and offices bear testimony, whatever blame may attach to him for his course in politics. He was a landowner in several counties. In 1296 he is enrolled, pursuant to an ordinance for the defence of the sea-coast, as a knight holding lands in Essex, but non-resident, and in the year following he was summoned as a land- owner in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to attend in person at the muster at Nottingham for military service in Scotland with arms and horses. In 1310 he had lands in Leicester- shire, and in 1316 at Silbertoft and Sulby in Northamptonshire, at East Bridgeford and Hawkesworth in Nottinghamshire, and at Rollright in Oxfordshire. The property at East Bridgeford came to him through his wife Beatrix, daughter of Sir John de Sproxton, with the advowson of the church appurtenant to the manor. As to this he was long engaged in a dispute, for after he had presented a clerk to the living and the ordinary had instituted him, one Bonifacius de Saluce or Saluciis, claiming apparently through some right con- nected with the chapel of Trykehull, intruded upon the living and got possession, and though Brabazon petitioned for his removal as early as 1300, the intruding priest was still unousted in 1315. Brabazon left no issue, his one son having died young ; he had a daughter, Albreda, who married William le Graunt ; his property passed to his brother Matthew, from whom descend the present earls of Meath, barons Brabazon of Ardee, in Ireland. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, i. 78 ; Dugdale's Origines ; Tytler's Scotland, i. 80 ; History of the Family of Brabazon ; Kot. Pat. 9 Edw. II ; Thurston's Notts, i. 294 ; Biographical Peerage, iv. 30 ; Boberts's Calend. Genealogicum, 461 ; Parlia- mentary Bolls, i. 138, 218, 267, 301 ; Palgrave's Parliamentary Writs, i. 490, ii. 581; Luard's Annales Monastic!, iii. 410, iv. 506; Stubbs's Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 102, 137, 149, 280.] J. A. H. BRABAZON, Sm WILLIAM (d. 1552), vice- treasurer and lord justice of Ireland, was descended from the family of Roger le Brabazon [q. v.], and was the son of John Brabazon of Eastwell, Leicestershire, and a daughter of — Chaworth. After succeeding his father he was knighted on 20 Aug. 1534, and appointed vice-treasurer and general receiver of Ireland. In a letter from Chief- justice Aylmer to Lord Cromwell in August 1535 he is styled ' the man that prevented the total ruin and desolation of the king- dom.' In 1536 he prevented the ravages of O'Connor in Carberry by burning several villages in Offaly and carrying away great poil. tive a speech in support of establishing the popo that ho ponDuadod tno pajiiamont to paoo tho bill fog that pujpooo. Ao a i-eoult >*& of thio; many poligiouo hotieoo wore in 1539 anrronflQrod tn thp king For these and other services he was, on 1 Oct. 1543, con- stituted lord justice of Ireland, and he was again appointed to the same office on 1 April 1546. In the same year he drove Patrick O'More and Brian O'Connor from Kildare. In April 1547 he was elected a member of the privy council of Ireland. In the spring of 1548 he assisted the lord deputy in sub- duing a sedition raised in Kildare by the sons of Viscount Baltinglass. He was a third time made lord justice on 2 Feb. 1549. In August 1550, with the aid of 8,000/. and 400 men from England, he subdued Charles Brabourne 139 Brabourne Mac-Art-Cavenagh, who, after making sub- mission and renouncing his name, received pardon. Brabazon died on 9 July 1552 (as is proved by the inquisitions taken in the year of his death), not in 1548 as recorded on his tombstone. His heart was buried with his ancestors at Eastwell, and his body in the chancel of St. Catherine's Church, Dublin. By his wife Elizabeth, daughter and coheir to Nicholas Clifford of Holme, he left two sons and three daughters. [Lodge's Peerage (Archdall), i. 265-70 ; Genea- logical History of the Family of Brabazon ; Gal. State Papers, Irish Series; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series, Henry VIII; Cal. Carew MSS. vol. i. ; Cox's History of Ireland ; Bagwell's Ireland under the Tudors, vol. i.] T. F. H. BRABOURNE, THEOPHILUS (b. 1590), writer on the Sabbath question, was a native of Norwich. The date of his birth is fixed by his own statement in 1654 : ' I am 64 yeares of age ' (Answer to Cawdry, p. 75). His father was a puritan hosier, who edu- cated his son at the free school of Norwich till he was fifteen years of age, and designed him for the church. Incidentally he mentions some curious particulars of Sunday trading in Norwich during his schoolboy days, and says that the city waits played regularly at the market cross { on the latter part of the Lord's day,' in the presence of thousands of people. When the lad should have gone to Cambridge, the silencing of many puritan ministers for non-compliance with the cere- monies induced the father to take him into his own business, and send him to London, as factor for selling stockings wholesale. He remained in London till his marriage to Abigail, daughter of Koger and Joane Gal- liard. He was thus brother-in-law of Ben- jamin Fairfax who married Sarah Galliard. After his marriage, Brabourne lived for two or three years at Norwich with his father, and resuming his intention of entering the minis- try, he studied privately under ' three able divines.' He seems to have been episcopally ordained before 1628, and it is probable that he officiated (Collings says he got a curacy of 40/. a year) in Norwich ; there is no in- dication of his having been connected with any other place after he left London, though Wood, probably by a clerical error, calls him a Suffolk minister. In 1628 appeared his 'Discourse upon the Sabbath Day/ in which he impugns the received doctrine of the sabbatical character of the Lord's day, and maintains that Saturday is still the sabbath. Hence Robert Cox regards him as ' the founder in England of the sect at first known as Sabbatarians, but now calling themselves seventh-day baptists.' This is quite incorrect ; Brabourne was no baptist, founded no sect, and, true to the original puritan standpoint [see BKADSHAW, WIL- LIAM], wrote vehemently against all separa- tists from the national church, and in fa- vour of the supremacy of the civil power in matters ecclesiastical. His attention had been drawn to the Sabbath question (' Dis- course,' p. 59) by a work published at Ox- • ford in 1621 by Thomas Broad, a Glouces- tershire clergyman, 'Three Questions con- cerning the obligations of the Fourth Com- ' mandment.' Broad rests the authority of I the Lord's day on the custom of the early church and the constitution of the church of j England. Brabourne leaves it to every i man's conscience whether he will keep the sabbath or the Lord's day, but decides that those who prefer the former are on the safe side. He took stronger Sabbatarian ground 1 in his ' Defence ... of the Sabbath Day,' 1632, a work which he had the boldness to dedicate to Charles I. Prior to this publica- | tion he appears to have held discussions on i the subject with several puritan ministers in ' his neighbourhood, and claimed to have al- ways come off victorious. He tells us that he held a conference, lasting ' many days, an houre or two in a day,' at Ely House, Hoi- born, with Francis White (bishop of Nor- wich 1629-31, of Ely 1631-8). This was the beginning of his troubles ; in his own words, he was l tossed in the high commis- sion court near three years.' He lay in the Gatehouse at Westminster for nine weeks, and was then publicly examined before the high commission, ' near a hundred ministers present (besides hundreds of other people).' The king's advocate pleaded against him, and Bishop White ' read a discourse of near an hour long ' on his errors. Sir H. Martin, one of the judges of the court, moved to sue the king to issue his writ de hceretico combu- rendo, but Laud interposed. Brabourne was censured, and sent to Newgate, where he remained eighteen months. When he had been a year in prison, he was again exa- mined before Laud, who told him that if he had stopped with what he said of the Lord's day, namely that it is not a sabbath of divine institution, but a holy day of the church, ' we should not have troubled you.' Ultimately, he made his submission to the high commission court. The Document is called a recantation, but when safe from the clutches of the court, Brabourne explained that all he had actually retracted was the word 'necessarily.' He had affirmed 'that Saturday ought necessarily to be our sab- bath j ' this he admitted to be a ' rash and Brabourne 140 Brabourne of God's, the Sabbath Day. . . . Under- taken against all Anti-Sabbatharians, both of Protestants, Papists, Antinomians, and Ana- baptists ; and by name and especially against these X Ministers, M. Greenwood, M. Hut- chinson, M. Furnace, M. Benton, M. Gallard, M. Yates, M. Clmppel, M. Stinnet, M. John- son, and M. Wade. The second edition, corrected and amended; with a supply of many things formerly omitted. . . .' 1632, 4to (according to Watt, the first edition was presumptuous error,' for his opinion, though true, was not ' a necessary truth.' Bra- bourne's book was one of the reasons which moved Charles I to reissue on 18 Oct. 1633 the declaration commonly known as the Book of Sports ; it was by the king's com- mand that Bishop White wrote his ' Treatise of the Sabbath Day,' 1635, 4to, in the dedi- cation of which (to Laud) is a short account of Brabourne. Returning to Norwich in 1635, Brabourne probably resumed his minis- try; but he got some property on the death of ! in 1631, 4to, and there was another edition a brother, and thenceforth gave up preach- I in 1660, 8vo. * M. Stinnet ' is Edward Sten- ing1. In 1654 he writes in his reply to John j net of Abingdon, the first English seventh- The The 16mo „ A ---„-- the Collings was a bitter antagonist of j Change of Church-Discipline. . . . Also a his non-presbyterian neighbours. Brabourne | Reply to Mr. Collins his answer made to had written in 1653 l The Change of Church- j Mr. Brabourne's first part of the Change of Discipline,' a tract against sectaries of all Church-Discipline . . .' 1654, 4to (the reply sorts. This stirred Collings to attack him | has a separate title-page and pagination, ' A in ' Indoctus Doctor Edoctus,' &c. 1654, 4to. A second part of Brabourne's tract pro- Reply to the " Indoctus Doctor Edoctus/' ' 1654, 4to). 5. ' The Second Vindication of voked ' A New Lesson for the Indoctus my first Book of the Change of Discipline ; Doctor,' &c., 1654, 4to, to which Brabourne | being a Reply to Mr. Collings his second wrote a f Second Vindication ' in reply. This ; Answer to it. Also a Dispute between Mr. pamphlet war is marked by personalities, in \ Collings and T. Brabourne touching the which Collings excels. Collings tells us | Sabbath Day,' 1654, 4to (not seen). 6. ' An that Brabourne, after leaving the ministry, Answer to M. Cawdry's two books of the had tried several employments. He had Sabbath lately come forth,' &c, 1654, 12mo. been bolt-poake, weaver, hosier, maltster (in 6. l Answers to two books on the Sabbath : St. Augustine's parish), and was now ' a j the one by Mr. Ives, entitled Saturday no nonsensical scribbler,' who was forced to j Sabbath Day ; the other by Mr. Warren, the publish his books at his own expense. While Jews' Sabbath antiquated,' 1659, 8vo (not this dispute with Collings was going on, seen ; Jeremy Ives's book was published 1659, Brabourne brought out an ' Answer ' to 4to ; Edmund Warren's (of Colchester) was the ' Sabbatum Redivivum,' &c., of Daniel i also published 1659, 4to). 7. ' God save 1 ' and his Parlia Theophilus Brabourn unto the hon. Parliament, that, as all magistrates in the Kingdome doe in their office, so Bishops may be required in their office to own the King's supremacy,' &c. 1661, 4to (published 5 March ; there is ; A Post- script, (sic) i Of many evils' (sic) which follow of the quest to Brabourne, and of course Brabourne was unconvinced by Cawdrey. Five years later he wrote on liis favourite theme against Ives and Warren. Nothing further is heard of Brabourne till after the Restoration, when he put out pamphlets rejoicing in liberty of conscience, and defending the royal supre- macy in ecclesiastical matters. In these pamphlets he spells his name Brabourn. The last of them was issued 18 March 1661. Nothing is known of Brabourne later. He published : 1. ' A Discourse upon the Sabbath Day . . . Printed the 23th (sic) of Decemb. anno dom. 1628,' 16mo (Brabourne maintains that the duration of the sabbath is ' that space of time and light from day-peep or day-break in the morning, until day be quite off the sky at night). 2. ' A Defence of that most ancient and sacred Ordinance upon the King's grant to Bishops of a coer- cive power in their courts for ceremonies '). 9. ' Of the Lavvfnluess (sic) of the Oath of allegiance to the King, and of the other oath to his supremacy. Written for the benefit of Quakers and others, who out of scruple of conscience, refuse the oath of allegiance and supremacy,' 1661, 4to (pub- lished 18 March, not included in Smith's ' Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana,' 1872). [Wood's Athense Oxon. i. (1691), 333 ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 362 ; Barham's Collier's Eccl. Hist. 1841, viii. 76 ; Hunt's Eel. Bracegirdle 141 Bracegirdle Thought in England, 1870, i. 135 seq. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, xi. 1875 (Laud), 237 seq. ; Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 1875, i. 443, &c. ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf- folk, 1877, 494 n ; works cited above.] A. G. BRACEGIRDLE, ANNE (1663 P-1748), one of the most popular and brilliant of Eng- lish actresses, was born about 1663, presu- mably in one of the midland counties. Curll (History of the English Stage) calls her the daughter of Justinian Bracegirdle, of North- •^mptonshire (? Northampton), esq., says 'she • Rtifl the good fortune to be well placed when j aii infant under the care of Mr. Betterton and • his wife/ and adds that ' she performed the page in "The Orphan," at the Duke's Theatre in Dorset Garden, before she was six years old.' ' The Orphan ' was first played, at Dorset Garden, in 1680. With the addition of a de- cade to Mrs. Bracegirdle's age, which this date renders imperative, this story, though without authority and not undisputed, is re- concilable with facts. Downes (JRoscius An- glicanus) first mentions Mrs. Bracegirdle in connection with the Theatre Royal in 1688, in which year she played Lucia in Shadwell's ' Squire of Alsatia.' Maria in Mountfort's ' Edward III,' Emmeline in Dryden's ' King Arthur,' Tamira in D'Urfey's alteration of Chapman's 'Bussy d'Ambois,' and other similar parts followed. In 1693 Mrs. Brace- girdle made, as Araminta in the ' Old Bache- lor,' her first appearance in a comedy of Congreve, the man in whose works her chief triumphs were obtained, and whose name has subsequently, for good or ill, been most closely associated with her own. In the memorable opening, by Betterton, of the little theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1695, with 'Love for Love,' Mrs. Bracegirdle played Angelica. Two years later she enacted Belinda in the ' Provoked Wife ' of Van- brugh, and Almeria in Congreve's l Mourning Bride.' To these, which may rank' as her principal ' creations,' may be added the he- roines of some of Rowe's tragedies, Selina in 1 Tamerlane,' Lavinia in the ' Fair Penitent,' and in such alterations of Shakespeare as were then customary ; Isabella (' Measure for Measure '), Portia (' Merchant of Venice '), Desdemona, Ophelia, Cordelia, and Mrs. Ford, with other characters from plays of the epoch, showing that her range included both comedy and tragedy. In the season of 1706-7 Mrs. Bracegirdle at the Haymarket came first into competition with Mrs. Oldfield, before whose star, then rising, her own went down. Accord- ing to an anonymous life of Mrs. Oldfield, published in 1730, the year of her death, and quoted by Genest (vol. ii. p. 375), the question whether Mrs. Oldfield or Mrs. Bracegirdle was the better actress in comedy was left to the town to settle. ' Mrs. Bracegirdle accord- ingly acted Mrs. Brittle ' (in Betterton's t Amorous Widow ') f on one night, and Mrs. Oldfield acted the same part on the next night ; the preference was adjudged to Mrs. Oldfield, at which Mrs. Bracegirdle was very much disgusted, and Mrs. Oldfield's benefit, being allowed by Swiney to be in the season before Mrs. Bracegirdle's, added so much to the affront that she quitted the stage imme- diately.' That from this time (1707) she re- fused all offers to rejoin the stage is certain. Once again she appeared upon the scene of her past triumphs. This was on the occasion of the memorable benefit to Betterton, 7 and 13 April 1709, when, with her companion Mrs. Barry, she came from her retirement, and played in ' Love for Love ' her favourite role of Angelica [see BETTEETON, THOMAS]. After this date no more is publicly heard of her until 18 Sept. 1748, when her body was removed from her house in Howard Street, Strand, and interred in the east cloisters of Westminster Abbey. Of her long life less than a third was directly con- nected with the stage. An amount of pub- licity unusual even in the case of women of her profession was thrust upon her during her early life. To this the murder of Mountfort by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun, due to the passion of the former for Mrs. Bracegirdle and his jealousy of his victim, contributed. An assumption of virtue, any- thing but common in those of her position in the days in which she lived, was, however, a principal cause. Into the inquiry how far the merit of 'not being unguarded in her private character,' which, without a hint of a sneer, is conceded her by Colley Gibber, is her due, it is useless now to inquire. Evidence will be judged differently by different minds. Macaulay, with characteristic confidence, de- clares ' She seems to have been a cold, vain, and interested coquette, who perfectly under- stood how much the influence of her charms was increased by the fame of a severity which cost her nothing, and who could ven- ture to flirt with a succession of admirers in the just confidence that no flame which she might kindle in them would thaw her own ice ' (History of England, iii. 380, ed. 1864). For this statement, to say the least rash, the authorities Macaulay quotes, un- friendly as they are, furnish no justification. Tom Brown, of infamous memory, utters sneers concerning her Abigail being ' brought to bed,' but imputes nothing directly to her; and Gildon, in that rare and curious though atrocious publication, ( A Comparison Bracegirdle 142 Bracken between Two Stages,' expresses his want of faith in the story of her innocence, concern- ing which, without arraigning it, he says (p. 18), 'I believe no more on't than I believe of John Mandevil.' Wholly valueless is the evidence of these two indirect assailants against the general verdict of a time known to be censorious. Mrs. Bracegirdle may at least claim to have had the highest reputa- tion for virtue of any woman of her age ; and her benevolence to the unemployed poor of Clare Market and adjacent districts, l so that she could not pass that neighbourhood with- out the thankful acclamations of people of all degrees, so that, if any one affronted her, they would have been in danger of being killed directly ' (TONY ASTON), is a pleasing trait in her character. The story is worth repeating that ' Lord Halifax, overhearing the praise of Mrs. Bracegirdle's virtuous be- haviour by the Dukes of Dorset and Devon- shire and other nobles, said, " You all com- mend her virtue, &c., but why do we not present this incomparable woman with some- thing worthy her acceptance ?" His lordship deposited 200 guineas, which the rest made up to 800 and sent to her ' (Tour ASTON). Whether, as is insinuated in some quarters, she yielded to the advances of Congreve, whose devotion to her, like the similar de- votion of Howe, seemed augmented by her success in his pieces, and whose testimony in his poems appears, like all other testimony, to establish her virtue, remains undeter- mined. In her own time she was suspected, though her biographers ignore the fact, of being married to Congreve. In a poem called 'The Benefits of a Theatre,' which appears in ' The State 'Poems,' vol. iv. p. 49, and is no more capable of being quoted than are the other contents of that valuable but unsavoury receptacle, Congreve and Mrs. Bracegirdle, unmistakably associated under the names of Valentine and Angelica, are distinctly, though doubtless wrongly, stated to be married. Congreve left her in his will a legacy of 200/. Grarrick, who met Mrs. Bracegirdle after she had quitted the stage, and heard her repeat some lines from Shake- speare, is said to have expressed an opinion that her reputation was undeserved. Colley Gibber denied her any 'greater claim to beauty than what the most desirable brunette might pretend to,' but states that 'it was even a fashion among the gay and young to have a taste or tendre for Mrs. Bracegirdle.' She inspired the best authors to write for her, and two of them, Congreve and Howe, 1 when they gave her a lover, in her play, seemed palpably to plead their own passion, and made their private court to her in ficti- tious character.' Aston, bitter in tongue as he ordinarily is, shared his father's belief in her purity, and has left a sufficiently tempting picture of her. ' She was of a lovely height, with dark-brown hair and eyebrows, black sparkling eyes and a fresh blushy complexion, and, whenever she exerted herself, had an involuntary flushing in her breast, neck, and face, having continually a cheerful aspect, and a fine set of even white teeth, never making an exit but that she left the audience in an imitation of her pleasant countenance ' (Brief Supplement, pp. 9-10). [G-enest's History of the Stage ; Gibber's Apo- logy, by Bellchambers ; Egerton's Life of Ann Oldfield, 1731 ; Stanley's Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey; W. Clark Eussell's Representative Actors ; A Comparison between the Two Stages, 1702 ; Tony Aston's Brief Sup- plement to Colley Gibber, n. d. ; Downe's Roscius Anglicanus.] J. K BRACEGIRDLE, JOHN (d. 1613-14), poet, is supposed to have been a son of John Bracegirdle, who was vicar of Stratford-upon- Avon from 1560 to 1569. He was matricu- lated as a sizar of Queens' College, Cambridge, in December 1588, proceeded B.A. in 1591- 1592, commenced M.A. in 1595, and pro- ceeded B.D. in 1602. He was inducted to the vicarage of Rye in Sussex, on the pre- sentation of Thomas Sackville, lord Buck- hurst, 12 July 1602, and was buried there on 8 Feb. 1613-14. He is author of ' Psychopharmacon, the Mindes Medicine ; or the Phisicke of Philo- sophie, contained, in five bookes, called the Consolation of Philosophic, compiled by Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boe- thius,' translated into English blank verse, except the metres, which are in many dif- ferent kinds of rhyme, Addit. MS. 11401. It is dedicated to Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorset. [Wheler's Stratford -upon- A von, 31 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab, ii. 430; Sussex Archaeological Collections, xiii. 274.] T. C. BRACKEN, HENRY, M.D. (1697-1764), writer on farriery, was the son of Henry Bracken of Lancaster, and was baptised there 31 Oct. 1697. His early education was gained at Lancaster under Mr. Bordley and the Rev. Thomas Holmes, and he was afterwards apprenticed to Dr. Thomas Worth- ington, a physician in extensive practice at Wigan. At the expiration of his appren- ticeship, about 1717, he went to London, and passed a few months as a pupil at St. Thomas's Hospital. Thence he went over to Bracken 143 Brackenbury Paris to attend the Hotel-Dieu, and subse- quently to Leyden, where he studied under Herman Boerhaave, and took his degree of M.D., but his name is omitted from the 'Al- bum Studiosorum Academiae Lugd. Bat./ printed in 1875. On his return to London he attended the practice of Drs. Wadsworth and Plumtree, and soon began to practise on his own account at Lancaster, and before long be- came widely known as a surgeon and author. About 1746 he was charged with abetting the Jacobite rebels and thrown into prison, but was discharged without trial, there appearing to have been no ground for his arrest ; indeed, he had previously rendered a service to the king by intercepting a messenger to the rebels, and sending the letters to the general of the king's forces, and for this act he had been obliged to keep out of the way of the Pretender's followers. He received much honour in his native town, and was twice elected mayor— in 1747-8 and 1757-8. In his method of practice as a medical man he was remarkably simple, discarding many of the usual nostrums. In private life he was liberal, generous, charitable, and popular ; but his love of horse-racing, of conviviality, and of smuggling, which he called gambling with the king, prevented him from reaping or retaining the full fruits of his success. He published several books on horses, writ- ten in a rough, unpolished style, but abound- ing in such sterling sense as to cause him to be placed by John Lawrence at the head of all veterinary writers, ancient or modern. Their dates and titles are as follows : in 1735, an edition of Captain William Burdon's ' Gentle- man's Pocket Farrier,' with notes ; in 1738, 1 Farriery Improved, or a Oompleat Treatise upon the Art of Farriery,' 2 vols., which went through ten or more editions ; in 1742, 1 The Traveller's Pocket Farrier ; ' in 1751, ' A Treatise on the True Seat of Glanders in Horses, together with the Method of Cure, from the French of De la Fosse.' He wrote also ' The Midwife's Companion,' 1737, which he dedicated to Boerhaave (it was issued with a fresh title-page in 1751) ; ' Lithiasis Anglicana ; or, a Philosophical Enquiry into the Nature and Origin of the Stone and Gravel in Human Bodies,' 1739 ; a transla- tion from the French of Maitre-Jan on the eye ; and some papers on small-pox, &c. On the establishment of the London Medical Society, Dr. Fothergill wrote to request the literary assistance of Bracken, 'for whose abilities,' he observed, 'I have long had a great esteem, and who has laboured more successfully for the improvement of medicine than most of his contemporaries.' Bracken died at Lancaster, 13 Nov. 1764. [Prefaces to Bracken's writings ; Letter to Dr. Preston Christopherson, printed in the Preston Guardian, 4 Sept. 1880 ; Georgian Era, ii. 561 ; John Lawrence's Treatise on Horses, 2nd ed. 1802, i. 29-32 ; information furnished by Alderman W. Roper of Lancaster.] C. W. S. BRACKENBURY, SIR EDWARD (1785-1864), lieutenant-colonel, a direct descendant from Sir Robert Brackenbury, lieutenant of the Tower of London in the time of Richard III, was second son of Richard Brackenbury of Aswardby, Lin- colnshire, by his wife Janetta, daughter of George Gunn of Edinburgh, and was born in 1785. Having entered the army as an ensign in the 61st regiment in 1803, and be- come a lieutenant on 8 Dec. in the same year, he served in Sicily, in Calabria, at Scylla Castle and at Gibraltar, 1807-8, and in the Peninsula from 1809 to the end of the war in 1814. At the battle of Salamanca he took a piece of artillery from the enemy, guarded by four soldiers, close to their re- tiring column, without any near or imme- diate support, and in many other important engagements conducted himself with distin- guished valour. As a reward for his nume- rous services he received the war medal with nine clasps. On 22 July 1812 he was promoted to a captaincy, and after the conclusion of the war was attached to the Portuguese and Spanish army from 25 Oct. 1814 to 25 Dec. 1816, when he was placed on half-pay. He served as a major in the 28th foot from 1 Nov. 1827 to 31 Jan. 1828, when he was again placed on half-pay. His foreign services were further recognised by his being made a knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower and Sword in 1824, a knight of the Spanish order of St. Ferdinand, and a commander of the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis. Brackenbury, who was knighted by the king at Windsor Castle on 26 Aug. 1836, was a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant for the county of Lincoln. He attained to the rank of lieutenant-colonel on 10 Jan. 1837, and ten years afterwards sold out of the army. He died at Skendleby Hall, Lincoln- shire, on 1 June 1864. He was twice married : first, on 9 June 1827, to Maria, daughter of the Rev. Edward Bromhead of Reepham near Lincoln, and, secondly, in March 1847, to Eleanor, daughter of Addison Fenwick of Bishopwearmouth, Durham, and widow of W. Brown Clark of Belford Hall, Northumberland. She died in 1862. [Gent. Mag. 1864, part ii. 123 ; Cannon's The Sixty-first Regiment (1837), pp. 24, 31, 67.] G. C. B. Brackenbury 144 Bracton BRACKENBURY, JOSEPH (1788- 1864), poet, was born in 1788 at Langton, probably Lincolnshire, where he spent his early years. On 28 Oct. 1808 he was a stu- dent at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 1810 he published his 'Natale Solum and other Poetical Pieces ' by subscription. In 1811 he proceeded B.A. (ROMILLY, Grad. Cant. p. 45) ; in 1812 he became chaplain to the Madras establishment, and returning after some years' service proceeded M.A. in 1819. From 1828 to 1856 he was chaplain and secre- tary to the Magdalen Hospital, Blackfriars Road, London. In 1862 he became rector of Quendon, Essex, and died there, of heart- disease, on 31 March 1864, aged 76. [Brackenbury 's Natale Solum, &c. pp. 2, 10, 28, 58, 120 ; Gent. Mag. 1864, p. 668; Brayley's Surrey, v. 321 ; private information.] J. H. BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON, VISCOUNT. [See EGERTON.] BRACTON, BRATTON, or BRETTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268), ecclesiastic and judge, was author of a comprehensive treatise on the law of England. Three places have been con- jecturally assigned as the birthplace of this distinguished jurist, viz. Bratton Clovelly, near Okehampton in Devonshire, Bratton Fleming, near Barnstaple in the same county, and Bratton Court, near Minehead in Somer- setshire. The pretensions of Bratton Clovelly seem to rest entirely upon the fact that an- ciently it was known as Bracton. Sir Travers Iwiss, in his edition of Bracton's great work, ' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise/ in- clines in favour of Bratton Fleming on the ground that one Odo de Bratton was per- petual vicar of the church there in 1212 (Rot . Lit. Pat. i. 93 b), when the rectory was conferred on William de Ralegh, a justice itinerant, whose roll, with that of Martin de Pateshull, Bracton is known to have had in his possession almost certainly for the pur- poses of his work. Bracton cites Ralegh's decisions less frequently indeed than those of Pateshull, whom he sometimes refers to with a familiarity which seems to imply per- sonal intimacy, as ' dominus Martinus,' or simply Martinus (lib. iv., tract i., cap. xxvii., fol. 205 b, xxviii. fol. 207 6), but more fre- quently than those of any other j udge. Ralegh was treasurer of Exeter in 1237. From these data, which it must be owned are rather slight, Sir Travers Twiss infers that Bracton stood to both Pateshull and Ralegh in the relation of a pupil, and that it was while the latter was rector of Bratton Fleming that he came into connection with him. Collinson, the historian of Somersetshire, is mistaken in affirming that Bracton, or Bratton, suc- ceeded one Robert de Bratton, mentioned in the Black Book of the Exchequer as holding lands at Bratton, near Minehead, under Wil- liam de Mohun, 12 Henry II (1166), and that he lies buried in the church of St. Michael in Minehead under a monument re- presenting him in his robes, since it has been established by Sir Travers Twiss that Bracton was buried in the nave of Exeter Cathedral before an altar dedicated to the Virgin a little to the south of the entrance to the choir, at which a daily mass was regularly said for the benefit of his soul for the space of three centuries after his decease. At the same time, if Bracton was really a landowner in the neighbourhood of Minehead, a monu- ment may have been put up to his memory by his relatives in the parish church there. It seems impossible to decide upon the claims of the three competing villages. Some un- certainty also exists as to the orthography of the judge's name, of which four principal varieties — Bracton, Bratton, Bretton, and Bryckton — are found. Bryckton may be dis- missed without hesitation as corrupt, and Bretton is almost certainly a dialectical variety either of Bracton or Bratton. Be- tween Bracton and Bratton it is less easy to decide. The form Bracton is held by Nichols to be a mere clerical error for Bratton, aris- ing from the similarity between the tt and the ct of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- tury handwriting. The passage cited by Sir Travers Twiss (i. x-xi, iii. liv-v) as evidence that the judge himself considered Bracton to be the correct spelling of his name appears rather to militate against that view. The passage in question refers to the fatal effect of clerical errors in writs. According to the reading of a manuscript (Rawlinson, c. 160, in the Bodleian Library) which, in Sir Travers Twiss's opinion (i. xxi, Iii), has been faith- fully copied from a manuscript older than any now extant (BRACTON, ed. Twiss, iii. 212), the writer says that if a person writes Broctone for Bractone, or Bractone for Brat- tone, the writ is equally void. If any infe- rence can be drawn from the passage, it would seem to be that, in the author's opinion, Brattone, and not Bractone, was the true form of the name. That it was so in fact seems to be as nearly proved as such a thing can be by a series of entries on the Fine Rolls extending from 1250 to 1267, i.e. during nearly the whole of Bracton's official life, and numbering nearly a hundred in all. While Bratton and Bretton occur with about equal frequency, no single instance of Bracton is discoverable in these rolls. Further, of five entries in Bishop Branscombe's register cited Bracton 145 Bracton "by Sir Travers Twiss, four have Bratton and one Bracton. The deed of 1272 endowing a chantry for the benefit of his soul speaks of Henry de Bratton, and so does the deed of 1276 with a like object. This chantry, which existed until the reign of Henry VIII, seems to have been always known as Bratton's chantry. The earliest extant biographical notice of Bracton occurs in Leland's ' Com- mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis ' (i. cap. cclxxvi.) He says he took it l ex inscriptione libri Branomensis bibliothecae.' Bale, in his * Illustrium Majoris Britannia) Scriptorum Catalogus,' appropriates his account very much as it stands, adding only that Bracton was of good family, that his university was Oxford, and that he was one of the justices itinerant before he became chief justice. The reference to the 'Branomensis bibliotheca' he suppresses, probably because he could make nothing of it. Tanner, who also re- peats Leland, tries to emend the text by inserting ' edidit ' after ( librum,' and appends the following note : ' " In Bravionensis seu Wigorniensis bibliothecse serie quadam legi memoriaque retinui." Ita legit MS. Lei. Trin.' It is clear that in any case the passage is corrupt. The subsequent biographers of Bracton until Foss do little more than repeat Bale's statements, and these are only very partially confirmed by the records. Dugdale mentions him as a justice itinerant in Not- tinghamshire and Derbyshire in 1245, and places him in the commission of the follow- ing year for Northumberland, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Lancashire. As he is de- scribed as a justice in the record of a fine levied in this year, preserved in the Register of Waltham Abbey (Harl MS. 391, fol. 71), in close connection with Henry de Ba- thonia and Jeremiah de Caxton, both jus- tices of the Curia Regis, it is probable that he was then one of the regular justices. Against this, however, must be set the fact that the series of entries on the Fine Rolls to which reference has already been made does not begin until 1250. After 1246 Dugdale ignores him until 1260, from which date until 1267 he mentions him pretty frequently as a justice itinerant in the western counties. After 1267 all the records are silent as to his doings. During a portion of his career he seems to have stood well with the king ; for in 1254 he had a grant by letters patent of the town house of the Earl of Derby, then recently deceased, during the minority of the heir, being therein designated ' dilecto clerico nostro.' In 1263-4 (21 Jan.) he was ap- pointed archdeacon of Barnstaple, but re- signed the post in the following May on being created chancellor of the cathedral of Exeter. VOL. VI. He also held a prebend in the church of Exeter, and another in that of Bosham in Sussex, a peculiar of the bishops of Exeter, from some date prior to 1237 until his death, which occurred in 1268, and probably in the summer or early autumn of that year, as Oliver de Tracy succeeded him as chancellor of Exeter Cathedral on 3 Sept., and Edward Delacron, dean of Wells, and Richard de Esse in the prebends of Bosham and Exeter respectively in the following November. He is known to have left some manuscripts to the chapter of Exeter by his will, and it may have been one of these that Leland saw, sup- posing * Exoniensis bibliothecse ' to be the true reading. For the statement that he dis- charged the duties of chief justice for twenty Siars no foundation is now discoverable, uring the earlier portion of his official life (1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and if Bracton was ever chief justice, it must have been either before 1258 or after 1265. It is possible that, while the office was in abeyance, the king entrusted his f dear clerk ' with some of the duties incident to it. It is also possible, as Foss has conjectured, that Bracton held the office during the interval between the death of Hugh le Despenser and the appointment of Robert Bruce (8 March 1267-8) ; but it is very unlikely that, if he was ever regularly appointed, no record of the fact should have survived. Of his al- leged connection with Oxford it is also im- possible to discover any positive evidence. That he was an Oxford man is intrinsically probable from the character of his treatise, 1 De Legibus et Coiisuetudinibus Anglise.' It bears such evident traces throughout of the influence of the civil law as to leave no doubt that the author was familiar not merely with the Summa or manual of the civil law compiled by the celebrated glossator, Azo of Bologna, but with the Institutes and Digest of Justinian, and Oxford was at that time the seat of the study of the civil law in this country. Moreover, Bracton's first two books, 'De Rerum Divisione' and 'De acquirendo Rerum Dominio,' have a deci- dedly academic air, for they are carefully mapped out according to logical divisions such as a professor writing for a society of students would naturally affect ; and though, from a reference to the candidature of Richard, earl of Cornwall, for the imperial crown in the latter book (ii. cap. xix. § 4, fol. 47), it is clear that that passage was written as late as 1257, it by no means follows that the book as a whole does not belong to a much earlier date. At the same time, it cannot be affirmed with any confidence that Bracton could not have acquired the accurate and L Bracton 146 Bracton extensive knowledge of the Roman law which he undoubtedly did possess without residing in Oxford, and neither the title l dominus ' by which he is usually designated in ecclesiastical records, and which, as Sir Travers Twiss has pointed out, was the proper appellation of a professor of law at the university of Bologna ; under the privilege accorded by Frederic I at | the diet of Roncaglia (1158), nor that of ' magister ' given him by Gilbert Thornton (chief justice), who epitomised his work in 1292, can be relied on as necessarily importing an academical status. The date of the com- position of his work is approximately fixed by a reference to the Statute of Merton (1235) on the one hand, and the absence of any notice of the changes in the law intro- duced by the Provisions of Westminster (1259) on the other. The work seems never to have received a final revision, and it is probable that the order of arrangement of the several treatises does not in all cases correspond with the order of composition. Bracton's relation to the civil and canon law has been ably discussed by Professor Giiter- bock of Konigsberg, who agrees in the main with the view taken by Spence, that he did not so much romanise English law as syste- matise the results which a series of clerical judges, themselves familiar with the civil and canon codes, and using them to supple- ment the inadequacy of the common law, had already produced, a conclusion which is in accordance with the strictly practical purpose apparent throughout the treatise. This view is also adopted by Sir Travers Twiss. Bracton's position in the history of English law is unique. The treatise ' De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise ' is the first attempt to treat the whole extent of the law in a manner at once systematic and practical. The subject-matter of the work is defined in the proem to be ' facta et casus, qui quotidie emergunt et eveniunt in regno Anglise,' and to this he for the most part strictly limits himself, citing cases in support of the principles he enunciates in the most exemplary manner. Hence the influence of the work was both immediate and enduring. Besides the abridgment by Thornton, of which, though none is now known to exist, Selden had an imperfect copy, two other sum- maries of it were compiled during the reign of Edward I by two anonymous authors, one in Latin, of which the title ' Fleta ' is thought to conceal some reference either to the Fleet Prison or to Fleet Street, the other in Norman- French known as Britten. Through Coke, who had a high respect for Bracton, and fre- quently cited him, both in his judgments and in his ' Commentary ' on Littleton, his influ- ence has been effective in moulding the exist- ing common law of England. Some remark- able passages relating to the prerogative of the king (i. cap. viii. § 5, fol. 5 ; ii. cap. xvi. § 3, fol. 34 ; iii. tract i. cap. ix. fol. 107 b} were cited by Bradshaw in his judgment on Charles I, and by Milton in his ( Defence of the People of England/ as showing that the- doctrine of passive obedience was repugnant to the ancient common law of this country. The bibliography of Bracton may be put into very small compass. A considerable portion of the treatise found its way into print in 1557, in the shape of quotations made by Sir William Staundeford in hi& ' Plees del Coron.' The first printed edition of the entire work was published by Richard Tot tell in 1569 (fol.), with a preface by one T. N. (whose identity has never been deter- mined), in which credit is taken for a careful recension of the text. The next edition (4to) appeared in 1640, being a mere reprint of that of 1569. In spite of the labours of T. N. the text remained in so unsatisfactory a con- dition that Selden never cited it without collation with manuscripts in his own pos- session. No other edition appeared until 1878, when Sir Travers Twiss issued the first volume of the recension and translation un- dertaken by him by the direction of the master of the rolls. The sixth and last vo- lume appeared in 1883. For information concerning the apparatus criticus available for the establishment of the text reference may be made to vol. i. pp. xlix-lxvi of this edition, to the ( Law Magazine and Review,' N.S., i. 560-1, ii. 398, to the < Athenaeum' (19 July 1884), where Professor VinogradoiF,^ of Moscow, gives an interesting account of the discovery by him among the Additional MSS. in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 12269) of a collection of cases evidently com- piled for Bracton's use, and actually used and annotated by him for the purpose of his work,, and also to an article in the ' Law Quarterly Review ' for April 1885, in which the same writer suggests one obvious and two unwar- rantable alterations of the text, impugns the authority of Rawl. MS. c. 160, on which Sir Travers Twiss's recension is based, on the ground that it contains an irrelevant disqui- sition on degrees of affinity, and argues from other passages that the text as it stands is the result of the gradual incorporation with Bracton's manuscript of the glosses of suc- cessive commentaries. [Lysons's Devonshire, ii. 66, 67 ; Domesday Book, fol. 96, 101 b, 105 b, 107; Collinson's Somersetshire, ii. 31 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. ii. 82 ; Britton (ed. Nichols), i. xxiii-xxv ; Valor. Eccl. ii. 294, 297 ; Madox's Hist. Exch. ii. 257; Bradberry 147 Bradbridge Spence's Eqxiitable Jurisdiction of Court of Chancery, i. 120; Tanner's Notitia Monastica (ed. Nasmith), Sussex, v. ; Fourth Report of Dep. Keep, of Publ. Rec. 161 ; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat., cent. iii. art. xcviii. ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Dug- dale's Orig. 56; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 12, 19; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 405, 417; Bracton (ed. Twiss), i. ix-xviii, ii. vii-xiii, iii. Iv-lvii, v. Ixxx ad fin., vi. lix-lxiii ; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 693, iv. 1009 ; Milton's Defence of the People of England, cap. viii. ad fin. ; Henricus de Brac- ton und sein Verhaltniss zum romischen Rechte von Dr. Carl Griiterbock, Berlin, 1862 (this work has been translated by Brinton Coxe, Philadel- phia. 1866); Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. BRADBERRY,sometimes called BRAD- BURY, DAVID (1736-1803), nonconfor- mist minister, appears to have been resident in London in 1766, and for a time was minis- ter of the congregation at Glovers' Hall, Lon- don, which then belonged to the baptists; but he went from Ramsgate to Manchester, where he succeeded the Rev. Timothy Priest- ley, brother of Joseph Priestley, 14 Aug. 1785, as the minister of a congregational church in Cannon Street. He was not very successful in his ministry, which was disturbed by con- troversy, especially with some Scotch mem- bers, who were anxious to import the fashion of 'ruling elders,' and who eventually seceded and erected in Mosley Street what was then the largest dissenting chapel in Lancashire (HALLEY). He resigned his position in 1794 and left the neighbourhood. He is buried in Bunhill Fields, where his grave- stone states that he 'died 13 Jan. 1803, aged 67 years ; having been a preacher of the gospel forty-two years.' Bradberry was the author of : 1. ' A Chal- lenge sent by the Lord of Hosts to the Chief of Sinners,' a sermon upon Amos iv. 12, Lon- don, printed for the author, 1766. 2. t Letter relative to the Test Act/ 1789. 3. ' Tete- lestai, the Final Close,' a poem, in six parts, Manchester, 1794. This poem describes the day of judgment from an ' evangelical ' stand- point, and is remarkable for its unusual metre. The book is also a literary curiosity from its long and quaint dedication, addressed to the Deity , who is styled, among many other titles, ' His most sublime, most high and mighty, most puissant, most sacred, most faithful, most gracious, most catholic, most se- rene, most reverend,' and ' Governor-general of the World, Chief Shepherd or Archbishop of Souls, Chief Justice of Final Appeals, Judge of the Last Assize, Distributor of Rights and Finisher of Fates, Father of Mercies and Friend of Men ' (cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd series, vols. ix. x. xi. xii.) [Manual of the Chorlton Road Congregational | Church, 1877 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches, iii. 220 ; Halley's Lancashire, its Puritanism, &c. ; j British Museum General Catalogue ; Allibone's Dictionary; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxviii. pt. ii. p. 516; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849, p. 11.1 W. E. A. A. BRADBRIDGE or BRODEBRIDGE, WILLIAM (1501-1578), bishop of Exeter, sprang from a Somersetshire family now ex- tinct, but variously known as Bradbridge, : Bredbridge, or Brodbridge. William Brad- i bridge was born in London in 1501. From the j fact that he succeeded one Augustine Brad- bridge as chancellor of Chichester, who was afterwards appointed treasurer and preben- dary of Fordington, diocese of Sarum,inl566, and who died the next year, it is possible the latter was a brother. One Nicholas Bradbridge was prebend of Lincoln in 1508, and a Jone and George Bradbridge were respectively martyred during the Marian persecution at Maidstone and Canterbury. William took his B.A. degree at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 15 July 1528, but whether as demy or non-foundationer does not appear. In 1529 he became a fellow of his college,, MA. on 6 June 1532, B.D. on 17 June 1539, ' being then arrived to some eminence in the theological faculty' (WTOOD). On 26 March 1565 he supplicated the university for a D.D. degree, but was not admitted. Yet Strype- (Parker, book iv. 4) calls him D.D. He espoused the reformed religion, and had to- flee with Barlow, Coverdale, and other fugi- tives in 1553. He is found, however, in England again in 1555, when, 17 May, on the presentation of Ralph Henslow, he was appointed prebendary of Lyme and Halstock, Sarum. He was also a canon of Chichester, and in 1561 a dispensation was granted him on account of this as regarded part of his term of residence at Salisbury. He sub- scribed the articles of 1562 as a member of the lower house of convocation, and when the puritanical six articles of the same year were debated in that assembly, in common with all those members who had been brought into friendly contact with the practice of foreign churches during the reign of Mary, be signed them, but was outvoted by a majority of one. He also subscribed the articles of 1571. Bradbridge was collated to be chancellor of Chichester on 28 April 1562, and was allowed to hold the chancel- lorship in commendam with his bishopric. On Low Sunday 1563 he preached the annual Spittal sermon, and on 23 June of the same year, showing himself conformable to the discipline which was then being established, was elected dean of Salisbury by letters from L2 Bradbridge 148 Bradbridge Queen Elizabeth, in the place of the Italian* Peter Vannes. Here he was a contemporary of Foxe, the martyrologist, and Harding, the chief opponent of Jewell. On 26 Feb. 1570-1 the queen issued her significavit in his favour to the archbishop, and he was duly elected bishop of Exeter on 1 March. After a de- claration of the queen's supremacy and doing homage, the temporalities of the see were restored to him on the 14th. He is still termed B.D. (State Papers, Domestic, Eliz. vol. Ixxxii.) His election was confirmed the next day, and he was consecrated at Lambeth on the 18th by Archbishop Parker and Bishops Home and Bullingham of Win- chester and Worcester. Although Wood says 'he laudably governed the see for about eight years/ his administration was some- what halting and void of vigour, the weak- ness of age probably colouring his judgment and prompting him to love retirement. He exerted himself, however, to collect 250/. among the ministers of Devon and Cornwall for the use of Exeter College, whence his name is inserted in its list of benefactors. Oliver believes that either by his predecessor, Bishop Alley, or by him, portions of the palace at Exeter were taken down as being superfluous and burdensome to the diminished resources of the see. The bishop still kept up his scholarship. In 1572 the Books of Moses were allotted to him to translate for the new edition of the Bishop's Bible, at least to one ' W. E.,' whom Strype takes for 'l William Exon.' Hoker, however, says (Antique Description of Exeter} : ' He was a professor of divinity, but not taken to be so well grounded as he persuaded himself. He was zealous in religion, but not so forwards as he was wished to be.' In 1576, when papists on one side and schismatics on the other were troubling the church, a glimpse is obtained of Bradbridge's administration. He tried to reason with some Cornish gentle- men who would not attend church, but could not induce them to conform. At length as he saw ' they craved ever respite of time and in time grew rather indurate than reformed,' in compliance with an order that such should be sent up to the privy council or the ecclesiastical commission held at Lambeth * to be dealt withal in order to their reducement,' he wrote on the subject to the lord treasurer, and sent up three, Robert Beckote, Richard Tremaine, and Francis Ermyn. He begged the treasurer to prevail with the archbishop or bishop of London ' to take some pains with them,' adding that ' the whole country longed to hear of their godly determination, viz. what success they should have with these gentlemen.' In the same year another dangerous opinion in his dio- cese troubled him. A certain lay preacher, a schoolmaster at Liskeard, affirmed that an oath taken on one of the gospels ( was of no more value than if taken upon a rush or a fly.' All Cornwall was greatly excited at this, and on the bishop proceeding' to Liskeard the man maintained his view in writing. As the town was in such confusion that no trial could be held with any prospect of justice, the bishop remanded the case to the assizes. In the meantime he sent for Dr. Tremayn, the archbishop's commissary, and other learned divines, and consulted on the point, saying 'that truly the Cornishmen were, many of them, subtle in taking an oath,' and that if the reverence due to scripture were abated it would let in many disorders to the state. Unluckily Strype does not give the conclu- sion of these trials. About this time the bishop was very uneasy regarding an ecclesiastical commission which he heard would probably be granted to several in his diocese. Dr. Tremayn headed a party against him, but the bishop withstood him, and wrote to the treasurer that the commis- sion was not required, adding that ' he spake somewhat of experience, that his diocese was great, and that the sectaries did daily in- crease. And he persuaded himself he should be able easier to rule those whom he partly knew already than those which by this means might get them new friends.' Indeed he found the cares of his position so heavy that he earnestly supplicated the treasurer (11 March 1576) that he might be suffered to resign the bishopric and return to his deanery of Sarum, urging 'the time serveth, the place is open.' In his latter years he delighted to dwell in the country, which proved very burdensome to all who had business with him. Newton Ferrers was his favourite re- sidence, the benefice of which, together with that of Lezante in Cornwall, the queen had allowed him to hold in commendam in con- sequence of the impoverished state of the see, as had been the case with his predecessors. Benefices were given to his successor also. At the age of seventy he embarked largely in agricultural speculations, which eventually ruined him. ' Hitherto,' says Fuller, ' the English bishops had been vivacious almost to a wonder ; only five died in the first twenty years of Elizabeth's reign. Now seven de-* ceased within the compasse of two years.' Among them was Bradbridge, who died suddenly at noon 27 June 1578, aged 77, no one being with him, at Newton Ferrers. Izacke (Memorials of Exeter} sums up the prevailing opinion of him, ' a man only me- morable for this, that nothing memorable is Bradburn 149 Bradbury recorded of him saving that he well governed this church about eight years.' When he died he was indebted to the queen 1,4001. for tenths and subsidies received in her behalf from the clergy, so that immediately after his death she seized upon all his goods. The patent book of the see records that he ' had not wherewith to bury him.' He was buried in his own cathedral, on the north side of the choir near the altar, under a plain altar tomb, and around him lie his brother pre- lates, Bishops Marshal, Stapledon, Lacy, and Woolton. A simple Latin inscription was put over him, now much defaced, record- ing that he was 'nuper Exon. Episcopus.' A shield containing his arms still remains, 1 Azure, a pheon's head argent.' His will is in the Prerogative Office. No portrait of him is known to exist. His register concludes his acts with the old formula, ' Cujus animse propitietur Deus. Amen.' [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 817; Strype's Annals of the Keformation, 8vo, Cran- mer, Parker, i. 377, ii. 416 ; Cardwell's Con- ferences, p. 119 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Jones's Fasti Ecclesiae Sarisb.pt. ii. 1881, pp. 399, 320 ; Hoker and Izacke's Memorials of Exeter ; Fuller's Church History, 16th Century; Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter.] M. GK W. BRADBURJST, SAMUEL (1751-1816), methodist preacher, was an associate of Wes- ley, and an intimate disciple of Fletcher ot Madeley. He was the son of a private in the army, and was born at Gibraltar. On his father's return to England, when he was about twelve years old, he was apprenticed to a cobbler at Chester, and after a course of youthful profligacy became a methodist at the age of eighteen, entered the itinerant ministry about three years later, and con- tinued in it more than forty years till his death. Bradburn was, according to the testi- mony of all who heard him, an extraordinary natural orator. He had a commanding figure, though he grew corpulent early in life, a re- markably easy carriage, and a voice and in- tonation of wonderful power and beauty. By assiduous study he became perhaps the great- est preacher of his day, and was able constantly to sway and fascinate vast masses of the people. His natural powers manifested themselves from the first time that he was called upon to speak in public. On that occasion he was suddenly impelled to take the place of an absent preacher, and spoke for an hour with- out hesitation, though for months previously he had been trembling at the thought of such an ordeal. In the evening of the same day a large concourse came together to hear him again, when he preached for three hours, and found, at the same moment in which he exercised the powers, that he had obtained the fame of an orator. Bradburn was a man of great simplicity, generosity, and eccentricity. Of this once famous preacher nothing remains but a volume of a few posthumous sermons of no particular merit. [Bradburn's Life (written by his daughter in the same year that he died) ; a second biography (1871), by T. W. Blanshard, under the somewhat affected title of The Life of Samuel Bradburn, the Methodist Demosthenes.] K. W. D. BRADBURY, GEORGE (d. 1696), judge, was the eldest son of Henry Bradbury of St. Martin's Fields, Middlesex. Of his early years nothing is known. He was admitted a mem- ber of the Middle Temple on 28 June 1660, was created a master of arts by the university of Oxford 28 Sept, 1663, and was called to the bar on 17 May 1667. For some time his practice in court was inconsiderable. He first occurs as junior counsel against Lady Ivy in a suit in which she asserted her title to lands in Shadwell, 3 June 1684. The deeds upon which she relied were of doubtful authenticity, and Bradbury won commendation from Chief-jus- tice Jeffreys,who was try ing the case, for inge- niously pointing out that the date which the deeds bore described Philip and Mary, in whose reign they purported to have been exe- cuted, by a title which they did not assume till some years later. But the judge's temper was not to be relied upon. Bradbury repeat- ing his comment, Jeffreys broke out upon him : ' Lord, sir ! you must be cackling too ; we told you your objection was very inge- nious, but that must not make you trouble- some. You cannot lay an egg but you must be cackling over it.' Bradbury's name next occurs in 1681, when he was one of two trus- tees of the marriage settlement of one of the Carys of Tor Abbey. His position in his pro- fession must consequently have been consider- able, and in December 1688, when the chiefs of the bar were summoned to consult with the peers upon the political crisis, Bradbury was among the number. In the July of the year following he was assigned by the House of Lords as counsel to defend Sir Adam Blair, Dr. Elliott, and others, who were impeached for dispersing proclamations of King James. The impeachment was, however, abandoned. On 9 July, upon the death of Baron Carr, he was appointed to the bench of the court of exchequer, and continued in office until his death, which took place 12 Feb. 1696. The last judicial act recorded of him is a letter preserved in the treasury in support of a petition of the Earl of Scarborough, 19 April 1695. Bradbury 150 Bradbury [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; State Trials, x 616, 626; Luttrell's Diary, i. 490, 555, 557, iv 117; Parliamentary History, v. 362; Pat. 1 W and M. p. 4 ; Nicholls's Herald and Genealogist, viii. 107; Eedington's Treasury Papers, i. 438; Cat. Oxford Graduates; Woolrych's Life of Jeffreys.] J. A. H. BRADBURY, HENRY (1831-1860), writer on printing, was the eldest son of William Bradbury, of the firm of Bradbury & Evans, proprietors of ' Punch/ founders of the 'Daily News,' the 'Field,' and other periodicals, and publishers for Dickens and Thackeray. In 1850 he entered as a pupil in the Imperial Printing Office at Vienna, where he became acquainted with the art of nature printing, a process whereby natural objects are impressed into plates, and afterwards printed from in the natural colours. In 1855 he produced in folio the fine f nature-printed ' plates to Moore and Lindley's ' Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland.' These were followed by ' British Sea Weeds,' in four volumes, royal octavo, and a reproduction of the i Ferns,' also in octavo. In the same year, and again in 1 860, he lectured at the Royal Institution of Great Britain on the subject of nature printing. He paid much attention to the production of bank notes and the security of paper money, on which he discoursed at the Royal Insti- tution. This lecture was published in 1856, in quarto, with plates by John Leighton, F.S.A. In 1860 this subject was pursued by the publication of ' Specimens of Bank Note Engraving,' &c. Another address on ' Print- ing : its Dawn, Day, and Destiny,' was issued in 1858. He died by his own hand 2 Sept. 1860, aged 29, leaving a business he had founded in Fetter Lane, and afterwards moved to Farringdon Street, which was car- ried on under the name of Bradbury, Wilkin- son & Co. At the time of his death he thought of producing a large work in folio on the graphic arts of the nineteenth century, but he never got beyond the proof of a prospectus that was ample enough to indicate the wide scale of his design. [Information supplied by Mr. John Leighton, F.S.A.; JBigmore and Wyman's Bibliogr. of Printing, i. 23, 77-8 ; Proceedings of Royal In- stitution.] C. W. S. BRADBURY, THOMAS (1677-1759), congregational minister, born in Yorkshire, was educated for the congregational ministry in an academy at AtterclifFe. Of Bradbury as a student we have a glimpse (25 March 1695) in the diary of Oliver Hey wood, who gave him books. He preached his first ser- mon on 14 June 1696, and went to reside as assistant and domestic tutor with Thomas Whitaker, minister of the independent con- gregation, Call Lane, Leeds. Bradbury speaks of Whitaker's ' noble latitude,' and commends him as being orthodox in opinion, yet no slave to 'the jingle of a party' (' The Faithful Minister's Farewell, two sermons [Acts xx. 32] on the death of Mr. T. Whitaker,' 1712, 8vo). From Leeds, in 1697. Bradbury went to Beverley, as a supply ; and in 1699 to New- castle-on-Tyne, first assisting Richard Gilpin, M.D. (ejected from Greystock, Cumber- land), afterwards Bennet, Gilpin's successor, both presbyterians. It seems that Bradbury expected a co-pastorate, and judging from Turner's account (Mon. Repos. 1811, p. 514) of a manuscript ' Speech delivered at Madam Partis' in the year 1706, by Mr. Thos. Brad- bury,' his after influence was not without its effect in causing a split in the congregation. It is significant that Bennet's ' Irenicum,' 1722, did more than any other publication to stay the divisive effects of Bradbury's action at Salters' Hall. Bradbury went to London in 1703 as assistant to Galpine, in the independent congregation at Stepney. On 18 Sept. 1704 he was invited to become colleague with Samuel Wright at Great Yarmoutli, but declined. After the death of Benoni Rowe, Bradbury was appointed (16 March 1707) pastor of the independent congregation in New Street, by Fetter Lane. He was ordained 10 July 1707 by ministers of different denominations ; his confession of faith on the occasion (which reached a fifth edition in 1729) is remarkable for its uncom- promising Calvinism, but is expressed entirely in words of scripture. His brother Peter be- came his assistant, Bradbury took part in the various weekly dissenting lectureships, de- livering a famous series at the Weighhouse on the duty of singing (1708, 8vo), and a sermon before the Societies for Reformation of Morals (1708, 8vo). His political sermons attracted much attention, from the freedom of their style and the quaintness of their titles. Among them were ' The Son of Tabeal [Is. vii. 5-7] on occasion of the French invasion in favour of the Pretender,' 1708, 8vo (four editions) ; ' The Divine Right of the Revolution ' [1 Chron. xii. 23], 1709, 8vo ; ' Theocracy ; the Government of the Judges applied to the Revolution' [Jud. ii. 18], 1712, 8vo ; ' Steadi- ness in Religion . . . the example of Daniel under the Decree of Darius,' 1712, 8vo; ' The Ass or the Serpent ; Issachar and Dan compared in their regard for civil liberty' [Gen. xlix. 14-18], 1712, 8vo (a 5th of No- vember sermon, it was reprinted at Boston, U.S., in 1768) ; ' The Lawfulness of resist- ing Tyrants, &c.' [1 Chron. xii. 16-18], 1714, 8vo (5 Nov. 1713, four editions) ; EIKO>J> Bradbury Bradbury ^; a sermon [Hos. vii. 7] preached 29 May, with Appendix of papers relating to the Restoration, 1660, and the present settle- ment,' 1715, 8vo ; ' Non-resistance without Priestcraft ' [Rom. xiii. 2], 1715, 8vo (5 Nov.) ; * The Establishment of the Kingdom in the hand of Solomon, applied to the Revolution and the Reign of King George ' [1 K. ii. 46], 1716, 8vo (5 Nov.); 'The Divine Right of Kings inquired into ' [Prov. viii. 15], 1718, •8vo; ' The Primitive Tories ; or . . . Perse- cution, Rebellion, and Priestcraft ' [Jude 11], 1718, 8vo (four editions). Bradbury boasted of being the first to proclaim George I, which ; he did on Sunday, 1 Aug. 1714, being ap- prised, while in his pulpit, of the death of Anne lay the concerted signal of a handkerchief. The report was current that he preached from 2 K. ix. 34, ' Go, see now this cursed woman and bury her, for she is a king's daughter ;' but perhaps he only quoted the text in con- versation. Another story is to the effect that when, on 24 Sept., the dissenting mi- nisters went in their black gowns with an address to the new king, a courtier asked, * Pray, sir, is this a funeral ? ' On which Bradbury replied, 'Yes, sir, it is the funeral of the Schism Act, and the resurrection of liberty.' Robert Winter, D.D., Bradbury's descendant, is responsible for the statement that there had been a plot to assassinate him, and that the spy who was sent to Fetter Lane was converted by Bradbury's preaching. On the other hand it is said that Harley had offered to stop his mouth with a bishopric. Bradbury's political harangues were some- times too violent for men of his own party. Defoe wrote ' A Friendly Epistle by way of reproof from one of the people called Quakers, to T. B., a dealer in many words,' 1715, 8vo {two editions in same year). With the re- ference of the Exeter controversy to the judgment of the dissenting ministers of Lon- don, a large part of Bradbury's vehemence passed from the sphere of politics to that of theology. The origin of the dispute belongs ! to the life of James Peirce (1674-1726), the ' leader of dissent against Wells and Nicholls. Peirce, the minister of James's Meeting, Exeter, was accused, along with others, of favouring Arianism. The Western Assembly was disposed to salve the matter over by ad- mitting the orthodoxy of the declarations of faith made by the parties in September 1718. But the body of thirteen trustees who held the property of the four Exeter meeting-houses appealed to London for further advice. After much negotiation the whole body of London dissenting ministers of the three denomina- tions was convened at Salters' Hall to con- sider a draft letter of advice to Exeter. Brad- bury put himself in the front of the conserva- tive party ; the real mover on the opposite side was the whig politician John Shute Bar- rington, viscount Barring-ton, a member of Bradbury's congregation, and afterwards the ; Papinian of Lardner's letter on the Logos. The conference met on Thursday, 19 Feb. 1719 (the day after the royal assent to the repeal of the Schism Act), when Bradbury proposed that, after days of fasting and prayer, a de- putation should be sent to Exeter to offer advice on the spot ; this was negatived. At the second meeting, Tuesday, 24 Feb., Brad- bury moved a preamble to the letter of advice, embodying a declaration of the orthodoxy of the conference, in words taken from the As- sembly's catechism. This was rejected by fifty-seven to fifty-three. Sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, who witnessed the scene, is author of the often-quoted saying, 'The Bible carried it by four.' At the third meet- ing, 3 March, the proposition was renewed, but the moderator, Joshua Oldfield, would not take a second vote. Over sixty ministers went up into the gallery and subscribed a declaration of adherence to the first Anglican article, and the fifth and sixth answers of the Assembly's catechism. They then left the place amid hisses, Bradbury characteristically exclaim- ing, ' 'Tis the voice of the serpent, and may be expected against a zeal for the seed of the woman.' Thus perished the good accord of English dissent. Principal Chalmers, of King's College, Old Aberdeen, who was pre- sent at the third meeting, and in strong sympathy with Bradbury's side, reported to Calamy that ' he never saw nor heard of such strange conduct and management before.' The nonsubscribing majority, to the num- ber of seventy-three, met again at Salters' Hall on 10 March, and agreed upon their ad- vice, which was sent to Exeter on 17 March. Bradbury and his subscribers (61, 63, or 69) met separately on 9 March, and sent off" their advice on 7 April. The remarkable thing is that the two advices (bating the preamble) are in substance and almost in terms identical ; and the letter accompanying the nonsub- scribers' advice not only disowns Arianism, but declares their ( sincere belief in the doctrine of the blessed Trinity and the proper divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, which they apprehend to be clearly revealed in the Holy Scriptures.' Both advices preach peace and charity, while owning the duty of congrega- tions to withdraw from ministers who teach what they deem to be serious error. Neither was in time to do good or harm, for the Exeter trustees had taken the matter into their own hands by formally excluding Peirce and his colleague from all the meeting-houses. Brad- Bradbury Bradbury bury had his share in the ensuing pamphlet war, which was political as well as religious, for , a schism in dissent was deprecated as inimical to the whig interest. He printed ' An Answer j to some Reproaches cast on those Dissenting Ministers who subscribed, £c./ 1719, 8vo ; '. a sermon on ' The Necessity of contending for Revealed Religion' [Jude 3], 1720, 8vo (appended is a letter from Cotton Mather on the late disputes) ; and ' A Letter to John j Barrington Slmte, Esq.,' 1720, 8vo. Barring- | ton left Bradbury's congregation, and joined that of Jeremiah Hunt, D.D., independent minister and nonsubscriber, at Pinners' Hall. I Bradbury was brought to book by ' a Dis- senting Layman' in 'Christian Liberty as- serted, in opposition to Protestant Popery,' 1719, 8vo, a letter addressed to him by name, and answered by ' a Gentleman of Exon,' in { A Modest Apology for Mr. T. Bradbury,' 1719, 8vo. But most of the pamphleteers passed him by as ' an angry man, that makes some bustle among you' (Letter of Advice to the Prot. Diss., 1720, 8vo) to aim at Wil- liam Tong, Benjamin Robinson, Jeremiah Smith, and Thomas Reynolds, four presby- terian ministers who had issued a whip for the Salters' Hall conference in the subscrib- ing interest, and who subsequently published a joint defence of the doctrine of the Trinity. In 1720 an attempt was made to oust Brad- bury from the Pinners' Hall lectureship ; in the same year he started an anti-Arian Wed- nesday lecture at Fetter Lane. This did not mend matters. There appeared ' An Appeal to the Dissenting Ministers, occasioned by the Behaviour of Mr. Thomas Bradbury,' 1722, 8vo ; and Thomas Morgan (the ' Moral Philo- sopher,' 1737), who had made an unusually orthodox confession at his ordination [see BOWDEN. JOHN] in 1716, but was now on his way to ' Christian deism,' wrote his ' Ab- surdity of opposing Faith to Reason ' in reply to Bradbury's 5th of November sermon, 1722, on ' The Nature of Faith.' He had previously attacked Bradbury in a postscript to his ' Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm,' 1719, 8vo. Returning to a former topic, Bradbury published in 1724, 8vo, ' The Power of Christ over Plagues and Health,' prefix- ing an account of the anti-Arian lectureship. He published also * The Mystery of Godli- ness considered,' 1726, 8vo, 2 vols. (sixty-one sermons, reprinted Edin. 1795). In 1728 his position at Fetter Lane became uncom- fortable ; he left, taking with him his brother Peter, now his colleague, and most of his flock. The presbyterian meet ing-house i n NewCourt , Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, was vacant through the removal of James Wood (a sub- scriber) to the Weighhouse in 1727 ; Brad- bury was asked, 20 Oct. 1728, to New Court, and accepted on condition that the congrega- tion would take in the Fetter Lane seceders- and join the independents. This arrange- ment, which has helped to create the false impression that at Salters' Hall the presby- terians and independents took opposite sides as denominations, was made 27 Nov. 1728y Peter continuing as his brother's colleague (he probably died about 1730, as Jacob Fowler succeeded him in 1731 ). Bradbury now pub- lished ' Jesus Christ the Brightness of Glory/ 1729, 8vo (four sermons on Heb. i. 3) ; and a tract ' On the Repeal of the Test Acts/ 1732, 8vo. His last publication seems to- have been ' Joy in Heaven and Justice on Earth,' 1747, 8vo (two sermons), unless hi& discourses on baptism, whence Caleb Fle- ming drew * The Character of the Rev. Tho. Bradbury, taken from his own pen/ 1749, 8vo, are later. Doubtless he was a most effective as well as a most unconventional preacher ; the lampoon (about 1730) in the Blackmore papers may be accepted as evi- dence of his 'melodious' voice, his 'head uplifted/ and his ' dancing hands.' The stout Yorkshireman reached a great age. He died on Sunday, 9 Sept. 1759, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. His wife's name was Rich- mond ; he left two daughters, one married (1744) to John Winter, brother to Richard Winter, who succeeded Bradbury, and father to Robert Winter, D.D., who succeeded Richard; the other daughter married (1768) George Welch, a banker. Besides the publi- cations noticed above, Bradbury printed seve- ral funeral and other sermons, including two on the death of Robert Bragge (died 1738;. ' eternal Bragge ' of Lime Street, who preached for four months on Joseph's coat). His 'Works/ 1762, 8vo, 3 vols. (second edition 1772), con- sist of fifty-four sermons, mainly political. [Memoir by John Brown, Berwick, 1831; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, ii. 367- and index ; Thompson's MS. List of Academies (with Toulmin's and Kentish's additions) in Dr. Wil- liams's Librnry ; Hunter's Life of 0. Heywood, 1842, p. 385 ; Christian Reformer, 1847, p. 399 ; Bogue and Bennet's Hist, of Dissenters, vol. iii. 1810, pp. 489 seq. ; Mon. Repos. 1811, pp. 514,. 722 ; Browne's Hist, of Congregationalism in Norf. and Suff., 1877, p. 242 ; James's Hist. Presb. Chapels and Charities, 1867, pp. 23 seq., Ill seq.,. 690, 705 seq. ; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own Life, 2nd ed. 1830, ii. 403 seq. ; Salmon's Chronol. Historian, 2nd ed. 1733, pp. 406-7; Chr. Mode- rator, 1826, pp. 193 seq. ; Pamphlets of 1719 on the Salters' Hall Conference, esp. A True Re- lation, &c. (the subscribers' account), An Au- thentick Account, &c. (nonsubscribers'), An Im- partial State, &c. (these give the main facts ; the- argumentative tracts are legion) ; Blackmore Braddock 153 Braddock Papers in possession of E. D. Darbishire, Man- chester (the verses on the London ministers are given in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. i. 454, by A. B. K., i.e. Eobert Brook Aspland).] A. G. ^BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695-1755), je^' ^major-general, wag gQn ^ Major-general Ed- : jUtjU/- ward Braddock,regimental lieutenant-colonel ^/ bitk of the Coldstream guards in 1703. After serv- 'yF v»e/u -YT «ing with credit in Flanders and Spain the elder Braddock retired from the service in 1715, and died on 15 June 1720 at Bath, where he was buried in the Abbey Church. Braddock the younger entered the army as ensign in Colonel Cornelius Swann's company of his father's regiment on 29 Aug. 1710, and became a lieu- tenant in 1716. He is said to have fought a duel with swords and pistols with a Colonel Waller in Hyde Park on 26 May 1718. Both battalions of the Coldstreams were then en- camped in the park. He became lieutenant of the grenadier company in 1727, and cap- tain and lieutenant-colonel in the regiment in 1735. Walpole (Letters, ii. 460-2) has raked up some discreditable stories of him at this period of his life, which possibly need qualification; Walpole is, at any rate, dis- tinctly wrong in stating that Braddock was subsequently * governor ' of Gibraltar. He be- came second major in the Coldstreams in 1743, first major in 1745, and lieutenant-colonel 21 Nov. of the same year. His first recorded war service is in September 1746, when the second battalion of his regiment, under his command, was sent to join, but did not actu- ally take part in Admiral Lestock's descent on L'Orient, after which the battalion re- turned to London. He embarked in com- mand of it again in May 1746, and proceeded to Holland, where he served under the Prince of Orange in the attempt to raise the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, and was afterwards quar- tered at Breda and elsewhere until the bat- talion returned home in December 1748. On 17 Feb. 1753 Braddock was promoted from the Guards to the colonelcy of the 14th foot at Gibraltar, where he joined his regiment, as then was customary ; but there is no record of his having exercised any higher command in that garrison. He became a major-general 29 March 1754, and soon after was appointed to the command in America, with a view to driving the French from their recent encroach- ments. The warrant of appointment, of which there is a copy in the archives at Philadelphia, appoints Braddock to be ' general and com- mander-in-chief of all our troops and forces yl are in North America or yl shall be sent or rais'd there to vindicate our just rights and possessions.' Braddock, who must have been then about sixty, was a favourite with Wil- liam, duke of Cumberland, to whom he pro- bably owed the appointment, although his detractors alleged that his sturdy begging for place under pressure of his gambling debts was the real cause. He arrived at his resi- dence in Arlington Street from France on \ 6 Nov., and left for Cork, where his reinforce- ments were to rendezvous on the 30th. Before leaving he executed a will in favour of Mr. ! Calcraft, the army agent, and his reputed wife, better known as Mrs. George Anne Bellamy ! [q. v.] This lady, a natural daughter of an i old brother officer, had been petted from her earliest years by Braddock, whom she calls her second father, and who, she admits, was ' misled as to her relations with Calcraft (BEL- LAMY, Apoloffy, in. 206). Delays occurring at Cork, Braddock returned and sailed from the Downs with Commodore Keppel on 24 Dec. 1754, arriving in Hampton Roads, Virginia, 20 Feb. 1755. He found everything in the utmost confusion. The colonies were at variance; everywhere the pettiest jea- lousies were rife ; no magazines had been collected ; the promised provincial troops had | not even been raised, and the few regulars already there were of the worst description. Braddock summoned a council of provincial governors to concert measures for carrying out his instructions. Eventually it was re- solved to despatch four expeditions — three in the north against Niagara, Crown Point, and the French posts in Nova Scotia ; one in the south against Fort Duquesne, on the present site of Pittsburg. The troops for the latter rendezvoused, under Braddock's command, at Fort Cumberland, a stockaded post on the Po- tomac, about halfway between the Virginian seaboard and Fort Duquesne, a distance of two hundred and twenty miles : and after de- lays caused by what George Washington, then a young officer of provincials and a volunteer with the expedition, termed the 'vile mis- management ' of the horse-transport, and the desertion of their Indian scouts, arrived at a spot known as Little Meadows on 18 June, where a camp was formed. Hence Braddock pushed on with twelve hundred chosen men, regulars and provincials, who reached the Mo- nongahela river on 8 July, in excellent order and spirits, and crossed the next morning with colours flying and music playing. During the advance on the afternoon, 9 July 1755, when about seven miles from Fort Duquesne, the head of the column encountered an ambuscade of French and Indians concealed in the long grass and tangled undergrowth of the forest openings. Flank attacks by unseen Indians threw the advance into wild disorder, which communicated itself to the main body coming up in support, leading to terrible slaughter, Braddock '54 Braddock and ending, after (it is said) two hours' fight- ing, in a panic-stricken rout. Braddock, who strove bravely to re-form his men, after having several horses shot under him, was himself struck down by a bullet, which passed through his right arm and lodged in the body. His aide-de-camp Orme and some provincial offi- cers with great difficulty had him carried off i the field. He rallied sufficiently to give di- j rections for succouring the wounded, but gra- dually sank and died at sundown on Sunday, ! 13 July 1755, at a halting-place called Great Meadows, between fifty and sixty miles from the battlefield. ' We shall know better how to j deal with them next time ' were his last words as he rallied momentarily before expiring. He ' was buried before dawn in the middle of the track, and the precaution was taken of passing the vehicles of the retreating force, now re- ; duced to some degree of order, over the grave, ! to efface whatever might lead to desecration by the pursuers. Long after, in 1823, the grave was rifled by labourers employed in the construction of the national road hard by, and some of the bones, still distinguishable by mili- tary trappings, were carried off. Others were buried at the foot of a broad spreading oak, which marks or marked the locality, about a mile to the west of Fort Necessity. No portrait of Braddock is known to exist, but he is described as rather short and stout in person in his later years. To failings common among military men of his day he added the unpopular defects of a hasty temper and a coarse, self-assertive manner, but his fidelity and honour as a public servant have never been questioned, even by those who have por- trayed his character in darkest colours. He was a severe disciplinarian, but his severity, like his alleged incapacity as a general, has probably been exaggerated. The difficulties he appears to have encountered at every step have been forgotten, as well as the fact that the ponderous discipline in which he had been trained from his youth up, and which was still associated with the best traditions of the English foot, had never before been in serious collision with the tactics of the backwoods. Two shrewd observers among those who knew him person- ally judged him less harshly than have most later critics. Wolfe, on the first tidings of the disaster, wrote of Braddock as ' a man of courage and good sense, although not a master of the art of war,' and added emphatic tes- timony to the wretched discipline of most line regiments at the time (WRIGHT, Life of Wolfe, p. 324). Benjamin Franklin said of him : ' He was, I think, a brave man, and might have made a good figure in some Eu- ropean war, but he had too much self-confi- dence, and had too high an idea of the validity of European troops, and too low a one of Americans and Indians ' (SPARKS, Franklin, i. 140). One of Braddock's order-books, said to have belonged to Washington, is preserved in the library of Congress, and a silken mili- tary sash, worked with the date 1707, and much stained as with blood, which is believed to have been Braddock's sash, is in the posses- sion of the family of the late General Zachary Taylor, United States army, into whose hands it came during the Mexican war. In after years more than one individual sought a shameful notoriety by claiming to have trai- torously given Braddock his death-wound during the fight. Mr. Winthrop Sargent has exposed the absurdity of these stories. One is reproduced in ' Notes and Queries/ 3rd ser. xii. 5. Braddock had two sisters, who received from their father a respectable for- tune of 6,000 1., and both of whom predeceased their brother. The unhappy fate of Fanny Braddock, the surviving sister, who committed suicide at Bath in 1739, has been recorded by Goldsmith (Miscellaneous Works, Prior's ed. iii. 294). Descendants of abrother were stated in 'Notes and Queries' (1st ser. xi. 72) some time back to be living at Martham in Norfolk, in humble circumstances, and to believe them- selves entitled to a considerable amount of money, the papers relating to which had been lost. No account has been found of moneys standing to the credit of Braddock or his re- presentatives in any public securities. The accounts of the Fort Duquesne expe- dition published at the time appear to have been mostly catchpenny productions; but two authentic narratives are in existence. Of these one is the manuscript journal of Brad- dock's favourite aide-de-camp, Captain Orme, Coldstream guards, who afterwards retired from the service and died in 1781. This is now No. 212 King's MSS. in British Museum. The other is the manuscript diary of a naval officer attached to Braddock's force, which is now in the possession of the Rev. F. O. Morris of Nunburnholme Rectory, Yorkshire, by whom it was published some years ago under the title, ' An Account of the Battle on the Monagahela River, from an original docu- ment by one of the survivors ' (London, 1854, 8vo). Copies of these journals have been em- bodied with a mass of information from Ame- rican and French sources by Mr. Winthrop Sargent, in an exhaustive monograph forming vol. v. of ' Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania' (Philadelphia, 1856). A map of Braddock's route was prepared from traces found still extant in 1846, when a rail- way survey was in progress in the locality, and first appeared in a Pittsburg periodical, entitled ' Olden Time ' (vol. ii.) An excel- Braddocke '55 Braddon lent account of Braddock's expedition and of the events leading up to it is given in Park- man's ' Montcalm and Wolfe,' vol. i. Some brief military criticisms were contributed by Colonel Malleson to the ' Army and Navy Magazine/ March 1885, pp. 401, 404-5. The Home Office and War Office Warrant and Military Entry Books in the Record Office in London contain references to the expedition, but none of any special note. [Mackinnon's Origin of Coldstream Guards (London, 1832), i. 388-9, vol. ii. Appendix; Home Office Military Entry Books, 10-27 ; Cannon's Hist. Eecord 14th (Buckinghamshire) Foot; Carter's Hist. Kecord 44th (East Essex) Foot ; "Walpole's Letters (eel. Cunningham, 1856), ii. 460-2 ; Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy (5 vols., London, 1786), iii. 206 ; Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, vol. iii. ; Hume and Smol- lett's Hist. (1854), ix. 296 etseq. ; Memoirs Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania, vol. v. ; Parkman's Mont- calm and Wolfe (London, 1884) ; Army and Navy Mag. liii. 385-405 ; American Magazine of His- tory, ii. 627, vi. 63, 224, 462, viii. 473, 500, 502; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Eeport, i. 226 a ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ix. 11, 562, xi. 72. 3rd ser. xii. 5.] H. M. C. BRADDOCKE, JOHN (1656-1719), di- vine, was a native of Shropshire, and received his education at St. Catharine's Hall, Cam- bridge, where he was elected to a fellowship (B.A. 1674, M.A. 1678). On leaving the university about 1689, he became chaplain to Sir James Oxenden, bart., of Dean, near Canterbury, and chaplain to Dr. John Bat- tely, rector of the neighbouring parish of Adisham. In 1694 he was nominated by Archbishop Tenison to the perpetual curacy of Folkestone, and on 1 April 1698 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Stephen's, alias Hackington, near Canterbury. On the promotion of Dr. Offspring Blackall, his con- temporary at college and intimate friend, to the see of Exeter in 1707, Braddocke was made the bishop's chaplain, though he got nothing by the appointment except the title. In 1709 he was collated by Archbishop Teni- son to the mastership of Eastbridge hospital in Kent. He died in his vicarage house on 14 Aug. 1719, in his sixty-fourth year. He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of the Fathers and Schools considered, concerning the Ar- ticles of a Trinity of Divine Persons and the Unity of God. In answer to the Animad- versions on the Dean of St. Paul's Vindica- tion of the Doctrine of the Holy and ever Blessed Trinity, in defence of those sacred Ar- ticles, against the objections of the Socinians, and the misrepresentations of the Animad- verter.' Part I, 1695, 4to. 2. ' Deus unus et trinus,' 4to. This \vas entirely printed, except the title-page, but was suppressed, and never j published, by the desire of Archbishop Teni- son, who thought the controversy ought not to be continued. [MS. Addit. 5863, f. 1146; Cantabrigienses Graduati (1787), 49 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 388, 601 , iv. 628.1 T. C. BRADDON, LAURENCE (d. 1724), politician, the second son of William Brad- don of Treworgy, in St. Genny's, Cornwall, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple, and for some time worked hard at his pro- fession. When the Earl of Essex died in the Tower in 1683, Braddon adopted the belief that he had been murdered, and worked actively to collect sufficient evidence to prove the murder. He set on foot inquiries on the subject in London, and when a rumour reached him that the news of the earl's death was known at Marlborough on the very day of, if not before, the occurrence, he posted off thither. When his action became known at court, he was arrested and put under restraint. For a time he was let out on bail, but on 7 Feb. 1683-4 he was tried with Mr. Hugh Speke at the king's bench on the accusation of conspiring to spread the belief that the Earl of Essex was murdered by some persons about him, and of endeavouring to suborn witnesses to testify the same. Braddon was found guilty on all the counts, but Speke was acquitted of the latter charge. The one was fined 1,000 J. and the other 2,000/., with sureties for good behaviour during their lives. Braddon remained in prison until the landing of William III, when he was liberated. In February 1695 he was appointed solicitor to the wine licence office, a place valued at IOQI. per annum. His death occurred on Sunday, 29 Nov. 1724. Most of Braddon's works relate to the death of the Earl of Essex. The ' Enquiry into and Detection of the Barbarous Murther of the late Earl of Essex ' (1689) was probably from his pen, and he was undoubtedly the author of ' Essex's Innocency and Honour vindicated' (1690), 'Murther will out' (1692), ' True and Impartial Narrative of the Murder of Arthur, Earl of Essex ' (1729), as well as ' Bishop Burnet's late History charg'd with great Partiality and Misrepre- sentation' (1725) in the bishop's account of this mysterious affair. Braddon also pub- lished ' The Constitutions of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen,' and an ' Ab- stract of the Rules, Orders, and Constitu- tions ' of the same company, both of them issued in 1708. ' The Miseries of the Poor are a National Sin, Shame, and Danger ' was the title of a work (1717) in which he Brade 156 Bradfield argued for the establishment of guardians of the poor and inspectors for the encourage- ment of arts and manufactures. Five years later he brought out 'Particular Answers to the most material Objections made to the Proposals for relieving the Poor.' The re- port of his trial was printed in 1684, and reprinted in ' Cobbett's State Trials,' ix. 1127-1228, and his impeachment of Bishop Burnet's i History ' is reprinted in the same volume of Cobbett, pp. 1229-1332. [Hist. Kegister (1724), 51 ; Kippis's Biog. Brit. iii. 229-30; North's Examen, 386-8; Wilts Archaeological Mag. iii. 367-76 ; Notes and Queries (1863), 3rd ser. iv. 500; Ealph's Hist, of England, i. 761-5 ; Luttrell's State Affairs, i. 286, 299-306, iii. 441 ; Bibl. Cornub. i. 40, iii. 1091 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Keport, 406-7.] W. P. C. BRADE, JAMES. [See BRAID.] BRADE, WILLIAM (ft. 1615), an Eng- lish musician, was violist to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and to the town of Ham- burg at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He was living at Hamburg on 19 Aug. 1609, when he dedicated a volume of his compositions to Johann Adolph, duke of Schleswig, and he probably remained at the same town until 14 Feb. 1619, when he was appointed capellmeister to Johann Sigismund, margrave of Brandenburg. His salary in this post was 500 thalers per an- num, besides a thaler a week for i kostgeld ' when at court, and when following the mar- grave abroad, six dinners and all other meals weekly, with sufficient beer, a stoup of wine daily, free lodgings, and all disbursements. He also received two suits of clothes (' Ehren- kleid'), and his son, Christian Brade, had 300 thalers, with clothes, boots, shoes, and maintenance. Brade had full authority over the court band, but the care of the boys of the chapel was given to a vice-capellmeister. He does not seem to have remained long at Berlin, as a report on the margrave's band, drawn up in 1620, speaks of him as one of the past capellmeisters, and in the following year Jacob Schmidt is mentioned as occupy- ing his post. Nothing more is known of him ; but Dr. Rimbault (an untrustworthy guide) says (GROVE, Diet, of Music, i. 269 a) that he died at Frankfurt in 1647, the authority for which statement cannot be discovered. The greatest confusion exists as to the bibliography of Brade's works, all of which are extremely rare. F6tis and Rimbault copy Gerber's ' Lexikon der Tonkiinstler ' (Leipzig, 1812), i. 493, with the exception that Rimbault prints Frankfurt a. d. Oder as Frankfort, which is additionally misleading. The list given by these authorities differs materially from the following, which is taken from Moller's l Cimbria Literata,' 1744, ii. 103, and is reprinted in the 'Lexikon der hamburgischen Schriftsteller/ 1851, i. 364: 1. ' Musicalische Concerten,' Hamburg, 1609, 4to. 2. ' Newe ausserlesene Paduanen, Gal- liarden, Canzonen, Alamanden und Couran- ten, auf allerlei Instrumenten zu gebrau- chen,' Hamburg, 1610, 4to. 3. 'Newe ausserlesene Paduanen und Galliarden, midt 6 Stimmen, auf allerhand Instrumenten, in- sonderheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Hamburg, 1614, 4to. 4. ' Newe ausserlesene liebliche Branden, Intraden, Masqueraden, Balletten, Alamanden, Couranten, Volten, Aufziige und frembde Tantze, samt schonen lieblichen Friihlings- und Sommer-Bliimlein, mit 5 Stimmen ; auf allerlei Instrumenten, inson- derheit Violen, zu gebrauchen,' Liibeck, 1617, 8vo. 5. 'Newe lustige Volten, Couranten, Balletten, Paduanen, Galliarden, Masquera- den, auch allerlei Arten newer franzosischer Tantze, mit 5 Stimmen, auf allerlei Instru- menten zu gebrauchen,' Berlin, 1621, 4to. Fetis omits 4 in his list, and gives the date of 2 as 1609, and the place of publication of 5 as Frankfurt a. d. Oder. Bohn's 'Biblio- graphic der Musik-Druckwerke bis 1700' (p. 74) describes a copy of 2, and quotes the title-page, by which it would seem that 1609 is the right date. A manuscript ' Fancy ' by Brade is in the library of the Royal College of Music. [The authorities quoted above ; Fetis's Bio- graphie desMusiciens (1837), ii. 293 a ; Mendel's Musikalisches Lexicon, i. 162 ; Brand's Biblio- theca Librorum German icorum Classica (1611), 555; L. Schneider's Geschichte derChurfurstlich- Brandenburgischen und Koniglich-Preussischen Capelle, pp. 29, 30, 31.] W. B. S. BRADFIELD, HENRY JOSEPH STEELE (1805-1852), surgeon and author, was born on 18 May 1805 in Derby Street, Westminster, where his father, Thomas Brad- field, was a coal merchant. Whilst still under age he published in 1825 ' Waterloo, or the British Minstrel, a poem.' He was bred to- the art of surgery, and on 26 April 1826 left England in the schooner Unicorn in Lord Cochrane's expedition to Greece, during which he was present in several engagements- by land and sea. After his return he pub- lished ' The Athenaid, or Modern Grecians, a poem,' 1830 ; ' Tales of the Cyclades, poems/ 1830: and in 1839 edited a work entitled 'A Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's- " Russia.'" On 1 Sept. 1832 he received from the King of the Belgians a commission as sous-lieutenant in the Bataillon Etranger Bradford 157 Bradford of Belgium, and was appointed to the 1st regiment of lancers. At one time he held a commission in the Royal West Middlesex Militia. He was appointed on 31 Dec. 1835 stipendiary magistrate in Tobago, from which he was removed to Trinidad on 13 May 1836. He was reappointed to the southern or Cedros district on 13 April 1839, but soon returned to England, having been su- perseded in consequence of a quarrel with some other colonial officer. In 1841 he again went to the West Indies in the capa- city of private secretary to Colonel Mac- donald, lieutenant-governor of Dominica, and in 184:2 he acted for some time as colonial secretary in Barbados. The charges which had occasioned his previous return were, however, renewed, and the government can- celled his appointment. From that period he lived very precariously, and for many years solicited in vain a reversal of his sen- tence at the colonial office. He turned his moderate literary talents to account, and among some communications he made to the * Gentleman's Magazine ' were articles on 1 The Last of the Paleologi ' in January 1843, and a ' Memoir of Major-general Thomas Dundas and the Expedition to Guadaloupe' in August, September, and October in the same year. Latterly he practised all the arts of the professional mendicant. He com- mitted suicide by drinking a bottle of prussic acid in the coffee-room of the St. Alban's Hotel, 12 Charles Street, St. James's Square, London, on 11 Oct. 1852. [Cochrane's Wanderings in Greece (1837), p. SO; Gent. Mag. (1853), xxxix. 102; Morning Post, 13 Oct. 1852, p. 4, and 15 Oct. p. 6.1 G. C. B. BRADFORD, JOHN (1510 P-1555), pro- testant martyr, was born of gentle parents about 1510 in the parish of Manchester. A local tradition claims him as a native of the chapelry of Blackley. He was educated at the grammar school, Manchester. In his ' Meditations on the Commandments,' written during his imprisonment in the reign of Queen Mary, he speaks of the ' particular benefits ' that he had received from his parents and tutors. Foxe records that Bradford entered the service of Sir John Harrington of Exton, Rutlandshire, who was treasurer at various times of the king's camps and buildings in Boulogne. At the siege of Montreuil in 1544 Bradford acted as deputy-paymaster under Sir John Harrington. On 8 April 1547 he entered the Inner Temple as a student of common law. Here, at the instance of a fel- low-student, Thomas Sampson, afterwards dean of Christ Church, he turned his attention to the study of divinity. A marked change now came over his character. He sold his ' chains, rings, brooches, and jewels of gold,' and gave the money to the poor. Moved by a sermon of Latimer, he caused restitution to be made to the crown of a sum of money which he or Sir John Harrington had frau- dulently appropriated. The facts are not very clear. Sampson in his address * To the Christian Reader,' prefixed to Bradford's ' Two Notable Sermons,' 1574, states that the fraud was committed by Bradford and with- out the knowledge of his master ; but Brad- ford's own words, in his last examination before Bishop Gardiner, are : ' My lord, I set my foot to his foot, whosoever he be, that can come forth and justly vouch to my face that ever I deceived 'my master. And as you are chief justice by office in England, I desire justice upon them that so slander me, because they cannot proAre it ' (Examination of Brad- ford, London, 1561, sig. a vi.) In May 1548 he published translations from Artopoaus and Chrysostom, and in or about the follow- ing August entered St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, where his * diligence in study and profiting in knowledge and godly conversa- tion ' were such, that on 19 Oct. 1549 the university bestowed on him, by special grace, the degree of master of arts. The entry in the grace book describes him as a man of mature age and approved life, who had for eight years been diligently employed in the study of literature, the arts, and holy scrip- tures. He was shortly afterwards elected to a fellowship at Pembroke Hall. In a letter to Traves, written about November 1549, he says: 'My fellowship here is worth seven pound a year, for I have allowed me eighteen- pence a week, and as good as thirty-three shillings fourpence a year in money, besides my chamber, launder, barber, &c. ; and I am bound to nothing but once or twice a year to keep a problem. Thus you see what a good Lord God is unto me.' Among his pupils at Pembroke Hall was John Whitgift, after- wards Archbishop of Canterbury. One of his intimate friends was Martin Bucer, whom he accompanied on a visit to Oxford in July 1550. On 10 Aug. of the same year he was ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley at Fulham, and received a license to preach. The bishop made him one of his chaplains, received him into his own house, and held him in the highest esteem. 1 1 thank God heartily,' wrote Ridley to Bernhere [q. v.] after Bradford's martyrdom, ' that ever I was acquainted with our dear brother Bradford, and that ever I had such a one in my house.' On 24 Aug. 1551 Bradford received the prebend of Kentish Town, in the church of St. Paul. A Bradford 158 Bradford few months later he was appointed one of the king's six chaplains in ordinary. Two of the chaplains remained with the king, and four preached throughout the country. Bradford preached in many towns of Lancashire and Cheshire, also in London and Saffron Wai- den. Foxe says that ' sharply he opened and reproved sin ; sweetly he preached Christ crucified ; pithily he impugned heresies and errors ; earnestly he persuaded to godly life.' John Knox, in his ' Godly Letter,' 1554, speaks with admiration of his intrepidity in the pulpit. Bradford's sermons ring with passionate earnestness. He takes the first words that come to hand, and makes no at- tempt to construct elaborate periods. ' Let us, even to the wearing of our tongue to the stumps, preach and pray,' he exclaims in the 'Sermon on Repentance;' and not for a moment did he slacken his energy. He spoke out boldly and never shrank from denouncing the vices of the great. In a sermon preached before Edward VI he rebuked the worldliness of the courtiers, declaring that God's ven- geance would come upon the ungodly among them, and bidding them take example by the sudden fate that had befallen the late Duke of Somerset. At the close of his sermon, with weeping eyes and in a voice of lamen- tation, he cried out aloud : ' God punished him ; and shall He spare you that be double more wicked ? No, He shall not. Will ye or will ye not, ye shall drink the cup of the Lord's wrath. Judicium Domini, .Indicium Domini ! The judgment of the Lord, the judgment of the Lord ! ' On 13 Aug. 1553, shortly after the acces- sion of Queen Mary, a sermon in defence of Bonner and against Edward VI was preached at St. Paul's Cross by Gilbert Bourne [q. v.], rector of High Ongar in Essex, and afterwards bishop of Bath and Wells. The sermon gave great offence to the hearers, who would have pulled him out of the pulpit and torn him to pieces if Bradford and John Rogers, vicar of St. Sepulchre's, had not interposed. On the same day in the afternoon Bradford preached at Bow Church, Cheapside, and reproved the people for the violence that had been offered in the morning to Bourne. Within three days after this occurrence Bradford was sum- moned before the privy council on the charge of preaching seditious sermons, and was com- mitted to the Tower, where he wrote his treatise on * The Hurt of Hearing Mass.' At first he was permitted to see no man but his keeper ; afterwards this severity was relaxed, and he was allowed the society of his fellow- prisoner, Dr. Sandys. On 6 Feb. 1553-4 Bradford and Sandys were separated; the latter was sent to the Marshalsea, and the former was lodged in the same room as Cran- mer, Latimer, and Ridley, the Tower being- then very full owing to the imprisonment of ; Wyatt and his followers. Latimer, in his protest addressed to the queen's commis- sioners at Oxford ( Works, ii. 258-9, Parker Society), tells how he and his fellow-prisoners- * did together read over the New Testament 1 with great deliberation and painful study/ On 24 March Bradford was transferred to the King's Bench prison. Here, probably by the favour of Sir William Fitzwilliam, the knight- I marshal of the prison, he was occasionally j allowed at large on his parole, and was suf- fered to receive visitors and administer the 1 sacrament. Once a week he used to visit the criminals in the prison, distributing charity among them and exhorting them to amend their lives. On 22 Jan. 1554-5 he was brought up for examination before Bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates. There is an account (first published in 1561) in his own words of his three separate examinations before the commissioners on 22, 29, and 30 Jan. The commissioners questioned him closely on subtle points of doctrine, and en- deavoured to convince him that his views were heretical ; but he answered their argu- ments with imperturbable calmness, and re- fused to be convinced. Accordingly he was condemned as an obstinate heretic, and was committed to the Compter in the Poultry. It was at first determined to have him burned at his native town, Manchester ; but, whether in the hope of making him recant or from fear of enraging the people of Manchester, the authorities finally kept him in London and waited some months before carrying out the sentence. At the Compter he was visited by several catholic divines, who en- deavoured unsuccessfully to effect his conver- sion. Among these were Archbishop Heath, Bishop Day, Alphonsus a Castro, afterwards archbishop of Compostella, and Bartholomew Carranza, confessor to King Philip, and after- wards archbishop of Toledo. At length, as he refused to recant, a day was fixed for car- rying out the sentence. On Sunday, 30 June 1555, he was taken late at night from the Compter to Newgate, all the prisoners in tears bidding him farewell. In spite of the lateness of the hour great crowds were abroad, and as he passed along Cheapside the people wept and prayed for him. A rumour spread that he was to be burned at four o'clock the next morning, and by that hour a great con- course of people had assembled ; but it was not until nine o'clock that he was brought to . the stake. ' Then,' says Foxe, l was he led forth to Smithfield with a great company of weaponed men to conduct him thither, as the- Bradford Bradford like was not seen at no man's burning ; for in every corner of Smithfield there were some, besides those who stood about the stake.' A young man named John Leaf was his fellow- martyr. After taking a faggot in his hand and kissing it, Bradford desired of the sheriffs that his servant might have his raiment. Consent being given, he put off his raiment and went to the stake. Then holding up his hands, and looking up to heaven, he cried : ' 0 England, England, repent thee of thy sins, repent thee of thy sins. Beware of idolatry, beware ,of false antichrists ; take heed they do not deceive you.' As he was speaking the sheriff ordered his hands to be tied if he would not keep silence. ' O master sheriff,' said Bradford, * I am quiet. God for- give you this, master sheriff.' Then having asked the people to pray for him he turned to John Leaf and said : ' Be of good comfort, brother, for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night.' His last words were : ' Strait is the way and narrow is the gate that leadeth to salvation, and few there be that find it.' Bradford was a man of singularly gentle character. Parsons, the Jesuit, allowed that he was ' of a more soft and mild nature than many of his fellows.' There is a tradition that on seeing some criminals going to exe- cution ht> xclaimed : ' But for the grace of God there goes John Bradford.' Often when engaged in conversation he would suddenly fall into a deep reverie, during which his eyes would fill with tears or be radiant with smiles. In all companies he would reprove sin and misbehaviour in any person, ' especially swearers, filthy talkers, and popish praters ; ' but the manner of his reproof was at once so earnest and so kindly that none could take offence. His life was passed in prayer and study. He seldom slept more than four hours, and he ate only one meal a day. In person he was tall and slender, of a somewhat san- guine complexion, and with an auburn beard. A portrait of him (which is engraved in Baines's ' History of Lancashire, ii. 243) is preserved in the Chetham Library at Man- chester. A more modern portrait is in Pem- broke Hall, Cambridge. The following is a list of Bradford's wri- tings : 1. * The Divisyon of the Places of the Lawe and of the Gospell, gathered owt of the hooly scriptures by Petrum Artopceum . . . Translated into English,' London, 1548, 8vo. 2. ' A Godlye Treatise of Prayer [by Me- lanchthon], translated into English,' London, n. d. 8vo. 3. ' Two Notable Sermons, the one of Repentance, and the other of the Lorde's Supper,' London, 1574, 1581, 1599, 1617 ; the * Sermon on Repentance ' had been issued se- parately in 1553 and 1558. 4. ' Complaint of I Verity e,' 1559 ; a short metrical piece printed I in a collection issued by William Copland. j 5. 'A Godlye Medytacyon,' London, 1559. ' 6. ' Godlie Meditations upon the Lordes. Prayer, the Beleefe, and Ten Commande- ments ... whereunto is annexed a defence of the doctrine of God's eternal election and j predestination,' London, 1562,1578, 1604, &c. • 7. ' Meditations ; ' from his autograph in a ! copy of Tyndale's New Testament. 8. ' Medi- tations and Prayers from manuscripts in Em- manuel College, Cambridge, and elsewhere/ 9. ' All the Examinacions of the Constante Martir of God, M. John Bradforde, before the Lord Chancellour, B. of Winchester, the B. of London, and other comissioners ; whereunto ar annexed his priuate talk and conflictes in prison after his condemnacion,r ' &c. 1561. 10. ' Hurte of hering Masse,' n. d. I (printed by Copland), 1580, 1596. 11. 'A ' FruitefulT Treatise and full of heavenly con- | solation against the feare of death,' n. d. 12. Five treatises, namely (1) ' The Old Man and the New;' (2) ' The Flesh and the Spirit ; * (3) 'Defence of Election;' (4) 'Against the Fear of Death ; ' (5) ' The Restoration of all Things.' 13. ' Ten Declarations and Ad- dresses.' 14. 'An Exhortation to the Brethren in England, and four farewells to London, Cambridge, Lancashire, and Cheshire, and Saffron Walden ; ' from Coverdale's ' Letters of the Martyrs ' and Foxe's ' Acts and Monu- ments.' 15. 'Sweet Meditations of the Kingdom of Christ,' n. d. 16. Letters from Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments,' 1563, 1570, and 1583 ; Coverdale's ' Letters of the Mar- tyrs,' Strype's 'Ecclesiastical Memorials,' and manuscripts in Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge, and British Museum. It is probable that Bradford contributed to 'A Confuta- cion of Four Romish Doctrines,' a treatise en- titled 'An Exhortacion to the Carienge of Chryste's crosse, with a true and briefe confu- tacion of false and papistical! doctryne,' n. d., printed abroad. A complete collection of Bradford's writings, very carefully edited by Rev. Aubrey Townsend, was published at Cambridge for the Parker Society, 2 vols. 8vo, 1848-53. [Life by Rev. Aubrey Townsend ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments ; Strype ; Holling worth's Man- cuniensis, ed. 1839, pp. 67-76; Baines's Lanca- shire, ii. 243-54; Fuller's Worthies; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser, i. 125; Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses.] A. H. B. BRADFORD, EARL or. [See NEWPORT, FRANCIS.] BRADFORD, JOHN (d. 1780), Welsh poet, was born early in the eighteenth cen- Bradford 160 Bradford tury. In 1730, while still a boy, be was ad- mitted a * disciple ' of the bardic chair of Glamorgan, in which chair he himself pre- sided in 1750. Some of his poems, ' moral pieces of great merit,' according to Dr. Owen Pughe, were printed in a contemporary Welsh periodical entitled the ' Eurgrawn.' [Owen Pughe's Cambrian Biography.] A. M. BRADFORD, JOHN (1750-1805), dis- senting minister, was born at Hereford in 1750, the son of a clothier, educated at Here- ford grammar school, and at Wadham Col- lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. On leaving college he accepted a curacy at Frelsham in Berkshire, where he married when twenty-eight years of age, and had a family of twelve children. About this time his religious opinions became decidedly Calvinistic, and he preached in several of Lady Huntingdon's chapels. On account of this irregularity the rector discharged him from his curacy. He then joined the Countess of Huntingdon's connection, and, after spend- ing some time in South Wales, removed to Birmingham, and preached with great popu- larity in the old playhouse, which the countess had purchased and made into a chapel for him. Subsequently he left the connection of the countess for a new chapel in Bar- tholomew Street, supplementing his small income by making watch-chains. Not being successful, he removed to London in 1797, and preached till his death in the City Chapel, Grub Street. He died 16 July 1805, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. Some account of his life is given in an octavo volume, chiefly controversial, by his successor, William Wales Home. Bradford published : 1 . ' The Law of Faith opposed to the Law of Works,' Bir- mingham, 1787 (being an answer to the bap- tist circular letter signed Joshua Thomas). 2. * An Address to the Inhabitants of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, on the Mission of two Ministers sent by the Countess of Hunt- ingdon,' 1788. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns ' (some of them composed by himself), 1792. 4, 'The Difference between True and False Holiness.' 5. 'A Christian's Meetness for Glory.' 6. ' Comfort for the Feeble-minded.' 7. 'The Gospel spiritually discerned.' 8. 'One Baptism.' A fine octavo edition of ' Bun- van's Pilgrim's Progress, with Notes by John Bradford,' was published in 1792. Mr. Offor says, ' These notes are very valuable.' [Bunjan's Works (ed. Offor), with notes to the Pilgrim by Bradford ; Gadsby's Memoirs of Hymn Writers ; Home's Life of the Rev. John Bradford, 1806.] J. H. T. BRADFORD, SAMUEL, D.D. (1652- 1731), bishop successively of Carlisle and Rochester, was the son of William Bradford, a citizen of London, who distinguished him- self as a parish officer at the time of the plague, and was born in St. Anne's, Blackfriars, on 20 Dec. 1652. He was educated at St. Paul's School ; and when the school was closed, owing to the plague and the fire of London, he at- tended the Charterhouse. He was admitted to Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1669, but left without a degree in consequence of re- ligious scruples. He devoted himself for a time to the study of medicine ; but, his former scruples being removed, he was admitted in 1680, through the favour of Archbishop San- croft, to the degree of M. A. by royal mandate, and was incorporated at Oxford on 13 July 1697. He shrank from taking orders until after the Revolution, and acted as private tutor in the families of several country gen- tlemen. Bradford was ordained deacon and priest in 1690, and in the spring of the follow- ing year was elected by the governors of St. Thomas's Hospital the minister of their church in Southwark. He soon received the lecture- ship of St. Mary-le-Bow, and was tutor to the two grandsons of Archbishop Tillotson, with whom he resided at Carlisle House, Lambeth. In November 1693 Dr. Tillotson collated Bradford to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow ; he then resigned his minor ecclesiastical pre- ferments, but soon after accepted the lecture- ship of All Hallows, in Bread Street. Bradford was a frequent preacher before the corporation of London, and was a staunch whig and protestant. On 30 Jan. 1698 he preached before William III, who was so much pleased that in March following he ap- pointed Bradford one of the royal chaplains in ordinary. The appointment was continued by Queen Anne, by whose command he was created D.D. on the occasion of her visit to the university of Cambridge, 16 April 1705 ; and on 23 Feb. 1708 was made a prebendary of Westminster. In 1699 Bradford delivered the Boyle lec- ture in St. Paul's Cathedral, and preached eight sermons on ' The Credibility of the Christian Revelation, from its Intrinsick Evi- dence.' These, with a ninth sermon preached in his own church in January 1700, were is- sued with other Boyle lectures delivered between 1691 and 1732, in 'A Defence of Na- tural and Revealed Religion,' &c. 3 vols. fol., London, 1739. Bradford was elected master of Corpus Christi College on 17 May 1716; and on 21 April 1718 was nominated to the bishop- ric of Carlisle, to which he was consecrated on 1 June following. In 1723 he was trans- Bradford 161 Bradford lated to the see of Rochester, and was also appointed to the deanery of Westminster, which he held in commendam with the bi- shopric of Rochester. In 1724 Bradford re- signed the mastership of Corpus Christi, and in 1725 became the first dean of the revived order of the Bath. He died on 17 May 1731, at the deanery of Westminster, and was buried In the abbey. JWWjflWS'SWISJ &.£ Bradford s wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Captain Ellis of Medbourne in Leicestershire, and bore him one son and two daughters. One of the latter was married to Dr. Reuben Clarke, archdeacon of Essex, and the other to Dr. John Denne, archdeacon of Rochester. His son, the Rev. William Bradford, died on 15 July 1728, aged thirty-two, when he was archdeacon of Rochester and vicar of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Bradford published more than a score of separate sermons. One of these — a ' Discourse concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regenera- tion,' 2nd ed., 8vo, London, 1709 — attained a singular popularity. A ninth edition was pub- lished in 1819 by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. [Graduati Cantab. 1787; Gent. Mag. May 1731; Chronological Diary, 1731; Birch's Life of Archbishop Tillotson, 1752 ; History and An- tiquities of Rochester, &c., 1817; R. Masters's Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (Lamb), 1831 ; Le Neve's Fasti, 1851.] A. H. G. BRADFORD, SIB THOMAS (1777- 1853), general, was the eldest son of Thomas Bradford of Woodlands, near Doncaster, and Ashdown Park in Sussex, and was born on 1 Dec. 1777. He entered the army as ensign In the 4th regiment on 20 Oct. 1793. He was promoted major into the Nottinghamshire Fencibles, then stationed in Ireland, in 1795. He gave proof of military ability during the Irish rebellion, and in 1801 was promoted "brevet lieutenant-colonel, and appointed as- sistant adj utant-general in Scotland. He was again brought on to the strength of the army as major in 1805, and served with Auchmuty as deputy adjutant-general in 1806 in the expedition to South America. In June 1808 he accompanied the force under Sir Arthur Wellesley to Portugal, and was present at the battles of Vimeiro and Corunna. On his return to England he became assistant adju- tant-general at Canterbury, and lieutenant- colonel in succession of the 34th and 82nd regiments in 1809. In 1810 he was promoted •colonel, and took the command of a brigade in the Portuguese army. He proved himself one of the most successful Portuguese briga- diers, and at the attack on the Arapiles in the battle of Salamanca Bradford's brigade VOL. 71. showed itself worthy of a place beside the British army. In 1813 he was promoted major-general, and made a mariscal de campo in the Portuguese service, receiving the com- mand of a Portuguese division. He com- manded this division at Vittoria, at the siege of San Sebastian, and in the battle of the Nive. At the battle before Bayonne he was so severely wounded that he had to return to England. In 1814 he was placed on the staff of the northern district, and made K.C.B. and K.T.S. ; but he missed the battle of Water- loo, at which his younger brother, Lieutenant- colonel Sir Henry Holies Bradford, K.C.B., who had also been a staff officer in the Peninsula, was killed. He commanded the seventh division of the army of occupation in France from 1815 to 1817, and the troops in Scotland from 1819 till he was promoted lieutenant-general in May 1825, and was thei* appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in the Bombay presidency. He held this command for four years, and on his return to England in 1829 received the colonelcy of the 38th regiment. In 1831 he was made G.C.H., in 1838 G.C.B., in 1841 he was pro- moted general, and in 1846 exchanged the colonelcy of the 38th for that of the 4th regi- ment. He died in London on 28 Nov. 1853, aged 75. [Royal Military Calendar ; obituary notices in the Times, Gent. Mag., and Colburn's United Service Magazine.] H. M. S. BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657), second governor of Plymouth, New England, and one of the founders of the colony, was born in a small village on the southern border of Yorkshire. The name of the village is in Mather's ' Magnalia,' the chief authority on his early life, wrongly printed Ansterfield, and was first identified as Austerfield by Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Eng- land). William was the eldest son and third child of William Bradford and Alice, daughter of John Hanson, and according to the entry still to be found in the parish register was baptised 19 March 1589-90. The family held the rank of yeomen, and in 1575 his two grandfathers, William Bradford and John Hanson, were the only persons of property in the township. On the death of his father, on 15 July 1591, he was left, according to Mather, with 'a comfortable inheritance/ and ' was cast on the education, first of his grandparents and then of his uncles, who de- voted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs of husbandry.' He is said to have had serious impressions of religion at the age of twelve Bradford 162 Bradford or thirteen, and shortly afterwards began to attend the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Clifton, i puritan rector of Babworth. Notwithstand- ! ing the strong opposition of his relations and i the scoffs of his neighbours, he joined the com- pany of puritan separatists, or Brownists,who first met at the house of William Brewster [q.v.] at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, in 1606, and were presided over by Clifton. The com- i munity within a short period obtained con- siderable accessions, but, being threatened with persecution, resolved to remove to Hol- land. Bradford, along with the principal members of the party, entered into negotia- tions with a Dutch captain who agreed to embark them at Boston, but betrayed their intention to the magistrates, who sent some of them to prison, and compelled others to return to their homes. Bradford after seve- ral months' imprisonment succeeded, in the spring of the following year, in reaching Zealand, and joining his friends in Amster- dam, he became apprenticed to a French protest ant who was engaged in the manufac- ture of silk. On coming of age he converted his estate in England into money, and entered into business on his own account, in which he is said to have been somewhat unsuccess- ful. About 1609 he removed with the com- munity to Leyden, and when, actuated by a desire to live as Englishmen under English rule, they resolved to emigrate to some Eng- \ lish colony, he was among the most zealous and active in the promotion of the enterprise. Their choice lay between Guinea and New England, and was finally decided in favour of the latter. By the assistance of Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer, and afterwards governor of Virginia, a patent was granted them for a tract of country within that colony, and on 5 Sept. 1620 Bradford, with the first com- pany of ( Pilgrim Fathers,' numbering in all a hundred men, women, and children, em- barked for their destination in the Mayflower at Southampton. By stress of weather they were prevented landing within the territory of the Virginia Company, and finding themselves in a region beyond the patent, they drew up and signed a compact of government before landing at the harbour of Plymouth— already so named in Smith's map of 1616. Under this compact Carver was chosen the first governor, and on his death on 21 April 1621 the choice fell upon Bradford, who was elected every year continuously, with the exception of two intervals respectively of three years and two years at his own special request. This fact sufficiently indicates his paramount influence in the colony, an influence due both to the unselfishness and gentleness of his nature, and to his great practical abilities as a governor. Indeed, it was chiefly owing to* his energy and forethought that the colony at the most critical period of its history was not visited by overwhelming disaster. Among the earliest acts of his administration was to- send an embassy to confirm a league with the Indian sachem of Masassoit, who was revered by all the natives from Narragansett Bay to that of Massachusetts. Notwithstanding his. friendship it was found necessary in 1622, on account of the threats of the sachem of Narra- gansett, to fortify the town, but no attack was made. Another plot entered into among cer- tain chiefs to exterminate the English was, through the sachem of Masassoit, disclosed to Bradford, and on the advice of the sachem the ringleaders were seized and put to death. The friendship of the Indians, necessary as it was in itself, was also of the highest advan- tage on account of the threatened extinction of the colony by famine. The constant ar- rival of new colonists frequently reduced them almost to the starving point. The scarcity was increased by the early attempts at communism, and it was not till after an agreement that each family should plant for themselves on such ground as should be as- signed them by lot, that they were relieved from the necessity of increasing their supplies of provisions by traffic with the Indians. In 1629 a patent was obtained from the council of New England, vesting the colony in trust in William Bradford, his heirs, asso- ciates, and assigns, confirming their title to a certain tract of land, and conferring the power to frame a constitution and laws. In framing their laws, the model adopted by the colonists was primarily and principally the ' ancient platform of God's law, and secondly the laws of England. At first the whole body of freemen assembled for legis- lative, executive, and judicial business, but in 1634 the governor and his assistants were constituted a judicial court, and afterwards the supreme judiciary. The first assembly of representatives met in 1639, and in the fol- lowing year Governor Bradford, at their re- quest, surrendered the patent into the hands of the general court, reserving to himself only his proportion as settler by previous agreement. He died on 9 May 1657. His first wife, Dorothy May, whom he married at Leyden on 20 Nov. 1613, was drowned at Cape Cod harbour on 7 Dec. 1620, and on 14 Aug. 1623 he married Alice Carpenter, widow of Edward Southworth, a lady with whom he had been previously acquainted in England, and who, at his request, had arrived in the colony with the view of being mar- ried to him. By his first marriage he had one son, and by his second two sons and a Bradford 163 Bradford daughter. His son William, by the second marriage (born on 17 June 1624, died on 20 Feb. 1703-4), was deputy-governor of the colony, and attained high distinction during the wars with the Indians. Though not enj oy ing special educational ad- vantages in early life, Bradford possessed more literary culture than was common among those of similar occupation to him- self. He had some knowledge of Latin and Greek, and knew sufficient Hebrew to enable him to l see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty.' He was also well read in history and philosophy, and an adept in the theological discussion peculiar to the time. He employed much of his leisure in literary composition, but the only work of his which appeared in his life- time was ' A Diary of Occurrences ' during the first year of the colony, from their land- ing at Cape Cod on 9 Nov. 1620 to 18 Dec. 1621. This book, written in conjunction with Edward Winslow, was printed at London in 1622, with a preface signed by G. Mourt. The manuscripts he left behind him are thus referred to in a clause of his will : ' I commend unto your wisdom and discretion some small books written by my own hand, to be improved as you shall see meet. In special I commend to you a little book with a black cover, wherein there is a word to Plymouth, a word to Boston, and a word to New England.' These books are all written in verse, and in the Cabinet of the Historical Society of Massachusetts there is a transcript copy of these verses which bears date 1657. It contains (1) * Some observations of God's merciful dealings with us in this wilderness,' published first in a fragmentary form in 1794 in vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 77-84, of the ' Collections of the Massachusetts His- torical Society,' by Belknap, among whose papers the fragment of the original manu- script was found, and in 1858 presented to the society ; published in complete form in the ' Proceedings ' of the society, 1869-70, pp. 465-78; (2) 'A Word to Plymouth,' first published in 'Proceedings,' 1869-70, pp. 478-82 ; (3) and (4) « Of Boston in New England,' and ' A Word to New England,' published in 1838 in vol. vii., 3rd series of the ' Collections ;' (5) * Epitaphium Meum,' pub- lished in Morton's ' Memorial,' pp. 264-5 of Davis's edition ; and (6) a long piece in verse on the religious sects of New England, which has never been published. In 1841 Alexander Young published * Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 to 1625,' containing, in addition to other tracts, the following writings belonging to Bradford: (1) A fragment of his 'History of the Plymouth Plantation,' including the his- tory of the community before its removal to Holland down to 1620, when it set sail for America, printed from a manuscript in the records of the First Church, Plymouth, in the handwriting of Secretary Morton, with the inscription, ' This was originally penned by Mr. Wm. Bradford, governor of New Plymouth ; ' (2) the ' Diary of Occurrences r referred to above, first printed 1622, again in an abridged form by Purchas 1625, in the fourth volume of his ' Pilgrims,' thus re- printed 1802 in vol. viii. of the Massachu- setts Historical Society ' Collections,' and the portions omitted in the abridgment reprinted with a number of errors in vol. xix. of the ' Collections,' from a manuscript copy of the original made at Philadelphia ; (3) ' A. Dia- logue or the Sum of a Conference between some young men born in New England and sundry ancient men that came out of Hol- land and Old England,' 1648, printed from a complete copy in the records of the First Church, Plymouth, into which it was copied by Secretary Morton, but existing also in a fragmentary form in the handwriting of Bradford in the Cabinet of the Massachu- setts Historical Society ; (4) a ' Memoir of Elder Brewster,' also copied by Morton from the original manuscript into the church re- cords ; (5) a fragment of Bradford's letter- book, containing letters to him, rescued from a grocer's shop in Halifax, the earlier and more valuable part having been destroyed. Brad- ford was the author of two other dialogues or conferences, of which the second has ap- parently perished, but the third, l concerning the church and government thereof,' having the date 1652, was found in 1826 among some old papers taken from the remains of Mr. Prince's collection, belonging to the old South Church of Boston, and published in the i Pro- ceedings ' of the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety, 1869-70, pp. 406-64. Copies of several of his letters were published in the ' Collec- tions ' of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. iii. 1st series, pp. 27-77, and his letters to JohnWinthrop in vol.vi. 4th series, pp. 156-61. The manuscripts of Bradford were made use of by Morton, Prince, and Hutchinson for their historical works, and are the principal authorities for the early history of the colony. Besides the manuscripts already mentioned, they had access to a connected ' History of the Plymouth Plantation,' by Bradford, which at one time existed in Bradford's own hand- writing in the New England Library, but was supposed to have been lost during the war with England. In Anderson's 'History of the Colonial Church,' published in 1848, the manuscript was referred to as ' now in the M2 Bradford 164 Bradford possession of the Bishop of London,' but the statement not having come under the notice of any one in New England interested in the matter, it was not till 1855 that cer- tain paragraphs in a ' History of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church of America,' by Samuel Wilberforce, published in 1846, pro- fessedly quoted from a l MS. History of Ply- mouth in the Fulham Library,' led to its identification. These paragraphs were shown by J. W. Thornton to the Rev. Mr. Barry, author of ' The History of Massachusetts,' who brought them under the notice of Sam. G. Drake, by whom they were at once iden- tified with certain passages from Bradford's * History,' quoted by the earlier historians. On inquiry in England the surmise was con- firmed, and a copy having been made from the manuscript in Bradford's handwriting in the Fulham Library, it was published in vol. iii. (1856) of the 4th series of the < Col- lections ' of the Mass. Hist. Soc. The manu- script is supposed to have been taken to Eng- land in 1774 by Governor Hutchinson, who is the last person in America known to have had it in his possession. The printed book- plate of the New England Library is pasted on one of the blank leaves. [The chief original sources for the life of Brad- ford are his own writings ; Mather's Magnalia, vol. ii. chap. i. ; ShurtlefFs Eecollections of the Pilgrims in Russell's Guide to Plymouth ; Mor- ton's Memorial ; Hunter's Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Ply- mouth, 1849. See also Belknap's American Bio- graphy, ii. 217-51 ; Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims ; Fessenden's Genealogy of the Bradford Family ; .Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, i. 231 ; Raine's History of the Parish of Blyth; Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts; Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series, vol. iii. ; Winsor's Governor Bradford's Manu- script History of Plymouth Plantation and its Transmission to our Times, 1881 ; Dean's Who identified Bradford's Manuscript? 1883.] T. F. H. BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752), the first printer in Pennsylvania, was the son of William and Anne Bradford of Lei- cestershire, where the family had held a good position for several generations. He is usually said to have been born in 1658, and on his tombstone the date is 1660, but both dates are contradicted by the ' American Almanac' for 1739, printed by himself, where, under the month of May, the following entry appears : < The printer born the 20th, 1663.' He learned his art in the office of Andrew Sowles, Grace- church Street, London. Sowles was an inti- mate friend of William Penn and George Fox, and his daughter Elizabeth married Bradford. It says much for the enlightened forethought i of Penn that he induced Bradford to ac- j company him in his first voyage to Penn- j sylvania, on which he sailed 1 Sept. 1682. | Bradford returned to London, but he set out again in 1685, hoping to embrace within his operations the whole of the middle colonies. In 1692 he was printing for Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, and in 1702 also for Maryland. The earliest issue from his press is an almanac for 1686 (printed in 1685), entitled ' America's Mes- senger/ of which there is a copy in the Quakers' Library, London. In 1686, aloi with some Germans of the name of Ritten"! house, he erected on the Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, the first paper-mill ever esta' blished in America. Apart from almanac^ his first publication was in 1688, a volumf entitled ' The Temple of Wisdom/ which in' eluded the essays and religious meditation) of Francis Bacon. Of this book there ij a copy in the Quakers' Library, London The honour of being the first to propose th« printing of the Bible in America is usuallf assigned to Cotton Mather, but in 1688, seveL years before Mather, Bradford had entered upon the project of printing a copy of the Holy Scriptures with marginal notes, and with the Book of Common Prayer. In 1689 he was summoned before the governor and council of Pennsylvania for printing the charter. During the disputes in the colony caused by the proceedings of George Keith, Bradford, who sided with Keith, was arrested for pub- lishing the writings of Keith and Budd, and his press, type, and instruments were seized. Not only, however, were they restored to him by Fletcher, governor of New York, during his temporary administration of Pennsylvania, but at the instance of Fletcher he went to New York, where, on 12 Oct. 1693, he was appointed royal printer at a salary of 40£, which was raised in 1696 to 60/., and in 1702 to 75/. In 1703 he was chosen deacon of Trinity Church, New York, from which he received 30/. on bond, to enable him to print the Common Prayer and version of the Psalms, and when the enterprise did not pay the bond was returned to him. In 1725 he began the publication of the 'New York Gazette/the first newspaper published in New York, which he edited until his eightieth year. He was also appointed king's printer for New Jersey, as appears from the earliest copy of the laws of that state printed in 1717. He died on 22 May 1752 at the age of eighty- nine. He was buried in the grounds of Trinity Church, New York, where there is a monument to his memory. His character Bradick 165 Bradley is thus summed up in the ' New York Ga- zette ' of 25 May 1752 : ' He was a man of great sobriety and industry, a real friend to the poor and needy, and kind and affable to all. He was a true Englishman. His tem- perance was exceedingly conspicuous, and he was a stranger to sickness all his life.' [New York Gazette, 25 May 1752 ; New York Historical Magazine, iii. 171-76 (containing ca- talogue of works printed by him), vii. 201-11 ; Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians, 1859, pp. 124-9 ; Penington's An Apostate ex- posed, or George Keith contradicting himself and his brother Bradford, 1695; the Tryals of Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and Wm. Bradford, Quakers, for several great mis- demeanours (as was pretended by their adver- saries) before a Court of Quakers, at the Session held at Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, 9th, 10th, and 12th day of December 1692, printed first beyond the sea, and now reprinted in London for Rich. Baldwin, in Warwick Lane, 1693.1 T. F. H. BRADICK, WALTER (1706-1794), a merchant at Lisbon, was ruined by the earth- quake which destroyed that city in 1755. Returning to England he had the further misfortune to lose his eyesight, and in 1774, on the nomination of the queen, he was ad- mitted to the Charterhouse, where he died on 19 Dec. 1794. He published, 1765, ' Cho- heleth, or the Royal Preacher,' a poem, and he was the author of ' several detached publica- tions.' A contemporary record of his death affirms that i Choheleth ' ' will be a lasting testimony to his abilities,' but it may be doubted whether the work is now extant. [Information from Master of Charterhouse ; Gent. Mag. Ixv. pt. i. 83.] J. M. S. BRADLEY, CHARLES (1789-1871), eminent as a preacher and writer of sermons published between 1818 and 1853, belonged to the evangelical school of the church of England. He was born at Halstead, Essex, in February 1789. His parents, Thomas and Ann Bradley, were both of Yorkshire origin, but settled in "Wallingford, where their son Charles, the elder of two sons, passed the greater part of the first twenty-five years of his life. He married, in 1810, Catherine Shep- herd of Yattenden, took pupils and edited several school books, one or two of which are still in use. He was, for a time after his mar- riage, a member of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, but was ordained on reaching the age of 23, without proceeding to a degree, and in 1812 became curate of High "Wycombe. Here for many years he combined the work of a private tutor with the sole charge of a large parish. Among his pupils were the late Mr. Smith O'Brien, the leader for a short time of the so-called national party in Ire- land ; Mr. Bonamy Price, professor of poli- tical economy in the university of Oxford ; and Archdeacon Jacob, well known for more than half a century in the diocese and city of Winchester. His powers as a preacher soon attracted attention. He formed the ac- quaintance of William Wilberforce, Thomas Scott, the commentator, Daniel Wilson, and others ; and a volume of sermons, published in 1818 with a singularly felicitous dedica- tion to Lord Liverpool, followed by a second edition in 1820, had a wide circulation. The sixth edition was published in 1824, the eleventh in 1854. In the year 1825 he was presented by Bishop Ryder (then bishop of St. Davids, afterwards of Lichfield) to the vicarage of Glasbury in Brecknockshire. Here a volume of sermons was published in 1825, which reached a ninth edition in 1854. He retained the living of Glasbury till his death, but in the year 1829 became the first incumbent of St. James's Chapel at Clapham in Surrey, where he resided, with some periods of absence, till 1852. By this time his reputation as a preacher was fully established. His striking face and figure and dignified and impressive delivery added to the effect produced by the substance and style of his sermons, which were pre- pared and written with unusual care and thought. A volume of sermons published in 1831, followed by two volumes of 'Practical Sermons' in 1836 and 1838, by ' Sacramental Sermons ' in 1842, and ' Sermons on the Chris- tian Life ' in 1853, had for many years an exceedingly large circulation, and were widely preached in other pulpits than his own, not only in England and Wales, but in Scotland and America. Of late years their sale greatly declined, but the interest taken in them has revived, and a volume of selections was pub- lished in 1884. Quite apart from the character of their contents, as enforcing the practical and spe- culative side of Christianity from the point of view of the earlier leaders of the evange- lical party in the church of England, the literary merits of Bradley's sermons will probably give them a lasting place in litera- ture of the kind. No one can read them without being struck by their singular sim- plicity and force, and at the same time by the sustained dignity and purity of the lan- guage. Bradley was the father of a numerous family. By his first wife, who died in 1831, he had thirteen children, of whom twelve survived him. The eldest of six sons was Bradley 166 Bradley the late Rev. C. Bradley of Soutligate, well known in educational circles. The fourth is the present dean of Westminster (late master of University College, Oxford, and formerly of Marlborough College). By his second mar- riage in 1840 with Emma, daughter of Mr. John Linton, he also left a large family, one of whom is Herbert Bradley, fellow of Mer- ton College, Oxford, author of a work on ethics and another on logic ; another, Andrew Cecil, fellow of Balliol, is professor of English literature at Liverpool. Bradley spent the last period of his life at Cheltenham, where he died in August 1871. [Personal knowledge.] G. G. B. BRADLEY, GEORGE (1816-1863), journalist, was born at Whitby in Yorkshire in 1816, and apprenticed to a firm of printers in his native town. After being for several years a reporter on the ' York Herald ' he was appointed editor of the ' Sunderland and Durham County Herald,' and about 1848 he became editor and one of the proprietors of the ' Newcastle Guardian.' He resided at Newcastle until his death on 14 Oct. 1863, being greatly respected, and for a consider- able period an influential member of the town council. Bradley published ' A Con- cise and Practical System of Short -hand Writing, with a brief History of the Progress of the Art. Illustrated by sixteen engraved lessons and exercises,' London, 1843, 12mo. The system is a variation of Dr. Mayor's. [Whitby Times, 23 Oct. 1863; Rockwell's Teaching, Practice, and Literature of Shorthand, 70.] T. C. BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), as- tronomer-royal, was the third son of William Bradley, a descendant of a family seated at Bradley Castle, county Durham, from the fourteenth century, by his marriage, in 1678, with Jane Pound of Bishop's Canning in Wiltshire. He was born at Sherbourn in Gloucestershire, probably in the end of March 1693, but the date is not precisely ascertain- able. He was educated at the Northleach grammar school, and was admitted as a com- moner to Balliol College, Oxford, 15 March 1711, when in his eighteenth year, proceeding B.A. 15 Oct. 1714, and M.A. 21 June 1717. His university career had little share in moulding his genius. His uncle, the Rev. James Pound, rector of Wanstead in Essex, was at that time one of the best astronomical observers in England. A warm attachment sprang up between him and his nephew. He nursed him through the small-pox in 1717 ; he reinforced the scanty supplies drawn from a somewhat straitened home ; above all, he discerned and cultivated his extraordinary talents. Bradley quickly acquired all his instructor's skill and more than his ardour. Every spare moment was devoted to co- operation with him. His handwriting ap- pears in the WTanstead books from 1715, and the journals of the Royal Society notice a communication from him. regarding the aurora of 6 March 1716. He was formally introduced to the learned world by Halley, who, in publishing his observation of an ap- pulse of Palilicium to the moon, 5 Dec. 1717, prophetically described him as ' eruditus juvenis,qui simul industria et ingenio pollens his studiis promovendis aptissimus natus est ' (Phil Trans, xxx. 853). The skill with which he and Pound together deduced from the opposition of Mars in 1719 a solar paral- lax between 9" and 12", was praised by the same authority (ib. xxxi. 114), who again imparted to the Royal Society ' some very curious observations' made by Bradley on Mars in October 1721, implying a parallax for the sun of less than 10" ( Journal Books R. Soc. 16 Nov. 1721). The entry of one of these states that 'the 15-feet tube was moved by a machine that made it to keep pace with the stars' (BRADLEY, Miscellaneous Works, p. 350), a remarkably early attempt at giving automatic movement to a telescope. Doubtless with the view of investigating annual parallax, Bradley noted the relative positions of the component stars of y Virginis, 12 March 1718, and of Castor, 30 March 1719 and 1 Oct. 1722. A repetition of this latter observation about 1759 brought the discovery of their orbital revolution almost within his grasp, and, transmitted by Maskelyne to Herschel, served to confirm and correct its theory (Phil Tram, xciii. 363). Bradley's first sustained research, however, was concerned with the Jovian system. He early began to calculate the tabular errors of each eclipse observed, and the collation of older observations with his own afforded him the discovery that the irregularities of the three inner satellites (rightly attributed to their mutual attraction) recur in the same order after 437 days. His ' Corrected Tables ' were finished in 1718, but, though printed in the following year with Halley's i Planetary Tables,' remained unpublished until 1749, by which time they had become obsolete. The appended 'Remarks' ( Works, p. 81), de- scribing the 437-day cycle, are stated by the minutes to have been read before the Royal Society 2 July 1719. Bradley was then already a fellow ; he was elected 6 Nov. 1718, on the motion of Halley, and under the pre- sidential sanction of Newton. The choice of a profession meantime be- Bradley 167 Bradley •came imperative. He had been brought up to the church, and in 1719 Hoadly, bishop of Hereford, presented him to the vicarage of Bridstow. On this title, accordingly, he was ordained deacon at St. Paul's, 24 May, and priest, 25 July, 1719. Early in 1720 the sine- cure rectory of Llandewi-Velfry in Pem- brokeshire was procured for him by his friend •Samuel Molyneux, secretary to the Prince of Wales, and he also became chaplain to the bishop of Hereford. His prospects of promo- tion were thus considerable, but he continued to frequent Wanstead, and took an early op- portunity of extricating himself from a posi- ! tion in which his duties were at variance with | his inclinations. The Savilian chair of as- ! tronomy at Oxford became vacant by the death of Keill in August 1721. Bradley was •elected to fill it 31 Oct., and, immediately re- signing his preferments, found himself free to follow his bent on an income which amounted in 1724 to 138/. 5s. 9d. He read his in- augural lecture 26 April 1722. In 1723 we find him assisting his uncle in experiments upon Hadlev's new reflector (Phil. Trans, xxxii. 382) ; and Hadley's ex- ample and instructions encouraged him, about the same time, to attempt the grinding of specula (SMITH, A Compleat System of Op- ticks, ii. 302). In this he was only partially successful, though his mechanical skill sufficed at all times for the repair and adjustment of his instruments. His observations and ele- ments of a comet discovered by Halley 9 Oct. 1723 formed the subject of his first paper in •' Philosophical Transactions ' (xxxiii. 41 ; see NEWTON'S Principia, 3rd edit. lib. iii. prop. 42, 3>. 523, 1726). Bradley was the first successor of Halley in the then laborious task of com- puting the orbits of comets. He published parabolic elements for those of 1737 and 1757 (Phil. Trans, xl. iii, 1. 408), and by his com- munication to Lemonnier of the orbit of, and process of calculation applied to, the comet of 1742, knowledge of his method became diffused abroad. By the death of Pound, which took place 16 Nov. 1724, he lost 'a relation to whom he was dear, even more than by the ties of blood.' He continued, however, to observe with his instruments, and to reside with his widow (visiting Oxford only for the delivery of his lectures) in a small house in the town of Wanstead memorable as the scene of his chief discoveries. On 26 Nov. 1725, a 24|-foot te- lescope by Graham was fixed in the direction of the zenith at the house of Mr. Samuel Moly- neux on Kew Green. It had been resolved by him and Bradley to subject Hooke's supposed detection of a large parallax for y Draconis to & searching inquiry, and the first observation for the purpose was made by Molyneux at noon 3 Dec. 1725. It was repeated by Bradley, ' chiefly through curiosity,' 17 Dec., when, to his surprise, he found the star pass a little more to the southward. This unexpected change, which was in the opposite direction to what could have been produced by parallax, con- tinued, in spite of every precaution against error, at the rate of about \" in three days ; and at the end of a year's observation the star had completed an oscillation 39" in extent. Meanwhile an explanation was vainly sought of this enigmatical movement, per- ceived to be shared, in degrees varying with their latitude, by other stars. A nutation of the earth's axis was first thought of, and a test star, or ' anti-Draco,' on the opposite side of the pole (35 Camelopardi) was watched from 7 Jan. 1726; but the quantity of its motion was insufficient to support that hypothesis. The friends next considered 'what refraction might do,' on the supposition of an annual change of figure in the earth's atmosphere through the action of a resisting medium; this too was discarded on closer examination. Bradley now resolved to procure an instru- ment of his own, and, 19 Aug. 1727, a zenith- sector of 12£ feet radius, and 12£° range, was mounted for him by Graham in the upper part of his aunt's house. Thenceforth he trusted entirely to the Wanstead results. A year's assiduous use of this instrument gave him a set of empirical rules for the annual apparent motions of stars in various parts of the sky ; but he had almost despaired of being able to account for them, when an unex- pected illumination fell upon him. Accom- panying a pleasure party in a sail on the Thames one day about September 1728, he noticed that the wind seemed to shift each time that the boat put about, and a question put to the boatman brought the (to him) signi- ficant reply that the changes in direction of the vane at the top of the mast were merely due to changes in the boat's course, the wind remaining steady throughout. This was the clue he needed. He divined at once that the progressive transmission of light, combined with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must cause an annual shifting of the direction in which the heavenly bodies are seen, by an amount depending upon the ratio of the two velocities. Working out the problem in de- tail, he found that the consequences agreed perfectly with the rules already deduced from observation, and announced his memorable discovery of the * aberration of light ' in the form of a letter to Halley, read before the Royal Society 9 and 16 Jan. 1729 (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 637). Never was a more minutely satisfactory Bradley 168 Bradley explanation offered of a highly complex phe- nomenon. It was never disputed, and has scarcely been corrected. Bradley found the < constant' of aberration to be 20-25" (reduc- ing it, however, in 1748 to 20"). Struve fixed it at 20-445". Bradley concluded, from the amount of aberration, the velocity of light to be such as to bring it from the sun to the earth in 8m 13s, although Roemer had, from actual observation, estimated the interval at llm. The best recent determination (Glase- napp's) of the 'light equation' is 8m 21s. Bradley's demonstration of his rules for aberration remained unpublished till 1832 ( Works, p. 287). He observed only the effects in declination ; but his theory was verified as regards right ascension also, by Eustachio Manfredi at Bologna in 1729. The subject was fully investigated by Clairaut in 1737 (Mem. de FAc. 1737, p. 205). An important secondary inference from the Wanstead ob- servations was that of the vast distances of even the brighter stars. Bradley stated deci- sively that the parallax neither of y Draconis nor of r) Ursse Majoris reached V, and be- lieved that he should have detected half that quantity (Phil. Trans, xxxv. 660. Double parallaxes are there spoken of). This well- grounded assurance shows an extraordinary advance in exactness of observation. Bradley succeeded Whiteside as lecturer on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729, and resigned the post in 1760, after the close of his seventy-ninth course. There was no endowment, Lord Crewe's benefaction of 30/. per annum becoming payable only in 1749 ; but fees of three guineas a course, with an average attendance of fifty-seven, produced emoluments sufficient for his wants. His lectures were delivered in the Ashmolean Museum, of which he vainly sought the keepership in 1731. In 17^32 he took a share in a trial at sea of Hadley's sextants, and wrote a letter warmly commendatory of the inven- tion ( Works, p. 505). His removal to Oxford occurred in May of the same year, when he oc- cupied a house in New College Lane attached to his professorship. His aunt, Mrs. Pound, accompanied him, with two of her nephews, and lived with him there five years. He trans- ported thither most of his instruments, but left Graham's sector undisturbed. An im- portant investigation was in progress by its means, for the purposes of which he made dur- ing the next fifteen years periodical visits to Wanstead. It is certain that Halley desired to have Bradley for his successor, and it is even said that he offered to resign in -his favour. But death anticipated his project, 14 Jan. 1742. Through the urgent representations of George, earl of Macclesfield, who quoted to Lord- chancellor Hardwicke Newton's dictum that he was ' the best astronomer in Europe,' Brad- ley was appointed astronomer-royal 3 Feb. 1742. The honour of a degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by diploma at Oxford 22 Feb., and in June he went to live at Greenwich. His first care was to remedy, so far as possible, the miserable state of the in- struments, and to procure an assistant in- the person of John Bradley, son of his eldest brother, who, at a stipend of 26/., diligently carried out his instructions during fourteen years, and Avas replaced successively by Mason and Green. With untiring and well-directed zeal Brad- ley laboured at the duties of his new office. He took his first transit at Greenwich 25 July 1742, and by the end of the year 1500 had been entered. The work done in 1743 was enormous. The records of observations- with the transit instrument fill 177, with the quadrant 148 folio pages. On 8 Aug. 255 determinations of the former, 181 of the latter kind were made. His efforts to- wards a higher degree of accuracy were un- ceasing and successful ; yet he never pos- sessed an achromatic telescope. He recognised it as the first duty of an astronomer to make himself acquainted with the peculiar defects, of his instruments, and was indefatigable in I testing and improving them. By the addi- ! tion of a finer micrometer screw, 18 July 1745, he succeeded in measuring intervals of half a \ second with the eight-foot quadrant erected by Graham for Halley, but was deterred from attempting further refinements by discover- j ing it a year later to be sensibly eccentric. At various times between 1743 and 1749 he made experiments on the length of the seconds pendulum, giving the most accurate result i previous to Kater's in 1818. The great comet ! of 1743 was first seen at Greenwich 26 Dec., and was observed there until 17 Feb. 1744. i Bradley roughly computed its trajectory, but | went no further, it is conjectured, out of kind- ness towards young Betts, who had the ambi- tion to try his hand on it. He also observed the first comet of 1748, and calculated that of 1707. His observations of Halley's comet in 1759 have for the most part perished. The time was now ripe for the publication of his second great discovery. From the first the Wanstead observations had shown the displacements due to aberration to be at- tended by a ' residual phenomenon.' A slight progressive inequality was detected, occasion- ing in stars near the equinoctial colures an excess, in those near the solstitial colures a defect of movement in declination, as com- pared with that required by a precession of Bradley 169 Bradley 50". The true explanation in a ' nodding ' movement of the axis, due to the moon's unequal action upon the equatorial parts of the earth, was more than suspected early in 1732 ; but Bradley did not consider the proof complete until he had tracked each star through an entire revolution of the moon's nodes (18*6 years) back to its mean place (al- lowance being made for annual precession). In 'September 1747 he was at length fully satisfied of the correspondence of his hypo- thesis with facts ; and 14 Feb. 1748 a letter to the Earl of Macclesfield, in which he set forth the upshot of his twenty years' watch- ing and waiting, was read before the Royal Society (Phil. Trans, xlv. 1). The idea of a possible nutation of the earth's axis was not unfamiliar to astronomers ; and Newton had predicted the occurrence of a semi-annual, but scarcely sensible, effect of the kind. A phenomenon such as Bradley detected, how- ever, depending on the position of the lunar orbit, was unthought of until its necessity became evident with the fact of its existence. The complete development of its theory went beyond his mathematical powers, and he invited assistance, promptly rendered by D'Alembert in 1749. Bradley 's coefficient of nutation (9") has proved nearly a quarter of a second too small. He might probably have gone even nearer to the truth had he trusted more implicitly to his own observa- tions. His confidence was, however, em- barrassed by the proper motions of the stars, the ascertainment of which he, with his usual clear insight into the conditions of exact astronomy, urged upon well-provided obser- vers ; while his sagacious hint that they might be mere optical effects of a real trans- lation of the solar system (Phil. Trans, xlv. 40) gave the first opening for a scientific treatment of that remarkable subject. As regards nutation, the novelty of his an- nouncement had been somewhat taken off by previous disclosures. On his return from Lap- land, Maupertuis consulted him as to the re- duction of his observations, when Bradley imparted to him, 27 Oct. 1737, his incipient discovery. Maupertuis was not bound to secrecy, nor did he observe it. He trans- mitted the information to the Paris Academy (Mem. de TAc. 1737, p. 411), while Lalande published in 1745 (ib. 1745, p. 512) the con- firmatory results of observations undertaken at Bradley 's suggestion. The discovery of aberration earned for its author, 14 Dec. 1730, exemption on the part of the Royal Society from all future pay- ments ; that of nutation was honoured in 1748 with the Copley medal. His heightened reputation further enabled him to ask and obtain a new instrumental outfit for the Royal Observatory. He took advantage of the annual visitation by members of the Royal Society to represent its absolute necessity ; and a petition drawn up by him and signed by the president and members of council in August 1748 produced an order for 1,000/. under the ! sign-manual, paid, as a note in Bradley's handwriting informs us, by the treasurer of the navy out of the proceeds of the sale of old stores. The wise expenditure of this paltry sum laid the firm foundation of modern practical astronomy. Bradley was fortunate in the co-operation of John Bird. The eight- foot mural quadrant, for which he paid him 300 /., was an instrument not unworthy the eye and hand that were to use it. He had also from him a movable quadrant forty inches in radius, and a transit-instrument of eight-feet focal length. From Short a six- foot reflector was ordered, but not delivered until much later ; and 20/. was paid for a magnetic apparatus, changes in dip and va- riation having been objects of attention to Bradley as early as 1729. For the Wanstead sector, removed to Greenwich in July 1749, 45/. was allowed to him. The first employment of Bird's quadrant was in a series of observations, 10 Aug. 1750 to 31 July 1753, for the purpose of deter- mining the latitude of the observatory and the laws of refraction. Simultaneously with Lacaille and Mayer, Bradley introduced the improvement of correcting these for barome- trical and thermometrical fluctuations. His formula for computing mean refraction at any altitude closely represented the actual amounts down to within 10° of the horizon (GRANT, Hist. Phys. Astr. pp. 329-30). After its publication by Maskelyne in 1763, it was generally adopted in England, and was in use at Greenwich down to 1833. In 1751 Bradley made observations for determining the distances of the sun and moon in concert with those of Lacaille at the Cape of Good Hope (Mem. de VAc. 1752, p. 424). From the combined results for Mars, Delisle deduced a solar parallax of 10-3" (BRADLEY, Misc. Works, p. 481). A series of 230 comparisons with the heavens- of Tobias Mayer's ' Lunar Tables,' between December 1755 and February 1756, enabled Bradley to report them to the admiralty as- accurate generally within V. His hopes of bringing the lunar method of longitudes into actual use were thus revived ; and he under- took, aided by Mason, a laborious correction of the remaining errors founded on 1,220 observations. The particulars of these were inserted in the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1774^ but the amended tables, completed from Bradley 170 Bradley them in 1760, never saw the light, and were | superseded by Mayer's own improvements in 1770. The regular work of the observatory, ! consisting in meridian observations of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile carried on with unremitting diligence and j unrivalled skill. The salary of astronomer-royal was then, as in Flamsteed's time, 100/. a year, reduced j to 907. by fees at public offices. This pit- j tance was designed to be supplemented by i Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which was, however, refused on the honourable ground of incompatibility of clerical with official obligations. His disinterestedness was compensated by a crown pension of 2501. per annum, granted under the privy seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his suc- cessors. Honours now fell thickly upon him. From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a member of the council of the Royal Society, and he occupied that position uninterruptedly from 1752 until his death. In July 1746 Euler wrote to announce his admission to the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was as- sociated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably in acknowledgment of his services in super- intending the construction of a quadrant by Bird for the latter body, complimented with its full membership in 1754 ; while the in- stitute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June 1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe but sought a correspondence with him, which he usually declined, being averse to writing, and leaving many letters unan- swered. No direct descendant of Bradley survives. He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Glouces- tershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daugh- ter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745, who married in 1771 her first cousin, the Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an only daughter, who died childless in 1806. Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Mac- clesfield grew closer after his removal to Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him in the establishment (about 1739) of an ob- servatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the reform of the calendar, calculating the tables appended to the bill for that purpose. Until near the close of his life he continued to re- side about three months of each year at Ox- ford, but resigned his readership through ill- health in 1760. For several years he had felt the approach of an obscure malady in occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a heavy cloud of depression settled over his spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension of surviving his mental faculties, which re- mained nevertheless clear to the end. He attended, for the last time, a meeting of the Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a paper of instructions for Mason, on his de- parture to observe the transit of Venus, the latest astronomical event in which he took an active interest. But already in May he was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761, arrived, he was unable to use the telescope. He, however, took a final observation with the transit-instrument in September, after which his handwriting disappears from the Green- wich registers. The few months that remained he spent at Chalford, being much attached to his wife's relations, and there died, in the house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth year, and was buried with his wife and mother at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on examination to be a chronic inflammation of the abdominal viscera. The case was described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the 1 Philosophical Transactions ' (lii. 635). In character Bradley is described as ' hu- mane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son, an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a steady friend ' (Suppl. to New Biog. Diet., 1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives experienced his generosity. His life was blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper mild and placid. He was habitually taci- turn, but was clear, ready, and open in ex- plaining his opinions to others. No homage could overthrow his modesty or disturb his caution. He was always more apprehen- sive of injuring his reputation than san- guine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from publicity; polished composition, moreover, was irksome to him. His only elaborate pieces were the accounts of his two leading discoveries ; and the preservation of several unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of expression. Nor had he any taste for ab- stract mathematics. His great powers were those of sagacity and persistence. He pos- sessed l a most extraordinary clearness of perception, both mental and "organic ; great accuracy in the combination of his ideas ; and an inexhaustible fund of that " industry and patient thought " to which Newton as- cribed his own discoveries ' (RiGAUD, Me- moirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and precision. No discrepancy was too minute for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible causes and their consequences was keen, dis- Bradley 171 Bradley passionate, and complete ; his mental grasp was close and unrelaxing. He ranks as the founder of modern observational astronomy ; nor by the example of his ' solicitous accu- racy' alone or chiefly, though this was much. But his discoveries of aberration and nuta- tion first rendered possible exact knowledge of the places of the fixed stars, and thereby of the movements of the other celestial bodies. Moreover, he bequeathed to posterity, in his diligent and faithful record of the state of the heavens in his time, a mass of docu- mentary evidence invaluable for the testing of theory, or the elucidation of change. The publication, for the benefit of his daughter, of his observations, contained in thirteen folio and two quarto volumes, was interrupted by official demands for their pos- session, followed up by a lawsuit commenced by the crown in 1767, but abandoned in 1776. The Rev. Mr. Peach, Bradley's son-in-law, thereupon offered them to Lord North, to be printed by the Clarendon Press, and after many delays the first of two volumes ap- peared in 1798, under the editorship of Dr. Hornsby, with the title ' Astronomical Ob- servations made at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, from the year 1750 to the year 1762;' the second, edited by Dr. Abram Robertson, in 1805. They number about 60,000, and fill close upon 1,000 large folio pages. A sequel to Bradley's work, in the observations of Bliss and Green down to 15 March 1765, was included in the second volume. A catalogue of 387 stars, computed by Mason fromBradley's original manuscripts, and appended to the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1773, formed the basis of a similar work inserted by Hornsby in vol. i. (p. xxxviii); and 1,041 of Bradley's stars, reduced by Pilati, were added toPiazzi's second catalogue (1814). In the hands of Bessel, however, his obser- vations assumed a new value. With extra- ordinary skill and labour he deduced from them in 1818 a catalogue of 3,222 stars for the epoch 1755, so authentically determined as to afford, by comparison with their later places, a sure criterion of their proper mo- tions. The title of ' Fundamenta Astrono- mise ' fitly expressed the importance of this work. More accurate values for precession and refraction were similarly obtained. Brad- ley's observations of the moon and planets, when reduced by Airy, supplied valuable data for the correction of the theories of those bodies. Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford {by Hudson), at Shirburn Castle, at Green- wich, and in the rooms of the Royal Society. A dial, erected in 1831 by command of William IV, marks the spot at Kew where he began the observations which led to the discoveries of aberration and nutation. His communications to the Royal Society, besides those already adverted to, were on ' The Longi- tude of Lisbon and the Fort of New York, from Wanstead and London, determined by Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter ' (Phil. Trans, xxxiv. 85) ; and ' An Account of some Observations made in London by Mr. George Graham, and at Black River in Jamaica by Colin Campbell, Esq., concern- ing the going of a Clock ; in order to deter- mine the Difference between the Lengths of Isochronal Pendulums in those Places ' (ib. xxxviii. 302). His ' Directions for using the Common Micrometer ' were published by Maskelyne in 1772 (ib. Ixii. 46). The origi- nals of Bradley's Greenwich observations having been deposited in the Bodleian, the confused mass of his remaining papers, dis- interred by Professor S. P. Rigaud, afforded materials for a large quarto volume, pub- lished by him in 1832 at Oxford, with the title ' Miscellaneous Works and Correspon- dence of James Bradley, D.D., Astronomer- Royal.' It includes, besides the Kew and Wan- stead journals, every record of the slightest value in his handwriting, not omitting papers already printed in the ' Philosophical Trans- actions,' with many letters addressed to him by persons of eminence in England and abroad, and in some cases his replies. The prefixed memoir embodies all that the closest inquiry could gather concerning him. The investi- gation of his early observations, thus brought to light after nearly a century's oblivion, was made the subject of a prize by the Royal Society of Copenhagen in 1832 ; whence the publication by Dr. Busch of Konigsberg of ' Reduction of the Observations made by Bradley at Kew and Wanstead to determine the Quantities of Aberration and Nutation ' (Oxford, 1838). [Rigaud's Memoirs of Bradley ; New and Gen. Biog. Diet. xii. 54, 1767; Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Fouchy's Eloge, Mem. de 1'Ac. des Sciences, 1762, p. 231 (Hist.) ; same trans, in Annual Keg. 1765, p. 23, and Gent. Mag. xxxv. 361; Delambre's Hist, de 1'Astronomie au xviii* siecle, p. 413 ; Thomson's Hist, of K. Soc. p. 344 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. M. C. BRADLEY, RALPH (1717-1788), con- veyancing barrister, was a contemporary of James Booth [q. v.], who has been called the patriarch of modern conveyancing. Bradley- was called to the bar by the society, of Gray's Inn, and practised at Stockton-on-Tees with geat success for upwards of half a century, e is said to have managed the concerns of almost the whole county of Durham, and, Bradley 172 Bradley though & provincial counsel, his opinions were everywhere received with the greatest respect. His drafts, like Booth's, were prolix to excess, but some of them were, to a very recent period, in use as precedents in the northern counties. He published (London, 1779) ' An Enquiry into the Nature of Property and Estates as defined by English Law, in which are con- sidered the opinions of Mr. Justice Black- stone and Lord Coke concerning Real Pro- perty.' There was also published in 1804 in London ' Practical Points, or Maxims in Conveyancing, drawn from the daily experi- ence of a late eminent conveyancer (Brad- ley), with critical observations on the various parts of a Deed by J. Ritson.' This was a collection of Bradley's notes on points of practice, and the technical minutiae of con- veyancing as they were suggested in the course of his professional life. Ritson was a contemporary and fellow-townsman of Bradley. The latter by his will left a con- siderable sum (40,000/.) on trust for the purchase of books calculated to promote the interests of religion and virtue in Great Bri- tain and the happiness of mankind. Lord Thurlow, by a decree in chancery, set aside the charitable disposition of Bradley in favour of his next of kin. Bradley died at Stockton- on-Tees on 28 Dec. 1788, and was buried in the parish church of Greatham, where a mural monument was erected to his memory on the north side of the chancel. [Gent. Mag. vol. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1184; David- son's Conveyancing, 4th ed. i. 7 ; Marvin's Legal Bibliograph, p. 141 ; Surtees's Hist, of Durham, iii. 140.] E. H. BRADLEY, RICHARD (d. 1732), bo- tanist and horticultural writer, was a very popular and voluminous author. His first essays in print were two papers published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' for 1716, on mouldiness in melons, and the motions of ;7*X the sap. He was elected F.R.S. in 17D3; and professor of botany at Cambridge on 10 Nov. 1724, the latter by means of a pre- tended verbal recommendation from Dr. Wil- liam Sherard to Dr. Bentley, with pompous assurances that he would found a public bo- tanic garden in the university by his private purse and interest. Very soon after his elec- tion the vanity of his promises was seen, and his entire ignorance of Latin and Greek ex- cited great scandal : Dr. Martyn, who after- wards succeeded him, was appointed to read the prescribed courses of lectures, in conse- quence of Bradley's neglect to do so. In 1729 he gave a course of lectures on ' Ma- teria Medica,' which he afterwards published. In 1731 it is stated that ' he was grown so scandalous that it was in agitation to turn him out of his professorship,' though the details of his delinquency do not appear to be given. He died at Cambridge 5 Nov. 1732. The use of Bradley's name was paid for by the publishers of a translation of Xeno- phon's ' Economics ' solely on account of his popularity, as he knew nothing of the ori- ginal language. His botanical publications show acuteness and diligence, and contain indications of much observation in advance of his time. Adanson, Necker, and Banks, in succes- sion, named genera to commemorate Bradley, but they have not been maintained distinct by succeeding botanists. His works include : 1. ( Historia planta- rum succulentarum, &c.,' London, 1716-27, 5 decades, 4to, reissued together in 1734. 2. ' New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,' London, 1717 (two editions), 8vo, 1731. 3. ' Gentleman's and Farmer's Calen- dar,' London, 1718, 8vo ; French translations (1723, 1743, 1756). 4. < Virtue and Use of Coffee with regard to the Plague and Con- tagious Distempers,' London, 1721, 8vo. 5. ' Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature,' London (1721 and 1739), 8vo. 6. ' Plague of Marseilles considered,' London, 1721, 8vo. 7. ' New Experiments and Ob- servations on the Generation of Plants,' 1724, 8vo. 8. ' Treatise of Fallowing,' Edinburgh, 1724, 8vo. 9. 'Survey of Ancient Hus- bandry and Gardening collected from Cato, Varro, Columella, &c.,' London, 1725, 8vor and several small treatises on gardening and agriculture. Part II. of Co-well's ' Curious and Profitable Gardener, concerning the great American Aloe,' has been attributed with little reason to Bradley. [Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790), | ii. 129-33; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 444-51, j 709 ; Chalmers's Gen. Biog Diet., new ed. vi. 1 (1812), 415-16; Kees's Cyclop, v. art. 'Bradley'; Seguier's Bibl. Bot. 343-6; Haller's Bibl. Bot. ii. 133-7 ; Pritzel's Thesaurus, p. 31, id. ed. 2, | p. 38.] B. D. J. BRADLEY, THOMAS (1597-1670), divine, a native of Berkshire, states that he was 72 years old in 1669, and was therefore born in 1597. He became a battler of Exeter College, Oxford, in 1616, and proceeded B.A. on 21 July 1620. He was chaplain to the Duke of Buckingham for several years, and accompanied him in the expedition to Ro- chelle and the Isle of Rhe in 1627. After Buckingham's murder in the following year he became chaplain to Charles I, and on 16 June 1629 a captain in the expedition to France ap- Bradley 173 Bradock plied to the council to take Bradley with him as chaplain of his ship ( CaL State Papers, Dom. 1628-9, p. 579). Soon afterwards (5 Mayl631) Bradley married Frances, the daughter of Sir John Savile, baron Savile of Pontefract, and he was presented by his father-in-law about the same time to the livings of Castleford and Ackworth, near Pontefract. As a staunch royalist, he was created D.D. at Oxford on 20 Dec. 1642, and was expelled a few years later by the parliamentary committee from both his Yorkshire livings. ' His lady and all his children/ writes Walker, ' were turned out of doors to seek their bread in desolate places,' and his library at Castleford fell into the hands of his oppressors. He pub- lished in London in 1658 a curious pamph- let entitled < A Present for Csesar of 100,000/. in hand and 50,000/. a year,' in which he re- commended the extortion of first-fruits and tithes according to their true value. The work is respectfully dedicated to Oliver ' Cromwell. At the Restoration he was re- I stored to Ackworth, but he found it necessary j to vindicate his 'pamphlet in another tract entitled < Appello Csesarem ' (York, 1661). | But his conduct did not satisfy the govern- ment, and in an assize sermon preached at York in 1663 and published as ' Caesar's Due ' and the Subject's Duty,' he said that the ' king had bidden him ' preach conscience to the people and not to meddle with state j affairs,' and that he had to apologise for his sermons preached against the excise and the excisemen, the Westminster lawyers, and *the rack-renting landlords and depopula- j tors.' He also expressed regret for having suggested the restoration of the council of the north. In 1666 he was made a pre- bendary of York. He died in 1670. His publications consist entirely of ser- mons. The earliest, entitled ' Comfort from the Cradle,' was preached at Winchester and published at Oxford in 1650; four others, ? -eached at York Minster, were published at ork between 1661 and 1670, and six occa- sional sermons appear to have been issued col- lectively in London in 1667. Walker de- scribes Bradley as ' an excellent preacher ' and ' a ready and acute wit.' A son, Savile, was at one time fellow of New College, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of Magdalen. Wood, in his autobiography, tells a curious story about his ordination in 1661. [Wood's Athenae Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. xliii, iii. 719 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 392, ii. 52 ; Walker's Suffer- ings, ii. 85 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BRADLEY, THOMAS, M.D. (1751- 1813), physician, was a native of Worcester, where for some time he conducted a school in which mathematics formed a prominent study. About 1786 he withdrew from edu- cation, and, devoting himself to medical studies, went to Edinburgh, where he gra- duated M.D. in 1791, his dissertation, which was published, being information from Rev. P. Vance-Smith, educated at the Bolton grammar school and : Hmdley-J A. G. Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, but did not j BRADSHAW, JAMES (1717-1746), graduate. This was due to the influence of j Jacobite rebel, born in 1717, was the only his uncle Holmes, then a minister in North- j child of a well-to-do Roman catholic in trade amptonshire, under whom he studied divinity, j ftt Manchester. He was educated at the free Returning to Lancashire, he was ordained school, and learned some classics there. About minister of Hindley. With other Lancashire | 1734 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Charles ministers, he was concerned in the royalist j Worral, a Manchester factor, trading at the rising under Sir George Booth [q. v.] He i Golden Ball, Lawrence Lane, London. In was ejected in 1662, but, continuing to preach, I 1740 Bradshaw was called back to Man- he suffered some months' imprisonment at the | Chester through the illness of his father, and instance of his relative Sir Roger Bradshaw, I after his father's death he found himself in an episcopalian magistrate. On the indulgence possession of a thriving trade and several of 1672 he got possession of Rainford Chapel, ' thousand pounds. Very quickly (about 1741) in the parish of Prescot. The neighbouring j he took a London partner, Mr. James Daw- clergy now and then preached for him, read- son, near the Axe Inn, Aldermanbury, and ing the prayer-book ; hence the churchwarden i he married a Miss Waggstaff of Manchester, was able to say ' yes ' to the question at visi- She and an only child both died in 1743. tations : ' Have you common prayer read , Bradshaw thereupon threw in his lot with yearly in your chapel ? ' Pearson, the bishop the Pretender. He was one of the rebel cour- of Chester, would not sustain informations , tiers assembled at Carlisle on 10 Nov. 1745. against peaceable ministers, so Bradshaw was J He visited his own city on 29 Nov., where he not disturbed. He was also one of the Monday j busied himself in recruiting at the Bell Inn. lecturers at Bolton. He died at Rainford in He was a member of the council of war, and 1702, in his sixty-seventh year, his death being received his fellow-rebels in his own house, the result of a mishap while riding to preach, j Having accepted a captaincy in Colonel His son Ebenezer, presbyterian minister at I Towneley's regiment he marched to Derby, Ramsgate, was ordained 22 June 1694 in Dr. | paying his men out of his own purse; he Annesley's meeting-house, Bishopsgate With- j headed his company on horseback in the skir- in, near Little St. Helen's (this was at the j mish at Clifton Moor ; he attended the Pre- tender's levSe on the retreat through Carlisle first public ordination among presbvterians after the Restoration). Bradshaw published : 1. ' The Sleepy Spouse of Christ alarm'd,' &c., 1677, 12mo (sermons on Cant, v., preface by Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., who died 21 June 1697, aged 52). 2. < The Trial and Triumph of Faith.' Halley confuses him (ii. 184) with another James Bradshaw, born at Darcy Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, presbyterian rector of Wigan, who in 1644 encouraged the siege of Lathom House by sermons from Jerem. xv. 14, in which he compared Lathom's seven towers to the seven heads of the beast. He was superseded at Wigan by Charles Hotham for not observing the parliamentary fast, but called to Macclesfield, whence he was ejected in 1662. He preached at Houghton Chapel, and subsequently at Bradshaw Chapel,reading some of the prayers, but not subscribing. He died in May 1683, aged 73. [Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 16, 123; Cala- my's Continuation, 1727, pp. 17, 140 ; Palmer's Nonconf. Memorial, 1802, i. 337, ii. 364; Hat- field's Manch. Socin. Controversy, 1825, p. 140; Halley's Lane., its Puritanism and Nonconf., 1 869, in December ; and preferring to be in Lord Elcho's troop of horse when the rebels were striving to keep together in Scotland in the early weeks of 1746, he fought at Falkirk. He was at Stirling, Perth, Strathbogie, and finally at Culloden, on 16 April in the same year, where in the rout he was taken prisoner. His passage to London was by ship, with forty- two fellow-prisoners. He was taken to the New Gaol, Southwark ; his trial took place at St. Margaret's Hill on 27 Oct. On that occasion he was dressed in new green cloth, and bore himself somewhat gaily. His counsel urged that he had always had 'lunatick pranks,' and had been driven entirely mad by the death of his wife and child. He was found guilty, and having been kept in gaol nearly a month more, he was executed on Kennington Common, 28 Nov. 1746, aged only 29. [Ho well's State Trials, xviii. 415-24.1 J.H. BRADSHAW, JOHN (1602-1659), regi- cide, was the second surviving son of Henry Bradshaw, a well-to-do country gentleman, Bradshaw 177 Bradshaw of Marple and Wibersley halls, Stockport, Cheshire, who died in 1654. His mother was Catherine, daughter of Ralph Winning- ton of Offerton in the same county, who was married at Stockport on 4 Feb. 1593, and died in January 1603-4. The eldest surviving son, Henry, the heir to the family property, was born in 1600. Francis, the youngest son, was baptised on 13 Jan. 1603-4. John was born at Wibersley Hall in 1602, and baptised at Stockport Church on 10 Dec. in that year. Educated first at the free school of Stockport, he afterwards attended schools at Bunbury, Cheshire, and Middleton, Lan- cashire. There is a doubtful tradition that he spent some time in his youth at Macclesfield, and there wrote on a gravestone the lines : My brother Henry must heir the land, My brother Frank must be at his command ; Whilst I, poor Jack, will do that That all the world will wonder at. He studied law in London, and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn on 23 April 1627. He had previously served for several years as clerk to an attorney at Congleton, an'd ap- parently practised as a provincial barrister. He was mayor of Congleton in 1637, and high steward of the borough several years later (Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. i. 328). He formally resigned the office in May 1656. At Congleton he maintained no little state, and possessed much influence in the neigh- bourhood. He was steward of the manor of Glossop, Derbyshire, in 1630. ' All his early life,' writes Bradshaw's friend, Milton, in the l Second Defence of the People of England '(1654), ' he was sedulously employed in making himself acquainted with the laws of his country; he then practised with singular success and reputation at the bar.' Before 1643 he had removed from Congleton to Basinghall Street, London, and in that year was a candidate for the post of judge of the sheriffs' court in Lon- don. The right of appointment was claimed by both the court of aldermen and the court of common council, and the latter elected Bradshaw on 21 Sept. About the same time the aldermen nominated Richard Proctor, a rival candidate. Bradshaw entered at once upon the duties of the office, and continued in it till 1649, when other employment com- pelled him to apply for permission to nominate a deputy. Proctor meanwhile brought an action against him in the king's bench. The suit lingered till February 1654-5, when the claim of the court of common council to the appointment was established. In October 1644 Bradshaw was one of the counsel employed in the prosecution of Lord VOL. VI. Macguire of Fermanagh and HughMacmahon for their part in the Irish rebellion of 1641. Bradshaw acted with William Prynne, and the latter received much assistance from Brad- shaw in his elaborate argument proving that Irish peers were amenable to English juries. The trial resulted in the conviction of Mac- guire. In 1645 Bradshaw was counsel for John Lilburne in his successful appeal to the House of Lords against the sentence pronounced on him in the Star-chamber for publishing seditious books eight years before. The commons nominated Bradshaw one of the commissioners of the great seal on 8 Oct. 1646, but the lords declined to confirm this arrangement. On 22 Feb. 1646-7 he was ap- pointed chief justice of Chester, and on 18 March following a judge in Wales. In June he was one of the counsel retained (with Oliver St. John, Jermin, and William Prynne) for the prosecution of Judge Jenkins on the charge of passing judgment of death on men who had fought for the parliament. In a letter to the mayor of Chester (1 Aug. 1648) he promises to resume his practice of holding 'the grand sessions' at Chester after 1 the sad impediment ' of the wars, but only promises attention to the city's welfare on condition of its inhabitants' constant com- pliance with the directions of parliament (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 344). On 12 Oct. 1648 the parliament created Brad- shaw and several other lawyers of their party serjeants-at-law. On 2 Jan. 1648-9 the lords rejected the ordinance of the commons for bringing the king to trial before a parliamentary com- mission. The commons straightway re- solved to proceed on their sole authority. Certain peers and judges had been nominated members of the commission ; but the names of the former were now removed (3 Jan.), and those of Bradshaw, Nicholas, and Steele, all lawyers without seats in the house, sub- stituted. On 6 Jan. the ordinance for the trial passed its final stage. On 8 Jan. the commission held its first private meeting in the Painted Chamber at Westminster to dis- cuss the procedure at the trial, but Bradshaw did not put in an appearance. A second meeting took place two days later, from which Bradshaw was also absent. The com- missioners then proceeded to elect a presi- dent, and the choice fell upon the absent lawyer. Mr. Say filled the post for the rest of that day's sitting, but a special sum- mons was sent to Bradshaw to be present at the meeting to be held on 12 Jan. He then appeared and ' enlarged upon his own want of abilities to undergo so important a charge. . . . And when he was pressed ... he re- Bradshaw 178 Bradshaw quired time to consider it.' The next day he formally accepted the office, with (it is said) every sign of humility. It was re- solved by the court that he should hence- forward bear the title of lord president. Clarendon is probably right in describing Bradshaw as 'not much known [at this time] in Westminster Hall, though of good practice in the chamber.' There were cer- tainly many lawyers having a higher reputa- tion both in parliament and at the bar who might have been expected to be chosen be- fore Bradshaw president of the great com- mission. But there were obvious reasons for appointing a lawyer of comparatively little prominence. The proceedings demanded a very precise observance of legal formali- ties, and a lawyer was indispensable. But the anti-royalists had very few lawyers among them who believed in the justice or legality of the latest development of their policy. Whitelocke and Widdrington both refused to serve on the commission ; Serjeant Nicholas, who had been nominated to the commission at the same time as Bradshaw, declined to take part in the trial ; the parliamentary judges Rolle, St. John, and "Wilde deemed the proceedings irregular from first to last ; Edward Prideaux, an able lawyer, whom the commons had appointed solicitor-general on 12 Oct. 1648, was unwilling to appear against the king, and his place was filled for the occasion by John Cook, a man of far smaller ability. But the commissioners, whether or no they had any misgivings, were resolved to prove their confidence in the man of their choice. Everything was done to lend dignity to the newly elected president. The deanery at Westminster was handed over to him as his residence for the future, but during the trial it was arranged that he should lodge at Sir Abraham Williams's house in Palace Yard to be near Westminster Hall. He was given scarlet robes and a numerous body-guard. Although his stout-heartedness is repeatedly insisted on by his admirers, Bradshaw had some fear of personal violence at this time. ' Besides other defence,' saysKennett, 'he had a high-crowned beaver hat lined with plated steel to ward off blows/ The hat is now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford (Complete Hist. iii. 181 n. ; GKANGEK, Biog. Hist. ii. 397). Private meetings of the commission, at- tended by less than half the full number of members, were held under Bradshaw's presi- dency in the Painted Chamber at Westmin- ster almost every day of the week preceding the trial, and on the morning of each day of the trial itself. The trial opened at West- minster Hall on Saturday, 20 Jan. 1648-9. Bradshaw's name was read out by a clerk, and he took his seat, a crimson velvet chair, ' having a desk with a crimson velvet cushion before him.' He was surrounded by atten- dants, and placed in the midst of his colleagues. The president addressed the prisoner as soon as he was brought into court as ( Charles Stuart, king of England,' and invited him to plead, but the king persistently declined the invitation on the ground of the court's in- competency, and Bradshaw's frequent and impatient appeals had no effect upon him. Finally Bradshaw adjourned the proceed- ings to the following Monday. The same scene was repeated on that and the next two days. The president repeatedly rebuked the prisoner for his freedom of language, and abso- lutely refused to allow him to make a speech. On 25 Jan. twenty-nine witnesses were hur- riedly examined ; on 26 Jan. Bradshaw and the commissioners framed a sentence of death at a private sitting in the Painted Chamber. It was read over by them on the morning of the next day (27 Jan.), after which Brad- shaw proceeded to Westminster Hall and pronounced judgment in a long-winded and strongly worded oration. Before Bradshaw spoke, Charles made an earnest appeal to be heard in his defence. Some of the com- missioners were anxious to grant him this request, but Bradshaw finally disallowed it. After the sentence was pronounced, the king renewed his demand, but Bradshaw roughly told him to be quiet, and ordered the guards to remove him. On 30 Jan., the day of the execution, the commission held its last meet- ing in private ; the death-warrant was duly engrossed and signed by fifty-eight members. Bradshaw's signature headed the list. Bradshaw was censured by crowds of pamphleteers for his overbearing and brutal behaviour towards the king at the trial (cf. Reason against Treason, or a Bone for Brad- shaw to pick, 9 July 1649). His friends professed to admire his self-confidence and dignity, and spoke as if he had had no previous judicial experience. On the whole it appears that he behaved very much as might be ex- pected of a commonplace barrister suddenly called from the bench of a city sheriffs' court to fill a high and exceptionally dignified judicial office. The lord president's court was re-esta- blished, with Bradshaw at its head, on 2 Feb. 1648-9, and throughout the month it was engaged in trying leading royalists for high treason. The chief prisoners were the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and Henry Rich, earl of Holland. Bradshaw, arrayed in his scarlet robes, pronounced sentence of death upon them all in very lengthy judgments. He showed none of these prisoners any Bradshaw 179 Bradshaw mercy, but he appeared to least advantage as the judge of Eusebius Andrews [q. v.], a royalist charged with conspiracy against the Commonwealth. He sought by repeated cross-examinations to convict Andrews out of his own mouth, and kept him in prison for very many months. Finally Bradshaw con- demned him to death on 6 Aug. 1650 (F. BUCKLEY'S account of the trial, 1660, re- printed in State Trials, v. 1-42). Bradshaw did not continue, however, to perform work of this kind. His place was filled by Serjeant Keeble in 1651, and by Serjeant 1'Isle in 1654. Bradshaw found other occupation in the council of state, to which he was elected by a vote of the commons on its formation (14 Feb. 1648-9), and chosen its permanent president (10 March). He did not attend its sittings till 12 March, after which he was rarely absent. No other member was so re- gular in his attendance. He was in frequent correspondence with Oliver Cromwell during the campaigns of 1649 and 1650 in Ireland and Scotland, and during those years offices and honours were heaped upon him. On 20 July 1649 parliament nominated him at- torney-general of Cheshire and North Wales, and eight days later chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, a post in which he was con- tinued by a special vote of the house on 18 July 1650. On 19 June 1649 parliament, having taken his great merit into considera- tion, paid him a sum of 1,000/., and on 15 Aug. 1649 formally handed over to him lands worth 2,0001. a year. The estates assigned him were those of the Earl of St. Albans and Lord Cot- tington. He was re-elected by parliament a member of the council of state (12 Feb. 1649-50, 7 Feb. 1650-1, 24 Nov. 1651, and 24 Nov. 1652), and presided regularly at its sit- tings, signing nearly all the official correspon- dence. He was not very popular with his col- leagues there. He seemed ' not much versed in suchbusinesses/writesWhitelocke/ and spent much of their time by his own long speeches.' Cromwell's gradual assumption of arbi- trary power did not meet with Bradshaw's approval. On 20 April 1653 Cromwell, who had first dissolved the Long parliament, pre- sented himself later in the day before the council of state, and declared it at an end. Bradshaw, as president, rose and addressed the intruder in the words : ' Sir, we have heard what you did at the house in the morning, and before many hours all Eng- land will hear it ; but, sir, you are mis- taken to think the parliament is dissolved, for no power under heaven can dissolve them but themselves ; therefore take you notice of that '(LuDLOW, Memoirs, 195) . Bradshaw did not sit in Barebones's parliament, which met on 4 July 1653, but an act was passed (16 Sept. ) by the assembly continuing him in the chan- cellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. He was I elected to the next parliament, which assem- bled on 4 Sept. 1654, but declined on 12 Sept. to sign the ' recognition ' pledging members to maintain the government ' as it is settled in a single person and a parliament.' He was summoned by Cromwell before the council of state formed by him on becoming pro- tector, together with Vane, Rich, and Lud- low, and was bidden by Cromwell to take out a new commission as chief justice of Chester. He refused to submit to the order. He declared that he had been appointed during his good behaviour, and had done nothing to forfeit his right to the place, as he would prove before any twelve j urymen. Cromwell did not press the point, and Brad- shaw immediately afterwards went his circuit as usual. But Cromwell revenged himself by seeking to diminish Bradshaw's influence in Cheshire. In the parliament which met 17 Sept. 1656 Bradshaw failed to obtain a seat, owing to the machinations of Tobias Bridges, Cromwell's major-general for the county (THTTBLOE, vi. 313) . There had been a proposal to nominate him for the city of London, but that came to nothing. * Serjeant Bradshaw/ writes Thurloe jubilantly to Henry Crom- well in Ireland (26 Aug. 1656), 'hath missed it in Cheshire, and is chosen nowhere else.' Bradshaw was now an open opponent of the government. According to an anony- mous letter sent to Monk he entered early in 1655 into conspiracy with Haslerig, Pride, and others, to seize Monk as a first step towards the army's overthrow (THUELOE, Papers, iii. 185). He was also suspected, on no very valid ground, of encouraging the fifth-monarchy men in the following year. In August 1656 an attempt was made by Cromwell to deprive him of his office of chief justice of Chester (THUKLOE). In private and public Bradshaw vigorously denounced Cromwell's usurpation of power, and he is credited with having asserted that if such conduct ended in the Protector's assumption of full regal power, he and Cromwell ' had committed the most horrid treason [in their treatment of Charles I] that ever was heard of (^Bradshaw's Ghost, being a Dialogue be- tween the said Ghost and an apparition of the late King, 1659). Under date 3 Dec. 1657 Whitelocke writes of the relations between Cromwell and Bradshaw that ' the distaste between them' was perceived to increase. During the last years of the protectorate Bradshaw took no part in politics. The death of the great Protector (3 Sept. 1658), and the abdication of Richard Crom- N2 Bradshaw 1 80 Bradshaw well (25 May 1659), restored to Bradshaw some of his lost influence. The reassembled Long parliament nominated him on 13 May one of the ten members of the reestablished council of state who were not to be members of parliament. On 3 June 1659 he was appointed a commissioner of the great seal for five months with Serjeants Fountaine and Tyrrel. But Bradshaw's health was ra- pidly failing, and on 9 June he wrote to the parliament asking to be temporarily relieved during indisposition of the duties of commis- sioner of the seal. On 22 July he took the necessary oath in the house to be faithful to the Commonwealth, but was still unable to attend to the work of the office. Matters went badly in his absence. The Long parliament again fell a victim to the army, and on hearing of the speaker's (Lenthall) arrest, 13 Oct., by Lieutenant-colonel Duckenfield on his way to Westminster, Bradshaw rose from his sick bed, and presented himself at the sitting of the council of state. Colonel Sydenham endea- voured to justify the army's action, but Brad- shaw, { weak and extenuated as he was,' says Ludlow, ( yet animated by ardent zeal and constant affection to the common cause, stood up and interrupted him, declared his abhor- rence of this detestable action ; and telling the council, that being now going to his God, he had not patience to sit there to hear His great name so openly blasphemed.' According to George Bate, his royalist biographer, he raved like a madman, and flung out of the room in a fury ( The Lives . . . of the prime actors . . . of that horrid murder of . . . King Charles, 1661). On arriving home at the deanery of Westminster, which he had con- tinued to occupy since his appointment as lord president, he became dangerously ill, and ' died of a quartan ague, which had held him for a year,' on 31 Oct. 1659 (Mercurius Poli- ticus, 31 Oct.) 'He declared a little be- fore he left the world that if the king were to be tried and condemned again, he would be the first man that would do it ' (PECK, Desiderata Ouriosa, xiv. 32). He was buried with great ceremony in Westminster Abbey (22 Nov.), and his funeral sermon — an ela- borate eulogy — was preached by John Howe, preacher at the abbey since 1654 (Merc. Pol. 22 Nov.) Whitelocke describes him as 'a strict man, and learned in his pro- fession ; no friend of monarchy.' Clarendon writes of him with great asperity, while Milton's stately panegyric, written in Brad- shaw's lifetime (1654), applauded his honest devotion to the cause of liberty. He was not a great man, but there is no reason to doubt his sincere faith in the republican principles which he consistently upheld. He was ap- parently well read in history and law. Ac- cording to the pamphleteers, he had built a study for himself on the roof of Westminster Abbey, which was well stocked with books. Charles II, in a letter to the mayor of Bris- tol (8 March 1661-2), states that Bradshaw's gipers, which were then in the hands of one eorge Bishop, included ' divers papers and writings ' taken by Bradshaw ' out of the office of the King's Library at Whitehall, which could not yet be recovered' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 328). Bradshaw is stated to have supplied ' evidences ' to March- mont Needham, when translating Selden's ' Mare Clausum ' (NICOLSON, Hist. Libr. iii. 124). He fully shared the piety of the leaders of the parliament, and, in spite of his high-handed conduct as lord president of the commission, does not seem to have been of an unkindly nature. Mr. Edward Peacock found a document a few years ago which proved that Bradshaw, after obtaining the §^ant of the estates of a royalist named Richard reene at Stapeley, heard of the destitute condition of Greene's three daughters ; where- upon he ordered (20 Sept. 1650) his steward to collect the rent and pay it to them (Athe- nceum, 23 Nov. 1878). Similarly, on receiving the tithes of Feltham, Middlesex, he issued an address (4 Oct. 1651) to the inhabitants of the parish, stating that his anxiety l touching spyritualls ' had led him to provide and endow a minister for them without putting them to any charge (Athenceum for 1878, p. 689). On 15 May 1660 it was resolved that Bradshaw, although dead, should be attainted by act of parliament, together with Crom- well, Ireton, and Pride, all of whom died before the Restoration. As early as 3 May 1654 Bradshaw had been specially excepted from any future pardon in a proclamation issued by Charles II. On 12 July 1660 the sergeant-at-arms was ordered to deliver to the house Bradshaw's goods (Commons Jour- nal, viii. 88). On 4 Dec. 1660 parliament directed that the bodies of Bradshaw, Crom- well, and Ireton ' should be taken up from Westminster ' and hanged in their coffins at Tyburn. This indignity was duly perpetrated 30 Jan. 1660-1. The regicides' heads were subsequently exposed in Westminster Hall and their bodies reburied beneath the gallows (PEPTS'S Diary, 4 Feb. 1660-1). Bradshaw married Mary (b. 1596), daughter of Thomas Marbury of Marbury, Cheshire, but had no children. She died between 1655 and 1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. On 9 Sept. 1661 directions were given for the removal of her body to the churchyard outside the abbey ( Westminster Abbey Register, Harl. Soc. p. 522). By his will, made in 1655 and Bradshaw 181 Bradshaw proved in London 16 Dec. 1659 (printed by Earwaker), Bradshaw bequeathed most of his property, which consisted of estates in Berk- shire, Southampton, Wiltshire, Somerset, and Middlesex, to his wife, if she survived him, for her life, with reversion to Henry (d. 1698), his brother Henry's son. He also made chari- table bequests for establishing a free school at Marple, his birthplace ; for increasing the schoolmasters' stipends at Bunbury and Mid- dleton, where he had been educated ; and for maintaining good ministers at Feltham and Hatch (Wiltshire), where he had been granted property by parliament. By one codicil he left his houses and lodgings at Westminster to the governors of the school and alrnshouses there, and added a legacy of 10/. to John Milton, the poet. After the .Restoration, how- ever, all Bradshaw's property was confiscated to the crown under the act of attainder. Two engraved portraits of Bradshaw are mentioned by Granger (ii. 397, iii. 71) — one in his iron hat by Vandergucht, for Claren- don's ' History,' and another in 4to, ' partly scraped and partly stippled.' HENRY BRADSHAAV, the president's elder brother, signed a petition for the establish- ment of the presbyterian religion in Cheshire on 6 July 1646 ; acted as magistrate under the Commonwealth; held a commission of sergeant-major under Fairfax, and subse- quently one of lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Ashton's regiment of foot; commanded the militia of the Macclesfield hundred at the battle of Worcester (1651), where he was wounded; sat on the court-martial which tried the Earl of Derby and other loyalists at Chester in 1652 ; was charged with this offence at the Restoration ; was imprisoned by order of parliament from 17 July to 14 Aug. 1660 ; was pardoned on 23 Feb. 1660-1 ; and, dying at Marple, was buried at Stockport on 15 March 1660-1 (EARWAKER'S East Cheshire, ii. 62-9; ORMEROD, Cheshire, pp. 408-11). [Noble's Lives of the Eegicides, i. 47-66; Foss's Judges, vi. 418 et seq. ; Earwaker's East Cheshire, ii. 69-77 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 408-9 ; Brayley and Britton's Beauties of Eng- land, ii. 264-8 ; Clarendon's Rebellion ; White- locke's Memorials ; Ludlow's Memoirs; Thurloe's State Papers; Cal. State Papers (Dom.), 1649- 1658; Carlyle's Cromwell; Commons' Journal, vi. vii. viii. ; State Trials, iii. iv. v. Many attacks on Bradshaw were published after his death. The chief of them, besides those mentioned above, are The Arraignment of the Divel for stealing away President Bradshaw, 7 Nov. 1659 (fol. sh.) ; The President of Presidents, or an Elogie on the death of John Bradshaw, 1659 ; Bradshaw's Ultimum Vale, being the last words that were ever intended to be spoke of him, as they were delivered in a sermon Preach'd at his Interment by J. 0. D. D., Time-Server General of England, Oxf. 1660; The Lamentations of a Sinner; or, Bradshaw's Horrid Farewell, together with his last will and testament, Lond. 1659. Marchmont Needham published, 6 Feb. 1660-1, a speech 'in- tended to have been spoken ' at his execution at Tyburn, but ' for very weightie reasons omitted.' The Impudent Babbler Baffled ; or, the Falsity of that assertion uttered by Bradshaw in Crom- well's new-erected Slaughter-House, a bitter at- tack on Bradshaw's judicial conduct, appeared in 1705.] S. L. L. BRADSHAW, JOHN (Jl. 1679), poli- tical writer, son of Alban Bradshaw, an at- torney, of Maidstone, Kent, was born in that town in 1659. He was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1674, and was expelled from that society in 1677 for robbing and attempting to murder one of the senior fellows. He was tried and con- demned to death, but after a year's imprison- ment was released. Wood says that Bradshaw, ' who was a perfect atheist and a debauchee ad omnia, retir'd afterwards to his own country, taught a petty school, turn'd quaker, was a preacher among them, and wrote and published "The Jesuits Countermin'd ; or, an Account of a new Plot, &c.," London, 1679, 4to.' When James II came to the throne, Bradshaw ' turned papist.' [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 619.] T. C. BRADSHAW, RICHARD (Jl. 1650), diplomatist, and a merchant of Chester, ap- pears in December 1642 as one of the col- lectors of the contribution raised for the defence of that city (Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. p. 365). During the civil war he served as quartermaster-general of the horse under the command of Sir William Brereton [q. v.] (Petition in Commons Journals, 23 Jan. 1651). In the year 1649 he was mayor of Chester, and in January 1650 was appointed by par- liament resident at Hamburg. In Novem- ber 1652 he was for a short time employed as envoy to the king of Denmark, and in April 1657 was sent on a similar mission to Russia. He returned to England in 1659, and was in January 1660 one of the commis- sioners of the navy (Mercurius Politicus, 28 Jan. 1660). He is said by Heath to have been the kinsman of President Bradshaw; and from the tone of his letters, and his attendance at Bradshaw's funeral, this ap- pears to have been the case. Mr. Horwood states that he was the nephew of John Bradshaw ; but the pedigree of the latter's family given in Earwaker's ' History of Cheshire ' does not confirm this statement. [Bradshaw has left a large correspondence. The Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian contain several let- Bradshaw 182 Bradshaw ters of 1649-51 . In the Sixth Eeport of the Koyal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 426-44, is a report by Mr. Horwood on a collection of letters to and from Bradshaw in the possession of Miss Ffarington. His official correspondence is contained in the Thurloe State Papers. Some other letters may be found in the Calendar of Domestic State Papers. Mercurius Politicus, Nos. 135 to 144, contains a full account of Bradshaw's Mission to Copenhagen (18 Dec. 1652 to 10 Feb. 1653). Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, pp. 485-90, contains depositions relative to the plot for his murder formed during his stay there. Peck terms him the nephew of President Bradshaw.] C. H. F. BRADSHAW, THOMAS (fi. 1591), poet, was the author of 'The Shepherd's Starre, now of late scene and at this hower to be obserued, merueilous orient in the East : which bringeth glad tydings to all that may behold her brightnes, having the foure ele- ments with the foure capital! vertues in her, which makes her elementall and a van- quishor of all earthly humors. Described by a Gentleman late of the Right worthie and honorable the Lord Burgh, his companie £ retinue in the Briell in North-holland/ London, 1591. The dedication is addressed to the well-known Earl of Essex and to ' Thomas Lord Burgh, baron of Gaynsburgh, Lord Gouernour of the towne of Bryell and the fortes of Newmanton and Cleyborow in North Holland for her Maiestie.' Alexander Bradshaw prefixes a letter to his brother the author (dated ' from the court of Greenewich upon Saint George's day, 1591, Aprill 23') in which he says that he has taken the liberty of publishing this book in its author's ab- sence abroad. The preliminary poems by I. M. and Thomas Groos deal with Brad- shaw's departure from England. The volume consists of ' A Paraphrase upon the third of the Canticles of Theocritus/ in both verse and prose. The author's style in the preface is highly affected and euphuistic, but the Theocritean paraphrase reads pleasantly. The book is of great rarity. A copy is in the British Museum. A Thomas Bradshaw pro- ceeded B.A. at Oxford in 1547, and suppli- cated for the degree of M.A. early in 1549 (Or/. Univ. JReg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 212). [Corser's Collectanea (Chetham Soc.), i. 328 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (1571-1618), puritan divine, son of Nicholas Bradshaw, of a Lancashire family, was born at Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, in 1571. His early schooling at Worcester was paid for by an uncle, on whose death his education was gratuitously continued by George Ainsworth, master of the grammar school at Ashby-de- la-Zouch. In 1589 Bradshaw went to Em- manuel College, Cambridge, where he gra- duated B.A. and MA., but was unsuccessful in competing for a fellowship (1595) with Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich. Through the influence of Laurence Chaderton [q. v.], the first master of Emmanuel, he ob- tained a tutorship in the family of Sir Thomas Leighton, governor of Guernsey. Here he came under the direct influence of the puritan leader, Thomas Cartwright [q. v.], who had framed (1576) the ecclesiastical discipline of the Channel Islands on the continental model, and was now preaching at Castle-cornet. Between Cartwright and Bradshaw a strong and lasting affection- was formed. Here also he met James Montague (afterwards bishop of Winchester). In 1599, when Montague was made first master of Sidney Sussex Col- lege, Cambridge, Bradshaw was appointed one of the first fellows. He had a near es- cape from drowning (being no swimmer) at Harston Mills, near Cambridge, while jour- neying on horseback to the university. He took orders, some things at which he scrupled being dispensed with, and preached occasion- ally at Abington, Bassingbourne, and Steeple- Morden, villages near Cambridge. He left Cambridge, having got into trouble by dis- tributing the writings of John Darrel [q. v.], tried for practising exorcism. In July 1601, through Chaderton's influence, he was invited to settle as a lecturer at Chatham, in the diocese of Rochester. He was very popular, and the parishioners applied (25 April 1602), through Sir Francis Hastings, for the arch- bishop's confirmation of his appointment to the living. A report that he held unsound doctrine had, however, reached London ; and Bradshaw was cited on 26 May to appear next morning before Archbishop Whitgift, and Bancroft, bishop of London, at Shorne, near Chatham. He was accused of teaching ' that man is not bound to love God, unless he be sure that God loves him.' Bradshaw repudiated this heresy, and offered to produce testimony that he had taught no such thing. However, he was simply called upon to sub- scribe ; he declined, was suspended, and bound to appear again when summoned. The vicar, John Philips, stood his friend, and the pa- rishioners applied to John Young, bishop of Rochester, for his restoration, but without effect. Under this disappointment, Bradshaw found a retreat in the family of Alexander Redich, of Newhall, close to Stapenhill, Der- byshire. Redich procured him a license from William Overton, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, to preach in any part of his diocese. Accordingly he preached at a private chapel in Redich's park, and subsequently (from Bradshaw 183 Bradshaw 1604) in Stapenhill Church. Although he drew no emolument from his public work, the hospitality of his patron was liberally extended to him. Soon after his marriage he settled at Stanton Ward, in Stapenhill parish, and his wife made something by needlework and by teaching a few children. Bradshaw was one of a little knot of puritan divines who met periodically at Ashby-de- la-Zouch, Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Sta- penhill. Neither in form nor in aim was this association a presbyterian classis. Whether Bradshaw ever held Cartwright's views of ec- clesiastical jurisdiction is not clear ; it is plain that he did not adhere to them. Neal places both him and his neighbour Hildersham, of Ashby , among the beneficed clergy who inl 586 declared their approbation of Cartwright's 1 Book of Discipline ; ' but the chronology in both cases is manifestly wrong. Even Cart- wright and his immediate coadjutors declared in April 1592 that they never had exercised any ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or so much as proposed to do so, till authorised by law. The exercises of the association with which Bradshaw was connected were limited to a public sermon and a private conference. In these discussions Bradshaw's balanced judg- ment gave him a superiority over his brethren, who called him ' the weighing divine.' He was strongly averse to ceremonies, both as unlawful in themselves and imposed by the undue authority of prelates. Bradshaw was in London, probably on a publishing errand, in 1605 ; he had been chosen lecturer at Christ Church, Newgate ; but the bishop would not authorise him. He had already published against ceremonies, and though his tracts were anonymous, their paternity was well understood. He now put forth his most important piece, ' English Puritanisme,' 1605, 4to, which professed to embody the views of the most rigid section of the party. His views of doctrine would have satisfied Henry Ainsworth [q. v.] ; he was at one with Ainsworth as regards the independence of congregations, differing only as to the ma- chinery of their internal government ; he was no separatist, but he wanted to see the church purified. Moreover, he entertained a much stronger feeling than Ainsworth of the duty of submission to the civil authority. Let the king be a ' very infidel ' and persecutor of the truth, or openly defy every law of God, he held that he still retained, as ' archbishop and general overseer of all the churches within his dominions,' the right to rule all churches within his realm, and must not be resisted in the name of conscience ; those who cannot obey must passively take what punishment he allots. The key to Bradshaw's own scheme of church polity is the complete autonomy of individual congregations. He would have them disciplined inwardly on the presbyterian plan, the worshippers delegating their spi- ritual government to an oligarchy of pastors and elders, power of excommunication being reserved to ( the whole congregation itself.' But he would subject no congregation to any ecclesiastical jurisdiction save ' that which is within itself.' To prevent as far as possible the action of the state from being warped by ecclesiastical control, he would enact that no clergyman should hold any office of civil authority. Liberty of conscience is a prin- ciple which his view of the royal supremacy precludes him from directly stating ; but he very carefully guards against the possible abuse of church censures, and holds it a sin for any church officers to exercise authority over the body, goods, lives, liberty of any man. In spite of the safeguard provided by the auto- cratic control which he proposed to vest in the civil power, the system of which Bradshaw was the spokesman was not unnaturally viewed as abandoning every recognised security for the maintenance of protestant uniformity. That on his principle congregations might set up the mass was doubtless what was most feared ; ' puritan-papist ' is the significant title jiven in 1605 to a writer on Bradshaw's side, who would ' persuade the permission of the promiscuous use and profession of all sorts of heresies.' But before very long the ap- pearance of anabaptist enthusiasts such as Wightman confirmed the impression that the scheme of Bradshaw and his friends would never do. Bradshaw's exposition of puritanism bore no name, but its authorship was never any secret. It was not enough to answer him by the pen of the Bishop of London's Welsh chaplain ; his London lodgings were searched by two pursuivants, deputed to seize him and his pamphlets. His wife had sent him out of the way, and, not half an hour before the domiciliary visit, had succeeded in cleverly hiding the books behind the fireplace. They carried this spirited lady before the high commission, but could extract nothing from her under examination, so they bound her to appear again when summoned, and let her go. Ames's Latin version of the ' English Puri- tanisme ' carried Bradshaw's views far and wide (see AMES, WILLIAM, 1576-1633, and BBOWHB'Sj5i0£. of Congregationalism in Norf. and Suff. 1877, p. 66 seq.) His Derbyshire re- treat was Bradshaw's safe sanctuary ; thither he returned from many a journey in the cause he loved ; his friends there were influential ; and there was much in his personal address which, when his surface austerity yielded to the natural play of a bright and companionable Bradshaw 184 Bradshaw disposition, attached to him the affectionate ' regard of men who did not share his views. ! No encomium from his own party gives so | sympathetic a picture of his character as we find in the graphic touches of his compeer, Bishop Hall, who puts the living man before I us, ' very strong and eager in argument, hearty in friendship, regardless of the world, a de- spiser of compliment, a lover of reality.' In the year before his death Bradshaw got back to Derbyshire from one of his journeys, and the chancellor of Overall, the bishop of Co- ventry and Lichfield, •' welcomed him home with a suspension from preaching.' But ' the mediation of a couple of good angels ' (not 'two persons of some influence,' as Rose suggests, but coins of the realm) procured the withdrawal of the inhibition, and Bradshaw was left to pursue his work in peace. On a visit to Chelsea he was stricken with ma- lignant fever, which carried him off in 1618. A large company of ministers attended him to his burial in Chelsea Church on 16 May. The funeral sermon was preached by Thomas Gataker [q. v.], who subsequently became his biographer. Bradshaw married a widow at Chatham ; but the marriage did not take place till a short time prior to his election by the vestry as afternoon lecturer at Christ Church. He left three sons and a daughter ; the eldest son, John, was born in Threadneedle Street, and 'baptized in the church near thereto adjoyning, where the minister of the place, somewhat thick of hearing, by a mistake, instead of Jonathan, nam'd him John.' He became rector of Etchingham, Sussex. Brad- shaw published : 1. ' A Triall of Subscription by way of a Preface unto certaine Subscribers, and reasons for lesse rigour against Nonsub- scribers,' 1599, 8vo (anon.) 2. ' Humble Motives for Association to maintain religion established,' 1601, 8vo (anon.) 3. * A con- sideration of Certaine Positions Archiepisco- pall,' 1604, 12mo (anon. ; the positions at- tacked are four, viz. that religion needs ceremonies, that they are lawful when their doctrine is lawful, that the doctrine of the Anglican ceremonies is part of the gospel, that nonconformists are schismatics). 4. 'A shorte Treatise of the Crosse in Baptisme . . . the use of the crosse in baptisme is not indifferent, but utterly unlawful,' 1604, 8vo (anon.) 5. ' A Treatise of Divine Worship, tending to prove that the Ceremonies imposed . . . are in their use unlawful,' 1604, 8vo (anon.); reprinted 1703, 8vo, with preface and postscript, signed D. M. (Daniel Mayo), t in defence of a book entitled " Thomas against Bennet" ' [see BENTSTET, THOMAS, D.D.] 6. ' A Proposition concerning kneeling in the very act of receiving, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon.) 7. 'A Treatise of the nature and use of things indifferent, tending to prove that the Ceremo- nies in present controversie . . . are neither in nature or use indifferent,' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; a note prefixed implies that it was circu- lated anonymously in manuscript and pub- lished by an admirer of the unknown author). 8. l Twelve generall arguments, proving that the Ceremonies imposed ... are unlawful!, and therefore that the Ministers of the Gos- pell, for the . . . omission of them in church service are most unjustly charg'd of dis- loyaltie to his Majestie,' 1605, 12mo (anon.) 9. l English Puritanisme : containeing the maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those that are called Puritanes . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; reprinted as if by Ames, 1641, 4to : the article AMES, WILLIAM, speaks of this as the earliest edition of the original ; it was translated into Latin for foreign use, with preface by William Ames, D.D., and title ' Puritanismus Anglicanus,' 1610, 8vo. Neal gives an abstract of this work and No. 10, carefully done ; but the main fault to be found with Neal is his introduction of the phrase * liberty of conscience, which implies rather more than Bradshaw expressly contends for). 10. ' A Protestation of the King's Supremacie : made in the name of the afflicted Ministers, . . .' 1605, 8vo (anon. ; it was in explanation of the statement of the church's attitude towards civil governors, contained in the fore- going, and concludes with an earnest plea for permission openly and peacefully to exer- cise worship and ecclesiastical discipline, sub- ject only to the laws of the civil authority). 11. 'A myld and just Defence of certeyne Arguments ... in behalf of the silenced Ministers, against Mr. G. Powell's Answer to them,' 1606, 4to (anon. ; Gabriel Powell was chaplain to Vaughan, bishop of London, and had published against toleration (1605). In reply to 9, Powell wrote 'A Consideration of the deprived and silenced Ministers' Argu- ments, . . .' 1606, 4to ; and in reply to Bradshaw's defence he wrote 'A Rejoinder to the mild Defence, justifying the Con- sideration,' &c., 1606, 4to). 12. < The Un- reasonablenesse of the Separation made appa- rant, by an Examination of Mr. Johnson's pretended Reasons,published in 1608, whereby heelaboureth to justifie his Schisme from the Church Assemblies of England,' Dort, 1614, 4to. (Francis Johnson's < Certayne Reasons and Arguments ' was written while Johnson was at one with Ainsworth in advocating a separatist congregational polity. John Canne, who subsequently became pastor of Johnson's Amsterdam church, and who lived to dis- tinguish himself as a fifth-monarchy man, published ' A Necessitie of Separation from Bradshaw 185 Bradshaw the Church of England, proved from the Nonconformists' Principles/ 1634, 4to, in reply to Bradshaw and Alexander Leighton, M.D., a non-separatist presbyterian. Gataker then brought out a supplemented edition of Bradshaw's book, 'The Unreasonable- ness of the Separation made apparent, in Answere to Mr. Francis Johnson ; together with a Defence of the said Answere against the Keply of Mr. John Canne,' 1640, 4to.) 13. 1 A Treatise of Justification,' 1615, 8vo ; trans- lated into Latin, 'Dissertatio de Justifica- tionis Doctrina/ Leyden, 1618, 12mo ; Oxford, 1658, 8vo. (Gataker says that John Prideaux, D.D., a strong opponent of Arminianism, after- wards bishop of Worcester, expressed pleasure at meeting Bradshaw's son, l for the old ac- quaintance I had, not with your father, but with his book of justification.') 14. The 2nd edition of Cartwright's ' A Treatise of the Christian Religion, . . .' 1616, 4to, has an address ' to the Christian reader,' signed W.B. (Bradshaw). Probably posthumous was 15, *A Preparation to the receiving of Christ's Body and Bloud, . . .' 8th edit., 1627, 12mo. Certainly posthumous were 16, 'A Plaine and Pithie Exposition of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians,' 1620, 4to (edited by Gataker). 17. 'A Marriage Feast/ 1620, 4to (edited by Gataker). 18. t An Exposition of the XC. Psalm, and a Sermon/ 1621, 4to. (The first of these seems to have been sepa- rately published as * A Meditation on Man s Mortality ; ' the other is the same as 14.) In ad- dition to the above, Brook gives the following, without dates : 19. ' A Treatise of Christian Reproof.' 20. < A Treatise of the Sin against the Holy Ghost/ 21. < A Twofold Catechism.' 22. < An Answer to Mr. G. Powell ' (probably the same as 11, but possibly a reply to one of Powell's earlier tracts). 23. ' A Defence of the Baptism of Infants.' A collection of Bradshaw's tracts was published with the title, ' Several Treatises of Worship & Cere- monies/ printed for Cambridge and Oxford, 1660, 4to ; it contains Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (which is dated 1604) and 10. From a fly- leaf at the end, it seems to have been printed in Aug. 1660 by J. Rothwell, at the Foun- tain, in Goldsmith's Row, Cheapside. All the tracts, except 3 and 4, have separate title- pages, though the paging runs on, and are sometimes quoted as distinct issues. [Life, by Gataker, in Clark's Martyrology, 1677 ; Neal'sHist. of the Puritans, Dublin, 1759, i. 381, 418; ii. 62 seq., 106; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 212, 264 seq., 376 seq.; Brook's Memoirs of Cart-wright, 1845, pp. 434, 462 ; Fisher's Companion and Key to the Hist, of England, 1832, pp. 728, 747; Rose, Biog. Diet. 1857, v. 1; Cooper's Athense Cantab. 1861, 1 ii. 236, 405 seq. ; Barclay's Inner Life of the Eel. : Societies of the Commonwealth, 1876, pp. 67, 99, 101 ; Wallace's Antitrin. Biog. 1850, ii. 534 seq., , iii. 565 seq. ; extracts from Stapenhill Registers, per Rev. E. Warbreck. The list of Bradshaw's ; tracts has been compiled by help of the libraries ; of the Brit. Museum and Dr. Williams, the Cata- logue of the Advocates' Library, Edin., and a private collection. Further search would pro- bably bring others to light. They are not easy to find, owing to their anonymity.] A. G-. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM (/. 1700), hack writer, was originally educated for the church. The eccentric bookseller John Dun- I ton, from whom our only knowledge of him is derived, has left a flattering account of his abilities. ' His genius was quite above the common order, and his style was incompa- rably fine. . . . He wrote for me the parable of the magpies, and many thousands of them sold.' Bradshaw lived in poverty and debt, and under the additional burden of a melan- i choly temperament. Dunton's last experi- ence of him was in connection with a j literary project for which he furnished cer- i tain material equipments ; possessed of these, I Bradshaw disappeared. The passage in which ' Dunton records this transaction has all his j characteristic nai'vetS, though it may be j doubted whether, if Bradshaw lived to read | it, he derived much satisfaction from the j plenary dispensation which was granted him — ' If Mr. Bradshaw be yet alive, I here de- : clare to the world and to him that I freely forgive him what he owes both in money and books if he will only be so kind as to make ! me a visit.' Dunton believed Bradshaw to be the author of the ' Turkish Spy/ but this conjecture is negatived by counter claims supported on better authority (Gent. Mag. Ivi. pt. i. p. 33 : NICHOLS, Literary Anecdotes, . i. 413 ; D'ISEAELI, Curiosities of Literature, 5th ed. ii. 134). [Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705, ed. ! 1818.] J. M. S. BRADSHAW, WILLIAM, D.D. (1671- 1 1732), bishop of Bristol, was born at Aberga- 1 venny in Monmouthshire on 10 April 1671 (CooPER, Biographical Dictionary}. He was educated at New College, Oxford, taking his degree of B. A. 14 April 1697, and proceeding M. A. 14 Jan. 1700. He was ordained deacon 4 June 1699, and priest 26 May 1700, and was senior preacher of the university in 1711- On 5 Nov. 1714, when he was chap- lain to Dr. Charles Trimnell, bishop of Nor- wich, he published a sermon preached in St. Paul's Cathedral. After having been for some time incumbent of Fawley, near Wantage, in Berkshire, he was appointed on 21 March 1717 to a prebend of Canterbury, which he Bradshawe 186 Brad street resigned on his appointment as canon of Christ Church, Oxford, on 24 May 1723. He received the degree of D.D. on 27 Aug. of the same year ; and on 29 Aug. 1724 was nominated to both the deanery of Christ Church and the bishopric of Bristol, receiving the two Preferments in commendam. He published in 730 a ' Sermon preached before the House of Lords on 30 Jan. 1729-30.' Bradshaw died at Bath on 16 Dec. 1732. He was buried in Bristol Cathedral, where a plain flat stone, about two feet beyond the bishop's stall to- wards the chancel, was inscribed : ' William Bradshaw, D.D., Bishop of Bristol and Dean of Christ Church, in Oxford ; died 16 Dec. 1732, aged 62 ' (Rawlinson MSS. 4to, i. 267). It is also erroneously said that Bradshaw was buried at Bath (LE NEVE, Fasti) ; ' ibique jacet sepultus' (GODWIN, De Prcesulibus). Bradshaw left 300/. to Christ Church. [Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1851 ; Cooper's Biog. Diet. 1873; History of the University of Oxford, 1814; Godwin, De Prsesulibus, ed. Ri- chardson, 1743; Le Neve's Fasti, 1854; Daily Journal, 19 Dec. 1732 ; Britton's Abbey and Ca- thedral Church of Bristol, 1830 ; Pryce's Popular History of Bristol, 1861.] A. H. G. BRADSHAWE, NICHOLAS (Jl. 1635), fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, was the author of ' Canticvm Evangelicvm Summam Sacri Evangelii contin ens,' London, 1635, 8vo, dedicated to Sir Arthur Mainwaring, knight. This book is unnoticed by all bibliographers. [Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vi, 143.] T. C. BRADSTKEET, ANNE (1612-1672), poetess, was born in 1612, probably at North- ampton, and was the second of the six children of Thomas Dudley, by Dorothy, his first wife ( Works in Prose and Verse, Introd. p. xiv). Her father was once page to Lord Compton, then, steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and finally governor of Massachusetts. In 1628 Anne had the small-pox. Later in the same year she married Simon Bradstreet, son of Simon Bradstreet, a nonconformist minister in Lincolnshire : the younger Simon had been eight years in the Earl of Lincoln's family under Anne's father (Magnolia Christi Ame- ricana, bk. ii. p. 19), and in 1628 was steward to the Countess of Warwick (Worlds, &c., Introd. p. xxii). On 29 March 1630 the Brad- streets, the Dudleys, and Arbella (the Earl of Lincoln's sister, wife of Isaac Johnson), with many others, set sail for New England, and on 12 June landed at Salem, whence they re- moved at once to Charlestown (ib. p. xxxi). In 1632 Anne had a ' fit of sickness,' and in 1634 the party settled at Ipswich, Massa- chusetts (Works, Introd. p. xxxv). Simon Bradstreet formed a plantation at Merrimac in 1638, the year in which Anne wrote her ' Elogie on Sir Philip Sidney.' At Ipswich, on Monday, 28 Sept. 1640, she at last be- came a mother, and she could eventually write, 23 June 1659 (Poems, p. 245) : I had eight birds hatcht in one nest, Four cocks there were and hens the rest. In 1641 Anne Bradstreet wrote a poem in honour of Du Bartas, and she shortly made a collection of her poems. The chief of them was entitled ' The Four Elements ; ' she dedi- cated the volume in verse to her father, under date 20 March 1642. These poems were dis- tributed in manuscript, and gained her great celebrity. Cotton Mather spoke of her as ' a crown to her father ' (Magnalia, bk. ii. p. 17), whilst Griswold calls her ' the most celebrated poet of her time in America' (Poets and Poetry of America, p. 92). The book was at last pub- lished, in London, 1650, under the title ' The Tenth Muse,' . . . ' By a Gentlewoman in Those Parts (i.e. New England).' In 1643, on 27 Dec., Dorothy Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's mother, died (Poems, p. 220) ; in 1644 her father married again (having three more children by this marriage). In 1653 Anne's father died. In 1661 she had a further long and serious illness, and her husband, then secretary to the colony, had to proceed to England on state business. Anne wrote 1 Poetical Epistles' to him. By 3 Sept. 1662 he had returned. Anne Bradstreet wrote poems in 1665 and 1669 commemo- rating the deaths of three grandchildren ; and on 31 Aug. 1669 Anne wrote her last poem, beginning As weary pilgrim, now at rest. After this Anne Bradstreet's health failed entirely, and she died of consumption, at An- dover, Massachusetts, 16 Sept. 1672, aged 60. It is not known where Anne Bradstreet was buried. Her poems, says Cotton Mather, are a ' monument for her memory beyond the stateliest marbles ; ' and these ' Poems ' were issued in a second edition, printed by John Foster, at Boston (America), in 1678. Anne Bradstreet also left a small manuscript book of ' Meditations,' designed for the use of her children. Extracts from this book appeared, with the title of ' The Puritan Mother,' in the American ' Congregational Visitor,' 1844 ; in Dr. Budington's * History of the First Church in Charlestown,' and in many American newspapers to which they were contributed by Mr. Dean Dudley ( Works, Introd. p. x). In 1867 Mr. John Harvard Ellis edited Anne Bradstreet's ' Works,' and there these ' Medi- tations,' together with all that Anne Brad- street ever wrote, are given in their entirety. Brad street 187 Bradstreet Simon Bradstreet (a portrait of whom is in the senate chamber of the State House, Massachusetts) married again after Anne's death, and became governor of Massachusetts in 1679, not dying till 1697, aged 94. Amongst Anne's descendants are Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dana, and Dr. Channing, besides many other of the best-known Americans. [Works of Anne Bradstreet, in Prose and Verse (ed. Ellis), U.S. A. 1867; Anne Bradstreet's Poems, 2nd ed. Boston, 1678 ; Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana, bk. ii. pp. 17, 19.] J. H. BRADSTREET, DUDLEY (1711-1763), adventurer, was born in 1711 in Tipperary, where his father had obtained considerable property under the Cromwellian grants, which, however, was much reduced by debts. Dudley, his youngest son, was left in his early years in charge of a foster father in Tipperary. While a youth he became a trooper, but soon quitted the army and traded unsuccessfully as a linen merchant, and sub- sequently as a brewer. For several years, in Ireland and England, Bradstreet led an er- ratic life, occupied mainly in pecuniary pro- jects. During the rising of 1745, Bradstreet was employed by government officials to act as a spy among suspected persons. He was also engaged and equipped by the Dukes of Newcastle and Cumberland to furnish them with information on the movements of Prince Charles Edward and his army. Bradstreet as- sumed the character of a devoted adherent to the Stuart cause, and, under the name of ' Cap- tain Oliver Williams,' obtained access to the prince and his council at Derby. There he acted successfully as a spy for the Duke of Cumberland, and, without being suspected by the Jacobites, continued on good terms with them, and took his leave as a friend when they commenced their return march to Scotland. Bradstrefct's notices of Prince Charles and his associates are graphic. He describes circumstantially the executions, in August 1746, of the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino, at which he states he was present. Although Bradstreet's services as a secret agent were admitted by the govern- ment officials, he was unable to obtain from them either money or a commission in the army, which he considered had been promised to him. He, however, succeeded in bringing his case under the notice of the king, from whom he consequently received the sum of one hundred and twenty pounds. Bradstreet subsequently subsisted for a time on the re- sults of schemes, his success in which he ascribed to the l superstition ' of the English people, and ' their credulity and faith in wondrous things.' The last of his devices at London appears to have been that styled the ' bottle conjurer,' which, with the assist- ance of several confederates, he carried out with great gains in January 1747-8. On his adventures in connection with the affair Brad- street wrote a play, in five acts, styled l The Magician, or the Bottle Conjurer,' which he states was revised for him by some of the best judges and actors in England, including Mrs. Woffington, who gave him ' the best advice she could about it.' This play was four times performed with great success at London, but on the fifth night, when Brad- street was to have taken the part of ' Spy,' the principal character, it was suppressed by the magistrates of Westminster. ' The Bottle Conjurer' was printed by Bradstreet with his ' Life.' After other adventures, Bradstreet returned to Ireland, where he owned a small property in land. He attempted unsuccess- fully to carry on trade as a brewer in West- meath, and became involved in contests with officials of the excise. To raise funds, he printed an account of his life and adventures. The work is written with vivacity and de- scriptive power. Bradstreet died at Multi- farnham, Westmeath, in 1763. His brother, Simon Bradstreet, was called to the bar in Ireland in 1758, created a baronet in 1759, and died in 1762. Sir Samuel Bradstreet [q. v.], third baronet, was a younger brother of Sir Simon, the first baronet's son and heir. [The Life and Uncommon Adventures of Cap- tain Dudley Bradstreet, 1755; Dublin Journal, 1763; Memoirs of H. Grattan, 1839.] J. T. G. BRADSTREET, ROBEET (1766- 1836), poet, son of Robert Bradstreet, was born at Highana, Suffolk, in 1766, and edu- cated under the care of the Rev. T. Foster, rector of Halesworth in that county. On 4 June 1782 he was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge, and he became a fellow-commoner of that society on 23 Jan. 1786. The dates of his degrees are B.A. 1786, M.A. 1789. Bradstreet was the pos- sessor of an estate at Bentley in Suffolk, with a mansion called Bentley Grove, which, it is believed, he inherited from his father. He resided for several years abroad, and witnessed many of the scenes of the French revolution, of which he was at one time an advocate. He married in France, but took advantage of the facility with which the marriage tie could there be dissolved, and on his return to England he married, in 1800, Miss Adham of Mason's Bridge, near Had- leigh, Suffolk, by whom he had a numerous family. For some time he lived at Higham Bradstreet 188 Bradwardine Hall, Raydon, but removing thence, lie re- sided at various places, and at length died at Southampton on 13 May 1836. He was the author of ' The Sabine Farm, a poem : into which is interwoven a series of translations, chiefly descriptive of the Villa and Life of Horace, occasioned by an excursion from Rome to Licenza,' London, 1810, 8vo. There are seven engraved plates in the work, and an appendix contains * Mis- cellaneous Odes from Horace.' [London Packet, 20-23 May 1836, p. 1, col. 1 ; Addit. MS. 19167, f. 237; Gent. Mag. ciii. (ii) 420, N.S., vi. 108.] T. C. BRADSTREET, SIR SAMUEL (1735?- 1791), Irish judge, the representative of a family who had settled in Ireland in the time of Cromwell, was born about 1735, being the younger son of Sir Simon Brad- street, a barrister, who was created a baronet of Ireland on 14 July 1759. Samuel Brad- street was called to the Irish bar in Hilary term, 1758. * He was appointed in 1766 to the recordership of Dublin. In June 1776 Brad- street — who, at the death of Sir Simon, his elder brother, in 1774, had succeeded to the title as third baronet — was elected represen- tative of the city of Dublin in the Irish House of Commons. He was re-elected in October 1783, and was distinguished as a member of the l patriotic party,' from which, however, according to Sir Jonah Barrington, he was one of the ' partial desertions.' ' Mr. Yelverton, the great champion of liberty, had been made chief baron, and silenced ; Mr. Bradstreet [i.e. Sir Samuel Bradstreet] became a judge [in January 1784], and mute ; Mr. Denis Daly had accepted the office of paymaster, and had renegaded' (Historic Anecdotes, ii. 166). Bradstreet presided in 1788 at Maryborough, Queen's County, where he summed up for the conviction of Captain (afterwards General) Gillespie, for the murder of William Barring- ton, younger brother of Sir Jonah Barrington, whom he held to have been unfairly slain by Captain Gillespie in a duel. In 1788 Brad- street was appointed a commissioner of the great seal, in association with the Archbishop of Dublin and Sir Hugh Carleton, chief jus- tice of the court of common pleas. Bradstreet died at his seat at Booterstown, near Dublin, on 2 May 1791, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by Simon, the eldest of his four sons by his wife Eliza, whom he married in 1771, and who died in 1802, only daugh- ter and heiress of James Tully, M.D., of Dublin. [Dublin Gazette, 23-25 Oct. 1783, and 13-15 Jan. 1784; London Gazette, 10-13 Jan. 1784; Wilson's Dublin Directory, 1766-1776; St. James's Chronicle, 7-10 May 1791 ; Burke's Peer- age and Baronetage, 1884; Smyth's Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland, 1839 ; B. H. Blacker's Parishes of Booterstown and Donny brook, 1860- 74 ; Members of Parliament : Parliament of Ire- land, 1559-1800, 1878; Barrington's Historic Memoirs of Ireland, 1833 ; Barrington's Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ; Barrington's Personal Sketches of his own Time, 1869-1 A- H. G. BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?- 1349), archbishop of Canterbury, is com- monly called DOCTOR PROFUNDTJS. His sur- name is variously spelt Bragwardin (Ger- son), Brandnardinus (Gesner), Bredwardyn (Birchington), and Bradwardyn (William de Dene). In public documents he is usually designated as Thomas de Bradwardina or de Bredewardina. His family may have ori- lally come from Bradwardine near Here- ford, but he himself says that he was born in Chichester, and implies that his father and grandfather were also natives of that city. Birchington indeed (WHARTON, Anglia Sa- cra, i. 42) says that he was born at Hertfield (Hartfield) in the diocese of Chichester, and William de Dene (Ana. Sac. i. 376) gives Condenna (probably Cowden) in the diocese of Rochester as his birthplace, but neither of these writers supports his statement by any evidence. At Chichester Thomas may have become acquainted with the celebrated Richard of Bury, afterwards bishop of Durham, who held a prebendal stall in Chichester Cathe- dral early in the fourteenth century, and from that enthusiast in study and diligent collec- tor of books he may have first imbibed a taste for learning. Nothing, however, is known re- specting his education before he went to Ox- ford, nor has the exact date of his going thither been ascertained. All we know for certain is that he was entered at the college, then recently founded by W alter de Merton, and in 1325 his name appears as one of the proctors of the university. In this capacity he had to take part in a dispute between the university and the archdeacon of Oxford. The archdeaconry was held in commendam by Galhardus de Mora, cardinal of St. Lucia ; the duties of the office were discharged by deputy, and the emoluments were farmed by men whose object was to make as much gain for themselves as they could. They claimed spiritual jurisdiction over the university for the archdeacon. The chancellor and proctors resisted the claim, maintaining that the dis- cipline of the university pertained to them. The cardinal archdeacon having complained to the pope, the chancellor, proctors, and certain masters of arts were summoned to Avignon to answer for their conduct, but they Bradwardine 189 Bradwardine declined to appear and lodged a counter suit against the archdeacon in the king's court. The king, Edward III, compelled the arch- deacon to submit to the arbitration of Eng- lish judges, and the controversy ended in favour of the university, which was exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction. During his residence in Oxford, Thomas Bradwardine obtained the highest reputation as a mathematician, astronomer, moral phi- losopher, and theologian. At the request of the fellow's of Merton he delivered to them a course of theological lectures, which he afterwards expanded into a treatise. This work earned him the title of Doctor Profun- dus : in his owTn day it was commonly called ' Summa Doctoris Profundi,' but in later times it has been entitled 'De Causa Dei contra Pelagium, et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses libri tres.' This treatise was edited by Sir Henry Savile in 1618 in a folio volume of nearly 1,000 pages. It con- tinued to be for ages a standard authority amongst theologians of the Augustinian and Calvinistic school. Dean Milner gives a sum- mary of its contents in his f Church History ' (iv. 79-106). According to Bradwardine the whole church had in his day become deeply infected with Pelagianism. 'I myself/ he says, l was once so foolish and vain when I first applied myself to the study of phi- losophy as to be seduced by this error. In the schools of the philosophers I rarely heard a word said concerning grace, but we were continually told that we were the masters of our own free actions, and that it was in our own power to do well or ill.' He en- deavours to prove, with much logical force and mathematical precision, that human ac- tions are totally devoid of all merit, that they do not deserve grace even of congruity, that is as being meet and equitable — the most specious form of Pelagianism, and one which wras most commonly entertained in that day. He maintains that human nature is absolutely incapable of conquering a single temptation without a supply of divine grace, and that this grace is the free and unmerited gift of God, whose knowledge and power are alike perfect. If God did not bestow His grace freely, He could not foresee how He would confer His gifts, and therefore His fore- knowledge would not be absolute ; so that the doctrine of God's foreknowledge and free grace are linked together. Underlying all the hard and dry reasoning, however, of this treatise, there is a deep vein of warm and genuine piety which occasionally breaks out into fervent meditation and prayer, full of love, humility, and thankfulness. The estimation in which Thomas Brad- wardine was held as a theologian in his own century is indicated by the way in which Chaucer refers to him. In the ' Nun's Priest's Tale ' the speaker, touching on the question of God's foreknowledge and man's free-will, is made to say : But I ne cannot boult it to the bren, As can the holy doctour S. Austin, Or Boece, or the Bishop Bradwirdyn. About 1335 Bradwardine was, with seven other Merton men, summoned to London by Richard of Bury, who had been made bishop of Durham in 1333 and chancellor in the following year, and who surrounded himself with a large retinue of esquires and chaplains, partly from a love of splendour, partly from a love of the society of men of learning who could assist him in the formation of his library. In 1337 the Bishop of Durham obtained for his chaplain Bradwardine the chancellorship of St. Paul's Cathedral with the prebend of Cadington Minor attached to it. He soon afterwards accepted also a prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathedral, although not without some scruples and hesitation, owing to the objec- tions then becoming prevalent against the non-residence of beneficiaries. On the joint recommendation of Arch- bishop Stratford and the Bishop of Durham he was appointed one of the royal chaplains. Although the title of confessor was borne by all the king's chaplains, the language of Birchington seems to imply that Bradwar- dine actually received the confession of Ed- ward III, which, considering what the life of the king then was, must have been a very difficult and unpleasant office if it was con- scientiously discharged. He joined the court in Flanders and accompanied the king, 16 Aug. 1338, in his progress up the Rhine to hold a conference at Coblenz with his brother-in-law Lewis of Bavaria. At Cologne Bradwardine reminded the king that Richard Coeur de Lion had offered public thanksgiving in the cathedral for his escape from the Duke of Austria. That ca- thedral had been destroyed by fire, but the new structure, which has not been completed till our own day, was in course of erection. The plans were submitted to the king, and after consultation with Bradwardine he sub- scribed a sum equal to 1,500/. according to the present value of money. Bradwardine continued to be in attendance upon the king- up to the date of the victory of Cressy and the capture of Calais. He was so diligent in his exhortations to the king and the sol- diers that many attributed the successes of the English arms to the favour of Heaven obtained through the wholesome warnings Bradwardine 190 Brady and the holy example of the royal chaplain. After the battles of Cressy and Neville's Cross he was appointed one of the commis- sioners to treat of peace with King Philip. Archbishop Stratford died 23 Aug. 1348, and the chapter of Canterbury, thinking to anticipate the wishes of the king, elected Bradwardine to the vacant see without waiting for the congt d'Slire. The king, however, was offended by the irregularity, and requested the pope to set aside the elec- tion and appoint John of Ufford by provision. The appointment was merely a device in order to vindicate his own right of nomina- tion, which had been infringed by the pre- mature action of the chapter ; for John of Ufford was aged and paralytic, and died of the plague before his consecration. After the death of John of Ufford the chapter applied for the conge d'elire, which was sent with the recommendation to elect Bradwardine. The pope, Clement VI, also issued a bull in which he affected to supersede the election of the chapter, and appointed Thomas by provision. Bradwardine was on the continent at the time of his election, and repaired without delay to the papal court at Avignon for consecration, which took place 19 July 1349. The pope was so completely in the power of Edward at this time that he had once bitterly remarked, if the King of England were to ask him to make a bishop of a jack- ass, he could not refuse. The cardinals had resented the saying, and one of them, Hugo, cardinal of Tudela, a kinsman of the pope, had the ill taste to make the consecration of Bradwardine an occasion for indulging their spleen. In the midst of the banquet given by the pope, the doors of the hall being suddenly thrown open a clown entered seated upon a jackass and presented a humble peti- tion that he might be made archbishop of Canterbury. Considering the European re- putation of Bradwardine for learning and piety, the joke was remarkably unsuitable; the pope rebuked the offender, and the rest of the cardinals marked their displeasure by vying with one another in the respect which they paid to the new archbishop. Although the Black Death was now raging in England, Bradwardine hastened thither. He landed at Dover on 19 Aug., did hom- age to the king at Eltham, and received the temporalities from him on the 22nd. Thence he went to London, and lodged at La Place, the residence of the Bishop of Rochester in Lambeth. On the morning after his arrival he had a feverish attack, which was attribu- ted to fatigue after his journey, but in the evening tumours under the arms and other symptoms of the deadly plague which was then ravaging London made their appear- ance, and on the 26th the archbishop died. Notwithstanding the infectious nature of the disease, the body was removed to Canterbury and buried in the cathedral. His works are : 1. ' De Causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum,' edited by Sir Henry Savile, London, 1618. 2. ' Trac- tatus de proportionibus,' Paris, 1495. 3. ' De quadrature, circuli,' Paris, 1495. 4. ' Arith- metica speculativa,' Paris, 1502. 5. ' Geo- metria speculativa,' Paris, 1530. 6. ' Ars Memorativa,' manuscript in the Sloane collec- tion, British Museum, No. 3744. This last is an attempt at a plan for aiding the memory by the method of mentally associating certain places with certain ideas or subjects, or the several parts of a discourse. [Sir Henry Savile, in the preface to his edition of Bradwardine's work De Causa Dei contra Pelagium, has collected all the notices of his life, which are but scanty. See also Birchington and William of Dene, Hist. Eoff., and William de Chambre, Hist. Dunelm., in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, vol. i. ; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops, vol. iv.] W. K. W. S. BRADY, SIB ANTONIO (1811-1881), admiralty official, was born at Deptford on 10 Nov. 1811, being the eldest son of Anthony Brady of the Deptford victualling yard, then storekeeper at the Royal William victualling yard, Plymouth, by his marriage, on 20 Dee. 1810, with Marianne, daughter of Francis Perigal and Mary Ogier. He was educated at Colfe's school, Lewisham, and then entered the civil service as a junior clerk in the Vic- toria victualling yard, Deptford, on 29 Nov. 1828, and, having served there and at Ply- mouth and Portsmouth, was, through the recommendation of Sir James Graham, pro- moted to headquarters at Somerset House as a second-class clerk in the accountant-gene- ral's office on 26 June 1844. He was gradu- ally promoted until in 1864 he became re- gistrar of contracts, and having subsequently assisted very materially in reorganising the office, he was made the first superintendent of the admiralty new contract department on 13 April 1869, when an improved salary of 1,000/. a year was allotted to him. He held this appointment until 31 March 1870, when he retired on a special pension. He was knighted by the queen at Windsor on 23 June 1870. After his retirement Sir Antonio devoted himself to social, educational, and religious reform. Having taken a great interest in the preservation of Epping Forest for the people, he was appointed a judge in the ' Verderer's court for the forest of Epping.' He was Brady 191 Brady associated with church work of all kinds. He published in 1869 ' The Church's Works and its Hindrances, with suggestions for Church Reform.' The establishment of the Plaistow and Victoria Dock Mission, the East London Museum at Bethnal Green, and the West Ham and Stratford Dispensary was in a great measure due to him. Brady was a member of the Ray, the Pa- laeontographical, and Geological Societies. So long ago as 1844 his attention had been attracted to the wonderful deposits of brick- earth which occupy the valley of the Roding at Ilford, within a mile of his residence. Encou- raged by Professor Owen he commenced col- lecting the rich series of mammalian remains in the brickearths of the Thames valley, com- prising amongst others the skeletons of the tiger, wolf, bear, elephant, rhinoceros, horse, elk, stag, bison, ox, hippopotamus, &c. This valuable collection of pleistocene mammalia is now in the British Museum of Natural His- tory, Cromwell Road. In his l Catalogue of Pleistocene Mammalia from Ilford, Essex,' 1874, printed for private circulation only, Brady acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. William Davies, F.G.S., his instructor in the art of preserving fossil bones. He died suddenly at his residence, Maryland Point, Forest Lane, Stratford, on 12 Dec. 1881. He was buried in St. John's churchyard, Stratford, on 16 Dec. His marriage with Maria, eldest daughter of George Kilner of Ipswich, took place on 18 May 1837, and by her, who survived him, he left a son, the Rev. Nicholas Brady, rector of Wennington, Essex, and two daughters. [Stratford and South Essex Advertiser, 16 and 23 Dec; 1881 ; Nature (1881-2), xxv. 174-5, by Henry Woodward; Guardian (1881), p. 1782; and collected information.] Gr. C. B. BRADY, JOHN (d. 1814), clerk in the victualling office, was the author of ' Clavis Calendaria; or a Compendious Analysis of the Calendar : illustrated with ecclesiastical, historical, and classical anecdotes,' 2 vols., London, 1812, 8vo ; 3rd edit., 1815. The com- piler also published an abridgment of the work, and some extracts from it appeared in 1826, under the title of ' The Credulity of our Forefathers.' This book, once very po- pular, has been long since superseded. Brady died at Kennington, Surrey, on 5 Dec. 1814. His son, John Henry Brady, arranged and adapted for publication 'Varieties of Lite- rature ; being principally selections from the portfolio of the late John Brady/ London, 1826, 8vo. [Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 36, 416; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. BRADY, SIR MAZIERE (1796-1871), lord chancellor of Ireland, born on 20 July 1796, was a great-grandson of the Rev. Nicho- las Brady, D.D. [q. v.], the psalmist, and the second son of Francis Tempest Brady, a gold and silver thread manufacturer in Dub- lin. In 1812 Brady entered Trinity College, Dublin ; in 1814 he obtained a scholarship there, and twice carried off the vice-chancel- lor's prize for English verse. He proceeded B.A. (1816) and M.A. (1819), and was called to the Irish bar in Trinity term of 1819. In 1833, under the ministry of Earl Grey, he, as an avowed liberal, was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the state of the Irish municipal corporations. In 1837 he was made solicitor-general for Ireland, in succes- sion to Nicholas Ball [q. v.], and became at- torney-general in 1839. In the year following he was promoted to the bench as chief baron of the Court of Exchequer. He was raised to the bench of the Irish Court of Chancery, somewhat against his inclination, in 1846. He was lord chancellor of Ireland during the Russell administration, 1847-52. He became in 1850 the first vice-chancellor of the Queen's University, of the principles of which founda- tion Brady was a constant advocate. From 1853 to 1858 Brady was again lord chancellor of Ireland. He resumed the post once more in 1859, and held it through the second adminis- trations of Lord Palmerston and Earl Russell until the overthrow of the latter in 1866. On 28 June of that year he sat for the last time in the Irish Court of Chancery. He retired amidst general regret. He was fond of scien- tific studies, especially geology. In 1869 he was created a baronet by Mr. Gladstone. He died at his residence in Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin, on Thursday, 13 April 1871. At the time of his death, besides holding the vice-chancellorship of the Queen's Univer- sity, he was a member of the National Board of Education, and president of the Irish Art Union, and of the Academy of Music. Brady was twice married : first, in 1823, to Eliza Anne, daughter of Bever Buchanan of Dublin, who died in 1858 : and secondly to Mary, second daughter of the Right Hon. John HatcheU, P.C., of Fortfield House, co. Dublin. His first wife left him five children, by the eldest of whom, Francis William Brady, Q.C., he was succeeded in his title and estates. [Catalogue of Dublin Graduates, 1869 ; Free- man's Journal, 14 and 18 April 1871 ; Daily News, 15 April 1871; Irish Times, 18 April 1871; Times, 15 and 13 April 1871 ; Burke's Lives of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland, 1872 ; Wills's Irish Nation, its History and its Biography, 1875 ; Debrett's Baronetage, 1884.] A. H. G. Brady 192 Brady BRADY, NICHOLAS (1659-1726), divine and poet, son of Major Nicholas Brady, who served in the king's army in the rebellion, and Martha, daughter of Luke Gernon, a judge, was born at Bandon, county Cork, on 28 Oct. 1659. After he had for some time attended a school called St. Fin- berry's, kept by Dr. Tindall, he was sent to j England at the age of twelve, and admitted j into the college of Westminster in 1673. Thence he was elected to Christ Church, Ox- [ ford, where he matriculated 4 Feb. 1678-9, | proceeding B.A. in Michaelmas term 1682. j He then returned to Ireland, lived with his father at Dublin, and took his B.A. degree at the university there in 1685, proceeding M.A. | the next year. Entering orders he was in- j stituted prebendary of Kinaglarchy in the church of Cork in July 1688, and a few months later was presented to the livings of Killmyne and Drinagh in Cork diocese. He was also chaplain to Bishop Wetenhall. j During the revolution he warmly upheld i the cause of the Prince of Orange, and j suffered some loss in consequence. His in- j terest with James's general, MacCarthy, j enabled him to save the town of Bandon, though James thrice commanded that it i should be burnt. The people of the town j having suffered considerable loss sent him j with a petition to the English parliament j praying for compensation. During his visit I to London his preaching was much admired ; i he was chosen lecturer at St. Michael's, ! Wood Street, and, on 10 July 1691, was ap- ! pointed to the church of St. Catherine Cree, j where he remained until 1696. The sermon j he preached on his resignation was printed, i London, 1696, 4to. On his resignation he received the living of Richmond, Surrey, 1 which he held until his death. From 1702 j to 1705 he also held the rectory of Stratford- | on-Avon, which he resigned on his appoint- ment to the rectory of Clapham on 21 Feb. 1705-6. Although his ecclesiastical prefer- ments brought him in an income of 600/. a year, his expensive habits, and especially his love of hospitality, obliged him to keep a school at Richmond. This school is men- tioned in terms of praise in a paper of Steele's in the ' Spectator' (No. 168). On 15 Nov. 1699 the university of Dublin conferred on him the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in recog- nition of his abilities, and sent him the diploma of doctor by the senior travelling fellow of the society. Brady was chaplain to i William III, to Mary, to Anne both as ! princess of Wales and as queen, and to the j Duke of Ormonde's regiment of horse. In j 1690 he married Letitia, daughter of Dr. j Synge, archdeacon of Cork, and had by her , four sons and four daughters. He died at Richmond 20 May 1726, and was buried in that church. His funeral sermon, preached by the Rev. T. Stackhouse, vicar of Been- ham [q. v.], was published under the title of ' The Honour and Dignity of True Mini- sters of Christ,' London, 1726. Brady's best known work is (1) the metrical version' of the Psalms, which he undertook while minister of St. Catherine Cree in con- junction with Nahum Tate [q. v.] When their work was complete and had been sub- mitted to and revised by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops, the authors petitioned the king that he would allow it to be used in the public services of the church, and accordingly William, on 3 Dec. 1696, made an order in council that it might ' be used in all churches ... as shall think fit to receive the same.' The ' New Version,' as the work of Brady and Tate is called to distinguish it from the version of T. Stern- hold and J. Hopkins, was well received by the whigs. Some of the stiffer tories among the clergy, however, objected to it, and their objections, which seem to have been that the new version was too poetical, that there was no need of change, and, as was hinted, that they were offended at the recommendation of the whig bishops and at the ' William R.' on the order allowing its use, were answered by ' A brief and full Account of Mr. Tate's and Mr. Brady's New Version, by a True Son of the Church of England,' London, 1698. The use of the 'New Version' was condemned by Bishop Beveridge [q. v.] in his ' Defence of the Book of Psalms ... by T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, and others, with critical observations on the New Version compared with the Old,' London, 1710, and Brady's share in the work was sneered at by Swift in his ' Remarks on Dr. Gibbs's Psalms.' Brady also wrote (2) a tragedy entitled 'The Rape, or the Innocent Im- postors,' acted at the Theatre Royal in 1692, the prologue being spoken by Betterton, and the epilogue, the work of Shadwell, by Mrs. Bracegirdle. It was published in 4to the some year, with a dedication to the Earl of Dorset, but without the author's name. The plot is concerned with the history of the Goths and Vandals. It was slightly recast for representation in 1729, the Goths and Vandals being turned into Portuguese and Spaniards. In 1692 (3) an 'Ode for St. Cecilia's Day,' which will be found in Nichols's 'Select Collection of Poems,' v. 302. (4) ' Proposals for the publication of a translation of Virgil's JEneids in blank verse, together with a specimen of the performance.' This translation was published by subscrip- Brady 193 Brady tion, being completed in 1726. Johnson says that ' when dragged into the world it did not live long enough to cry,' he had not seen it and believed that he had been in- formed of its existence by ' some old cata- logue.' It is not in the library of the British Museum, and has not been seen by the pre- sent writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons, 1704-6, republished with a third volume by Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting, Surrey, in 1730, a volume of ' Select Sermons preached before the Queen and on other oc- casions,' 1713. A considerable number of sermons, most of them republished in collec- tions, were also published separately. Among these was a sermon preached in Chelsea Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell, in November 1692 (London, 1693). [Rawlinson MSS. 4to, 5305, fol. 16, 248-57 ; Gibber's Lives of the Poets, iv. 62; Nichols's Select Collection of Poems, v. 302 ; Biog. Brit, ii. 960 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 173, 183; Todd's Dublin Graduates, 62 ; Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 381 ; Dugdale's Warwickshire, 680 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 393 ; A brief and full Account (as above), 1698 ; Bishop Beveridge's Defence of the Book of Psalms, 1710 ; Swift's Works (Scott, 2nd ed.), xii. 261 ; Johnson's Works (Life of Dryden), ix. 431 (ed. 1806) ; Brady's Rape, 1692; Genest's History of the Stage, ii. 18, iii. 266 ; Biog. Dram. i. i. 58 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 809.] W. H. BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk. He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge, on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was created doctor by virtue of the king's letters in September 1660 (KENNET, Register, 251), and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed master of his college by royal mandate (KEN- NET, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or 1685) he held the office of keeper of the re- cords in the Tower, and took deep interest in studying the documents under his charge. He was admitted fellow of the College of Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In this capacity he was one of those who deposed to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct. 1688. He was regius professor of physic at Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money to Caius College. He wrote : 1. A letter to Dr. Sydenham, dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical ques- tions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epi- stolse Responsoriae duse,' 1680, 8vo. 2. ' An Introduction to Old English History com- prehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol. VOL. VI. 3. ' A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols., 1685, 1700, fol. 4. < An Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing their original,' &c., 1690 ; 2nd edit. 1704, fol. 5. ' An Inquiry into the remarkable instances of History and Parliamentary Records used by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreason- ableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to. His historical works are laborious, and are based on original authorities ; they are marked by the author's desire to uphold the royal prerogative. In his preface to his ' Treatise on Boroughs ' he says that he is able to show that they 'have nothing of the greatness and authority they boast of, but from the bounty of our ancient kings and their successors.' [Kennet's Register and Chronicle, 251, 870; Biographia Britannica, i. 959 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 418; Ackermann's History of the University of Cambridge, i. 106.] W. H. BRADY, THOMAS (1752 ? -1827), general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account has it Cootehill), some time between October 1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that date his name appears as ' Peter,' but in all subsequent rolls he is called ' Thomas.' He served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the in- fantry regiment ' Wied.' On 10 April 1774 he was promoted ensign in the infantry regi- ment ' Fabri ; ' he became lieutenant 30 Nov. 1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784, and captain in 1788. He distinguished him- self as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in 1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross for personal bravery at the storming of Novi on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war. He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regi- ment ' Murray,' of which he became colonel on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frank- enthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795, and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796 at Ukerad. He was promoted to major- general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799. He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801, and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of in- fantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy councillor in recognition of his services as a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809 be took a leading part in the battle of As- pern, a large portion of the Austrian army being under his conduct. General Brady was Bragg 194 Bragge retired on the pension of a full general on 3 Sept. 1809, and died on 16 Oct. 1827. [Archives of the Imperial Royal Ministry of War, Vienna ; information from local sources.] H. M. C. fc BRAGG, PHILIP (d. 1759), lieutenant- general, colonel 28th foot, M.P. for Armagh, was at Blenheim as an ensign in the 1st foot guards, his commission bearing date 10 March 1702. He appears to have after- wards served in the 24thfoot, which was much distinguished in allMarlborough's subsequent campaigns under the command of Colonel Gilbert Primrose, who came from the same regiment of guards. The English records of this period contain no reference to Bragg, but in a set of Irish military entry-books, com- mencing in 1713, which are preserved in the Four Courts, Dublin, his name appears as captain in Primrose's regiment, lately re- turned from Holland to Ireland ; his com- mission is here dated 1 June 1715, on which day new commissions were issued to all of- ficers in the regiment in consequence of the accession of George I. On 12 June 1732 Bragg was appointed master of the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, in succession to Major-general Robert Stearne, deceased, and on 16 Dec. following he became lieutenant-colonel of Colonel Robert Hargreave's regiment, after- wards known as the 31st foot. On 10 Oct. 1734 he succeeded Major-general Nicholas Price as colonel of the 28th foot, an appoint- ment which he held for twenty-five years, and which originated the name 'The Old Braggs,' by which that regiment was long popularly known. As a brigadier-general Bragg accompanied Lord Stair to Flanders, where he commanded a brigade. He be- came a lieutenant-general in 1747, and in 1751 was appointed to the staff in Ireland. He died at Dublin, at an advanced age, on 6 June 1759, leaving the bulk of his small fortune of 7,000/. to Lord George Sackville. [Hamilton's Hist. Gren. Guards, vol. iii. (Lon- don, 1874); Treasury Papers, xciii. List of Recipients of Queen's Bounty for Blenheim; Irish Military Entry Books in Public Record Office, Dublin ; Gent. Mag. xii. 108, xiii. 190, xv. 389, xvii. 496, xxi. 477, xxix. 293 ; De la WarrMSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Eep.] H. M. C. BRAGGE, WILLIAM (1823-1884), en- gineer and antiquary, was born at Birming- ham 31 May 1823, his father being Thomas Perry Bragge, a jeweller. After some years of general tuition, Bragge studied practi- cal engineering with two Birmingham firms, and in his leisure applied himself closely to the study of mechanics and mathematics. In 1845 he entered the office of a civil engineer, and engaged in railway surveying. He acted first as assistant engineer and then as en- gineer-in-chief of part of the line from Chester to Holy head. Through the recommendation of Sir Charles Fox, Bragge was sent out to Brazil as the representative of Messrs. Belhouse & Co., of Manchester, and he carried out the light- ing of the city of Rio de Janeiro with gas. This was followed by the survey of the first railway constructed in Brazil — the line from Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis — for which he received several distinctions from the em- peror Don Pedro. The emperor in later years visited Bragge at Sheffield. In 1858 Bragge left South America. He became one of the managing directors of the firm of Sir John Brown & Co., and was elected mayor of Sheffield. The rolling of armour plates, the manufacture of steel plates, the adoption of the helical railway buffer-spring, and other developments of mechanical enter- prise, were matters in which he rendered effective aid to his firm. Bragge filled the office of master cutler of Sheffield, and took great interest in the town's free libraries, school of art, and museums. In 1872 he resigned his position of managing director to his firm, which had been converted into a limited company, and went over to Paris as engineer to the Soci^te" des Engrais, which had for its object the utilisation of the sew- age of a large part of Paris. The scheme proved unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy pecuniary loss to the promoters. In 1876 Bragge returned to his native town of Birmingham, settling there, and developing a large organisation for the manufacture of watches by machinery on the American system. The antiquarian tastes of Bragge, which he found time to cultivate in spite of his labours in business, were manifested in his numerous collections. Amongst these was a unique Cervantes collection, which in- cluded nearly every work written by or re- lating to the great Spanish writer. This collection, which consisted of 1,500 volumes, valued at 2,000/., Bragge presented to his native town, but unfortunately it was de- stroyed in the fire at the Birmingham Free Libraries in 1879. A cabinet of gems and precious stones which Bragge collected from all parts of Europe was purchased for the Birmingham Art Gallery. The most re- markable collection formed by Bragge was one of pipes and smoking apparatus, in which every quarter of the world was repre- sented. A catalogue prepared and published Braham 195 Braham by the collector showed that he had brought j together 13,000 examples of pipes. China, I Japan, Thibet, Van Diemen's Land, North j and South America, Greenland, the Gold j Coast, and the Falkland Islands, all furnished j specimens. ' There were also samples of some j hundreds of kinds of tobacco, of every con- ceivable form of snuff-box, including the rare Chinese snuff-bottles, and also of all known means of procuring fire, from the rude In- dian fire-drill down to the latest invention of Paris or Vienna.' This collection was broken up and dispersed. Bragge also made a notable j collection of manuscripts, which realised 12,500Z. He was always ready to place his treasures at the disposal of public bodies for | exhibition. Bragge was a fellow of the Society of An- tiquaries, of the Anthropological Society, of the Royal Geographical Society, and of many foreign societies. Bragge, who married a sister of the Rev. George Beddow, died at Handsworth, Bir- mingham, on 6 June 1884. For some time before his death he was almost totally blind. [Bragge's Bibliotheca Nicotiana, a catalogue of books about tobacco, together with a cata- logue of objects connected with the use of tobacco in all its forms, Birmingham. 1880; Brief Hand List of the Cervantes Collection, presented to the Birmingham Free Library, Reference Depart- ment, by William Bragge, Birmingham, 1874; Times, 10 June 1884 ; Birmingham Daily Post, 9 June 1884.] G. B. S. BRAHAM, FRANCES, afterwards COUNTESS WALDEGKAVE. [See WALDE- GKAVE.] BRAHAM, JOHN (1774 P-1856), tenor singer, was born in London about the year 1774. His parents were German Jews, who died when Braham was quite young, leaving him to what one of his biographers describes as ' the seasonable and affectionate attention of a near relation.' Whether it was at this time, or at an earlier age, that the future singer gained his living by selling pencils in the streets is not chronicled. Braham's first contact with music took place at the synagogue in Duke's Place. There he met with a chorister, a musician of his own race named Leoni, who discovered the germs of his talent. Leoni adopted the orphan, and gave him thorough instruction in music and singing, with such good results that on 21 April 1787 he ap- peared at Covent Garden on the occasion of a benefit performance for his master, and sang Arne's bravura air, ' The Soldier Tired,' between the acts of the 'Duenna.' About this time John Palmer had started the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, but, not being able to obtain a license for dramatic performances, he opened the house on 20 June 1787 with a mixed entertainment of recita- tions, glees, songs, &c. Here Braham sang for about two years, until his voice broke. Even at this early period of his career his bravura singing must have been remarkable. His voice had a compass of two octaves, and some of his most successful parts were Cupid in Carter's * The Birthday,' and Hymen in Reeves's ( Hero and Leander.' He sang again at Covent Garden as Joe in < Poor Vulcan ' on 2 June 1788. About this time Braham's master, Leoni, became bankrupt, and the future tenor was once more thrown upon his own resources. After his voice broke he con- tinued to sing under a feigned name, appear- ing, it is said, at Norwich, and even at Rane- lagh, but his main occupation consisted in teaching the pianoforte. He met with a wealthy patron, a member of the Goldsmid family, and when the change in his voice was settled, on the advice of the flute-player Ashe, went to Bath, where he sang under Rauzzini in 1794. Braham remained at Bath until 1796, when Salomon, having heard him, induced Storace to procure him an engage- ment at Drury Lane, for which house Storace was just then engaged upon an opera. This work was ' Mahmoud,' but before it was finished the composer died, and the work was completed as a pasticcio by his sister, Nancy Storace, who, with Charles Kemble, Mrs. Bland, and Braham, sang in it on its production, 30 April 1796. Braham's success was signal, and in the following season he appeared in Italian opera, singing Azor in Gretry's ' Azor et Z6mire ' on 26 Nov. 1796, and afterwards singing with Banti in Sac- chini's 'Evelina,' as well as in the annual oratorios, and at the Three Choirs Festival at Gloucester. In the following year, on the advice of the fencer M. St. George, Braham decided to go to Italy to study singing. Ac- cordingly, he left England with Nancy Sto- race, with whom he lived for several years, and arrived in Paris on 17 Fructidor. Here the two singers gave a series of concerts, under the patronage of Josephine Beauhar- nais. These were so successful, that they remained eight months in Paris, and did not reach Italy until 1798. At Florence, which they first visited, Braham sang at the Per- gola as Ulysses in an opera by Basili, and as Orestes in Moneta's _ Tii _< _i- • - bable effects of Mr. Gilbert's Bill, to which are added Remarks on Dr. Price's account of the National Debt ' (1776), his object was to reply to the economists who bewailed the increase of local taxation and of the national debt. cxxiv. ; Nichols's Illustrations, vi. 528-34; Cat. Brit. Mus. Lib.] F. E. BRAND, THOMAS (1635-1691), non- conformist divine, born in 1635, was the son He drew a rather ingenious distinction be- ! of the rector of Leaden Roothing, Essex. He tween fiscal charge and fiscal burden. A "'"" ^""" ^ "* "D:~u~- '~ °*— "— J TT ---- " " long as prices steadily rose he argued tha though more money might be taken out o the taxpayer's pocket, the quantity of com modities which the sum levied by taxation would purchase steadily decreased, and that thus if ' burden ' were interpreted to be the amount of commodities of the power of pur- chasing which the community was deprivec by taxation, its increase need not be and had not been at all proportionate to the increase of charge. In this way he proved to his own satisfaction that the burden of the amount paid to the creditors of the nation at the peace of Utrecht was nearly the same as when he wrote, and that the alarm of Dr, Price and others at the increase of the na- tional debt was wholly baseless. Of such other of Brand's pamphlets on economic subjects as are in the library of the British Museum, the most interesting is his ' Deter- mination of the average price of wheat in war below that of the preceding peace, and of its readvance in the following.' Here he sought to prove on theoretical grounds that war lowers while peace raises the price of wheat, and he then proceeded to endeavour to confirm the soundness of this position by an appeal to statistics. Of Brand's political pamphlets the chief appears to be his ' His- torical Essay on the Principles of Political Associations in a State, chiefly deduced from the English and Jewish histories, with an ap- plication of those principles in a comparative view of the Association of the year 1792 and of that recently instituted by the Whig Club ' (1796). The intended drift of this elaborate disquisition was that the existing tory asso- ciations were praiseworthy and useful. The main authority for Brand's meagre biography is chapter xxiv. of Beloe's ' Sexa- genarian/ which is devoted to him, but in which, as usual in that work, the name of the subject of the notice is not mentioned. Brand's name is, however, supplied together with what appears to be a complete list of his separate publications (the library of the British Museum is without several of them), in the memoir of him in Nichols's l Illus- trations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century,' vi. 528-34, which is an expansion of the chapter in the ' Sexagena- Nichols phlets in all. enumerates thirteen pam- was educated at Bishop's Stortford, Hertford- shire, and Merton College, Oxford. There he specially studied law, and afterwards entered the Temple. An acquaintance formed with Dr. Samuel Annesley [q. v.] led to a resolution to join the ministry. He entered the family of the Lady Dowager Roberts of Glassenbury, Kent, the education of whose four children he superintended. He caused the whole of his salary to be devoted to charity. He soon preached twice every Sunday, and frequently a third time in the evening, at a place two miles distant. He established weekly lec- tures at several places, and monthly fasts. On the death of the Rev. Mr. Poyntel of Staple- hurst, he left Lady Roberts, went to Staple- hurst, and was ordained. About two years after he married a widow, by whom he had several children, who all died young. He continued at Staplehurst till driven away by persecution. After many wanderings he settled near Lon- don. He built many meeting-houses, and contributed to their ministers' salaries. Cate- chising the young was also a favourite occu- pation, in which he was very successful. He gave away thousands of catechisms and other books, and even went to the expense of re- printing twenty thousand of Joseph Alleine's ' Treatise on Conversion ' to be given away, altering the title to a ' Guide to Heaven.' A portion of this expense was defrayed by some of his friends. Many other small books were given away by him, and he and his friends sold bibles much under cost price to all who desired them, provided they would not sell :hem again. Brand maintained children of ndigent parents, and put them to trades. Dr. Earle, many years a distinguished mi- nister of the presbyterian congregation in rlanover Street, London, was one of his )rote'ge's. Brand spent little on himself. lis charities were computed to amount to above 300/. a year. He said he { would not ell his estate because it was entailed, but he would squeeze it as long as he lived.' Brand lied 1 Dec. 1691, and was buried in Bunhill ields. The inscription on his gravestone is ecorded in ' Bunhill Memorials,' by J. A. ones. [Memoirs of the Rev. Thomas Brand (with a sermon preached on the occasion of his death), by the Rev. Samuel Annesley, LL.D. 1692 pre- printed with additions, and dedicated to Thomas Brand, Lord Dacre, by William Chaplin), Bishop's Brandard 216 Brande Stortford, 1822 ; Nonconformist Memorial, iii., 1803 ; Jones's Bunhill Memorials, 1849.] J. H. T. BRANDARD, ROBERT (1805-1862), engraver, was born at Birmingham. He came to London at the age of nineteen, and after studying for a short time with Edward Goodall, the eminent landscape-engraver, practised with much ability in the same branch of the art. His earliest efforts were plates for Brockedon's ' Scenery of the Alps,' Captain Batty's ' Saxony,' and Turner's ' Eng- land ' and ' Rivers of England.' He also en- graved after Stanfield, Herring, Callcott, and others for the ' Art Journal,' and produced some etchings from his own designs, one series of which was published by the Art Union in 1864. Amongst his best works were two plates after Turner entitled ' Cross- ing the Brook ' and ' The Snow-storm,' which were exhibited after his death at the Inter- national Exhibition of 1862. Brandard also practised painting both in oils and water- colours, and exhibited frequently at the Bri- tish Institution, the Royal Academy, and Suffolk Street, between 1831 and 1858. He died at his residence, Campden Hill, Ken- sington, on 7 Jan. 1862. One of his oil- paintings, entitled ' The Forge,' was pur- chased by the second Earl of Ellesmere, and three others, views of Hastings, are in the South Kensington Museum, forming part of the Sheepshanks Collection. [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng- lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F. BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS (1788- 1866), chemist, and editor of the ' Dictionary of Science and Art,' was born in Arlington Street, St. James's, on 11 Feb. 1788, his father being an apothecary. He was educated in private schools at Kensington and at West- minster. It was his father's wish that his son William should enter the church ; but the boy expressed so strong an inclination for the medical profession that he was, on 2 Feb. 1802, apprenticed to his brother, who was a licentiate of the Company of Apothecaries. About this period the family removed from Arlington Street to Chiswick. The young Brande here became acquainted with Mr. Charles Hatchett, who was devoting his at- tention to chemical investigations, and espe- cially to the analysis of minerals. Mr. Hat- chett allowed him to assist in his laboratory and he encouraged him in the study of the classification of ores and rocks, supplying him with duplicates from his own cabinets This formed the foundation of the minera- logical series which were in future years ised in the lectures and classes of the Royal institution. Mr. Charles Hatchett, whose daughter Brande subsequently married, sedu- ously encouraged his love of science. In 1802 Brande visited his uncle at Han- over, and in 1803 was in Brunswick and jfbttingen. The breaking out of the war, and the advance of the French on Hanover, interfered with his linguistic and scientific studies, and he had much difficulty in es- caping to Hamburg, where he embarked in a Dutch merchant-vessel for London, which tie reached after passing a month at sea. Brande re-entered his brother's employment in 1804. He became a pupil at the Ana- tomical School in Windmill Street, and studied chemistry under Dr. George Pearson at St. George's Hospital. He also made the acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards Sir Benjamin) Brodie, and formed friendships with Sir Eve- rard Home, Dr. Pemberton, and other men of eminence. Brande has left us an interesting note of this date. He says : * I was now full of ardour in the prosecution of chemistry ; and although my brother — with whom I still lived, whose apprentice I was, and in whose shop, notwithstanding all other associations, I still worked, and passed a large part of my time — threw every obstacle in the way of my chemical progress that was decently in his power, I found time, however, to read, and often to experiment, in my bedroom late in the evening. I thus collected a series of notes and observations which I fondly hoped might at some future period serve as the basis of a course of lectures, and this in time they actually did. It was at this period that, in imitation of Mr. Hatchett's researches, I made some experiments on benzoin, the re- sults of which were published in " Nicholson's Journal " for February 1805.' This, his first contribution to scientific literature, appeared when he was only a little more than sixteen years of age. In 1805 Brande became a member of the Westminster Medical Society, and in June of that year he read before the members a paper on ' Respiration,' which he contributed afterwards to ' Nicholson's Journal.' Early in life Brande appears to have been introduced to Davy, and shortly after the return of the latter from Germany he renewed the acquaintance and attended his lectures at the Royal Institution. In 1805 Mr. Hatchett presented to the Royal Society a paper by Brande ' On some Experiments on Guaiacum Resin,' which was printed in the * Philosophical Transactions ' for 1806. Sir Everard Home entrusted Brande with the analysis of calculi selected Brande 217 Brande from the collection in the College of Sur- geons. The results were communicated to the Royal Society on 19 May 1808, and published — with some observations by Sir Everard Home — in the ' Transactions.' Two other important papers by him were published by the Royal Society in 1811 and 1813. These were ' On the State and Quantity of Alcohol in Fermented Liquids,' and for them Brande received the Copley medal. In 1808 Brande commenced lecturing, giv- ing two courses on pharmaceutical chemistry at Dr. Hooper's Medical Theatre in Cork Street, Burlington Gardens. He subse- quently lectured at the New Medico-Chemical School in Windmill Street, on physics and chemistry, and gave a course of lectures on 'Materia Medica' at the house of Dr. Pearson. In 1809 Brande was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1812 he accepted the appointment of professor of chemistry and superintending chemical operator to the Apothecaries' Company. He soon after be- came professor of materia medica, and de- livered annually a course of lectures on that subject. In the spring of this year Sir Hum- phry Davy ' could not pledge himself to con- tinue the lectures which he has been accus- tomed to deliver to the Royal Institution ; ' but he was willing to accept the offices of Erofessor of chemistry and director of the iboratory and mineralogical collection with- out salary, and on 1 June he was, at a special general meeting, appointed to these offices. Under this arrangement with Sir Humphry Davy, Brande was elected in December of the same year to lecture on l Chemical Philo- sophy.' In April 1813 Davy ' begged leave to resign his situation of honorary professor.' Brande was then elected to the professorship of chemistry. The rooms in the Royal In- stitution building which had been occupied by Sir Humphry Davy were prepared for him, and a few months later he was appointed superintendent of the house, and was allowed to transfer his chemical class of medical students from Windmill Street to the labo- ratory of that establishment. Brande delivered, for Sir Humphry Davy, a course of lectures on ' Agricultural Chemistry ' before the Board of Agriculture. On the death of Dr. Pearson the chemical lectures were transferred from St. George's Hospital to the Royal Institution, and Brande, now assisted by Faraday, devoted himself entirely to chemical investigations and to lectures on the science. For several years Brande's position was a responsible one. Officially he must be regarded as the leading chemist of the metropolis at the time ; his assistant Faraday was travelling with Davy on the continent. In 1823 the government consulted Brande on the manufacture of iron and steel, the object of the proposed inquiry being to obtain a more coherent metal for the dies used in the coinage. The report, which was of an especially practical character, led to consider- able improvement and much economy in the Mint. As soon as it became possible Brande was appointed by the crown as superinten- dent of the die department. This appoint- ment he held conjointly with his other posts for many years. In 1854 he was appointed the- chief officer of the coinage department at the Royal Mint, when he resigned the professorship at the Royal Institution. On the return of Faraday from the con- tinent in 1825 he was associated with Brande in the lectures delivered in the theatre of the Royal Institution, and in editing the ' Quarterly Journal of Science and Art,' which had been published since 1816. From 1816 to 1826 Brande was one of the secre- taries of the Royal Society. In 1836 he was named one of the original fellows of the University of London and a member of the senate of that body. In 1846 he became ex- aminer in chemistry, which office he retained until 1858. He died in 1866. Brande received the honorary degree of doctor of civil law in the university of Ox- ford. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and a member of several foreign societies. Brande published in the l Transactions of j the Royal Society,' and in several scientific journals, twenty-seven papers, all of them the result of close investigation. Among the more important were ' Chemical Re- searches on the Blood and some other Ani- mal Fluids,' in 1811 ; ' On some Electro- chemical Phenomena,' which was the sub- ject of the Bakerian lecture for 1813; 'On Electro-magnetic Clocks,' in 1817; several papers on the ' Destructive Distillation of Coal,' and on 'Coal Gas as an Illuminant,' between 1816 and 1819. ' The Outlines of Geology ' were published in the ' Quarterly Journal of Science ' in 1825 to 1827. The other papers were connected with his position as chemist to the Apothecaries' Company, and related mainly to pharmaceutical in- quiries. The ' London Pharmacopoeia/ which was an ill-arranged collection of recipes, was greatly improved by Brande, especially in its chemistry. Brande's ( Manual of Chemistry,' which went through six editions, was the text-book of the day. His 'Dictionary of Pharmacy and Materia Medica' was one of the most useful books ever placed in the Brander 218 Brandon hands of a medical student. His ' Dictionary of Science and Art/ of which he became the editor in 1842, was a laborious undertaking, supplying a serious want. He was engaged in revising a new edition of this work when death brought his active life to a close. During forty-six years Brande laboured most industriously in the front ranks of science. Although, unlike his friends Davy and Faraday, he failed to connect his name with any important discovery, he aided in the development of several branches of science, and by his earnest truthfulness — pre- ferring demonstration to speculation — he fitted himself for an important position at a time when science was undergoing remark- able changes. [Dr. Bence- Jones in Proceedings of Eoyal In- stitution ; Proceedings of the Eoyal Society, vol. xvi. pt. ii. and Catalogue of Scientific Papers, i. 564; Quarterly Journal of Science, iv. 1818- 1822 ; Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philo- sophy.] R. H-T. BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720-1787), merchant and antiquary, descended from a Swedish family, was born in London in 1720, and brought up to trade, which he carried on with great success in the City. For many years he was a director of the Bank of Eng- land. Having inherited the fortune of his uncle, Mr. Spicker, he employed much of his wealth in forming collections of literary interest. Among his principal curiosities was the magnificent chair in which the first emperor of Germany was said to have been crowned. Engraved upon it in polished iron were scenes from Roman history, from the earliest times to the foundation of the em- pire. Brander was a fellow of the Royal Society, a curator of the British Museum, and one of the first supporters of the So- ciety for the Encouragement of Arts. While he lived in London in partnership with Mr. Spalding, his library and pictures narrowly es- caped the flames which destroyed their house in White Lion Court, Cornhill, on 7 Nov. 1766. Thence he removed to Westminster, and at length into Hampshire, where he purchased the site of the old priory at Christchurch. Having completed his villa and gardens in this beautiful spot, he married, in 1780, Eliza- beth, widow of John Lloyd, vice-admiral of the blue, daughter of Mr. Gulston of Widdial, Hertfordshire. In the winter of 1786 he had just completed the purchase of a house in St. Alban's Street, London, when he was seized with an illness which carried him off on 21 Jan. 1787. To him the British Museum is indebted for a collection of fossils found in the cliffs about Christchurch and the coast of Hamp- shire. Copper-plate engravings of them, ex- ecuted by Green, and accompanied by a scientific Latin description by Dr. Solander, were published in a volume entitled * Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta, et in Museo Britan- nico deposita, a Gustavo Brander,' 1766. Brander communicated an account of the effect of lightning on the Danish church in Wellclose Square to the 'Philosophical Trans- actions ' (xliv. 298) ; and from a manuscript in his possession Dr. Pegge printed in 1780, for private circulation, ' The Forme of Cury. A Roll of antient English Cookery, compiled about the year 1390.' [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 260 and index; Addit. MS. 29533, f. 55 ; Ayscough's Cat. of the Sloane and Birch MSS. 743, 908.] T. C. BRANDON, CHARLES, DUKE or SUF- FOLK (d. 1545), was the son and heir of Wil- liam Brandon, who was Henry VII's standard- bearer at Bosworth Field, and was on that account singled out by Richard III, and killed by him in personal encounter. This William, who with his brother Thomas had come with Henry out of Brittany, does not appear to have been a knight, though called Sir William by Hall the chronicler, and thus some confusion has arisen between him and his father, Sir William Brandon, who sur- vived him. It is quite uncertain when Charles Brandon was born, except that (unless he was a posthu- mous child) it must of course have been before the battle of Bosworth. It is not likely, how- ever, to have been many years earlier. No mention of him has been found before the accession of Henry VIII, with whom he appears to have been a favourite from the first. In personal qualities, indeed, he was not unlike his sovereign ; tall, sturdy, and va- liant, with rather a tendency to corpulence, and also with a strong animal nature, not very much restrained at any time by conside- rations of morality, delicacy, or gratitude. In 1509, the first year of Henry's reign, he was squire of the royal body, and was ap- pointed chamberlain of the principality of North Wales (Calendar of Henry VIII, i. 695). On 6 Feb. 1510 he was made marshal of the king's bench, in the room of his uncle, Sir Thomas Brandon [q. v.], recently deceased (ib. 859). On 23 Nov. 1511 the office of mar- shal of the royal household was granted to him and Sir John Care we in survivorship (ib. 1989). On 29 March 1512 he was appointed keeper of the royal manor and park of Wan- stead, and on 2 May following ranger of the New Forest (ib. 3103, 3176). By this time he was no longer esquire, but knight of the royal body. On 3 Dec. the same year he re- Brandon 219 Brandon ceived a grant of the wardship of Elizabeth, daughter and sole heiress of John Grey, vis- count Lisle (ib. 3561), of which he very soon took advantage in a rather questionable way, by making a contract of marriage with her ; and next year, on 15 May, he was created Viscount Lisle, with succession to the heirs male of himself and Elizabeth Grey, vis- countess Lisle, his wife, as she is called in the patent (ib. 4072). But in point of fact she was not his wife, for when she came of age she refused to marry him, and the patent was cancelled. Other grants he continued to receive in abundance ; stewardships of various lands in Warwickshire or in Wales, either tempora- rily or permanently in the hands of the crown (ib. 3841, 3880, 3920-1). But his first con- spicuous actions were in the year 1513, when, under the title of Lord Lisle, he was appointed marshal of the army that went over to invade France. He took a prominent part in the operations against Terouenne, and at the siege of Tournay he first of all obtained pos- session of one of the city gates (ib. 4459). While before Terouenne he sent a message to Margaret of Savoy, the regent of the Ne- therlands, through her agent in the camp Philippe de Br6gilles, who, in communicating it, said he was aware that Brandon was a second king, and he advised her to write to him a kind letter, ' for it is he,' wrote BrSgilles, ' who does and undoes ' (ib. 4405). Early in the following year (1514) the king deter- mined to send him to Margaret to arrange about a new campaign (ib. 4736, 4831). On 1 Feb. he was created Duke of Suffolk, and, adorned with that new title, he went over to the Low Countries. On 4 March Henry VIII wrote to Margaret's father, the emperor Maxi- milian, that a report had reached England that Suffolk was to marry his daughter, at which the king affected to be extremely dis- pleased. Henry pretended that the rumour had been got up to create differences between them. In point of fact Henry was not only fully cognisant of Suffolk's aspirations, but had already pleaded his favourite's cause with Margaret personally at Tournay; and this notwithstanding the engagement he was still under to Lady Lisle. Some curious flirtation scenes had actually taken place between them at Lille, of which Margaret seems afterwards to have drawn up a report in her own hand (ib. 4850-1). In October following, immediately after the marriage of Louis XII to Henry VIII's sister Mary, Suffolk was sent over to France to witness the new queen's coronation at St. Denis, and to take part in the jousts to be held at Paris in honour of the event. This at least seemed to be the principal object of his mission, and as regards the tourney he certainly acquitted himself well, overthrowing his opponent, horse and man. But another object was to make some arrangements for a personal interview between the English and French kings in the following spring (ib. 5560), and also to convey a still more secret proposal for expelling Ferdinand of Arragon from Navarre (ib. 5637) ; both which projects were nipped in the bud by the death of Louis XII on 1 Jan. following. When the news of this event reached Eng- land, it was determined at once to send an embassy to the young king, Francis I, who had just succeeded to the throne ; and Suffolk, who had not long returned from France, was appointed the principal ambassador. They had a formal audience of the king at Noyon on 2 Feb., after which Francis sent for the duke to see him in private, and to his consternation said to him, ' My lord of Suffolk, there is a bruit in this my realm that you are come to marry with the queen, your master's sister.' Suffolk in vain attempted to deny the charge, for Francis had extracted the confession from Mary herself — by what dishonourable over- tures we need not inquire — and Francis, to put him at his ease, promised to write to Henry in his favour. The truth was that Henry himself secretly favoured the project, and only wished for some such letter from Francis to make it more acceptable to the old nobility, who regarded Suffolk as an upstart. Wolsey, too, then at the commencement of his career as a statesman, was doing his best to smooth down all obstacles. But the pre- cipitancy of the two lovers nearly forfeited all their advantages. Mary was by no means satisfied that, although Henry favoured her wishes to some extent, he might not be in- duced by his council to break faith with her and sacrifice her to political considerations again. Suffolk's discretion was not able to subdue his own ardour and hers as well, and they were secretly married at Paris. So daring and presumptuous an act on the part of an upstart nobleman was not easily forgiven. Many of the king's council would have put Suffolk to death ; the king himself was extremely displeased. But there was a way of mitigating the king's displeasure to some extent, and the king was satisfied in the end with the gift of Mary's plate and jewels and a bond of 24,000£, to repay by yearly instalments the expenses the king had in- curred for her marriage with Louis. Suffolk and his wife — the French queen as she was continually called — lived for a time in com- parative retirement as persons under a cloud ; but after a while they were seen more fre- Brandon 220 Brandon quently at court, and Suffolk rose again into favour. But the most marvellous thing is that he should have escaped so easily when other circumstances are taken into account, to which little or no allusion seems to have been made at the time, even by his enemies. Either the facts were unknown, or, what is more probable, they were not severely censured by the spirit of the times. Whatever be the explanation, it is certain that Suffolk when he married Mary had already had two wives, and that the first was still alive. Some years later he applied to Clement VII for a bull to remove all ob- jections to the validity of his marriage with Mary, and from the statements in this docu- ment it appears that his early history was as follows : As a young man during the reign of Henry VII he had made a contract of mar- riage with a certain Ann Brown ; but before marrying her he obtained a dispensation and married a widow named Margaret Mortymer, alias Brandon, who lived in the diocese of London. Some time afterwards he separated from her, and obtained from a church court a declaration of the invalidity of the marriage, on the grounds, first, that he and his wife were in the second and third degrees of af- finity ; secondly, that his wife and his first betrothed were within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity ; and thirdly, that he was first cousin once removed of his wife's former husband. These grounds being held suffi- cient to annul the marriage, he actually mar- ried the lady to whom he had been betrothed, Ann Brown, and had by her a daughter, whom, after his marriage with Mary, he for some time placed under the care of his other love, Margaret of Savoy. Years afterwards the bull of Clement was required to defeat any attempt on the part of Margaret Mor- tymer to call in question either of his succeed- ing marriages. When all this is considered, together with the fact that he had the same entanglements even at the time he proposed to make Lady Lisle his wife, we can under- stand pretty well what a feeble bond matri- mony was then considered to be. .Suffolk's father had been a grossly licentious man (Pas- ton Letters, iii. 235). So were most of Henry VIII's courtiers, and so, we need not say, was Henry himself. The laxity of Suf- folk's morality was certainly no bar to his progress in the king's favour. He went with Henry in 1520 to the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was one of the peers who sat in the year following as judges upon the Duke of Buckingham. In 1 522, when Charles V visited England, he received both the king and the emperor at his house in Southwark, and they dined and hunted with him. In 1523 he commanded the army which invaded France. From Calais he passed through Picardy, took Ancre and Bray, and crossed the Somme, meeting with little resistance. His progress created serious alarm at Paris ; but the end of the campaign was disgraceful. As winter came on, the troops suffered severely. Suf- folk, though brave and valiant, was no general, and he actually, without waiting for orders, allowed them to disband and return home. On the arrival of Cardinal Campeggio in England in 1528, Suffolk's house in the suburbs (probably the house in Southwark already mentioned) was assigned him as a temporary lodging. Suffolk undoubtedly was heartily devoted to the object for which Campeggio came, or was supposed to come — the king's divorce from Catherine of Arragon. Nor did he scruple to insinuate that it was another cardinal, his old benefactor Wolsey, who was the real obstacle to the gratification of the king's wishes. With an ingratitude which shrank from no degree of baseness he had been carefully nourishing the suspicions entertained by the king of his old minister upon this subject, and being sent to France in embassy while the divorce cause was before the legates, he ac- tually inquired of the French king whether he could not give evidence to the same effect. So also, being present when Campeggio ad- journed the legatine court in England from July to October, and probably when everyone was convinced even at that date that it would not sit again, Suffolk, according to the graphic account in Hall, ' gave a great clap on the | table with his hand, and said : " By the mass, | now I see that the old said saw is true, that there was never legate nor cardinal that did good in England ! " ' But Hall does not give us the conclusion of the story, which is sup- plied by Cavendish. ' Sir,' said Wolsey to the duke in answer, ' of all men in this realm ye have least cause to dispraise or be offended with cardinals ; for if I, simple cardinal, had not been, you should have had at this present no head upon your shoulders wherein you should have had a tongue to make any such report in despite of us, who intend you no manner of displeasure.' And after some al- lusions, of which Suffolk well understood the meaning, he concluded : 'Wherefore, my lord, hold your peace and frame your tongue like a man of honour and wisdom, and speak not so quickly and so reproachfully by your friends ; for ye know best what friendship ye have re- ceived at my hands, the which I yet never revealed to no person alive before now, neither to my glory ne to your dishonour.' But Suffolk rose upon Wolsey's fall. The old nobility, which had once been jealous both of him and Wolsey as upstarts promoted by the king, had now freer access to the council Brandon 221 Brandon board, at which Suffolk took a position second only to that of Norfolk. The readers of Shakespeare know how he and Norfolk went together from the king to demand the great seal from Wolsey without any commission in writing. The fact is derived from Caven- dish, who tells us that they endeavoured to extort its surrender to them by threats ; but Wolsey's refusal compelled them to go back to the king at Windsor and procure the written warrant that he required. Soon after this (1 Dec. 1529) we find Suffolk signing, along with the other lords, the bill of articles drawn up against Wolsey in par- liament, and a few months later he signed with the other lords a letter to the pope, to warn him of the dangers of delaying to accede to Henry VIII's wishes for a divorce. In 1532 Suffolk was one of the noblemen who accompanied Henry VIII to Calais to the new meeting between him and Francis I. This was designed to show the world the en- tire cordiality of the two kings, who became in turn each other's guests at Calais and Bou- logne, and at the latter place, on 25 Oct., the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were elected and received into the order of St. Michael at a chapter called by Francis for the purpose. In the beginning of April 1533 he was sent with the Duke of Norfolk to Queen Cathe- rine, to tell her that the king had now mar- ried Anne Boleyn, and that she must not pretend to the name of queen any longer. Not long afterwards he was appointed high steward for the day at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. On 24 June, little more than three weeks later, his wife, 'the French queen,' died ; and after the fashion of the times he immediately repaired his loss by marrying, early in September, Katharine, daughter of the widowed Lady Willoughby, an heiress, whose wardship had been granted to him four years before (Calendar of Henry VIII, iv. 5336 (12), vi. 1069). That same month he was present at the christening of the Princess Elizabeth at Greenwich. At the close of the year he was sent, along with the Earl of Sussex and some others, to Buckden, where the divorced Queen Catherine was staying, to execute a commission which, it is somewhat to his credit to say, he himself re- garded with dislike. They were to dismiss the greater part of Catherine's household, imprison those of her servants who refused to be sworn to her anew as 'Princess of Wales ' and no longer queen, and make her remove to a less healthy situation — Somers- ham, in the Isle of Ely. He and the others did their best, or rather their worst, to fulfil their instructions ; but they did not give the king satisfaction. They deprived Catherine of almost all her servants, but though they remained six days they did not succeed in re- moving her. Suffolk himself, as he declared to his mother-in-law, devoutly wished before setting out that some accident might happen to him to excuse him from carrying out the king's instructions (ib. vi. 1541-3, 1508,1571). In 1534 he was one of the commissioners appointed to take the oaths of the people in accordance with the new Act of Succession, binding them to accept the issue of Anne Boleyn as their future sovereigns (ib. vii. 392). Later in the year he was appointed warden and chief justice of all the royal forests on the south side of the Trent (ib. 1498 (37) ). But his next conspicuous employment was in the latter part of the year 1536, when he was sent against the rebels of Lincolnshire and afterwards of Yorkshire, whom, however, he did not subdue by force of arms, but rather by a message of pardon from the king, who promised at that time to hear their grievances, though he shamefully broke faith with them afterwards. Within the next ' two or three years took place the suppression of the greater monasteries, and Suffolk got a large share of the abbey lands. It is curious that he ob- tained livery of his wife's inheritance only in the thirty-second year of Henry VIII, seven years after he had married her ; but the grant seems to apply mainly to reversionary inte- rests on her mother's death. For some years after the rebellion he took no important part in public affairs. He was present at the christening of the young prince, afterwards Edward VI, .and at the burning of the Welsh image called Darvell Gadarn, in Smithfield. He was a spectator of the great muster in London in 1539, and was one of the judges who tried the accomplices of Catherine Howard in 1541. On 10 Feb. 1542 he and others conveyed that unhappy queen by water from Sion House to the Tower of London prior to her execution. That same year he was appointed warden of the marches against Scotland ( Undated Commission on the Patent Rolls, 34 Hen. VIII). In 1544, the king being then in alliance with the emperor against France, Suffolk was again put in com- mand of an invading army. He made his will on 20 June before crossing the sea. He was then great master or steward of the king's household, an office he had filled for some years previously. He crossed, and on 19 July sat down before Boulogne, on the east side of the town. After several skirmishes he ob- tained possession of a fortress called the Old Man, and afterwards of the lower town, called Basse Boulogne. The king afterwards came in person and encamped on the north side of the town, which, being terribly battered, after Brandon 222 Brandon a time surrendered, and the Duke of Suffolk rode into it in triumph. Early next year (1545) he sat at Baynard's Castle in London on a commission for a ' be- nevolence ' to meet the expenses of the king's wars in France and Scotland. On St. George's day he stood as second godfather to the infant Henry Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of South- ampton, the father of Shakespeare's friend ; but he was now near his end. On 24 Aug. he died at Guildford. In his will he had desired to be buried at Tattershall in Lincolnshire ; but the king caused him to be buried at Windsor at his own charge. [Besides the Calendar above mentioned the original authorities are Hall and Wriothesley's Chronicles, Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, and Dug- dale's Peerage and the documentary authorities there referred to.] J. Gr. BRANDON, HENRY (1535-1551) and CHARLES (1537 P-1551), DUKES OF SUF- FOLK, were the sons of Charles, duke of Suf- folk fq. v.], by his last wife, Katharine Wil- loughby. Henry was born on 18 Sept. 1535, and Charles, the younger, probably two years later. The date'in the former case is fixed by the inquisitio post mortem held after the father's death (1545). Henry succeeded to the dukedom, and held it for nearly six years. Their mother seems to have been very careful of their education, and appointed Thomas Wil- son, afterwards the celebrated Sir Thomas, secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, their tutor. The elder, Henry, was then sent to be educated with Prince Edward, afterwards King Edward VI, by Sir J ohn Cheke. In 1 550 we find Henry named as a hostage on the peace with France (RYMEE, xv. 214) ; but he does not seem to have been required to go thither. By this time he and his brother were pur- suing their studies at St. John's College, Cam- bridge, from which place, after the sweating sickness broke out in July 1551, they were hastily removed to the bishop of Lincoln's palace at Buckden in Huntingdonshire ; but there they both caught the infection and died in one day, 1 6 July. As the younger survived the elder for about half an hour, they were both considered to have been dukes of Suffolk ; and their fate made a remarkable impression on the world at the time. They seem to have attained to a wonderful proficiency in learn- ing, and a brief memoir of the two — a work now of extreme rarity — published the same year by their old tutor, Wilson, contains epistles, epitaphs, and other tributes to their praise from Walter Haddon and other learned men both of Cambridge and of Oxford. Of the elder it was said by Peter Martyr that he was the most promising youth of bis day, except King Edward. Their portraits by Holbein were engraved by Bartolozzi. [Vita etobitus duorumfratruniSuffolcensium, 1551 ; Machyn's Diary, 8, 318; Dugdale's Ba- ronage ; Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, i. 105, 541 ; Original Letters (Parker Soc.), ii. 496.1 J. GK BRANDON, JOHN (/. 1687), divine, son of Charles Brandon, a doctor of Maiden- head, was apparently born at Bray, near that town, about 1644. He entered Oriel College, Oxford, as a commoner on 15 Feb. 1661-2, and proceeded B.A. on 11 Nov. 1665. Wood says that ' he entertained "for some time cer- tain heterodox opinions, but afterwards being orthodox,' took holy orders. He became rec- tor of Finchamstead, and for some years preached a weekly lecture on Tuesdays at Reading. He was the author of ' To irvp TO altoviov, or Everlasting Fire no Fancy ; being an answer to a late Pamphlet entit. "The Foundations of Hell-Torments shaken and re- moved,"' London, 1678. The book was dedi- cated to Henry, earl of Starlin, from 'War- grave (Berks), 20 July 1676.' The pamphlet to which Brandon replied here was ' The Tor- ments of Hell ' (London, 1658), by an ana- baptist, named Samuel Richardson. Nicholas Chewney had anticipated Brandon in answer- ing the work in 1660. Brandon also pub- lished, besides a number of sermons, ' Happi- ness at Hand, or a plain and practical dis- course of the Joy of just men's souls in the State of Separation from the Body,' London, 1687. This was dedicated to Dr. Robert Woodward, chancellor of the bishop of Salis- bury's court. [Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 505; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BRANDON, JOHN RAPHAEL (1817- 1877), architect, and joint author with his brother, Joshua Arthur Brandon, of several architectural works, received his early pro- fessional training from Mr. W. Parkinson, architect, to whom he was articled in 1836. Although fairly successful in private practice, which he carried on along with his brother at Beaufort Buildings, Strand, the brothers Brandon are best known as authors. They were both ardent students of Gothic architec- ture, and directed their studies entirely to English examples. The result of their labours is a series of three works ably illustrative of the purest specimens of Early English eccle- siastical architecture. The most important of these is their work on ' Parish Churches ' (Lond. 1848), which consists of a series of perspective views of sixty-three churches se- lected from most of the counties of England, Brandon 223 Brandon accompanied by plans of each drawn to a uniform scale and a short letterpress descrip- tion. It was first published in parts between March 1846 and December 1847. The work is a faithful record of antiquities which few can visit for themselves. Their 'Analysis of Gothic Architecture' (London, 1847), which the authors say aims at being a prac- tical rather than an historical work on Eng- lish church architecture, consists of a col- lection of upwards of 700 examples of doors, windows, and other details of existing eccle- siastical architecture industriously compiled from actual measurements taken from little known parish churches throughout the coun- try, with illustrative remarks on the various classes of items. The last of the series, and probably the most useful to the profession, is j their l Open Timber Roofs of the Middle Ages ' (London, 1849), a collection of perspective [ and geometric and detail drawings of thirty- j five of the best roofs found in different parish churches in eleven different English counties, with an introduction containing some useful hints and information as to the timber roofing of the middle ages. The drawings given show at a glance the form and principle of construction of each roof, and the letterpress proves how fully the authors appreciated the spirit of the mediaeval builders. The work ' serves the one useful and necessary purpose of showing practically and constructively what the builders of the middle ages really did with the materials they had at hand, and how all those materials, whatever they were, were made to harmonise' (Builder, xxxv. 1051). Of Brandon's original professional labours the best known are the large church in Gordon Square, London, executed in con- junction with Mr. Ritchie for the members of the catholic apostolic church ; the small church of St. Peter's in Great Windmill Street, close to the Haymarket ; and a third in Knightsbridge, unfortunately not favour- ably situated for architectural display. In these he faithfully endeavoured to carry out the mediaeval spirit and mode of work, and no doubt in the first case he has to a great extent succeeded. But he failed to become a successful architect. His temperament was over-sensitive, and he latterly fell into ex- treme mental dejection ; on 8 Oct. 1877 he committed suicide by shooting himself in his chambers, 17 Clement's Inn. His wife and one child predeceased him. BRANDON, JOSHUA ARTHUR (1802-1847), architect and joint author with his brother, John Raphael Brandon, prosecuted his pro- fession with zeal and ability, and had before his early death at the age of twenty-five at- tained what promised to become a consider- able practice, particularly in church archi- tecture, for which his studies along with his brother and the fame of their joint publica- tions so well fitted him. The 'brothers were most intimately associated in their profes- sional studies and labours, and their names cannot be separated. [Builder, vol. v. 1847, xxxv. 1041 and 1051; Times, 12 Oct. 1877,] G-. W. B. BRANDON, RICHARD (d. 1649), exe- cutioner of Charles I, was the son of Gregory Brandon, common hangman of London in the early part of the seventeenth century, and the successor of Derrick. Anstis tells the story that Sir William Segar, Garter king of arms, ignorant of the elder Brandon's occupation, was led by Ralph Brooke, York herald, to grant him a coat of arms in De- cember 1616 (Register of the Garter, ii. 399). Both father and son were notorious charac- ters in London, the former being commonly called ' Gregory,' and the latter ' Young Gre- gory,' on account of the elder Brandon's long tenure of office. From an early age ' Young Gregory ' is said to have prepared himself for his calling by decapitating cats and dogs. He succeeded his father shortly before 1640 (Old Newes Newly Revived, 1640). In 1641 he was a prisoner in Newgate on a charge of bigamy, from which he seems to have cleared himself (The Organ's Eccho, 1641). He was the executioner of Straffbrd (12 May 1641) and of Laud (10 Jan. 1644-5) (cf. Canter- bury's Will, 1641). Brandon asserted, after judgment had been passed on Charles I (27 Jan. 1648-9), that he would not carry out the sentence. On 30 Jan., however, he was ' fetched out of bed by a troop of horse,' and decapitated the king. He < received 30 pounds for his pains, all paid in half- crowns, within an hour after the blow was given,' and obtained an orange ' stuck full of cloves ' and a handkerchief out of the king's pocket ; he ultimately sold the orange for 10*. in Rosemary Lane, where he lived. He executed the Earl of Holland, the Duke of Hamilton, and Lord Capel in the following March, with the same axe as he had used on the king, suffered much from remorse, died on 20 June 1 649, and was buried the next day in Whitechapel churchyard. On 15 Oct. 1660 William Hulett, or Hewlett, was con- demned to death for having been Charles's executioner; bnt three witnesses asserted positively that Brandon was the guilty per- son, and their statement is corroborated by three tracts, published at the time of Bran- don's death— i The Last Will and Testament of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and hangman to the Pretended Parliament,' 1649 ; Brandon 224 Brandreth ' The Confession of Richard Brandon, the Hangman,' 1649 ; ' A Dialogue, or a Dispute between the Late Hangman and Death,' 1649. Other persons who have been credited with executing Charles I are the Earl of Stair (HoNE, Sixty Curious Narratives, pp. 138- 140), Lieutenant-colonel Joyce (LiLLT, Life and Times}, and Henry Porter (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 29 April 1663 ; Lords1 Journal, xi. 104), but all the evidence points to Bran- don as the real culprit. Very many references to Brandon and his father are met with in contemporary dramatic and popular litera- ture. [Cat. of Satirical Prints in Brit. Mus., Div. I ; Ellis's Orig. Letters, 2nd ser. iii. 340-41 ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ii. v. vi., 2nd ser. ix. xi., 3rd ser. vii.s 4th ser. iii., oth ser. v.] S. L. L. BRANDON, SAMUEL (16th cent.), is the author of ' The Tragi-comcedi of the Vir- tuous Octavia,' 1598, 12mo. Concerning his life no particulars whatever are preserved. His solitary play is a work of some merit and of considerable value and rarity. The plot, taken from the life of Augustus by Suetonius, and that of Mark Antony by Plutarch, follows to some extent classical models. Its scene is Rome, and its catastrophe the death of Mark Antony. The fact that at the close the heroine, who oscillates between love for her husband and jealousy of Cleopatra, is still alive, is the excuse for calling it a tragi- comedy. Weak in structure and deficient in interest, the ( Virtuous Octavia ' has claims to attention as poetry. It is written in de- casyllabic verse with rhymes to alternate lines, and includes choruses lyrical in form and fairly spirited. Two epistles between Octavia and Mark Antony, ' in imitation of Ovid's style, but writ in long Alexandrins ' (LANGBAINE, p. 30, ed. 1691), are added. These epistles 'are dedicated to the honourable, virtuous, and excellent Mrs. Mary Thin ' (ib^) The play itself is dedicated to Lady Lucia Audelay. At the close of the work are the Italian words : ' L' acq ua non temo dell' eterno oblio.' [Langbaine'sDramaticPoets ; Baker, Reed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Collier's History of English Dramatic Poetry, 1879; Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual.] J. K. BRANDON, SIR THOMAS (d. 1509), diplomatist, was the son of William Bran- don and Elizabeth Wynfyld, and uncle to the celebrated Charles Brandon [q.v.], duke of Suffolk. His family were staunch sup- porters of the Lancastrian cause. His brother, William, was slain at the battle of Bos- worth gallantly defending the standard of Henry VII. A contemporary manuscript speaks of Sir Thomas as having 'greatly favoured and followed the party of Henry, earl of Richmond.' He married Anne, daugh- ter of John Fiennes, Lord Dacre, and widow of the Marquis of Berkeley. She died in 1497 without issue. He was appointed to the embassy charged with concluding peace with France in 1492, and again in- 1500 he formed one of the suite which ac- companied Henry VII to Calais to meet the Archduke Philip of Austria. In 1503, together with Nicholas West, subsequently bishop of Ely, he was entrusted with the important mission of concluding a treaty with the Emperor Maximilian at Antwerp. The principal object of this treaty was to induce Maximilian to withdraw his support from Edmund de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, and banish him and the other English rebels from his dominions. Other points touched upon were the treatment of Milan and the question of Maximilian receiving the garter. Maximilian, according to his custom, behaved with much indecision, and, after solemnly ratifying the treaty, allowed the English ambassadors to leave, 'marvailing of this soden defection seyng divers matters as un- determyned.' On his return to England, Brandon was treated with much considera- tion by Henry VII, and we find him holding such offices as those of master of the king's horse, keeper of Freemantill Park, and mar- shal of the King's Bench. He was noted for his prowess as a knight and skill in mili- tary affairs. In the records of a tournament held in 1494 to celebrate the creation of the king's second son as knight of the Bath and Duke of York, Thomas Brandon is mentioned as having distinguished himself. For his prowess in arms he was made a knight of the Garter. In October 1507 he was sent to meet Sir Balthasar de Castiglione, am- bassador to the Duke of Urbino, who came to England to receive the order of the Garter in his master's name. Brandon died in 1509. [Add. MS. 6298 ; The Order of the Garter (Ash-, mole), 1672 ; Anstis's Order of the Garter, 1724 ; Rymer's Fcedera, xiii. 35 ; G-airdner's Letters and Papers illustrative of the reigns of Rich. Ill and Henry VII ; Collins's Peerage of England, 1812 ; Brewer's Letters and Papers, Foreign and Do- mestic, of the reign of Henry VIII.] N. G. BRANDRETH, JEREMIAH, otherwise styled JEREMIAH COKE (d. 1817), leader of an attempted rising against the government in the midland counties, was, according to three several accounts, a native of Ireland, of Exeter, and — the most probable — of Wilford, Nottingham, but nothing is known regarding his parentage and very little regarding his Brandreth 225 Brandreth early life. For some time he was in the army, but shortly before the attempted rising he lived with his wife and three children at Sutton-in-Ashfield, where he was occupied as a framework knitter. His striking per- sonal appearance and his daring and reckless energy seem to have exercised an extraor- dinary influence over his associates, by whom lie was known merely as the ' Nottingham Captain.' In reality he was the tool and dupe of a person of the name of Oliver, who encouraged him to undertake his quixotic enterprise, by asserting that he was acting in concert with others, who were fomenting a general insurrection thoughout England. Acting on the instructions and assurances of Oliver, Brandreth, on 9 June 1817, assembled about fifty associates, collected from adjoin- ing districts, in Wingfield Park. Having made a number of calls at farmhouses for guns, in the course of which they shot a farm-servant dead, the insurgents were pro- ceeding on their march towards Nottingham, which they supposed was already in the hands •of their friends, when they were suddenly con- fronted by a company of hussars. Brandreth attempted to rally his straggling followers to meet the threatened attack of the cavalry, Imt they at once threw down their arms and iled in all directions. Brandreth remained in concealment till 50/. was offered for his capture, upon which a friend betrayed him to the government. He was tried by a special commission at Derby in October fol- lowing, and along with two of his associates was executed at Nuns Green, Derby, 7 Nov. He is said to have been about twenty-five years of age. He refused to make any con- fession or to give any particulars regarding his past life. [Button's Nottingham Date Book, pp. 335-42 • Bailey's Annals of Nottingham, iii. 292-9 ; Howell's State Trials (1817), xxxii. 755-955; Trial of Jeremiah Brandreth for High Treason, 1817 ; Hunt's Green Bag Plot, 1819 ; Gent. Mag. Ixxxvii. pt. ii. 358-60, 459-62.] T. F. H. BRANDRETH, JOSEPH, M.D. (1746- 1815), physician, was born at Ormskirk, Lancashire, in 1746. After graduating M.D. at Edinburgh in 1770, where his thesis, ' De Febribus intermittentibus,' was published, he exercised his profession in his native town until about 1776, when he succeeded to the practice of Dr. Matthew Dobson, at Liver- pool, on the retirement of that gentleman to Bath. He remained at Liverpool for the remainder of his life, and became an emi- nently successful and popular practitioner. He was a man of wide and various reading, and possessed a most accurate and tenacious VOL. VI. memory, which he attributed to his habit of depending on it without referring to notes. He established the Dispensary at Liverpool in 1778, and for thirty years gave great at- tention to the Infirmary. The discovery of the utility of applying cold in fever is as- cribed to him. This remedy he described in a paper ' On the Advantages arising from the Topical Application of Cold Water and Vinegar in Typhus, and on the Use of Large Doses of Opium in certain Cases' (Med. Commentaries, xvi. p. 382, 1791). He died at Liverpool, 10 April 1815. [Monthly Repository, 1815, p. 254; Gent. Mag. Ixxxv. pt. i. 472 (taken from Liverpool Mercury, 14 April 1815) ; Picton's Memorials of Liverpool, 2nd ed. 1875, pp. 133, 147, 355; Evans's Cat. of Portraits, ii. 49 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] C. W. S. BRANDRETH, THOMAS SHAW (1788-1873), mathematician, classical scho- lar, and barrister-at-law, descended from a family that has been in possession of Lees in Cheshire from the time of the civil war, was born 24 July 1788, the son of Joseph Bran- dreth, M.D. [q. v.] He was sent to Eton, and was prepared by Dr. Maltby, afterwards bishop of Durham, for Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he took his B. A. degree in 1810, with the distinctions of second wrangler, second Smith's prizeman, and chancellor's medallist, and his degree of M.A. in 1813. He was elected to a fellowship at his col- lege, was called to the bar, and practised at Liverpool, but his taste for scientific inventions interfered not a little with his success as a barrister. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1821 for his ' distinguished mathematical attainments.' He had previously invented his logometer, or ten-foot gunter. He also invented a friction wheel and a double-check clock es- capement, all of which he patented. His scientific tastes drew him into close friend- ship with George Stephenson, and he was one of the directors of the original Manchester and Liverpool railway, but resigned shortly before its completion. " He took an active part in the survey of the line, especially of the part across Chatmoss. The famous House of Com- mons limitation of railway speed to ten miles an hour, which threatened to destroy the hopes of the promoters of steam locomotion, led Brandreth to invent a machine in which the weight of a horse was utilised on a moving platform, and a speed of fifteen miles an hour was expected ; but the success of the ' Rocket' soon established the supremacy of steam, and Brandreth's invention was only used where steam power proved too expensive, as in Lorn- Brandt 226 Brandwood bardy and in some parts of the United States, where it is still employed. These scientific pursuits and his removal to London, where he had no longer the legal connection, con- siderably reduced his practice, and though he was offered a judgeship at Jamaica, he decided to retire to Worthing and devote himself to the education of his children. He had mar- j ried in 1822 a daughter of Mr. Ashton Byrom of Fairview, near Liverpool, and had, besides two daughters, five sons, who all distin- guished themselves in the navy, at Cambridge, or in India. At Worthing he resumed his classical studies, and pursued a learned and difficult inquiry into the use of the digamma in the Homeric poems, and published the re- sults in a treatise entitled ' A Dissertation on the Metre of Homer ' (Pickering, 1844), and also a text of the ' Iliad ' with the digamma inserted and Latin notes ('OMHPOY /IAIA2, littera digamma restituta, Pickering, 2 vols. 1841). This was followed by a translation of the 'Iliad ' into blank verse, line for line (Pick- ering, 2 vols. 1846), which was well received as an accurate and scholarly version. He also took a lively interest in the affairs of the town, and was largely instrumental in per- fecting the extensive water and drainage im- provements of Worthing, where he was chair- man of the first local board, and a justice of the peace for West Sussex. He died in 1873. [Private information.] S. L.-P. BRANDT, FRANCIS FREDERICK (1819-1874), barrister and author, eldest son of the Rev. Francis Brandt, rector of Aid- ford, Cheshire, 1843-50, who died 1870, by Ellinor, second daughter of Nicholas Grim- shaw of Preston, Lancashire, was born at Gawsworth Rectory, Cheshire, in 1819. He was educated at the Macclesfield grammar school, entered at the Inner Temple in 1839, and practised for some years as a special pleader. Called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 30 April 1847, he took the North Wales and Chester circuit. He was a suc- cessful and popular leader of the Chester and Knutsford sessions, had a fair business in London, especially as an arbitrator or referee, was one of the revising barristers on his cir- cuit, and was employed for many years as a reporter for the 'Times' in the common pleas. About 1864 he was offered and de- clined an Indian judgeship. In his earlier days he was a writer in magazines and in 1 Bell's Life.' The first of his books appeared in 1857, and was entitled * Habet ! a Short Treatise on the Law of the Land as it affects Pugilism,' in which he attempted to show that prize-fighting was not of itself illegal. His next work was a novel called ' Frank Morland's Manuscripts, or Memoirs of a Modern Templar,' 1859, which was followed by ' Fur and Feathers, the Law of the Land relating to Game, &c.,' 1859, ( Suggestions for the Amendment of the Game Laws,' 1862, and ' Games, Gaming, and Gamesters' Law,y 1871, a book of considerable legal and anti- quarian research, which reached a second edition. He died at his chambers, 8 Fi'g- tree Court, Temple, London, on Sunday, 6 Dec. 1874, having suffered much from a neuralgic complaint, and was buried at Christ Church, Todmorden. He was a zealous and efficient member of the Inns of Court Rifle Corps. Brandt was never married. [Law Times (1874), Iviii. 125.] G. C. B. BRANDWOOD, JAMES (1739-1826), quaker, was born at New House in Entwisle, near Rochdale, on 11 Nov. 1739, where his parents were of yeoman stock. After a visit to the Friends' meeting at Crawshawbooth, Brandwood ceased to attend the services at Turton chapel. He never married, and prac- tised as a land surveyor and conveyancer, and is also said to have acted as the steward of the Turton estate. He had the character of a plain, conscientious countryman, and after his death a selection from his letters on religious subjects was published. Brandwood joined the quakers in 1761, and a meeting was shortly afterwards settled at Edgworth, where he resided many years. His religious views deprived him of his fair share in the patrimonial inheritance, and he received only an annuity of 25/. As a recognised minister of the Society of Friends he visited various parts of England, and in 1787 went to Wales in company with James Birch. In the ' testi- mony ' respecting him we are told : ' About the sixtieth year of his age, this, our dear friend, through a combination of circum- stances, appeared to be in some degree under a cloud ; he became less diligent in attending meetings, and in 1813 was discontinued as an acknowledged minister.' In 1824, when he settled at Westhoughton, he was rein- stated as a minister, and visited many of the southern meetings. He died on 23 March 1826. He was buried in the Friends' burial- ground at Westhoughton. A selection was made from his letters and papers. These were edited by JohnBradshaw of Manchester, and deal with matters of religious experi- ence, ranging in date from 1782 to 1823. The earliest is an essay ' On War, Oaths, and Gospel Ministry,' and the latest is a letter to a clergyman of the church of England, written when the author was in his eighty- fourth year. They were published in 1828, two years after Brand wood's death. Branker 227 Branston [Letters and Extracts of Letters of the late James Brandwood (a minister of the Society of Friends), of Westhoughton, formerly of Edg- worth, Manchester, 1828 ; Scholes's Biographical Sketch of James Brandwood, Manchester, 1882 ; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books, London, 1867.] W. E. A. A. BRANKER, BRANCKEK.] THOMAS. [See BRANSBY, JAMES HEWS (1783- 1847), Unitarian minister, was a native of Ipswich. His father, John Bransby (d. 17 March 1837, aged seventy-five), was an instrument maker, a fellow of the Royal As- tronomical Society, author of a treatise on 1 The Use of the Globes, &c.,' 1791, 8vo, and editor of the ' Ipswich Magazine,' 1799. The son became heterodox in opinion, and was educated for the Unitarian ministry, in the academy maintained at Exeter from 1799 to 1804 by Timothy Kenrick and Joseph Bret- land. On 1 May 1803 (Letter, p. 15) he was invited to become minister at the * new meeting' (opened 31 Oct. 1802) to the old presbyterian congregation at Moreton Hamp- stead, Devonshire. Here he kept a school, and among his pupils was John Bowring, afterwards Sir John Bowring, in whose au- tobiography are some amusing particulars of his master. In 1805 Bransby removed to Dudley. He continued to keep a preparatory school for boys. He was by no means un- popular, but his eccentricities gradually ex- cited considerable remark, particularly as he developed a tendency which is perhaps best described as kleptomania. At length he com- mitted a breach of trust, involving forgery, which was condoned on condition of his quitting Dudley in 1828 for ever. He was succeeded, on 1 July 1829, by Samuel Bache [q. v.] Bransby retired to Wales, and sup- ported himself by teaching,ir ney to Ireland, to represent to the king, then -ce engaged in attempting to reform the adminis- E 2 Braybroke 244 Brayley tration of that country, the necessity of taking steps to curb the insolence of the Lollards, who had nailed the principal articles of their creed to the door of St. Paul's. Braybroke was so far successful that Richard, on his return to England, compelled the principal offenders, Thomas Latimer and Richard Story, under pain of death, to take an oath of recantation. In the following year he was appointed, with the archbishop of York, to levy a contribution of 4d. per pound upon the value of all bene- fices in the kingdom, imposed by the pope for the benefit of the archbishop of Canterbury. The death of the archbishop (Courtney) soon relieved him from this unpopular duty. The bishop's last important public act was the re- form of the chapter of St. Paul's. The canons residentiary had for some time past steadily refused to fill up any vacancies in their body unless the candidate for election would give security that he would expend in the first year after his election, in eatables and drink- ables and other creature comforts, at least seven hundred marcs, a sum many times ex- ceeding the annual value of the richest pre- bend. As a result the number of canons in residence had dwindled down from thirty, the full complement, to two, who divided between themselves the whole revenue of the church, and, not content with that, engrossed even the bread and ale, which from time immemorial had been the due of the non-resident canons. To put an end to this fraud the bishop obtained from the king a writ, dated 26 April 1398, addressed to himself and the dean and chapter, commanding them upon their allegiance, and under pain of a fine of 4,000/., to make by Michaelmas, at the latest, statutes regulating the mode of election modelled on those in force at Salisbury, and to observe them faith- fully for the future. Braybroke was a trier of petitions in most of Richard II's parlia- ments ; he celebrated high mass in the lady chapel at St. Paul's, on occasion of a convo- cation of the clergy there in 1399, and was a member of Henry IVs privy council for the first three years of his reign. As to the precise date of his death there was formerly much doubt, five several dates being as- signed by different writers, viz. 8 Dec. 1401 17 Aug. 1404, 27 Aug. 1404, 28 Aug. 1404, and 27 Aug. 1405. That the first date is er- roneous is proved by a deed of grant of the manor of Crendon in Bedfordshire, preserved in the archives of All Souls' College, Oxford to which he was party, and which bears date 16 Feb. 1403-4. He was buried in the lady chapel at St. Paul's, and a fine brass above his tomb remained intact as late as 1641, when Dugdale, who gives an engraving of it, saw it The inscription on the plate assigns 27 Aug 1404 as the date of death, and with this God- win (De Prcesul. 186) agrees. Braybroke was hroughout his life a close friend of William of Wykeham. The brass was destroyed during he civil war. Dugdale relates that on the burning of the church in 1666 Braybroke's coffin was shattered by the. fall of a portion of the ruins, and the body was taken out in a state of perfect preservation, 'the flesh, sinews, and skin cleaving fast to the bones,' so ' that being set upon the feet it stood as stiff as a plank, the skin being tough like leather, and not at all inclined to putrefaction, which some attributed to the sanctity of the person, of- fering much money for it.' [Le Neve's Fasti, i. 398, 591, ii. 99, 293, 6-15, iii. 184, 186; Hardy's Cat. Lord Chancs. 43, 44; Walsingham (Eolls Series), ii. 49, 65, 70, 162 ; Dugdale's Hist, of St. Paul's (ed. Ellis), 16, 27, 33, 57, 124, 219, 358 ; Chrcmicon a Mon. St. Albani, 1328-88 (Rolls Series), 383; Holinshed anno 1387; Wilkins's Concilia, iii. 194, 196,. 218; Wharton's Hist, de Episc. Londin. ; Cat. of Ar- chives of All Souls' Coll. 27 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges. E. W. Brabrook, Esq., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., contributed an elaborate paper on Braybroke to the Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, vol. iii. pt. x. in 1869.] J. M. R. BRAYBROOKE,LoEDs. [See NEVILLE.] the monastery of Cluain Fearta, ' the lawn of the grave/ now Clonfert, in the barony and county of Longford, which afterwards- became a bishop's see. He subsequently visited St. Columba at Hy, in company with two other saints. This must have been after 563, when he was in Brent 261 Brent his seventy-ninth, year. On this occasion he may have founded the two churches in Scot- land of which he was patron (REEVES). The last time we hear of him is at the in- auguration of Aedh Caemh, the first Christian king of Cashel, in 570, when he took the place of the official bard, MacLenini, who was a heathen. On this occasion Brendan was the means of the bard's conversion, when he gave him the name of Colman. He is since known as St. Colman of Cloyne. Brendan died in 577, in the ninety-fourth year of his age. His day in the calendar is 16 May. [Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum, Maii, torn, iii , Antverpiae, 1680 ; Colgan's Egressio Familise Brendani, i. 72 ; Wright's Early English Ballads (Percy Society), vol. xiv., 1844 ; Schroder's Sanct Brandan, Erlangen, 1871 ; Eeeves's Adam- nan's Life of Columba, 1857, pp. 55, 220, 223; Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. ii. 22, &c. ; Dirndl, De Mensura Orbis, Paris, 1814; O'Curry's MS. Ma- terials of Irish History, p. 288, Dublin, 1861; Beatha Breanainn, MS., in the Book of Lismore, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin ; the Book of Munster, MS. 23, E 26, in Eoyal Irish Aca- demy.] T. 0. BRENT, CHARLOTTE (d. 1802), after- wards MKS. PINTO, singer, was the daughter of a fencing-master and alto singer, who sang in Handel's ' Jephtha ' in 1752. Miss Brent was a favourite pupil of Dr. Arne, and for her he composed much of his later and more florid music, after his wife had retired from public life. Miss Brent's first ap- pearance took place in February 1758 at a concert. On 3 March of the same year she sang at Drury Lane in Arne's ' Eliza,' per- formed as an oratorio for the composer's benefit. Her voice at this time had not at- tained its full strength, and Garrick (who was no musician) refused to give her an en- gagement. However, she was more fortunate at Covent Garden, where she appeared as Polly in the 'Beggar's Opera' on 10 Oct. 1759, and repeated the same part for thirty-seven consecutive nights. The following are some of the principal parts which she played at Covent Garden during her ten years' con- nection with it. Rachel in the ' Jovial Crew' (14Feb. 1760), Sabrina in ' Comus ' (27 March 1760), the Fine Lady in ' Lethe ' (8 April 1760), Sally in 'Thomas and Sally (28 Oct. 1760), Mandane in ' Artaxerxes ' (2 Feb. 1762), Margery in the ' Dragon of Wantley ' (4 May 1762), Rosetta in 'Love in a Vil- lage ' (8 Dec. 1762), Flirtilla in the ' Guar- dian Outwitted ' (12 Dec. 1764), Patty in the 1 Maid of the Mill ' (31 Jan. 1765), Miss Biddy in ' Miss in her Teens ' (22 March 1766), Lady Lucy in the ' Accomplished Maid ' (3 Dec. 1766), Rosamund in the opera of that name (21 April 1767), Jacqueline in the ' Royal Merchant ' (14 Dec. 1767), Sophia in 'Tom Jones ' (14 Jan. 1768), and Thais in the ' Court of Alexander ' (1770). She was the original Sally, Mandane, Flirtilla, Rosetta, and Patty, most of which parts were written to display her perfect execution and good style. In 1764-5 Tenducci and Miss Brent performed in ' Samson ' and other Handelian selections at Ranelagh. She sang at the Hereford festival in 1765, at Gloucester in 1766, and at Worcester in 1767. In the au- tumn of 1766 she became the second wife of Thomas Pinto ; her marriage is said to have so disgusted Dr. Arne that on hearing her men- tioned he exclaimed, ' Oh, sir, pray don't name her ; she has married a fiddler.' About 1770 she left Covent Garden, where Miss Catley was beginning to occupy the place she had hitherto filled, and for the next ten years she went a succession of tours with her husband in Scotland and Ireland, appearing at Dub- lin in 1773 as Urganda in Michael Arne's ' Cymon.' Although she had acquired large sums of money, she was embarrassed in her old age. In 1784 she was living in Black- moor Street, Clare Market. On 22 April of this year she reappeared at Covent Garden for one night in ' Comus,' singing for the bene- fit of Hull, the stage-manager. It was said that her voice still ' possessed the remains of those qualities for which it had been so much celebrated — power, flexibility, and sweetness.' After her husband's death she devoted her- self to the education of her talented step- grandson, G. F. Pinto [q. v.], whose prema- ture decease she survived. In the latter part of her life Mrs. Pinto lived at 6 Vauxhall Walk, and was so poor that Fawcett, the ac- tor, used to give her a dinner every Sunday, and ' sometimes a bit of finery, of which she was very fond.' Here she died 10 April 1802, and was buried (in the same grave as G. F. Pinto) in the churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster, 011 the 15th of the same month. The only portrait of her seems to be a small medallion with Beard in 'Thomas and Sally,' printed for Robert Sawyer. [Information from Mr. W. H. Husk ; Thespian Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1805; European Magazine, xli. 335 ; Grenest's History of the Stage, vol. iv.; Busby's Anecdotes, i. 119; Parke's Musical Me- moirs, i. 57, 150; Pohl's Mozart in London, 43 ; Annals of the Three Choirs, 41, 43.] W. B. S. BRENT, JOHN (1808-1882), antiquary and novelist, was born at Rotherhithe on 21 Aug. 1808, and was the eldest son of a father of the same name, a shipbuilder there, who about the year 1821 removed to Canter- bury, and became thrice mayor of the city Brent 262 Brent and deputy-lieutenant of the county. His mother was Susannah, third daughter of^the Rev. Sampson Kingsford of Sturry, near Can- terbury (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxvii. pt. ii. 1074). In his early days he carried on the business of a miller, occupied for many years a seat on the council of the Canterbury corporation, and was elected an alderman, but resigned that po- sition on being appointed city treasurer. Brent died at his house on the Dane John, Canter- bury, 23 April 1882. During the course of a long life, he was indefatigable in his attempts to throw light on the past history of the city and county in which he dwelt. He became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in April 1853, and was also a member of the British Archaeological Association and of the Kent Archaeological Society. His contributions to antiquarian literature are mostly to be found in the various publications of these societies. To the forty-first volume of the ' Archseologia ' (pp. 409-20) he communicated a paper of value to ethnological science, being an account of his ' Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Stowting, in Kent, during the autumn of I860.' In 1855 he had published a revised edition of Felix Summerly's 'Handbook for Canterbury,' and in 1875 there appeared his ' Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Canterbury Museum,' of which he was honorary curator. His work Canterbury in the Olden Time,' 8vo, 1860 (enlarged edition in 1879), from its re- search and originality, bears testimony to his unwearied industry and his ability as an an- tiquarian topographer. Brent also claims notice as a poet and novelist, having published 1. ' The Sea Wolf, a Romance,' 12mo, Lon- don, 1834. 2. < Lays of Poland,' 12mo, Lon- don, 1836. 3. ' Lays and Legends of Kent," 12mo, Canterbury, 1840 ; second edition, 1851. 4. ' Guillemette La Delanasse,' a poem, 12mo, Canterbury, 1840. 5. ' The Battle Cross. A Romance of the Fourteenth Century,' 3 vols 12mo, London, 1845. 6. ' Ellie Forestere, a novel,' 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1850. 7. ' Sun- beams and Shadows,' poems, printed for pri- vate circulation, 1853. 8. 'Village Bells, Lady Gwendoline, and other Poems,' 8vo London, 1865; second edition, 1868. 9. ' Ata- lanta, Winnie, and other Poems,' 12mo, Lon- don, 1873. 10. ' Justine,' a poem, 12mo, Lon- don, 1881. A collected edition of his poems was published in 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1884 Numerous tales, poems, and miscellaneous articles from his pen are also to be found in the various magazines devoted to light lite- rature. At the time of the insurrection in Poland, Brent became the local secretary o the Polish Association. [Information from Mr. Cecil Brent, F.S.A. Journal of the British Archaeological Associa- ion, xxxviii. 235-6 ; Gruillaumet's Tablettes 3iographiques; Kentish Chronicle, 29 April 882; Times, 29 April 1882; Koach Smith's Retrospections, i. 159.] Gr. G-. BRENT, SIR NATHANIEL (1573?- L652), warden of Merton College, Oxford, was the son of Anchor Brent of Little Wol- brd, Warwickshire, where he was born about L573. His grandfather's name was Richard, and his great-grandfather was John Brent of Cosington, Somersetshire. He became portionist,' or postmaster, of Merton Col- lege, Oxford, in 1589; proceeded B.A. on 20 June 1593 ; was admitted probationer fel- ,ow there in 1594, and took the degree of M.A. on 31 Oct. 1598. He was proctor of the university in 1607, and admitted bachelor of law on 11 Oct. 1623. In 1613 and 1614 tie travelled abroad ' into several parts of the Learned world, and underwent dangerous ad- ventures in Italy to procure the " History of the Council of Trent," which he translated into English' (WOOD). In 1616 Carleton, ambassador at the Hague, writes to Win- wood that he leaves Brent, *' one not un- known to your honour,' to conduct the busi- ness of the embassy during his temporary absence at Spa. On 31 Oct. of the same year Carleton writes again to Winwood that Brent is bringing home despatches, and hopes to secure an office in Ireland, for which Carleton recommends him highly. On 26 Nov. Winwood replied that the post in question, that of ' secretary of Ireland,' had been con- ferred on Sir Francis Annesley before Brent's arrival in England. Soon after the close of his foreign tour Brent married Martha, the daughter and heiress of Robert Abbot, bishop of Salisbury, and niece of George Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury. The influence of the Abbots secured Brent's election in 1622 to the wardenship of Merton College, in succession to Sir Henry Savile. He was afterwards appointed commissary of the diocese of Canterbury, and vicar-general to the archbishop, and on Sir Henry Marten's death became judge of the prerogative court. During the early years of Laud's primacy (1634-7), Brent made a tour through the length and breadth of England south of the Trent, reporting upon and correcting eccle- siastical abuses (GAKDINEK, Hist. 1884, viii. 108-17; cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 131- 147). But Brent chiefly owed his fame to his connection with Merton College. Wood, who was largely indebted to Brent, refers to him as one who, ' minding wealth and the settling1 a family more than generous actions,' al- lowed the college to lose much of the re- putation it had acquired under Sir Henry Savile (WooD, Athena, ed. Bliss, ii. 316). Brent 263 Brent Complaints were frequently made of Brent's long sojourns in London, where he had a house of his own in Little Britain. On 23 Aug. 1629 he was knighted at Woodstock by the king, who was preparing to pay a state visit to Oxford. On 24 Aug. Brent entertained the French and Dutch ambas- sadors at Merton, and on 27 Aug. gave a dinner to the king and queen. In 1629-30 he was admitted to the freedom of the city of Canterbury honoris causa, (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. 163 £). In August 1636 Brent presented Prince Charles and Prince Rupert for degrees, when Laud, who had become chancellor in 1639, was entertain- ing the royal family. In 1638 Laud held a visitation of Merton College, and in- sisted on many radical reforms. Laud stayed at the college for many weeks, and found Brent an obstinate opponent. Laud complains in his 'Diary' that 'the warden appeared very foul.' Some outrageous charges of mal- administration were indeed brought against Brent by some of those whom Laud examined, but the visitor took no public proceedings against Brent on these grounds. His let- ters to the warden are, however, couched in very haughty and decisive language. Brent ultimately gained the victory over Laud. The tenth charge in the indictment drawn up against the archbishop in 1641 treats of the unlawful authority exercised by him at Merton in 1638. The warden came forward as a hostile witness at Laud's trial. His testi- mony as to Laud's intimacy with papists and the like was very damaging to the archbishop, but it does not add much to his own reputa- tion. Laud replied to Brent's accusations in his ' History of the Troubles and Trial ' (Anglo-Cath. Libr. iv. 194). On the out- break of the civil wars Brent sided with the parliament. Before Charles I entered Ox- ford (29 Oct. 1642), the warden had aban- doned Oxford for London. On 27 Jan. 1644- 1645 Charles I wrote to the loyal fellows at Merton that Brent was deposed from his office on the grounds of his having absented himself for three years from the college, of having adhered to the rebels, and of having accepted the office of judge-marshal in their ranks. He had also signed the covenant. The petition for the formal removal of Brent, to which the king's letter was an answer, was drawn up by John Greaves, Savilian professor of geometry. On 9 April the great William Harvey was elected to fill Brent's Elace ; but as soon as Oxford fell into the ands of Fairfax, the parliamentary general (24 June 1646), Brent returned to Merton, and apparently resumed his post there with- out any opposition being offered him. In 1647 Brent was appointed president of the famous parliamentary commission, or visita- tion, ordered by the parliament 'for the due ; correction of offences, abuses, and disorders ' in the university. The proceedings began I on 3 June, but it was not until 30 Sept. 1 that the colleges were directed to forward to Merton their statutes, registers, and ac- counts to enable Brent and his colleague to really set to work. On 12 April 1648 Brent presented four of the visitors for the degree of M.A. Early in May of the same year Brent showed more mercy than his colleagues approved by ' conniving ' at An- thony a Wood's retention of his postmaster- ship in spite of his avowed royalism. Wood tells us that he owed this favour to the in- tercession of his mother, whom Brent had known from a girl. On 17 May 1649 Fairfax and Cromwell paid the university a threaten- ing visit, and malcontents were thenceforth proceeded against by the commission with the utmost rigour. But Brent grew dissatisfied with its proceedings. The visitors claimed to rule Merton College as they pleased, and, with- out consulting the warden, they admitted fel- lows, masters, and bachelors of arts. On 13 Feb. 1650-1 he sent a petition of protest against the conduct of the visitors to parlia- ment. The commissioners were ordered to answer Brent's complaint, but there is no evidence that they did so, and in October 1651 Brent retired from the commission. On 27 Nov. following he resigned his office of warden, nominally in obedience to an order forbidding pluralities, but his refusal to sign ' the engagement,' which would have bound him to support a commonwealth without a king or a house of lords, was probably the more direct cause of his resignation. Brent afterwards withdrew to his house in Little Britain, London, and died there on 6 Nov. 1652. He was buried in the church of St. Bar- tholomew the Less on 17 Nov. Wood states that he had seen an epitaph in print on Brent by one 'John Sictar, a Bohemian exile, whom Brent had provisioned ' in his lifetime. Brent's daughter Margaret married Ed- ward Corbet of Merton College, a presbyte- rian, on whom Laud repeatedly refused to confer the living of Chartham. Brent's lite- rary work was small. In 1620 he translated into English the ' History of the Council of Trent ' by Pietro Soane Polano (i.e. Pietro Sarpi). A second edition appeared in 1629, and another in 1676. Archbishop Abbot had caused the Latin original to be published for the first time in 1619 in London. In 1625, ' at the importunity of George [Abbot], arch- bishop of Canterbury,' Brent edited and re- published the elaborate defence of the church Brentford 264 Brenton of England * Vindicise Ecclesiee Anglicanse,' first published in 1613 by Francis Mason, archdeacon of Norfolk (STRYPE, Parker, i. 117). He did ' review it,' says Wood (Athena Oxon., Bliss, ii. 307), ' examine the quota- tions, compare them with the originals, and at length printed the copy as he found it under the author's hands.' [Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College, Ox- ford; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 332-6, and passim ; Wood's Fasti (Bliss), i. iii. ; Laud's Works; Oal. State Papers (Dom.), 1615-50; Burrow's Parliamentary Visitation of Oxford (Camden Soc.)]. S. L. L. BRENTFORD, EAEL or. [See RUTH- TEN.] BRENTON, EDWARD PELHAM (1774-1839), captain in the royal navy, younger brother of Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton [q. v.], was born at Rhode Island on 20 July 1774. He entered the navy in 1788, and, after serving in the East Indies and in the Channel fleet, was made lieutenant on 27 May 1795. His services in that rank in the North Sea, on the Newfoundland station, and in the West Indies, call for no special notice. On 29 April 1802 he was made commander, and on the renewal of the war in 1803 was appointed to the command of the Merlin, and employed in the blockade of the north coast of France. On 16 Dec. 1803 he succeeded in a gallant attempt to destroy the Shannon frigate, which had got on shore not far from Cape Barfleur, and had been taken possession of by the French. In January 1805 he was appointed to the Amaranthe brig, in which he cruised with some success in the North Sea ; and in 1808 he was sent to the West Indies, where, for his distinguished gallantry in the attack on a small French squadron under the batteries of St. Pierre of Martinique, he was advanced to post rank, his commission being dated back to 13 Dec. 1808, the day of the action. An- ticipating his promotion, the admiral, Sir Alexander Cochrane, had appointed him act- ing captain of the Pomp6e (74), bearing the broad pennant of Commodore Cockburn, under whose immediate command he served with the brigade of seamen landed for the reduc- tion of Martinique. He afterwards returned to Europe, with the commodore, in the Belle- isle, in charge of the garrison, who, according to the capitulation, were to be conveyed to France and there exchanged. As, however, the French government refused to restore an equivalent number of English, the prisoners, to the number of 2,400, were carried to Portsmouth and detained there till the end of the war. Captain Brenton was after- wards employed in convoy service, and in August 1810 was appointed to command the Spartan frigate, in succession to his brother [see BRENTON, Sm JAHLEEL]. In the course of 1811 the Spartan was sent to North America, and continued on that station during the greater part of the war with the United States, but met with no opportunity of distinguished service. She returned to England in the autumn of 1813, when Brenton went on half-pay ; nor did he ever serve again, with the exception of a few months in the summer of 1815, when he acted as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Sir Benjamin Hallowell. Brenton now devoted a large portion of his time to literary pursuits, and published in 1823 a l Naval History of Great Britain from the year 1783 to 1822,' 5 vols. 8vo ; and in 1838 the ' Life and Correspondence of John, Earl of St. Vincent,' 2 vols. 8vo. As an officer of rank, who had been actively employed during all the important part of the period of his history, his opportunities of gaining information were almost un- equalled; but he seems to have been con- stitutionally incapable of sifting such evidence as came before him, and to have been guided more frequently by prejudice than by judg- ment. The plan of his work is good and comprehensive, but the execution is feeble, and its authority as to matter of fact is of the slenderest possible. In addition to these more important literary labours, he took an active, and latterly an absorbing, part in the promotion of temperance societies, in the establishment and conduct of the Society for the Relief of Shipwrecked Mariners, and more especially of the Children's Friend Society, the intention of which was, in many respects, better than the results. These, in fact, drew down on him and his management much harsh criticism, which he felt severely, and which to a serious extent embittered the closing years of his life. He died suddenly on 6 April 1839. He married, in March 1803, Margaret Diana, daughter of General Cox, by whom he had a large family. In addition to the more bulky works already mentioned, he was also the author of ' The Bible and Spade : an Account of the Rise and Progress of the Children's Friend Society,' 1837, 12mo; and of several pamphlets on 'Suppression of Mendicity,' ' Poor Laws,' ' Juvenile Vagrancy,' and similar subjects. [Marshall's Royal Nav. Eiog.v. (suppl. parti.) 411; Memoir of Captain Edward Pelham Bren- ton, with Sketches of his Professional Life and Exertions in the Cause of Humanity as con- Brenton 265 Brenton nected with the Children's Friend Society, &c. ; Observations upon Brenton's Naval History and Life of the Earl of St. Vincent, by his brother, Vice-admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, 1842, 8vo, a very one-sided view of Captain Brenton's great merits as an historian and as a philanthropist ; Quarterly Eeview, Ixii. 424, a severe, but not too severe, article on the Life of Lord St. Vincent.] J. K. L. BRENTON, SIK JAHLEEL (1770- 1844), vice-admiral, eldest son of Rear- admiral Jahleel Brenton, the head of a family which had emigrated to America early in the seventeenth century, was born in Rhode Island on 22 Aug. 1770. When the war of independence broke out, Mr. Brenton, then a lieutenant in the navy, adhered to the royalist party, and his wife and children were sent to England. He himself was in 1781 promoted to the command of the Queen, armed ship, on board which ship his son Jahleel was entered as a midshipman. For two years the boy served under his father's immediate command, and on the peace in 1783 was sent to school at Chelsea, where, and afterwards in France, he continued till 1787, when he again entered the navy as a midshipman. In 1790, having passed his examination, and seeing no chance of either employment or promotion, he accepted a com- mission in the Swedish navy, and took part in the battles of Biorkosund on 3 and 4 June, and of Svenskasund on 9 July. In later life, when deeply impressed by religious ideas, he 'felt and acknowledged the guilt of this step.' On 20 Nov. 1790 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the English navy, and returned home in consequence. His service during the succeeding years, mostly in the Mediterranean, does not require any special notice. In the battle off Cape St. Vincent he was, still a lieutenant, on board the Barfleur, and in the course of 1798 he obtained from the commander-in-chief an acting order to command the Speedy brig, though he was not confirmed in the rank till 3 July 1799. His conduct on several occa- sions in action with the enemy's gunboats won for him the approval of the admiralty and his post rank, 25 April 1800, when he was appointed temporarily to the Genereux prize, giving up the command of the Speedy to Lord Cochrane, who rendered her name immortal in the history of our navy. In the following January he was appointed to the Caesar, as flag-captain to Sir James Saumarez, and had thus an important part in the un- fortunate battle of Algeziras on 6 July, and in the brilliant defeat of the allied squadron in the Straits on 12 July 1801. He con- tinued in the Caesar, after the peace, till March 1 802, when he obtained leave to re- : turn to England, chiefly, it would seem, in order to be married to Miss Isabella Stewart, an American lady to whom he had been long engaged. In March 1803 he was appointed to the Minerve frigate, but had only just joined her j when a severe wound, given by a block fall- I ing on his head, compelled him to go on I shore ; he was not able to resume the com- ! mand till June, and in his first cruise, having ! chased some vessels in towards Cherbourg I in a thick fog, the ship got aground under | the guns of the heaviest batteries (2 July I 1803). After sustaining the enemy's fire for ten hours, and failing in all attempts to ! get her off, Brenton was compelled to sur- render. He and the whole ship's company were made prisoners of war, and so the greater number of them continued till the peace in 1814 ; but Brenton himself was for- tunate in being exchanged in December 1806 for a nephew of MassSna, who had been taken prisoner at Trafalgar. He was shortly after- wards tried for the loss of the Minerve, and on his honourable acquittal was at once ap- pointed to the Spartan, a new frigate of 38 guns, ordered to the Mediterranean. The service there was arduous and honourable, but years passed away without leading to any especial distinction. In October 1809 the Spartan was part of the force engaged in the reduction of the Ionian Isles, and in May 1810, whilst cruising in company with the Success, of 32 guns, and the Espoir brig, chased a small French squadron into Naples. This consisted of the Ceres frigate of the same force as the Spartan, though with about one-fourth more men, the Fama frigate of 28 guns, a brig, a cutter, and seven gunboats. Brenton, feeling certain that the French ships would not come out in the face of two fri- gates, despatched the Success to the south- ward, and on the morning of 3 May stood back towards Naples, hoping to tempt the enemy to come out. They had anticipated his wish, and having taken on board some 400 soldiers, in addition to their already large complements, met the Spartan in the very entrance of the bay, about midway be- tween Ischia and Capri. The action that ensued was extremely bloody, for the Spar- tan's broadsides told" with terrible effect on the crowded decks of the Ceres and her consorts, while on the other hand the heavy fire of the gunboats inflicted severe loss on the Spartan. Brenton himself was badly wounded in the hip by a grapeshot, and during the latter part of the fight the Spar- tan was commanded by her first-lieutenant, Willes, the father of the present Admiral Brenton 266 Brereley Sir George Ommanney Willes. The brig was captured, but, the Spartan's rigging being much cut, the Ceres and Fama succeeded in getting under some batteries in Baia Bay (JAMES, Naval History, edit. 1859, v. 115). For his gallant and skilful conduct of the action Willes was deservedly promoted ; and Captain Brenton's bravery, his tactical skill, and the severity of his wound won for him sympathy and admiration which forgot to remark on his mistaken judgment in sending the Success away — mistaken, for the resolve of the enemy to come out was formed quite independently of the Success's absence. The Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's voted him a sword, value one hundred guineas ; the king of the Two Sicilies presented him with the Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand ; he was made a baronet on 3 Nov. 1812, and aK.C.B. on 2 Jan. 1815. Brenton's wound made it necessary for him to return to England, which he was per- mitted to do in the Spartan ; and for nearly two years he was on shore, suffering much pain, aggravated by the loss of all his pro- perty by the failure of his agents, and by the loss of a prize appeal which involved him to the extent of 3,000£ This liability, how- ever, some friends took on themselves, trust- ing to have it made good from the bankrupt's estate ; and a pension of 300/. in considera- tion of his wound relieved him of this pressing pecuniary anxiety. In March 1812, having partly recovered from his wound, he ac- cepted the command of the Stirling Castle, 74 guns, in the Channel ; but feeling that his lameness and the occasional pain incapacitated him for active service, he soon resigned the appointment. Towards the close of 1813 he was appointed commissioner of the dockyard at Port Mahon, and on the abolition of that establishment at the peace he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope in the same capacity. The establishment there was also reduced on the death of Napoleon in 1821, and Brenton re- turned to England in January 1822. He then for some time had the command of the royal yacht, and afterwards of the guardship at Sheerness. He attained his flag in 1830, and in 1831, on the death of Captain Browell, was appointed lieutenant-governor of Green- wich Hospital. In course of seniority he would have been included in the promotion on the queen's coronation, and have been made a vice-admiral ; but that being incom- patible with his office at Greenwich, the rank was held in abeyance, though given him, with his original seniority, on his retirement in 1840. His health had during all these years been very broken, and he died on 3 April 1844. During a great part of his life he devoted much time and energy to business connected with religious or charitable organisations, and in assisting his brother [see BRENTON", EDWARD PELHAM], of whom he wrote a me- moir referring chiefly to these pursuits. He was also the author of ' The Hope of the Navy, or the True Source of Discipline and Efficiency ' (cr. 8vo, 1839), a religious essay ; 'An Appeal to the British Nation on be- half of her Sailors ' (12mo, 1838) ; and some pamphlets. He was twice married : his first wife died in 1817, and in 1822 he married a cousin, Miss Harriet Brenton, who survived him. He left only one son, Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton, who, after taking his degree at Oxford, became a nonconformist minister; on his death, without issue, the baronetcy became extinct. [Memoir of the Life and Services of Vice- admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton, Bart., K.C.B., edited by the Kev. Henry Kaikes, Chancellor of the Diocese of Chester, 8vo, 1846 — a ponderous work, smothered in a confused mass of religious meditation ; a somewhat abridged edition, edited by Sir L. Charles L. Brenton, was published in 1855; some of Sir Jahleel's official correspon- dence, whilst at the Cape, with Colonel (after- wards Sir Hudson) Lowe is in Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 20139, 20189-91, 20233.] J. K. L. BRERELEY, JOHN. [See ANDERTON, JAMES.] BRERELEY or BRIERLEY, ROGER (1586-1637), divine and poet, was born on 4 Aug. 1586, at Mar land, then a hamlet in the parish of Rochdale, where Thomas Brere- ley, his father, and Roger, his grandfather, were farmers. The name is spelled in many ways, but it seems best to adhere to the form which constantly recurs in the Roch- dale baptismal register, as this undoubtedly represents the right pronunciation. From his father's brother Richard the Brearleys of Handworth, Yorkshire, are descended. He had three brothers and two sisters younger than himself. Brereley himself began life as a puritan. He took orders and became perpetual curate of Grindleton Chapel, in the parish of Mitton in Craven. The stipend (in 1654) was worth 51. He held (in 1626) a close in Castleton, in the manor of Rochdale, which had belonged to his grandfather. His preach- ing was simple and spiritual, and his followers soon became distinguished as a party. As early as 1618 Nicholas Assheton, recording the burial of one John Swinglehurst, adds 'he died distract; he was a great follower of Brierley.' J. C., the writer of the first notice of his life, says : ' Because they could not well stile them by the name of Breirlists, finding no fault in his doctrine, they then Brereley 267 Brereton styled his hearers by the name of Grinde- tonians (sic), by the name of a town in Cra- van, called Grindleton, where this author did at that time exercise his ministry, thinking by his name to render them odious, and brand them for some kind of sectaries ; but they could not tell what sect to parallel them to, hence rose the name Grindletonism.' And Brereley himself, in his piece ' Of True Chris- tian Liberty,' writes : — I was sometime (as then a stricter man) By some good fellows tearm'd a puritan. And now men say, I'm deeply drown'd in schism, Retyr'd from God's grace unto G-rindletonism. In a sermon preached at Paul's Cross on II Feb. 1627, and published under the title of 'The White Wolfe,' 1627, Stephen Deni- son, minister of St. Catherine Cree, charges the ' Gringltonian familists ' with holding nine points of an antinomian tendency. These nine points are repeated from Denison by Ephraim Pagitt in his ' Heresiography ' (2nd ed. 1645, p. 89), and glanced at by Alexander Koss, Havo-cpcia (2nd ed. 1655, p. 365). Pagitt is the authority Sir Walter Scott gives for the extraordinary collocation ( Woodstock, 1826, iii. 205): 'Those Grindletonians or Muggletonians in whom is the perfection of every foul and blasphemous heresy, united with such- an universal practice of hypo- critical assentuation, as would deceive their master, even Satan himself.' The nine points may perhaps be a caricature of positions ad- vanced by some of Brereley's hearers, but they bear no resemblance to his own teaching. If Denison derived them from the ' fifty ar- ticles ' mentioned by J. C., as exhibited against Brereley at York by direction of the high commission, we can easily understand that * when he came to his trial not one of them [was] directly proved against him.' This trial must have been prior to 1628, for it was held before Archbishop Tobias Matthew, who died 29 March in that year. Matthew, a strict and exemplary prelate, sustained Brereley in the exercise of his ministry, and before leav- ing York he preached in the cathedral. It is certain that Brereley was not conscious of any deflection from Calvinistic orthodoxy. He expressly censures Arminius (Serm. 21), 'who will needs set rules and laws to God.' He calls the heresies of Nestorius, Eutyches, &c., ' little holes in Christ's ship ' (Poems, p. 46). Although his language about the second Person of the Trinity may be thought to show traces of Socinian influence, no anti- trinitarian heresy seems to have been charged upon him. Denison's most damaging point is clean contrary to Brereley's own language. He quaintly owns that ' men no angels are,' and he doubts the possibility of perfection in the saints on earth. He is very strong against mere forms ; for instance, he calls ' bread and wine a silly thing, where the heart is not led further' (Serm. 9). But he was the very opposite of a sectary, and desired to remain a humble son of the church. In 1631 Brereley was instituted to the living of Burnley, Lan- cashire. He died in June 1637, the Burnley register recording that ' Roger Brearley, minister,' was buried 13 June. He was mar- ried, and had a daughter Alice, living in 1636. His literary remains are : 1. ( A Bundle of Soul-convincing, directing, and comforting Truths; clearly deduced from divers select texts of Holy Scripture. . . . Being a brief summary of several sermons preached at large by ... M. Rodger Breirly . . . Edinburgh, printed for James Brown, bookseller in Glas- gow, 1670, sm. 8vo (this, which can hardly be the first edition, consists of twenty-seven sermons, and the biographical f Epistle to the Reader,' by J. C., who says of the origin of the volume : 'After his death a few headnotes of some of his sermons came to my view,' per- haps implying that the notes were Brereley's own). 2. Another edition, London, printed by J. R. for Samuel Sprunt, 1677, 18mo, is probably a reprint from an earlier issue ; it reckons the sermons as twenty-six in number, what is Sermon 22 in the 1670 edition being not numbered, but headed ' Exposition,' &c. (it is on the beatitudes). It contains also, after the sermons, the following pieces in verse: 'The Preface of Mr. Brierly ; ' 'Of True Christian Liberty ; ' ' The Lord's Reply/ four pieces thus headed, alternated with three pieces headed 'The Soul's Answer,' 'The Song of the Soul's Freedom,' ' Self Civil War.' The spelling of the poems is often in- teresting, as indicating a northern pronuncia- tion, and there are a few Lancashire words ; the punctuation is atrocious. There is often much pathos in Brereley's rude lines : his spirit reminds one of Juan de Vald6s, none of whose writings were translated in his time. [Eaine's Journal of Nicholas Assheton, Chet. Soc. vol. xiv. 1848, 4to, pp. 89-96 (including ex- tracts from Brereley's poems) ; Halley's Lanca- shire, its Puritanism and Nonconformity, 1869, i. 159-64; Whitaker's Craven (ed. Morant), 1878, p. 34 ; Whitaker's Whalley (ed. Nichols and Lyons), ii. 169; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 388, 517 (more extracts fmm the poems) ; certi- fied extracts from Eochdale parish register; works cited above.] A. Gr. BREHETON, JOHN (/.1603), voyager to New England, has left few records of his life. His birthplace is unknown, and to which branch of the Breretons of Brereton, Cheshire, he belonged is uncertain, although he was Brereton 268 Brereton probably a relative of Sir William Brereton (1604-1661) [q.v.], major-general of Cheshire, j who, before his military career, was interested j in American colonisation, grants of land along ! the north-eastern coast of Massachusetts Bay i having been made to him by Sir Ferdinando j Gorges at a time when he intended to settle j there. John Brereton was admitted sizar at Caius College, Cambridge, 1587, and was B. A. 1592-3. Hejoined Captain Bartholomew Gos- nold, Bartholomew Gilbert, Gabriel Archer, and others to make the first English attempt to settle in the land since called New England. Twenty-four gentlemen and eight sailors left Falmouth in a small bark, the Concord, on 26 March 1603, twelve of them intending to settle, while twelve "others returned home with the produce of the land and of their trading with the natives. The voyage was sanctioned by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had an exclusive crown grant of the whole coast. Instead of making the circuitous route by the Canaries, Gosnold steered, as the winds permitted, due west, only southing towards the Azores, and was the first to accomplish a direct course to America, saving ' the better part of a thousand leagues.' By 15 May the voyagers made the headland which they named Cape Cod. Here Gosnold, Brereton, and two others went ashore on ' the white sands,' the first spot in New England ever trodden by English feet. Doubling the Cape and passing Nantucket, they touched at Martha's Vineyard, and passing round Dover Cliff entered Buzzard's Bay, which they called Gosnold's Hope, reached the island of Cuttyhuiik, which they named Elizabeth's Island. Here they determined to settle ; in nineteen days they built a fort and store- house in an islet in the centre of a lake of three miles compass, and began to trade with the natives in furs, skins, and the sassafras plant. They sowed wheat, barley, and peas, and in fourteen days the young plants had sprung nine inches and more. The country was fruit- ful in the extreme. It was decided, however, that so small a company would be useless for colonisation ; their provisions, after division, would have lasted only six weeks. The whole company therefore sailed for England, making a very short voyage of five weeks, and landed at Exmouth on 23 July. Their freight real- ised a great profit, the sassafras alone selling for 336Z. a ton. Brereton wrote ' A Briefe Relation of the Description of Elizabeth's He, and some others towards the North Part of Virginie . . . written by John Brierton, one of the Voyage,' London, 1602, 8vo. A second impression was published the same year entitled ' A brief and true Relation of the Discovery of the North Part of Virginia . . . written by John Brere- ton, one of the Voyage,' London, 1602, 8vo. To this edition is added ' A Treatise of M. Edward Hayes, containing important induce- ments for the planting in these parts,' &c. Purchas gives a chapter headed ' Notes taken out of a Tractate written by James Rosier to Sir Walter Raleigh ; ' but this is signed 1 John Brereton,' and is evidently part of a letter written by him. Rosier was not with Brereton, but was a fellow-voyager in Wey- mouth's expedition five years afterwards. Of Brereton nothing more is known. Captain John Smith, in his ' Adventures and Dis- courses,' speaks of ' Master John Brereton and his account of his voyage ' as fairly turning his brains, and impelling him to cast in his lot with Gosnold and Wingfield, and make that subsequent voyage which resulted in the planting and colonisation of Virginia in 1607. [Stith's Hist, of Virginia, p. 30, Massa- chusetts Historical Collections, 3rd. ser. viii. 83-123; Purchas His Pilgrimes, ' the 4th part.' pp.1646, 1656; Belknap's American Biog. (Hub- bard's), 1844, ii. 206 ; Anderson's Hist, of Com- merce, A.D. 1602; Hakluyt, iii. 246; Pinkerton's Voy. and Trav. xii. 219, xiii. 19 ; Bancroft's United States, i. 88 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 51 ; Holmes's Annals of America, i. 117; Beverley's Hist, of Virginia, p. 19 ; the Adventures and Dis- courses of Capt. John Smith (Ashton's reprint, 1883), p. 69; Biogr. Brit, under ' Greenville,' p. 2284, note/.] J. W.-GK BRERETON, OWEN SALUSBURY (1715-1798), antiquary ,was born in 1715. His father was Thomas Brereton, afterwards of Shotwick Park, Cheshire, who came into the possession of that estate thro ugh marriage with Catherine, daughter of Mr. Salusbury Lloyd. Owen Brereton was the son of a former mar- riage with a Trelawney, and added the name of Salusbury on succeeding to estates in the counties of Chester, Denbigh, and Flint on his father's death about the year 1756. He was admitted a scholar of Westminster School in 1729, and was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1734. He was called to the bar in 1738, and in that year held the post of a lottery commissioner. In Septem- ber 1742 he was appointed recorder of Liver- pool, an office he retained till his death, a period of fifty-six years. When he pro- posed to resign in 1796, he was requested by the corporation to retain the situation, and they appointed a deputy to relieve him of the pressure of its duties. He became a member of the Society of Arts in 1762, and was vice-president from 1765 to 1798, in which capacity he rendered great service to the society. He was also a member of the Royal Society and of the Society of Anti- Brereton 269 Brereton quaries (elected 1763), a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, treasurer of that body, and keeper of the Black Book. He was member of parlia- ment for Ilchester in Somerset from 1775 to 1780, and constable of Flint Castle from 1775. He died at his residence at Windsor, on 8 Sept. 1798, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on 22 Sept. To the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1781 he contributed an account of a storm at East- bourne, and to the l Archseologia ' he sent several papers: 1. ( Round Towers in Ire- land,' ii. 80. 2. ' Observations in a Tour through North Wales, Shropshire, &c.,' iii. 111. 3. ' Extracts from a MS. relating to the Household of Henry VIII,' iii. 145. 4. l Particulars of a Discovery of Gold Coins at Fenwick Castle,' v. 166. 5. ' Description of third unpublished Seal of Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France,' v. 280. 6. 'Brereton Church Window/ ix. 368. 7. ' Silver Coin of Philip of France,' x. 465. In vols. viii. x. xi. and xii. of the same work are particulars of various objects of antiquity exhibited by him. The paper on Brereton Church contains several unaccountable in- accuracies, which have been commented upon by Mr. Ormerod in his ' History of Cheshire.' [John Holliday in Trans, of the Society of Arts, xix. 4-8, with portrait ; same article in Chalmers's Biog. Diet. ; Q-ent. Mag. 1798, Ixviii. part ii. p. 816 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, ed. Helsby, 1882, ii. 573; Welch's Westminster Scholars, 1788; Return of Members of Parliament, 1878, ii. 154.] C. W. S. BRERETON, THOMAS (1691-1722), dramatist, was descended from a younger branch of the noble family of Brereton in Cheshire, his father being Major Thomas Brereton of the queen's dragoons. He was born in 1691, and after attending the free school of Chester, and a boarding school in the same city, kept by a Mr. Dennis, a French refugee, he matriculated at Brase- nose College, Oxford, 16 April 1709, pro- ceeding B.A. 14 Oct. 1712. His father died before he reached his majority, leaving him a considerable fortune, which, however, he soon dissipated, his wife and family being compelled by destitution to retire to their relations in Wales in 1721. The same year he received from the government a small office connected with the customs at Chester. In connection with the election of a relative as member of parliament for Liverpool he wrote a libellous attack on the rival candi- date, and to escape prosecution was advised to abscond. To baffle pursuit he determined to cross the Saltney when the tide was coming in. In the middle of the stream he quitted his horse, resolving to trust to his remarkable powers as a swimmer, but he was unable to reach the shore. His death took place in February 1722. Brereton was the author of two tragedies, or rather English adaptations of French plays, but they were never acted and do not possess much merit. They are : 1. ' Esther, or Faith Triumphant, a sacred Tragedy in Rhyme, with a chorus after the manner of the ancient Greeks; translated with improvements from Racine,' 1715 ; and 2. ' Sir John Oldcastle, or Love and Zeal, a Tragedy,' 1717, founded on the 'Polyeucte' of Corneille. To ' Esther' he prefixed a 'large dedication to the Lord Archbishop of York, in defence of such compositions against the rants of Tertullian and Mr. Collier.' He also published ' A Day's Journey from the Vale of Evesham to Oxford, to which are added two Town Eclogues,' no date ; ' An English Psalm ... on the late Thanksgiving Day,' 1716 ; ' George, a poem, humbly in- scribed to the Right Honourable the Earl of Warrington,' 1715 ; and ' Charnock Junior, or the Coronation, being a Parody on Mack Flecknoe, occasioned by Dr. S 1's late exploit at St. Andrews,' 1719. This had been published in 1710, badly printed and without the author's knowledge. It is a burlesque on Dr. Sacheverell's progress after his trial. He married Jane (b. 1685), daughter of Thomas Hughes of Bryn Griffith, Mold, Flintshire, on 29 Jan. 1711. Two daughters survived him. His wife died at Wrexham on 7 Aug. 1740. She wrote a good deal of verse in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' and elsewhere, which was collected after her death and published, together with some of her letters (1744). [Rawlinson MSS. 4to,i. 379; Jacob's Poetical Register (ed. 1723), i. 283 ; Biogr. Dramatica (ed. Baker), i. 63-4 ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue ; Mrs. Jane Brereton's Poems.] T. F. H. BRERETON, THOMAS (1782-1832), lieutenant-colonel, was born in King's County, Ireland, on 4 May 1782. He went as a volunteer to the West Indies with his uncle, Captain Coghlan, in 1797, and received his commission as ensign in the 8th West India regiment in 1798, being promoted lieutenant 1800, and captain 1804. With the excep- tion of a short term of service in Jersey in 1803-4, he appears to have remained in the West Indies until 1813, acting for a time as brigade-major to his relative, General Brere- ton, governor of St. Lucia, and being present at the capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe. In consequence of ill-health and of inju- ries received during a hurricane in 1813, he Brereton 270 Brereton returned that year to England invalided. In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Senegal and Goree, and the next year was ! made lieutenant-colonel of the Royal African corps. In December 1816 he was again in- valided, and returned to England. He was ; appointed to a command on the frontier of the Cape Colony in 1818, visited England in j 1819, and commanded the Cape Town garri- son until 1823. In the meanwhile he had , exchanged first into the 53rd regiment, after- wards into the Royal York Rangers, and in 1821 into the 49th regiment. On his final re- turn to England he was appointed inspecting field officer of the Bristol recruiting district. As senior officer on the spot he had command of the troops quartered in the neighbourhood of Bristol at the outbreak of the Reform riots in that city on Saturday, 29 Oct. 1831. These troops were composed of a squadron of the 14th light dragoons and a troop of the 3rd j dragoon guards. About five p.m. of 29 Oct. j the mayor was forced to read the Riot Act, j and Brereton was called on to bring his force j at once into Bristol. During the half-hour j that passed before his arrival the lower part of the mansion house was sacked. Brereton ; appears to have been ordered by the magis- trates to clear the streets. Their orders, however, did not seem to him to warrant any forcible measures, and he ordered Cap- tain Gage to disperse the mob without draw- ing swords or using any violence. Brereton endeavoured to bring the people to good hu- mour, and came in from time to time to tell the magistrates that he had been shaking hands with them, and that they were gradu- ally dispersing. As, on the contrary, the numbers and threatening aspect of the mob increased, at eleven p.m. he ordered Gage to clear the streets by force. The soldiers were badly pelted, and Gage asked the mayor to allow them to use their carbines to dislodge those who were pelting them from a dis- tance. Brereton, however, thought this was unnecessary, and the request was refused. A soldier belonging to a troop of the 14th, de- tailed to protect the council house, shot a rioter who had struck him with a stone, and this added to the rage of the mob. The streets were, however, cleared by the sabres of the dragoons, and were kept free during the remainder of the night. On Sunday the riot broke out afresh, and the sack of the mansion house was completed. The 14th were fiercely attacked, and, as they had no orders to retaliate, the men suffered se- verely. Brereton ordered that they should leave Queen's Square, in which the mansion house stood, and that the 3rd dragoons should take their place. In obeying the order they were so pressed by the rioters that they were forced to fire on them. Brereton, however, rode down from College Green to the square, and, it is said, assured the rioters that there should be no more firing, and that the 14th should be sent out of the city. On his ap- plying to the magistrates to allow him to re- move the 14th he was told that they would not agree to his doing so. Brereton, how- ever, ordered them to Keynsham, declaring that if they were kept in Bristol every man would be sacrificed, and the troop of the 3rd dragoons was left alone to protect the city. The mob then broke open and set fire to the bridewell, the gaol, and the Glouces- ter county gaol, and released the prisoners. Meanwhile, Brereton ordered Cornet Kelson to go down to the city gaol, but on Kelson asking for orders said he had none to give, that he could find no magistrates to give him the authority he needed, and that no violence was to be used. During these pro- ceedings the soldiers were in too small force to interfere with any effect, and it is said that Brereton went to bed for some hours. By midnight the bishop's palace, the mansion house, the custom house, and a large num- ber of other buildings were destroyed. In the course of the night the Doddington yeomanry were brought into Bristol; but some difficulty having arisen as to their I billets, Brereton told their captain that they could be of no use, and that if the people were let alone they would be peaceable. Accord- ingly the yeomanry returned to Doddington. Early in the morning of Monday Brereton went down to Queen's Square in company with Major Mackworth, and in his presence Mackworth and the 3rd dragoons charged and dispersed the crowd. Major Beckwith, of the 14th, now arrived from Gloucester, and, having brought back the division of the 14th previously sent away by Brereton, took the command of the cavalry, made repeated charges on the rioters, and restored some measure of security. On 4 Nov. the magis- trates sent documents to Lord Melbourne and Lord Hill defending their own conduct during the riots, and laying much blame on Brereton, whom they accused of dis- regarding their orders, of forsaking his post, and of withdrawing the 14th from the city. In consequence of these charges a military commission was held to inquire into Brereton's conduct. This was followed by a court-martial on him, which was opened at Bristol on 9 Jan. 1832 by Sir Henry Fane as president. The substance of the eleven charges made against him was that he had been negligent and inactive; that he had not obeyed or supported the civil authority ; Brereton 271 Brereton that lie had improperly withdrawn the 14th ; that he had refused to give Cornet Kelson the needful orders, and had neglected to take ad- vantage of the arrival of the yeomanry. On Friday, the fifth day of the trial, the proceed- ings were stopped by the news of Brereton's death : he had shot himself in his bed early that morning. The verdict at the inquest was that ' he died from a pistol-wound, in- flicted on himself while under a fit of tem- porary derangement.' His unfortunate errors seem to have been the fruit of undecided character rather than of any deliberate neg- lect. On 4 May 1782 he had married Olivia Ross, daughter of Hamilton Ross, formerly of the 81st regiment and then a merchant at the Cape. Mrs. Brereton died on 14 Jan. 1829, leaving two daughters, who survived their father. [Colburn's United Service Journal, 1831, pt. iii. 433, 1832, pt. i. 257 ; Monthly Repository (new series), v. 840, vi. 130; Somerton's Narra- tive of the Bristol Riots ; Court-martial on Lieutenant-colonel Brereton in Somerton's Bristol Riots Tracts ; Trial of C. Pinney, late Mayor of Bristol; Gent. Mag. 1832, i. 84.] W. H. BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1604- 1661), parliamentary commander, son of Wil- liam Brereton of Handforth, Cheshire, and Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Richard Holland of Dent on, Lancashire, was baptised at the collegiate church, Manchester, in 1604. On 10 March 1626-7 he was created a baro- net. In 1634-5 he travelled through a large part of Great Britain and Ireland, and crossed over into Holland and the United Provinces. He kept a * Diary' of his travels, which was published by the Chetham Society in 1844, and affords various interesting information regarding the social condition of Scotland and England ; it also manifests a serious and religious cast of thought. Brereton's natural bias towards puritanism was doubtless further confirmed by his marriage to Susanna, fourth daughter of Sir George Booth of Dunham Mas- sey, and by intercourse with his near neigh- bours, Henry Bradshaw and Colonel Duken- field. He was elected to represent his native county in parliament in 1627-8 and 1639-40. The name of William Brereton occurs in the parish register of Wanstead, Essex, attached to a document signed by fifty of the principal inhabitants, expressive of their attachment to the church of England and abhorrence of papal innovations, but there is no evidence to sup- port the supposition of Lysons (Environs of London, iv. 243) that the name was that of Sir William Brereton of Handforth. According to Clarendon, he was ' most considerable for a known averseness to the government of the church' (History, vi. 270). On the first symptoms of the approaching civil war he put himself at the head of the movement in Cheshire. In August 1642 the houses of parliament drew up instructions to him as one of the deputy-lieutenants of the county (Advice and Directions of both Houses of Parliament to Sir William Brereton and the rest of the Deputy-lieutenants of the County of Chester, published at London on 19 Aug. 1642). Subsequently he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the forces in Cheshire and the neighbouring counties to the south. Hav- ing entered Cheshire from London with one troop of horse and a regiment of dragoons, Brereton, after a severe conflict, completely defeated Sir Thomas Aston near Nantwich on 28 Jan. 1642-3, the accidental explosion of a piece of the royalists' cannon greatly aiding his victory. This enabled him to occupy Nant- wich, which became the headquarters of the parliamentary party, while Chester was for- tified by the royalists. From these places the two parties 'contended,' in the words of Clarendon, ' which should most prevail upon, that is, most subdue, the affections of the county to declare for and join them ' (History, vi. 270). Clarendon states that the lower orders were specially devoted to Brereton, and that he obtained much advantage from their readiness to supply him with intelligence. For a considerable time it required his utmost energy to enable him to hold his own. He again inflicted a severe defeat, 13 March 1642-3, on Sir Thomas Aston, who attempted to hold Middlewich on behalf of the king, but after the royalists had been strengthened by troops from Ireland, Brereton was himself worsted at the same place. Meanwhile, in the summer of 1643, he captured successively Stafford, Wol- verhampton, and Whitchurch, besides various strongholds. During his absence Nantwich, while held by Sir George Booth, was closely besieged by Lord Byron, but, with the assist- ance of Sir Thomas Fairfax, Brereton, on 14 Feb. 1643-4, totally routed the besieging forces, the greater part of them escaping to Chester, while large numbers surrendered. Having parted from Sir Thomas Fairfax, he ?roceeded towards Chester, and in August 644 defeated at Tarvin Prince Rupert, who was marching to its relief. Following on this came the capture of the town and castle of Liverpool, and the town and castle of Shrews- bury. After their defeat at Rowton Heath in September 1645, the royalists could make no further stand in Cheshire, and Beeston Castle and Chester were closely invested. Brereton obtained a complete victory over the king's forces under Sir William Vaughan on 1 Nov. at Denbigh, and all hope of succour being cut Brereton 272 Brereton off, the garrison at Beeston Castle surrendered the same month, and that of Chester in Febru- ary 1645-6. Immediately advancing south- wards against Prince Maurice with 1,000 foot, Brereton found that the enemy had disap- peared. On 6 March he captured Lichfield, and on 12 May Dudley Castle. On the 22nd of the latter month he dispersed near Stow- in-the-Wold the forces of Lord Ashley, the last important body of the royalists in arms. After the conclusion of the war he received the chief forestership of Macclesfield forest, and the seneschalship of the hundred of Macclesfield. He also obtained various grants of moneys and lands, among other properties which came into his possession being that of the archiepiscopal palace of Croydon. In an old pamphlet, ' The Myste- ries of the Good Old Cause ' (1663), which mentions his possession of the palace, he is described as ' a notable man at a thanks- giving dinner, having terrible long teeth and a prodigious stomach, to turn the arch- bishop's chapel at Croydon into a kitchen ; also to swallow up that palace and lands at a morsel.' He died at Croydon on 7 April 1661. His body was removed thence to be interred in the Handforth chapel in Cheadle church, but there is a tradition that in cross- ing a river the coffin was swept away by a flood, and this is confirmed by the fact that there is no entry of the burial, but only of the death, in the Cheadle registers. By his first wife he had two sons and two daughters, and by his second wife two daughters. There are rude portraits of Brereton in Ri- craft's ' England's Champions ' and Vicars's ' England's Worthies.' In the Sutherland collection of portraits in the Bodleian Li- brary there is an illustration of him on horse- back drawn by Robert Cooper. [Ricraft's -Survey of England's Champions, 1647; Vicars's England's Worthies, 1647; Cla- rendon's History ; Binghall's Providence Im- proved, written 1 628-73, published at Chester in 1778, containing an account of the siege of Nant- wich ; Cheshire Successes, 1642; Magnalia Dei, a Relation of some of the many remarkable Passages in Cheshire before the Siege of Nampt- wich . . . and at the happy Raising of it by ... Sir Tho. Fairfax and Sir William Brereton, &c., London, 1643 ; History of the Siege of Chester, 1793; Sir William Brereton's Letter sent to the Hon, William Lenthall, Esq., Speaker of the Hon. House of Commons, concerning ... the Siege ... of Chester, 5 March 1645 ; Chester's En- largement after Three Years' Bondage, 1645; the various contemporary accounts which were published of his more remarkable victories. Dr. Gower, in Account of Cheshire Collections (p. 43), mentions the Journals of Sir Wm. Breret on in five folio volumes, written in a small hand, describing every circumstance that occurred during the four years he was general. The only document now known to be in existence, corresponding in any degree to this description, is his letter-book from April to June 1642, and from December 1644 to December 1646 ; Add. MSS. 11331-3. Detailed accounts of Brereton's career are contained in Archseologia, vol. xxxiii., Ormerod's Cheshire, and Earwaker's East Cheshire.] T. F. H. BRERETON, SIR WILLIAM (1789- 7* 1864), lieutenant-general and colonel-corn- | mandant 4th brigade royal artillery, was de- '* i scendedfrom the very ancient Cheshire family i of Brereton of Brereton Hall, through its ! Irish branch, the Breretons of Carrigslaney, i co. Carlow, of whom some particulars are given by Sir F. Dwarris in ' Archaeologia,' vol. xxxiii., and in Mervyn Archdall's edition of l Lodge's Peerage of Ireland,' ii. 251. In. the only biographical notice wherein his parentage is given he is described as a son of Major Robert Brereton, who fought at Culloden, and younger half-brother of Major- general Robert Brereton of New Abbey, co. Kildare (formerly of 30th and 63rd regi- ments), and lieutenant-governor of St. Lucia, who died in 1818. He was born in 1789, and entered the Royal Military Academy as a cadet in 1803, whence he passed out in May 1805 as a second lieutenant royal artillery. He served in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns from December 1809 to June 1815, including the defence of Cadiz, where he commanded the guns at Fort Matagorda, the battle of Barossa, where he was wounded, the Burgos retreat, the battles of Vittoria and the Pyrenees, the siege of San Sebastian, where he was temporarily attached to the breaching batteries, the battles of Orthez, Toulouse, QuatreBras, and Waterloo. During the greater part of the time he was one of- the subalterns of the famous troop of the royal horse artillery commanded by Major Norman Ramsay, with which he was severely wounded at Waterloo. He became a second captain in 1816, and was placed on half pay the year after. He was brought on full pay again in 1823, and, after a quarter of a cen- tury of further varied service at home and in the colonies, was sent to China, where he was second in command under General d'Aguilar in the expedition to the Bocca Tigris, and at the capture of the city of Canton in 1848. During the early part of the Crimean war,, Colonel Brereton, who was then on the strength of the horse brigade at Woolwich,, was present with the Black Sea fleet, as a guest on board H.M.S. Britannia, carrying the flag of his relative, Vice-admiral Sir J. D. Dundas, and directed the fire of her rockets in the attack upon the forts of Sevastopol on a> f alw Brerewood 273 Brerewood 17 Oct. 1854. He became a major-general in December 1854, and was made K.C.B. in 1861. For a short period he was at the head of the Irish constabulary. Brereton, who had been promoted to the rank of lieu- tenant-general a few days before, died at his chambers in the Albany, London, on 27 July 1864, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. He wrote a brief narrative entitled 'The British Fleet in the Black Sea,' which was privately printed (1857 ? see Brit. Mus. Cat.} Selections from Paixhans' ' Constitution Mi- litaire de France,' translated by him in 1850, appear in ' Proceedings Royal Art. Inst.,' vol. i. (1857). By his will, executed 10 April 1850, and proved 16 Aug. 1864 (personalty sworn under 25,000/.), he left the sum of 1,000£, whereof the interest is to be applied in perpetuity to encouraging the game of cricket among the non-commissioned officers of horse and foot artillery stationed at Wool- wich. [Archseologia, vol. xxxiii. ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, ed. Archdall, ii. 251 ; Burke's Landed Gentry (1868) ; Kane's List Off. Eoyal Art. (re- vised ed. Woolwich, 1869); Hart's Army Lists; Duncan's Hist. E. Art. i. 223, ii. 362, 364, 385, 430, 432, 434, 437 ; Proc. E. Art. Inst, vol. i. ; Ann. Eeg. 1864; Illust. Lond. News, xlv. 154, 299 (will).] H. M. C. BREREWOOD or BRYERWOOD, EDWARD (1565 P-1613), antiquary and ma- thematician, son of Robert Brerewood, a wet- glover ,who had thrice been mayor of Chester, was born and educated in that city. In 1581 he was sent to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he had the character of a very hard student, He graduated B. A. 15 Feb. 1586-7, M.A. 9 July 1590, and ' being candidate for a fellowship, he lost it without loss of credit, for where preferment goes more by favour than merit, the rejected have more honour than the elected' (FULLER, Worthies, ed. 1662, Cheshire, 190). Then he migrated to St. Mary Hall, and on 26 Sept, 1592, when Queen Elizabeth was at Oxford, he replied at a dis- putation in natural philosophy. In March 1596 he was chosen the first professor of as- tronomy in Gresham College, London, where, as at Oxford, ' he led a retired and private course of life, delighting with profound spe- culations, and the diligent searching out of hidden verities.' Brerewood, who was a member of the Old Society of Antiquaries, died on 4 Nov. 1613, and was buried in the church of Great St. Helen. His large and valuable library he bequeathed with his other effects to his nephew Robert [q.v.] (afterwards knight and a justice of the common pleas), a son of his elder brother, John Brerewood. VOL. VI. His works are: 1. 'De ponderibus et pretiis veterum nummorum, eorumque cum recentio- ribus collatione,' London, 1614, 4to. This was first published by his nephew, and afterwards inserted in the ' Apparatus' of the 'Biblia Polyglotta,' by Brian Walton, and also in the ' Critici Sacri,' vol. viii. 2. ' Enquiries touch- ing the Diversities of Languages and Religions through the chief parts of the world,' London, 1614, 1622, 1635, 4to, 1647, &c. 8vo. This was likewise published by his nephew, and afterwards translated into French by J. de la Montagne, Paris, 1640, 8vo, and into Latin by John Johnston. Father Richard Simon made some remarks on Brerewood's work, under the pseudonym of le Sieur de Moni, in a treatise entitled ' Histoire critique de la creance et des coutumes des nations du Le- vant,' Frankfort (really printed at Amster- dam), 1684. In 1693 it was reprinted, and again since that date with the following al- terations in the title: — 'Histoire critique des dogmes, des controverses, des coutumes, et des ceremonies des Chretiens orientaux/ 3. ' Elementa Logicse, in gratiam studiosse j u- ventutis in academia Oxoniensi,' London,1614t 1615, &c. 8vo. 4. ' Tractatus quidam logici de praedicabilibus, et preedicamentis,' Oxford, 1628, 1637, &c. 8vo. This book was first pub- lished by Thomas Sixesmith, M. A., fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. A manuscript of it is preserved in Queen's College library in that university. The work is sometimes quoted as 'Brerewood de moribus.' 5. 'Tractatus duo : quorum primus est de meteoris, secundus de oculo,' Oxford, 1631, 1638, 8vo. These two tracts were also published by Sixesmith. 6. 'A Treatise of the Sabbath,' Oxford, 1630, 1631, 4to. This book was written as a letter to Nicholas Byfield [q. v.], preacher at Chester, having been occasioned by a sermon of his relating to the morality of the Sabbath. It is dated from Gresham House 15 July 1611. The original manuscript is in the British Mu- seum (Addit. MS. 21207). Richard Byfield f q. v.], Nicholas's brother, wrote a reply to it. 7. ' Mr. Byfield's Answer, with Mr. Brere- wood's Reply,' Oxford, 1631, 4to. These were both printed together, with the second edition of the former. 8. ' A second Treatise of the Sabbath, or an Explication of the Fourth Com- mandment,' Oxford, 1632, 4to. 9. 'Commen- tarii in Ethica Aristotelis,' Oxford, 1640, 4to. These commentaries relate only to the first four books, and were published by Sixesmith. The original manuscript, which was finished 27 Oct. 1586, is in the library of Queen's Col- lege, Oxford. It is written, says Wood, ' in the smallest and neatest character that mine eyes ever yet beheld.' 10. ' A Declaration of the Patriarchal Government of the antient Brerewood 274 Bretland Church/ Oxford, 1641, 4to, London, 1647, Bremen, 1701, 8vo. The Oxford edition is subjoined to a treatise called ' The original of Bishops and Metropolitans, briefly laid down by Archbishop Ussher,' &c. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 139, Fasti, i. 236, 251 ; Ward's Gresham Professors, 74, 336, with the author's manuscript notes ; Archaeologia, i. p. xix; Gent. Mag. Ixi. (ii.) 714.] T. C. BREREWOOD, SIR ROBERT (1588- 1654), judge, belonged to a family of re- spectable citizens of Chester, who had held municipal office. His grandfather, Robert, is called a wet-glover by trade, and was once sheriff, in 1566, and thrice mayor, in 1584, 1587, and 1600, in which last year he died in office. His father, John, the eldest son of Robert the elder, was sheriff of Chester, and his uncle Edward [q. v.] was a scholar of emi- nence, the first Gresham professor of astro- nomy. Two of Edward Brerewood's treatises were published by his nephew in 1614, on the author's death. Robert Brerewood was born hi Chester in 1588. In 1605, at the age of seventeen, he was sent to Oxford, and ma- triculated at Brasenose College, and two years later was admitted a member of the Middle Temple. Probably he was his uncle's heir, for in dedicating one of Edward Brerewood's posthumous works to the archbishop of Can- terbury, he says of him, ' Succeeding him in his temporall blessings I doe endevour to suc- cede him in his virtues.' He was called to the bar on 13 Nov. 1615, and continued to practise for two-and-twenty years. He also turned his attention to literature, and pub- lished some of the works of his uncle Ed- ward. In 1637 he was appointed a judge of North Wales, probably through the local in- fluence of his family, as he had constantly maintained his connection with Cheshire, and in 1639*he was elected recorder of his native town. *He had been appointed reader at the Middle Temple in Lent term 1638, and in 1640 was raised to the degree of serjeant-at- law. In Hilary term 1641 he was appointed king's serjeant, was knighted in 1643, and raised to the bench about a month after, on 31 Jan. 1644. The king being then at Oxford, he was sworn in there. Though he continued to sit until the end of the civil war, he never sat in Westminster Hall, and after the exe- cution of Charles I he retired into private life. He died on 8 Sept. 1654, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Chester. He was twice married : first to Anna, daughter of Sir Ran- dle Mainwaring of Over Peover, Cheshire, and second to Katherine, daughter of Sir Richard Lea of Lea and Dernhall, Cheshire, and had several children by each of his wives. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig. 220; Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 139-40; Gent. Mag. Ixi. 714; Books of the Middle Temple; The Vale Royal of England (Smith and Webb), p. 85 ; Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 181, 182; Archseologia (Soc. Antiquaries), i. xx n.] J. A. H. BREREWOOD, THOMAS (d. 1748), poetical writer, was son of Thomas Brere- wood of Horton, Cheshire, and grandson of Sir Robert Brerewood [q. v.], justice of the court of common pleas. Ho led the life of a country gentleman at Horton, and died in 1748. Some pieces of poetry by him were printed in the earlier numbers of the ( Gen- tleman's Magazine ; ' after his death there appeared a work by him in rhymed verse of little merit (with a eulogistic preface by an anonymous editor), entitled f Galfred and Juetta, or the Road of Nature, a Tale in three cantos,' London, 1772, 4to, pp. 56. [Gent. Mag. vii. 760, xiv. 46, xvi. 157, 265, xxiv. 428, Ixi. 714; Universal Catalogue for 1772, art. 78 ; Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 511.] T. C. BRETLAND, JOSEPH (1742-1819), dissenting minister, son of Joseph Bretland, an Exeter tradesman, was born at Exeter 22 May 1742. He was for several years a day scholar at the Exeter grammar school, and was placed in business in 1757, but shortly after left it for the ministry. For this work he received a special education, his course of study being finished in 1766. From 1770 to 1772 he was minister of the Mint Chapel, and from the latter year until 1790 kept a classical school at Exeter. He resumed his duties at the Mint Chapel in 1789, and continued there until 1793. For three years, 1794-7, he acted as minister at the George's meeting-house in Exeter, and on the establishment in 1799 of an academy in the West of England for educating ministers among the protestant dissenters, he was appointed one of its tutors. This position he retained down to its dis- solution in 1805, and he then retired into private life. In 1795 Bretland married Miss Sarah Moffatt. He died at Exeter 8 July 1819. He is described as a believer in the unity of the Deity and in the simple hu- manity of Jesus Christ, and he is styled a scholar of 'extensive and solid learning.' Many of his theological papers are in Dr. Priestley's ' Theological Repository ' and in the ' Monthly Repository.' He composed seve- ral sermons and many prayers for the use of Unitarians, including a ' Liturgy for the Use of the Mint Meeting in Exeter,' 1792. After his death there were printed at Exeter two volumes of ' Sermons by the late Rev. Joseph Bretland, to which are prefixed Memoirs of Bretnor 275 Breton his Life, by Wm. Benjamin Kennaway, 1820.' He was much attached to Dr. Priestley, and edited a new edition of his ' Rudiments of English Grammar : ' many of his letters to the doctor are printed in J. T. Rutt's me- moirs of Priestley. [Life by Kennaway; Rutt's Priestley, passim; Monthly Repository, 1819, pp. 445, 473, 494, 559.] * W. P. C. BRETNOR, THOMAS (fl. 1607-1618), almanac maker, calls himself on the title- page of one of his almanacs * student in astronomic and physicke,' and on that of another, ' professor of the mathematicks and student in -physicke in Cow Lane, London.' His extant works are as follows : 1. ' A. Prognostication for this Present Yeere . . . M.DC.VII. . . . Imprinted at London for the Companie of Stationers ' (a copy is in the British Museum). ' Necessary observations in Phlebotomie' and 'Advertisements in Husbandrie ' are introduced into the work. 2. ' A Newe Almanacke and Prognostication for . . . 1615 ' (copies are in the Huth Li- brary and the Bodleian). 3. ' Opiologia, or a Treatise concerning the nature, properties, true preparation, and safe vse and administra- tion of Opium. By Angelus Sala Vincen- tines Venatis, and done into English and something enlarged by Tho. Bretnor, M.M.,' London, 1618. This translation, which is made from the French, is dedicated ' to the learned and my worthily respected friends D. Bonham and Maister Nicholas Carter, physitians.' In an address to the reader Bretnor defends the use of laudanum in medicine, promises to prepare for his readers •* the chiefest physicke I vse my selfe/ and mentions his friends ' Herbert Whitfield in Newgate Market,' and ' Maister Bromhall,' as good druggists. Bretnor was a notorious character in London, and is noticed by Ben Jonson in his ' Devil is an Ass ' (1616), i. 2, and by Thomas Middleton in his ' Fair Quarrel ' (1617), vi. [Nares's Glossary (ed. Halliwell), s.v. ' Bret- nor ; ' Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Middleton's Works (ed. A. H. Bullen), iv. 263.] S. L. L. BRETON, JOHN LE (d. 1275), bishop of Hereford, was chosen bishop about Christmas 1268, being then a canon of Hereford, and was consecrated 2 June 1269. For about two years before this he was a justice of the king's court. He died 12 May 1275. Some fifty years after his death, perhaps sooner, the be- lief was current that he wrote the book now known to lawyers as ' Britton.' That book (first printed without date about 1540, re- printed in 1640, and carefully edited by F. M. Nichols in 1865) is in the main Bracton's treatise on English law condensed, re- arranged on a new plan, purged of speculative jurisprudence, turned from Latin into French, and put into the mouth of Edward I, so that the whole law appears as the king's command. Seemingly, it is an unfinished work, but it became very popular, and was often copied in manuscript. Frequent refe- rence is made in it to statutes passed after the bishop's death, and from the internal evidence we must suppose it written shortly after 1290. Possibly we have but the bishop's book as altered by a later hand, or possibly, as Selden suggested, there has been some con- fusion between the bishop and the contem- porary judge whom we call Bracton [q. v.], but whose name seems really to have been Bratton. The book ' Britton ' might fairly be called a Bracton for practising lawyers, and in fourteenth-century manuscripts the two books are indiscriminately called Bretoun, Brettoune, and the like. [For election, consecration, and death, see the following Chronicles under years 1268-9, 1275 : Gervase of Canterbury (ed. Stubbs) ; Annals of Winchester, Waverley, Osney. Wykes, and Worcester (all in Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, who, vol. ii. p. xxxvii, discusses date of conse- cration) ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglican*, ed. Hardy, i. 459-60. For judicial employment : Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission), ii. 444-82 ; Liber de Antiquis Legibus (Camden Society), year 1267. Judge and bishop same man: Ann. Osney, year 1268. The statement that he wrote a law book is in the following, under year 1275: F. Nicolai Triveti Annales (ed. Hog.) ; Chronicle of Rishanger (ed. Riley) ; Flores Historiarum Matth. Westm. (ed. 1570, but it is not in the first edition, nor in many manuscripts — see Hardy, Catalogue of Materials for British History, iii. 209). The authorship of Britton is discussed by Selden, Notes to Hengham, ed. 1616, pp. 129-31 and Dissertation suffixed to Fleta, pp. 458-9, also in F. M. Nichols's preface to edition (1865) of Britton; Foss's Judges of England.] F. W. M. BRETON, NICHOLAS (1545 P-1626 ?), poet, was descended from an ancient family originally settled at Layer-Breton, Essex. His grandfather, William Breton of Col- chester, died in 1499, and was buried there in the monastery of St. John. His father, also William Breton, was a younger son, came to London and amassed a fortune in trade. His ' capitall mansion house ' was in Red Cross Street, in the parish of St. Giles Without Cripplegate, and he owned tenements in other parts of London, besides land in Essex and Lin- colnshire. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of John Bacon, and by her he had two sons, T2 Breton 276 Breton Richard and Nicholas, and three daughters, Thamar, Anne, and Mary. He died 12 Jan. 1558-9, while his sons were still boys, and left by will to Nicholas the manor of Burgh-in- the-Marsh, nearWainfleet, Lincolnshire, forty pounds in money, l one salt, all gilte, w* a cover . . . vj silver sppnes, and the gilte bedsted and bedd that I lye in at London/ with all its furniture (will printed in Dr. Gro- sart's pref. to BRETON'S Works, pp. xii-xvii). This property was to be applied by the child's mother to his ' mayntenaunce and fynding ' until he was twenty-four years old, when he was to enter into full possession. William Breton left much to his wife on the condi- tion that she should remain unmarried, but before 1568 she had become the wife of George Gascoigne, the poet, who died 7 Oct. 1577, and was thus for more than nine years Nicholas Breton's stepfather. From the fact that Breton was a boy in 1559, the year of his father's death, the date of his birth may be conjecturally placed in 1545, but no sure information is at present accessible. From his ' Floorish vpon Fancie ' we know that in 1577 Breton was settled in London and had lodgings in Holborn. The Rev. Richard Madox, chaplain to a naval ex- pedition in 1 582, whose unpublished diary is in Sloane MS. 1008, records under date 14 March 1582[-3] that while on the continent, appa- rently at Antwerp, he met l Mr. Brytten, once of Oriel Colledge, wch made wyts will [i.e. the prose tract, ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's Will, or Wil's Wit,' entered on the Stationers' Register 7 Sept. 1580]. He speaketh the Italian well/ No university document sup- ports the statement that Breton was edu- cated at Oriel College, but in l The Toyes of an Idle Head,' the appendix to his first pub- lished book, ' A Floorish vpon Fancie,' he refers to himself as ' a yong gentleman who . . . had spent some years at Oxford.' He also dedicates the l Pilgrimage to Paradise ' (1592) ' to the gentlemen studients and scholers of Oxforde.' On 14 Jan. 1592-3 he married Ann Sutton at St. Giles's Church, Cripplegate, the church of the parish in which stood his father's 'capitall mansion house.' On 14 May 1603, according to the St. Giles's parish register, a son Nicholas was born ; on 16 March 1605-6 another son, Edward; and on 7 May 1607 a daughter, Matilda. In the burial register of the same church are recorded the deaths of Mary, daughter of ' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on 2 Oct. 1603, and of Matilda, daughter of ' Nicholas Brittaine, gent.,' on 27 July 1625. But of Breton's own death no record has yet been found. His last published work bears the date 1626. The Captain Nicholas Bre- I ton, son of John Breton of Tamworth, who ! served under Leicester in the Low Countries \ in 1586, purchased an estate at Norton, North- | amptonshire, and died there in 1624, has often been erroneously identified with the j poet (SHAW, Staffordshire, i. 422 ; BRIDGES, Northamptonshire, i. 78 ; PHILLIPPS, Thea- trum Poetarum, 1800, p. 321). These scanty facts are all that is known of the poet's life. His voluminous works in prose and verse were issued in rapid suc- cession between 1577 and 1626. Among his early patrons, the chief was Mary, countess of Pembroke ; he dedicated to her the ' Pilgrimage to Paradise,' 1592, to which is added the ' Countesse of Pembrooke's Love/ where he speaks of himself as ' Your Ladi- shipp's unworthy named Poet.' He also wrote for her his ' Auspicante Jehoua/ 1597, and the Countess of Pembroke's * Passion.' Passages in ' Wit's Trenchmour ' (1597) re- fer to the rejection of the poet's love-suit by a lady of high station, and it seems not improbable that Breton's intimacy with the Countess of Pembroke passed beyond the bounds of patron and poet. Whatever the character of the relationship, it ceased after 1601. As a literary man Breton impresses us most by his versatility and his habitual refinement. He is a satirical, religious, romance, and pas- toral writer in both prose and verse. But he wrote with exceptional facility, and as a con- sequence he wrote too much. His fertile fancy often led him into fantastic pueri- lities. It is in his pastoral lyrics that he is seen at his best. The pathos here is always sincere ; the gaiety never falls into grossness, the melody is fresh and the style clear. His finest lyrics are in ' England's Helicon ' and the collection of poems published by him- self under the title of the ' Passionate Shep- heard.' 'Wit's Trenchmour/ an angling idyll, is the best of his prose tracts, and had the author not yielded to the temptation of di- gressing from his subject in the latter half of the book, he might have equalled Izaak Walton on his own ground. Throughout his works runs a thorough sympathy with country life and rural scenery ; the pic- turesque descriptions of country customs in his ' Fantasticks ' and the ' Town and Coun- try ' are of value to the social historian. Bre- ton's satire, most of which appeared under the pseudonym of Pasquil, is not very im- pressive ; he attacks the dishonest prac- tices and artificiality of town society, but writes, as a rule, like a disappointed man. Of the coarseness of contemporary satirists he knows nothing. He lacks the drastic power of Nash, who wrote under the same Breton 277 Breton pseudonym, and his refinement brought down on him N ash's censure. Nash speaks of Bre- ton, in allusion to his ' Bower of Delights,' as ' Pan sitting in his Bower of Delights, and a number of Midases to admire his mise- rable hornpipes.' In his religious poems and tracts there is a passionate yearning and rich imagery which often suggest South- well, or even Crashaw, but they are defaced by wire-drawn conceits and mystical subtle- ties. He was probably an earnest student of Spenser, for whom he wrote a sympathetic epitaph. The enthusiasm for the Virgin Mary ex- hibited in a few poems, very generally attri- buted to Breton, has led to the belief that the poet was an ardent catholic. But it is almost certain — as we state below — that the un- doubtedly catholic poems ascribed to Breton were by another hand ; his long intimacy with the protestant Countess of Pembroke, which probably rested mainly on common religious sentiments, the direct attacks on Romanism which figure in many of Breton's prose tracts, and his sympathetic references to the practices of the English reformed church, point in quite the opposite direction. His description of the Virgin, saints, and angels, only noticed by him as part of the acknowledged host of heaven, and his con- stantly recurring comparison of his own spi- ritual condition to that of Mary Magdalen, merely illustrate the strength of his religious fervour (see Dr. BBJNSLEY NICHOLSON'S notes in Notes and Queries, 5th series, i. 501-2). Breton's popularity lasted through the first half of the seventeenth century. A highly eulogistic sonnet ' in authorem ' is prefixed by Ben Jonson to Breton's ' Melancolike Hu- mours,' 1600, and Francis Meres in his ' Pal- ladis Tamia,' 1598, classes him with the greatest writers of the time. Sir John Suck- ling, in ' The Goblins,' iv. i. (DODSLEY, Old Plays, 1826, x. 143), joined his name with that of Shakespeare : — The last a well-writ piece, I assure you, A Breton I take it, and Shakespeare's very way. Less respectful reference to the poet's vo- luminousness is made in Beaumont and Fletcher's ' Scornful Lady ' (ii. 3), and ' Wit without Money ' (iii. 4). At a later date, Richard Brome, in his 'Jovial Crew' ( Works, iii. 372), speaks of 'fetching sweet- meats' for ladies and courting them 'in a set speech taken out of old Britain's works.' At the end of the seventeenth century Bre- ton seems to have completely dropped out of notice, but his reputation was restored by Bishop Percy, who printed his ' Phillida and Corydon' and 'The Shepherd's Address to his Muse ' (both from ' England's Helicon ') in his 'Reliques of Ancient Poetry.' In most of the subsequent poetical collections Breton has been represented. I. Breton's POETICAL productions, all biblio- graphical rarities, are as follows : — 1. 'The Workes of a young Wit trust up with a Fardell of prettie fancies, profit- able to young Poetes, prejudicial to no man, and pleasant to every man to passe away idle time withall. Whereunto is joined an odde kinde of wooing with a bouquet of comfittes to make an end withall. Done by N. B., Gent.,' 1577. Only one copy of this work (entered on the Stationers' Register under date June 1577) is now extant; it belongs to Mr. Christie-Miller of Britwell. George Ellis printed two poems from it in his ' Specimens of Early English Poets ' (3rd edition, 1803), ii. 270-8; and Mr. W. C. Hazlitt has reprinted 'The Letter Dedi- catorie to the Reader' (dated 14 May 1577) in his ' Prefaces &c. from Early Books,' 1874. 2. ' A Floorish vpon Fancie. As gallant a glose vpon so trifling a text as ever was written. Compiled by N. B., Gent. To which are annexed The Toyes of an Idle Head ; containing many pretie Pamphlets for pleasaunt heads to passe away Idle time withall. By the same Authour,' London, 'im- printed by Richard Jhones,' 1577 and 1582. This work was entered on the Stationers' Register 2 April 1577 ; the only extant copy of the edition published in 1577 is now at Britwell ; that of 1582 is carelessly reprinted in Park's ' Heliconia ' (cf. W. C. HAZLITT'S Prefaces, $c. (1874), p. 55). 3*. 'The Pilgrim- age to Paradise, coyned with the Countesse of Penbrooke's love, compiled in verse by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Oxford, by Joseph Barnes, 1592, entered on the Sta- tioners' Register 23 Jan. 1590-1, with the dedication to Mary, countess of Pem- broke. John Case, M.D., prefixes a letter, addressed in high praise of the author, ' to my honest trve friend, Master Nicholas Breton/ and William Gager, doctor of laws, and Henry Price add Latin verses (cf. Addit. MS. 22583, f. 86). 4. ' The Countess of Penbrook's Pas- sion,' first privately printed by Mr. Halli- well-Phillipps, from a manuscript preserved in the Public Library at Plymouth in his ' Brief Description of the Plymouth Manu- scripts' (1853), pp. 177-210. An anonymous writer in 'Notes and Queries' (1st series, v. 487) described another manuscript of this poem in his possession. A manuscript older than either of these is in the British Museum (Sloane MS. 1303), and this was printed for the first time in 1862, under the title of ' A Poem on our Saviour's Passion/ as the work of Breton 278 Breton Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. Horace Walpole, in his ' Royal and Noble Authors/ similarly attributed the poem to the Countess of Pembroke, but George Steevens, to whom the Plymouth manuscript at one time pro- bably belonged, describes it as Breton's work (STEEVENS'S Sale Catalogue, 997) ; its iden- tity of style with the ' Countesse of Pem- brooke's Love/ mentioned above, removes almost all doubt as to its authorship. Dr. Brinsley Nicholson discussed the question in the ' Athenaeum ' (9 March 1878), and, while arriving at this conclusion, pointed out that the author was somewhat indebted to Thomas Watson's 'Tears of Fancie.' The title may be compared with ' The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia/ by Sidney, 'The Countess of Pembroke's Emanuel ' (1591), and 'The Countess of Pembroke's Yuy Church' (1591-2), by Abraham Fraunce. 5*. 'Pasquil's Mad-cappe, Throwne at the Corruptions of these Times, with his Message to Men of all Estates/ 1626. It was en- tered on the Stationers' Register 20 March 1599-1600, and again on 29 July 1605, but no earlier copy than that of 1626 is extant. 6. 'Pasquil's Fooles-cap sent to svch (to keepe their weake braines warme) as are not able to conceive aright of his Mad-cap. With Pasquil's Passion for the World's wayward- nesse, begun by himselfe and finished by his friend Morpherius/ 1600 (entered on Sta- tioners' Register 10 May 1600). The only copy known is in the Bodleian. The dedica- tion, addressed 'to my very good friende, Master Edward Conquest/ is signed ' N. B.' 7. 'Pasquil's Mistresse, or the Worthie and Vnworthie Woman; with his Description and Passion of that Furie, Jealousie/ 1600. The dedicatory epistle is signed ' Salohcin Treboun/ apparently an anagram upon Nicho- las Breton. A unique copy is at Britwell. 8*. ' Pasquil's Passe and Passeth Not, set downe in three pees, his Passe, Precession, and Prognostication/ London, 1600 (en- tered on Stationers' Register 29 May 1600). The dedication, signed ' N. B./ is ad- dressed ' to my . . . good friend M. Griffith Pen.' 9. ' Melancholike Humours, in verses of Diverse Natures set downe by Nich. Breton, Gent./ London, 1600. This was reprinted privately at the Lee Priory Press by Sir S. Egerton Brydges. It is dedicated to ' Master Thomas Blunt/ and ' Ben. lohnson ' prefixes a sonnet ' in authorem. Copies are in the Huth Library and the Bodleian. 10. ' Marie Magdalen's Love : a Solemne Passion of the Sovles Love, by Nicholas Breton/ London, by John Danter, 1595. The first part is a prose commentary on St. John x. 1-18. The j second is a poem in six-line stanzas, and was I republished separately in 1598 and *1623. It was entered on the Stationers' Register 20 Sept. 1595. It is almost certain that ' Marie Magdalen's Love/ a catholic treatise, was by another hand, and bound up by the publisher — who leaned towards Catholicism himself — with Breton's undoubted work, to secure a sale for it. 11*. 'A Diuine Poeme diuided into two partes : The Ravisht Soule and the Blessed Weeper. Compiled by Nicho- las Breton, Gentleman/ London, 1601, dedi- cated to the Countess of Pembroke. A copy is in the Huth Library. It was reprinted in ' Excerpta Tudoriana.' 12*. ' An Excellent Poeme, vpon the Longing of a Blessed Heart, which, loathing the world, doth long to be with Christ ; with an addition vpon the defi- nition of love. Compiled by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman/ London, 1601. It was privately reprinted by Sir Egerton Brydges in 1814. The dedication is addressed to Lord North, and ' H. T., Gent./ contributes a sonnet in praise of the author. A copy is in the Huth Library. 13. ' The Soules Heavenly Exercise, set down in diverse godly meditations, both prose and verse, by Nicholas Breton, Gent./ London, 1601, dedicated to William Rider, lord mayor of London. This little quarto is not mentioned by any of the bibliographers or writers on Breton. A copy which is believed to be unique is in private hands ; it is bound in old vellum, with Queen Elizabeth's crest stamped upon it in gold. 14*. ' The Soules Harmony. Written by Nicholas Breton/ London, 1602. Dedicated to Lady Sara Hastings. 15. ' Olde Madcapps newe Gally- mawfrey, by Ni. Breton/ London (Richard lohnes), 1602, and dedicated to Mistress Anne Breton of Little Calthorpe, Leicester- shire, entered on the Stationers' Register 4 June 1602. A unique copy is in Mr. Christie- Miller's library at Britwell. 16. 'The Mother's Blessing/ London, 1602, with a dedication signed Nich. Breton, addressed to ' M. Thomas Rowe, sonne to the Lady Bartley of Stoke/ The only complete copy known is in the li- brary of Sir Charles Isham of Lamport Hall, Northampton. 17. 'The Passionate Shep- heard, or the Shepheardes Love ; set downe in Passions to his Shepherdesse Aglaia/ Lon- don, 1604. Breton here writes under the pseudonym of Bonerto. The only perfect copy known belonged to Mr. Frederic Ouvry, and was reprinted by him in 1877. 18*. 'The Soules Immortall Crowne, consisting of Seaven Glorious Graces/ London, 1605, de- dicated to James I. A manuscript of the work, signed by Breton, is in the British Mu- seum (MS. Royal, 18 A, Ivii.) 19. ' A Trve Description of Vnthankfulnesse, or an Enemie to Ingratitude. Compiled by Nicholas Breton, Breton 279 Breton Gent./ London, 1602 ; dedicated to ' Mistris Mary Gate,' daughter of Sir Henry Gate of Seamer, Yorkshire. Acopyis in the Bodleian. 20. ' The Honovr of Valovr. By Nicholas Bre- ton, Gent., 'London, 1605. A unique copy is in the Huth Library ; it is dedicated to Charles Blount, earl of Devon. 21. l An Invective against Treason/ printed by Dr. Grosart from the Koyal MS. (17 C, xxxiv.) in the British Museum, with a dedication, signed ' Nich. Breton/ to the Duke of Lennox. An edition entitled 'The State of Treason with a Touch of the late Treason/ was published in 1616, but no copy is now known. The poem refers to the Gunpowder Plot. 22. ' I would and I would not/ London, 1614. The address to the reader is signed ' B. N./ but the style of the poem and the initials (probably re- versed) give the poem a title to be connected with Breton's name. Breton was a regular contributor to the poetical collections of his age, and his poeti- cal fame induced an enterprising publisher, Richard Jones, to put forth two miscellanies under his name. In the Stationers' Re- gister, under date 3 May 1591, ' Bryton's Bowre of Delights' was entered to Jones, and published in the same year as * contayn- ing many most delectable and fine deuices of rare epitaphes, pleasant poems, pastorals, and sonets, by N. B., Gent.' Of this publica- tion Mr. Christie-Miller owns a unique copy. Breton says in an epistle (12 April 1592) pre- fixed to his 'Pilgrimage to Paradise:' 'There hath beene of late printed in London by one Richarde Joanes, a printer, a booke of English verse, entituled " Breton's Bower of Delights." I protest it was done altogether without my consent or knowledge, and many things of other men mingled with a few of mine, for ex- cept "Amoris Lachrimse," an epitaph vpon Sir Phillip Sydney, and one or two other toies, which I know not how he vnhappily came by, I have no part of any of them.' George Ellis printed in his ' Specimens of the Early English Poets/ 3rd edition, 1803 (ii. 286-8), ' a sweet contention between love, his mistress, and beauty ' from a copy of ' The Bowre of De- lights/dated 1597. A similar story may be told of 'The Arbor of Amorous Deuices : Wherein young Gentlemen may reade many pleasant fancies and fine Deuices : And thereon me- ditate diuers sweete Conceites to court the loue of faire Ladies and Gentlewomen. By N. B., Gent./ London, 1597 (cf. BEATJCLERC'S Sale Catalogue, 1781; W. C. HAZLITT'S Handbook}. Only one copy of this book is still extant, and that has lost its title-page and is otherwise defective ; it is in the Capell collec- tion at Trinity College, Cambridge. There is an entry on the Stationers' Register of ' The Arbour of Amorus Delightes, by N. B., Gent./ under date 7 Jan. 1593-4. This book is only in part Breton's ; it contains poems by other hands, collected together by the printer, Richard Jones. Two pieces are from Tottel's ' Miscellany/ a third is from Sidney's ' Arcadia.' The most beautiful poem in the col- lection is the well-known * A Sweete Lullabie/ beginning, ' Come little babe, come silly soule/ and it has been assumed by many to be by Breton, but ' Britton's Divinitie ' is Breton's sole undoubted contribution to the volume. In the ' Phoenix Nest/ published in 1593, five poems are described as ' by N. B., Gent.' In ' England's Helicon/ published in 1600, eight poems are signed l N. Breton/ among them being the far-famed ' Phillida and Corydon ' (originally printed anonymously in 1591 in ' The . . . Entertainment gieven to the Queen . . . by the Earle of Hertford '), and several of Breton's most delicate pastorals. Some songs set to music in Morley's 'New Book of Tabla- ture/ 1596, and Dowland's ' Third Book of Songs/ 1603 (see COLLIEE'S Lyrical Poems, published by Percy Society), have on internal grounds been ascribed to Breton. Sir Egerton Brydges printed in his ' Censura Literaria' as a poem of Breton's a few verses beginning ' Among the groves, the woods, the thickets/ described in John Hynd's ' Eliosto Libidinoso/ 1606, as ' a fancie which that learned author, N. B., hath dignified with respect.' Part of the poem was printed anonymously from Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6910, in 'Excerpta Tudoriana.' To ' The Scvller/ 1612, by John Taylor, the Water Poet, 'thy loving friend Nicholas Breton' contributed a poem 'in laudem authoris.' A seventeenth-century manuscript collection of verse by various authors of the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries (in the possession of Mr. F. W. Co- sens) contains transcripts of many of Breton's poems, some of which were printed in ' Eng- land's Helicon/ others in 'The Arbor of Amorous Devices/ 1597 ; and one, ' Amoris Lachrimsefor the Death of Sir Philip Sidney/ in ' Britton's Bowre of Delights/ 1591 ; there are also some thirty short pieces, fairly at- tributable to Breton, which do not appear to have been printed in the poet's lifetime ; they were published for the first time by Dr. Grosart. Among the Tanner MSS. at the Bodleian are five short poems by Breton of no particular literary interest. II. Breton's PROSE works are : — 1 *. ' Auspicante Jehoua, Marie's Exercise/ London (by T. Este), 1597. There is a dedi- cation, signed ' Nich. Breton/ addressed to Mary, countess of Pembroke, and another ' to the Ladies and Gentlewomen Readers/ One copy is in the Cambridge University Breton 280 Breton Library. 2. * Wits Trenchmour, in a con- ference betwixt a Scholler and an Angler. Written by Nicli. Breton, Gentleman/ Lon- don, 1597 (Trenchmour is the name of a boisterous dance). A unique copy is in Mr. Huth's library. The dedication is addressed to ' William Harbert of the Red Castle in Montgomery-shire.' Izaak Walton is usually said, without much reason, to have been in- debted to this work for the suggestion of his ' Angler.' 3**. ' The Wil of Wit, Wit's Will or Wil's Wit, Chuse you whether. Com- piled by Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' Lon- don (by Thomas Creede), 1599. The book is entered on the Stationers' Register 7 Sept. 1580. The Rev. Richard Madox refers to the book as its author's chief work in his ' Diary,' under date 14 March 1582-3. There is a dedi- cation * To Gentlemen Schollers and Students, whatsoever,' and two copies of unsigned verses, 'ad lectorem, de authore,' together with some stanzas by W[illiam] S[mith]. The book contains : (1) ' A Pretie and Wittie Discourse betwixt Wit and Will, in which several songs appear.' (2) ' The Author's Dreame of strange effects as followeth.' (3) 'The Scholler and the Soldiour . . . the one defending Learning, the other Mar- tiall Discipline, in which the Soldier gets the better of the argument.' (4) 'The Miseries of Manillia, the most unfortunate Ladie that ever lived,' a romance. (5) 'The Praise of Vertuous Ladies, an invective written against the discourteous discourses of certaine malicious persons, written against women whom Nature, Wit, and Wisedom (well con- sidered) would us rather honour than disgrace.' This piece was reprinted by Sir Egerton Brydges in 1815. (6) ' A Dialogue between Anger and Patience.' (7) 'A Phisitions Letter,' with practical directions for healthy living. (8) ' A Farewell.' The whole work was republished in 1606*, and a very limited reprint was issued by Mr. J. O. Halliwell- PhiUipps in 1860. 4. ' The Strange Fvtvres of Two Excellent Princes [Fantiro and Penillo], in their Lives and Loves to their equall Ladies in all the titles of true honour,' 1600, a story from the Italian. A unique copy is in the Bodleian, dedicated to ' lohn Line- wray, Esquire, clerk of the deliueries, and the deliuerance of all her Maiestie's ordenance.' 5. 'Crossing of Proverbs, Crosse Answeres and Crosse Humours, by N. B., Gent.,' Lon- don, 1616, pts. i. and *ii. 6. ' The Figvre of Foure' was first entered on the Sta- tioners' Register 10 Oct. 1597, and again 19 Nov. 1607. Ames notes an edition of 1631. But all that seems to have survived of this book is an edition of ' the second part,' issued in 1636 (of which a unique copy is in the Bodleian). The address to the reader is signed ' N. B.' *A reprint of this part, dated 1654, consists of 104 fantastic paragraphs, each describing four things of similar quality. 7**. ' Wonders Worth the Hearing, which being read or heard in a Winter's evening by a good fire, or a Summer's morning in the greene fields, may serve both to purge me- ! lancholy from the minde & grosse humours I from the body,' London, 1602. The dedica- tion, signed 'Nich. Breton,' and dated 22 Dec. 1602, is addressed ' to my honest and loving friend, Mr. lohn Cradocke, cutler, at his house without Temple Barre.' The book con- tains quaint descriptions of Elizabethan manners. 8. 'A Poste with a Packet of Mad Letters,' was published first in 1603 | (entered on Stationers' Register 18 May 1602), of which a copy is in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. *An edition, ' the fourth time enlarged,' appeared in 1609, and it appeared again in a much enlarged shape (two parts)* in 1637. Frequent editions were issued down to 1685. It is dedicated to ' Maximillion Dallison, of Hawlin,' Kent. It consists of letters from persons in a variety of situations, several of which are signed ' N. B.,' and read like extracts from the author's actual correspondence. One letter (Let. ii. 19) of this kind, ' To my dearest beloved friend on earth, H. WT.,' tells the story of a life of sorrows, which has been assumed to be auto- biographical. 9. ' A Mad World, my Masters, a merry dialogue betweene two travellers [Dorindo and Lorenzo],' London, 1603 and 1635. The first edition is dedicated to John Florio. Both editions are in the Bodleian. Middleton's play with the same title was published in 1608. 10*. 'A Dialogue full of Pithe and Pleasure : between three Phy- losophers : Antonio, Meondro, and Dinarco : Vpon the Dignitie or Indignitie of Man. Partly translated out of Italian and partly set down by way of observation. By Nicholas Breton, Gentleman,' London, 1603, dedicated to ' lohn Linewray, Esquier, Marster Sur- veior Generall of all her Maiesties Ordinance.' 11*. Grimello's Fortunes, with his Entertain- ment in his Travaile,' London, 1604. Two copies are in the Bodleian and one in the Huth Library. The address ' to the reader ' is signed 'B. N.' 12*. ' An Olde Man's Lesson and a Yovng Man's Love, by Nicholas Bre- ton,'London, 1605. One copy is in the Huth Library, dedicated to Sir John Linwraye, knight . . . of his Maiesties Ordinance.' 13. 'I pray you be not Angrie : A pleasant and merry Dialogue betweene two Travellers as they met on the Highway [touching their crosses, and of the vertue of patience]. By N. B.,' London, 1605 and (with a slightly Breton 281 Brett different title-page) 1624. In the Bodleian Library copy of the first edition the signa- ture of the address to the reader is ' Nicho- las Breton.' 14*. 'A Murmurer,' written ' against murmurers and murmuring/ Lon- don, 1607. The dedication, to ' the Lords of his Maiesties most Honorable privie Coun- sel,' is signed ' Nicholas Breton.' One copy is at Bridgewater House. 15**. ' Divine Considerations of the Soule ... By N. B., G.,' London, 1608. It is dedicated to ' Sir Thomas Lake, one of the Clarkes of his Maiesties Signet, health, happinesse, and Heaven,' with the signature of ' Nich. Bre- ton.' 16. ' Wits Private Wealth stored with Choice of Commodities to content the Minde,' 1612* and 1639— a collection of proverbial remarks — dedicated to ' lohn Crooke, son and heire to Sir lohn Crooke, knight,' with the signature of * N. Britton.' 17*. ' Characters upon Essaies, Morall and Diuine,' London, 1615, dedicated by 'Nich. Breton' to Sir Francis Bacon. 18. 'The Good and the Badde, a Description of the Worthies and Vnworthies of this Age,' London, *1616 and 1643, dedicated by 'Nicholas Breton' to Sir Gilbert Houghton. 19**. ' Strange Newes ovt of Divers Countries,' London, 1622, with an address to the reader signed ' B. N.' 20*. ' Fantasticks, serving for a perpetuall Prognostication,' London, 1626. Copies are in Mr. Huth's and Dr. Grosart's libraries. There is a dedication to ' Sir Marke Ive, of Riuers Hall in Essex,' signed ' N. B.' Extracts appear in J. O. Halliwell's * Books of Cha- racters,' 1857. 21. 'The Court and Country, or a briefe Discourse betweene the Courtier and Countryman, of the Manner, Nature, and Condition of their lives. Dialoguewise set downe. . . . Written by N. B., Gent.,' Lon- don, 1618. A unique copy belongs to Mr. Christie-Miller of Britwell. ' Nich. Breton ' signs the dedication to ' Sir Stephen Poll of Blaikmoore in Essex.' Mr. W. C. Hazlitt reprinted this book in his ' Inedited Tracts ' (Roxburghe Club, 1868). 22. ' An Eulogistic Character of Queen Elizabeth, dedicated by the author, Nicholas Breton, to Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury,' is extant in Breton's hand- writing, in the Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 6207 ff. 14-22. It was printed by Dr. Grosart for the first time. The most serious mistake made by Breton's bibliographers has been the ascription to | him of ' Sir Philip Sydney's Ourania ... by N. B.' 1606. The author of this work is Na- thaniel Baxter [q. v.] In the British Museum Catalogue ' Mary Magdalen's Lamentations for the Losse of Her Maister Jesus, London, 1604, and ' The Passion of a Discontented Mind,' London, 1601, 1602, 1621, are errone- ously ascribed to Breton. Robert Southwell was more probably the author of the latter. A unique copy of the first edition is in the Huth Library, and the second edition (in the Bodleian) is reprinted in J. P. Collier's ' Il- lustrations,' vol. i. The Rev. Thomas Corser ascribes ' The Case is Altered. How ? Aske Dalio and Millo,' London, 1604 and 1635, to Breton ; Mr. J. P. Collier assigns it to Francis Thynne, although internal evidence fails to support this conclusion. Breton's name was pronounced Britton. [Dr. Grosart has collected most of Breton's works in his edition, privately published, in the Chertsey Worthies Library (1877). The poeti- cal works numbered above 1, 7, 13, and 15 do not appear there. The editions marked * and ** are in the British Museum, and the latter are believed to be unique. See also Corser's Col- lectanea ; Kitson's Anglo-Poetica ; Ellis's Speci- mens of the Early EnglishPoets (1803) and Hun- ters MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24487, if. 307 et seq., which is especially valu- able.] S. L. L. BRETON, WILLIAM. [See BRITON.] BRETT, ARTHUR (d. 1677 ?), poet, was, Wood believes, ' descended of a genteel family.' Having been a scholar of Westminster, he was elected to a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1653. He proceeded B.A. in 1656 and M.A. in 1659. He was one of the ' Terras filii ' in the act held in St. Mary's Church, 1661, ' at which time he showed him- self sufficiently ridiculous.' Having taken orders, he became vicar of Market Lavington, Wiltshire, but he seems after a while to have given up the living. He came up to London, and there fell into poverty, begging from gentlemen in the streets, and especially from Oxford men. He was somewhat crazed, ac- cording to Wood, who met him by chance in 1675, and was perhaps annoyed by his importunity, for he writes with some bitter- ness of him. Brett was ' a great pretender to poetry.' He wrote : 1. ' A Poem on the Re- storation of King Charles II,' 1660, included in ' Britannia rediviva.' 2. ' Threnodia, on the Death of Henry, Duke of Gloucester,' 1660. 3. ' Poem on the Death of the Prin- cess of Orange,' 1660. 4. ' Patientia victrix, or the Book of Job in Lyric Verse,' 1661 ; and is also said to have written an essay on poetry. He died in his mother's house in the Strand ' about 1677.' Wood knows not ' where his lean and macerated carcase was buried, unless in the yard of St. Clement's church, without Temple Bar.' [Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. col. 1144; Fasti, ii. 192, 220 (Bliss); Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852), 141.] W. H. Brett 282 Brett BRETT, HENRY (d. 1724), colonel, of Sandywell Park, Gloucestershire, the asso- ciate of Addison and Steele, was eldest son of Henry Brett of Cowley, Gloucestershire, the descendant of the old Warwickshire family of Brett of Brett's Hall (see AT- KYNS'S Gloucestershire, p. 400 ; DUGDALE'S Warwickshire, ii. 1039). Colley Gibber, who was intimate with him, says that young Brett was sent to Oxford and entered at the Temple, but was an idler about town in 1700, when he married Ann, the divorced wife of Charles Gerard, second earl of Macclesfield, who succeeded to the title in 1693. She was daughter of a Sir Richard Mason, knight, of Sutton, Surrey, and married the Earl of Macclesfield, then Lord Brandon, in 1683, but separated from him soon after. She had afterwards two illegitimate children, one of whom, by Richard Savage, fourth and last earl Rivers, was popularly identified with the unfortunate poet, Richard Savage (see Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vi. 361 et seq.) The countess was divorced in 1698, when her fortune of 12,000/. (or, as some accounts have it, 25,000/.) was returned to her, and two years later she married Henry Brett. He was a very handsome young fellow, and the lady's sympathy is said to have been evoked by an assault committed upon him by bailiffs opposite her windows. After his marriage Henry Brett was for a short time member for the borough of Bishop's Castle, Salop. He also obtained in 1705 the lieutenant-colonelcy of a regiment of foot newly raised by Sir Charles Hotham, but parted with it soon after. Brett was a well-known member of the little circle of which Addison was the head, and which held its social gatherings at Will's and afterwards at Button's. He is supposed to be the Colonel Rambler of the 'Tatler* (No. 7). He rebuilt Sandywell Park, which he sold to Lord Conway, and at one time had a share in the patent of Drury Lane Theatre (CiBBEK, Apology, p. 212). He sur- vived his friend Addison, and died, rather suddenly, in 1724. His will, wherein he is simply described as Henry Brett, and be- queaths all his real and personal property to his loving spouse Ann Brett, except his lottery tickets, half the proceeds of which, in the event of their drawing prizes, are to go to his sister Miller, was dated 14 Sept. 1724, and proved by his widow two days later. After her father's death, his daughter, Anna Margharetta Brett, who appears to have been the sole issue of the marriage, and who is described as a dark, Spanish-looking beauty, became the recog- nised mistress — the first English one — of King George I, then in his sixty-fifth year, by whom she is believed to have had no children. The young lady's ambition and prospects of a coronet were disappointed through the death of the king in 1727, and she subsequently married Sir William Lemanr second baronet, of Northaw or Northall, Hert- fordshire, and died without issue in 1743, Mrs. Brett lived to the age of eighty. She died at her residence in Old Bond Street, London, on 11 Oct. 1753. She is said to have been a woman of literary tastes, and Colley Cibber is stated to have esteemed her judgment so highly as to have submitted to her revision the manuscript of his best play, the ' Careless Husband,' which was first put on the boards in 1704. Colonel Arthur Brett (whose daughter married Thomas Carte, the historian) is sometimes confounded with Henry Brett. [Collins's Peerage (1812), ix. 400, 404; Col- lins's Baronetage, iii. (ii.) 461, iv. 406; Walpole's Letters, i. p. cv ; Apology for Life of Colley Cibber (1740, 4to), pp. 212, 214; Gloucester- shire Notes and Queries, clxxxvi. (March 1881), dccxcvii. (July 1882), where some of the details given are incorrect; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vi. 361 et seq., 5th ser. xi. 295, xii. 196 ; Gent. Mag. xxiii. 541.] H. M. C. BRETT, GEORGE. [See KEYNES.] BRETT, JOHN (d. 1785), captain in the royal navy, was probably the son or near kinsman of Captain Timothy Brett, with whom he went to sea in the Ferret sloop about the year 1722, with the rating of cap- tain's servant. In May 1727 he followed Timothy Brett to the Deal Castle, and in the following November to the William and Mary yacht. On 2 March 1733-4 he was promoted to be lieutenant ; in 1740 he com- manded the Grampus sloop in the Mediter- ranean ; and on 25 March 1741 was posted into the Roebuck of 40 guns by Vice-admiral Haddock, whom he brought home a passenger, invalided, in May 1742. In November 1742 he was appointed to the Anglesea, and in April 1744 to the Sunderland of 60 guns. He was still in the Sunderland and in com- pany with the Captain, Hampton Court .and Dreadnought, when, on 6 Jan. 1744-5, they fell in with, and did not capture, the two French ships, Neptune and Fleuron [see GRIFFIN, THOMAS ; MOSTYN, SAVAGE]. For- tunately for Captain Brett's reputation, the Sunderland had her mainmast carried away at an early period of the chase, and he thus es- caped a share of the obloquy which attached to the others. He was afterwards sent out to join Commodore Warren at Cape Breton, and took part in the operations which re- sulted in the capture of Louisburg. In 1755 he commanded the Chichester in the Brett 283 Brett squadron sent under Rear-admiral Holburne to reinforce Boscawen on the coast of North America. On 19 May 1756 he was appointed to the St. George, and on 1 June was ordered to turn over to the Namur. Three days afterwards a promotion of admirals came out, in which Brett was included, with his proper seniority, as rear-admiral of the white. He refused to take up the commission, and it was accordingly cancelled (Admiralty Minutes, 4 and 15 June 1756). No reason for this refusal appears on record, and the correspondence that must have taken place between Brett and the admiralty or Lord Anson has not been preserved. It is quite possible that there had been some question as to whether his name should or should not be included in the promotion, and that this had come to Brett's knowledge; but the story, as told by Oharnock, of his name having been in the first instance omitted, is contradicted by the official list. From this time Brett lived in retire- ment, occupying himself, to some extent, in literary pursuits. In 1777-9 he published 1 ' Translations of Father Feyjoo's Discourses' (4 vols. 8vo) ; and in 1780 i Essays or Dis- courses selected from the Works of Feyjoo, and translated from the Spanish' (2 vols. 8vo). A letter, dated Gosport, 3 July 1772 (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 30871, f. 138), shows that he corresponded with Wilkes on friendly terms, and ranked himself with him as ' a friend of liberty.' He speaks also of his wife and children, of whom nothing further seems to be known. He died in 1785. [Official Documents in the Public Eecord Office ; Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 67 ; Gent. Mag. li. 34. Iv. 223.] J. K. L. BRETT, JOHN WATKINS (1805-1863), telegraphic engineer, was the son of a cabinet- maker, William Brett of Bristol, and was born in that city in 1805. Brett has been styled, with apparent justice, the founder of submarine telegraphy. The idea of trans- mitting electricity through submerged cables is said to have been originated by him in conjunction with his younger brother. After some years spent in perfecting his plans he sought and obtained permission from Louis- Philippe in 1847 to establish telegraphic communication between France and England, but the project did not gain the public at- tention, being regarded as too hazardous for general support. The attempt was, however, made in 1850, and met with success, and the construction of numerous other submarine lines followed. Brett always expressed him- self confident as to the ultimate union of England and America by means of electri- city, but he did not live to see it accom- plished. He died on 3 Dec. 1863 at the age of 58, and was buried in the family vault in the churchyard of Westbury-on-Trim, near Bristol. Brett published a work of 104 pages, ' On the Origin and Progress of the Oceanic Telegraph, with a few brief facts and opinions of the press ' (London, 8vo, 1858), and con- tributed several papers on the same subject to the Institute of Civil Engineers, of which he was a member. A list of these contribu- tions will be found in the index of the * Pro- ceedings ' of that society. [Notes and Queries. 3rd ser. viii. 203, &c. ; Catalogue of the Konalds Library.] K. H. BRETT, SIB PEIRCY (1709-1781), ad- miral, was the son of Peircy Brett, a master in the navy, and afterwards master attendant of the dockyards at Sheerness and at Chat- ham. After serving his time as volunteer and midshipman, he was, on 6 Dec. 1734, promoted to the rank of lieutenant and ap- pointed to the Falkland with Captain the Hon. Fitzroy Lee. In her he continued till July 1738, when he was appointed to the Adventure, and a few months later to the Gloucester, one of the ships which sailed under Commodore Anson for the Pacific in September 1740. On 18 Feb. following Brett was transferred to Anson's own ship, the Centurion, as second-lieutenant, and in this capacity he commanded the landing party which sacked and burned the town of Paita on 13 Nov. 1741. After the capture of the great Acapulco ship, Brett became first-lieu- tenant, by the promotion of Saumarez, and was appointed by Anson to be captain of the Centurion on 30 Sept. 1743, when he himself left the ship on his visit to Canton. On the arrival of the Centurion in England the ad- miralty refused to confirm this promotion, although they gave Brett a new commission as captain dated the day the ship anchored at Spithead, and a few months later, under a new admiralty of which Anson was a member, the original commission wras con- firmed, 29 Dec. 1744 [see ANSON, GEORGE, LORD]. In April 1745 Brett was appointed to command the Lion, 60 guns, in the Chan- nel ; and on 9 July, being then off" Ushant, he fell in with the French ship Elisabeth ot 64 gun's, a king's ship, nominally in private employ, and actually engaged in convoying the small frigate on board which Prince Charles Edward was taking a passage to Scotland. Between the Lion and Elisabeth a severe action ensued, which lasted from 5 p.m. till 9 p.m., by which time the Lion was a wreck, with 45 killed and 107 Brett 284 Brett wounded out of a complement of 400 ; and the Elisabeth, taking advantage of her enemy's condition, drew off, too much in- jured to pursue the voyage. The drawn battle was thus as fatal to the Stuart cause as the capture of the Elisabeth would have been ; for all the stores, arms, and money for the intended campaign were on board her, and the young prince landed in Scotland a needy and impoverished adven- turer. Early in 1747 Brett was appointed to the Yarmouth, 64 guns, which he commanded in the action off Cape Finisterre on 3 May ; he was shortly afterwards temporarily super- seded by Captain Saunders, but was reap- pointed in the autumn, and continued in the same ship till the end of 1750, during the latter part of which time she was guardship at Chatham. In 1752 Brett was appointed to the Royal Caroline yacht, and in the fol- lowing January, having taken the king over to Germany, received the honour of knight- hood. In February 1754 he was one of a commission appointed to examine into the condition of the port of Harwich, which was found to be silting up by the waste of the cliff. He continued in command of the yacht till the end of 1757, and in January 1758 was appointed to the Norfolk as commodore in the Downs. During Anson's cruise off Brest in the summer of 1758 he acted as first captain of the Royal George, in the capacity now known as captain of the fleet. He after- wards returned to the Norfolk and the Downs, and held that command till December 1761, during which period, in the summer of 1759, he was employed on a commission for ex- amining the coasts of Essex, Kent, and Sussex, with a view to their defence against any possible landing of the enemy. His report (15 June 1759) is curious and interesting as showing the extraordinary ignorance of the government as to the nature of the country within a hundred miles of London. Early in 1762 he \\as sent out to the Mediterranean as second in command, and was soon after promoted to be rear-admiral. He came home the following year, after the peace, and did not serve again at sea, though from 1766 to 1770 he was one of the lords commissioners of the admiralty under Sir Edward Hawke. He became a vice-admiral on 24 Oct. 1770, admiral on 29 Jan. 1778, and died on 14 Oct. 1781. He was buried at Beckenham in Kent, where there is a tablet to his memory in the church. He married in 1745 Henrietta, daughter of Mr. Thomas Colby, clerk of the cheque at Chatham, by whom he had two sons, who died in infancy, and a daughter, who mar- ried Sir George Bowyer. The Peircy Brett whose name appears in later navy lists as a captain of 1787 was a nephew, the son of William Brett, also a captain in the navy, who died in 1769. Lady Brett survived her husband but a few years ; she died in August 1788, in the eighty-first year of her age, and was buried in the same vault in the church at Beckenham. [Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 239 ; Gent. Mag. li. 517, 623 ; Official Letters, &c., in the Public Eecord Office.] J. K. L. BRETT, RICHARD (1560 P-1637), a learned divine, was descended from a family which had been settled at Whitestanton, Somersetshire, in the time of Henry I (CoL- LINSON, Somersetshire, iii. 127). He was entered a commoner of Hart Hall in Oxford University in 1582, took one degree in arts, and was then elected a fellow of Lincoln College, where he set himself to perfect his acquaintance with the classical and eastern languages. According to Wood, ' he was a person famous in his time for learning as well as piety, skill'd and versed to a criti- cism in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Arabic, and Ethiopic tongues.' In 1597 he was admitted bachelor of divinity, and he proceeded in divinity in 1605. In February 1595 he was presented to the rectory of Quainton, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. On account of his special knowledge of the biblical languages he was appointed by James I one of the translators of the Bible into English. He published two translations from Greek into Latin : l Vitse sanctorum Evangelistarum Johannis et Lucae a Simeone Metaphraste concinnatse,' Oxford, 1597, and ' Agatharchidis et Memnonis historicorum qu£e supersunt omnia,' Oxford, 1597. He was also the author of ' Iconum sacrarum Decas in qua e subjectis typis compluscula sanse doctrinae capita eruuntur,' 1603. He died on 15 April 1637, aged 70, and was buried in the chancel of his church at Quainton. Over his grave a monument with his effigies and a Latin and English epitaph was erected by his widow. By his wife Alice, daughter of Richard Brown, sometime mayor of Ox- ford, he left four daughters. [Wood's Athenae (Bliss), ii. 611-2; Lips- comb's Buckinghamshire, i. 422, 434, 436 ; Col- linson's Somersetshire, iii. 127.] T. F. H. BRETT, ROBERT (1808-1874), surgeon, was born on 11 Sept. 1808, it is believed at or near Luton, Bedfordshire. As soon as he was old enough, he entered St. George's Hos- pital, London, as a medical pupil, and passed his examinations, both as M.R.C.S.E. and Brett 285 Brett L.S.A.L., in 1830. He then probably filled some hospital posts, and most certainly married ; and at this time he was so deeply imbued with religious feeling that he wished to take holy orders, and go abroad as a mis- sionary. But he was dissuaded from such a ! step, and continued the practice of his pro- fession. On the death of his wife, he went as assistant to Mr. Samuel Reynolds, a surgeon at Stoke Newington, whose sister he married, and with whom he entered into a partnership which lasted fourteen years. He continued to practise at Stoke Newington until his death, on 3 Feb. 1874. He entered heart and soul into the tracta- rian movement from its commencement, doing all in his power as a layman to forward it ; he was honoured with the friendship of most of the leaders, especially Dr. Pusey, and his whole life and means were spent in promoting the interests of this section of the Church of England. Even the motto on his carriage was ( Pro Ecclesia Dei.' It was owing to his calling the attention of Edward Coleridge, | of Eton, to the deplorable condition of the ruins of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, that a scheme was set on foot which resulted, through the munificence of Mr. Beresford Hope, in the establishment of St. Augus- tine's Missionary College. He parcelled out the parish of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington, and was the chief agent in the building of its church, as he also was subsequently in the erection of two churches at Haggerston and St. Faith's, Stoke Newington. He did other practical good work in founding the Guild of St. Luke, which consists of a band of medical men who co-operate with the clergy. He was an active member of the first church union that was started, and was at the time of his death a vice-president of the English Church Union. Although, as may be imagined, his time was well occupied, yet he found leisure to write many devotional books (sixteen in number), such as 'Devotions for the Sick Room,' ( Companion for the Sick Room,' ' Thoughts during Sickness,' &c. He was buried on 7 Feb. 1874 at Totten- ham cemetery. A large number of clergy- men, noblemen, physicians, and barristers attended his funeral. [Private information.] J. A. BRETT, THOMAS (1667-1743), non- juring divine, was the son of Thomas Brett of Spring Grove, Wye, Kent. His father de- scended from a family long settled at Wye ; his mother was Letitia, daughter of John Boys of Betshanger, Sandwich, where Brett was born. He was educated at the Wye gram- mar school, under John Paris and Samuel Pratt (afterwards dean of Rochester), and on 20 March 1684 admitted pensioner of Queens' College, Cambridge. He was removed by his father for extravagance, but permitted to return. He then found that his books had been ' embezzled by an idle scholar,' and migrated to Corpus on 17 Jan. 1689. He took the LL.B. degree on the St. Barna- bas day following. He was ordained deacon on 21 Dec. 1690. After holding a curacy at Folkestone for a year he was ordained priest, and chosen lecturer at Islington. The vicar, Mr. Gery, encouraged him to exchange his early whiggism for tory and high-church principles. On the death of his father, his mother persuaded him to return (May 1696) to Spring Grove, where he undertook the cure of Great Chart. Here he married Bridget, daughter of Sir Nicholas Toke. In 1697 he became LL.D., and soon afterwards exchanged Great Chart for Wye. He became rector of Betshanger on the death of his uncle, Thomas Boys ; and on 12 April 1705 Archbishop Tenison made him rector of Ruckinge, having previously allowed him to hold the small vicarage of Chislet ' in seques- tration.' He had hitherto taken the oaths without scruple ; but the attempts of his re- lation, Chief-baron Gilbert, to bring him back to whiggism had the reverse of the effect in- tended ; and Sacheverell's trial induced him to resolve never to take the oath again. He published a sermon ' on the remission of sins/ in 1711, which gave offence by its high view of sacerdotal absolution, and was attacked by Dr. Robert Cannon [q. v.] in convocation (22 Feb. 1712). The proposed censure was dropped apparently by the action of Atterbury as prolocutor (Letter about a Motion in Con- vocation, fyc. 1712). In a later sermon 'On the Honour of the Cnristian Priesthood ' he disavowed a belief in auricular confession. On the accession of George I, Brett declined to take the oaths, resigned his living, and was received into communion by the nonjur- / ing bishop Hickes. He afterwards officiated- ' in his own house. He was presented at the assizes for keeping a conventicle, and in 1718 and 1729 complaints were made against him to Archbishop Wake for interfering with the duties of the parish clergyman. He was, however, let off with a reproof. Brett was consecrated bishop by the non- juring bishops Collier, Spinckes, and Howes, in 1716. He took part in a negotiation which they opened in 1716 with the Greek archbishop of Thebais, then in London, and which continued till 1725, when it was allowed to drop. Brett's account, with copies of a proposed * concordate,' and letters to the Brett 286 Brettargh Czar of Moscovy and his ministers, is given by Lathbury (History of Nonjurors, 1845, p. 309), from the manuscripts of Bishop Jolly. Before a definitive reply had been re- ceived from the Greek prelates, the church which made the overture had split into two in consequence of a controversy. Brett sup- ported Collier in proposing to return to the use of the first liturgy of Edward VI, as nearer the use of the primitive church. He defended his view in a postscript to his work on ' Tra- dition.' He took part in various contro- versies connected with the nonjuring question, and joined in consecrating bishops with Col- lier and the Scotch bishop, Campbell. In 1727 he consecrated Thomas Brett, junior. He also contributed some notes to Zachary Grey's edition of Hudibras ' (published 1744). Brett was an amiable man, of pleasant con- versation, and lived quietly in his own house, where he died on 5 March 1743. He had twelve children. His wife died on 7 May 1765 ; his son, Nicholas, chaplain to Sir Kobert Cotton, on 20 Aug. 1776. Brett published many books of which full titles are given in Nichols's ' Anecdotes,' i. 411. They are as follows : 1. 'An Account of Church Government,' 1707, answered by Nokes in the 'Beautiful Pattern;' and enlarged edition 1710, answered by John Lewis, 1711, in ' Presbyters not always an authoritative part of Provincial Synods ;' to which Brett replied. 2. l Two Letters on the Times wherein Marriage is said to be pro- hibited,' 1708. 3. ' Letter to the Author of " Lay Baptism Invited," ' &c. (condemning lay baptism). This led to a controversy with Joseph Bingham, who replied in * Scholasti- cal History of Lay Baptism,' 1712. 4. Ser- mons on f Remission of Sins,' 1711, reprinted with five others in 1715. 5. 'Review of Lutheran Principles,' 1714, answered by John Lewis. 6. 'Vindication of Himself from Calumnies' (charging him with po- pery), 1715. 7. ' Independency of the Church upon the State,' 1717. 8. ' The Divine Right of Episcopacy,' 1718. 9. ' Tradition neces- sary, &c.,' 1718, with answer to Toland's * Nazarenus.' 10. ' The Necessity of discern- ing Christ's Body in the Holy Communion,' 1720. 11. ' Collection of the Principal Li- turgies used by the Christian Church, &c.,' 1720; this was in reference to the schism of the nonjuring body. 12. 'Discourses concerning the ever blessed Trinity,' 1720. 13. Contributions to the ' Bibliotheca Litera- ria,' Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 8, upon ' University Degrees,' ' English Translations of the Bible,' and 'Arithmetical Figures.' 14. 'Instruc- tion to a Person newly Confirmed,' 1725. 15. l Chronological Essay on the Sacred History,' 1729. 16. 'General History of the World,' 1732. 17. 'Answer to (Hoad- ly's) "Plain Account of the Sacrament,'" 1735. 18. 'Remarks on Dr. Waterland's "Review of the Doctrine of the Eucha- rist," ' 1741. 19. ' Four Letters on Necessity of Episcopal Communion,' 1743. 20. ' Life of John Johnson,' prefixed to his posthumous tracts in 1748. There are also several ser- mons and tracts. There is a letter of his to Dr. Warren, of Trinity Hall, in Peck's ' De- siderata Curiosa ' (lib. vii. p. 13). Three letters of his on the difference between An- glican and Romish tenets were published from the manuscripts of Thomas Bowdler in 1850; and a short essay on suffragan bishops and rural deans was edited by J. Fendall from the manuscript in 1858. [Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, i. 407-12; Masters's Corpus Coll. Cambr. (1753), 245-8 ; Appendix, p. 87 ; Lathbury's Nonjurors, passim.] L. S. BRETTARGH, KATHARINE (1579- 1601), puritan, was daughter of a Cheshire squire, John Bruen of Bruen Stapleford, father of John Bruen [q. v.] She was baptised on 13 Feb. 1579, and from an early age she was distinguished by earnest religious feeling. When she was about twenty she was married to William Brettargh or Brettergh, of ' Brel- lerghoult '—Brettargh Holt— near Liverpool, who shared her puritan sentiments. The couple were said to have had some persecu- tion at the hands of their Roman catholic neighbours. ' It is not unknowne to Lanca- shire what horses and cattell of her husband's were killed upon his grounds in the night most barbarously at two seuerall times by seminarie priests (no question) and recusants that lurked thereabouts.' Her piety, how- ever, was such as to impress them in spite of her dislike of their creed. ' Once a tenant of her husband's being behinde with his rent, she desired him to beare yet with him a quarter of a yeare, which he did ; and when the man brought his money, with teares she said to her husband, " I feare you doe not well to take it of him, though it be your right, for I doubt he is not well able to pay it, and then you oppresse the poore." ' It is perhaps cha- racteristic of the times that her biographer insists upon the circumstance that ' she never used to swear an oath great or small.' After a little more than two years of married life she was attacked by ' a hot burning ague,' of which she died on Whit Sunday, 31 May 1601. She was encouraged by a visit from her brother, John Bruen, and by the conso- lations of William Harrison and other puri- tans. Her biographers are indignant at the Brettell 287 Brettingham imputation that she died despairing. She was buried at Childwall Church on Wednes- day, 3 June, as appears from the title of the little book which forms the chief authority | as to her life : ' Death's Advantage little Re- garded, or the Soule's Solace against Sorrow, preached in two funerall sermons at Child- wall, in Lancashire, at the buriall of Mistris Katherine Brettergh, 3 June 1601. The one by William Harrison, the other by William Leygh, B.D., whereunto is annexed the chris- | tian life and godly death of the said gentle- [ woman,' London, 1601. There is a portrait : of her in Clarke's second part of the l Marrow of Ecclesiastical History,' book ii., London, 1675, p. 52, from which it seems that her pu- ritanism did not forbid a very elaborate ruff. ! The face is oval, the features refined, the hair closely confined by a sort of skull-cap, over which towers a sugarloaf hat. [Ormerod's History of Cheshire, ed. Helsby, ii. 317-23 ; Morton's Memorials of the Fathers; and the two works cited above.] W. E. A. A. BRETTELL, JACOB (1793-1862), uni- tarian minister, was born at Sutton-in-Ash- field, Nottinghamshire, on 16 April 1793. His grandfather was an independent minis- ter at Wolverhampton, and afterwards assis- tant to James Wheatley at the Norwich Cal- vinistic methodist tabernacle. His father, Jacob Brettell, became a Calvinistic preacher at the age of seventeen, and after serving va- rious chapels became an independent minister at Sutton-in-Ashfield in 1788. Here he re- nounced Calvinism, and in 1791 opened a separate meeting-house. In 1795 he became assistant to Jeremiah Gill, minister of the 1 presbyterian or independent' congregation at Gainsborough, and on Gill's death, 1796, he became sole minister. He also kept a school (see notice by a pupil, E. S. Peacock, in Notes and Queries, 2nd series, xi. 378). He died 19 March 1810. His only son, Jacob, had been placed at Manchester College, York, in 1809. A public subscription, aided by the vicar of Gainsborough, provided for his continuance at York till 1814. He became Unitarian minister at Cockey Moor (now called Ainsworth), Lancashire, in July 1814, and removed to Rotherham in September 1816. He resigned in June 1859 from failing health. Brettell is described as a good scho- lar and effective public speaker. He was a strong liberal, and took an active part in the anti-corn-law agitation, being an intimate friend of Ebenezer Elliott (1781-1849), the corn-law rhymester. His poetry shows taste and feeling. His later years were tried by adverse circumstances. He died 12 Jan. 1862. He had married, on 29 Dec. 1815, Martha, daughter of James Morris of Bolton, Lanca- shire, and had four sons and two daughters. His eldest son, JACOB CHARLES GATES BRET- TELL, born 6 March 1817, was partly educated for the Unitarian ministry at York, became a Roman catholic, and went to America, where he was successively classical tutor at New York, minister of a German church, and successful member of the American bar in Virginia and Texas ; he died at Owensville, Texas, 17 Jan. 1867. Brettell published: 1. ' Strictures on Parkhurst's Theory of the Cherubim' (presumably his). 2. ''The Country Minister, a Poem, in four cantos, with other Poems,' 1821, 12mo (dedicated, 12 July 1821, to Viscount Milton, afterwards fifth Earl Fitzwilliam). 3. ' The Country Minister (Part Second). A Poem, in three cantos, with other Poems,' 1825, 12mo. 4. < The Country Mi- nister ; a poem, in seven cantos : containing the first and second parts of the Original Work : with additional Poems and Notes/ 1827, 12mo (called 2nd edit. ; Brettell's minor pieces are chiefly translations). 5. ' Sketches in Verse, from the Historical Books of the Old Testa- ment,' 1628, 12mo (one of these, on Balak and Balaam, was printed in 'Monthly Re- pository,' 1826, pp. 360-7). 6. ' Staneage Pole' (poem, dated Sheffield 24 Feb. 1834, printed in f Christian Reformer,' 1834, pp. 182-4). 7. ' The First Unitarian,' 1848, 8vo (controverting the opinion that ' Cain was the first Unitarian ; ' Brettell thinks Cain was ' the third Unitarian in strict chronological order '). Some of his hymns are in Unitarian collections. A harvest hymn, 1837, in which he calls the Almighty ( bright Regent of the Skies,' is in Martineau's collections of 1840 and 1874 (altered in this latter to ' 0 Lord of earth and skies '). Besides these, he contributed some hundreds of uncollected pieces, being hymns and political and patriotic pieces, several of considerable length, to the ' Christian Re- former,' 'Sheffield Iris,' 'Wolverhampton Herald,' and other periodicals. [Monthly Repos. 1810, p. 598, 1818, p. 368; Christian Reformer, 1862, p. 191; Rotherham and Masbro' Advertiser, 16 March 1867; Browne's History of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suffolk, 1877, pp. 189, 348 ; information from Mr. Morris Brettell.] A. G-. BRETTINGHAM, MATTHEW, the elder (1699-1769), architect, was born at Norwich. He was a pupil of the better known William Kent, along with whom he was engaged in the erection of Hoik- ham, the Earl of Leicester's seat in Norfolk. As a youth he travelled on the continent of Europe, and in 1723, 1725, 1728, and 1738 published l Remarks on several Parts Brettingham 288 Brettingham of Europe, viz. France, the Low Countries, Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tyrol, Switzer- land, Italy, and Spain, collected upon the spot since the year 1723,' in 4 vols. fol. The works at Holkham were commenced in 1729 from the plans of Kent, upon whose death in 1748 they were carried on under the superin- tendence of Brettingham till their comple- tion in 1764. In 1761 he published ' Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Holkham in Nor- folk, the seat of the Earl of Leicester,' Lon- don, atlas fol., of which another edition was published a few years later by his nephew, Robert Furze Brettingham [q. v.] It is cu- rious that in neither of these publications is the real authorship of the plans acknowledged, although the fact that Kent designed them is beyond dispute. It is impossible now to ascertain the share of credit for the completed work to which Brettingham is entitled. As the construction of the house extended over so long a period after Kent's death, Brettingham no doubt modified the latter's original de- signs ; but the drawings published by him do not differ in any way from the prevailing heaviness and regularity of the then fashion- able 'Vitruvian' style of which Kent was master, and suggest at best but successful imitation on the part of his follower. Bret- tingham's other known works were Norfolk House (now 21 St. James's Square), London, erected in 1742; Langley Park, Norfolk, in 1740-4; the north and east fronts of Charlton House, Wiltshire ; and a house in Pall Mall, afterwards known as Cumber- land House, and subsequently used as the ordnance office, erected in 1760-7 for the Duke of York, brother to George III. In 1748-50 he again visited Italy, and in the first of these years travelled for some time in company with the well-known architects, Hamilton, ' Athenian Stuart,' and Nicholas Revett. Brettingham does not appear to have been influenced by the investigations made by these architects into the architec- ture of Greece. He always confined him- self to the heavy Palladian style in which he had been educated, and in which, while exhibiting no great novelty of conception, it must be admitted he displayed knowledge and skill equal to those of any architect of his time. He died at Norwich at the ad- vanced age of seventy, and is buried in St. Augustine's Church there. BRETTIISTGHAM, MATTHEW, the younger (1725-1803), architect, son of the preceding, worked also in Palladian style (REDGRAVE). [Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentle- men in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, 1st ser. vol. Hi. London, 1818-23 ; Stuart and Eevett's Antiquities of Athens measured and delineated, vol. iv., London, 1816 ; Vitruvius Bri- tannicus, vol. iv., plates 64-9 incl. ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual ; Gwilt's Encyc. of Architecture, ed. Wyatt Papworth, London, 1867; Gould's Biogr. Sketches, London, 1834.] G. W. B. BRETTINGHAM, ROBERT FURZE (1750-1806 ?), architect, nephew of Matthew Brettingham the elder [q. v.], practised in London with great success, and erected many mansion houses throughout the country. Like his uncle, and in common with all students of architecture of his time, he spent a part of his early life in Italy, from which he returned in 1781. Architecture as then understood consisted in correctly imitating so-called classical models, and the skill of the archi- tect was chiefly exercised in adapting the re- quirements of his patron to the hard and fast rules of his art. To gain familiarity with the latter constituted his education, and Bret- tingham's subsequent works, as well as the drawings which he exhibited on his return at the exhibitions of the then lately founded Royal Academy, showed that he did not neglect his opportunities in Italy. Among them may be noted in 1783 a drawing of a sepulchral chapel from the Villa Medici at Rome, in 1790 the design for a bridge which he had erected in the preceding year at Ben- ham Place, in Berkshire, and the entrance porch of the church at Saffron Walden re- stored by him in 1792. In 1773 he published another edition of his uncle's ' Plans, &c. of Holkham,' also, like it, in atlas folio, ' to which are added the ceilings and chimney-pieces, and also a descriptive account of the statues, pictures, and drawings, not in the former edition.' Of the * Descriptive Account ' Bret- tingham was the author; but, again, the plans are ascribed to Matthew Brettingham, and Kent is ignored as in the former edition. The sudden death in 1790 of William Blackburn, the prison architect, was the opportunity of Brettingham's life, and he soon gained a lucrative practice. Blackburn left many designs incomplete, several of which Bret- tingham subsequently carried into execution. He erected gaols at Reading, Hertford, Poole, Downpatrick, Northampton, and elsewhere. In 1771 his name appears associated with those of the foremost architects of the time in the foundation of an * Architects' Club/ to meet at the Thatched House Tavern to dinner on the first Thursday in every month. Among the original members of this club besides Bret- tingham were Sir W. ChamberSjRobert Adam, John Soane, James Wyatt, and S. P. Cocke- rell, all of whom have made for themselves names in their profession. About this time Brettingham also held the post of resident Breval 289 Breval clerk in the board of works, which he resigned in 1805. Among his chief works for private patrons are a temple in the grounds at Saffron Walden in Essex for Lord Braybrooke, and a mausoleum in Scotland for the Fraser family ; Winchester House, St. James' Square, erected originally for the Duke of Leeds ; 9 Berkeley Square, afterwards sold to the Marquis of Buckingham; Buckingham House, 91 Pall Mall, rebuilt in 1794 by Sir John Soane ; Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square ; 80 Pic- cadilly, for Sir Francis Burdett ; Charlton, Wiltshire, for the Earl of Suffolk ; Walders- ham,Kent, for the Earl of Guilford ; Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk, for the Hon. W. Wyndham; Longleat, Wiltshire ; and Roehampton, Sur- rey, and Hillsborough House in Ireland, both for the Marquis of Downshire. He is also sup- posed by some to have designed Maidenhead Bridge, on the Thames ; but this is believed to be a mistake, the authorship of that design, which was executed in 1772, being invariably ascribed by the best authorities to Sir Robert Taylor. Brettingham was held in much re- gard by his professional brethren, and was the esteemed master of many who have since attained eminence in the architectural pro- fession. The exact date of his death is not known. [Authorities given under MATTHEW BRETTING- HAM ; publications of Architectural Society ; Ly- sons's Magn. Brit. vol. i. ; Boydell's Thames.] GK W. B. BREVAL, JOHN DURANT (1680?- 1738), miscellaneous writer, was descended from a French refugee protestant family, and was the son of Francis Durant de Breval, pre- bendary of Westminster, where he was pro- bably born about 1680. Sir John Bramston, in his ' Autobiography,' p. 157, describes the elder Breval in 1672 as ' formerly a priest of the Romish church, and of the companie of those in Somerset House, but now a convert to the protestant religion and a preacher at the Savoy.' Bramston gives 1666 as the date of his conversion. The younger Breval was admitted a queen's scholar of Westminster School 1693, was elected to Trinity College, Cambridge, 1697, and was one of the Cam- bridge poets who celebrated in that year the return of William III after the peace of Ryswick. Breval proceeded B. A. 1700, and M.A. 1704. In 1702 he was made fellow of Trinity (' of my own electing,' said Bent- ley). In 1708 he was involved in a private scandal, which led to his removal from the fellowship. He engaged in an intrigue with a married lady in Berkshire, and cudgelled her husband, who illtreated his wife. The husband brought an action against Breval, VOL. VI. who was held to bail for the assault, ' but, conceiving that there was an informality in the proceedings against him,' did not appear at the assizes, and was outlawed. There- upon Bentley took the matter up, and on 5 April 1708 expelled Breval from the college. Bentley admitted that Breval was * a man of good learning and excellent parts,' but said his ' crime was so notorious as to admit of no, evasion or palliation ' (State of Trinity Col- lege, p. 29 et seq. 1710). Breval, however, declared on oath that he was not guilty of immoral conduct in the matter, and bitterly resented the interposition of Bentley, who, he declared, had a private grudge both against his father and himself. His friends said ' that the alleged offence rested on mere rumour and suspicion,' and that the expelled fellow would have good grounds for an action against the college. Such an action, however, was never brought, probably on account of Breval's poverty. As Bentley wrote, ' his father was just dead [Francis Breval d. February 1707] in poor circumstances, and all his family were beggars.' Breval, in want and with his cha- racter ruined, enlisted in despair as a volun- teer in our army in Flanders, where he soon rose to be an ensign. Here what Nichols calls ' his exquisite pencil and genteel behaviour,' as well as his skill in acquiring languages, at- tracted the attention of Marlborough. The general appointed him captain, and sent him on diplomatic missions to various German courts, which he accomplished very credit- ably. The peace of Utrecht closed the war | in 1713, and a few years after we find Breval busily writing for the London booksellers, chiefly under the name of Joseph Gay. He then wrote ' The Petticoat,' a poem in two j books (1716), of which the third edition was | published under the name of f The Hoop Petticoat' (1720): 'The Art of Dress/ a poem (1717) ; * Calpe or Gibraltar,' a poem (1717) ; ' A Compleat Key to the Nonjuror ' (1718), in which he accuses Colley Gibber of stealing his characters, &c., from various sources, but chiefly from Moliere's ' Tartuffe,' for the revival of which Breval wrote a pro- logue ; ' MacDermot, or the Irish Fortune Hunter,' a poem (1719), a witty but extremely gross piece ; and ' Ovid in Masquerade' (1719). He also wrote a comedy, ' The Play is the Plot ' (1718), which was acted, though not very successfully, at Drury Lane. When altered and reprinted afterwards as a farce, called 'The Strollers' (second impression 1727), it had better fortune. About 1720 Breval went abroad with George, lord viscount Malpas, as travelling tutor. It was probably during this journey that he met with the romantic adventure that U Breval 290 Brevint gave occasion for Pope's sneer about being ' followed by a nun ' (Dunciad, iv. 327). A nun confined against her will, in a convent at Milan, fell in love with and 'escaped to him.' The lady afterwards went to Rome, where, according to Horace Walpole, she ' pleaded her cause and was acquitted there, and married Breval ; ' but she is not noticed in the account which Breval published of his travels, under the title of ' Remarks on several Parts of Europe,7 two vols. (vol. i. 1723, vol. ii. 1728, reprinted 1726; two additional in 1738), though we have a somewhat elaborate description of Milan, and an account of Milanese Lady of great Beauty, who be- queathed her Skeleton to the Publick as a memento mori.' The cause of Pope's quarrel with Breval is to be sought elsewhere. The well-known poet Gay, with the help of Pope and Arbuthnot, produced the farce entitled ' Three Hours after Marriage/ which was de- servedly damned. At this time (1717) Bre- val, who was writing a good deal for Curll, wrote for him, under the pseudonym of 1 Joseph Gay,' a farce called the ( Confede- rates,' in which ' the late famous comedy ' and its three authors were unsparingly ridiculed. Pope is described in the prologue as one On whom Dame Nature nothing good bestowed : In Form a Monkey ; but for spite a Toad, and he is represented (scene 1) as saying, ' And from My Self my own Thersites drew,' and then Thersites is explained as ' A Cha- racter in Homer, of an Ill-natur'd, Deform'd Villain.' In the same year Breval published, under similar auspices, Pope's * Miscellany.' The second part consisted of five brief coarse and worthless poems, in one of which espe- cially, called the ' Court Ballad,' Pope is mercilessly ridiculed. Revenge for these was taken in the ' Dunciad,' and Breval's name occurs twice in the second book (1728). In the notes (1729)affixed to the first passage Pope says that some account must be given of Breval owing to his obscurity, and declares that Curll put f Joseph Gay ' on such pamph- lets that they might pass for Mr. Gay's (viz. John Gay's). In 1742, when Breval had been dead four years, the fourth book of the ' Dun- ciad ' was published. In line 272 a ' lac'd Governor from France ' is introduced with his pupil, and their adventures abroad are nar- rated at some length (273-336). Pope, though, as he states, giving him no particular name, chiefly had Breval in his mind when he wrote the lines (HoKACE WALPOLE, Notes to Pope, p. 101, contributed by Sir W. Fraser, 1876). After the publication of his ' Travels ' Breval was probably again engaged as travelling go- vernor to young gentlemen of position. In the account of Paris given in the second volume of the second issue of his ' Remarks ' he says that he has collected the information ' in ten several tours thither ' (p. 262). In the latter period of his life he wrote ' The Harlot's Pro- gress,' an illustrated poem in six cantos, sug- gested by Hogarth's well-known prints, and said by Ambrose Philips, in a prefatory letter, to be ' a true Key and lively Explanation of the Painter's Hieroglyphicks ' (1732); ' The History of the most Illustrious House of Nassau, with regard to that branch of it more particularly that came into the succes- sion of Orange' (1734) ; ' The Rape of Helen, a mock opera' (acted at Co vent Garden), (1737). Shortly after the publication of this last piece Breval died at Paris, January 1738. [Welch's Alumni Westmon. (1852) ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vols. i. and viii. (1812 and 1814) ; Monk's Life of Bentley (1830) ; London Maga- zine, vii. 49 ; some information as to the family is given in a (not quite correct) manuscript note on the title-page of one of the copies of the House of Nassau in the British Museum, and also in the manuscript letters of his father to Lord Hatton and J. Ellis in the Addit. MS. (1854-75) (List in Index, p. 460).] F. W-T. BREVINT or BREVIN, DANIEL, D.D. (1616-1695), dean of Lincoln, polemi- cal and devotional writer, was born in the parish of St. John's in the island of Jersey, of which his father was the minister, and baptised in the parish church 11 May 1616. He proceeded to the protestant university of Saumur on the Loire, and studied logic and philosophy with great success, and took there the degree of M.A. in 1624. In 1636 three fellowships were founded by Charles I at Ox- ford, at the colleges of Exeter, Pembroke, and Jesus, at the instance of Archbishop Laud, for scholars from Guernsey and Jersey (HEYLTN, Life of Laud, p. 336 ; LAUD, Works, Anglo- Cath. Lib., vol. v. part i. p. 140), and Brevint was appointed in 1637 to that at Jesus, on the recommendation of the ministers and chief inhabitants of his native island (WiLKiNS, Concilia, iv. 534). On becoming resident at Oxford he requested the confirmation of his foreign degree. This was opposed by Laud, ' things being at Saumur as they were re- ported.' Writing to the vice-chancellor, on 19 May and 3 Nov. 1637, he expresses his satisfaction at hearing that 'the Guernsey [Jersey] man is so well a deserver in Jesus College,' but wishes ' that he should be made to know the difference of a master of art at Oxford and Saumur/ and 'the ill conse- quences ' which might follow if his degree were confirmed, and begs the vice-chancellor to l persuade the young man to stay, and then give him his degree with as much honour as Brevint 291 Brevint he pleases ' (LAUD, Works, Anglo-Oath. Lib. pp. 170, 186). Laud's objections, however, were overruled, and Brevint was incorporated M.A. on 12 Oct. 1638 (WooD, Fasti Oxon. i. 503), the authorities of the university hav- ing decided, upon due consideration, that there was no statutable bar to exclude him (LAT7D, Works, 210). On the visitation of the university by the parliamentary commis- sioners Brevint was deprived of his fellow- ship, and retired to Jersey, whence, on the reduction of the island by the parliamentary forces, he took refuge in France, and offi- ciated as minister of a protestant congre- gation in Normandy. On Trinity Sunday, 22 June 1651, he was ordained deacon and priest, ' in reguard of the necessitie of the time/ writes Evelyn, by Dr. Thomas Sydserf, bishop of Galloway, in Paris, in the private chapel of Sir Richard Browne, in the Fau- bourg St. Germain, at the same time as his fellow-islander, Dr. John Durell, afterwards dean of Windsor. Both were presented by Oosin, then dean of Peterborough (EVELYN, Diary, i. 244, ed. 1819 ; Baker MSS. xxxvi. 329; Smith MSS., Bodl. xxxiii. 7, p. 29). Brevint secured the confidence of Cosin and the other principal English churchmen, both lay and clerical, then living in exile in Paris, and became known to Charles II. At this time Turenne was perhaps the most influen- tial person in France, and Brevint received the high honour of being appointed his chap- lain. Turenne's wife was a zealous protestant, and Brevint became her spiritual director, and for her use, and that of the Duchesse de Bouillon, he composed some of his devotional tracts, especially his 'Christian Sacrament and Sacrifice.' He was employed by Madame Turenne and the duchess in many of their religious undertakings, and he took a leading part in the vain endeavour to compromise the differences between the church of Rome and the protestant church (see Preface to Saul and Samuel). Upon the Restoration Brevint returned to this country. On Cosin's elevation to the see of Durham he succeeded him, on the nomination of the crown, in his stall in that cathedral (17 Dec. 1660) and in his rectory of Brancepeth, both of which he held till his death. These prefer- ments were in some measure due to Cosin's influence with the king. He received the de- gree of D.D, at Oxford on 27 Feb. 1662-3. From a letter printed in the ' Granville Cor- respondence ' (part ii. p. 92, Surtees Soc., vol. xlvii.), drawn up to be laid before the dean and chapter, it is evident that he earnestly supported Granville in his endeavour to re- store the weekly communion in the cathedral. On the death of Dr. Michael Honywood, dean of Lincoln, in 1681, Charles II signified his desire to Archbishop Sancroft, through Sir Leoline Jenkins, that Brevint should have the vacant preferment ( Tanner MSS. xxxvi. 17). He was installed dean and prebendary of Welton Paynshall on 7 Jan. 1681-2. As he continued to hold his stall at Durham, his name occurs pretty frequently in the Gran- ville and Cosin Correspondences, which have been published by the Surtees Society (vols. xxxvii. xlvii. lii. lv.), but chiefly on matters of chapter business or chapter news. His tenure of the deanery of Lincoln was un- eventful. He died in the deanery house, on Sunday, 5 May 1695, in the seventy-ninth year of his age, and was buried in the retro- choir of his cathedral. His wife, Anne Brevint, survived him thirteen years. She died on 9 Nov. 1708, also in her seventy-ninth year, and was buried in the same grave. Brevint's writings are chiefly directed against the church of Rome, which he attacked with much virulence and no little coarseness. He professes to speak from intimate personal knowledge, having had ' such an access given him into every corner of the church ' when engaged on the design of reconciliation with the protestants, that he had a perfect ac- quaintance l with all that is within its en- trails ' (Preface to Saul and Samuel). His works manifest a thorough acquaintance with the points at issue between the church of England and that of Rome, and his language is nervous and his arguments powerful ; but he cannot be acquitted of gross irreverence, both of words and conception, when dealing with the eucharistic tenets of his opponents. His ' Missale Romanum ' was printed at the Sheldonian Theatre, and we can hardly be surprised that his Romish antagonist, who, under the initials R. F., published * Missale Romanum vindicatum ' (London, 1674), should express his surprise that l such an un- seemly imp ' as Dr. Brevint's calumnious and scandalous tract should have been ' hatched under the roof of Sheldon's trophy and triumph.' Brevint's published works were : 1. ' Missale Romanum ; or the Depth and Mystery of the Roman Mass laid open and explained, for the use both of Reformed and Unreformed Christians,' Oxford, 1672, 8vo. 2. f Saul and Samuel at Endor : the new Waies of Salvation and Service which usually temt (sic) men to Rome and detain them there, truly represented and refuted,' Oxford, 1674, 8vo. 3. 'The Christian Sacrament and Sacrifice ; by way of Discourse, Medita- tion, and Prayer, upon the Nature, Parts, and Blessing of the Holy Communion/ Ox- ford, 1673, 12mo. The ' Christian Sacrament and Sacrifice' is a devotional work, originally TJ 2 Brewer 292 Brewer ' one of many tracts made at Paris at the instance' of his noble patronesses for their private use, and intended for the reading of such as may be ' desirous to contemplate and embrace the Christian religion in its original beauty, freed of the encumbrance of contro- versy.' The view of the Eucharist put forth in this beautiful little work is, in the main, that expressed by the church of England in her Catechism and Liturgy. This devotional treatise was so highly esteemed by John and Charles Wesley that they published an abridgment of it for the use of communicants, as an introduction to their collection of Sacramental Hymns, pitched in a somewhat higher key in point of eucharistic doctrine than Brevint's works. Of this many suc- cessive editions have been published. In addition to these English works, Anthony a Wood enumerates : 1. ' Ecclesise Primi- tive Sacramentum et Sacrificium, a pontificiis corruptelis et exinde natis controversiis libe- rum ' — the Latin original of the last-named work. 2. ' Eucharistise Christianas pree- sentia realis, et Pontificia ficta, . . . hsec ex- plosa, ilia suffulta et asserta.' 3. ' Pro serenissima Principe Weimariensi [the Prin- cess of Weimar] ad Theses Jenenses accurate responsio.' 4. ' Ducentae plus minus preelec- tiones in S. Matthsei xxv. capita,' &c. Bre- vint is more deserving of admiration as a devotional writer than as a controversialist. [Wood's Athense Oxon. iv. 426-7 ; Kippis's "Bibg. Brit. ; Laud's Chancellorship, Ang.-Cath. L., vol. v. ; Evelyn's Diary, i. 244 ; Walker's Suf- ferings of the Clergy, p. 120 ; Hunt's Eeligious Thought in England, iii. 402.] E. V. BREWER, ANTONY ( fl. 1655), dramatic writer, wrote ' The Love-sick King, an Eng- lish Tragical History, with the Life and Death of Cartesmunda,the Fair Nun of Winchester, by Anth. Brewer,' 1655, 4to ; revived at the King's Theatre in 1680, and reprinted in that year under the title of ' The Perjured Nun,' 4to. Chetwood included the ( Love-sick King' in his ' Select Collection of Old Plays,' published at Dublin in 1750, but he made no attempt to correct the text of the old edition, which was printed with the grossest careless- ness. The play was written in verse, but it is printed almost throughout as prose. Yet after all allowance has been made for textual corruptions, it cannot be said that the ' Love- sick King ' is a work of much ability ; and it is rash to follow Kirkman, Baker, and Halli- well in identifying Antony Brewer with the ' T. B.' whose name is on the title-page of the ' Country Girl,' 1647, 4to, a well-written comedy, which in parts (notably in the third act) closely recalls the diction and versifica- tion of Massinger. There is no known dra- matist of the time to whom the initials T. B. could belong. There was a versatile writer named Thomas Brewer [q. v.], and the title- pages to his tracts are usually signed with his initials, not with the full name. His claim to the ( Country Girl ' would be quite as reasonable as Antony [Tony] Brewer's. In 1677 John Leanerd, whom Langbaine calls ' a confident plagiarist,' reprinted the ' Country Girl,' with a few slight alterations, as his own, under the title of ' Country Innocence.' To Antony Brewer was formerly ascribed ' Lin- gua, or the Combat of the Five Senses for Su- periority,' 1607, 4to, a well-known dramatic piece (included in the various editions of Dodsley), constructed partly in the style of a morality and partly of a masque. The mis- take arose thus. Kirkman, the bookseller and publisher, in printing his catalogues of plays, left blanks where the names of the writers were unknown to him. Annexed to the ' Love-sick King ' was the name Antony Brewer ; then came the plays ' Landgartha/ ' Love's Loadstone,' ' Lingua,' and ' Love's Dominion.' Phillips, who was followed by Winstanley, misunderstanding the use of Kirkman's blanks, promptly assigned all these pieces to Brewer. One other play, < The Merry Devil of Edmonton,' 1608, 4to, has been with similar carelessness pronounced to be Antony Brewer's on the strength of an entry in the Stationers' Registry which refers to the prose tract of the ' Merry Devil ' [see BREWER, THOMAS]. The play was entered in the registers on 22 Oct. 1607 (ARBER'S Transcripts, iii. 362). [Langbaine's English Dramatic Poets ; Bio- graphia Dramatica, ed. Stephen Jones ; Halli- well's Dictionary of Old Plays.] A. H. B. BREWER, GEORGE (b. 1766), miscel- laneous writer, was a son of John Brewer, well known as a connoisseur of art, and was born in 1766. In his youth he served as a midshipman under Lord Hugh Seymour, Rowland Cotton, and others (Biog. Dram. i. 67), and visited America, India, China, and North Europe. In 1791 he was made a lieu- tenant in the Swedish navy. Afterwards abandoning the sea, he read for law in Lon- don, and established himself as an attorney. He is believed to have written a novel, ' Tom Weston/whenin the navy, but his first appeal to the public of which there is evidence was a comedy, ( How to be Happy,' acted at the Haymarket in August 1794. After three nights, ' owing to the shaft of malevolence/ this comedy was withdrawn, and it was never printed. In 1795 Brewer wrote * The Motto, or the History of Bill Woodcock,' 2 vols. ; Brewer 293 Brewer and he wrote ' Bannian Day,' a musical en- tertainment in two acts, which was published and performed at the Haymarket in the same year for seven or eight nights, though but ' a poor piece.' In 1799 the ' Man in the Moon,' one act, attributed to Brewer, was announced for the opening night of the season at the Hay- market, but its production was evaded, and it disappeared from the bills. The next year (1800) Brewer published a pamphlet, ' The Eights of the Poor,' &c., dedicating it to 'Men who have great power, by one with- out any,' and this received copious notice in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (Ixx. 1168 et seq.) He was writing at this time also in the ' European Magazine,' some of his contri- butions being ' Siamese Tales ' and ' Tales of the 12 Soubahs of Indostan ; ' and some essays, announced as after the manner of Goldsmith, which were collected and pub- lished by subscription in 1806 as ' Hours of Leisure.' In 1808 Brewer produced another two- volume tale, ' The Witch of Havens- worth ; ' and about the same time he published ' The Juvenile Lavater,' stories for the young to illustrate Le Brun's ' Passions,' which bears no date, but of which there were two or more issues, with slightly varying title-pages. A periodical, ' The Town,' attempted by Brewer after this, and stated by the authors of the ' Biog. Dram.' in 1812 to be ' now publishing,' would appear to have had but a short ex- istence. The date of Brewer's death is not known. In his allusions to himself he speaks of having been 'misplaced or displaced in life,' of having had Vicissitude for his tutor, and of being luckless altogether. Another work, ' The Law of Creditor and Debtor,' is set down in ' Biographica Drama- tica,' and in Allibone, as by Brewer ; and Allibone gives in addition ' Maxims of Gal- lantry,' 1793, and states 1791 as the date of publication of ' Tom Weston,' but there is no trace of either of these works in the British Museum. [Baker's Biog. Dram. i. 67, ii. 48, 311, iii. 13 ; Introd. to Brewer's The Motto, pp. v-vii ; Introd. to Brewer's Hours of Leisure, pp. xiv, xvi ; Genest's Hist, of Engl. Stage, vii. 275 ; Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, p. 37.] J. H. BREWER, JAMES NORRIS (/. 1799- 1829), topographer and novelist, was the eldest son of a merchant of London. He wrote many romances and topographical compilations, the best of the latter being his contributions to the series called the * Beauties of England and Wales.' All the former are now forgotten. The titles of his works are as follows : 1. ' A Winter's Tale, a romance,' 1799, 4 vols. 12mo ; 2nd edit., 1811. 2. ' Some Thoughts on the Present State of the English Peasantry,' 1807, 8vo. 3. ' Secrets made Public, a novel,' 4 vols., 1808, 12mo. 4. 'The Witch of Ravens- worth,' 2 vols., 1808, 12mo. 5. ' Mountville Castle, a Village Story,' 3 vols., 1808, 12mo. 6. ' A Descriptive and Historical Account of various Palaces and Public Buildings, Eng- lish and Foreign ; with Biographical Notices of their Founders or Builders, and other eminent persons,' 1810, 4to. 7. ' An Old Family Legend,' 4 vols., 1811, 12mo. 8. ' Sir Ferdinand of England, a romance,' 4 vols., 1812, 12mo. 9. 'Sir Gilbert Easterling, a romance,' 4 vols. 12mo, 1813. 10. ' History of Oxfordshire ' (' Beauties of England and Wales'), 1813, 8vo. 11. 'Warwickshire,' 1814. 12. 'Middlesex,' 1816. 13. 'Intro- duction to the Beauties of England and Wales, comprising observations on the Bri- tons, the Romans in Britain, the Anglo- Saxons, the Anglo-Danes, and the Normans,' 1818, 8vo. 14. ' Histrionic Topography, or the Birthplaces, Residences, and Funeral Monuments of the most distinguished Ac- tors,' 1818, 8vo. 15. ' The Picture of Eng- land, or Historical and Descriptive Delinea- tions of the most curious Works of Nature and Art in each County,' 1820, 8vo. 16. ' The Delineations of Gloucestershire,' 4to. 17. 'The Beauties of Ireland,' 1826,^2 vols. 8vo. 18. ' The Fitzwalters, Barons of Chesterton ; or Ancient Times in England,' 1829, 4 vols. 12mo. Brewer was a contributor to the 'Universal,' ' Monthly,' and 'Gentleman's' magazines. [Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816 ; Walt's Bibl. Brit. ; Monthly Eeview, 2nd ser., Iviii. 217.] C. W. S. BREWER, JEHOIADA (1752 P-1817), dissenting minister, was born at Newport in Monmouthshire about 1752. Influenced by a minister of Lady Huntingdon's connection, he took to preaching in the villages around Bath, and afterwards preached with remark- able popularity throughout Monmouthshire. Intending to enter the national church, he applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishop. Brewer persisted in preaching, whether ordained or not, and for some years he settled at Rodborough in Gloucestershire. He afterwards attracted a large congregation at Sheffield, where he spent thirteen years, and ultimately settled at Birmingham, where his ministry at Livery Street was numerously attended to the close of his life. He died 24 Aug. 1817. A spacious chapel was being built for him at the time he died, and he was buried in the grounds adjoining the un- finished edifice. A specimen of Brewer's Brewer 294 Brewer preaching is printed as part of the service at the ordination of Jonathan Evans at Foles- hill in 1797, and Brewer's oration at the burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was printed with Dr. Rylands's sermon on the same occasion in 1799. Brewer is now re- membered only by a single hymn, printed with the signature of ' Sylvestris ' in the ' Gospel Magazine/ 1776. A portrait of him was inserted in the ' Christian's Magazine,' 1791. A different portrait of him appeared in the ' Evangelical Magazine ' in 1799. [Evangelical Magazine, October 1817 ; Bishop's Christian Memorials of the Nineteenth Century, 1826 ; G-adsby's Hymn Writers, 1855.] J. H. T. BREWER, JOHN, D.D. (1744-1822), an English Benedictine monk, who assumed in religion the Christian name of Bede, was born in 1744. In 1776 he was appointed to the mission at Bath. He built a new chapel in St. James's Parade in that city, and it was to have been opened on 11 June 1780, but the delegates from Lord George Gordon's ' No Popery ' association so inflamed the fanaticism of the mob that on 9 June the edifice was demolished, as well as the pres- bytery in Bell-tree Lane. The registers, diocesan archives, and Bishop Walmesley's library and manuscripts perished in the flames ; and Dr. Brewer had a narrow escape from the fury of the rioters. The ringleader was tried and executed, and Dr. Brewer re- covered 3,7361. damages from the hundred of Bath. In 1781 the duties of president of his brethren called Dr. Brewer away from Bath. Subsequently Woolton, near Liverpool, be- came his principal place of residence, and there he died on 18 April 1822. He brought out the second edition of the Abb6 Luke Joseph Hooke's ' Religio Natu- ralis et Revelata,' 3 vols., Paris, 1774, 8vo, to which he added several dissertations. [Oliver's Hist, of the Catholic Eeligion in Cornwall, 56, 508 ; Biog. Univ. Suppl. Ixvii. 291.] T. C. BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810- 1879), historical writer, was the son of a Norwich schoolmaster who bore the same Christian names. His family originally be- longed to Kent. His father was brought up in the church of England, but became a bap- tist. He was a good biblical scholar, and devoted his leisure to the study of Hebrew. He had a large family, but only four sons grew up, of whom John Sherren, the eldest, notwithstanding his father's nonconformist leanings, was sent to Oxford, where, having joined the church of England, he entered Queen's College, and obtained a first class in literis humanionbus in 1832. In his Oxford years every one seems to have been struck with the extraordinary range of his reading. For a short time he remained at the university as a private tutor, but he shut himself out from a fellowship by an early marriage. In 1870 he was elected honorary fellow of Queen's College. During this time (1836) he brought out an edition of Aristotle's ' Ethics.' His domestic life was soon clouded, first by a great change of circumstances, his father-in- law having lost a fortune ; afterwards by the death and infirmity of some of his children. He removed to London, where he took deacon's orders in 1837, and was the same day ap- pointed chaplain to the workhouse of the united parishes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields and St. George, Bloomsbury. He had been strongly influenced by the Oxford movement of those days, and retained to the last, notwithstanding differences, a very warm regard for its leader, Cardinal Newman. He devoted himself to the duties of his chaplaincy with a zeal which was gratefully remembered by old persons forty years after. One result of his experience was a lecture on workhouse visiting, which is in- cluded in a volume entitled ' Lectures to Ladies on Practical Subjects,' published in 1855. He valued highly, but not fantasti- cally, the artistic element in religious wor- ship, and from the first taught the boys, and even some of the older inmates, of the work- house to sing the psalms to the Gregorian chants. When the church adjoining the workhouse in Endell Street was built, it was proposed that the chaplaincy should be united with the incumbency, and that Brewer should be the first incumbent. He took great inte- rest in the architecture, making models with his own hand in cardboard and bark. But a difference of opinion with the rector of St. Giles prevented his appointment, and made him resign the chaplaincy, after which, though he assisted other clergymen at times, he for many years held no cure. Meanwhile, for a short time he found some employment in the British Museum. Before leaving Oxford, he had drawn up for the Record Commission a catalogue of the manu- scripts in some of the colleges there. In 1839 he was appointed lecturer in classical litera- ture at King's College, London. His friend, the Rev. F. D. Maurice, became professor of English literature and modern history the year after ; and from that time, notwithstanding some differences in their views, he most cor- dially co-operated with him in many things. After the removal of Mr. Maurice from King's Brewer 295 Brewer College, Brewer, in 1855, was appointed pro- fessor of the English language and literature and lecturer in modern history. An ardent lover of the classics, he was not less devoted to English literature, the study of which he invariably combined with that of modern his- tory as the only mode of making either study fruitful ; and his method of teaching was highly calculated to awaken the best thinking power in his hearers. His classes both at King's College and afterwards in the Work- ing Men's College, where he for some years as- sisted Mr. Maurice, and ultimately succeeded him as principal, were always numerously attended by a highly interested audience. He was also busy with his pen — at first mainly as a journalist. From about the year 1854 he continued for six years to write in the columns of the ' Morning Post/ the * Morning Herald,' and the ' Standard,' of which last paper he became the editor. He resigned in consequence of a dispute with the manager about the employment of a Roman catholic contributor, whose claims he supported. Thoroughly liberal-minded, he appreciated every man's capacity, what- ever his leanings might be, and strove to give every one a fair field for his talents. But he soon became absorbed in other work, far less remunerative, though in his eyes of very high importance ; and after quitting the * Standard ' he wrote little in any newspaper except a number of very strong letters in the ' Globe ' against the policy of disestablishing the Irish Church. In 1856 he was com- missioned by the master of the rolls, Sir John Romilly, to prepare a calendar of the state papers of Henry VIII — a work of peculiar labour, involving concurrent investigations at the Record Office and the British Museum, as well as at Lambeth and other public libraries ; and in this he continued to be en- gaged till the day of his death. His advice was for a long time continually sought by Sir Thomas Hardy, the deputy-keeper of the public records, on matters connected with the literary work of the office. He was also appointed by Lord Romilly reader at the Rolls, and afterwards preacher there — a post of greater name than emolument. Some years later he was consulted by the delegates of the Clarendon Press as to a projected series of English classics, of which several volumes have now been published. The plan of the series was drawn up by Brewer, and it was intended that he should write a general in- troduction to it ; but he died before the scheme was sufficiently advanced to enable him to do so. In 1877 the crown living of Toppesfield in Essex was given to him by Mr. Disraeli, who was then prime minister. He gave up his pro- fessorship at King's College, but still remained editor of the calendar of Henry VIII, though he endeavoured to take his editorial work more lightly, while he threw himself into his parochial duties with the zeal and energy he had displayed in everything else. For some time his usually robust health had been slightly impaired. In February 1879 he caught cold after a long walk to visit a sick parishioner. The illness soon affected his heart, and in three days he died. His principal works are those which 'he produced for the Record Office, among which the calendar of ' Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII ' holds the first place. The prefaces to the volumes of this calendar have been collected and published in a sepa- rate form with the title of 'the Reign of Henry VIII,' 1884, under the editorship of J. Gairdner. And besides some other calen- dars and official reports, his ' Monumenta Franciscana,'and his editions of certain works of Roger Bacon and Giraldus Cambrensis, also published for the master of the rolls, deserve particular mention. Besides these he pub- lished, through ordinary channels, Bishop Goodman's account of the ' Court of King James I.,' an admirable edition of Fuller's * Church History,' another of Bacon's ' Novum Organum,' ' An Elementary Atlas of History and Geography,' and the ' Student's Hume/ revised edition 1878. He was also the author of some treatises published by the Chris- tian Knowledge Society on the 'Athanasian Creed' and the ' Endowments and Establish- ment of the Church of England.' Early in his career he had also undertaken an edition of Field's l Book of the Church/ of which, however, only one volume was issued, in 1843. Dr. Wace edited in 1881 his ' English Studies/ reprinted from the ' Quarterly Re- view.' [Memoir prefixed to Brewer's English Studies by Dr. Wace, supplemented by personal know- ledge and information derived from the family.] J.GK BREWER, SAMUEL (d. 1743 ?), bota- nist, was a native of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he possessed a small estate, and was en- gaged in the woollen manufacture, but seems bo have been unsuccessful in business. He communicated some plants to Dillenius for the third edition of Ray's ' Synopsis/ published in 1724, and accompanied the editor in 1726 from Trowbridge to the Mendips, and thence to Bristol, passing onward to North Wales and Anglesey. Brewer remained in Bangor for more than a twelvemonth, botanising with Rev. W. Green and W. Jones, and sending dried plants to Dillenius, particularly Brewer 296 Brewer mosses, thus clearing up many doubtful points. In the autumn of 1727 he went into Yorkshire, living at Bingley, and after- wards at Bierley, near Dr. Richardson, who befriended him. The loss of 20,000/. of his own earnings, and of a large estate left to him by his father, which was taken by his elder brother, gave a morbid tone to his letters. His son was sent to India through the influence of Dr. James Sherard of Eltham, but the father quarrelled with the doctor in 1731 about some plants. His daughter also seems to have acted ( unduti- fully ' towards him. He had a small house and garden at Bierley, and devoted himself to the culture of plants ; afterwards he be- came head-gardener to the Duke of Beaufort at Badminton, and died at Bierley, at Mr. John Pollard's house ; he was buried close to the east wall of Cleckheaton chapel. Although unfortunate in business, he was a good col- lector of plants, insects, and birds ; the bota- nical genus Breweria was founded by Robert Brown in his honour, and a species of rock- rose, a native of North Wales, discovered by him, bears the name of ' Helianthemum Breweri.' He is mentioned in the Richard- son correspondence in 1742, but the dates of his birth and death are uncertain. [Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790), ii. 188-90; Richardson Correspondence, 252, 270, 273, 276-88, 298, 313, &c. ; Dillenius's Hist. Muse. viii. ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. i. 288, &c. ; Sloane MS. 4039.] B. D. J. BREWER, THOMAS (f. 1624), miscel- laneous writer, of whose life no particulars are known, was the author of some tracts in prose and verse. The first is a prose tract entitled ' The Life and Death of the Merry Deuill of Edmonton. With the Pleasant Pranks of Smug the Smith, Sir John and mine Host of the George about the Stealing of Venison. By T. B.,' London, 1631, 4to, black letter ; reprinted in 1819. The author's name, ' Tho. Brewer,' is inscribed on the last leaf. This piece was written and probably frinted at a much earlier date, for on 5 April 608 ' a booke called the lyfe and deathe of the Merry Devill of Edmonton, &c., by T. B., was entered in the Stationers' Registers ( An- BEK'S Transcripts, iii. 374). Mr. A. H. Huth possesses a unique exemplar, printed in 1657, with the name ' T. Brewer, Gent.,' on the title-page. The popularity of the comedy oJ the ' Merry Devil of Edmonton ' doubtless suggested the title of this droll tract, which tells us little about Peter Fabell, and deals mainly with the adventures of Smug. In 1624 Brewer published a small collection o: satirical verses, under the title of A Knot of Fooles. But Fooles or Knaves or both I care not, Here they are ; come laugh and spare not, 4to, 14 leaves, 2nd ed. 1658. The stanzas to ;he reader are signed ' Tho. Brewer ; ' they are followed by a dialogue between fools of va- rious sorts. The body of the work consists of satirical couplets, under separate titles, on the vices of the day. ' Pride teaching Humility,' the concluding piece, is in seven- ine stanzas. Brewer's next production was a series of poems descriptive of the plague, entitled ' The Weeping Lady, or London like Nlnivie in sack-cloth. Describing the Mappe of her owne Miserie in this time of Her heavy Visitation . . . Written by T. B.,' 1625, 4to, 14 leaves. The dedication to Walter Leigh, esq., and the Epistle to the Reader are signed ' Tho. Brewer.' On the title-page is a wood- cut (repeated on the verso of A 3) repre- senting a preacher addressing a crowd from St. Paul's Cross ; a scroll issuing from his mouth bears the inscription, ' Lorde, haue mercy on vs. Weepe, fast, and pray.' Each page, both at top and bottom, has a mourning- border of deep black. The most striking part of the tract is a description of the flight of citizens from the metropolis, and of the suf- ferings which they underwent in their at- tempts to reach a place of safety. Two other tracts by Brewer relating to the plague were published by H. Gosson in 1636 : (1) < Lord have Mercy upon us. The World, a Sea, a Pest House,' 4to, 12 leaves ; (2) ' A Dialogue betwixt a Cittizen and a poore Countrey-man and his Wife. London Trumpet sounding into the country. When death drives the grave thrives? A copy of the last-named tract (or tracts?) was in Heber's library (Bibl. Heber. pt. viii. No. 234). In 1637 Brewer con- tributed to a collection of verse, entitled ' The Phoenix of these late times, or the Life of Mr. Henry Welby, Esq.,' 4to. Lemon ascribes to Brewer a broadside by T. B. (preserved in the library of the Society of Antiquaries), entitled ' Mistress Turner's Repentance, who, about the poysoning of the Ho. Knight Sir Thomas Overbury, was executed the four- teenth day of November last,' 1615. ' Lon- don's Triumph,' 1656, by T. B., a descrip- tive pamphlet of the lord mayor's show for that year, is probably by Brewer. Brewer has commendatory verses in Taylor's ' Works ' (1630), and in Heywood's ' Exemplary Lives . . . of Nine the most worthy Women of the World ' (1640). [Corser's Collectanea ; Collier's Bibliographical Catalogue ; Hazlitt's Handbook ; Arber's Tran- scripts, iii. 165 ; Bibliotheca Heberiana, pt. viii. No. 234 ; Catalogue of Huth Library ; Fairholt's Lord Mayors' Pageants, ii. 282.] A. H. B. Brewer 297 Brewer BREWER, THOMAS (b. 1611), a cele- brated performer on the viol, was born (pro- bably in the parish of Christchurch, Newgate Street) in 1611. His father, Thomas Brewer, was a poulterer, and his mother's Christian name was True. On 9 Dec. 1614 Brewer was admitted to Christ's Hospital, although he was only three years old. Here he re- mained until 20 June 1626, when he left school, and was apprenticed to one Thomas Warner. He learnt the viol at Christ's Hospital from the school music-master, but although his compositions are met with in most of the printed collections of Playford and Hilton, published in the middle of the seventeenth century, nothing is known as to his biography. His printed works con- sist chiefly of rounds, catches, and part-songs, but in the Music School Collection at Oxford are preserved three instrumental pieces, con- sisting of airs, pavins, corrantos, &c., for which kind of composition he seems to have been noted. Two pieces by him are in Eliza- beth Rogers's Virginal Book (Add. MS. 10337). In a collection of anecdotes (Harl. MS. 6395), formed by one of the L'Estrange family in the seventeenth century, the follow- ing story is told on the authority of a Mr. Jenkins: 'Thorn: Brewer, my Mus: seruant, through his Pronenesse togood-Fellowshippe, hauing attaind to a very Rich and Rubicund Nose ; being reproued by a Friend for his too frequent vse of strong Drinkes and Sacke ; as very Pernicious to that Distemper and Inflamation in his Nose. Nay — Faith, sayes he, if it will not endure sack, it's no Nose for me.' The date of Brewer's death is un- known. [Bodl. Lib. MSS. Wood, 19 D (4), No. 106; Records of Christ's Hospital (communicated by Mr. R. Little) ; Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed. 1853), ii. 569 ; Burney's Hist, of Music, iii. 478 ; Catalogue of Music School Collection ; Harl. MS. 6395 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 275 a.] W. B. S. BREWER, BRIWERE, or BRUER, WILLIAM (d. 1226), baron and judge, the son of Henry Brewer (DTJGDALE, Baronage), was sheriff' of Devon during the latter part of the reign of Henry II, and was a jus- tice itinerant in 1187. He bought land at Ilesham in Devon, and received from the king the office of forester of the forest of Bere in Hampshire. A story told by Roger of Wendover (iv. 238), which represents Richard as whispering to Geoffrey FitzPeter and William Brewer his reverence for the bishops who were consulting together before him, tends to show, if indeed the king were not merely acting, that he treated Brewer as a familiar friend. When Richard left Eng- land, in December 1189, he appointed Brewer to be one of the four justices to whom he committed the charge of the kingdom. Brewer was at first a subordinate colleague of Hugh, bishop of Durham, the chief justiciar. Before long, however, Bishop Hugh was displaced by the chancellor, William Longchamp, bishop of Ely. When the king heard of the insolence and unpopularity of the chancellor, he wrote to Brewer and his companions, telling them i that if he was unfaithful in his office they were | to act as they thought best as to the grants of escheats and castles, and wrote also to the chancellor, bidding him act in conjunction j with his colleagues. At a great council held I at St. Paul's, on 8 Oct. 1191, the Archbishop j of Rouen produced a letter from the king I appointing him justiciar in place of Long- | champ, and naming Brewer and others as | his assistants. Brewer evidently was promi- i nent in the proceedings taken against the chancellor; for his name is on the list of the bishops and barons whom the displaced minister threatened with excommunication. In 1193 he left England to assist the king, then in captivity, at his interview with the Emperor Henry VI. He arrived at Worms on 29 July, the day on which the terms of the king's release were finally arranged. After this matter was settled, Richard sent him, in company with the Bishop of Ely ' and other wise men,' to arrange a peace with Philip of France. The treaty was signed on 9 July at Nantes. On the king's return to England in the spring of 1194, Brewer and others who had been concerned in the pro- ceedings against the chancellor were deprived of the sheriffdoms they then held, but were appointed to other counties, ' as if the king, although he could not dispense with their services, wished to show his disapproval of their conduct in the matter ' (STTJBBS, Const. Hist. i. 503). A serious dispute having arisen between Geoffrey, archbishop of York, and his chapter, the Archbishop of Canter- bury, who was at that time the justiciar, sent Brewer with other judges to York in July to settle the quarrel. They summoned the arch- bishop, and on his refusing to appear seized his manors, and caused the canons whom he had displaced to be again installed. Brewer also appears as one of the justices who were sent on the great visitation, or ' iter,' in the following September. In 1196 he founded the abbey of Torr in Devon, as a house of Prsemonstratensian canons (DTJGDALE, Mon. vi. 923). During the reign of Richard he be- came lord of the manor of Sumburne, near Southampton, and held the sheriffdoms of Devonshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Brewer 298 Brewer Berkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire (DTJGDALE, Bar.} He married Beatrice de Valle. In 1201 Brewer founded the abbey of Motisfont as a house of Augustinian ca- nons. This foundation has been ascribed to his son William {Ann. de Osen.}, but the charters of the abbey prove that it was the work of the father (Mon. vi. 480). On 15 Aug. of the same year he was present as founder at the foundation of the Cistercian abbey of Dunkeswell in Devonshire. He is said also to have founded the Benedictine nunnery of Polslo in that county (Ann. de Margam ; Mon. iv. 425, v. 678). During the reign of John, Brewer held a prominent place among the king's counsel- lors. His name appears among the witnesses of the disgraceful treaty made with Philip at Thouars in 1206. When an attempt was made to reconcile the king to Archbishop Langton in 1209, he joined Geoffrey Fitz- Peter and others in guaranteeing the arch- bishop's safety during his visit to England, and saw him safely out of the kingdom. During the period of the interdict he strongly upheld the king, and is mentioned by Wen- dover (iii. 238) as one of John's evil advisers, who cared for nothing else save to please their master. The king's extortions from the clergy, the monks, and especially the Cistercians, were in obedience to Brewer's advice, and in 1210 he caused the king to forbid the Cister- cian monks to attend the annual chapter of their order — a sin which, according to Paris, brought him and others concerned to a sor- rowful end. He signed the treaty made by John with the Count of Boulogne in May 1212. On 15 May 1213 he signed the charter by which John surrendered the crown and kingdom of England to Innocent III, and on 21 Nov. 1214 the charter granting freedom of election to sees and abbeys, by which the king hoped to win the English church to his side. WThen the barons made a confederation against the king at Brackley in 1215, and drew up the list of their demands, Brewer refused to join them. After their entry into London, however, he and other ministers of the king were compelled to act with the baronial party, and his name appears among the signa- tures subscribed to the great charter. His heart, however, was by no means in the work, and when war broke out he became one of the leaders of the army left by John to watch the baronial forces, cut off their supplies, and ravage their lands. On the death of John he assisted at the coronation of Henry at Gloucester on 28 Oct. 1216. He warmly espoused the cause of the young king against the French, and joined with other barons in pledging himself to ransom all prisoners belonging to the king's party. He was one of those who guaranteed the observance of the treaty of Lambeth on 11 Sept. 1217, though he did not approve of the moderate terms granted to Louis (Ann. Wav.} The next year he was present with the king and court at the dedication of the cathedral church of Worcester, to which he afterwards presented a chalice of gold of four marks weight, ' not to be removed from the church save for fire, hunger, or necessary ransom ' (Ann. Wig.} With the restlessness and plots of the foreign party Brewer had no sympathy, and, indeed, seems to have acted in full accord with the justiciar Hubert de Burgh. In 1221 he sat as one of the barons of the exchequer (Foss, Biog. Jurid.} He was one of the favourite counsellors of Henry III, and his influence with the king was not for good. For example, when in January 1223 Archbishop Langton and the lords demanded that Henry, who was then holding his Christmas festival at Oxford, should confirm the great charter, Brewer answered for the king, and said : * The liber- ties you ask for ought not to be observed ; for they were extorted by force.' Indignant at this declaration, the archbishop rebuked him. ' William,' he said, * if you loved the king you would not disturb the peace of the kingdom.' The king saw that the archbishop was angry, and at once yielded to his demand (RoG. WEND. iv. 84). Later in the same year Honorius III associated Brewer with the Bishop of Winchester and the justiciar in a letter declaring Henry to be of full age. He died in 1226, having assumed, probably when actually dying, as was not infrequently done, the habit of a monk at Dunkeswell, and was buried there in the church he had founded. During the reigns of John and Henry III he acquired great possessions. By John he was made guardian of Henry Percy and of many other rich wards. He received a large number of grants from the king, and among them the manor of Bridgwater, with an ample charter creating that place a free borough with a market (DTJGDALE, Bar.} In this town he founded the hospital of St. John Baptist, for the maintenance of thirteen sick poor, besides l religious ' and pilgrims (Mon. vi. 662). In the same reign he also acquired half the fee of the house of Brito : this acquisition probably was made unjustly ('per potestatem domini Willielmi Bruyere veterioris,' Inq. p. m. 49 Sen. Ill', Somerset Archceol. Soc. Proc. xxi. ii. 33). It included the honour of Odcomb, with other places in Somersetshire and Devonshire. The memory of this grant is preserved in the name of He Brewers, a village near Langport, which Brewster 299 Brewster passed to him along with. Odcomb. One of Brewer's sons, Richard, died before him. He left one son, William, and five daughters, who all married men of wealth and impor- tance. The names of two brothers of Brewer are preserved, John and Peter of Rievaulx. Peter became a hermit at Motisfont ; for a document of that house says that he was called ' The Holy Man in the Wall/ and that he did many miracles (Mon. vi. 481). It should, however, be noted that the Peter of Rievaulx who was treasurer in the reign of Henry III was the nephew or son (MATT. PARIS, iii. 220) of Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, and so, if the Motisfont docu- ment is of any value at all, was a different man from the hermit there spoken of. [Roger of Hoveden ; Roger of Wendover, Eng. Hist. Soc; Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. Rolls Ser. ; R. of Diceto, Twysden ; Benedictus Abbas, Rolls Ser. ; Walter of Coventry, Rolls Ser. ; Royal Letters, Henry III, Rolls Ser. ; Annales de Mar- gam, Waverleia, Oseneia, Wigornia, in Annales Monastici, Rolls Ser. ; Dugdale's Baronage ; Dug- dale's Monasticon ; Stubbs's Constitutional His- tory.] W. H. BREWSTER, ABRAHAM (1796-1874), lord chancellor of Ireland, son of William Bagenal Brewster of Ballinulta, Wicklow, by his wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Bates, was born at Ballinulta in April 1796, received his earlier education at Kilkenny College, and, then proceeding to the university of Dub- lin in 1812, took his B. A. degree in 1817, and long after, in 1847, his M.A. degree. He was called to the Irish bar in 1819, and, having chosen Leinster for his circuit, soon acquired the reputation of a sound lawyer and a powerful speaker. Lord Plunket honoured him with a silk gown on 13 July 1835. Notwithstanding the opposition of Daniel O'Connell, he was appointed legal adviser to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 10 Oct. 1841, and was solicitor-general of Ireland from 2 Feb. 1846 until 16 July. By the in- fluence of his friend Sir James Graham, the home secretary, he was attorney-general of Ireland from 10 Jan. 1853 until the fall of the Aberdeen ministry, 10 Feb. 1855. Brewster was very active in almost all branches of his profession after his resigna- tion, and his reputation as an advocate may be gathered from the pages of the ' Irish Law and Equity Reports,' and in the later series of the 'Irish Common Law Reports,' the * Irish Chancery Reports,' and the ' Irish Ju- rist,' in all of which his name very frequently appears. Among the most important cases in which he took part were the Mountgarrett case in 1854, involving a peerage and an estate of 10,000/. a year ; the Carden abduc- tion case in July of the same year ; the Yel- verton case, 1861 ; the Egmont will case, 1863; the Marquis of Donegal's ejectment action ; and lastly, the great will cause of Fitzgerald v. Fitzgerald, in which Brewster's statement for the plaintiff is said to have been one of his most successful efforts. On Lord Derby becoming prime minister, Brewster succeededFrancis Blackburne [q.v.] as lord justice of appeal in Ireland in July 1866, and lord chancellor of Ireland in the month of March following. As lord chan- cellor he sat in his court for the last time on 17 Dec. 1868, when Mr. Disraeli's govern- ment resigned. He then retired from public life. There are in print only three or four judgments delivered by him, either in the ap- pellate court or the court of chancery. As far back as January 1853 he had been made a privy councillor in Ireland. He died at his residence, 26 Merrion Square South, Dublin, on 26 July 1874, and was buried at Tullow, co. Carlow, on 30 July. By his mar- riage in 1819 with Mary Ann, daughter of Robert Gray of Upton House, co. Carlow, who died in Dublin on 24 Nov. 1862, he had issue one son, Colonel William Bagenal Brewster, and one daughter, Elizabeth Mary, wife of Mr. Henry French, both of whom died in the lifetime of their father. [Burke'sLord Chancellors of Ireland (1879), pp. 307-14; Illustrated London News (1874), Ixv. 115, 427.] G. C. B. BREWSTER, SIB DAVID (1781-1868), natural philosopher, was born at Jedburgh on 11 Dec. 1781. He was the third child and second son of James Brewster, rector of the grammar school of Jedburgh, his mother being Margaret Key, who is said to have been a very accomplished woman. She died at the age of thirty-seven, when David was only nine years old, but through his long life he retained a most affectionate memory of his mother. The motherless family fell to the charge of Grisel, the only sister, who appears to have discovered the genius of her second brother, and, the paternal rule being marked by much severity, the sister, who was but three years older than David, did her utmost by fond indulgence to spoil the boy. It is recorded that David was never seen to pore over his books, but he always knew his lessons and often assisted his school- fellows, keeping always a prominent place in his classes. There were four brothers, James, George, David, and Patrick [q. v.], who were all remarkable for their intelligence. Among the citizens of Jedburgh when David Brewster was a boy were various men Brewster 300 Brewster of original character, scientific tendencies, and inventive genius. Chief among these was James Veitch, a self-taught man — as- tronomer and mathematician. From this man David 'Brewster received his first lessons in science. Veitch gave the boy many sug- gestive hints while he was engaged, when but ten years of age, in the manufacture of a telescope, which, in writing to a friend in 1800, he says had ' a greater resemblance to coffins or waterspouts than anything else.' In 1793, at the early age of twelve, David went to the university of Edinburgh, where he heard the lectures of Playfair, Robinson, Dugald Stewart, and others. • .The young scholar prepared for a position in the esta- blished church of Scotland, of which his father was a strenuous supporter. In 1802 Brewster, who had been for some time a regular contributor to the ' Edinburgh Maga- zine,' became its editor. In 1799 he en- gaged in tuition, becoming a tutor in the family of Captain Horsbrugh of Pirn in Peeblesshire, which situation he held until 1804. He wrote some love poetry to ' Anna,' a daughter of Captain Horsbrugh, who died at an early age, which was published in the ' Edinburgh Magazine,' and also printed in a separate form. Having been licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, Brewster preached his first ser- j mon in March 1804 in the West Kirk, before a large congregation, amongst whom were numbers of his fellow-students and many literary and scientific men. The Rev. Dr. Paul says of this effort : ' He ascended the pulpit, and went through the whole service, for a beginner, evidently under excitement, most admirably.' After this he preached frequently in Edinburgh, Leith, and else- where, and his ministrations were very suc- cessful, but they became a source of pain and discomfort to himself. He never preached without severe nervousness, which sometimes produced faintness. This weakness and the constant fear of failure led Brewster even- tually to decline a good presentation and to abandon the clerical profession. In 1800 he was made an honorary M. A. of Edinburgh. In 1804 he entered the family of General Diroon of Mount Annan in Dumfriesshire as tutor. There he remained till 1807, continuing his scientific studies and literary pursuits with but little interruption, as we find from his regular correspondence with Mr. Veitch. In 1805, on the resignation of Professor Playfair, Brewster was spoken of as a can- didate for the chair of mathematics in the university of Edinburgh, and he received promises of support from Herschel and other well-known men of science. Mr. (after- wards Sir John) Leslie had the better claim to the chair, and was elected ; but, owing to some unguarded expression in his work on the ' Nature and Propagation of Heat,' a cry of ' heresy ' was raised. ' A Calm Observer ' published a pamphlet professing to adopt ' a mode of discussion remote from personal invective.' This pamphlet, which created an intense excitement, was by David Brewster. In 1807 he became a candidate for the chair • of mathematics in St. Andrews, but without success. He was, however, made LL.D. of that university, and shortly after an M.A. of Cambridge ; he was also elected a non- resident member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. At this time he was induced to undertake the editorship of the ' Edin- burgh Encyclopaedia,' which occupied him for twenty- two years. In 1809 he visited Lon- don, and he left a diary minutely recording his experiences. Under 31 July 1810 we find ' Married, set off to the Trosachs,' the lady being Juliet, the youngest daughter of James Macpherson, M.P., of Belleville, better known as ' Ossian Macpherson.' In 1813 Brewster sent his first paper to the Royal Society of London on ( Some Properties of Light.' In the same year he published a ' Treatise on New Philosophical Instruments.' Failing health indicated the necessity of repose from mental labour, and a continental tour was ordered by his medi- i cal advisers. In July 1814 he started for Paris, where he made the acquaintance of | Biot, La Place, Poisson, Berthollet, Arago, , and many other of the French celebrities of : science. Brewster also visited Switzerland, esta- blished friendships at Geneva with Pr6vost and Pictet, and made many important obser- vations on the rocks and glaciers of the Alps. ; In 1814 he returned to work, with unabated ardour for experimental inquiry. This showed ! itself in a series of papers contributed to the Royal Society, most of them on the 'Polari- sation of Light,' which were continued through several years. In addition he published many other memoirs in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.' In 1815 Brewster became a fellow of the Royal Society, and the Copley medal was bestowed upon him. This was followed three years later by the Rumford medal, and subsequently by one of the Royal medals, in each case for discoveries in relation to the polarisation of light. In 1810 the French Institute awarded him half of the prize of three thousand francs given for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in Europe. In this year Brewster invented the ka- Brewster 301 Brewster leidoscope, which he patented; but, from some defect in the registration of the patent, it was quickly pirated, and he never realised anything by it. His ' Treatise on the Ka- leidoscope ' was published in 1819. The ' Edinburgh Magazine ' was published from 1817 under the name of the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and Brewster edited it in conjunction with Professor Jameson, the mineralogist, and afterwards alone, the name being again changed (1819) to the 'Edinburgh Journal of Science.' Not only was the number of papers published by Brewster at this period of his life remark- able, but the investigations which were re- quired, and the discoveries — especially in the delicate subject of optics — which they re- corded were in every way extraordinary. In 1813 he commenced to publish in the 'Philo- sophical Transactions ' a communication ' On some Properties of Light,' and in the two succeeding years he furnished no less than nine papers on analogous subjects. After this the phenomena of double refraction engaged his attention, and his discoveries occupied several additional papers. In 1820 Brewster became a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers in London. In 1821 he was active in founding the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, of which he was named director ; and in 1822 he became a member of the Royal Irish Academy of Arts and Sciences. In this year he edited a trans- lation of Legendre's 'Geometry,' and also four volumes of Professor Robinson's ' Essays on Mechanical Philosophy.' In 1823 he edited Euler's 'Letters to a German Prin- cess,' writing copious notes and a life of the author. Between 1819 and 1829 he appears to have relaxed a little, but he wrote ' On the Periodical Colours produced by Grooved Sur- faces ; ' he investigated ' Elliptic Polarisation by Metals,' 'The Optical Nature of the Crystalline Lens,' 'The Optical Conditions of the Diamond,' and ' The Colours of Film Plates.' Beyond these the only paper com- municated to the Royal Society was one ' On the Dark Lines of the Solar Spectrum,' in which he was associated with Dr. John Hall Gladstone. In 1825 Brewster was made a corresponding member of the French Insti- tute, and honours from all parts of the world were crowded upon him. There was never any long intermission in his researches. In 1827 he published his account of a new system of illumination for lighthouses, which led to a successful series of experiments under his direction in 1833. In 1831 the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science was organised, chiefly by a few scientific men who assembled at the archiepiscopal palace near York, Brewster being among them. The first meeting was held in York, when 325 members enrolled their names. Brewster was especially active, and he strove most zealously to advance the long-neglected interests of science. In this year William IV sent to Brewster the Hanoverian order of the Guelph, and shortly afterwards an offer of ordinary knighthood followed, the fees, amounting to 1097., being remitted. Sir David Brewster's busy pen now pro- duced his 'Treatise on Optics' (1831) in Lardner's ' Cabinet Encyclopaedia,' a volume of 526 pages, in which every phenomenon connected with catoptrics or dioptrics known up to the time of its publication was de- scribed with remarkable clearness and pre- cision. About the same time he wrote for Murray's ' Family Library ' his ' Life of Sir Isaac Newton,' and his ' Letters on Natural Magic.' In 1855 he proved the correspond- ence between Newton and Pascal produced by M. Chasles to be a forgery. An accident arising through an explosion nearly robbed Brewster of his eyesight ; but his sight was eventually restored. In 1836 Brewster went to Bristol to attend the sixth meeting of the British Association, being the guest of Mr. Henry Fox Talbot at Laycock Abbey. Mr. Talbot was engaged on his earliest experiments on photography, and his explanations of his immature pro- cesses, and the inspection of even the imper- fect pictures which he produced, were suffi- cient to create in Brewster's mind a strong desire to work on the chemistry of light. He never found the time required for the practice of the art, but he wrote on the subject, and in 1865 received a medal from the Photo- graphic Society of Paris. Brewster was in receipt of an annual grant from the government of 100/. In 1836 this was increased by an additional grant of 200/. a year. In 1838 he received from the crown the gift of the principalship of the united college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in the university of St. Andrews. This appointment relieved him from embar- rassments, and he was glad to take possession of his house at St. Andrews. Brewster had published his 'Treatise on Magnetism ' in the seventh edition of the ' En- cyclopaedia Britannica.' His labours were, however, interrupted by the illness of his wife. Her failing health caused him to remove her to Leamington, and leaving her in charge of a medical friend, he, with his daughter, at- tended the twelfth meeting of the British Association at Manchester, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Dalton, which led Brewster 302 Brewster to his investigating the conditions of the eye on which colour-blindness or Daltonism depended. He published an article on the subject in the ' North British Review.' In 1843 the conflict which had prevailed for ten years in the church of Scotland was brought to a close by 474 ministers retiring from the old church of Scotland, protesting against the grievances of church patronage. Brewster had taken part in every step of the ' long conflict,' as it was called ; he signed the Act of Protest ; with his elder brother he walked in the solemn procession which left St. Andrews Church on 18 May, and he attended every sitting of that first assembly of the Free church of Scotland. The pro- minent position taken by Brewster in this movement caused in 1844 proceedings to be commenced against him by the established presbytery of St. Andrews, aided by the uni- versity, to eject him from his chair. The case, however, was quashed in the residuary assembly because he had not signed the formal deed of demission. For Professor Napier's 'Edinburgh Review' Brewster wrote twenty-eight articles. In 1844 the ' North British Review ' was started under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Welsh. Brewster became a regular and constant con- tributor. Professor Fraser, who was editor of the ' North British Review ' in 1850 and the seven following years, says : ' He con- tributed an article to each number during the time I was editor, and in each instance, after we had agreed together about the subject, the manuscript made its appearance on the appointed day with punctual regularity ; ' and Professor Blackie, who edited the ' Review' from 1860 to 1863, writes : < Sir David Brewster was ever remarkable for the carefulness of his work, the punctuality with which it was delivered, never behind time, never needing to write to the editor for more time or more space — a model contributor in every way.' On 27 Jan. 1850 Lady Brewster died and was laid to rest beneath the shade of the abbey ruins of Melrose. In April Brewster, with his daughter, went abroad for change of air and scene. He renewed his acquaint- ance with Arago, which had begun in 1814 ; he visited M. Gay-Lussac just before his death, and met the Swiss philosopher, M. de la Rive. In 1851 he was president of the meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh. In his address he pleaded with much earnestness ' for summoning to the service of the state all the theoretical and practical wisdom of the country,' and for the extension of the advantages of education. ' Knowledge is at once the manna and the medicine of our moral being.' The pen of Brewster was singularly prolific. Between 1806 and 1868 he communicated no less than 315 papers on scientific subjects — most of them bearing upon optical investigations — to the transac- tions of societies, and to purely scientific journals. Beyond these he wrote seventy- five articles for the ' North British Review,' twenty-eight articles for the ' Edinburgh Re- view,' and five for the ' Quarterly Review.' The most lasting monument to his fame, however, will certainly be his beautiful in- vestigations into the phenomena of polarised light. He shared also with Fresnel the merit of elaborating the dioptric system for the im- provement of our lighthouses; and he divided with Wheatstone the merit of introducing the stereoscope, the lenticular instrument belonging especially to Brewster. Besides the above he wrote in 1841 and 1846 < Martyrs to Science,' or lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ; and in 1854 an answer to Whewell's ' Plurality of Worlds ' entitled ' More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian.' In 1860 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university of Edinburgh, and in that capacity presided at the installation of Lord Brougham as chancellor. Brewster in this year became an active member of the Na- tional Association of Social Science, and was afterwards chosen as vice-president. In this year he was made M.D. of the university of Berlin. He was at this time a frequent visitor to London, taking the greatest in- terest in the scientific societies of that city. In 1864 he was appointed president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the spring of that year he was attacked, while re- siding in Edinburgh, with one of his seizures of prostrating illness, from which, although he appeared to rally, he never entirely re- covered. The ' lighthouse controversy ' was to Brewster, in his latter days, a source of an- noyance. It was a great comfort to him when the council of the Inventors' Insti- tute in 1864, after examining the merits of the investigations made by Fresnel and others, reported that the introduction of the holophotal system into British lighthouses was due to the persevering efforts of Brew- ster. In June of this year a neglected cold fell heavily on Brewster's aged frame, and rendered him so feeble that he could not walk far, or labour in his library, without Teat fatigue. This state continued until 867, when ' he was unable to play his quiet game at croquet.' Believing himself to be a dying man, he gave instruction to a young Brewster 303 Brewster scientific friend, Mr. Francis Deas, as to the arrangement of his scientific instruments, and two years later he confided to this gentleman the completion of a paper ' On the Motion, Equilibrium, and Forms of Liquid Films.' On 10 Feb. 1868 an attack of pneumonia and bronchitis exhibited symptoms which convinced Sir James Simpson that he could not live over the day. After a few hours of extreme languor, knowing all his loving watchers, with ' an ineffably happy, cheerful look, which seemed to come from a very ful- ness of content,' this bright intelligence passed quietly away at Allerby, Montrose. In 1857 Brewster married for the second time Miss Jane Kirk Purnell of Scarborough, by whom he had a daughter, born 27 Jan. 1861. [Proceedings of the Royal Society, xvii. Ixix ; Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers ; The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, by Mrs. Gordon ; Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, iv. 1821-31 ; Edinburgh Royal Society's Transac- tions, vii. 1815-49 ; Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 539.] R. H-T. BREWSTER, SIR FRANCIS (/.1674- 1702), writer on trade, was a citizen and alderman of Dublin, and lord mayor of that city in 1674. In February 1692-3 he gave evidence before the House of Commons on certain public abuses in Ireland, and in 1698 was appointed one of seven commis- sioners to inquire into the forfeited estates in Ireland. The commissioners disagreed among themselves, and when the report was delivered in the following year it was signed by only four of the members of the commis- sion ; the other three, the Earl of Drogheda, Sir Richard Levinge, and Sir F. Brewster, having refused to sign it because they thought it false and ill-grounded in several particulars. The dispute was brought before parliament, and Sir R. Levinge was com- mitted to the Tower for spreading scandalous aspersions against some of his colleagues. Brewster was the author of l Essays in Trade and Navigation. In Five Parts,' Lond. 1695, 12mo. The first part only was pub- lished; but in 1702 he issued 'New Essays on Trade, wherein the present state of our Trade, its great decay in the chief branches of it, and the fatal consequences thereof to the Nation (unless timely remedy'd), is considered under the most important heads of Trade and Navigation,' Lond. 12mo. The following anonymous book is also ascribed to him : ' A Discourse concerning Ireland and the different Interests thereof ; in answer to the Exon and Barnstaple Petitions ; shewing that if a Law were enacted to prevent the exportation of Woollen Manufactures from Ireland to Foreign Parts, what the conse- quences thereof would be both to England and Ireland,' Lond. 1698, 4to. [Ware's Ireland (Harris), 1764, ii. 262 ; Burnet's State Tracts, 1706, ii. 709 seq. ; Tin- dal's Continuation of Rapin's England, 1740, iii. 234, 398.] C. W. S. BREWSTER, JOHN (1753-1842), au- thor, the son of the Rev. Richard Brewster, M.A., vicar of Heighington in the county palatine of Durham, was born in 1753, and received his education at the grammar school of Newcastle-upon-Tyne under the Rev. Hugh Moises, and at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1775, and M.A. in 1778. He was appointed curate of Stockton-on-Tees in 1776, and lecturer there in 1777. In 1791 he was presented to the vicarage of Greatham, which benefice he held until 1799, when he became vicar of Stockton through the patron- age of Bishop Barrington. The same prelate afterwards successively preferred him to the rectories of Redmarshall in 1805, Boldon in 1809, and Egglescliffe in 1814, in which charges, according to the testimony of Surtees (Hist, of Durham, iii. 139), he was ' long and justly respected for the exemplary discharge of his parochial duties.' He died at Eggles- cliffe 28 Nov. 1842, aged 89. His chief work was his l Parochial History and Antiquities of Stockton-on-Tees,' pub- lished in quarto at Stockton in 1 796. A second and enlarged edition was printed in 1829, octavo. His other works were : 2. ' Sermons for Prisons,' &c., 1790, 8vo. 3. * On the Pre- vention of Crimes and the Advantages of Solitary Confinement,' 1790, 8vo. 4. 'Medi- tations of a Recluse, chiefly on Religious Subjects,' 1800, 12mo. 5. ' A Thanksgiving Sermon for the Peace,' 1802. 6. ' A Secular Essay, containing a View of Events connected with the Ecclesiastical History of England during the 18th Century/ 1802, 8vo. 7. ' The Restoration of Family Worship recom- mended, in Discourses selected, with altera- tions, from Dr. Doddridge/ 1804, 8vo. 8. { Lectures on the Acts of the Apostles/ 1806, 2 vols. 8vo. 9. < Of the Religious Im- provement of Prisons, an Assize Sermon/ 1808. 10. < Meditations for the Aged, adapted to the Progress of Human Life/ 1810, 8vo ; four editions. 11. 'Meditations for Penitents/ 1813. 12. < Reflections adapted to the Holy Seasons of the Christian and Ecclesiastical Year/ 12mo. 13. 'Reflections upon the Or- dination Service/ 12mo. 14. 'Contemplations on the Last Discourses of our Blessed Saviour with His Disciples as recorded in the Gospel of St. John/ 1822, 8vo. 15. ' A Sketch of the History of Churches in England, applied Brewster 3°4 Brewster to the purposes of the Society for Promoting the Building and Enlargement of Churches and Chapels/ 1818. 16. ' An Abridgment of Cave's Primitive Christianity.' 17. ' Me- moir of the Rev. Hugh Moises, A.M. ; ' pri- vately printed in 1823, and reprinted in Nichols's 'Illustrations of Literature/ vol. v. [G-ent. Mag., May 1843, p. 538; Adamson's Newcastle School, 1846, p. 27; Nichols's Illus- trations, v. 92 ; Nichols's Topographer and Ge- nealogist, vol. ii. 1853 ; Allibone's Diet, of Lit. ; Heavisides's Annals of Stockton, p. 14, who gives two curious anecdotes of Brewster's simplicity in being deceived by supposititious relics of anti- quity.] C. W. S. BREWSTER, PATRICK (1788-1859), Scotch divine, born on 20 Dec. 1788, was the youngest of the four sons of Mr. James Brewster, and younger brother of Sir David Brewster [q. v.] In accordance with the wishes of his father, who had destined all his sons to the ministry of the Scottish church, Patrick devoted himself to theology, and received license as a probationer from the presbytery of Fordoun on 26 March 1817. In August following he was presented by the Marquis of Abercorn to the second charge of the Abbey Church of Paisley, to which he was ordained on 10 April 1818. He continued to occupy this preferment for nearly forty-one years, and died at his residence at Craigie Linn, near Paisley, on 26 March 1859. Brewster was a favourite of the working classes, and received a public funeral (4 April 1859). In 1863 a monument to his memory was erected by public subscription in Paisley cemetery. Asa preacher Brewster enjoyed an almost unrivalled local fame. His political views were extreme ; he was a ' moral-force chartist/ and took an active share in the plans for carry- ing out the chartist programme. His whole life was one continuous succession of exciting disputes upon public questions, or with the heritors, the parish authorities, or the presby- tery. This polemical spirit may be traced in the volume of his sermons entitled ' The Seven Chartist and Military Discourses libelled by the Marquis of Abercorn and other Heritors of the Abbey Parish. To which are added four other Discourses formerly published, with one or two more as a Specimen of the Author's mode of treating other Scripture Topics. With an Appendix/ 8vo, Paisley, &c., 1843. Brewster advocated the abolition of the slave trade, the repeal of the corn laws, tempe- rance, and a national system of education. He published three single < Sermons/ 8vo, and a vindication, in two parts, of the rights of the poor of Scotland ' against the misrepresenta- tions of the editor of the "Glasgow Post and Reformer."' He was also a contributor to the ' Edinburgh Cyclopsedia/ and furnished a l Description of a Fossil Tree found in a Quarry at Nitshill ' to the ninth volume of the 1 Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh.' He incurred some odium for not, like his brothers, leaving the established church of Scotland at the time of the disrup- tion in 1843, when he was one of 'the Forty.' [Glasgow Herald, 28 and 31 March and 5 April 1859 ; Christian News (Glasgow), 2 April 1859; Teviotdale Record, 2 April 1859; Ren- frewshire Independent, 2 and 9 April 1859 ; Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, 1868; Mrs. Gordon's Home Life of Sir David 'Brewster, 1881 ; Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881.] A. H. G. BREWSTER, THOMAS, M.D. (b. 1705), translator, was the son of Benjamin Brew- ster of Eardisland, Herefordshire, and was born on 18 Sept. 1705. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and thence elected to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1724. He graduated B.A. in 1727, M.A. in 1732, B.M. and D.M. in 1738. He was also elected a fellow of his college. While at Oxford he published a translation of the ' Second Satire of Persius/ in English verse by itself, to see, as he says in the preface, how the public would appreciate his work. This was in 1733. The third and fourth < Satires' were published together in 1742, the fifth in the same year, and the six satires in one volume in 1784. Brewster, after leaving the uni- versity, practised medicine at Bath. [Robinson's Merchant Taylors' School Regis- ter, ii. 56 ; Graduates of Oxford ; Prefaces to different editions of the Satires ; Brit. Museum Catalogue.] A. G-N. BREWSTER, WILLIAM (1560P-1644), one of the chief founders of the colony of Plymouth, New England, was possibly a native of Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Ac- cording to the 'Memoir ' by Bradford, he was at the time of his death in his eightieth year, but Morton, secretary of the colony, states that he was eighty-four at his death, so that he was probably born in 1560. It has been conjectured that his father was either William Brewster, who was tenant at Scrooby of Archbishop Sandys, or Henry Brewster, vicar of Sutton-cum-Lound, or James Brewster, who succeeded Henry. The coat-of-arms preserved in the Brewster family in America is identical with that of the an- cient Suffolk branch. Bradford states that Brewster, after obtaining some knowledge of Latin and some insight into Greek, spent a short time at the university of Cam- bridge, but he mentions neither the school where he made his preparatory studies, nor Brewster 305 Brewster the college which he entered at Cambridge. On leaving the university, Brewster, probably in 1584, entered the service of William Davi- son [q. v.], ambassador, and afterwards secre- tary of state of Queen Elizabeth, who, accord- ing to Bradford, found him ' so discreet and faithful, that he trusted him above all others that were with him.' He accompanied Davi- son in his embassy to the Low Countries in 1585, and remained in his service till his fall in 1587. The information supplied by Brad- ford regarding the immediately succeeding period of his life is comprised in the general statement that he ' retired to the country/ where he interested himself 'in promoting and furthering religion ' by procuring good preachers ' in all places thereabouts.' Pos- sibly he owed the bent towards ecclesiastical matters to his intimacy with two favourite pupils of Hooker — George Cranmer, also one of Davison's assistants, and Sir Edwyn Sandys, afterwards governor of Virginia. The part of the country to which Brewster retired was identified by Joseph Hunter (Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New England} as Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Hunter has further mo- dified the information of Bradford by dis- covering, from an examination of the post- office accounts, that from April 1594, or earlier, to September 1607, Brewster filled the office of l post,' that is, keeper of the ' post office,' at Scrooby, a station on the great north road between Doncaster and Tuxford. Such an office was then one of considerable im- portance, and was not unfrequently held by persons of good family. It implied the super- intendence of the despatch of mails to the various side stations, the supplying of relays of horses, and the providing of entertainment for travellers. While holding this office Brewster occupied Scrooby Manor, a posses- sion of the archbishop of York, where royal personages had more than once resided, and Cardinal Wolsey after his dismissal had passed several weeks. His salary was 20d. per diem until in July 1603 it was raised to 2s. It was at Scrooby Manor that Brew- ster ' on the Lord's day entertained with great love ' the company of Brownists or Separa- tists presided over by Clifton. Much of the progress of the movement was owing to his zeal and his influence, his social position being undoubtedly higher than that of the other members of the community. After they 'had been about a year together,' the threat of persecution made them resolve in 1607 to remove to Holland, but the skip- per in whose sloop they embarked at Boston having betrayed them, they were appre- hended, and Brewster as one of the principal VOL. VI. leaders of the movement was imprisoned and bound over to the court of assize. In the summer of the following year they were more successful, and, having set out, from Hull, reached Amsterdam in safety. In 1609 they removed to Leyden, where Brewster, ' having spent most of his means,' employed himself in ' instructing students at the university, Danes and Germans, in the English lan- guage.' He 'prepared rules or a grammar after the Latin manner' for the use of his scholars. By the help of some friends he also set up a printing-press, and so ' had employ- ment enough by reason of many books which would not be allowed to be printed in Eng- land ' (for list of principal works printed by him see STEELE'S Life of Brewster, pp. 172- 174). In 1619 inquiry was instituted by the authorities regarding his publications, but he was then absent in London negotiating about a grant of land in Virginia. Through the assistance of his friend Sir Edwyn Sandys a patent for a tract of land within that colony was finally granted, and Brewster, with Brad- ford [see BKADFOKD, WILLIAM, 1590-1657], as the chief leaders of the enterprise, set sail in September 1620 with the first company of * pilgrims ' in the Mayflower. In the church at Leyden he had acted as ruling elder, and he discharged the same duties in the church at New Plymouth. As no regular minister was appointed until 1629, he up to this time also acted as teacher and preacher, officiating twice every Lord's day. During the early difficulties of the colony he conducted him- self with untiring cheerfulness. He was charitable to others, and his own personal habits were frugal. He drank nothing but water until the last five or six years of his life. Bradford gives the date of his death as 18 April 1643, but Morton, secretary of the colony, entered the date in the church records as 'April 10th 1644, and various other circumstances confirm this entry. He had four sons and four daughters. He left a library of 300 books valued at 43/., the cata- logue of which is preserved in the records of the colony, and an estate valued at 150/. His sword is preserved in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society. [Bradford's Memoir of Elder Brewster, pub- lished by Dr. Alex. Young in Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 1841, and printed also in the collec- tions of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 5th ser. iii. 408-14 ; Hunter's Collections con- cerning the History of the Early Founders of New Plymouth, 2nd ed. 1854 ; Steele's Life of William Brewster, 1857; Savage's Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers in New England, i. 245-6 ; Belknap's American Biography, ii. 252-6.] T. F. H. Brian 306 Brian BRIAN (926-1014), king of Ireland, known in Irish writings as Brian Boroimhe (Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, Rolls Series, p. 208), Boroma (' Tigernachi Annales ' in Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488), most com- monly in earlier books as Brian mac Cenne- digh {Book of Leinster, facsimile, fol. 309 a; TIGERNACH, ed. O'Conor, pp. 266, 268), and in English writings as Bryan mac Kennedy and Brian Boru, was a native of the northern part of Munster, and was of the royal descent of Thomond, of the family known as Dal Cais, who claimed the right of alternate succession to the kingship of Cashel, as the chief king- ship of Munster is usually called by the Irish writers. His father was Cenneide, son of Lorcan, and Brian, who was born in 926, was the youngest of three sons. The time of Brian's youth was one of continued harrying of Ireland by the Danes, whose hold on the sea- ports of the country had been steadily increas- ing since their first invasion in 795, and from Limerick they made many plundering ex- peditions into the country of the Dal Cais. Brian's elder brother Mathgamhain became head of the tribe, and under him Brian's life as a warrior began ; but when Mathgamhain made peace Brian continued the war by ex- peditions from the mountains of Clare, but was unable to make way against the Danes, and at last, with only a few followers left, had to take refuge with his brother. The war soon began again, and Mathgamhain suc- ceeded in seizing Cashel and the vacant kingship of Munster. The Danes of Limerick with many native Irish allies marched against the king of Cashel and his brother, and were defeated at Sulcoit in Tipperary. This battle, fought about 968, was the first of Brian's victories over the Danes, and was followed by the sack of Danish Limerick. In 976 a conspiracy of rival chiefs in Munster led to the murder of Mathgamhain, and Brian be- came chief of the Dal Cais with an abundant inheritance of wars. Succession to the king- ship of Cashel was alternate between the Dal Cais and the Eoghanacht, that is between the tribes north of the plain in the middle of which the rock of Cashel rises and those south of it. Maelmuadh, Mathgamhain's murderer, was the next heir of the Eogha- nacht, and became king after the murder. Brian defeated and slew him in a pitched battle at Belach Lechta, in the north of the present county Cork, in 978, and thus him- self became king of Cashel. He had, how- ever, much hard fighting before he was able to obtain hostages, in proof of submission, from all the tribes of Munster. Constant warfare made the Dal Cais more and more formidable, and having obtained recognition throughout Munster, Brian first led them against Gillapatric, king of Ossory, and then marching into Leinster was, in 984, acknow- ledged as king by its chiefs. His successes had evidently determined him to extend his sway over as much of Ireland as he could. Brian sailed up the Shannon from his stronghold at Killaloe, and with varying suc- cess ravaged Meath, Connaught, and Breifne, and at length entered into an alliance with Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill, chief king of Ireland. The Leinstermen with the Danes of Dublin rose against Brian in the year 1000, and, with the help of the king of Ire- land, he defeated them with great slaughter at Glenmama in Wicklow, and immediately after marched into Dublin. Sitric the Danish king submitted to Brian, who took a Danish wife and gave an Irish one to Sitric. He now thought himself powerful enough to end his alliance with Maelsechlainn, and sent a body of Danes into Meath towards Tara. Tara had long been an uninhabited green mound, as it is at this day, and its possession was only important from the fact that it was associated with the name of sovereignty and with the actual possession of the rich pas- tures by which it is surrounded. Mael- sechlainn defeated the first force sent against him, but Brian advanced at the head of an army of Munstermen, Leinstermen, Ossory- men, and Danes, and Maelsechlainn retired to his stronghold of Dun na Sciath on Loch Ennell, and sent for help to his natural allies, Aedh, king of Ailech, and Eochaidh, king of Uladh, and to Cathal, king of Con- naught ; but all in vain, and he was obliged to offer hostages to Brian. Thus, in the eyes of the Irish, Brian became chief king of Ire- land, and the Clonmacnois historian, Tiger- nach, has at the end of the year 1001 the entry ' Brian Borama regnat ' (Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488, fol. 15 b, col. ii. line 31). He next made war on the west, received sub- mission from the Connaughtmen, and was thus actual lord of Ireland from the Fews moun- tains in Armagh southwards. The men of western and central Ulster under the king of Ailech, and those of Dalriada and Dalna- raide under the king of Uladh, still resisted him, but they were also at war with one another, and in 1004 met in battle at Craebh Tulcha and were both slain. Brian at once marched through Meath to Armagh, where he made an offering of gold upon the altar of the great church and acknowledged the eccle- siastical supremacy of Armagh in the only charter of his, the original of which has survived to our day. The charter is in the handwriting of Maolsuthain, Brian's con- fessor, and is on fol. 16 b of the * Book of Brian 307 Brian Armagh.' The book itself, written on vel- j lum about 807 by Ferdomnach, contains the j gospels, a life of St. Patrick, and other com- positions, some in Latin and some in Irish, | and in 1004 was already considered one of j the chief treasures of Armagh. Its subse- quent history has been carefully traced, and it is now preserved in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. On the back of the six- teenth leaf of the ' Book of Armagh ' is part of the life of St. Patrick with an account of grants of land in Meath made to him and to his disciples and their successors by Fedelmid mac Loiguire, king of Ireland. The writing is in two columns, and at the foot of the second the original scribe had left a blank, in which the charter of Brian was appropriately written. Maolsuthain wrote in Latin, translating his own name into Calvus Perennis, and Cashel into Maceria. ' St. Pa- trick,'says the charter, l when going to heaven, ordained that the entire produce of his labour as well as of baptism, and decisions as of alms, was to be delivered to the apostolic city, which in the Scotic tongue is called Arddmacha. Thus I have found it in the records of the Scots. This is my writing, namely Calvus Perennis, in the presence of Brian, imperator of the Scots, and what I have written he de- creed for all the kings of Maceria.' This grant, besides its intrinsic interest, is of importance as confirming the accuracy of the early chronicles which mention Brian's visit to Armagh. He received hostages from all the chief tribes of the north except the Cinel Conaill, who remained unconquered in the fastnesses of Kilmacrenan and the Rosses. His next action was to make a circuit of Ireland demanding hostages of all the terri- tories through which he passed. This was probably suggested by a similar act of Muir- cheartach na gcochall gcroicionn, king of Ailech, who in 941 marched from the north through Munster taking hostages to secure his own succession to the chief kingship of Ireland. The poem which Cormacan mac Maol- brighde, Muircheartach's bard, composed in honour of his exploit mentions (ed. O'Dono- van, line 129) that the king of Ailech on his expedition passed a night at Cenn Coradh, Brian's home, and even if Brian did not wit- ness the progress of the northern king, its memory must have been fresh in Munster in his youth. Cenn Coradh was near Killaloe, within the limits of the present town, and starting thence Brian marched up the right bank of the Shannon and northwards as far as the Curlew mountains, which he crossed and descended to the plain of the river Sligech, which falls into Sligo Bay, and then marched by the sea to the river Drobhais, then as now the boundary of Ulster. Brian forded it and followed the ancient road into the north over the ford of Easruadh, the present salmon leap on the river between Loch Erne and Bally- shannon. From this he marched to the gap called Bearnas mor, probably keeping to the coast. He passed unattacked through the long and desolate defile, and beyond it emerged into Tir Eoghain, which he crossed, and en- tered Dalriada by the ford of the Ban at Fear- tas Camsa, near the present Macosquin. He passed on into Darnaraidhe and ended his circuit at Belach Duin, a place in Meath three miles north of Kells. He was thus, by right of his sword and admission of all her chiefs, Ardrigh na Erenn, chief king of Ireland, and so remained till his death. After so much war there was an interval of peace. Brian is said by the historians of his own part of the country to have built the church of Killaloe and that of Inis Cealtra, and the round tower of Tom- graney; but the ruins on the island in Loch Derg, and the ancient stone-roofed church of Killaloe, are later than the buildings erected by him. He himself lived in the Dun of Cenn Coradh, probably in a house resembling the dwellings of the peasantry of the present day, with an earthen floor, thatched roof, and a hearth big enough to boil a huge cauldron, whence the king and his guests drew out lumps of meat, which they washed down with draughts of the beer which, tradition says, they had learnt to brew from their Danish friends, and of the more ancient liquor of the country made from honey. Senachies, histo- rians who knew how to turn history into poetry, and who like poets often excelled in fiction, were the men of letters of Brian's court. They feasted with the king and his warriors, and sang the glories of the Dal Cais and the great deeds of Brian, son of Cenneide, in strains some of which have come down to our own times. It was per- haps one of these who first gave Brian the name by which in modern times he has be- come the best known of all the kings of Ire- land ; few Englishmen can, indeed, name any other. Borama (Book ofLeinster, facs. 294 b) na boromi (Leabhar na Huidri, facs. 118 b), a word cognate with 20. ' Men of Mark, a Book of Short Biographies/ 1873, 8vo ; another edition, 1879, 8vo. 21. 'So Great Love : Sketches of Missionary Life and Labour/ 1874, 8vo (her last publication). [Memorials of Mr. Brightwell, 1869; Norwich newspapers, April 1875 ; private information.] A.GL BRIGIT, SAINT, of Kildare (453-523), was born at Fochart, now Faugher, two miles north Brigit 341 Brigit of Dundalk, a district which was formerly part of Ulster. Her father, Dubhthach, was of the race of Eochaidh Finnfuathairt, grandson of Tuathal Teachtmhar, monarch of Erinn. Her mother Brotsech, or Broiccseach, who be- longed to the Dal. Conchobar of South Bregia, was the bondmaid and concubine of Dubh- thach. Dr. Lanigan will not hear of this, but the whole early history of Brigit, as told in the Irish life, rests on this fact. It may be observed that in this (as in other cases) there is a notable difference between the story told by Colgan and Lanigan from the Latin lives and the story given in the Irish life. In the former Brigit is a highly educated young lady of noble birth, whose acts are in accordance with the ecclesiastical and social usages of the seventeenth or eighteenth cen- tury. In the latter we breathe the atmo- sphere of an early age, where all is simple and homely, and peculiar customs in church and state meet us, nor did it appear to the writer that the accident of Brigit's birth should lessen our respect for her character and la- bours. It was an age when slavery existed in Ireland, and the relations between Dubh- thach and his bondmaid excited the jealousy of his wife, in consequence of which he had eventually to sell her, retaining, however, a right to her offspring. Bought by a wizard, she was taken by him to Fochart, and there in •due time Brigit was born A.B. 453. Here a legend is related, which is of some interest. The mother having gone out one day and left the child covered up in the house, ' the neigh- bours saw the house wherein was the girl all ablaze, so that the flame reached from earth to heaven ; but when they went to rescue the girl the fire appeared not.' This is one of those references to fire which occur so fre- quently in connection with St. Brigit as to lead to the conclusion that we have here ' incidents which originally belonged to the myth or ritual of some goddess of fire ' ( STOKES). A similar conclusion has been drawn by Schro- der from the legend of the demon smiths in the ' Navigation of St. Brendan,' which ' rests, he thinks, on the ground of a Celtic myth of Fire-giants/ It is suggestive that a goddess of the Irish pantheon who presided over smiths was named Brigit, which is interpreted in Cormac's ' Glossary ' breo-shaigit, l the fiery arrow.' Giraldus Cambrensis tells us that at Kildare St. Brigit had a perpetual ashless fire watched by twenty nuns, of whom herself was one, blown by fans or bellows only, and surrounded by a hedge, within which no male could enter. As the child Brigit grew uj>, ' everything her hand was set to used to increase and reverence God ; she bettered the sheep ; she tended the blind ; she fed the poor.' But when she came to years of reflection she wished to go home, and the wizard having communi- cated with her father, he came for her and took her home. There her first care was for her foster mother, but she was not idle; she tended the swine, herded the sheep, and cooked the dinner, and it is characteristic that when ' a miserable greedy hound came into the house ' she gave him a considerable part of the repast. And now the thought of her mother in bondage troubled her ; she asked her father's leave to go to her, but ' he gave it not,' so she went without it. ' Glad was her mother when she arrived,' for she was toil-worn and sickly. So Brigit took the dairy in hand, and all prospered, and in the end the wizard and his wife became Christians. Her success in the conversion of the people, then chiefly heathen, is referred to in Broc- can's hymn, where she is said to be ' a mar- vellous ladder for pagans to visit the kingdom of Mary's Son.' On becoming a Christian the wizard generously said to her : ' The butter and the kine that thou hast milked I offer to thee ; thou shalt not abide in bondage to me, serve thou the Lord.' i Take thou the kine,' she replied, f and give me my mother's free- dom.' But he gave her both, and so she dealt out the kine to the poor and needy, and returned with her mother to Dubhthach's house. Some time after, Dubhthach and his con- sort determined to sell her, as ' he liked not his cattle and wealth to be dealt out to the poor, and that is what Brigit used to do.' Taking her in his chariot to the king of Leinster, he offered to sell her to him. ' Why sellest thou thine own daughter ? ' said the king. ' She stayeth not,' replied Dubhthach, 1 from selling my wealth and giving it to the poor.' The king said, ' Let the maiden come into the fortress.' When she was before him he said, ' Perhaps if I bought you you might do the same with my property.' * The Son of the Virgin knoweth,' she replied, ' if I had thy might, with all Leinster, and with all thy wealth, I would give them to the Lord of the Elements.' The king then said ' her father was not fit to bargain for her, for her merit was higher before God than before men.' And thus the maiden obtained her freedom. Dubhthach then tried to get her married, but she refused all offers, and at last he had to consent to her l dedicating herself to the Lord.' Qn the occasion of her taking the veil ' the form of ordaining a bishop was read over her by Bishop Mel.' What this means it is not easy to say ; but it is probably intended to convey that he invested her with a rank Brigit 342 Brihtnoth corresponding with that of bishop in point of authority, for that it was only a nominal title appears from her associating with herself, as we shall see presently, a bishop who is de- scribed as ' the anointed head and chief of all bishops, and she the most blessed chief of all virgins ' (ToDD, p. 12). Some time after, having gone to King Dunlaing to make a request, one of his slaves offers to become a Christian if she will obtain his freedom. She therefore asks the two favours, saying, ' If thou desirest excellent children, and a kingdom for thy sons, and heaven for thyself, give me the two boons I ask.' The answer of the pagan king is quite in character : ' The kingdom of heaven, as I see it not, and as no one knows what thing it is, I seek not ; and a kingdom for my sons I seek not, for I shall not myself be extant, and let each one serve his time. But give me length of life and victory always over the Hiii Neill.' The great event of her life was the founda- tion of Kildare (cill dara, ( the church of the oak'). Cogitosus (830-835) has left us a description of this church as it existed in his time, from which it appears that it was di- vided by a partition which separated the sexes, her establishment comprising both men and women. The tombs of Bishop Condlaed and Brigit were placed, highly decorated with pendent crowns of gold, silver, and gems, one on the right hand, and the other on the left of the high altar. The Irish bishops, it should be mentioned, wore crowns after the custom of the eastern church instead of mitres ( W ARREN) . After gathering her community she found she required the services of a bishop, and she accordingly chose (elegif) a holy man, a solitary, named Condlaed, ' to govern the church with her in episcopal dignity.' Cond- laed was thus a monastic bishop under the orders of the head of the establishment as in the Columbian monasteries mentioned by Bgeda (ToDD, p. 13). The death of Brigit took place at Kildare on 1 Feb. 523, which is her day in the calen- dar, and she was undoubtedly buried in Kil- dare, as already mentioned. On the other hand, a tradition current for many centuries has it that she was buried in Downpatrick with St. Patrick and St. Columba. This is now known to have been a fraud of John de Courcey, lord of Down, got up by him in the hope that the supposed possession of their bodies would conciliate the Irish to his rule (Annals of Four Masters^). The Irish life in conclusion says that Brigit is ' the Mary of the Gael/ or, as it is in Broccan's hymn, ' she was one mother of the king's son,' which the gloss explain? 'she was one of the mothers of Christ.' This strange manner of speaking which Irish ecclesiastics made use of, not only at home, but on the continent, to the astonish- ment of their hearers, is explained in a poem of Nicolas de Bibera (SCHRODER), by a refe- rence to Matthew xii. 50 : ' Whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother and sister and mother.' Looking through the haze of miracles in which her acts are enveloped, we discern a character of great energy and courage, warmly affec- tionate, generous, and unselfish, and wholly absorbed by a desire to promote the glory of God, and to relieve suffering in all its forms. Such a personality could not but impress it- self on the imagination of the Irish people, as hers has done in a remarkable degree. [Life of Brigit in Three Middle Irish Homilies, Whitley Stokes (Calcutta) ; Eollandi Acta SS. 1 Feb. ; Todd's St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, pp. 10-26 ; Warren's Liturgy and Kitual of the Celtic Church; O'Keilly's Irish Dictionary, Supplement (voce ' Brigit ') ; Petrie's Essay on the Round Towers of Ireland; Giraldi Cambren- sis Topog. Hib. chaps. 34-36 ; O'Donovan's An- nals of the Four Masters at A.D. 1293, iii. 456 ; Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. vol. i.] T. 0. BRIGSTOCKE, THOMAS (1809-1881), portrait-painter, commenced his studies at the age of sixteen at Sass's drawing-school, and was subsequently a pupil of H. P. Briggs, R.A., and J. P. Knight, R.A. He spent eight years in Paris and Italy, and made some copies from pictures by the old masters, among them one of Raphael's ' Transfigura- tion ' in the Vatican, which, on the recommen- dation of W. Collins, R.A., was purchased for Christ Church, Albany Street, Regent's Park. In 1847 he went to Egypt, and painted the portrait of Mehemet Ali. Between 1843 and 1865 Brigstocke exhibited sixteen works at the Royal Academy, and two at the British Institution. His portrait of General Sir James Outram is now in the National Por- trait Gallery ; that of General Sir William Nott at the Oriental Club, Hanover Square; and that of Cardinal Wiseman at St. Cuth- bert's College, Ushaw. He painted an histo- rical picture entitled ' The Prayer for Victory." He died suddenly on 11 March 1881. [Ottley's Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Eecent and Living Painters, London, 1866, 8vo ; Builder, 19 March 1881, p. 356.] L. F. BRIHTNOTH (d. 991), ealdorman of the East Saxons, married ^Ethelflsed, daughter of the ealdorman ^Elfgar, and succeeded him in his office, probably about 953. As Briht- noth's sister ^Ethelflaed was the wife of ^thelstan, ealdorman of the East Anglians, the friend of Dunstan, it is probable that he Brihtnoth 343 Brihtwald was the uncle of ^Ethelstan's son,^Ethelwine, the leader of the monastic party (GREEN, Conquest of England, 286, 352). He strongly upheld the cause of the monks, and made lavish grants to monastic foundations, espe- cially to Ely and Ramsey. It is said that when he went to fight his last battle he asked Wulfsige, abbot of Ramsey, for food for his army. Wulfsige replied that the ealdor- man and six or seven of his personal follow- ing could be maintained, but not the whole host. < Tell the abbot,' Brihtnoth said, < that as I cannot fight without my men, I will not eat without them,' and he turned and marched to Ely, where the abbot gladly entertained the whole army. In return he gave the house wide estates, and much gold and silver. The story is told with some considerable differences both in the Ely and the Ramsey history (GALE, iii. Hist. Ram. 432, Eli. 492). It has been wholly rejected by modern criticism (FREE- MAN, Norman Conquest, i. 297, n. i). While some details in both versions are doubtless imaginary (the Ely history makes Brihtnoth ealdorman of the Northumbrians, and the Ramsey writer is regardless of geography), there seems no reason for refusing to believe that the tradition is based on fact. The Ely historian, who tells it of an earlier battle, which for lack of knowledge he also places at Maldon, may be near the truth. When in 991 a fleet of Norwegian ships under Justin and Guthmund, and possibly Olaf Trygg- vason, plundered Ipswich, Brihtnoth, who was then an old man, went out to meet the invaders. He gave them battle near Maldon, on the banks of the Blackwater, then called the Panta. The fight is described in one of the very few old English poems of any length that have come down to us. In its present in- complete state this poem consists of 690 lines (THORPE'S Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, 131, in translation CON YBE ARE'S Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, xc., in rhythm in FREE- MAN'S Old English History}. Out of great- ness of soul the ealdorman allowed a large number of the enemy to cross the water with- out opposition. A detailed description of the battle founded on the lay is to be found in Dr. Freeman's f Norman Conquest ' (i. 297- 303). Brihtnoth was wounded early in the fight. He slew the man who wounded him and another, then he laughed and ' thanked God for the day's work that his Lord gave him.' After a while he was wounded again, and died commending his soul to God. The English were defeated ; the personal follow- ing of the ealdorman fell fighting over his jbody. Brihtnoth's head was cut off and car- ried away by the enemy ; his body was borne to Ely and buried by the abbot, who supplied the place of the head with a ball of wax. His widow ^Ethelflsed gave many gifts to Ely, and among them a tapestry in which she wrought the deeds of her husband. [Florence of Worcester, an. 991 ; Ely and Ram- sey Histories (Gale), iii. 432, 493 ; Green's Con- quest of England, 261,316, 352, 370; Freeman's Norman Conquest, i. 289, 296-303.] W. H. BRIHTRIC. [See BEORHTRIC.] BRIHTWALD (660P-731), the eighth archbishop of Canterbury, whose name is va- riously spelt by different writers, was of noble if not royal lineage (WILL. MALM. Gest. Keg. i. 29), and was born about the middle of the seventh century, but neither the place nor the exact date of his birth is known. It is doubtful whether he was educated at Glastonbury ; but Bede says (v. 8) that, although not to be compared with his predecessor Theodore, he was thoroughly read in Scripture, and well in- structed in ecclesiastical and monastic disci- pline. Somewhere about 670 the palace of the kings of Kent at Reculver was converted into a monastery, of which Brihtwald was made abbot. In a charter dated May 679 Alothari, king of Kent,bestows lands in Thanet upon him and his monastery (KEMBLE, Cod. Dipl. i. 16). Two years after the death of Theodore, Briht- wald was elected archbishop of Canterbury 1 July 692. Being probably unwilling to re- ceive consecration at the hands of Wilfrith, archbishop of York, who had been opposed to Theodore [see WILFRITH], he crossed over to Gaul, and was consecrated by the primate Godwin, archbishop of Lyons, on 29 June 693 (BEDE, v. 8). Two letters of Pope Ser- gius are quoted by William of Malmesbury (Gest. Pont. ed. Hamilton, pp. 52-55), one addressed to the kings ^Ethelred, Aldfrith, and Ealdulph, exhorting them to receive Brihtwald as ' primate of all Britain,' the other to the English bishops, enjoining obe- dience to him as such ; but the authenticity of these letters is doubtful (HADDAN and STTTBBS, iii. 65). In 696 he attended the council of ' the great men ' summoned by Wihtred, king of Kent, at Berghamstede or Bersted, in which laws were passed prescribing the penalties to be exacted for various offences, ecclesiastical and moral ; and somewhere between 696 and 716 some ordinances, seemingly drawn up by him for securing the rights of the monasteries in Kent, were confirmed by the king in a council held at Beccanceld (probably Bap- child). The document is commonly known as the ' Privilege of Wihtred ' (ibid. 233- 240). In 702 he presided at the council of Estrefeld or Onestrefeld (near Ripon ?), at- tended by Aldfrith [q. v.], king of Northum- Brihtwold 344 Brind bria in which Wilfrith was condemned and [Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; Florence of Worcester ; excommunicated; and in 705, Wilfrith having William of Malmesbury, Gest. Pontiff.] visited Rome and obtained a papal mandate for his restoration, Brihtwald held a council near the river Nidd, in which, chiefly through his skilful management, it was arranged that Wilfrith should be permitted to re-enter the Northumbrian kingdom, only resigning the sity honours or obtaining a college fellow- ship, he was known to possess ability ; and soon after taking his degree he was appointed college librarian (4 June 1845). He held this office until a few weeks before his death, when he returned to his father's house. Phy- sical weakness prevented the sustained effort BRIMLEY, GEORGE (1819-1857), es- sayist, was born at Cambridge on 29 Dec. 1819, and from the age of eleven to that of sixteen was educated at a school in Totte- ^ - 0 , w ridge, Hertfordshire. In October 1838 he was see of York and becoming bishop of Hexham entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, where (ibid. 264). He had already in the previous in ig41 he was elected a scholar. He was year taken measures for the division of the reading with good hopes for classical honours, diocese of Wessex, then vacant by the death of an(j was a private pupil of Dr. Vaughan ; Hedda, bishop of Winchester, and in 705 he ]3Ut even at that early age he was suffering consecrated Daniel to be bishop of that see, and from the disease to which he eventually suc- Aldhelm first bishop of the new see of Sher- cumbed. Although the state of his health borne (WiLL. MALM. Gest. Pont. 376). An i prevented him from competing for univer- interesting letter of his has been preserved (Ep. •• 1 Boniface, 155) to Forthere, the successor of Aldhelm, imploring him to induce Beorwald, abbot of Glastonbury, to release a slave girl for a ransom of three hundred shillings offered by her brother. About the same time he re- ceived Winfrith (Boniface) on a mission from the West-Saxon clergy, perhaps concerning the further subdivision of their diocese by the foundation of a see for Sussex at Selsey, which took place in 711. In 716, in a council at Clovesho, he obtained a confirmation of Wiht- red's privilege (HABDAN and STTJBBS, iii. 300, 301). Scanty as these records of Briht- wald are, they seem to indicate that he ruled the church during a difficult period with energy and tact. The sympathies, however, of Bede and William of Malmesbury were so thoroughly on the side of Wilfrith of York that they were unable to bestow hearty praise on one who did not give him unqualified sup- port. Brihtwald died in January 731, having presided over the church of England for thirty- seven years and a half, and was buried near his predecessor Theodore inside the church of St. Peter at Canterbury, the porch in which the first six primates had been buried being now quite full (BEDE, ii. 3). [Authorities cited in the text.] W. K. W. S. BRIHTWOLD (d. 1045), the eighth bishop of Ramsbury, and the last before the removal of the see to Old Sarum, had been a monk at Glastonbury, and was made bishop in 1005. There are no records of his administration, although he presided over the see for forty years. William of Malmesbury (Gest. Pont. ii. § 83) relates a vision which Brihtwold had at Glastonbury in the reign of Canute, in which the succession of JEthelred's son Edward (the Confessor) to the throne was revealed to him. He was buried at Glaston- bury, to which abbey, as also to that of Malmes- bury, he had been a very liberal benefactor. necessary for the production of any impor- tant work ; but for the last six years of his ife he contributed to the press. Most of lis writings appeared in the ' Spectator ' or Eraser's Magazine,' the only one to which his name was attached being an es- say on Tennyson's poems, contributed to the Cambridge Essays of 1855. He died 29 May 1857. A selection of his essays was made after his death and published with a prefatory memoir by the late W. G. Clark, then fellow and tutor of Trinity. This olume contains notices of a large number of the writers who were contemporary with Brimley himself, and is of considerable value as representing the contemporary judgment by a man of cultivation and acuteness on the writers of the middle of the nineteenth century, most of whom are now being judged by posterity. Sir Arthur Helps said of him, 'He was certainly, as it appeared to me, one of the finest critics of the present day.' [W. G. Clark's Memoir attached to the Es- says (London and Cambridge, 1858); informa- tion from the family.] E. S. S. BRIND, RICHARD (d. 1718), or- ganist, was educated as a chorister in St. Paul's Cathedral, probably under Jeremiah Clarke. On the death of the latter in 1707, Brind succeeded him as organist of the cathe- dral, a post he held until his death, which took place in March 1717-18. He was buried in the vaults of St. Paul's on 18 March. Ad- ministration of his effects was granted to his father, Richard Brind, on 7 April 1718. In the grant he is described as being a bachelor. Brindley 345 Brine Brind seems to have been no very remark- able performer, and his sole claim to be re- membered is that he was the master of Maurice Greene. His only recorded compo- sitions are two thanksgiving anthems, which were scarcely known when Hawkins wrote his ' History of Music,' and have now entirely disappeared. It was during Brind's tenure of office at St. Paul's that Handel frequently took his place at the cathedral organ. [Hawkins's History of Music (ed. 1853), ii. 767 ; Probate Kegister, Somerset House ; Burial Register of St. Gregory by St. Paul ; information from the Revs. E. Hoskins and W. Sparrow Simpson, and Mr. J. Challoner Smith.] W. B. S. BRINDLEY, JAMES (1716-1772), one of the earliest English engineers, was the son of a cottier, or small farmer, of Derbyshire. Dr. Smiles, from whose biographical notice much of the following account is taken, de- scribes Brindley the elder as an idle, disso- lute fellow, who neglected his children, and passed his time at bull-baiting and such-like amusements when he ought to have been at work. Like many other remarkable men, however, James Brindley had a wise and careful mother. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to one Abraham Bennett, a millwright, or as he would now be termed an engineer, of Sutton, near Macclesfield. Strangely enough, he seems for some time to have had the credit of being but a poor workman, so much so that his master even threatened to cancel his indentures and send him back to the field-work for which alone he was fitted. His talents were, however, called out by some special jobs of repairing machinery, and the occasion of the erection of a paper-mill with certain novel arrange- ments gave him an opportunity of exercising the mechanical skill he was not suspected of possessing, and led to his being placed in charge of his master's shop. On Bennett's death Brindley, whose apprenticeship had previously been completed, wound up the business and in 1742 moved from Maccles- field to Leek. Here he obtained before long a good business in repairing old machinery of all kinds and setting up new. The Wedg- woods, then small potters, employed him to construct flint-mills for grinding the calcined flint employed for glazing pottery, and, like all the engineers of his time, he tried his hand at the solution of the great problem of clearing mines from water, a problem not to be solved till the perfected steam-engine pro- vided the power alone able to meet the diffi- culty. His attempts (patented in 1758) to improve Newcomen's steam-engine met with but small success, but he introduced numerous and important improvements in the various sorts of machinery he had to repair or to con- struct. The great reputation of Brindley, how- ever, was gained in civil, not in mechanical, engineering. Having been called in by the Duke of Bridgewater in 1759 to advise upon the project for forming a canal by which the produce of the Worsley coal-mines could be cheaply transported to Manchester, he pro- duced a plan of striking originality, including the construction of an aqueduct by which the canal was to be carried over the river Irwell. This canal, suggested to the Duke of Bridge- water by the Grand Canal of Languedoc, was the first of any importance in England, and formed the commencement of the system of inland navigation in this country. Brind- ley's next work was the Bridgewater Canal connecting Manchester and Liverpool, and this was soon followed by numerous others, a full account of which will be found in Dr. Smiles's biography, as well as in other lives of Brindley to which reference is made below. In all he seems to have laid out, or superintended, the construction of over 365 miles of canals. The most important of these was the Trent and Mersey canal, known as the Grand Trunk. He remained to the last illiterate, hardly able to write and quite unable to spell. He did most of his work in his head, without written calculations or drawings, and when he had a puzzling bit of work he would go to bed and think it out. He had wonderful powers of observation, and a sort of intuitive perception which enabled him at once to grasp both the diffi- culties and the possibilities of an engineering project, before a survey was made or an esti- mate prepared. f Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, 1861-2, . i.; J. Brindley and the Early Engineers, 1 864 ; Memoir of Brindley by Samuel Hughes in Weale's Quarterly Papers" on Engineering, 1844, i. 50 : Kippis's Biog. Brit. art. ' Brindley.'] H. T. W BRINE, JOHN (1703-1765), baptist mi- nister, was born at Kettering in 1703. Ow- ing to the poverty of his parents he had scarcely any school education, and when a mere lad was set to work in the staple manu- factory of his native town. Early in life he joined the baptists. While at Kettering he married a daughter of the Rev. John Moore, a baptist minister of Northampton, from whom he inherited Hutter's Hebrew Bible, which was to him at this time a treasure of no small value. The lady died in 1745. After some interval Brine married again. Brine 346 Brinkelow Brine joined the baptist ministry at Ket- tering, and after preaching for some time re- ceived a call to Coventry. There he remained till about 1730, when he succeeded Mr. Mor- ton as pastor of the baptist congregation at Curriers' Hall, Cripplegate. He was for a time one of the Wednesday evening lecturers in Great Eastcheap. He also preached in his turn at the ' Lord's Day Evening Lecture ' in Devonshire Square. Brine resided for many years in Bridgewater Square, but during his last illness he took lodgings at Kingsland, where he died, on 24 Feb. 1765, in the sixty- third year of his age. He left positive orders that no funeral sermon should be preached for him. His intimate friend, Dr. Gill, however, preached a sermon upon the occasion to his own people, which was afterwards published, but contains no express reference to Brine. Brine was generally reputed a high Calvinist and a supralapsarian. He was called by many persons an antinomian, though his life was exemplary. He was buried in Bunhill Fields. His publications are numerous, and now scarce. In 1792 a pamphlet was pub- lished entitled ' The Moral Law the Rule of Moral Conduct to Believers, considered and enforced by arguments extracted from the judicious Mr. Brine's " Certain Efficacy of the Death of Christ." ' A complete catalogue of Brine's separate publications is given by Walter Wilson. The following are his chief works : 1. l The Chris- tian Religion not destitute of Arguments, &c. ... in answer to " Christianity not founded on Argument," ' 1743. 2. < The Certain Effi- cacy of the Death of Christ asserted' (a book at one time greatly in demand), 1743. 3. ' A Vindication of Natural and Revealed Reli- gion, in answer to Mr. James Foster,' 1746. 4. ' A Treatise on various subjects : contro- versial tracts against Bragge, Johnson, Tin- dal, Jackson, Eltringham, and. others' (in 2 vols.), 1750, 1756, 1766, which was extremely popular. It was edited by James Upton in 1813, with some of Brine's sermons added, and a life of the author prefixed (from Walter Wilson). 5. ' Discourses at a Monthly Ex- ercise of Prayer, at Wednesday and Lord's Day Evening Lectures, and Miscellaneous Discourses ' (2 vols.) ; and 6. ' Funeral and Ordination Sermons and Choice Experience of Mrs. Anne Brine, with Dr. Gill's Sermon at her Funeral,' 1750. Collected together, his pamphlets fill eight volumes octavo. [Wilson's Dissenting Churches, ii. 574 ; Gill's Sermons and Tracts ; John Brown's Descriptive List of Keligious Books ; Jones's Bunhill Memo- rials ; Catalogue of the late Mr. Thomas Jepps, of Paternoster Row, 1856 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] J. H. T. BRINKELOW, HENRY (d. 1546), sati- rist, son of Robert Brinkelow, a farmer of Kintbury, Berkshire, began life as a Francis- can, or Grey Friar, but left the order, mar- ried, and became a citizen and mercer of London. He adopted the opinions of the re- forming party, and wrote satires on social and religious subjects under the pseudonym of Roderigo Mors. He says that he was banished from England through the influ- ence of the bishops. By his will, dated 1546, the year of his death, and proved by his widow Margery, he left 5/. 'to the godly learned men who labour in the vineyard of the Lord, and fight against Anti-Christ.' This will shows that he was a man of sub- stance. He left a son named John. His works are : 1. * The Complaynt of Rode- ryck Mors, sometyme a gray fryre, unto the parlament house of Ingland his natural cun- try. Mighell boys, Geneve in Savoye ' (1545 ?) ; another edition, ' M. boys, Geneve ' (1550) ; a third ' Per Franciscum de Turona' (Turin). These are in the library of the Bri- tish Museum. Another edition with slight variations is in the Guildhall Library, London. The ' Complaynt ' has been published by the Early English Text Society under the edi- torship of Mr. J. Meadows Cowper, 1874. It deals with wrongs done the people by en- closures, with the advance in rents, and with legal oppression ; it recommends the confis- cation of the property of bishops and deans, of chantries and the like, and, after allow- ing one-tenth to the crown, points out various social objects to which the remain- der should be devoted. The 23rd chapter, headed 'A lamentacyon for that the body and tayle of the pope is not banished with his name,' was reprinted in 1641 as a separate broadside with the title ' The true Coppy of the Complaint of Roderyck Mors . . . unto the Parliament House of England.' 2. 'The Lamentacion of a Christian against the Citie of London made by Roderigo Mors . . . Prynted at Jericho in the land of Promes by Thome Trauth ' (1542) ; another edition, * Nurembergh, 1545 ; ' another, in the Lam- beth Library (no place), 1548 ; also edited for the Early English Text Society by Mr. J. M. Cowper, along with the ' Complaynt.' Besides these, Mr. Cowper attributes to Brinkelow : 3. ' A Supplycacion to our moste Soueraigne Lord Kynge Henry the Eyght,' 1544 ; and 4. ' A Supplycation of the Poore Commons; ' large extracts from the 'Suppli- cation of the Commons ' are given in Strype's •' Memorials,' vol. i. Both these have been edited by Mr. Cowper for the Early English Text Society (1871) in one volume, with Fish's ' Supplication for the Beggars ' edited Brinkley 347 Brinkley by Mr. Furnivall. Bale, who attributes the * Complaynt ' and the ' Lamentacion,' but not the two ' Supplications,' to Brinkelow, says that he also wrote an ' Expostulation ad- dressed to the Clergy,' which now appears to be lost. [All that is known of Brinkelow will be found in J. M. Cowper's edition of the Complaynt of Roderick More, Early English Text Soc. No. 22, extra series, to which, and to the same editor's work in the volume entitled A Supplica- tion to the Beggars, No. 13, extra series, this article is largely indebted ; Bale's Script. Brit. Cat. ii. 105; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials, i. i. 608.] W. H. BRINKLEY, JOHN, D.D. (1763-1835), bishop of Cloyne and first astronomer royal for Ireland, was born at Woodbridge in Suffolk, and owed to the influence and aid of Mr. Tilney of Harleston, under whose care he was educated, the means of sup- porting himself at Cambridge. He graduated at Caius College as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman in 1788, became a fellow of his college, proceeded M.A. in 1791, and D.D. in 1806. He contributed to the ' Ladies' Diary ' from 1780 or 1781 to 1785, and acted as assistant at Greenwich while preparing for his degree. To Maskelyne's recommenda- tion he owed his appointment, in 1792, as Andrews professor of astronomy in the uni- versity of Dublin, with the title, added on the death of Ussher, of * Astronomer Royal for Ireland,' and the direction of the college observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin. Its sole equipment consisting at that time of a transit instrument, he had leisure to improve his knowledge of the higher mathematics, in which, as well as in acquaintance with the works of foreign analysts, he far excelled most of his contemporaries. The fruits of his in- quiries were imparted to the Royal Irish Academy in a series of communications from 1797 to 1817, and to the Royal Society in 1807 in a paper entitled ' An Investigation of the General Term of an Important Series in the Inverse Method of Finite Differences ' (Phil. Trans, xcvii. 114), of which the object was to surmount a difficulty remaining after Lagrange's investigation in the ' Berlin Me- moirs ' for 1772. In the middle of 1808 a splendid altitude and azimuth circle, eight feet in diameter, ordered from Ramsden in 1788, and, after many delays, completed by his successor Berge, was set up at Dunsink, and Brinkley lost no time in turning it vigorously to ac- count for the purposes of practical astronomy. His supposed discovery of an annual (double) parallax for a Lyne of 2/A52 was laid before the Royal Society in 1810 (Phil. Trans, c. 204), aud he announced in 1814 (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xii. 33) similar and even larger results for several other stars. Their validity I was disputed by Pond, and careful observa- tions, made with a view to test it during several years, proved at Greenwich con- sistently adverse, at Dublin strongly con- firmatory (Phil. Trans, cviii. 275, cxi. 327). In 1822 Brinkley described before the Royal Irish Academy a delicate instrumental in- vestigation of solar nutation, heretofore known in theory only. If, he urged, his instrument were competent to exhibit the minute varia- tions in the places of the stars produced by this cause, a fortiori it could be depended upon for the larger amounts ascribed to parallax (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xiv. 3, 1825). The argument seemed at the time unanswer- able, and was fortified by his seemingly suc- cessful disengagement from the Greenwich observations themselves of a parallax for a Lyrse not differing sensibly from that in- ferred at Dublin (Mem. JR. A. Soc. i. 329). The controversy, which was conducted on both sides with moderation and candour, ter- minated in 1824 with Brinkley's reassertion of his conclusion of fourteen years previously. Yet he was undoubtedly mistaken, although the source of his mistake remains obscure. The inquiry, however, was eminently useful in bringing about a closer scrutiny of instru- mental defects and uranographical correc- tions, and so clearing the ground for further research. Brinkley's communications on the subject were honoured in 1824 by the Royal Society (of which body he had been elected a fellow in 1803) with the Copley medal. He presided over the Royal Irish Academy from 1822 until his death, and acted as vice- president of the Astronomical Society 1825-7, and as its president for the biennial period 1831-3. In 1814 he published a new theory of astronomical refractions deduced from his own observations, with tables to facilitate their calculation ( Trans. JR. I. Ac. xii. 77) ; the same volume contains his catalogue of forty-seven fundamental stars. Fresh de- terminations by him of the obliquity of the ecliptic and of the precession of the equinoxes appeared respectively in 1819 and 1828 (Phil. Trans, cix. 241 ; Trans. R. I. Ac. xv. 39) ; and his constants of aberration and lunar nutation were adopted by Baily in the Astro- nomical Society's Catalogue, the former de- duced from 2,633, the latter from 1,618 com- parisons of various stars. He observed the great comet of 1819, and computed elements for it, and for the comet observed by Captain Hall at Valparaiso in 1821 (Quart. Jour, of Science, ix. 164 ; Phil. Trans, cxii. 50). Brinknell 348 Brinsley His merits were recognised by ecclesiastical promotion. In 1806 he was collated to the prebend of Kilgoghlin and to the rectory of Derrybrusk ; in 1808 he became archdeacon of Clogher, and on 28 Sept. 1826 bishop of Cloyne. The satisfaction of George IV with his reception at Trinity College, Dublin, is said to have been not unconnected with his final elevation. Thenceforth his episcopal duties engrossed all his attention, and the scientific activity, by which he had raised the little observatory at Dunsink to a position of first-rate importance, was brought to a close. After some years of failing health he died at his brother's house in Leeson Street, Dublin, on 14 Sept. 1835, aged 72, and was buried in the chapel of Trinity College. A marble tablet erected to his memory in the cathedral of his diocese under- states his age by three years. In character he was benevolent and disinterested. He wrote (besides thirty-five contributions to learned collections, many of them sepa- rately reprinted) ' Elements of Astronomy,' still used as a text-book in Dublin University. The work originated in his lectures to under- graduates, 1799-1808, which, at the request of the board, were published in the latter year, and again, with three additional chap- ters and an appendix, in 1813. Since then it has run through numerous editions, and obtained in 1871 renewed vitality in a care- ful recast by Drs. Stubbs and Briinnow. Brinkley's essay on the ' Mean Motion of the Lunar Perigee/ read before the Royal Irish Academy on 21 April 1817, obtained 'the Conyngham medal. He was one of the first to encourage the rising genius of Sir William Hamilton, his successor in the Andrews chair of astronomy, and several of his letters are printed in the l Life of Hamilton ' by Graves (1882), i. 239-40, 297, 324. He was a botanist as well as an astronomer. [Mem. K. A. Soc. ix. 281 ; G-ent. Mag. 1835, ii. 547 ; Cotton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernicse ; Keport Brit. Assoc. i. 140; Andre and Rayet's L'Astronomie Pratique, ii. 29 ; R. Soc. Cat. of Sc. Papers.] A. M. C. BRINKNELL or BRYNKNELL, THOMAS (d. 1539?), professor at Oxford, was educated at Lincoln College, and was appointed head-master of the school attached to Magdalen College, where he 'exercised an admirable way of teaching.' He after- wards studied for a time at University Col- lege, and became intimate with Wolsey He proceeded B.D. in 1501, and D.D. on 13 March 1507-8, ' at which time,' says Wood 'the professor of div. or commissary did liighly commend him for his learning.' On 7 Jan. 1510-11 he was collated to a prebend n Lincoln Cathedral, and on the same date was made master of the hospital of St. John t Banbury. In 1521 he was nominated professor of divinity on Cardinal Wolsey's new foundation. He apparently died in 1539 LE NEVE, Fasti, ii. 183). He was the author of a treatise against Luther, which does not seem to have been printed. Accord- ng to Wood it was ' a learned piece,' and commended for a good book.' Wolsey recommended Brinknell to Henry VIII as one of those most fit persons in the university ;o encounter Mart. Luther.' [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 29 ; Fasti TBliss), i. 6, 22 ; Oxf. Univ. Reg. (Boase), 55 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 126; Bloxam's Magdalen College, iii. 70.] S. L. L. BRINSLEY, JOHN (ft. 1663), the elder, puritan divine and educational writer, was educated at Christ's College,Cambridge, where le graduated B. A. in 1584 and M. A. in 1588. He became a ' minister of the Word,' and had :he care of the public school at Ashby-de-la- Zouch in Leicestershire. The famous astro- er, William Lilly, was one of his pupils, as he himself informs us in his curious auto- biography. 'Upon Trinity Sunday 1613,' lie says, ' my father had me to Ashby-de-la- Zouch to be instructed by one Mr. John Brinsley ; one in those times of great abilities for instruction of youth in the Latin and Greek tongues ; he was very severe in his life and conversation, and did breed up many scholars for the universities. In religion he was a strict puritan, not conformable wholly to the ceremonies of the church of England ' (Hist, of his Life and Times (1774), 5). Again he says : ' In the eighteenth year of my age [i.e. in 1619 or 1620] my master Brinsley was enforced from keeping school, being perse- cuted by the bishop's officers ; he came to London, and then lectured in London, where he afterwards died' (ib. 8). He married a sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, bishop of Norwich. His works are : 1. ' Ludus Literarius : or, the Grammar Schoole ; shewing how to proceede from the first entrance into learning to the highest perfection required in the Gram- mar Schooles,' London, 1612 and 1627, 4to. 2. ' The true Watch and Rule of Life,' 7th ed. 2 parts, London, 1615, 8vo, 8th ed. 1619 ; third part out of Ezekiel ix., London, 1622, 4to ; fourth part, 'to the plain-hearted seduced by popery,' London, 1624, 8vo. 3. 'Pueriles Confabulatiunculse : or Childrens Dialogues, little conferences, or talkings together, or Dialogues fit for children,' London, 1617. 4. 'Cato (concerning the precepts of common life) translated gram- Brinsley 349 Brinsley matically,' London, 1622, 8vo. 5. ' A Con- solation for our Grammar Schooles; or a faithfull incouragement for laying of a sure foundation of all good learninge in our Schooles,' London,! 622, 4to. 6. 'The Posing of the Parts : or, a most plaine and easie way of examining the accidence and grammar by questions and answers,' London, 1630, 4to ; 10th ed. London, 1647, 4to. 7. ' The first Booke of Tullies Offices, translated gramma- tically : and also according to the propriety of our English tongue/ London, 1631, 8vo. 8. ' Stanbrigii Embrion relimatum, seu Voca- bularium metricum olim a Johanne Stanbrigio digestum, nunc vero locupletatum, defseca- tum, legitimo nee non rotundo plerumque carmine exult ans, & in majorem Pueritise balbutientis usum undequaque accommoda- tum,' London, 1647, 4to. 9. ' Corderius Dia- logues, translated grammatically,' London, 1653. In the dedication to William, lord Cavendish, he speaks of his lordship's 'favour- able approbation of my School-endeavours, together with your honourable bountie, for the incouraging of me, to the accomplishment of my promise for my Grammatical! transla- tions.' 10. 'Virgil's Eclogues, with his book of the Ordering of Bees, translated gramma- tically,' 1663, 4to. [MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Notes andQueries (2nd series), xii. 126, 180 (4th series), iv. 411 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Cat, Lib. Impress. Bibl. Bodl. (1843), i. 331.] T. C. BRINSLEY, JOHN (1600-1666), the younger, puritan divine, was born&t Ashby- de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, in 160^ being son of John Brinsley the elder [q. v.], master of the public school there, and his wife, who was a sister of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich. Having received the rudiments of education from his father, he was admitted of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at the age of thirteen years and a half. He attended his uncle, Dr. Hall, then dean of Worcester, to the synod of Dort (1618-19), as his ama- nuensis ; and on his return to Cambridge he was elected to a scholarship in his college, and took his degrees (B. A. 1619, M.A. 1623). After being ordained he preached first at Preston, near Chelmsford. In 1625 he was appointed by the corporation of Great Yar- mouth their minister; but the dean and chapter of Norwich, claiming the right of nomination, disputed the appointment, and he was summoned before the high court of commission at Lambeth, and was at mid- summer 1627 dismissed from his ministerial function in Yarmouth church, by a decree in chancery, given upon a certificate made by Archbishop Laud. He continued, how- ever, to preach in the town, in what was then the Dutch church, was subsequently the theatre, and is now commonly called the town house. The corporation meanwhile persevered in their struggle with the bishop and the court in his behalf, till in 1632 the king in council forbade his officiating at Yarmouth altogether, and even committed to prison four individuals — among them the well-known regicide, Miles Corbet, then recorder of the town — for abetting him. Brinsley after this exercised his pastoral duties in the half hundred of Lothingland in 1642, and, through the interest of Sir John Wentworth of Somerleyton Hall, was ap- pointed to the cure of the parish of Somer- leyton. Two years subsequently he was again chosen one of the town preachers at Yarmouth, and it is said that he occupied the chancel of the church with the presby- terians, while Bridge with the congregation- alists was in possession of the north aisle, and the south aisle, with the nave, was left to the regular minister. Service in all these was performed simultaneously, the corpora- tion having divided the building for the pur- pose on the death of the king, at an expense of900J. At the Restoration he was ejected for re- fusing the terms of conformity. He was in- flexible on the points which divided so many clergymen from the established church, and it is stated that he refused considerable pre- ferment which was offered to induce him to remain in her communion. His death oc- curred on 22 Jan. 1664-5, and he was buried in St. Nicholas's Church, Yarmouth, with several others of the family. He had a son Robert who was educated at Emmanuel Col- lege, Cambridge (M.A. 1660), but was ejected from the university, and studied medicine at Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D. He afterwards practised his profession at Yarmouth, where he was elected co-cham- berlain with Robert Bernard in 1681, and in 1692 was appointed water bailiff*. Brinsley published many treatises and ser- mons, including : 1. ' The Healing of Israels breaches,' London, 1642, 4to. 2. 'Church Reformation tenderly handled in four sermons,' London, 1643, 4to. 3. ' The doc- trine and practice of Psedo-baptisme as- serted and vindicated,' London, 1645, 4to. 4. ' Stand Still ; or, a Bridle for the Times,' London, 1647 and 1652, 4to. 5. ' Two Trea- tises : the One handling the Doctrine of Christ's Mediatorship. The other of Mystical Implantation,' 2 parts, London, 1651-2, 8vo. 6. ' The Mystical Brasen Serpent, with the Magnetical Vertue thereof; or, Christ exalted Brinton 350 Brinton upon the Cross/ 2 parts, London, 1653, 8vo. 7. 'Two Treatises: I. The Saints Commu- nion with Jesus Christ. II. Acquaintance with God,' London, 1654, 12mo. 8. 'Two Treatises: I. A Groan for Israel; or, the Churches Salvation (temporall, spirituall), the desire and joy of Saints ; II. Tlfptffrepeia. The Spirituall Vertigo, or Turning Sickness of Soul-Unsettlednesse in matters of Reli- gious Concernment,' 2 parts, London, 1655, 8vo. 9. 'Gospel Marrow, the great God giving himself for the sons of men ; or, the Sacred Mystery of Redemption by Jesus Christ, with two of the ends thereof, justifi- cation and sanctification, doctrinally opened, and practically applied,' 2 parts, London, 1659, 8vo. [MS. Addit. 5863 f. 65, 19165 f. 240; Ca- lamy's Ejected Ministers (1713), ii. 477, 478, aud Continuation (1727), ii. 617 ; Cat. Lib. Im- press. Bibl. Bodl. (1843); Brit. Mus. Cat.; Druery's Hist. Notices of Great Yarmouth, 65* ; Lilly's Hist, of his Life (1774), 5-8; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn) ; Nichols's Leicestershire, i. pt. ii. Append, p. 140 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd series, xii. 126, 180, 4th series, iv. 411 ; Palmer's Continuation of Manship's Hist, of G-reat Yar- mouth, 158-161, 365; Palmer's Nonconf. Memo- rial (1803), ii. 17; Swinden's Hist, of Great Yarmouth, 837-849 ; Sylvester's Keliquise Bax- terianse, 283 ; Dawson Turner's Sepulchral Ee- miniscences of a Market Town, 11.] T. C. BRINTON or BRUNTON, THOMAS (d. 1389), bishop of Rochester, was a monk of the Benedictine house at Norwich. He is said to have studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, and is variously described as bachelor of theology and as ' doctor decre- torum' of the former university. Having taken up his residence in Rome, he was made penitentiary of the holy see, and on 31 Jan. 1372-3 was appointed bishop of Rochester by Gregory XI, in the room of John Hertley, prior of Rochester, whose election was set aside by the pope. Brinton appears to have been dis- tinguished as a preacher, and a sermon of his, delivered to the people of London on the occasion of the coronation of Richard II, is reported by Walsingham (Historia Angli- cana, i. 338, 339, ed. Riley, who wrongly attributes the discourse to Brinton's prede- cessor, Thomas Trillek, ii. 5136). Subse- quently he was made confessor to the king. He was present at the council of Blackfriars in May- July 1382, which condemned the doctrines of Wycliffe (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, pp. 286, 287, 498), and assented to that con- demnation (ib. pp. 290, 291). He died in 1389 (his will is dated 30 Aug.), and was buried in the parish church of Seale in Kent. Weever (Ancient Funerall Monuments, p. I 325) describes the bishop's tomb, from which 1 the name had already (1631) disappeared. , On the authority of Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. xii. 12), who however confessed him- self ignorant even of the century in which j Brinton lived, the bibliographers attribute to i him a collection of ' Sermones coram Ponti- fice ' and ' Sermones alii solennes.' [Godwin, De Prsesulibus (1743), p. 533 ; Tan- ner's Bibl. Brit. p. 126; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 564, ' ed. Hardy. Of the alternative forms of the name given by Tanner, Briton looks like an error, and ! Brampton may easily have arisen from careless transcription of the form Brunton given by Wal- ! singham (I.e., ii. 180).] E. L. P. BRINTON, WILLIAM, M.D. (1823- 1867), physician, was born at Kidderminster, where his father was a carpet manufacturer, 20 Nov. 1823. After education at private schools and as apprentice to a Kidderminster surgeon he matriculated at the London Uni- i versity in 1843, and began medical studies at King's College, London. He won several prizes, and graduated M.B. in the London University in 1847, M.D. in 1848. In 1849 he became a member of the College of Phy- sicians, and in 1854 a fellow. In 1848 he sent to the Royal Society a paper, ' Contri- butions to the Physiology of the Alimentary Canal,' and after holding some minor ap- pointments at his own medical school he was elected lecturer on forensic medicine at St. Thomas's Hospital. He published an able series of ' clinical remarks ' in the ' Lancet,' and the reputation which* these brought him led to his early acquisition of a considerable practice. He became physi- cian to St. Thomas's Hospital, and in addi- tion to his other lectureship was made lec- turer on physiology there. He married in 1854 and lived in Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and his practice steadily increased. Intestinal obstruction and diseases of the alimentary canal in general were subjects to which he had paid special attention, and on which he was often consulted. His Croo- nian lectures at the College of Physicians in 1859 were on intestinal obstruction. In 1857 he published the ' Pathology, Symptoms, and Treatment of Ulcer of the Stomach,' the first complete treatise on that subject which had appeared in England, and in 1859 he brought out ' Lectures on the Diseases of the Stomach,' of which a second edition was published in 1864. This book contains a clear account of the existing knowledge of the subject, with many well-arranged notes of cases and a few observations new to medicine, for example the description (p. 87, ed. 1864) of the condition of stomach sometimes discovered after death in cases of Briot 351 Briot scarlet fever. In the last chapter Brinton demonstrates the absence of pathological ground for the affection so often named in general literature, as well as in medical books, under the term gout in the stomach. Brinton was a man of untiring industry, and published many papers in the medical periodicals of his time. He translated Va- lentin's 'Text Book of Physiology' from the German in 1853 ; wrote a short treatise * On the Medical Selection of Lives for Assur- rance ' in 1856, and in 1861 ' On Food and its Digestion, being an Introduction to Diete- tics,' besides six articles in ' Todd's Cyclo- paedia of Anatomy and Physiology,' and some papers read before the Royal Society. He was elected F.R.S. in 1864. His vaca- tions were often spent in the Tyrol, where he was an active member of the Alpine Club. Two papers by him appear in ' Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers ' (series ii. vol. i.) In 1863 Brinton had symptoms of renal disease, and, after manly struggles to continue his labours in spite of the malady, he died on 17 Jan. 1867. After his death a treatise on ' Intestinal Obstruction,' based on his Croo- nian lectures, was edited by his friend Dr. Buzzard. Brinton was a physician of high personal character and great powers of work. His book on ulcer of the stomach deserves a place among the best English medical mono- graphs, and in all his books the assertions rest on a solid basis of observation. He left six children, and one of his sons graduated in medicine at Cambridge A memoir of Brinton by Dr. Thomas Buzzard appeared in the 'Lan- cet ' for 26 Jan. 1867, and has been reprinted. [Buzzard's Memoir (1867) ; Brinton's works.] N. M. BRIOT, NICHOLAS (1579-1646), medal- list and coin-engraver, was born in 1579, at Damblein in Bassigny, duchy of Bar. From 1605 to 1625 he held the appointment of engraver-general of the coins of France, and having become acquainted in Germany with the improved mechanical processes for the production of coins, especially with the ' ba- lance' (balancier), he determined to introduce them with further improvements of his own into his native country. From 1616 till 1625 he continued to persevere in his endeavour to get his processes officially adopted. In 1615 he had written a treatise entitled ' liaisons, moyens, et propositions pour faire toutes les monnaies du royaume, a 1'avenir, uniformes, et faire cesser toutes fabrications, &c.' His proposals, however, encountered the greatest opposition, especially from the 'Cour des monnaies/ the members of which resisted the introduction of machinery, and upheld their own less rapid and more clumsy method of striking coins with the hammer. The pat- tern-pieces made by Briot for the French coinage are very rare, particularly the franc and demi-franc of 1616 and 1617, with the legend 'Espreuve faicte par 1'expres com- mandement du roy Louis XIII.' Finding that his long-continued efforts were fruitless, and pressed hard by his creditors, Briot fled to England in 1625, and offered his services and improved machinery to Charles I, by whom he was well received. On 16 Dec. 1628, the king granted him ' the privilege to be a free denizen, and also full power and authority to frame and engrave the first de- signs and effigies of the king's image in such size and forms as are to serve in all sorts of coins of gold and silver ' (RYMER, Fcedera, xix. 40). In January 1633 he was ap- pointed chief engraver to the English mint, and in 1635 master of the Scottish mint. For the English coinage Briot made the crown, half-crown, and other denominations ; his specimens, which are very neatly exe- cuted and well formed, being signed with the letter B, or with B and a small flower or an anchor. He also executed various pat- tern-pieces for the coinage, and made during the earlier part of the reign of Charles I a considerable number of dies and moulds for medals, the most important of which were for the coronation medal of Charles (1626), the 'Dominion of the Sea' medal (1630), and the Scottish coronation medal (1633). His medals bear the signature 'N, B.,' ' Briot,' or ' N. Briot.' After the outbreak of the civil war very little is known of Briot's life ; but the common statement that he returned to France and died there about 1650 is certainly incorrect, as an official docu- ment of the time of Charles II (Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, May 1662, p. 394) proves that he died in England in the year 1646. From 1642 till the time of his death he seems to have remained in the service of the English king, and to have followed him in his capacity of engraver to York and to Oxford. At the Restoration, the name of his widow, Esther Briot, was one of those which were ordered to be placed on the list for re- lieving the servants of Charles I, the sum of 3,0001. having been due to her husband at the time of his death. [Dauban's Nicholas Briot, Paris, 1857 (Eevue Numismatique, 1857, N". S. ii.); Hoffmann's Les monnaies royales de France, 1878 ; Annuaire de laSoc. Fran9aise de Numismatique, 1867, p. 152; Grueber's Guide to the English Medals exhibited in Brit. Mus. ; Hawkins's Medallic Illustrations, ed. Franks and Grueber ; Hawkins's Silver Coins of England, ed. Kenyon; Cochran-Patrick's Brisbane 352 Brisbane Becords of the Coinage of Scotland ; Henfrey's Numismata Cromwelliana, pp. 5, 224.] W. W. BRISBANE, SIB CHARLES (1769?- 1829), rear-admiral, fourth son of Admiral John Brisbane, who died 1807, was in 1779 entered on board the Alcide, commanded by his father, was present at the defeat of the Spanish fleet off" Cape St. Vincent, and the relief of Gibraltar in January 1780, and after- wards in the West Indies. In the end of 1781 he was placed on board the Hercules with Captain Savage, and was present in the action of Dominica, 12 April 1782, where he was badly wounded by a splinter. He con- tinued serving during the peace, and after the Spanish armament in 1790 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant 22 Nov. In 1793 he was in the Meleager frigate, in which he went out to the Mediterranean, and was actively employed on shore at Toulon, and afterwards in Corsica, both at San Fiorenzo and at the siege of Bastia, under the immediate orders of Captain Horatio Nelson, and like him sus- tained the loss of an eye from a severe wound in the head inflicted by the small fragments of an iron shot. He afterwards served for a short time in the Britannia, bearing the flag of Lord Hood, by whom he was spe- cially promoted to the command of the Tarleton sloop 1 July 1794, and served in her during the remainder of that and the following year in the squadron acting in the Gulf of Genoa, under the immediate orders of Nelson (Nelson Despatches, ii. 59 n, 105). In the autumn of 1795 he was sent from Gibraltar to convoy two troopships to Barbadoes. On his way thither he fell in with a Dutch squadron, which he kept com- pany with, sending the transports on by them- selves, till, finding that the Dutch were bound to the Cape of Good Hope, he made all haste to carry the intelligence to Sir George El- phinstone, the commander-in-chief on that station. His acting in this way, on his own responsibility, contrary to the orders under which he had sailed, had the good fortune to be approved of; and after the capture of the Dutch ships in Saldanha Bay, 18 Aug. 1796, he was promoted by Sir George to the com- mand of one of them ; but he had previously, 22 July, been promoted by Sir John Jervis, the commander-in-chief in the Mediterra- nean, under whose orders he had sailed, and he also received the thanks of the admiralty. He continued on the Cape station in com- mand of the Oiseau frigate, and was in her at St. Helena when a dangerous mutiny broke out on board. This was happily quelled by his firm and decisive measures, and he was shortly afterwards recalled to the Cape to take command of the Tremendous, Rear- admiral Pringle's flagship, on board which also the mutinous spirit had threatened extreme danger. In the course of 1798 he returned to England with Pringle in the Crescent frigate, and in 1801 was appointed to the Doris frigate, one of the squadron off" Brest, under Admiral Cornwallis. During the short peace he commanded the Trent frigate and the Sanspareil in the West In- dies. He was afterwards moved into the Goliath, in which on his way home he was nearly lost in a hurricane. In 1805 Bris- bane was appointed to the Arethusa frigate, which he took to the West Indies. Early in 1806 he had the misfortune to run the ship ashore amongst the Colorados rocks, near the north-west end of Cuba, and she was got off only by throwing all her guns over- board. In this defenceless condition she fell in with a Spanish line-of-battle ship off Ha- vana ; but fortunately the Spaniard, ignorant of the Arethusa's weakness, did not consider himself a match for even a 38-gun frigate, and ran in under the guns of the Moro Castle. Having refitted at Jamaica, the Arethusa was in August again off Havana, and on the 23rd, in company with the Anson of 44 guns, cap- tured the Spanish frigate Pomona, anchored within pistol-shot of a battery mounting eleven 36-pounders, and supported by ten gunboats. The gunboats were all destroyed and the bat- tery blown up, apparently by some accident to the furnaces for heating shot, by which the Arethusa had been set on fire, but with- out any serious consequences ( JAMES, Naval History (1860), iv. 169), though she had two men killed, and thirty-two, including Captain Brisbane, wounded. On 1 Jan. 1807 Brisbane, still in the Arethusa, with three other frigates, having been sent off Cu- racao, reduced all the forts and captured the island without serious difficulty or loss. The fortifications, both by position and armament, were exceedingly strong, but the Dutch were unprepared for a vigorous assault, and were, it was surmised, still sleeping off the effects of a new year's eve carousal, when, at earliest dawn, the English squadron sailed into the harbour. For his success on this occasion Brisbane was knighted, and he, as well as the other three captains, received a gold medal (ibid. iv. 275). He continued in com- mand of the Arethusa till near the end of 1808, when he was transferred to the Blake, of 74 guns, but was almost immediately after- wards appointed governor of the island of St. Vincent, which office he held, without any further service at sea, till his death in De- cember 1829. On 2 Jan. 1815 he had been nominated a K.C.B., and attained his flag Brisbane 353 Brisbane rank on 12 Aug. 1819. He married Sarah, daughter of Sir James Patey, knight, of Read- ing, and left several children. [Kalfe's Nav. Biog. iv. 84; Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. ii. (vol. i. pt. ii.) 730 ; Gent. Mag. (1830), c. i. 642.1 J. K. L. BRISBANE, SIB JAMES (1774-1826), commodore, fifth son of Admiral John Bris- bane, and brother of Rear-admiral Sir Charles Brisbane [q. v.], entered the navy in 1787 on board the Culloden. After serving in various ships he was transferred to the Queen Char- lotte, bearing the flag of Lord Howe, to whom he acted as signal-midshipman in the battle of 1 June. He was made lieutenant on 23 Sept. 1794, and served at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope. He was afterwards moved into the Monarch, Sir George Elphinstone's flag- ship, and was present in her at the capture of the Dutch squadron in Saldanha Bay 18 Aug. 1796. Sir George promoted Brisbane into one of the prizes, and soon afterwards moved him into the Daphne frigate, in command of which he returned to England. The promotion, how- ever, was not confirmed till 27 May 1797. In 1801 Brisbane was appointed to the command of the Cruiser sloop, attached to the Baltic fleet under Sir Hyde Parker. He was more particularly attached to the division under Lord Nelson, and on the nights of 30 and 31 March had especial charge of the work of sounding and buoying the channels approach- ing Copenhagen (Nelson Despatches, iv. 302- 303). In acknowledgment of his services on this occasion he was promoted to post rank on 2 April 1801, and in the latter part of the year commanded the Saturn as flag-captain to Rear-admiral Totty until the admiral's death, when the ship was paid off". From 1803-5 he had command of the sea fencibles of Kent, and in 1807 of the Alcmene frigate on the coast of Ireland and in the Channel. In 1808 he was appointed to the Belle Poule, a 38-gun frigate, and was ordered by Lord Colling- wood to take command of the squadron block- ading Corfu. Whilst so employed he captured on 15 Feb. 1809 the French frigate Var, which had endeavoured to break the blockade. He was afterwards engaged in the reduction of the Ionian islands and the establishment of the septinsular republic. He continued in the Adriatic till the summer of 1 8 1 1 , during which time he captured or destroyed several of the enemy's small cruisers, and was repeatedly en- gaged with their batteries on different parts of the coast. In September 1812 Brisbane was appointed to the Pembroke in the Channel fleet, and the following summer was again sent to the Mediterranean, where he was actively employed. In 1815 he again served in the VOL. VI. Mediterranean, and in 1816 in the expedition against Algiers. After the bombardment on 27 Aug. he was sent home with despatches, and on 2 Oct. received the honour of knight- hood. He had already been made a C.B. in June 1815. In 1825 he was appointed com- mander-in-chief in the East Indies, where he arrived in time to direct the concluding ope- rations of the first Burmese war, for his ser- vices in which he was officially thanked by the governor-general in council. His health, how- ever, had suffered severely, and was never re- established. He lingered for some months, and died at Penang on 19 Dec. 1826. He married in 1800 the only daughter of Mr. John Ventham, by whom he had one son and two daughters. [Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 400 ; James's Naval History (1860), vi. 337.] J. K. L. BRISBANE, JOHN (d. 1776 ?), physi- cian, a native of Scotland, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1750, and was admitted licen- tiate of the College of Physicians in 1766. He held the post of physician to the Middlesex Hospital from 1758 till 1773, when he was superseded for being absent without leave. His name disappears from the college list in 1776. He was the author of ' Select Cases in the Practice of Medicine,' 8vo, 1762, and 1 Anatomy of Painting, with an Introduction giving a short View of Picturesque Anatomy/ fol. 1769. This work contains the six Tables of Albinus, the Anatomy of Celsus, with notes, and the Physiology of Cicero. [Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 274; Lowndes's Bibl. Manual (Bohn), i. 272.] BRISBANE, SIB THOMAS MAKDOU- GALL- (1773-1860), general, colonial go- vernor, and astronomer, was the eldest son of Thomas Brisbane of that ilk, and was born at Brisbane House, Largs in Ayrshire, on 23 July 1773. His father had served at Cul- loden, and died in 1812, aged 92. His mother was Eleanor, daughter of Sir W. Bruce of Stenhouse. After spending some time at Edinburgh University, where he showed his taste for mathematics and astronomy, he was sent to an academy in Kensington, was ga- zetted an ensign in the 38th regiment in 1789, and joined it in Ireland in 1790, where he struck up an acquaintance with Arthur Wel- lesley, then aide-de-camp to the lord-lieu- tenant, which lasted all their lives. He was promoted lieutenant in 1792, and captain, at the age of twenty, in 1793, into the 53rd 'regi- ment, with which he served through the cam- paign of 1793-5 in Flanders under the Duke of York. He was wounded in the attack A A Brisbane 354 Brisbane on the camp of Famars, on 18 May 1793, and yet was present at the capture of Valen- ciennes, the battles before Dunkirk, at Nieuw- poort, and Nimeguen, and was often engaged in the disastrous winter retreat to Bremen He was promoted major in the 53rd on 5 Aug 1795, and in October of the same year accom panied his regiment to the West Indies in Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition. He was- present at the capture of the Morne Chalo and the Morne Fortunee in St. Lucia, at St Vincent, Trinidad, Porto Rico, and San Do- mingo, and returned home for his health in 1798. Nevertheless he had to return to Ja- maica in 1800, when he was gazetted lieu- tenant-colonel in the 69th regiment, but hac to come home again in 1803. In 1805 the 69th was ordered to India, but Colonel Bris- bane's health was not strong enough for a further residence in a hot country, and he reluctantly went on half-pay, and devoted himself to astronomy in the new observatory which he built at Brisbane. He still hoped for active service, and, on his promotion as colonel in 1810, accepted the post of assistant adjutant-general. In 1812 his old friend Arthur Wellesley, then the Marquis of Wellington, asked for his services, and he was made brigadier-general, and ordered to the Peninsula. He joined the army in the winter of 1812, and was posted to the command of the 1st brigade of the 3rd or fighting division, commanded by Picton. With Picton's division he was present at the battles of Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, the Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse, and was mentioned in despatches for his services at the last of these battles, where he was wounded. He had so thoroughly established Ids reputation in the south of France, that the Duke of Wellington recommended him for a command in America, and Major-general Brisbane, as he had become in 1813, accom- panied his Peninsular veterans to Canada, and commanded them at the battle of Plattsburg. This command lost him the opportunity of being present at Waterloo, but he commanded a brigade in the army of occupation in France, and for some time the second division there. His services were also rewarded by his being made a K.C.B. with the other Peninsular generals in 1814, on the extension of the order of the Bath. On the withdrawal of the army of occupation he returned to Scotland. In 1821 he was appointed governor of New South Wales, and his short government there marks an era of importance in the history of Australia, for it was during his term of office that emigration commenced. The first free emigrants were Michael Henderson and William Howe, who had gone out in 1818, ! during the government of General Macquarie. j That governor, whom Brisbane succeeded i on 1 Dec. 1821, had administered his go- j vernment with larger views than the four naval captains who had preceded him, and who had been little more than superin- tendents of the convict establishment, but he held that Australia was intended for the 1 emancipists,' or ticket-of-leave men, and rather discouraged immigration. Brisbane, on the contrary, unwisely threw all power into the hands of the immigrants, many of whom were mere adventurers. He found a colony of 23,000 inhabitants, and left 36,000, many of them free immigrants, with capital and a disposition to work. He introduced the cultivation of the vine, the sugar-cane, and the tobacco plant, and encouraged horse- breeding, and he took a particular interest in exploring the island. Under his auspices Mr. Oxley explored the coast to the north- ward of Sydney for a new penal settlement, and discovered the river to which he gave the name of Brisbane, and on which now stands the city of Brisbane, the capital of Queens- land. But Brisbane was, according to Dr. Lang, i a man of the best intentions, but dis- inclined to business, and deficient in energy ' (LANG, History of New South Wales, 1st ed. i. 149), and he allowed the most terrible confusion to grow up in the finances of the colony. The colonial revenue consisted chiefly of the subsidy of 200,000/. a year paid by the government for the support of the con- victs, and the corn for the colony had to be imported from India. This gave plenty of room for gambling, and by injudicious inter- ference with the currency the finances got into such confusion, that speculators made large fortunes, and the government was often on the point of bankruptcy. The eman- cipists declared that all this gambling had been caused by the governor's favouritism ; and though there is no ground for imputing wilful complicity to him, there is no doubt •hat the adventurers about him made use of their influence for their own advantage. The home government was at last obliged to take notice of these complaints, and on 1 Dec. 1825, after exactly four years in the colony, ae left for England, after weakly accepting a public dinner from the leading emancipists. 3n reaching England he was made colonel of the 34th regiment in 1826, and retired to Scotland, where he occupied himself with lis observatory and his astronomical inves- igations. H. M. S. Brisbane's innate scientific tastes had re- eived their confirmed bent towards astro- Brisbane 355 Brisbane nomy from a narrow escape of shipwreck, I owing to an error in taking the longitude during his voyage to the West Indies in j 1795. He thereupon procured books and j instruments, and made himself so rapidly j and completely master of nautical astronomy, that on his return to Europe he was able to work the ship's way, and in sailing from Port Jackson to Cape Horn in 1825 predicted within a few minutes the time of making land, after a run of 8,000 miles. His obser- vatory at Brisbane was the only one then in Scotland, except that on Garnet Hill at Glasgow. In equipment it was by far fore- most, possessing a 4^-foot transit and altitude- and-azimuth instrument, both by Troughton, besides a mural circle and equatorial. With these Brisbane worked personally, and became skilled in their use. During his Peninsular campaigns he took regular observations with a pocket-sextant, and, as the Duke of Wellington said, ' kept the time of the army.' While sheathing his sword on the evening of the battle of Vittoria lie exclaimed, looking round from a lofty emi- nence, ' Ah, what a glorious place for an ob- servatory ! ' In 1816 he was unanimously elected a corresponding member of the Paris Institute, in acknowledgment of his having ordered off a detachment of the allies reported as threatening its premises ; and in 1818 the Duke of Wellington caused some tables, com- Euted by him for determining apparent time pom the altitudes of the heavenly bodies, to be printed at the headquarters, and by the press of the army — probably a unique example of mili- tary publication. His first communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which had admitted him a member in 1811, was on the same subject. It was entitled ' A Method of determining the Time with Accuracy from a Series of Altitudes of the Sun taken on the same side of the Meridian ' ( Trans. R. Soc. Edin. viii. 497) ; and was succeeded in 1819 and 1820 by memoirs 'On the Repeating Circle,' and on a ' Method of determining the Latitude by a Sextant or Circle, with sim- plicity and accuracy, from Circum-meridian observations taken at Noon ' (ib. ix. 97, 227). On his appointment as governor of New South Wales in 1821, he immediately pro- cured a valuable outfit of astronomical in- struments by Troughton and Reichenbach, and engaged two skilled observers in Messrs. Riimker and Dunlop for the service of the first efficient Australian observatory. The site chosen was at Paramatta, fifteen miles from Sydney, and the building was com- pleted (at his sole cost) and opened for re- gular work 2 May 1822. Before eight months had elapsed most of Lacaille's 10,000 stars had been, for the first time, reviewed (chiefly by Riimker) ; Encke's comet had been recap- tured by Dunlop 2 June 1822, on its first predicted return, a signal service to come- tary astronomy ; besides careful observa- tions by Brisbane himself of the winter sol- stice of 1822, and the transit of Mercury, 3 Nov. 1822 (Trans. R. Soc. Edin. x. 112). A considerable instalment of results was printed at the expense of the colonial de- partment, and formed part iii. of the ' Phi- losophical Transactions' for 1829, but the great mass was digested into a star-cata- logue by Mr. William Richardson, of the Greenwich observatory, and printed in 1835, by command of the lords of the admiralty, with the title ' A Catalogue of 7,385 Stars, chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, prepared from Observations made 1822-6 at the Obser- vatory at Paramatta.' The value of this col- lection, known as the ( Brisbane Catalogue/ was unfortunately impaired by instrumental defects. For these services Brisbane re- ceived the gold medal of the Astronomical Society, in delivering which, 8 Feb. 1828, Sir John Herschel dwelt eloquently upon his 'noble and disinterested example,' and termed him * the founder of Australian sci- ence ' (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. iii. 399). His observations with an invariable pendulum in New South Wales were discussed by Captain Kater in the l Philosophical Transactions ' for 1823. The Paramatta observatory was, soon after Brisbane's departure from the colony in 1825, transferred to the govern- ment; it was demolished in 1855, and an obelisk erected in 1880 to mark the site of the transit instrument. After leaving New South Wales Brisbane devoted himself to scientific and philanthro- pic retirement, first at his seat of Makers- toun, near Kelso, and latterly at Brisbane House. Severe domestic afflictions visited him. By his marriage in 1819 with Anna Maria, heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall, whose name he took in addition to his own in 1826, he had two sons and two daughters ; all at various ages died before him. Never- theless, he did not yield to despondency. Shortly after his return to Scotland he built and equipped at large cost (for the equatorial alone he paid Troughton upwards of 600 /.) an observatory at Makerstoun — the third of his foundation — and took a personal share in the observations made there down to about 1847 (Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. v. 349 ; Monthly Notices, vii. 156, 167). To his initiative it was due that Scotland shared in the world- wide effort for the elucidation of the pro- blems of terrestrial magnetism set an foot by Humboldt in 1837. He founded at A A 2 Bristol 356 Bristow Makerstoun in 1841 the first magnetic ob- servatory north of the Tweed ; and his dis- cernment in entrusting its direction to John Allan Broun, and generous co-operation with his extended views, raised the establishment to a position of primary importance. The results, published at his and the Edinburgh Royal Society's joint expense (Trans. R. Soc. Edin. xvii.-xix. with suppl. to xxii.), formed the most valuable fruits of his enlightened patronage of science, and were rewarded with the Keith medal in 1848. This was the latest of his public honours. His membership of the Royal Society of London dated from 1810. He early entered the Astronomical Society, and was chosen one of its vice-pre- sidents in 1827; honorary degrees were con- ferred on him at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge in 1824, 1832, and 1833 respec- tively ; he was an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy, and acted as president of the British Association at its Edinburgh meeting in 1834. In 1833 he succeeded Sir Walter Scott as president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, an office which he retained till his death. He entrusted the society with the endowment of a medal, known as the 'Brisbane Biennial,' for the encouragement of scientific study, and he endowed another medal, to be awarded by the Scottish Society of Arts. He was created a baronet in 1836, and made G.C.B. in 1837. He became lieutenant-general in 1829, and general in 1841. His zeal for education took effect in his endowment of the Brisbane Aca- demy at Largs. Everywhere his professions ripened into acts worthy of his character as a Christian and a gentleman. His death oc- curred 27 Jan. 1860, in the same room where he had been born eighty-seven years pre- viously. A. M. C. [Bryson's Memoir in Trans. R. Soc. Edin. xxii. 589; Proc. R. Soc. xi. iii.; Monthly Notices, xxi. 98 ; Eraser's Genealogical Table of Sir T. M. Bris- bane, Edinburgh, 1840 ; R. Soc. Cat. Sc. Papers, vol. i. ; Gent. Mag. 1860, pt. i. 298 ; Royal Mili- tary Calendar; Lang's Hist, of New South Wales; Braim's Hist, of New South Wales to 1846.] BRISTOL, EAKLS OP. [See DIGBY.] BRISTOL, EAKL OF. [See HEEVET.] BRISTOL, RALPH DE (d. 1232), bishop of Cashel, is mentioned by William of Mal- mesbury as having granted fourteen days of indulgence to the abbey of Glastonbury. He became the first treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, in 1219, and was conse- crated bishop of Cashel in 1223. He died about the beginning of 1232. He is said to have written the life of his patron, Lawrence O'Toole, archbishop of Dublin ; but accord- ing to Baronius he supplied only the mate- rials for the work, which was written by a monk of Auge. [Ware's Works (ed. Harris), ii. 319 ; Cotton's Fasti Hibern. ii. 121, 189, 227.] BRISTOW, RICHARD, D.D. (1538- 1581), catholic divine, was born in 1538 at Worcester. t Fortunes mediocritas vera no- bilitate virtutis emersit ' (WOKTHINGTON, Vita Bristol, 1). Having been instructed in grammar learning by Roger Goulburne, M.A., he matriculated in the university of Oxford, perhaps as a member of Exeter College. He took the degree of B.A. on 17 April 1559, and that of M.A., as a member of Christ Church, on 25 June 1562, being 'now in great renown for his oratory ' ( WOOD, Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 161). At this period Bristow and Edmund Campion were 'the two brightest men of the university,' and upon this account were chosen to entertain Queen Elizabeth with a public disputation on the occasion of her visit to Oxford. This they did with great applause on 3 Sept. 1566 (WooD, Annals, ed. Gutch, ii. 159). About this time Bristow devoted himself to the study of divinity, and became so noted for his learning that Sir William Petre appointed him to one of his fellowships in Exeter College, to which he was admitted on 2 July 1567 (BoASE, Register of Exeter Coll. 45). It is related that in a set disputation in the divinity school he put Lau- rence Humphrey, the regius professor, ' to a non-plus.' At length, being convinced that he had erred in his religious opinions, he left the college in 1569 and proceeded to Louvain, where several learned catholics were residing. There he became acquainted with Dr. William Allen, who at once recognised his rare abilities and appointed him the first moderator or pre- fect of studies in his newly founded seminary at Douay. Bristow was always regarded by Allen as his ' right hand.' He was ordained at the Easter ordination held at Brussels in March 1572-3, being the first member of Douay College who entered the priesthood. Just before this (20 Jan. 1572-3) he had gra- duated as a licentiate of divinity in the uni- versity of Douay, and he was created a doctor in that faculty on 2 Aug. 1575. Meanwhile his mother and his whole family had gone over from England to Douay, viz. five children with a nephew and a niece; and also his uterine brother, Louis Vaughan, a layman, who being a good economist was employed for many years as house steward of the col- lege. When Allen removed the seminary to Bristow 357 Bristowe Rheims (1578), he placed it under the care of Bristow, whose laborious life was passed in reading, teaching, and publishing books of controversy. ' He did great things for God's church,' says Pits, ' and he would have done still greater if bad health had not prevented him.' On 13 May 1581 he went to Spa on account of declining health. He returned on 26 July without having derived benefit from drinking the waters, and he was ad- vised to try his native air. Accordingly, on 23 Sept. he set out for England, and soon after reaching the residence of Mr. Richard Bellamy, a catholic gentleman, at Harrow- on-the-Hill, Middlesex, he died there of con- sumption on 14 Oct. 1581 (Diaries of the English College, Douay, 183). His death was regarded as a severe loss to the catholic cause, for according to the character given of him in the college archives he might rival Allen in prudence, Campion in eloquence, Wright in theology, and Martin in languages (DoDD, Church Hist. ii. 60). His works are: 1. < A Brief e Treatise of diuerse plaine and sure wayes to finde out the truthe in this doubtful and dangerous time of Heresie : conteyning sundry worthy Motiues vnto the Catholike faith, or con- siderations to moue a man to beleue the Catholikes and not the Heretikes,' Antwerp, 1574, 1599, 12mo. A third edition, entitled 4 Motives inducing to the Catholike Faith,' was published [at Douay?] in 1641, 12mo. The ' Motives ' elicited a reply from William Fulke, D.D., entitled ' A Retentive to stay good Christians in the true Faith & Religion, against the Motiues of Rich. Bristow,' 1580. 2. ( Tabula in Summam Theologicam S.Thomse Aquinatis,' 1579. 3. ' A Reply to Will. Fulke, in Defense of M. D. Aliens Scroll of Articles, and Book of Purgatorie,' Louvain, 1580, 4to. Dr. Fulke soon brought out ' A reioynder to Bristows Replie in defence of Aliens Scrole of Articles and Booke of Purgatorie,' 1581. 4. ' Demaundes to be proponed of Catholikes to the Heretics,' 8vo. Several times printed without place or date. This was answered in a book entitled ' To the Seminary Priests late come over, some like Gentlemen,' £c., London, 1592, 4to. 5. A Defence of the Bull of Pope Pius V. 6. Annotations on the Rheims translation of the New Testament, manuscript. 7. ' Carmina Diversa,' manu- script. 8. 'Richardi Bristol Vigorniensis, •eximii svo tempore Sacrse Theologise Doctoris & Professoris, Motiva omnibus Catholicae Doctrinae orthodoxis cultoribus pernecessaria; vt quae singulas omnium aetatum ac prae- sentis maxime temporis hpereses funditus ex- tirpet: Romanae autem Ecclesioe auctorita- tem fidemq. firmissimis argumentis stabiliat,' 2 vols. Atrebati (Arras), 1608, 4to. The second volume is entitled ' Antihseretica Mo- tiva, cvnctis vnivs verge atqve solivs salvtaris Christiano-Catholicse Ecclesiae Fidei & Reli- gionis Orthodoxis cultoribus longe conduci- bilissima.' This book was translated into English by Thomas Worthington, who has prefixed a life of the author and also a com- pendium of the biography in Latin verse. It is a much larger treatise than the original English ' Motives.' 9. ' Veritates aureee S.R. ecclesise autoritatibus vet, patrum, &c.,' 1616, 4to. A posthumous work. Besides writing the above works, lie, in conjunction with Dr. William (afterwards cardinal) Allen, revised Gregory Martin's English translation of the Holy Scriptures, commonly known as the ' Douay Bible.' [Life by Worthington, prefixed to the Motiva; Diaries of the English Coll. Douay, pp. xxix, xxxii, xxxvi, Ixxiii, 141, 183, 270, 273, 274, and index ; Letters and Memorials of Card. Allen ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 482, and Fasti, i. 156, 161 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 59; Pits, De Angliae Scriptoribus, 779 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 127; R. Simpson's Life of CUmpion, 11, 46, 93, 94, 204, 379 ; Fuller's Worthies (1662), Worces- tershire, 176; Boase's Register of Exeter Coll. 45, 185, 208; J. Chambers's Biog. Illustr. of Worcestershire, 80 ; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers, 2nd ser. 57, 3rd ser. 110; Jessopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House, p. xv ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1059, 1071, 1148, 1635; Cat. Lib. Impress. Bibl. Bodl. i. 333; Cotton's Rh ernes and Doway, 13; Fulke's Defence of the Translation of the Scrip- tures, ed. Harrshorne (Parker Soc.), pp. viii, ix, 15, 68, 76, 95 n.] T. C. • BRISTOWE, EDMUND (1787-1876), painter, the son of an heraldic painter, was born at Windsor 1 April 1787, and passed his life at Windsor and Eton. At an early age he was patronised by the Princess Elizabeth, the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV), and others. He made sketches of well-known characters in Eton and Windsor, painted still life, interiors, and domestic and sport- ing subjects. He had great sympathy with animals, some power of rendering their cha- racteristic movements and expressions, and is said to have given suggestions to Landseer. In 1809 he exhibited at the Royal Academy ' Smith shoeing a Horse,' and was an occa- sional exhibitor there and at the rooms of the British Institution, and at those of the Society of British Artists, until the year 1838, when he exhibited the l Donkey Race ' at Suffolk Street. Bristowe was a man of independent ec- centric views, would not work to order, and sometimes refused to sell even his finished Brit 358 Brito productions. He is said to have excelled in the delineation of monkeys, cats, and horses. His works, feeble in technique and little known, are scattered about in private gal- leries, some being in the royal collection at Windsor. Among them may be mentioned 1 Monkey Pugilists,' ' Cat's Paw,' ' Law and Justice,' ' Incredulity,' ' The Rehearsal,' ' Pros and Cons of Life.' Engravings of a few of his wrorks have appeared in the ' Sporting Magazine ' and elsewhere. He produced little during the fifteen years immediately preceding his death, which took plate at Eton, 12 Feb. 1876. [Cat. Koy. Acad. ; Cat. Brit. Inst. ; Cat. Soc. Brit. Artists ; Windsor Gazette, 19 Feb. 1876; "Windsor Express, 19 Feb. 1876; Redgrave's Diet. of Artists (1878).] W. H-H. BRIT, BRYTTE, or BRITHUS, WALTER (ft. 1390), was a fellow of Mer- ton College, Oxford, and the reputed author of several works on astronomy and mathematics, as well as of a treatise on surgery. He has also been described as a follower of Wyclifte, and as author of a book, 'De auferendis clero possessionibus ' (see BALE, Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 94, p. 503 ; J. SIMLER'S epitome of C. GESNER'S Bibliotheca, 248 b, Zurich, 1574, folio ; WOOD, Antiquities of Oxford, i. 475). If this description be correct, Brit is no doubt identical with the Walter Brute, a layman of the diocese of Hereford, whose trial before Bishop John Trevenant of Hereford in 1391 is related at great length by Foxe (Acts and Monuments, i. 620-54, 8th ed. 1641). Foxe prints the articles of heresy with which Brute was charged, the speech in which he defended himself, and his ultimate sub- mission of his opinions to the determina- tion of the church. Thirty-seven articles were then drawn up and sent to the univer- sity of Cambridge to be confuted. Brute, however, appears to have escaped further mo- lestation. With respect to Brit's scientific writings considerable confusion prevails, and it seems probable that not one of the extant works ascribed to him is really his. The work most frequently cited is the ' Theorica Planetarum' (LELAND, Comm. de Script. Brit. p. 397), which bears his name in two manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Digby, xv. ff. 58 6-92, and Wood, 8 d, f. 93) ; but it is claimed for Simon of Bredon, also fellow of Merton, in the verses subjoined to another copy in the same collection (Digby, xlviii. f. 112 £), which, to judge from their contents, have a distinctly stronger presump- tion in favour of their accuracy. The work in question, which begins with the words ' Circulus ecentricus, circulus egresse cuspidis, et circulus egredientis centri idem sunt,' is further to be distinguished from another I treatise with the same title, of which the opening words are ' Circulus ecentricus, vel egresse cuspidis, vel egredientis centri, dicitur,' ! and of which the authorship is shown by the | notices collected by Baldassare Boncompagno j (Delia Vita e delle Opere di Gherardo Cre- monese e di Gherardo di Sabbionetta, pp. 76- 100, Rome, 1851, 4to) to be really due to the younger Gerard of Cremona (Gerardus de Sabloneto) in the thirteenth century. The latter has been repeatedly confounded with the ' Theorica ' indifferently assigned by the bibliographers to Brit and Bredon. Another ! treatise mentioned by Bale as the composi- ' tion of Brit is the ' Theoremata Planetarum,' which Tanner cites as that existing in the Digby MS. cxc. f. 190 b (now f. 169 A) ; but this manuscript dates from about the year 1300, and the wTork is by John Halifax (J. de Sacro Bosco). Finally, the ' Cirurgia Walteri Brit ' named in the ancient table of contents in another Digby MS. (xcviii. f. 1 6) has nothing corresponding to it in the volume itself but a set of English medical receipts whose author is not stated (f. 257). [Authorities cited in text, and Leland's Col- lectanea, v. 55 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 127.] E. L. P. BRITHWALD. [See BRIHTWALD.] BRITHWOLD. [See BRIHTWOLD.] BRITO or LE BRETON, RANULPH (d. 1246), canon of St. Paul's, is first men- tioned in the year 1221 as a chaplain of Hubert de Burgh. During the administra- tion of his patron he stood high in the favour of Henry III, and became the king's treasurer. On the fall of Hubert in 1232 many of the officers who had been appointed through his influence were removed, and their places given to countrymen of the new minister, Peter des Roches, the Poitevin bishop of Winchester. Among those displaced was Ranulph Brito, who wras accused of having misapplied the revenues which passed through his hands, and was subjected to a fine of 1,000/. He was also sentenced to banishment, but this penalty was afterwards remitted. Whether the charges brought against him were well founded or not, it is significant that his suc- cessor, Peter de Rievaulx (De Rivallis), is described by Matthew Paris as the ' nephew or son ' of the bishop of Winchester. In 1239 a certain William, who lay under sentence of death for various crimes, en- deavoured to save his own life by bringing accusations of treason against several persons of eminent position. Ranulph Brito, who» Briton 359 Brittain was then canon of St. Paul's, was one o those denounced ; and at the king's instanc he was arrested by the mayor of London an< committed to the Tower. The dean an< chapter of St. Paul's, in the absence of thi bishop of London, immediately pronouncec a general excommunication against all who had any share in this outrage upon a member of their body, and placed the cathedral under an interdict. The bishop of London supportec the action of the chapter, and, findingthe king unmoved by his remonstrances, threatened to extend the interdict to the whole of the city The legate, the archbishop of Canterbury, and several other prelates added entreaties and menaces, and the king was- obliged to yield. He at first struggled to obtain from the chapter an undertaking that the prisoner, if released, should be ready to appear when called upon to answer the charge made against him ; but they refused to entertain the demand, and Ranulph was set unconditionally at liberty. Shortly afterwards the informer confessed the falsity of the accusations which he had made, and was brought to the scaffold. Al- though admitting Ranulph's innocence of the crime of treason, Matthew Paris intimates that he had amassed a large fortune by various acts of extortion, the canons of Missenden being particularly mentioned as having suf- fered from his rapacity. He died suddenly in 1246, having been seized with apoplexy while watching a game of dice. The name of Ranulph Brito has been er- roneously inserted by Dugdale and others in the list of chancellors. This mistake arose from the word consiliarius, used by Matthew Paris, having been printed in Wats's edition as cancellarius. [Matt. Paris's Chron. Maj. (ed. Luard), iii. 220, 543-545, iv. 588; Eot. Glaus, i. 547; Foss's Lives of the Judges, ii. 262.] H. B. BRITON or BRETON, WILLIAM (d. 1356), theologian, is described as a Fran- ciscan by all the literary biographers (LELAND, Comm. de Script. Brit. p. 356, &c.) ; accord- ing, however, to H. O. Coxe (Catal. Codd. MSS. in Coll. Aulisque Oxon. i. 4), he was a Cistercian. No fact is known of his life, but Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. v. 89), who claims him, apparently by a guess, for a Welshman, places his death in 1356 at Grimsby. Briton's works, enumerated by Bale, are principally concerned with dialectics. His fame, how- ever, rests upon his ' Vocabularium Bibliee,' a treatise explanatory of obscure words in the Scriptures. The prologue and some other parts are in Latin verse. These, with addi- tional specimens, have been printed by A. M. Bandini in his * Catal. Codd. Latin. Biblioth. Medic. Laurent.' iv. 213 et seqq., Florence, 1777. Extracts are given by Ducange, 'Glos- sar. Med. et Infim. Latin.' praef., cap. xlix. [Authorities cited above, and Fabricius, Bi- blioth. Lat. Med. et Inf. JEt. i. 261, ed. Florence, 1858.] K. L. P. BRITTAIN, THOMAS (1806-1884), na- turalist, was born at Sheffield on 2 Jan. 1806. He was educated at a private school. He was engaged during the greater part of his life as a professional accountant, but be- came interested in natural science, and was very skilful in the preparation of diagrams and in the mounting of objects for the mi- croscope. He settled in Manchester about 1842, and continued to live there during the remainder of his life. In some contributions to Axon's ' Field Naturalist ' (Manchester, 1882, p. 148), he has told the story of his scientific studies from the time of his first microscope, which was obtained in 1834. In December 1858 he was one of the promoters of a Manchester Microscopical Society, which ultimately became a section of the Man- chester Literary and Philosophical Society. When a second Manchester Microscopical Society — a more popular association — was established in 1879, he repeatedly held the office of vice-president, and was afterwards Resident. On his retirement, from failing lealthand advanced years, he was presented ftdth an address at the Manchester Athenaeum, t Oct. 1883. Brittain was connected with ther scientific societies in Manchester and Condon. He was a clear and animated peaker, and for many years lectured on rarious subjects of natural science to a great lumber of the mechanics' and similar insti- utions. He made frequent contributions to he ' Manchester City News,' * Unitarian lerald,' and other papers on matters of sci- ntific interest. He was also connected with he unsuccessful attempt to establish a Man- hester aquarium, and had a short experience, rom 1858 to 1860, of municipal work. He ied at Manchester on 23 Jan. 1884. His vritings are : 1. ' Half a Dozen Songs by frittanicus,' Manchester, 1846, privately Tinted. 2. 'A General Description of the lanchester Aquarium,' 1874, a pamphlet •uide. 3. l Micro-Fungi, when and where o find them,' Manchester, 1882. This, in pite of some obvious defects, has been of onsiderable use to local students. It is arranged in the order of the months, and Lrst appeared in the ' Northern Micro- copist.' 4. ' Whist : how to play and how o win, being the result of sixty years' play/ Manchester, 1882. Brittain did not make my claim to be a discoverer, but he was a Britton 360 Britton pleasant exponent of science, and did much to popularise the taste for natural history in his adopted home. [Manchester G-uardian, 24 Jan. 1884; Uni- tarian Herald, 1 Feb. 1884 ; information from friends and personal knowledge.] W. E. A. A. BRITTON, JOHN. [See BRETON.] BRITTON, JOHN (1771-1857), anti- quary, topographer, and miscellaneous writer, was born on 7 July 1771 at Kington St. Michael, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, where his father was a small farmer, maltster, baker, and village shopkeeper. After a desultory education, in the course of which he acquired a love of reading, he went at sixteen to Lon- don, where he was apprenticed by an uncle to a tavern-keeper on Clerkenwell Green. Here he bottled wines in a cellar, snatching an occasional hour for the perusal of a few books. Here, too, he made the acquaintance of Ed- ward William Brayley [q. v.], who joined him in writing and issuing a popular ballad. He was next employed as a cellarman at the Lon- don Tavern, and in Smithfield, and as a clerk in an attorney's office. Amid these employ- ments, and the compilation of street song- books, he was led by the success of Sheridan's i Pizarro ' to produce in 1799 his first book, ' The Adventures of Pizarro, preceded by a sketch of the voyage and discoveries of Colum- bus and Pizarro, with biographical sketches of Sheridan and Kotzebue.' The publisher of a dramatic miscellany to which he contributed had long before received subscriptions for a topographical work, ' The Beauties of Wilt- shire.' He asked Britton to undertake its pre- paration, and, with the promise of Brayley's assistance, Britton consented. Two volumes appeared in 1801, and were successful. The third and concluding volume, to which Brit- ton prefixed an interesting autobiographical preface, did not appear until 1825. Mean- while, a publishing firm which had shared in the production of the ' Beauties of Wiltshire' engaged Britton and Brayley to co-operate in a larger enterprise, the first instalment of which appeared also in 1801 with the title 'The Beauties of England and Wales, or original delineations, topographical, histori- cal, and descriptive, of each county. By Ed- ward Brayley and John Britton.' The names of the two ' editors,' as they at first styled themselves, alternately took precedence of each other on the title-pages up to the seventh volume, after which each was assigned to its respective author. In the earlier volumes the letterpress seems to have been mainly Bray- ley's, while the general editing, including the direction of artists and engravers, was Brit- ton's. With the completion of the first five volumes in 1803-4, subscribers were informed that the l authors ' had travelled over an extent of 3,500 miles to inspect the localities described. There had been scarcely any work of the kind so comprehensive in its plan since the appearance of the ' Magna Britannia ' (1720-31). Vol. vii., containing Lancashire, Leicestershire, and Lincolnshire, was wholly Britton's composition, but difficulties with the proprietors suspended his editorship. Subsequently he contributed Norfolk and Northamptonshire to vol. xi. (1810), and Wiltshire to vol. xv. (1814). Britton esti- mated the sum expended on the work during his connection with it as joint-editor at 50,000^. Partly while he was occupied with it^he contributed to Rees's ' Cyclopaedia ' the articles on British topography. That on Avebury he afterwards expanded for the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' for which he wrote the account of Stonehenge. He also contributed the articles on British topography and an- tiquities to Arthur Aikin's ' Annual Review.' The proprietors of the l Beauties ' wished to restrict the illustrations of antiquities. Britton therefore produced separately the 1 Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain represented and illustrated in a series of views, elevations, plans, sections, and details of va- rious ancient English edifices, with historical and descriptive accounts of each/ 4 vols. 1805-14, and to these was added in 1818-26 . a supplementary volume — the best of the series — ' Chronological History and Graphic Illustrations of Christian Architecture in England, embracing a critical enquiry into the rise, progress, and perfection of this species of architecture.' The letterpress was meagre, but the artistic excellence of the illustrations procured success for what Southey (Quarterly Review for September 1826) pronounced to be the ' most beautiful work of the kind that had ever till then appeared.' Eight thousand pounds was expended on the work, in which Britton held a third share. His next important undertaking was the ' Cathedral Antiquities of England, or an historical, architectural, and graphic illustration of the English Cathedral Churches,' 14 vols. 1814-35. The title of the first volume is l The History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, illus- trated by a series of engravings of views, ele- vations, and plans of that edifice ; also etchings of the ancient monuments and sculpture, in- cluding Biographical Anecdotes of the Bishops and of other eminent persons connected with the Church.' No complete publication of the kind had appeared since Browne Willis's ' Sur- vey of the Cathedrals ' in 1742, and more than 20,000^ was expended on the production of Britton 361 Britton Britton's work. But, in spite of its excellence, it was so little a financial success, that its publication had to be cut short, leaving un- touched the cathedrals of Carlisle, Chester, Chichester, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, and Ro- chester. At the end of vol. iv., while thanking the public for its purchase of 800 copies, Britton complains with natural warmth of the scant encouragement or information re- ceived from cathedral authorities. To No. 53 (August 1835) he prefixed a sketch of the history of the work, with a continuation to that date of his literary autobiography since 1825, the period which it had reached in vol. iii. of the * Beauties of Wiltshire.' During the progress of the work he produced, with the co- operation of Pugin, the ' Specimens of Gothic Architecture' (1823-5), and the 'Architec- tural Antiquities of Norway ' (1825). In 1825-8 appeared his ' Public Buildings of London,' engraved and described, and in 1832-8 his useful ' Dictionary of the Archi- tecture and Archaeology of the Middle Ages.' He co-operated with Bray ley in the produc- tion of the valuable ' History and Descrip- tion of the Ancient Palace and Houses of Parliament at Westminster ' (1834-6), and contributed the letterpress to the 'Archi- tectural Description of Windsor' (1842). On 7 July 1845 Britton was entertained at dinner at Richmond by a number of ad- j mirers. After the formation of a Britton j Club in the December of the same year, a sum of nearly 1,000/. was raised by a subscription, Britton having previously intimated his in- j tention to devote any money so raised to the publication of an autobiography. He ac- cepted an annual pension on the civil list I procured for him by Mr. Disraeli when chan- • cellor of the exchequer. In 1850 appeared * The Autobiography of John Britton. In three parts.' Part i. scarcely brought down i his autobiography further than 1825, but it was written very much more fully than the ; previous fragments. Part ii. (and last) is a * descriptive account ' of his literary produc- ! tions of every kind, drawn up by Mr. T. E. i Jones, who had for fifteen years been his ! amanuensis and secretary. Britton died in j London on 1 Jan. 1857. "There is a succinct i but adequate account of Britton's services to j archaeological art in Mr. Digby Wyatt's obitu- ary ' notice ' of him read before the Royal In- i stitute of British Architects on 12 Jan. 1857, j and published in the volume of its ' Papers ' i for 1856-7. Britton was for many years an active mem- ber of the Royal Literary Fund, and his pro- I tests against the provisions of the Copyright j Acts compelling the transmission of eleven | copies of every work, however costly, pub- ! lished in the United Kingdom to certain public and other libraries, contributed to the reduction of that number to six. He was instrumental in founding the Wiltshire Topo- graphical Society. Having corresponded on the subject in 1831 with the first Lord Lans- downe, he proposed in 1837 the formation of a society to be called ' The Guardian of Na- tional Antiquities,' and in 1840 he published a 'Letter to Joseph Hume on the subject of making some government provision for preserving the ancient monuments of Great Britain.' Britton himself successfully pro- moted the reparation of Waltham Cross and of the parish church of Stratford-upon-Avon. Several of Britton's minor publications not previously noticed deserve mention. In 1816 he issued an engraved view of Shakespeare's bust in the church of Stratford with ' Re- marks,' in which he disputed the genuineness of the accepted portraits, and contended for the superior value of the bust as a likeness. His ' Remarks on the Life and Writings of Shakespeare' in the Whittingham edition of 1814 were expanded in successive edi- tions, with a useful list appended of essays and dissertations on Shakespeare's dramatic writings. Britton's ' Memoir of Aubrey/ 1845 (for the Wiltshire Topographical So- ciety), is one of the best biographies of the Wiltshire antiquary that have appeared, and contains interesting extracts from Aubrey's unpublished correspondence. For the same society Britton edited all that is valuable in Aubrey's (until then unpublished) ' Natural History of Wiltshire,' 1843. In 1830 he published an annotated edition of Anstey's 'New Bath Guide,' and in 1848 'The Author- ship of the Letters of Junius elucidated, in- cluding a biographical memoir of Colonel Barr6,' to whom he attributed them (see Quarterly Review for December 1851). Be- sides being one of the most continuously productive writers and editors of his time, Britton for many years performed the duties of surveyor and clerk to a local board of commissioners. [Britton's writings, especially his Autobio- graphy; Gent. Mag. February 1857; Builder, 10 Jan. 1857 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. E. BRITTON, THOMAS (1654 P-1714), the celebrated ' musical small-coal man,' was born at either Higham Ferrers or Welling- borough, Northamptonshire, about the mid- dle of the seventeenth century. He came up to London at an early age and apprenticed himself to a vendor of small coal in St. John Street, Clerkenwell, for seven years. At the end of this time his master gave him a small sum not to set up a rival establish- Britton 362 Britton ment. Britton accordingly returned to his native place, but his money being soon spent he came back to London and hired a stable near his old quarters, where he started in business for himself. He was settled in this manner in the year 1677, at which time it is recorded that he paid 47. a year rent. His house was at the north-east corner of Jerusalem Passage, on the site now occupied by the Bull's Head Inn. Britton divided the stable into two stories, the lower of which he used as his coal shop, while the upper formed a long low room to which access was gained by a ladder-like staircase from the outside. ( His Hut wherein he dwells,' says Britton's neighbour, Edward Ward, l which has long been honoured with such good Company, looks without Side as if some of his Ancestors had happened to be Executors to old snorling Diogenes, and that they had carefully transplanted the Athenian-Tub into Clerkenwell ; for his House is not much higher than a Canary Pipe, and the Window of his State Room but very little bigger than the Bunghole of a Cask.' In these unpromising quarters he established, in 1678, his celebrated musical club, the idea of which was originated, or at least fostered, by Roger L'Estrange, him- self a good performer on the bass viol. Here on every Thursday for nearly forty years were held those remarkable concerts of vocal and instrumental music which are so curious a feature in the social life of the time. The admission was at first without payment, but (according to Walpole) after a time a yearly subscription of 10*. was charged, and coffee was supplied at \d. a dish. This statement is, however, rendered doubtful by the follow- ing entry from Thoresby's ' Diary : ' ' 5 June 1712. In our way home called at Mr. Britton's, the noted small-coal man, where we heard a noble concert of music, vocal and instrumental, the best in town, which for many years past he has had weekly for his own entertainment, and of the gentry, &c., gratis, to which most foreigners of distinc- tion, for the fancy of it, occasionally resort.' The greatest performers of the day, both pro- fessional and amateur, might be heard here. Handel played the organ (which had only five stops), Pepusch presided at the harpsichord, *a Rucker's virginal, thought the best in Europe,' Banister played first violin, and John Hughes, Abel Whichello, J. Woolaston, and many other amateurs took part in the performances, while leaders of fashion like the Duchess of Queensberry were amongst the audience. At one time Britton took a more commodious room in the next house for his concerts, but this was not a success ; so he returned to his old quarters, where, as Ward expresses it with more force than elegance, ' any Body that is willing to take a hearty Sweat, may have the Pleasure of hearing many notable Performances in the charming Science of Musick.' But Britton' s- tastes were not confined to music alone. From a neighbour of his, Dr. Garencier, physician to the French embassy, he ac- quired a love of chemistry, and constructed for himself at a very small cost what Hearne calls ' an amazing elaboratory.' It is said that a Welsh gentleman was so delighted with this structure that he commissioned Britton to make him a similar one in Wales for a handsome fee. It was probably his love of chemistry which caused Britton to turn his attention to the occult sciences, of works relating to which he formed a large and valuable collection. His knowledge of biblio- graphy brought him into connection with Harley, earl of Oxford, the Duke of Devon- shire, and the Earls of Pembroke, Winchil- sea, and Sunderland. These noblemen used every Saturday throughout the winter to form book-hunting expeditions in the city. Their meeting-place was at Christopher Bate- man's in Paternoster Row, where they were often joined by Britton, who would appear in his blue smock and with the coal-sack which he had been carrying about the streets all the day ; for in spite of his literary and artistic tastes he continued until his death to sell coal in the streets of London. The collection known as the ' Somers Tracts ' is said to have been formed by him and sold to Lord Somers for over 500Z. His death was no less singular than his life. A Mr. Robe, a Middlesex magistrate who frequented Brit- ton's concerts, one Thursday brought with him (unknown to the small-coal man) a fa- mous ventriloquist named Honeyman. This man, who was a blacksmith living in Bear Street, Leicester Square, was known as ' the talking smith,' and many stories are related of his wonderful powers. Britton was known ! to be superstitious, and by way of playing : upon his fears Honeyman announced in an I assumed voice that unless he immediately fell upon his knees and repeated the Lord's ; prayer he would die within a few hours. ' The terrified small-coal man immediately | did as he was told, but the fright was too- much for him, and he actually died, aged I upwards of sixty, within a few days. His- I funeral, which took place on 1 Oct. 1714r ; attracted a large concourse of people. He j was buried in a vault at St. James's, Clerken- | well, but no monument marks the exact spot. Britton left but little property to his j widow, save his collections of books and Briwer 363 Broadbent musical instruments. The latter, together with his music, were sold by auction at his friend Ward's on 6, 7, and 8 Dec. 1714, and fetched about 180Z. The catalogue is still extant, and has been reprinted in Hawkins's * History of Music.' His books, which numbered about fourteen hundred volumes, were sold later. Britton's intimacy with so many persons of high rank gave rise to all sorts of rumours as to his being a Jesuit, a magician, and such like, though in reality ' he was an extraordinary and a very valuable man, much admired both by the gentry, even of those of the best quality, and by all others of the more inferior rank that had any manner of regard for probity, ingenuity, diligence, and humility.' In person he was short, stout, and of 'an honest, ingenuous countenance.' He was twice painted by Woolaston : (1) in his smock with his coal- measure in his hand, and (2) in the act of tuning a harpsichord. The former is in the National Portrait Gallery, and was engraved by J. Simon in mezzotint. Under the print are some eulogistic verses by Britton's friend, the poet Hughes, beginning Tho' mean thy rank, yet in thy humble cell. From this portrait is derived the engraving by Haddocks in Caulfield's 'Remarkable Persons ' (i. 77). The second picture seems to have disappeared, but it is known by a mezzotint engraving by Thomas Johnson, under which are verses attributed to Prior, the first line of which runs Tho' doom'd to small-coal, yet to Arts ally'd. The head from this portrait was copied by C. Grignion for Hawkins's ' History.' There is a small full-length of Britton, with his coal-sack over his shoulder, in the ' London Magazine ' for February 1777. [Pohl's Mozart in London, p. 47 ; Bingley's Musical Biography, p. 375 ; Thoresby's Diary, 5 June 1712 (ii. Ill); Noble's Continuation of Granger, ii. 345 ; Reliquiae Hearnianae (ed. Bliss), p. 339 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 277 ; Pinks's History of Clerkenwell (ed. Wood), pp. 11, 94, 196, 277-9; Ward's Compleat and Humorous Account of all the remarkable Clubs in the Cities of London and Westminster, &c., p. 299; Gent. Mag. 1773, p. 437; Notes and Queries' 2nd series, xi. 445, 3rd series, vii. 421 ; Burney's Hist, of Music, iii. 470; Hawkins's Hist, of Music (ed. 1853), p. 788 ; Catalogue of the National Portrait Gallery; Registers of St. James's, Clerkenwell.] W. B. S. BRIWER, WILLIAM. [See BEEWEB.] BRIXIUS. [See BBICIB.] BROADBENT, WILLIAM (1755-1827), Unitarian minister, the son of William and Elizabeth Broadbent, was born 28 Aug. 1755. He was educated for the ministry at Da- ventry academy (August 1777-June 1782), first under Thomas Robins, who resigned the divinity chair in June 1781 from loss of voice, and afterwards under Thomas Belsham [q.v.] Broadbent became classical tutor to the aca- demy in August 1782, and in January 1784 he exchanged this appointment for that of tutor in mathematics, natural philosophy, and logic. Belsham resigned the divinity chair in June 1789, having become a Unitarian, and the academy was removed in November to Northampton. Broadbent continued to act as tutor till the end of 1791, when he became minister atWarrington (he took out his license on 18 Jan. 1792), and removed to Cockey Moor. At this time his views were of the average Daventry type. But at Warrington he re-examined his theological convictions, i and becoming a Unitarian of the Belsham school, he succeeded in carrying nearly all his congregation with him. Broadbent from his eighteenth year kept up a close friendship with Belsham ; in Williams's chaotic ' Memoirs ' of Belsham (1833, 8vo) are some fragments of their correspondence. Biblical exegesis was Broadbent's favourite study, and textual interpretation played a prominent part in his preaching. He resigned his Warrington charge in the spring of 1822, induced by broken health and the depressing effects of the loss of his son. He died at Latchford, near Warrington, on 1 Dec. 1827, and was buried in the Warrington chapel on 6 Dec. THOMAS BIGGIN BEOADBENT (1793-1817), only child of William Broadbent, born at Warrington on 17 March 1793, entered Glas- gow College in November 1809. After gra- duating in April 1813 he became classical tu- tor in the Unitarian academy at Hackney, an office he filled till 1816, preaching latterly at Prince's Street Chapel, Westminster, during a vacancy. His pulpit powers were remark- able. Resigning his London work, he returned to Warrington to pursue his ministerial train- ing as his father's assistant. He died of apo- plexy on 9 Nov. 1817. He prepared for the press, in 1816, portions (1 and 2 Cor., 1 Tim., and Titus) of Belsham's 'Epistles of Paul the Apostle,' published 1822, 4 vols. 8vo. He also edited the fourth edition, 1817, 8vo, of the ' Improved Version ' of the New Testa- ment, originally published 1808, 8vo, under Belsham's superintendence. Two of his sermons, published posthumously in 1817, reached a second edition. [Monthly Eepos. 1810, p. 362, 1817, p. 690 (memoir by H. G. [Holbrook Gaskell?]), 1818, Broadfoot 364 Broadwood p 1 sq (portrait of T. B. Broadbent from minia- ture by Partridge), 1822, pp. 198, 285, 289, 1828, p.69;Villiams'8Mem.ofBe]Bh&m,1833fp.610; information from Eev. E. Pilcher.] A. Gr. BROADFOOT, GEORGE (1807-1845), major, the eldest of three brothers who all fell in the service of their country, entered the Indian army as an ensign in the 34th regi- ment of Madras native infantry, in January 1826. The greater part of his earlier service was passed with his regiment. Returning to England on furlough in 1836, he held the appointment of orderly officer at Addiscombe for thirteen months. In May 1841 he was .sent to Cabul in command of the escort which accompanied the families of the Afghan -chiefs, Shah Sujah and Zeman Shah to that place. On reaching Cabul, a portion of the escort was formed into a company of sappers and miners, which, under the command of Broadfoot, marched with Sir Robert Sale's force from Cabul to Jellalabad in October 1841, Broadfoot being specially mentioned in the despatches for his gallantry in the actions with the Afghans between Cabul and Gan- damak. At Jellalabad Broadfoot became gar- rison engineer, and by his skill and vigour .speedily restored the defences of the town, which had been found in a ruinous condi- tion. During the siege of Jellalabad by the Afghans, Broadfoot was the life and soul of the garrison, and aided by his friend Have- lock, then a captain of foot [see HAVELOCK, SIB HENKY], was instrumental in prevent- ing a capitulation, which at one time had been resolved on by Sir Robert Sale and a majority of the principal officers of the force. In one of the sorties made by the beleaguered garrison Broadfoot was severely wounded. He subsequently accompanied General Pol- lock's army of retribution to Cabul, again distinguishing himself in the actions which were fought at Mammu Khel, Jagdallak, and Tezin. At the close of the war he was created a companion of the Bath, and was appointed commissioner of Moulmein, from which office he was transferred to that of agent to the governor-general on the Sikh frontier. While filling the latter post Broadfoot was present at the sanguinary engagements of Mudki and Ferozshah, in the last of which (21 Dec. 1845) he was mortally wounded. His death and his services were thus de- scribed in Sir Henry Hardinge's report on the battle : ' It is now with great pain that I have to record the irreparable loss I have •sustained, and more especially the East India Company's service, in the death of Major Broadfoot of the Madras army, my political agent. He was thrown from his horse by a shot, and I failed in prevailing upon him to leave the field. He remounted, and shortly afterwards received a mortal wound. He was brave as he was able in every branch of the political and military service.' [Annual Register, 1845 ; Kaye's History of the War in Afghanistan, vols. ii. and iii. 3rd ed. 1874 ; India Office records.] A. J. A. BROADWOOD, JOHN (1732-1812), pianoforte manufacturer, was born at Cock- burnspath, Dunbar, N.B., in 1732. He came of an old family of Northumbrian yeomen, who. in the sixteenth century owned land near Hexham, but in the eighteenth century moved into Scotland. Broadwood's grandfather was John Broadwood of Old- hamstock, East Lothian, who married (1679) one Katherine Boan. His youngest son, James, married Margaret Pewes, and their eldest son was the celebrated pianoforte maker. Broadwood is said to have walked from Scotland to London to seek his fortune as a cabinet-maker. He found employment and ultimately entered into partnership with Burkhardt Tschudi, a Swiss harpsichord maker, who came to England in 1718, and in 1732 had taken the house in Great Pulteney Street, which is still the place of business of his descendants. In 1769 Tschudi retired (re- serving to himself certain royalties and the right of tuning harpsichords at the oratorios) in favour of Broadwood, who had married his daughter Barbara, though for some time longer the style of the firm remained Tschudi & Broadwood. After the death of Tschudi (in 1773) his son entered for a short time into partnership with Broadwood, but in 1783 the business was in the sole hands of the latter, and remained so until 1795, when Broadwood's eldest son, James Tschudi Broadwood, was taken into partnership with his father. The latter died in 1812 and was buried in the burial-ground of the metho- dist chapel in Tottenham-Court Road. Without entering into technical details it is impossible to describe the changes and improvements introduced in the construction of pianofortes by Broadwood and his partners. The history of the firm during this period is practically the history of the pianoforte, and the instruments manufactured in Great Pulteney Street acquired a European reputa- tion by means of their admirable qualities. Broadwood's first patent, dated 17 July 1783, is for a ' new constructed pianoforte, which is far superior to any instrument of the kind heretofore constructed,' but it is known that prior to this he was engaged in assisting Brocas 365 Brocas1 Americus Backers in perfecting the so-called English or direct lever action, which was patented by Backers's apprentice after his master's death in 1777. Personally Broad- wood was an amiable and cultivated man, and his society was sought after by many of the most influential personages of the day. He was a clear-headed man of business, and very independent and energetic. There is a portrait of him painted at the age of eighty by John Harrison, which was engraved by W. Say and published on 1 Aug. 1812. [Grove's Diet, of Musicians, i. 278 a, &c. ; Specifications of Patents relating to Music and Musical Instruments ; information from Miss Broadwood and Mr. A. J. Hipkins ; International Inventions Exhibition Catalogues, &c.] W. B. S. BROCAS, SisBERNARD (1330 P-1395), third son of Sir John de Brocas, knight, of Clewer and Windsor, who was master of the horse to King Edward III, was born about 1330. The family came from Gascony, where they had fought and suffered for the English cause against the French for several genera- tions before John de Brocas became an officer of the household of Edward II, and settled in England. Brocas was one of the favourite knights of the Black Prince, with whom he was certainly present at the battle of Poitiers, almost certainly at Crecy and Najara. After the peace of Bretigny, he and other members of his family were employed in the settlement of Aquitaine, where he held the office of constable, and on the death of the prince he was specially invited to his funeral. He was also a friend of William of Wykeham, whose first acquaintance with his family seems to have been connected with the building of Windsor Castle, in the earlier operations of which Sir John had been employed. Of the three knights present by invitation at Wyke- ham's enthronement at Winchester, Brocas was one. In the year 1377, Wykeham's first act, after emerging from the difficulties in which he had been placed by his political struggle with John of Gaunt, was to make Brocas ' chief surveyor and sovereign warden of our parks . . . throughout our bishopric.' Soon after this he became the chief trustee of the Brocas estates. Immediately after the death of Edward III, Brocas was appointed captain of Calais, an appointment which he held only for a short time, but he was now constantly employed in various diplomatic and military services. He also sat for Hampshire in ten parliaments, closely connected, as it would seem, with Wykeham in his political line of conduct — from 1367 to 1395. On or soon after Richard's marriage with Anne of Bohemia, he became the queen's chamberlain, and he is said to have also been chamberlain to the Comte de Hainault. Brocas was thrice married : (1) About 1354, to Agnes, daughter and heiress of Sir Mauger Vavasour of Denton, Yorkshire, from whom he was divorced. (2) In 1361, to Mary des Roches, daughter and heiress of Sir John des Roches, and collaterally descended from Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester. This lady was the widow of Sir John de Borhunte, knight. With her Brocas received several estates, amongst others Roche Court, near Fareham, Hampshire, which has continued ever since in possession of his lineal de- scendants and representatives. Through this second marriage Sir Bernard became master of the royal buckhounds, an hereditary office retained by his descendants for three centu- ries. (3) To Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh Tyrrell, in 1382, soon after which he parted with some of his estates to the priory of Southwick, and others to the parish church of Clewer, where he founded the Brocas chantry. Before his second marriage Brocas came, through the agency of his uncle, Bernard Brocas, rector of Guildford, into possession of the estate which formed his chief property, Beaurepaire, near Basingstoke. Here he built a house, which has long ago been pulled down. Brasses and monuments of the Brocas family are still to be seen in the neighbouring churches of Sherborne St. John and Bramley. Brocas died in 1395, and was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel in West- minster Abbey. That his handsome monu- ment stands so close to the royal tombs is a mark of the estimation in which he was held by his master. The inscription on the tomb runs thus : ' Hie jacet Bernardus Brocas miles T. T. quondam camerarius Anne Re- gine Anglie cujus anime propitietur Deus.' The recumbent figure is apparently of a much later date, but certainly antecedent to the time of Addison, who, in the ' Spectator,' describes the verger of the abbey as pointing out to Sir Roger de Coverley 'the old lord who cut off" the King of Morocco's head,' a story which deeply impressed Sir Roger. The remark was occasioned by the crest, which represents what is heraldically called ' a Moor's head orientally crowned.' This crest is found on the seals of Sir Bernard Brocas, along with the lion rampant of the Brocas arms, as early as 1361. He was the first to use it, and it has been borne by his descendants ever since, but its origin is not known. It was, of course, granted by Ed- ward III, and probably represented some Brochmael 366 Brock feat of war or chivalry. It may be remarked that the features of the ' Moor ' are repre- sented in all the seals as of the distinct, and even exaggerated, negro type. The son of Brocas by his second wife, of the same name as himself, who also held office at Kichard's court, was executed in 1400 by Henry IV for his share in the con- spiracy formed in favour of his dethroned master. Shakespeare mentions him in his ' Richard II ' as one of the conspirators — My lord, I have from Oxford sent to London The heads of Brocas and Sir Bennet Seely, Two of the dangerous consorted traitors That sought at Oxford thy dire overthrow. In some of these details the poet was misled by his authorities. The ' Brocas ' at Eton and ' Brocas Street ' in Windsor take their name from this family, to whom considerable portions of Eton and Windsor once belonged. [Family papers ; Gascon Rolls ; Eecord Office papers ; The Family of Brocas, of Beaurepaire and Roche Court. Hereditary Masters of the Royal Buckhounds, with some hints towards a history of the English Government of Aquitaine, by Montagu Burrows, Capt.R.N., F.S.A., Chichele Professor of Modern History.] M. B. BROCHMAEL, YSGYTHRAWG (fi. 584), king of Powis, is mentioned inLlywarch Hen's elegy (trip. 37), a poem which Dr. Guest (Origines Celticce, ii. 289) has referred to the overthrow of Uriconium and the desolation of the Severn Valley by Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons in 584. The country of Kyn- dylan, the chief whose death Lly warch Hen bewails, is there called the land of Brochmael, and it is probable, therefore, that Brochmael was lord of that part of Britain, and that it was under his command that the Welsh (Britons) checked Ceawlin's career of con- quest at Fethan-leag or Faddiley. When in 613 (Annales Cambrics; A.-S. Chron. 607) ^Ethelfrith of Northumbria overthrew the Welsh at the battle of Chester, Baeda says that the monks of Bangor who had come to pray for the success of their countrymen were under the care of Brochmael, who stayed with them while the battle was fought, and who left them and fled when the victorious ^Ethel- frith attacked them. In this battle Selim, the son of Cynan, was slain, and as Cynan is said to have been the son of Brochmael, it is evident that he must have been an old man at the time, and 'therefore may very well have been king of Powis when Ceawlin [q. v.] attacked Uriconium' (GUEST). [G-uest's Origines Celtic®, ii. 299, 308, 326 ; Annales Cambrise an. 613, Rolls Ser. ; Baeda, Hist. Eccl. ii. 2 (Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Anglo-Saxon Chron. an. 584, 607, Rolls Ser.] W. H. BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE (1762- 1842), bailiff of Guernsey from 1821 to 1842, belonged to an English family established in Guernsey as early as the sixteenth century. His father, John Brock of St. Peter's, who had been a midshipman in the royal navy, mar- ried Elizabeth de Lisle, daughter of the then lieutenant-bailiff of the island, and by her had fourteen children, ten of whom attained maturity. John Brock died in 1777, at the age of 48. Daniel de Lisle, his third son, was born in Guernsey on 10 Dec. 1762. After such schooling as the island afforded in those days, he was placed at Alderney under the tuition of M. Vallat, a Swiss pas- tor, afterwards rector of St. Peter-in-the- Wood, Guernsey, and subsequently at a school at Richmond, Surrey. He was, how- ever, taken away at the age of fourteen to ac- company his father, who was in failing health, to France, where the latter died at Dinan. He spent about twelve months in visiting the Mediterranean, Switzerland, and France, in 1785-6, and twelve years later, in 1798, was elected a jurat of the royal court of Guern- sey, from which time his name is intimately associated with the history of his native place. On four separate occasions, between 1804 and 1810, he was deputed by the states and royal court of Guernsey to represent them in London, in respect of certain measures affecting the trade and ancient privileges of the island. In 1821 he was appointed bailiff, or chief magistrate, of the island, and soon after was again despatched to London, to protest, which he did with success, against the extension to Guernsey of the new law prohibiting the import of corn until the price should reach 80s. a quarter. In 1832, when the right of the inhabitants to be tried in their own courts was menaced by a proposed extension of the power of writs of habeas corpus to the island, Brock and Mr. Charles de Jersey, king's procureur, were sent to Lon- don to oppose the measure, and did so with success. Three years later Brock was once more despatched to London at the head of a deputation to protest against the proposed de- privation of the Channel Islands of their right of exporting corn into England free of duty. Owing to the remonstrance of the deputation, a select committee of the House of Commons was appointed to inquire into the subject, and the bill was subsequently withdrawn. On this occasion the states of Jersey pre- sented Brock with a service of plate valued at 100/., and his portrait was placed in the royal court-house of Guernsey. Brock was married and had two children : a son, who became a captain in the 20th foot, and a daughter. He died in Guernsey on 24 Sept. Brock 367 Brock 1842. A public funeral was accorded to his remains, in recognition of his long and valued services to his native island. [Tupper's Life of Sir Isaac Brock (2nd ed. London, 1847), appendix B ; Jacob's Annals of the Bailiwick of Guernsey (Paris, 1830), part i.] H. M. C. BROCK, SIR ISAAC (1769-1812), major- general, commanding in Upper Canada in 1812, was the eighth son of John Brock of Guernsey [see BROCK, DANIEL DE LISLE], and was born in Guernsey 6 Oct. 1769. He is described by his nephew and biogra- pher, F. B. Tupper, as having been, like his brothers, a tall, robust, precocious boy, the best boxer, and strongest, boldest swimmer among his companions, but noted withal for his gentleness of disposition. He was sent to school at Southampton at the age of ten, and was afterwards under the tui- tion of a French pastor at Rotterdam. On 2 March 1785, when a little over fifteen, he entered the army by purchase, as an en- sign in the 8th (King's), in which regiment his elder brother, John Brock (who was killed in a duel at Cape Town when a captain and brevet lieutenant-colonel in the 81st foot in 1801), had just purchased a company, after ten years' service in the corps in America and elsewhere. Isaac Brock purchased a lieute- nancy in the 8th (King's) in 1790, and shortly after, having raised men for an independent company, was gazetted captain and placed on half pay. Paying the difference, he exchanged into the 49th foot in 1791, and served with that regiment in Jamaica andBarbadoes until 1793, when he returned on sick leave, and was employed on the recruiting service until the regiment returned home. He purchased a majority in the 49th in 1795, and a lieu- tenant-colonelcy on 25 Oct. 1797, becoming soon afterwards senior lieutenant-colonel with less than thirteen years' total service, which, as Brock had no Horse Guards interest, was regarded at the time as a case of exceptionally rapid promotion. The regiment had returned home in very bad order, symptoms of which were manifest when it was stationed near the Thames during the mutiny at the Nore, but it soon improved under its new com- mander so as to elicit the warm approba- tion of the Duke of York. Under Brock's command the regiment served with General Moore's division in the expedition to North Holland in 1799, where it was greatly dis- tinguished at the battle of Egmont-op-Zee, and likewise on board the fleet under Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson at the battle of Copenhagen and in the operations in the Baltic in 1801, a narrative of which, by Brigadier-general W. Stewart, commanding the line troops embarked, is given in 'Nelson i Desp.' iv. 299. Brock embarked with the I regiment for Canada in 1802, and in the fol- lowing year, single-handed, suppressed a dangerous conspiracy which had been insti- | gated by deserters in a detachment at Fort George, and the ringleaders of which were executed at Quebec on 2 March 1804. He returned home on leave in 1805, but, war with the United States appearing imminent, he rejoined at his own request early in 1806. After commanding for some time at Quebec, he was sent in 1810 to Upper Canada, to assume command of the troops there, with which he subsequently combined the duties of civil administrator as provisional lieu- tenant-governor of the province. Here his energetic example, the confidence reposed in him by the inhabitants, and the ascendency he possessed 'over the Indian tribes, at that time under the leadership of the famous Shawnee warrior Tecumseh, proved of the highest value. Very full details of his civil and military services at this period will be found in 'Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock ' (London and Guernsey, 8vo), written by his nephew Ferd. Brock Tupper, the first edition of which appeared in 1845, and a second, much enlarged from family manuscript sources, in 1847. Previous to a declaration of hostilities an army of 2,000 American militia, with twenty-five guns, had been despatched from Ohio into Michigan, under the veteran general Hull, who was in- vested with discretionary powers as to the invasion of Canada. Hull issued a bombastic proclamation, and on 12 July 1812 crossed the narrow channel between Huron and Erie and entered Upper Canada. Subsequently he withdrew again to his own shore and shut himself up in Detroit, whither Brock, who had only 1,450 men to defend a thousand miles of frontier, followed him with his avail- able forces, consisting of 350 regulars, 600 Indian militia, and 400 untrained volunteers, to which Hull's forces surrendered on 16 Aug. 1812. For the judgment, skill, and courage displayed by him at this juncture, Brock, who had attained the rank of major-general on 4 June 1811, was made an extra knight of the Bath on 10 Oct. 1812. Meanwhile a second American army of 6,000 men, under Major-general Van Rennselaer, had been con- centrated on the Niagara frontier. During an attack by part of this force on the village of Queenstown, held by the flank companies 49th and the York volunteer militia, on the morning of 13 Oct. 1812, Sir Isaac Brock re- ceived his death-wound. He had dismounted to head the 49th, when he was shot through Brock 368 Brock the body and fell beside the road leading from Queenstown to the heights, expiring soon after. His last words, it is said, were, ' Never mind me — push on the York volunteers.' A second action took place at Queenstown the same day, after Major-general Roger Sheaffe had come up with the 41st foot and other reinforcements, when the American brigadier Wadsworth with 950 men laid down their arms. After lying in state at Government House, Brock's remains were interred in one of the bastions of Fort George beside those of Lieutenant-colonel McDonell, Canadian militia, a young man of twenty-five, attorney- general of the Upper Province, who had ac- companied Brock in the capacity of militia aide-de-camp and had been mortally wounded the same day. Brock was in his forty-fourth year, and unmarried. He was six feet two inches in height, very erect and athletic, but latterly very stout. He had a pleasant manner and a frank open countenance, be- speaking the modest kindly disposition of one who had never been heard to utter an ill-natured remark, and in whom dislike of ostentation was as characteristic as quickness of decision and firmness in peril. After his death the officers of the 49th placed a hand- some sum in the hands of the regimental agent for the purpose of procuring a portrait of the general for the mess, but on reference to the family it was found that no good like- ness was extant. It may be added that the whole of the regimental records of the 49th were destroyed, after Brock's death, at the evacuation of Fort George in 1813. The House of Commons voted 1,575/. for a public monument, which was erected by Westma- cott, and placed in the south transept of St. Paul's. Pensions of 200/. each were awarded to the four surviving brothers of the general, together with a grant of land in Upper Canada. On 13 Oct. 1824, the twelfth anniversary of his fall, the remains of Brock and his brave companion McDonell were carried in state from Fort George to a vault beneath a monument on Queens- town heights, erected at a cost of 3,0001. currency, voted by the Provincial Legislature. This monument, an Etruscan column, with winding stair within, standing on a rustic pediment, was blown up by an Irish American on Good Friday, 1840. The ruin was seen and described by Charles Dickens (American Notes, ii. 187-8). On 30 July 1841 a mass meeting was held in the open air beside the ruin, the lieutenant-governor of Upper Ca- nada, Sir George Arthur, presiding, which was attended by over eight thousand persons, besides representatives of the Indian tribes of the six nations, at which it was enthu- siastically resolved to restore the monument forthwith at public cost. A sum of 5,000/. currency was voted for the purpose by the province, and the work at once commenced. Copies on vellum of the correspondence, ad- dresses, &c., relating to the restoration are in the British Museum Library. The monu- ment thus restored is in the shape of a tall column standing on the original site on the heights above Queenstown, and surmounted by a statue of the general. It is enclosed within forty acres of ornamental grounds, with entrance gates bearing the Brock arms. Below, in the village of Queenstown (or Queenston, as it is now written), is a memo- rial church with a stained window, placed there by the York rifles, the corps to which Brock's last order was given. Brockville and other names in Canadian topography also perpetuate the memory of the ' Hero of Upper Canada.' [Ann. Army Lists; Bulletins of Campaigns, 1793-1815; Nelson Desp. iv. 299 et seq. ; W. James's Military Occurrences in Canada (Lon- don, 8vo, 1818); Quart. Eev. liv. (July 1822) 405 et seq. ; Nile's Weekly Eegister, 1812 ; Col- burn's United Serv. Mag. March 1846; Gent. Mag. Ixxxii. (ii.) 389, 490, 574, 576, 655, 670; F. B. Tupper's Life and Correspondence of Sir I. Brock (London and Guernsey, 8vo, 2nd ed. 1847); Picturesque Canada, No. 13 (London, 1881).] H. M. C. BROCK, WILLIAM, D.D. (1807-1875), dissenting divine, was born at Honiton on 14 Feb. 1807. His father, a man of earnest and religious spirit, whose efforts among the poor were at one time wrongly suspected of insidious political design, married in 1806 Ann Alsop, a descendant of Vincent Alsop [q. v.], ejected for nonconformity in 1662. William, their eldest child, was educated first at Culmstock and afterwards at the grammar school of Honiton. At the age of eight we find him writing to a friend to procure him copies of f Caesar ' and of 1 Virgil.' His life at school was one of con- siderable hardship, inequality of rank sub- jecting him to the persecution of his school- fellows. Leaving Honiton, he was placed for some time under the charge of the Rev. Charles Sharp at Bradninch ; in 1820, being then thirteen years of age, was apprenticed to a watchmaker at Sidmouth ; on the conclusion of his period of ' stern servitude ' was re- moved to Hertford ; afterwards joined a baptist church at Highgate ; studied subse- quently for four sessions at Stepney College ; and settled at Norwich in 1833. In the follow- ing year he married Mary Bliss of Shortwood, Gloucestershire. During his stay at Norwich Brock 369 Brockedon Brock published, through the Religious Tract Society, a work entitled ' Fraternal Appeals to Young Men.' In 1834 Brock threw him- self with great energy into the final struggle connected with the abolition of West Indian slavery ; spoke in every town in Norfolk and most of those in Suffolk ; drew up papers in support of his views, and contributed articles to the public journals. It is stated that Brock was the first publicly to attack the inveterate custom of political bribery in Norwich. In 1846, chiefly on account of failing health, Brock made a tour through France and Italy. In 1847 he suffered from defective sight, for the treatment of which he tempo- rarily removed to London. At the election for Norwich in 1847 he opposed his intimate friend Sir Morton Peto, and supported Mr. Serjeant Parry, the candidate who favoured the separation of church and state. In con- sequence of enfeebled health Brock was ulti- mately advised to remove to London, where he became pastor of Bloomsbury Chapel on 5 Dec. 1848. Brock soon set on foot a philan- thropic enterprise for the reclamation of the poor in the squalid and crowded district of St. Giles. At Exeter Hall Brock lectured on behalf of the Young Men's Christian Association on ' Mercantile Morality.' He was personally ac- quainted with Sir Henry Havelock; and after the death of Havelock, in 1857, he published a memoir, which had an immense circulation, forty-five thousand copies being speedily dis- posed of in England. In 1859 the work of preaching in theatres on Sundays was in- stituted in London, and Brock delivered the first sermon in the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton. In 1866 Brock made a tour in the United States. On his return he entered into the ritualistic controversy, and published two discourses under the title of ( Ritualism Mis- chievous in its Design.' He further drew up a series of resolutions, in a similar sense, in behalf of the ' general body of protestant dissenting ministers of the three denomina- tions in and about London.' He helped at this time to form the London Association of Baptist Churches, and was elected its first president. In the course of twelve years the association included 140 churches, with nearly 34,000 members in communion. In 1869 Brock was elected to the presidency of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland. In September 1872 he resigned the post of minister at Bloomsbury Chapel. A few days before preaching his farewell sermon he lost his wife. After three years spent in comparative retirement he died on 13 Nov. VOL. VI. 1875. In 1860 the senate of Harvard College conferred upon him the honorary degree of doctor of divinity. In addition to the publications named in this article, Brock was the author (inter alia) of ' Sacramental Religion,' published in 1850 ; ' Sermons on the Sabbath,' 1853 ; 'The Gospel for the People,' 1859; 'The Wrong and Right of Christian Baptism,' 1864 ; ' The Christian's Duty in the forth- coming General Election,' 1868 ; and ' Mid- summer Morning Sermons,' 1872. [Birrell's Life of William Brock, D.D., 1878; M'Cree's William Brock, D.D., first Pastor of Bloomsbury Chapel, 1876 ; A Biographical Sketch of Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B. (1858), and other works by Brock ; Annual Kegister for 1875.1 G. B. S. BROCK, WILLIAM JOHN (1817 P- 1863), religious writer, born about 1817, married about 1845, in 1847 brought out a small volume of poems, ' Wayside Verses,' dating the preface London, 22 Sept.; and obtaining after this the degree of B.A., he took orders, and entered the church as curate of St. George's, Barnsley, Yorkshire ( Twenty- seven Sermons, 2nd ed. p. 314). In 1855 he published at Barnsley, and by subscription, ' Twenty-seven Sermons,' in one volume, a publication which was quickly out of print (preface to 2nd ed.) ; and leaving Barnsley in 1858 to become incumbent of Hayfield, Derbyshire, Brock brought out a second edition of this book, dating it Hayfield Parsonage, 22 Sept. 1858, and adding to it the farewell sermon he had preached on leaving Barnsley. He died at Hayfield on 27 April 1863, and was buried there. After his death were pub- lished ' The Rough Wind stayed,' a volume of ' The Library of Excellent Literature,' 1867, and ' The Bright Light in the Clouds/ 1870. [Brock's Wayside Verses, pp. 50, 76, 131; pri- vate information.] J. H. BROCKEDON, WILLIAM (1787- 1854), painter, author, and inventor, was born at Totnes on 13 Oct. 1787. His father, who was a watchmaker, was a native of Kingsbridge, where and in the adjoining parish of Dodbrook his family had been occupants or owners of garden mills since the reign of Henry IV. This son, who was an only child, was educated at a private school in Totnes, but he learned little in it. His father was quite capable of supplying the deficiencies of school teaching as then understood, and under his instructions his son acquired a taste for scientific and me- chanical pursuits. So great was his pro- ficiency in mechanics that he was able to conduct the business during the illness of B B Brockedon 370 Brockedon nearly twelve months which ended in his father's death in September 1802. Brockedon was proud to acknowledge his obligations to his father, whose 'natural talents,' as he wrote to a friend in 1832, he had < never seen surpassed,' adding that ' whatever turn my own character may have taken, if the world thinks kindly of it, it grew under his instruction and advice, and the impressions made upon me before I was fifteen.' After his father's death, Brockedon spent six months in London in the house of a watch manufacturer, to perfect himself in what he expected to have been his pursuit in life. On his return to Totnes he continued to carry on the business for his mother for five years. In a letter written to his friend, Octavian Blewitt, in November 1832, he says : 1 1 recollect with much pleasure the hand I had in making the present parish clock in the church at Totnes. An order was given to my father to make a new church clock a short time before the accident by lightning which, in February 1799, struck the tower, threw down the south-east pin- nacle, and did so much damage to the church as to require nearly three years to repair it. This accident prevented the clock being put up until the summer of 1802, during my father's last illness. ... I remember when the clock was making that I was set to do some of the work, though only about thirteen years of age, particularly cutting the fly- pinion out of the solid steel.' During the five years in which he carried on the watchmaking business for his mother he devoted his spare time to drawing, for which from childhood he had as great a taste as he had for mechanics. Archdeacon (then the Rev. R. H.) Froude, rector of Darting- ton (father of Mr. J. A. Froude), encouraged him to pursue painting as a profession. The archdeacon liberally aided Brockedon's jour- ney to London and his establishment there during his studies at the Royal Academy. Brockedon found another generous patron in Mr. A. H. Holdsworth, M.P. for Dartmouth, and governor of Dartmouth Castle. This was in February 1809. From that time his career must be considered under three heads : 1, as a painter ; 2, as an author ; 3, as an inventor. 1. For six years he pursued his studies in London as a painter with little interruption till 1815. In that year, immediately after the battle of Waterloo, he went to Belgium and France, and had the benefit and gratifi- cation of seeing the gallery of the Louvre before its dispersion. From 1812 to 1837 he was a regular contributor to the exhibi- tions of the Royal Academy and the British Institution. In these twenty-five years he exhibited sixty-five works, historical, land- scape, and portraits — thirty-six at the Aca- demy and twenty-nine at the British In- stitution (GEAVES, Diet, of Artists}. The works he exhibited in 1812 were portraits of Governor Holdsworth, M.P., and of Samuel Prout, who was, like himself, a Devonshire artist. He next exhibited ' a more ambitious work, of which artists of name spoke with approbation,' a portrait of ' Miss S. Booth as Juliet' (CUNNINGHAM, 'Town and Table Talk,' Illustr. News, 1854), pictures on scrip- tural and other subjects, portraits of Sir Alex- ander Burns, Sir George Back, now in the library of the Royal Geographical Society, and some interesting landscapes of Alpine and Italian scenery. He also painted the 1 Acquittal of Susannah,' presented by him to his native county and now in the Crown Court of the Castle of Exeter; 'Christ raising the Widow's Son at Nam/ which he presented to Dartmouth church as a mark of respect to Governor Holdsworth, and which obtained for him the prize of one hun- dred guineas from the directors of the Bri- tish Institution ; and, about the same time, ' Christ's Agony in the Garden,' which he pre- sented toDartington church, a picture, he says in a letter to Blewitt, ' associated with my grateful recollections of Mr. Froude's friend- ship ; and I mention it, trifling as it is, as one public testimonial of my desire to ac- knowledge his exceeding kindness to me/ Another large picture, representing the ' De- livery of the Tables of the Law to Moses on Mount Sinai,' was presented by him to Christ's Hospital in 1835, and placed by order of the governors in their great hall. Another picture, painted at Rome in 1821, the ' Vision of the Chariots to the Prophet Zechariah,' excited so much interest that, by permission of the pope (Pius VII), it was exhibited in the Pantheon. At the same time Brockedon was elected a member of the Academies of Rome and Florence. In compliance with a law of the Florentine Academy he presented it with his portrait painted by his own hand. Brockedon's por- trait is now a conspicuous object in the Uffizi of the Florence Gallery near those of Reynolds and Northcote. 2. Brockedon was meanwhile earning for himself a reputation as an author. In 1824 he made an excursion to the Alps for the purpose of investigating the route of Hanni- bal, and the idea of publishing ' Illustrations of the Passes ' occurred to him. During the summers of 1825, 1826, 1828, and 1829, he was led in the course of his journeys to cross Brockedon 371 Brockedon veller,' and he subsequently wrote the Savo and Alpine parts of Murray's 'Handboo the Alps fifty-eight times, and to pass into and out of Italy by more than forty different routes. The result was the publication, in 1827, of the first part of his 'Illustrations of the Passes of the Alps by which Italy communicates with France, Switzerland, and Germany.' The work, containing 109 en- gravings, was issued in twelve parts, from 1827 to 1829, forming when complete two royal quarto volumes, and was gratefully dedicated to his earliest patron, Archdeacon Froude. The drawings, which were entirely by Brockedon's own hand, were done in sepia, and were sold in 1837 to the fifth Lord Ver- non for 500 guineas. In 1833 he published in one volume his ' Journals of Excursions in the Alps, the Pennine, Graian, Cottian, Rhetian, Lepon- tine, and Bernese.' He also edited Finden's ' Illustrations to the Life and Works of Lord Byron.' In 1835 he edited for the Findens the ( Illustrated Road Book from London to Naples,' with thirty illustrations by himself and his friends Prout and Stanfield. In 1836 he wrote for * Blackwood's Magazine ' ' Extracts from the Journal of an Alpine Tra- the Savoy k for Switzerland.' His next work, published in folio in 1842-4, was 'Italy, Classical, Historical, and Picturesque, illustrated and described,' with sixty engravings from draw- ings by himself, Eastlake, Prout, Roberts, Stanfield, Harding, and other friends. In 1855, in conjunction with Dr. Croly, he wrote part of the letterpress of David Roberts's ' Views in the Holy Land, Syria, &c.,' Croly writing the historical, and Brockedon the descriptive portions. 3. During all these years Brockedon's love of art and literature was divided with his love of mechanical and scientific pursuits. As far back as 1819 his taste for mechanics led him to turn attention to the mode of wire-drawing then in use. Brockedon in- vented a mode of drawing the wire through holes pierced in sapphires, rubies, and other gems. He patented this invention, and vi- sited Paris in connection with it ; but, from the facility of violation, it was not a source of profit, though now the mode universally adopted. In 1831 he invented and patented, in conjunction with the late Mr. Mordan, a pen of a novel form called the t oblique,' from the slit being in the usual direction of the writing. He next turned his attention to the preparation of a substitute for corks and bungs by coating felt with vulcanised india- rubber. He took out a patent for this inven- tion in 1838, and in 1840 and 1842 enlarged its scope by other patents for retaining fluids in bottles, and for the manufacture of fibrous materials for the cores of stoppers. This in- vention led to his forming business relations with Messrs. Charles Macintosh & Co. of Manchester. About the year 1841 he sub- mitted to them his patents for a substitute for corks, through which he was interested in their business till 1845, when he became a partner, and retained that position till his death. In 1843 he patented an invention for the manufacture of wadding for firearms; another for condensing the carbonates of soda, potass, &c., into the solid form of pills and lozenges ; and for preparing or treating plum- bago by reducing common black lead to powder, and then compressing it in vacuo, so as to produce artificial plumbago for lead pencils purer than any that could then be obtained, in consequence of the exhaustion of the mines in Cumberland, and especially valuable to artists because free from (dia- mond) grit. The invention was first worked for him by Messrs. Mordan & Co., but at his death in 1854 the plant and machinery were sold by auction, and bought by one of the merchants connected with the lead industry at Keswick. In 1844, 1846, and 1851, he patented inventions for various applications of vulcanised india-rubber. In 1830 Brocke- don took an active part in the formation of the Royal Geographical Society, and was elected a member of its first council. He was after- wards the founder of the Graphic, an art society. On 12 June 1830 he was elected a member of the Athenaeum. It had been re- solved to commemorate the opening of the new club house in Pall Mall by adding 200 mem- bers to the list, 100 being elected by the com- mittee, and 100 by the club. Brockedon was one of the hundred elected by the committee. On 18 Dec. 1834 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In February 1837 he lost his mother, for whose happiness he made the most loving provision from the moment when his improved prospects enabled him to do so. He married in 1821 Miss Elizabeth Gra- ham, who died in childbirth on 23 July 1829, in her fortieth year, leaving two children, Philip North, born at Florence on 27 April 1822, and Mary, married to Mr. Joseph H. Baxendale, the head of the firm of Pickford & Co. The son, who was educated as a civil engineer, became the favourite and confi- dential pupil of Mr. Brunei, and gave the brightest promise of future eminence in his profession, but was carried off by consump- tion at the early age of twenty-eight, on 13 Nov. 1849. On 8 May 1839 Brockedon married, as his second wife, the widow of Captain Farwell of Totnes, who survived him, and by whom he had no issue. B B 2 For several years he had I time were dispersed by auction at Sotheby's £* ^r frSi g^ISoni andi±S ^^^^y^^ 1854 a succession of f rTOm^c™^ inlSlShepublished'HintsonthePropriety severity ended manat^of^und^ rf ^j^. a Typographical Society in ^ -^ -^_ I Newcastle '(8vo, pp. 8), which led to the foun- artists SsssaMffl I t«SSr^SS3 Essay on the means of distinguishing An- from Counterfeit Coins and Medals,' iTwould have been difficult to find any one I translated and edited bv J. T. B., 1819. by Selecta Numismata Aurea Imperatorum who was more beloved by a large circle of , ^. — _ --_ * friends at home and abroad, or who was Romanorum e Museo J. T. B 1822 Also Tore resetted by his professional contempo- reprints of tracts on Henry III, on Robert, S^iSmy of whom had reason to cherish earl of Salisbury, and of three accounts of the his memory with affection as that of a man siege ever ready to show kindness to others, and I never likely to forget it when shown to himself. [MS. Letters, Brockedon and A. H. Holds- worth, M.P., to OctavianBlewitt, 1832-7, quoted by W. Pengelly, F.K.S., in Trans. Devon Assoc. of Literature, Science, and Art, 1831, p. 25; Blewitt's Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District comprised between the Dart and the Teign, Lond. 1832, p. 271 ; Cunningham's Town and Table Talk in Illustr. Lond. News, 2 Sept. 1854; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and Engravers, edited by K. E. Graves ; Algernon Graves's Diet, of Artists who have exhibited in the principal London an 'Enquiry into the Question whether the Freeholders of the Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Inventions, &c., 1854.] 0. B-T. BROCKETT, JOHN TROTTER (1788- are entitled to vote for Members of Parlia- ment for the County of Northumberland,' and in 1825 the first edition of his ' Glossary of North Country Words in Use ' (Newcastle- on-Tyne, 8vo). The manuscript collections for this valuable work were not originally intended for publication, and they passed into the library of Mr. John George Lambton, afterwards Lord Durham, but that gentle- man surrendered them for the public service. A second edition, to a large extent rewritten, was published in 1829 ; and a third was in preparation at the time of the author's death, and was published, ship of W. E. Brockett, J3jn,u^jjvjiii"j., jujcxm X.CVU.LJ..CI.IX ^JL/OO- I 8vo). He also contributed papers to the Ns 1842), antiquary, was born at Witton Gil- first three volumes of 'Archeeologia ^Eliana.' bert, co. Durham. In his early youth his In 1882 a * Glossographia Anglicana,' from parents removed to Gateshead, and he was a manuscript left by Brockett, was privately educated under the care of the Rev. "William printed by the society, called * The sette Turner of Newcastle. The law having been of odd volumes,' with a biographical sketch selected as his profession, he was, after the of the author by Frederick B. Coomer of usual course of study, admitted an attorney, Newcastle, who names one or two tracts and practised for many years at Newcastle, by Brockett not noted above, and memoirs where he was esteemed an able and eloquent by him of Thomas and John Bewick, pre- advocate in the mayor's and sheriff's courts, fixed to the 1820 edition of Bewick's ( Select and a sound lawyer in the branches of his pro- Fables.' fession which deal with tenures and convey- Brockett was a member of the Society of | Antiquaries, a secretary of the Newcastle ancmg. He was a man of refined tastes, and a close student of numismatics and of English Literary and Philosophical Society, and one of the council of the Society of Antiquaries antiquities and philology. He made con- of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He died at Albion siderable collections of books and coins and Place, Newcastle, on 12 Oct. 1842, aged 54. Brockie 373 Brocklesby [Gent. Mag. 1842, part ii. p. 664; English Dialect Society's Bibliographical List ; Martin's Cat. of Privately Printed Books, 1835, 430- 440 ; T. F. Dibdin's Bibliog. Tour, i. 390.] C. W. S. BROCKIE, MARIANUS, D.D. (1687- 1755), Benedictine monk, was born at Edin- burgh on 2 Dec. 1687, and joined the Scotch Benedictines at Ratisbon in 1708. He was doctor and professor of philosophy and divi- nity, and for a considerable time superior of the Scotch monastery at Erfurt. In 1727 he was sent on the catholic mission to his native country, where he remained till 1739. After returning to Ratisbon, he was for many years prior of St. James's, during which time he wrote his ' Monasticon Scoticon.' He died, leaving it unfinished, on 2 Dec. 1755. It was completed by Maurice Grant, but the monas- tery was not able to publish it. The manu- script, bound in seven ponderous volumes, is preserved at St. Mary's College, Blairs. It was lent to Dr. James F. S. Gordon for con- sultation and use in his ' Monasticum,' printed at Glasgow in 1867. Brockie wrote ' Obser- vationes critico-historicse ' on the ' Regulae ac Statuta recentiorum Ordinum et Congrega- tionum ' which constitute the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th volumes of Holstenius's ' Codex Regularum Monasticarum et Canonicarum/ printed at Augsburg in 1759. [Gordon's Eoman Catholic Mission in Scot- land, 526 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit, Mus. ; Fernschild's Dissertatio de Origine Animse Ra- tionalis in Homine, 1718.] T. C. BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1636- 714), non-abjuring clergyman, was born at Tealby, near Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, in 1636. His father was George Brocklesby, gentleman. He was educated at the neigh- bouring grammar school of Caistor, and as a sizar at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1657 and M.A. in 1660. Some time between 1662 and 1674 he was instituted to the rectory of Folkingham, Lin- colnshire. In the appendix to Kettlewell's Life, 1718, p. xxj, he is recorded as ' Mr. Brokesby, Rector of Folkinton.' No sym- pathy with the Jacobite party is to be inferred from his declining to abjure. Brocklesby re- tired to Stamford, and employed his leisure in composing an opus magnum, entitled i An Explication of the Gospel Theism and the Divinity of the Christian Religion. Contain- ing the True Account of the System of the Universe, and of the Christian Trinity. . . . By Richard Brocklesby, a Christian Trini- tarian/ 1706, fol., pp. 1065. The preface truly says it is ' a book of many and great singularities;' it is crammed with reading from sages, fathers, schoolmen, travellers, and poets ; it bristles with odd terminology of the writer's special coinage. Brocklesby denies the eternal generation of the Son, and even his pre-existence ; yet asserts his con- substantiality as God-man begotten of God, 'an humane-divine person' (see especially bk. vi., 'The Idea of the Lord the Son'). He places the abode of Christ in heaven, from his coming of age to his public mission (p. 1019 sq.), though he calls the kindred notion of Socinus l wild and pedantic.' The only Socinian writers whom he directly quotes are Enyedi, Krell, and the English ' Unitarian Tracts.' Nor does he know Ser- vetus (p. 158) at first hand. Acontius (pp. 819, 821) he greatly values. Spinoza (p. 785) he cites with modified approval. John Maxwell, prebendary of Connor, issued in 1727, 4to, an English version ('A Treatise of the Laws of Nature ') of Bishop Richard Cumberland's ( De Legibus Naturae/ 1672, 4to. Out of Brocklesby's book, as he owns on his title-page, Maxwell carved two introductory essays and a supplementary dissertation. He simplifies Brocklesby's style, omits his theo- logy, and adds some new matter from other sources. Brocklesby died at Stamford in 1714 (probably in February), and was buried at Folkingham. His will (dated 3 Aug. 1713, codicils 30 Jan. and 7 Feb. 1714, proved 13 Aug. 1714) was to have been included in the second volume of Pecks ' Desiderata Curiosa/ 1735, but was left over to a third volume, which never appeared. Out of considerable landed property in Lin- colnshire and Huntingdonshire, a house at Stamford, &c., Brocklesby founded schools at Folkingham and Kirkby-on-Bain, Lincoln- shire, and Pidley, Huntingdonshire, to teach poor children their catechism and to read the Bible. The charitable bequests are very numerous, and some rather singular. A complicated scheme for the distribution of bibles in five counties was to come into effect * if the propagation of the gospel in the Eastern parts totally faifeth, or doth not con- siderably succeed and prosper.' A sum of 150/. is left towards rebuilding the parish church of Wilsthorpe,Lincolnshire ; 1501, each for the benefit of the communities of French and Dutch refugees ; and 10/. each to eight presbyterian ministers. A bequest of 10/. to the celebrated Whiston was revoked by the first codicil. Brocklesby left two libraries. That at Stamford was sold by auction ; the catalogue, Stamford, 1714, 4to, contains the titles of many rare volumes of the Socinian school. His library in London was left to be disposed of at the discretion of John Brocklesby 374 Brocklesby Heptinstall, his printer, and William Turner, schoolmaster of Stamford. [Books of Sidney Sussex Coll., per R. Phelps, D.D., master; Calamy's Continuation, 1727, p. 602 ; Palmer's Nonconformist Memorial, 1802, ii. 429; Emlyn's Works, 1746, i. vi; information from the Bishop of Nottingham, Kev. G. Carter, Folkingham,Rev.W. C. Houghton.Walcot; certi- fied copy of Brocklesby's will, in the prerogative court of Canterbury ; catalogue of Brocklesby's library at Stamford, 1714; Cole's MS. Athense Cantab. B. p. 176 ; Charity Commissioners' Re- ports, xxiv. 27 (26 June 1830), vol. xxxii. pt. 4, pp. 309, 619 (30 June 1837); authorities cited above.] A. G. BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1722- 1797), physician, was born at Minehead in Somersetshire, and was the only son of Richard Brocklesby of Cork. His mother was Mary Alloway of Minehead, and both families be- longed to the Society of Friends. On 29 March 1734 Brocklesby entered the school of Abra- ham Shackleton, at Ballitore, co. Kildare, so that he was one of the senior boys when Burke went there in May 1741. They were con- temporaries at school for less than a year, but this early acquaintance was continued when both came to live in London, and they were friendfl throughout life. After some studies at Edinburgh, in 1742 Brocklesby went to Leyden and graduated M.D. there on 28 June 1745. His graduation thesis on this occasion (Dissertatio Medico, inauguralis de Saliva sana et morbosa, 4to, Leyden, 1745) seems to have been suggested by a case which he had seen at Edinburgh, in which the administra- tion of five grains of mercury was followed by the secretion of one hundred pounds of saliva. He describes clearly the expectoration of pneumonia and that of hydrophobia, and throughout the essay shows extensive reading and a power of lively expression. He attacks Pitcairn and the iatromechanicians in general, and speaks with gratitude of his own teacher Gaubius. During the next twelve months Brocklesby settled in London, and in 1751 became a licentiate of the College of Phy- sicians. In 1754 he received a degree from the university of Dublin, and was incorporated M.D. at Cambridge in the same year. His election as a fellow of the College of Physicians followed in 1756 (MuNK, Coll. of Phys. ii. 202). In 1758 he was appointed physician to the army, and served in Germany. In 1763 he settled in Norfolk Street, Strand, where he soon obtained a large practice. He en- joyed the friendship of Burke and of Johnson, and showed that he deserved to be loved by both. In a kind letter to Burke on 2 July 1788 (Burke Correspondence, 1844, iii. 78), Brocklesby makes him a present of 1,000/., and says that he would be happy to repeat the gift 'every year until your merit is rewarded as it ought to be at court.' Brock- lesby attended Dr. Johnson on many occa- sions, and in his last illness (BoswELL, John- son, ii. 481). Boswell describes a dinner at Brocklesby's (ii. 489), at which Johnson was present with Valiancy, the antiquarian, Mur- phy, and Mr. Devaynes, the king's apothecary, on 15 May 1784. In June 1784, when John- son's going to Italy was discussed, Boswell (ii. 527) records another instance of Brock- lesby's generosity : ' As an instance of extraor- dinary liberality of friendship, he told us that Dr. Brocklesby had upon this occasion offered him a hundred a year for his life. A grateful tear started into his eye as he spoke this in a faltering tone.' Many instances of this phy- sician's kindness to less distinguished persons are recorded (Burke Correspondence, 21 July 1777 ; MTJNK, Coll of Phys. ii. 203). The early distinction of Dr. Thomas Young was largely due to the kindness with which Brock- lesby, who was his great-uncle, encouraged his studies (Memoir of Thomas Young, London, 1831), and Young dedicated his inaugural dis- sertation for M.D. to him. Brocklesby's first publication after he settled in London was ' An Essay concerning the Mortality among Horned Cattle,' 8vo, 1746. The chief new suggestion contained in it is that the infected bodies should be properly buried in deep graves. In 1749 he published ' Reflections on Antient and Modern Music, with the ap- plication to the cure of diseases, to which is subjoined an essay to solve the question Avhere- in consisted the difference of antient music from that of modern times.' The author's name does not appear upon the title-page. The essay contains much learning and many interesting remarks. It was probably sug- gested by a story the author had heard in Edinburgh of a gentleman who had been en- gaged for the Pretender in 1715, had been himself wounded, and had lost two sons in the battle of Dunblane. He fell into a nervous fever from melancholy, and no treatment did him good till his physician caused a harper to play to him day after day, when he revived, and at last regained his health. Brocklesby seriously recommends the more regular use of music as a means of treatment. In 1760 he delivered the Harveian oration at the College of Physicians, and it was printed in quarto. Its most memorable passage is a fine pane- gyric upon the Dr. Hodges the account of whose death in poverty after he had stayed in attendance on the sick throughout the plague brought tears to the eyes of Dr. John- son. In 1764 Brocklesby published his most important work, ' (Economical and Medical Brocklesby 375 Broderip Observations, in two parts, from the year 1758 to the year 1763 inclusive, tending to the im- provement of military hospitals and to the cure of camp diseases incident to soldiers,' 8vo, London. This was the first book in which sound principles of hygiene were laid down for the army. There were then but few bar- racks, and those few were ill built. Brock- lesby shows that the soldiers must have plenty of air in their rooms if they are to remain healthy. Proper regulations are drawn up for field hospitals, and the necessity for giving the doctor absolute command in the hospital is pointed out. The observations on camp dis- eases are clear and original, and the remarks on treatment singularly wise. There is an interleaved copy of the book, with a few al- terations and additions in the author's hand, in the library of the College of Physicians. To the same library Brocklesby gave a splen- did copy, in twenty-five volumes folio, of Graevius and Gronovius's ' Thesaurus,' which contains an inscription in his handwriting. Brocklesby became F.RS., and published some papers in the ' Philosophical Transactions.' He published also an account of a curious case of irregular pulse in 1767, and some experiments on seltzer water in 1768, both of which are to be found in the ' Medical Observations and Inquiries by a Society of Physicians in Lon- don,' 1767 and 1771. His compositions are all clear, and show that he possessed well-di- gested learning and good powers of observa- tion. His conversation was abundant and full of all kinds of knowledge, but some- times flowed too fast. Burke once speaks of ' Brocklesby's wild talk,' and Johnson once caught him up for giving too hasty an opinion as to the sanity of a reputed lunatic, and on another occasion corrected his quotation of some lines of Juvenal. But Brocklesby was often happy in his quotations, especially from Shakespeare, as Boswell's reports of his conver- sations with Johnson amply show (BOSWELL, Johnson, ii. 571). In Rees's ' Cyclopaedia ' (under the name) there is an account of a curious duel between Brocklesby and Dr. (afterwards Sir) John Elliot [q.v.] After a short period of failing health Brocklesby died suddenly on 11 Dec. in the same year as Burke. He was buried in the church of St. Clement Danes, and bequeathed his house and its furniture, pictures and books, with 10,000£, to Dr. Thomas Young. His portrait was painted by Copley, and has been engraved. [Leadbeater Papers, London, 1862, vol. i. ; Boswell's Johnson, 1791, vol. ii. ; Memoir of Thomas Young, London, 1831; Peacock's Life of Young, 1855; Burke's Correspondence (ed. Fitzwilliam) ; Hunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, vol. ii. ; Brocklesby's several works.] N. M. BROCKY;, CHARLES (1807-1855), por- trait and subject painter, was born at Temes- war, in the Banat, Hungary. When between six and seven years of age he lost his mother. Her sister had married the manager of a com- pany of strolling players, and Brocky's father, who had originally been a peasant, followed the theatrical party in the capacity of hair- dresser. He had many difficulties and hard- ships to contend against in his youth, but succeeded in obtaining some instruction in art at a free drawing-school at Vienna, and afterwards studied in the Louvre at Paris. He settled in London about 1837-8, and en- joyed some practice as a miniature-painter. Among his sitters was the queen. Brocky exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1839 to 1854 both portraits and subject pieces, among the latter an oil picture entitled ' The Nymph,' and four representations of the Seasons. The British Museum possesses four heads drawn by him in red chalk, executed in a masterly style, and four others are at the South Kensington Museum. When at Vienna he painted a St. John the Baptist, an altar-piece, a full-length portrait of the Emperor of Austria, a St. Cecilia, and a St. John the Evangelist. Brocky died in London on 8 July 1855, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. [Wilkinson's Sketch of the Life of Charles Brocky, the Artist, 1870, 8vo.] L. F. BRODERIC, ALAN, LORD MIDLETON. [See BRODRICK.] BRODERIP, FRANCES FREELING was born at Winchmore Hill, Middlesex, in 1830. She was named after her father's friend, Sir Francis Freeling, the secretary to the general post office. On 10 Sept. 1849 she was married to the Rev. John Somerville Broderip, son of Edward Broderip of Cos- sington Manor, who died in 1847, by his wife Grace Dory, daughter of Benjamin Greenhill. He was born at Wells, Somersetshire, in 1814, educated at Eton, and at Balliol College, Ox- ford, where he took his B.A. 1837, M.A. 1839, became rector of Cossington, Somersetshire, 1844, and died at Cossington on 10 April 1866. In 1857 Mrs. Broderip commenced her literary career by the publication of 1 Wayside Fancies,' which was followed in 1860 by < Funny Fables for Little Folks,' the first of a series of her works to which the illustrations were supplied by her brother, Tom Hood. Her other books appeared in the following order : 1. 'Chrysal, or a Story with an End,' 1861. 2. ' Fairyland, or Re- Broderip 376 Broderip creations for the Rising Generation. By T. and J. Hood, and their Son and Daughter 1861. 3. ' Tiny Tadpole, and other Tales, 1862 4. 'My Grandmother's Budget of Stories,' 1863. 5. 'Merry Songs for Little Voices. By F. F. Broderip and T. Hood/ 1865. 6. * Crosspatch, the Cricket, and the Counterpane,' 1865. 7. ' Mamma's Morning Gossips/ 1866. 8. 'Wild Roses: Simple Stories of Country Life/ 1867. 9. ' The Daisy and her Friends: Tales and Stories for Children/ 1869. 10. ' Tales of the Toys told by Themselves/ 1869. 11. ' Excursions into Puzzledom. By T. Hood the Younger, and F. F. Broderip/ 1879. In 1860 she edited, with the assistance of her brother, 'Me- morials of Thomas Hood/ 2 vols., and in 1869 selected and published the ' Early Poems and Sketches ' of her father. She also, in conjunction with her brother, published in a collected form 'The Works of T. Hood/ 1869-73, 10 vols. She died at Clevedon on 3 Nov. 1878, in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard, Wal- ton by Clevedon, on 9 Nov., leaving issue four daughters. [Gent. Mag. (1866), i. 769 ; Academy (1878), xiv.450.] G. C. B. BRODERIP, JOHN ( by wmia^ Brodie (1862).] T F H BRODIE, ALEXANDER (1830-1867), sculptor, younger son of John Brodie, mariner, was born in 1830 at Aberdeen, where he served his apprenticeship as a brass-finisher in the foundry of Messrs. Blaikie Brothers. Like his elder brother, William Brodie [q. v.], he early manifested a taste for modelling figures. About 1856 he attended the school of the Royal Scottish Academy. He visited Eng- land, and after about a year's absence resumed his residence at Aberdeen, where he received many commissions. His talents were shown by his ' Motherless Lassie,' his ' Highland Mary,' his ' Cupid and Mask,' and a small statue of l Grief strewing Flowers ' upon a grave in front of the West Church in the city bury- ing-ground. Encouraged by Sheriff Watson, Brodie undertook bust-portraiture and me- dallions, in both of which he was eminently successful. Embarrassed by the amount of work entrusted to him, his mind lost its balance, and he died 30 May 1867 by his own hand. Brodie's best known productions are his large statue of the late Duke of Richmond, erected in the public square of Huntly, and the statue of the queen in marble which stands at the corner of Nicholas Street, Aberdeen. [Aberdeen Free Press, Dundee Advertiser, and Scotsman, 31 May 1867; Art Journal and Gent. Mag. July 1867.] A. H. G-. BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS, the elder (1783-1862), sergeant-surgeon to the queen, was born at Winterslow in Wilt- shire, in 1783. He was fourth child of Peter Bellinger Brodie, rector of the parish, who had been educated at Charterhouse and Worcester College, Oxford. His mother was daughter of Mr. Benjamin Collins, a banker at Salis- bury. From his father, who was well versed in general literature, and a good Greek and Latin scholar, Brodie received his early edu- cation. In 1797, when the country was alarmed by the prospect of a French inva- sion, Brodie and two brothers raised a com- pany of volunteers. At the age of eighteen he went up to London, to enter upon the medical profession. There he devoted himself at once to the study of anatomy, attending first the lectures of Abernethy, and in 1801 and 1802 those of Wilson at the Hunterian school in Great Windmill Street, working hard in the dissecting-room. He learned pharmacy in the shop of Mr. Clifton of Leicester Square, one of the licentiates of the Apothecaries' Company. At this time Brodie formed a friendship with William Lawrence, the celebrated surgeon, which was continued through life, and he was joint secretary with Sir Henry Ellis of an Brodie 379 Brodie ' Academical Society,' to which many emi- nent writers belonged. The society had been removed from Oxford to London, and was dissolved early in the present century. In the spring of 1803 Brodie entered at St. George's Hospital as a pupil under Sir Everard Home, and was appointed house- surgeon in 1805, and afterwards demonstrator to the anatomical school. When his term of office had expired, he assisted Home in his private operations, and in his researches on comparative anatomy. He diligently pur- sued for some years the study of anatomy, demonstrating in the Windmill Street school, and lecturing conjointly with Wilson until the year 1812. He was elected assistant- surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1808, an appointment which he held for fourteen years, and in the next year entered upon pri- vate practice, taking a house in Sackville Street for the purpose. In 1808 he was elected a member of the Society for the Promotion of Medical and Chirurgical Know- ledge, a society limited to twelve members, founded by Dr. John Hunter and Dr. Fordyce in 1793, and dissolved in 1818. At this period he contributed his first paper — the results of original physiological inquiries — to the 'Phi- losophical Transactions,' and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1810. During the winter of 1810-11 he communicated to the society two papers, one * On the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart and the Generation of Animal Heat ; ' the other ' On the Effects produced by certain Vegetable Poisons (Alcohol, Tobacco,Woorara, &c.),'the first of which formed the Croonian lecture. So favourable was the impression he produced that the council awarded him the Copley medal in 181 1 , when he was twenty-eight years of age. His unremitting devotion to the work of his profession, without holiday for the pe- riod of ten years, now told seriously upon his health, but change of air and rest enabled him to resume his duties. His interest when lie was house-surgeon having been excited by a case of spontaneous dislocation of the hip, he was led to study other cases of disease of the joints, and in 1813 he contributed a paper to the ' Medico-Chirurgical Transac- tions,' which formed the basis of his treatise on ' Diseases of the Joints,' published in 1818. This work went through five editions, and translations of it appeared in other countries. He again delivered the Croonian lecture at the Royal Society on the action of the muscles in general and of the heart in particular, and at this time performed the experiment of passing a ligature round the choledoch duct, the re- sults of which were given in Brande's ' Jour- nal.' In a paper on ' Varicose Veins of the Leg,' published in the seventh volume of the 1 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' he de- scribed the first subcutaneous operation on record. He married in 1816 the daughter of Ser- jeant Sellon, a lawyer of repute, and as prac- tice steadily increased he removed in 1819 to Savile Row. In the same year he was ap- pointed professor of comparative anatomy and physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons, and delivered four courses of lectures. While he held this office he was summoned to attend George IV, and assisted at an operation for the removal of a tumour of the scalp from which the king suffered. He was elected surgeon to St. George's Hospital in 1822, and his time was now busily employed with his hospital duties and lectures and an increasing and lucrative practice. In his attendance upon the king during the illness which ter- minated fatally he used to be at Windsor at six o'clock in the morning, stay ing to converse with the king, with whom Brodie was a fa- vourite. When William IV succeeded to the j throne, Brodie was promptly made sergeant- | surgeon (1832), and two years afterwards : a baronet. His lectures on diseases of the urinary organs were published in 1832, and those illustrative of local nervous affections I in 1837. The numerous papers which he wrote from time to time will be found in his • < Collected Works.' In 1837 he travelled ; abroad in France for the first time. In 1854 he published anonymously ' Psy- chological Inquiries,' essays in conversational form, intended to illustrate the mutual rela- tions of the physical organisation and the mental faculties. In 1862 a second series fol- lowed, to which he put his name. He was elected president of the Royal Society in 1858, . and this office he resigned in 1861, when he found that failing eyesight interfered with the discharge of the duties. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons (1844), 1 having been for many years examiner and member of the council, and having introduced important improvements into the system of examinations. He was also president of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical, and of other learned societies. The estimation in which he was universally held is shown by his connection with the Institute of France, the Academy of Medicine of Paris, the Royal Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, and the National Institution of Washington, and the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L. He died at Broome Park, Surrey, in the eightieth year of his age, from a painful disease of the shoulder, 21 Oct. 1862. His wife had died two years previously. As a surgeon Brodie was a successful operator, Brodie 38o Brodie distinguished for coolness and knowledge, a steady hand, and a quick eye ; but the pre- vention of disease was in his opinion higher than operative surgery, and his strength was diagnosis. An accurate observer, his memory was very retentive, and he was never at a loss for some previous case which threw light upon the knotty points in a consultation. Unflinch- ing against quackery, he was instrumental in bringing St. John Long to justice, and his precise evidence in the witness-box was effec- tive against the poisoner Palmer. His life was spent in active work, and he devoted it to the arrest of disease. [Autobiography in Collected Works, ed. Haw- kins, 1865; Biography by H. W. Acland; Lan- cet, 1862 ; British Medical Journal, 1862.] K. E. T. BRODIE, SIB BENJAMIN COLLINS, the younger (1817-1880), chemist, was the eldest son of Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie [see BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS, 1783- 1862]. He was born in Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London, in 1817. Brodie was educated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1838. He always manifested a strong love for scientific inquiry, and especially devoted his attention to chemistry. In 1843 his first original paper appeared in the ' Proceedings of the Ashmolean Society,' which was on the * Synthesis of the Chemical Elements/ based on an examination which involved a long- continued and delicate investigation. In 1852 he had completed this inquiry, and published the results in a communication to the same society. In 1848 Brodie's * Investigations of the Chemical Nature of Wax ' appeared in the ' Philosophical Transactions.' In this . year he married the daughter of the late John Vincent Thompson, serjeant-at-law. From this period to 1855 Brodie was ac- tively engaged in chemical inquiries, many them of a difficult character. In the ' Phi- losophical Transactions ' for 1850 will be found an elaborate memoir ' On the Conditions of Certain Elements at the Moment of Chemi- cal Change,' which is an example of well-de- vised experimental research and of very close observation. The ' Chemical Society's Journal for 1851 contains a paper by him, entitled ' Observations on the Constitution of the Al- cohol Radical and on the Formation of Ethyl. In the ' Royal Institution Proceedings ' fo: the same year appeared a paper by him ' On the Allotropic Changes of certain Elements, and two others, requiring equally delicate an( searching investigations, and involving phi losophical deductions of a high class. Brodie having established his character as a high class inquirer into some abstruse branches o hemistry, was in 1865 appointed professor of hemistry in the university of Oxford, and he ras president of the Chemical Society in the ears 1859 and 1860. In addition to inquiries of considerable in- erest on the elements, sulphur, iodine, and )hosphorus, which were communicated to earned societies between 1851 and 1855, Brodie was engaged on an investigation into he allotropic states of carbon, especially of >rdinary charcoal, and graphite or plumbago. ?his led to the discovery of an important pro- ess for the purification of graphite, which vas of considerable technical value. He pub- lished the results of this inquiry in the ut ' Follow me who can ! ' sprang on board, bllowed by some fifty or sixty of his men. The struggle was very short. The Americans, >ewildered and panic-stricken, were beaten >elow without much difficulty. Broke was ndeed most seriously wounded on the head >y a blow from the butt-end of a musket ; >ut within fifteen minutes from the time c c 2 Broke 388 Broke of the first gun being fired by the Shannon the American colours on board the Chesapeake were hauled down, and the English colours hoisted in their stead. The apparently easy capture of the Chesa- peake, a ship of the same nominal force but larger, with more men and a heavier arma- ment than the Shannon, created a remarkable sensation both in America and in England. The true significance of the action has been pointed out by a French writer of our own time. ' Captain Broke/ he says, 'had com- manded the Shannon for nearly seven years ; Captain Lawrence had commanded the Che- sapeake for but a few days. The Shannon had cruised for eighteen months on the coast of America ; the Chesapeake was newly out of harbour. The Shannon had a crew long accustomed to habits of strict obedience ; the Chesapeake was manned by men who had just been engaged in mutiny. The Ame- ricans were wrong to accuse fortune on this occasion. Fortune was not fickle, she was merely logical. The Shannon captured the Chesapeake on 1 June 1813 ; but on 14 Sept. 1806, when he took command of his frigate, Captain Broke had begun to prepare the glorious termination to this bloody affair' (DE LA GKAVIEKE, Guerres Maritimes, ii. 272). This it is which constitutes Broke's true title to distinction ; for the easy capture of the Chesapeake, which rendered him fa- mous, was due to his care, forethought, and skill, much more than to that exuberant cou- rage which caught the popular fancy, and which has handed down his name in the song familiar to every schoolboy as 'brave Broke.' Honours and congratulations were showered upon him. He was made a baronet 25 Sept. 1813, and K.C.B. 3 Jan. 1815 ; but, with the exception of taking the Shannon home in the autumn of 1813, his brilliant exploit was the end of his active service. The terrible wound on the head had left him subject to nervous pains, which were much aggravated by a se- vere fall from his horse on 8 Aug. 1820, and although not exactly a valetudinarian, his health was far from robust, and his sufferings were at times intense. He became in course of seniority a rear-admiral on 22 July 1830, and died in London, whither he had gone for medical advice, on 2 Jan. 1841. His remains were carried to Broke Hall, and were interred in the parish church of Nacton. He had a numerous family, many members of which died young. The eldest son, who succeeded to the baronetcy, died unmarried in 1855; the fourth son, the present baronet (who has taken from his mother's family the name of Middleton), has no children, and at his death the title will become extinct. Two daughters of a still younger son are the sole representa- tives in the second generation of the captor of the Chesapeake ; the younger of these is married to Sir Lambton Loraine, bart., cap- tain R.N. ; the other to the Hon. James St. Vincent Saumarez, eldest son of Lord de Saumarez, and grandson of the first lord, Nelson's companion in arms. Both have issue. [Brighton's Memoir of Admiral Sir P. B. V. Broke, Bart., K.C.B., compiled 'chiefly from Journals and Letters in the possession of Rear- admiral Sir George Broke -Middleton, C.B. ; ' notes contributed by Sir George Broke-Middleton ; Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812.]; J. K. L. BROKE or BROOKE, SIB RICHARD (d. 1529), chief baron of the exchequer, was fourth son of Thomas Broke of Leighton in Cheshire, and his wife, daughter and heiress of John Parker of Copnall. His ancestors had been Brokes of Leighton since the twelfth century, and came of a common stock with the Brookes of Norton. On 11 July 1510 (Pat. 2 Hen. VIII, p. 2, m. 2, and &#.) he obtained a royal exemption from becoming serjeant-at-law, an honour then conferred only on barristers of at least sixteen yearsr practice at the bar. Perhaps he was deterred, as others had been (DTJGDALE, Orig. p. 110), by the great expenses attending the promo- tion ; but he did not long avail himself of his privilege, he being one of the nine Serjeants appointed in the following November. He was double reader in his inn, the Middle Temple, in the autumn of 1510, and must have passed his first readership before 1502, at which date Dugdale's list of readers com- mences. In the spring of 1511 (2 Hen. VIII), from under-sheriffhe became recorder of Lon- don, an office he filled till 1520. Foss says he represented the city of London in the par- liaments of 1511 and 1515, the returns of members to which parliaments are stated to be ' not found ' in the House of Lords' Report. In the parliament of 1523 he was one of the triers of petitions. In June 1519 he appears as a junior justice of assize for the Norfolk circuit. He became a judge of the common pleas and knight in 1520 (fines levied Easter, 12 Hen. VIII), and chief baron of the ex- chequer on 24 Jan. 1526 (Com. de Term. Hill., 17 Hen. VIII, Rot. 1), and continued in both offices till his death in May or June 1529. As serjeant, and afterwards as judge, his name appears in many commissions for the home and Norfolk circuits. His will, dated 6 May 1529, was proved on 2 July 1529 by his widow, daughter of Ledes, by whom he left three sons, Robert (afterwards of Nac- Broke 389 Broke ton), William, and John, and four daughters, Bridget, Cicely, Elizabeth (married Fouleshurst), and Margaret. Bridget had married George Fastolfe of Nacton, who died without issue in 1527, leaving his ma- nors of Nacton, Cowhall, and Shullondhall, Suffolk, to her, with remainder to her father and his heirs, who thus became Brokes of Nacton. Sir Richard left property in Nor- folk, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. A direct descendant, Robert Broke of Nacton, was created baronet in 1661, and died without male issue in 1693, when the estates passed to his nephew Robert, grandfather of Admiral Sir Philip Bowes Vere Broke [q. v.] [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. p. 215, and Chronica Series, pp. 79, 80; Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 241 ; Harl. MS. 1560, 3176; Gal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, vols. i.-iv. ; Noorthouck's London, p. 893 Add. ; Stow's Sur- vey ; Broke's will in Somerset House.] K. H. B. BROKE or BROOKE, SIB ROBERT (d. 1558), speaker of the House of Commons and chief justice of the common pleas, was the son of Thomas Broke of Claverley, Shrop- shire, by his wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh Grosvenor of Farmcote Hall in the same county. He was admitted B.A. at Oxford 8 July 1521 (Oaf. Univ. Reg. ed. Boase, i. 111). He afterwards studied at the Middle Temple, where in 1542 he was elected autumn reader, and in Lent 1551 double reader. He held successively the offices of common ser- j eant and recorder of London (being appointed to the latter office in 1545), and represented the city in several parliaments. On 17 Oct. 1552 he was made a serjeant-at-law. On 2 April 1554, while still recorder, he was chosen speaker of the House of Commons. The second parliament of Queen Mary, over which he was elected to preside, was declared in the opening speech of the chancellor (Bishop Gardiner) to be called ' for the corroboration of true religion, and touching the queen's highness's most noble marriage.' Broke was 1 a zealous catholic,' and his conduct as speaker gave great satisfaction to the queen. He was appointed chief justice of the com- mon pleas on 8 Oct. 1554 (Wood erroneously gives the date as 1553), and on 27 Jan. following was knighted by King Philip. On 26 Feb. 1556-7 he sat in the court which was appointed to try Charles, lord Stourton, for the murder of the Hartgills, and it is mentioned in Machyn's ' Diary ' that, the pri- soner having obstinately refused to plead, the lord chief justice at last rose and threatened him with the punishment of being pressed to death, upon which he pleaded guilty. Broke died on 6 Sept. 1558 while on a visit to his friends, at Claverley, his native place, and is buried in the chancel of the parish church there. In the ' Gentleman's Maga- zine ' (xcii. pt. ii. 490) is a description of his monument at Claverley, with a copy of the inscription, which states that he was twice married, and had seventeen children. Ac- cording to Wood he left to his descendants ' a fair estate at Madeley in Shropshire, and one or two places in Suffolk.' The mention of Suffolk, however, is probably a mistake ; Wood was apparently thinking of the Broke family of Nacton, who derived their descent from Sir Richard Broke [q. v.] The same writer informs us that Sir Robert Broke, by his will proved 12 Oct. 1558, made several bequests to the church and poor of Putney. Broke was held in great respect as a learned and upright judge, and also ob- tained a high reputation as a legal writer. The following is a list of his works, none of which seem to have been published during the author's lifetime : 1. ' La Graunde Abridge- ment,' 1568. This is an abstract of the year-books down to the writer's own time, and is principally based on the work by Fitz- herbert bearing the same title. Broke's treatise, however, is considered superior in lucidity of arrangement to that of Fitzher- bert, and contains also some valuable original matter. Sir E. Coke and other eminent legal authorities have praised it highly. Further editions were published in 1570, 1573, 1576, and 1586. A selection from the ' Abridge- ment,' comprising the more recent cases which Broke had added to Fitzherbert's col- lection, was published in 1578, under the title of ' Ascuns novell Cases de les Ans et Temps le Roy Henry VIII, Edward VI, et la Roygne Mary, escrie ex la Graunde Abridge- ment.' This volume was reprinted in 1587, 1604, and 1625. It was translated into English by J. March ({ Some New Cases of the Years and Times of King Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Queen Mary,' 1651), and an edition of this translation, together with the original Norman-French, was published in 1873. 2. 'A Reading on the Statute of Limitations,' 1647. 3. 'A Reading upon the Statute of Magna Charta, cap. 16,' 1641. This work is erroneously attributed by Wood to another Robert Brooke, who died in 1597, although the title-page gives to the author the designations of serjeant-at-law and re- corder of London, which clearly identify him with the subject of this article. [Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 267 ; Ma- chyn's Diary, 27, 126 ; Journals of the House of Commons, i. 33 ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 216, 217 ; Harl. MS. 6064, 80 b ; Foss's Lives of the Judges, v. 360 ; Gent. Mag. xcii. pt. ii. 490.] H. B. Broke 390 Broke BROKE or BROOK, THOMAS (/. 1550), translator, was an alderman of Calais, the chief clerk of the exchequer and cus- tomer there at the time when the preaching of William Smith at Our Lady's Church in that town led many persons, and Broke among them, to adopt l reformed ' opinions. Broke was a member of parliament, sitting probably for Calais, and in July 1539 spoke strongly against the Six Articles Bill, though Cromwell sent to warn him to forbear doing so as he loved his life. Part of his speech is preserved by Foxe (Acts and Monuments, v. 503). He was roughly answered by Sir William Kingston, comptroller of the king's household, who was reproved by the speaker for his attempt to interfere with the freedom of debate. The next month, at the trial of Hare, a soldier of Calais, for heresy, Broke interfered on the prisoner's behalf, and was rebuked by the dean of arches. Half an hour later he found himself accused of the same crime on the information of the council of Calais, and on 10 Aug. was committed to the Fleet along with John Butler, a priest of the same town, who was also a ' sacra- mentary.' As, however, the Calais witnesses could prove nothing against him, he was re- leased. In 1540, 32 Henry VIII, the king demised two chapels in the parish of Monk- ton, in the liberty of the Cinque Ports, to a Thomas Broke for 42/. 7s. lid. (HASTED, Kent, iv. 340 n.) As Broke the translator was paymaster of Dover in 1549 (see below), it is at least possible that he was the lessee. Another attempt was made against Broke in the spring of 1540. His servant was im- prisoned by the council of Calais and strictly examined as to his master's conduct, and 'the second Monday after Easter' Broke was committed to the mayor's gaol, ' whither no man of his calling was ever committed unless sentence of death had first been pro- nounced upon him ; ' for otherwise he should have been imprisoned in a brother alderman's house. All his goods were seized, and his wife and children thrust into a mean part of his house by Sir Edward Kingston. Indig- nant at such treatment, Mistress Broke an- swered a threat of Kingston's with ' Well, sir, well, the king's slaughter-house had wrong when you were made a gentleman' (FoxE, v. 576). She wrote to complain to Cromwell and to other friends, and, finding that her letters were seized by the council, sent a secret messenger to England to carry the news of the sufferings of her husband and of those imprisoned with him. On receiving her message, Cromwell ordered that the pri- soners should be sent over for trial, and on Mayday they were led through the streets of Calais, Broke being in irons as the ' chief captain ' of the rest. Broke was committed to the Fleet, and lay there for about two years. At the end of that time he and his twelve companions were released ' in very poor estate.' In 1550 the name of Thomas Broke occurs among the chief sectaries of Kent. Although from the character of his literary work it is impossible to suppose that Broke the translator could have been one of the ' Anabaptists and Pelagians ' spoken of by Strype(j¥emon«/s,ii. i.369), yet if, as seems likely, he was dissatisfied with the new Book of Common Prayer, he may have be- longed to a separate congregation, and so have been described as sharing the opinions of the majority of the sectaries of the dis- trict. His works are : 1. ' Certeyn Medita- cions and Things to be had in Remembraunce ... by euery Christian before he receiue the Sacrament of the Body and Bloude of Christ, compiled by T. Broke,' 1548. 2. ' Of the Life and Conuersacion of a Christen Man . . . wrytten in the Latin tonge by Maister John Caluyne. . . . Translated into English by Thomas Broke, Esquire, Pay- master of Douer/ 1549. In the prologue of this translation the identity of Broke with the alderman of Calais is made clear. ' I have (good reader),' he writes, < translated a good part more of the institution of a Christen man, wrytten by this noble clerke which I cannot nowe put in printe, partly through mine owne busynes as well at Douer as at Calleis.' 3. The preface to « Geneua. The Forme of Common Praiers used in the Churches of Geneua . . . made by Master John Caluyne. . . . Certayne Graces be added in the ende to the prayse of God, to be sayde before or after meals,' 1550. An imperfect copy of this rare 12mo, printed by E. Whit- church, is described in Herbert's ' Ames ' (p. 547). To the beautiful copy in the Gren- ville Library in the British Museum is ap- pended a note in Grenville's handwriting, in which he calls attention to its perfect con- dition, and declares his belief that it is the only copy extant. In his preface Broke says that the graces are his, and that perhaps some will find them over-long ; the first is a paraphrase of the Ten Commandments. He | also makes another mention of his further translation from Calvin's ' Institution ' which he had ready and was about to put forth. If this was ever printed, it appears to have left no sign of its existence. E. Whitchurch had printed the English Liturgy the year before, and this translation of the Genevan form seems to indicate a desire that changes should be made in it so as to bring it nearer to the practices of the Calvinistic congregations Brokesby 391 Brokesby abroad. 4. ' A Reply to a Libell cast abroad in defence of D. Ed. Boner, by T. Brooke,' no date. [Foxe's Acts and Monuments (ed. 1846), v. 498-520 ; Chronicle of Calais, 47, Camden Soc. ; Cranmer's Letters, 392, Parker Soc. ; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials (8vo ed.), n. i. 369-70; Hasted's History of Kent, iv. 340 ; Broke's ' Of the Lyfe and Conuersation,' and ' The Forme of Common Praiers,' -with Grenville's note as above, in the Brit. Mus. ; Herbert's Ames's Typogr. An- tiq. 547, 619, 620, 678 ; Maitland's Early English Books in the Lambeth Library, 14 ; Maunsell's Catalogue of English Printed Books (1595), 24 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 129.] W. H. BROKESBY or BROOKESBUY, FRANCIS (1637-1714), nonjuror, the son of Obadiah Brokesby, a gentleman of inde- pendent fortune, of Stoke Golding, Leices- tershire, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James Pratt, Wellingborough, Northamp- tonshire, was born on 29 Sept. 1637. His uncle Nathaniel was a schoolmaster. As all the nine children of his grandfather Francis received scriptural names, it is probable that he came of a puritan stock. He became a member and afterwards a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, taking the degree of B.D. in 1666. A religious poem of some beauty composed by him on the occasion of his taking his degree illustrates the fervent piety of his character. This poem is pre- served in Nichols's l History and Antiquities of Hinckley,' 737. He probably took orders early, for on the presentation of his college he succeeded John Warren, the ejected rector of Broad-oak, Essex. He lived on friendly terms with his predecessor, who used to come and hear him preach (PALMEE, Noncon- formists' Memorial, ii. 202). In 1670 he left Broad-oak, and became rector of Rowley in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Soon after he entered on this new cure he married Isabella, daughter of a Mr. Wood of Kingston-upon- Hull. From about this time onwards he used to write in his pocket-books short Latin memoranda on the incidents of his daily life. Several specimens of these me- moranda have been preserved (NICHOLS, Hinckley, 736-40). Though they give some idea of his peculiar piety, they are for the most part concerned with domestic mat- ters. During his incumbency at Rowley he appears to have been involved in several dis- putes and lawsuits about tithes. He refers to these disputes in his memoranda of 1678 and 1680; on 31 July 1683 he enters a thanksgiving for the successful issue of a suit, and in the same year registers a vow that if he gains a cause then pending he will devote half the tithe so recovered to the relief of the poor. When the revolution of 1688 set William and Mary on the throne, Brokesby refused to take the oath to the new sovereigns. He was accordingly de- prived of his living in 1690. He went up to London in July, and appears to have been received by Lady Fairborn at her house in Pall Mall ' over against the Pastures.' Meanwhile his wife, by that time the mother of six children, did what she could to wind up affairs. Writing to her sister on 8 Aug., she says, ( We are now cutting down our corn, for we cannot sell it.' After his deprivation Brokesby lived for some years in his native village, and there his wife died and was buried on 26 Feb. 1699. Brokesby's private property seems to have been small. His high character and his re- putation as a scholar gained him many friends among the men of his own party. Chief among these was Francis Cherry of Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, to whose liberal kindness Thomas Hearne and many other nonjurors were indebted. After his wife's death Brokesby appears to have resided con- stantly at Shottesbrooke, and early in 1706 succeeded Mr. Gilbert of St. John's College, Oxford, as chaplain to the little society of nonjurors established there (HEAENE, Collec- tions, i. 211). He travelled about a good deal, and generally paid a yearly round of visits in the north of England, probably to the men of his own party, occasionally also going up to Oxford and London. At Shottesbrooke he enjoyed the society of Robert Nelson, to whom he rendered valuable assistance in the compilation of his book on the l Festivals and Fasts of the Church.' There, too, he formed a strong friendship with Henry Dodwell, sometime Camden professor of history at Ox- ford. In common with some other moderate nonjurors, Brokesby refused to take the oath simply because his conscience forbade him to do so, and not as a matter of politics. If James were dead, he declared that he would have no objection to swear allegiance to William and Mary, because they would be in possession, while the claim of the Prince of Wales would be 'dubious ' (NiCHOLS,740). The death of James, however, was followed by the oath of abjuration, and neither Brokesby nor his friends were prepared to declare that the kingship of William of Orange was founded on right. At the same time, while he warmly upheld the cause of the deprived bishops, ecclesiastical division was grievous to him, and he fully shared in the opinion expressed in Dodwell's work, * The Case in View,' that on the death or resig- nation of these bishops their party might return to the national communion. The Brokesby 392 Brome case contemplated by Dodwell became a fact when the death of Bishop Lloyd on 1 Jan. 1710 was followed by the resignation ot Bishop Ken, and accordingly Brokesby, Dod- well and Nelson returned to the communion of the established church, and attended ser- vice at Shottesbrooke Church on 28 leb. (MARSHALL, Defence of our Constitution, app. iv. and vi.) A letter from S. Parker of Oxford, dated 12 Nov. (Gent. Mag 1799 vol. Ixix. pt. i.), appears to have called forth a reply dated 18 Nov., in which Brokesby shows that ' the new bishops ' were merely suf- fragans, that no synodical denunciation had invested them with independent authority after the deaths of the deprived diocesans, that the ' deprived fathers ' had no power to invest them with such authority, and that therefore they were not diocesan bishops (MARSHALL, app. xi.) Brokesby, then, had no part in what may be described as the schism of the nonjurors. He lost his friend Dodwell in 1711, and the next year he de- scribes himself in his will, dated 15 Sept. 1712, as sojourning at Hinckley. He was then in good health. The death of Francis Cherry in 1713 caused him deep grief. He died at Hinckley, and was buried at Stoke on 24 Oct. 1714. Of his six children his elder son Francis died in early life, and his younger son, who became a merchant, also died before him. His four daughters sur- vived him; the second, Dorothy, married Samuel Parr, vicar of Hinckley, and was thus the grandmother of Dr. Samuel Parr, the famous Greek scholar. Brokesby was the author of : 1. ' Some Proposals towards promoting the Propagation of the Gospel in our American Plantations,' 1708, 8vo. 2. A tract entitled ' Of Education with respect to Grammar Schools and the Universities, to which is annexed a Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman. By F. B., B.D.,' 1701, 12mo. 3. ' A Letter containing an Account of some Observations relating to the Anti- quities and Natural History of England,' 16 May 1711, in Hearne's < Leland's Itine- rary,' vi. preface, and 89-107, ed. 1744. 4. 'An History of the Government of the Primitive Church for the first three centuries and the beginning of the fourth . . . wherein also the Suggestions of David Blondel . . . are con- sidered,' 1712, 8vo. 5. ' The Divine Right of Church Government by Bishops asserted,' 1714, 8vo. 6. < The Life of Mr. Henry Dod- well, with an Account of his Work . . . ,' 2 vols. 1715, 8vo. In this work, which was published after the author's death, he speaks (p. 311) of the help Dodwell had given him in preparing his book on church government. 7. Various Letters. [J. Nichols's History and Antiquities of Hinck- ley, being part of the History of Leicestershire, iv. 715-19, 725, 737-42, also less fully in BiM. Top. Brit. vii. 173; Brokesby's History of the Government of the Church, and Life of Dodwell, see preface ; Marshall's Defence of our Constitu- tion in Church and State . . . with an Appendix containing . . . Divers Letters of ... the Eev. Mr. Brookesby, 1717; Calamy's Noncon- formists' Memorial (Palmer), ii. 202 ; Hearne's Collections, i. 211, and an abstract of a letter of F. B. on the Paderborn or Venice edition of the first part of 33rd book of Livy, Oxford Hist. Soc. ; J. G-. Nichols's Literary Illustrations, iv. 117; Gent. Mag. Ixix. pt. i. 458; Lathbury's History of the Nonjurors, 199-217.] "W. H. BROME, ADAM DE (d. 1332), founder of Oriel College, Oxford, of whose early life nothing is known, was rector of Hanworth in Middlesex in 1315, chancellor of Durham in 1316, archdeacon of Stow in 1319, and in the same year was made vicar of St. Mary in Oxford. He was also a clerk in chancery and almoner of Edward II. In 1324 he received the royal license to purchase a messuage and found a college in Oxford to the honour of the Virgin Mary. He obtained several bene- factions from Edward II for his new founda- tion, which was to consist of a provost and ten fellows or scholars, who were to devote themselves to the study of divinity, logic, or law. He was appointed the first provost by the king in 1325, and drafted his statutes in the following year. The statutes bear a close resemblance to those which Walter de Merton had framed for Merton College. Brome died in June 1332, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Oxford. [Wood's Colleges and Halls (Gutch), 122, &c. ; Statutes of Oriel College, in Statutes of Colleges of Oxford (1853), vol. i.] M. C. BROME, ALEXANDER (1620-1666), poet, born in 1620, was an attorney in the lord mayor's court, according to Langbaine, and in the court of king's bench, according to Richard Smith's ' Obituary,' published by the Camden Society. During the civil wars he distinguished himself by his attach- ment to the royalist cause, and was the author of many songs and epigrams in ridicule of the Rump. In 1653 he edited, in an 8vo volume, 1 Five NewPlayes' by Richard Brome [q.v.] (to whom he was not related), and in 1659 five more 'New Playes,' 1 vol. 8vo. He pub- lished, in 1654, a comedy of his own, en- titled ' The Cunning Lovers.' His ' Songs and Poems' were collected in 1661, 8vo, with commendatory verses by Izaak Walton and others, and a dedication to Sir J. Robinson, lieutenant of the Tower. The second edition, ' corrected and enlarged,' appeared in 1664. Brome 393 Brome To this edition are prefixed a prose commen- datory letter signed * R. B.' (probably the initials of Richard Brathwaite), additional verses by Charles Strynings and Valentine Oldys, and a prose letter signed ' T. H.' Among the new poems in this edition are an epistle ' To his friend Thomas Stanley, Esq., on his Odes,' and ' Cromwell's Panegyrick.' A third edition, with a few additional poems and with elegies by Charles Cotton and Richard Newcourt, appeared in 1668, 8vo. Brome was a spirited song-writer, and his bacchanalian lyrics have always the true ring. Phillips, in his ' Theatrum Poetarum,' says that he 'was of so jovial a strain that among the sons of Mirth and Bacchus, to whom his sack-inspired songs have been so often sung to the spritely violin, his name cannot choose but be immortal ; and in this respect he may well be styled the English Anacreon.' His satirical pieces are sprightly without being offensively gross. Brome was a contributor to, and editor of, a variorum translation of Horace, published in 1666. He had formed the intention of translating Lucretius, as we learn from an epigram of Sir Aston Cokaine (Poems, p. 204) ; but he did not carry out his project. Commenda- tory poems by Brome are prefixed to the first folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's works (1647), and to the second edition of Walton's ' Angler,' 1655. He died on 30 June 1666. An Alexander Brome, who died before 25 Sept. 1666, was a member of the New River Company. There are songs of Brome's in ' Wit's Interpreter,' ' Wit restored,' 'Wit and Drollery,' ' Westminster Drollery,' ' The Rump,' and other collections. The ' Covent Garden Drollery,' 1671, edited by A. B., has been wrongly attributed to Brome. [Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, iii. 114- 119; Langbaine's Dramatic Poets -with Oldys's MS. annotations ; Phillips's Theatrum Poetarum, 1675.] A. H. B. BROME, JAMES (d. 1719), author of two books of travels, was ordained rector of Cheriton, Kent, on 9 June 1676, and became vicar of the adjoining parish of Newington in 1677. He was also chaplain to the Cinque Ports. In 1694 there appeared ' His- torical Account of Mr. R. Rogers's three years' Travels over England and Wales,' and in 1700 Brome published under his own name ' Travels over England, Scotland, and Wales.' He stated in the preface that it had only lately come to his notice that his own 'Travels' had stolen, in an imperfect and erroneous form, into the world as the travels of Mr. Rogers, and that he had been forced to publish an authentic version in self-defence. A second edition appeared in 1707. Another book of travels by Brome appeared in 1712, under the title ' Travels through Portugal, Spain, and Italy.' He also published in 1693 William Somner's 'Treatise of the Roman Ports and Forts in Kent,' and he is the author of several single sermons pub- lished. He died in 1719. [Hasted's Kent, iii. 392, 399 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Notes and Queries, 3rd series, iii. 49.] T. F. H. BROME, RICHARD (d. 1652 ?), drama- tist, is thought to have died in 1652 (when his last play was published with a dedication from his own hand), and was certainly dead in 1653 | (see Alexander Brome ' To the Readers,' Works, i. 2). Nothing, or next to nothing, is known as to the date of his birth. In the pro- logue to the ' Court Beggar/ acted 1632, he speaks of himself as ' the poet full of age and cares.' His surname, which is punned on by Cokaine (' Wee'l change our faded Broom to deathless Baies '), and daringly associated by Alexander Brome [q. v.] with Plantagenet (' 'Twas Roy all once, but now 'twill be Di- vine '), furnishes no clue as to his origin. He was no relation either of the dramatist, Alex- ander Brome who brought out several of his plays (' though not related to thy parts or per- son'), or of the ' stationer,' Henry Brome, who published others of Richard's dramas. A cer- tain ' St. Br.,' however, is found addressing some verses ' to his ingenious brother, Mr. Richard Brome, upon this witty issue of his brain, " The Northern Lasse." ' Probably his birth was as humble as was his condition of life. Alexander Brome, in the lines prefixed by him to the ' Five New Playes ' of Richard, which he published in 1659, asserts of him that ' poor he came into th' world and poor went out.' But the surest testimony to his lowliness of origin lies in the fact that in his earlier days he was servant to Ben Jonson. (See Jonson's lines ' To my faithful servant and (by his continued virtue) my loving friend, the author of this work [' The North- ern Lass'], Master Richard Brome, 1632,' beginning — I had you for a servant once, Dick Brome ; and reprinted in Jonson's ' Underwoods.') Brome must have been in Jonson's service as early as 1614, for he is mentioned by name as the poet's ' man ' in the induction to f Bar- tholomew Fair ' (acted 31 Oct. 1614). At what time between this and 1632 the rela- tion of master and servant was exchanged for that of mutual friendly attachment is unknown. But this latter bond seems to have remained unbroken till Jonson's death. Gifford has shown that something like an attempt to Brome 394 Brome create an hostility on Jonson's part towards his disciple was made by Randolph and others. After the failure of Jonson's ' New Inn/ 1629, the angry poet shook the dust of the stage off his heels in an angry ' Ode [to Himself].' To this several of the younger j poets replied from various points of view, among them Randolph in a parody full of ' homage, which contains these lines — And let these things in plush, Till they be taught to blush, Like what they will, and more contented be With what Brome swept from thee. And, in a 12mo edition of Jonson's minor poems, published about three years after his death, the ' Ode [to Himself^] ' was reprinted with certain new readings foisted in ; among the rest, in the lines There, sweepings do as well As the best-ordered meal, the alteration ' Bronte's sweepings ' was in- troduced. Gifford states that very shortly after the condemnation of the 'New Inn' Brome had brought out a successful piece, now lost; and it is certain that not long afterwards he produced the very successful ' Northern Lass,' which, as has been seen, Jonson hailed with unstinted praise (see JONSON'S Works, ,ed. Gifford, v. 449). Brome's earliest dramatic attempt, or one of his earliest, was a comedy called ' A Fault in Friendship,' written by him in conjunction with Jonson's eldest son, Benjamin, and acted at the Curtain Theatre in 1623 (HALLIWELL, 95). His connection with Jonson made Brome what he was. Frequent allusion to it is made by other writers (see Shirley's and John Hall's lines on the ' Jovial Crew,' and ' C. G.'s ' on the ' Antipodes '), and Brome himself refers to it with pride (see prologue to the ' City Wit '), and speaks with reverence of Jonson himself (see, besides the lines in memory of Fletcher, those to the Earl of Newcastle on his play called ' The Variety,' prefixed to the ' Weeding of the Covent Garden '). But, if we may judge chiefly from the commenda- tory verses accompanying several of his plays, Brome was likewise on good terms with other more or less eminent dramatists. Among the verses prefixed to the works of Beaumont and Fletcher is a lengthy copy by Brome, in which he describes himself as having- known Fletcher in his strength ; even then, when he That was the master of his art and me, Most knowing Jonson (proud to call him son), declared himself surpassed by the younger writer (DYCE, Beaumont and Fletcher, 8vo, i. Ixiii-lxv). Thomas Dekker, notwith- standing his quarrel with Jonson, addresses verses ' to my sonne Broom and his Lasse ; ' John Ford, on the occasion of the same play, writes as ' the author's very friend ; ' Shirley praises the ' Jovial Crew,' characteristically insisting that something besides university learning goes to the making of a good play. Of the younger dramatic writers Sir Aston Cokaine (see his prceludium to Mr. Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes,' 1653), John Tatham (verses on the ' Jovial Crew '), Robert Chamberlain (on the * Antipodes '), and T[homas] S[hadwell] (To Alexander Brome on Richard Brome's ' Five New Playes/ 1659) do honour to him or to his memory. Nor, to judge from the dedications of his plays, was he without patrons ; to the cele- brated Earl (afterwards Duke) of Newcastle, whom he complimented on his play called ' The Variety/ he dedicated the ' Sparagus Garden;' to the Earl of Hertford (after- wards Duke of Somerset, who succeeded New- castle as governor to the Prince of Wales) the l Antipodes ; ' and other plays to the learned Thomas Stanley and a gentleman of the name of Richard Holford. Evidently, however, he courted the applause of the general public rather than the favour of par- ticular individuals, and had too genuine a dislike of dilettantism in play-writing to be a hanger-on upon great people who dabbled in the art like Newcastle or loved a book above all exercises like Hertford. Among the theatres for which he wrote were the Globe and Blackfriars (the king's company), and the Cockpit in Drury Lane and Salisbury Court in Fleet Street (the queen's players). For William Beeston, who, about the time of the production of Brome's ' Antipodes ' at Salisbury Court, began to play with a com- pany of boys at the Cockpit, Brome seems to have had a special regard (see the envoi at the end of the l Antipodes/ and the curious passage in the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar/ which we cannot, with Mr. J. A. Symonds, interpret as referring to Jonson ; cf. COLLIER, Annals of the Stage, new edition, ii. 16 seq.. and iii. 138-9). Of Richard Brome's personal character we learn hardly more than what is implied in Jonson's praise. Alexander Brome, in his ' Verses to the Stationer' on the ' Five New Playes ' (1653), informs us that Richard was a devout believer. This will not be thought unreconcilable with his hatred of Scotch presbyterians (see the ' Court Beggar ') and of puritans in general (see ' Covent Garden weeded'). He appears to have acquired a certain amount of learning, for he makes some show of classical knowledge (see the Brome 395 Brome ' Court Beggar '), and perhaps knew a little German. In the ' Novella ' a leading inci- dent is borrowed from an Italian novelist, or his French translator (see Collier's note to J. Killigrew's 'Parson's Wedding' in DODSLEY'S Old English Plays, ed. W. C. Hazlitt, xiv. 480). But, at least after his great master had ' made him free o' the trade/ his powers seem to have been com- pletely absorbed by his profession as a play- wright. As to this profession or craft he had, as Jonson wrote, learn'd it well and for it serv'd his time, A prentiship, which few do now adayes ; he was content to be called a playmaker, instead of author or poet (see prologue to the ' Damoiselle ') ; on the other hand he had a genuine, unsophisticated love of a good play and a good player (see a capital passage in the 'Antipodes/ i. 5), and was so ready to encourage anything making for theatrical success, that he could not even bring himself to disapprove of effective * gag ' (see ib.ii.I). Delighting in his line of work, but neither able, nor as a rule willing, to go beyond it, Brome exhibits a characteristic mixture of self-consciousness and modesty (see the prologues to the ' Northern Lass ' and the ' Queen's Exchange '). He lays claim to ' venting none but his own ' (epilogue to the ' Court Beggar ') ; he merely pretends to mirth and sense, and aims only to gain laughter ; so that those who look for more must go among the classicising l poet-bounces ' (prologue to the ' Novella ') : what he has to show is a slight piece of mirth ; ( yet such were writ by our great masters of the stage and wit/ before 'the new strayne of wit' and gaudy decorations came into fashion (prologue to the ' Court Beggar '). ' Opinion ' is a thing which he cannot court (prologue to the ' Antipodes ') ; yet at another time he is ready to take the judgment of the public (epilogue to the ' English Moor '), and can appeal to his 'wonted modesty' (pro- logue to the ' Sparagus Garden '). All this need not be taken very literally, more espe- cially in one whose ideas were not always quite large enough for the spacious phrases of Ben Jonson. But (and this is the inte- resting feature in Brome) he was really a conscientious workman who achieved such success as fell to his lot by genuine devotion to his task. Most certainly he was not a poet, though on one occasion he bursts forth into a praise of poetry which has unmistak- able fire and distantly recalls a famous pas- sage in Spenser (' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 5). Nor can he even be called an original writer. To Jonson he owes his general conception of comedy, his notion of ' humorous ' characters (such as Sir Arthur Mendicant in the ' Court Beggar/ ' Master Widgine, a Cockney Gen- tleman/ in the ' Northern Lass/ the pedant Sarpego and the female characters in the 1 City Wit/ Crossewill in ' Covent Garden weeded/ Garrula and Geron with his ' whi- lome ' citations in the ' Love-sick Court '), and his profuse display of out-of-the-way learning or knowledge (see the vagabond's argot in the ' Jovial Crew/ the military terms in ' Covent Garden weeded/ v. 3, and the enumeration of dances in the 'New Academy/ iii. 2). He naturally here and there refers to favourite Jonson ian characters (to Justice Adam Overdo in ' Covent Garden weeded/ i. 1, and to ' Subtle and his lungs' in the ' Sparagus Garden/ ii. 2). It would be unfair to say that he owes anything of much importance to any other writer, unless it be to Massinger, who may have influenced his graver efforts (e.g. in the ' Love-sick Court ' and the ' Queen and Concubine '). With Thomas Heywood he was associated in the authorship of the ' Late Lancashire Witches/ printed 1634, and written in con- nection with a trial for witchcraft held in 1633 in the forest of Pendle in Lancashire, already notorious for witchcraft (see the play in HEYWOOD'S Dramatic Works (1874), vol. iv. ; and cf. WARD'S English Dramatic Lite- rature,].!. 121-3), and perhaps of other dramas. He twice alludes to Eobert Greene, but not as a dramatist. Among the plays of Shake- speare (who is mentioned with others by name in the ' Antipodes/ i. 5), ' A Winter's Tale ' and ' Henry VIII,' perhaps also ' King Lear/ contributed hints for the ' Queen and Concubine ; ' and ' King Lear ' and ' Mac- beth ' for the ' Queen's Exchange.' The ' Two Noble Kinsmen ' cannot have been out of Brome's mind when he wrote the ' Love- sick Court/ which has a romantic, monar- chical flavour and contains some curious allusions to the politics of the period pre- ceding the civil war ; while the ' Beggar's Bush ' of Fletcher is most likely to have sug- gested the notion of the ' Jovial Crew, or the Merry Beggars.' (To the 'Knight of the Burning Pestle' Brome refers in the ' Sparagus Garden/ iii. 2.) He is at times an effective constructor of plots, but this he owed to long experience and to excessive pains (see the ' Love-sick Court/ the ' New Academy/ and more especially the 'Queen and Concubine' and the 'Queen's Ex- change '). Of his plays some may be described as comedies of actual life, moulded in the main on the example of Jonson ; others as roman- tic comedies, in which the interest chiefly Brome 396 Brome depends on the incidents of the action. The two species are, however, anything but strictly kept asunder, just as the rough verse in which the latter kind is chiefly written is intermingled in the comedies of life with prose in varying proportions, or altogether dropped. Of these comedies of actual life the best example is perhaps the l Jovial Crew' (of which a good criticism will be found in an article on Brome's plays by Mr. J. A. Symonds in the 'Academy/ 21 March 1874). This clever picture of a queer section of society, with a breath of country air (not maybe of the very purest sort) blowing through it, was the latest of Brome's dramas, having ' the luck to tumble last of all in the epidemicall ruin of the scene ' (see Dedica- tion). It has also had the luck to enjoy a long life on the stage, having been revived after the Restoration (see PEPYS'S Diary, s.d. 27 Aug. 1661) and again in 1731 as an ' opera' (probably in consequence of the popularity enjoyed by the 'Beggar's Opera,' produced 1728), and performed as late as 1791 (Gu- NEST). The most successful, however, of Brome's plays seems to have been the ' North- ern Lass,' which was one of his earliest pro- ductions, and had before its publication been ' often acted, with good applause, at the Globe and Blackfriars.' It contains a pathetic cha- racter (^Constance) whose northern dialect seems, in the opinion of the public, to have imparted to her love-lorn insanity an original flavour which it is difficult to discover either in the character or in the scheme of the ac- tion. It seems to have been revived after the Restoration (see GENEST, i. 422). A play of more real cleverness and more essentially in the Jonsonian manner (it was very pro- bably suggested by Jonson's masque, the ' World in the Moon/ 1620) was the 'Anti- podes.' The ' play within the play/ on which the main interest of this piece turns, is an amusing extravaganza exhibiting the world upside down ; and the comedy derives an exceptional literary interest from the re- marks on the theatre occurring in it. The ' Sparagus Garden/ produced in 1635, seems likewise to have been exceptionally popular (if we are to suppose it to be referred to as ' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean ' in the epi- logue to the ' Court Beggar/ but Halliwell (249) seems to think this a separate play) ; here it need only be mentioned as an example of the consistent and unredeemed grossness of Brome's 'mirth/ and (inasmuch as the play has an air of truthfulness about it) as one among many indications of the fact that in point of morals there was not much to choose between the London world of Charles II's reign and that of his father's. Finally, the 'Weeding of Co vent Garden, or the Middlesex Justice of Peace/ a picture of manners on the 'Bartholomew Fair' model, is worth noticing as a direct attempt at pro- moting a definite social reform, which ap- pears to have been remarkably successful (see 'An other Prologue/ prefixed to the play). Among the romantic comedies the ' Love- sick Court ' and the ' Queen and Concu- bine' are most worthy of mention; in the last-named Jeffrey is a good fool. In the following list of Brome's plays dates are given as far as ascertainable, but no at- tempt is made to establish a chronological sequence: 1. ' A Mad Couple well matched ;' comedy in prose. Perhaps the same as 'A Mad Couple well met/ mentioned in a list of plays belonging to the Cockpit company in 1639 (HALLIWELL). Accord- ing to Genest (i. 207) this comedy was reproduced in 1677, as 'revised' by Mrs. Aphra Behn. (See also PEPYS'S Diary, s. d. 20 Sept. and 28 Dec. 1667.) 2. 'The No- vella ; ' romantic comedy in verse. Acted at Blackfriars, 1632. 3. ' The Court Beggar; ' comedy in verse and prose. Acted at the Cockpit, 1632. If the epilogue following this was the original epilogue, this play was written after the ' Antipodes ' and the 'Sparagus Garden.' 4. 'The City Wit, or the Woman wears the Breeches ; ' comedy, mainly in prose. 5. ' The Damoiselle, or the New Ordinary ; ' comedy, mainly in verse. Halliwell thinks this was one of the author's earliest productions. The above were pub- lished in one 8vo volume, by the care of Alexander Brome, in 1653, under the title of ' Five New Playes by Richard Brome.' 6. 'The English Moor, or the Mock Mar- riage ; ' comedy, mainly in verse ; ' often acted with general applause by his majesty's servants.' According to Halliwell, a manu- script copy of this play is in the library of Lichfield Cathedral. 7. ' The Love-sick Court, or the Ambitious Politique ; ' romantic comedy in verse. 8. 'The Weeding of the Covent Garden, or the Middlesex Justice of Peace ; ' ' a facetious comedy/ mainly in prose. 9. ' The New Academy, or the New Exchange ; ' co- medy, mainly in verse. 10. ' The Queen and Concubine ; ' romantic comedy, mainly in verse. The above were likewise published in one 8vo volume, by the care of Alexander Brome, in 1659, under the same title as the 1653 volume. 11. 'The Northern Lass;' comedy, mostly in prose. First printed, 4to, 1632 ; reprinted, 4to, 1684, with a new pro- logue by J. Haynes, and an epilogue ; and again, 4to, 1706, new songs being added, of which the music was composed by Daniel Purcell (HALLIWELL). 12. 'The Sparagus Brome 397 Bromfield Garden ; ' comedy, mainly in prose. Acted, 1635, by the Company of Revels at Salisbury Court; first printed, 4to, 1640. 13. 'The Antipodes ; ' comedy in verse. Acted, 1638, by the queen's majesty's servants at Salis- bury Court ; first printed, 4to, 1640. It was revived in 1661 (PEPYS). 14. 'A Jovial Crew, or the Merry Beggars ; ' comedy, mainly in prose, with verse. Acted, 1641, at the Cockpit ; first printed, 4to, 1652, with a dedi- cation to Thomas Stanley from the author ; reprinted, 1684, 1686. It will be found in vol. x. of the 2nd edition (1780) of Dodsley's 1 Old Plays/ Of the ' comic opera ' an edition of 1760 is extant, and there are doubtless others. 15. ' The Queen's Exchange ; ' romantic comedy, mainly in verse, with numerous rhymes. Acted at Blackfriars ; first printed, 4to, 1657; afterwards printed, 4to, 1661, under the title of 'The Royal Exchange.' Of all these fifteen plays a reprint in 3 vols. 8vo was published in 1873, which piously j preserves, together with the old spelling, all ' the misprints and the monstrous arrange- j ment of the ' verse.' Prefixed to vol. i. is a j portrait authenticated by Alexander Brome, ! and canopied by the laureate's wreath, which the modest playwright expressly depreca- ted (see the prologue to the ( Damoiselle'). i 16 (?). ' Tom Hoyden o' Taunton Dean,' if a ' distinct comedy or farce, was produced be- fore the epilogue to the ' Court Beggar ' was ' written (v. ante). The three following plays were entered in Richard Brome's name on ; the books of the Stationers' Company at the dates appended (seeHALLiWELL) : 17. 'Chris- tianetta,' 4 Aug. 1640; probably not printed. 18. ' The Jewish Gentleman,' 4 Aug. 1640 ; not printed. 19. 'The Love-sick Maid, or the Honour of Young Ladies,' 9 Sept. 1653. Acted at court, 1629 ; not printed. 20 (?). 'Wit in a Madness.' This play was entered on the Stationers' books 19 March 1639,together with the ' Sparagus Garden ' and the ' Antipodes,' and was probably by the same author (HAL- LIWELL) ; not printed (?). As already seen, Brome wrote together with Benjamin Jonson the younger a comedy called : 21. ' A Fault in Friendship/ mentioned by Sir Henry Her- bert, s. d. 2 Oct. 1623 (HALLIWELL). With Thomas Heywood he wrote : 22. ' The Lan- cashire Witches ' (v. ante, and compare as to the date of the production of this play Col- lier's note to Field's 'A Woman is a Weather- cock ' (v. 2) in ' Five Old Playes,' 1833. 23.' The Life and Death of Sir Martin Skink, with the Wars of the Low Countries ; ' entered on the Stationers' books 8 April 1654, but not printed. 24. ' The Apprentice's Prize ; ' entered 8 April 1654, but not printed (HAL- LIWELL). Besides his plays and the very commonplace lyrics contained in them, Brome wrote a song (printed with ' Covent Garden weeded ') ; a very long-drawn epigram or piece of occa- sional verse upon Suckling's 'Aglaura,' printed in folio (ib.) ; some complimentary lines to the Earl of Newcastle (ib.} ; and some lines in memory of Fletcher, already mentioned (published in the folio of Beaumont and Fletcher, 1647). [Halliwell's Dictionary of Old English Plays (1860) ; Biographia Dramatica (1812), i. 68-9 ; Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays, 2nd edition (1780), x. 321-3 ; Genest's Account of the Eng- lish Stage (1832), x. 34-47; Ward's History of English Dramatic Literature (1875), ii. 337-42 ; the 1873 reprint of Brome's Dramatic "Works in 3 vols. has been occasionally cited above as Works.] A. W. W. BROME, THOMAS (d. 1380), Carmelite divine, was brought up in the monastery of his order in London, whence he proceeded to Oxford and attained the degree of master, and also, as it seems, of doctor in divinity. There he seems to have distinguished himself as a preacher. Returning to London, he was made prior of his house, and at a general chapter of the order, held at Cambridge in 1362, was appointed its provincial in Eng- land. This office he resigned in 1379, and died in his monastery a year later. Bale (Script. Brit. Cat. vi. 61, p. 486) enumerates his works as follows : ' Lectura Theologise ; ' ' Encomium Scripturae Sacrae ; ' an exposition ' in Paulum ad Romanes ' (also on the preface by St. Jerome to that epistle) ; ' Sermones de Tempore ;' ' Quaestiones variae.' Another work mentioned by Tanner (Bill. Brit. p. 130), and entitled ' Lectiones pro inceptione sua Oxonii MCCCLVIII.' (perhaps identical with the ' En- comium ' above referred to), is of value as giving the date of Brome's procession to the degree, apparently, of D.D. None of these productions are now known to exist. Brome is probably the Thomas Brunaeus described by Tanner (Bibl. Brit. 132) as a native of Dunbar. [Leland's Comm. de Script. Brit. cap. dcxviii. p. 375 ; C. de Villiers's Bibliotheca Carmelitana, ii. 807 seq., Orleans, 1752, folio.] E. L. P. BROMFIELD, EDMUND DE (d. 1393), bishop of Llandaff, was a monk of the Bene- dictine monastery of Bury St. Edmunds. Gaining the reputation of being the most learned member of this community, he at the same time aroused the jealousy of the other monks, who, calling him factious and a disturber of the peace, determined to get rid of him by some means. This was done by getting Bromfield to proceed to Rome as Bromfield 398 Bromfield public procurator not only for the establish- ment at Bury St. Edmunds, but for the whole Benedictine order, a promise being at the same time extorted from him that he would seek no preferment in his own com- munity. His reputation for learning fol- lowed him to Rome, where he was appointed to lecture on divinity. On the death of the abbot of Bury St. Edmunds he sought and obtained the appointment from the pope in spite of his oath. The monks, however, with the sanction of King Richard II, chose John Timworth for abbot, and on Bromfield's ar- rival in England to claim his appointment he was seized and imprisoned on a charge of violating the statute of Provisors, a pre- cursor of the statute of Prsemunire. The pope did not interfere, but after an imprison- ment of nearly ten years Bromfield was re- leased, and, with the king's concurrence, appointed bishop of Llandaff in 1389 on the translation of William Bottesham to Roches- ter. In the royal brief confirming to him the temporalities of the see Bromfield is de- signated abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Silva Major in the diocese of Bordeaux, and ' Scholarum Palatii Apostolici in sacra theologia magister.' Bromfield died in 1393, and was buried in Llandaff Cathedral. He is said to have been the author of several works, but not even the titles of any of them are now extant. [Godwin, De Prsesulibus ( 1743), p. 608; Willis's Survey of Cathedral Church of Llandaff, p. 55 ; Ziegelbauer's Historia rei lit. Ord. S. Benedict!, pt. ii. p. 89 ; Pits's Kel. Hist, de rebus Anglicis, p. 834 ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptoribus Britan- nicis, p. 378.] A. M. BROMFIELD, WILLIAM (1712-1792), surgeon, was born in London in 1712, and, after some years' instruction under a sur- geon, commenced at an early period to prac- tise on his own account. In 1741 he began a course of lectures on anatomy and surgery which attracted a large attendance of pu- pils. Some' years afterwards he formed, along with Mr. Martin Madan, the plan of the Lock Hospital for the treatment of venereal disease, to which he was appointed surgeon. For a theatrical performance in aid of its funds he altered an old comedy, the ' City Match/ written in 1639 by Jaspar Maine, which in 1755 was acted at Drury Lane. He was also elected one of the surgeons of St. George's Hospital. In 1761 he was appointed one of the suite to attend the Princess of Mecklenburg on her journey to England to be wedded to George III, and after the marriage he was appointed surgeon to her majesty's household. Besides contri- buting some papers to the ( Transactions of the Royal Society,' he was the author of: 1. 'An Account of English Nightshades,' 1757. 2. l Narrative of a Physical Transac- tion with Mr. Aylet, surgeon at Windsor,' 1759. 3. ' Thoughts concerning the present peculiar Method of treating persons inocu- lated for the Small-pox,' 1767. 4. < Chirur- gical Cases and Observations,' 2 vols., 1773. In his later years he retired from his profes- sion, and resided in a house which he had built for himself in Chelsea Park. He died on 24 Nov. 1792. [Kees's Encyclopaedia, vol. v. ; Brit. Mus. Catalogue.] BROMFIELD, WILLIAM ARNOLD (1801-1851), botanist, was born at Boldre, in the New Forest, Hampshire, in 1801, his father, the Rev. John Arnold Bromfield, dying in the same year. He received his early train- ing under Dr. Knox of Tunbridge, Dr. Nicho- las of Baling, and Rev. Mr. Phipps, a War- wickshire clergyman. He entered Glasgow University in 1821, and two years later he took his degree in medicine. During his university career he first showed a liking for botany, and made an excursion into the Scottish highlands in quest of plants. He left Scotland in 1826, and, being inde- pendent of professional earnings, travelled through Germany, Italy, and France, return- ing to England in 1830. His mother died shortly afterwards, and he lived with his sister at Hastings and at Southampton, and finally settled at Ryde in 1836. He published in the ' Phytologist ' some observations on Hampshire plants, and then began to amass materials for a Flora of the Isle of Wight, which he did not consider complete even after fourteen years of assiduous labour. In 1842 he spent some weeks in Ireland, and in January 1844 he started for a six months' tour to the West India Islands, spending most of the time in Trinidad and Jamaica. Two years later he visited North America, publishing some remarks in Hooker's 'Journal of Botany.' In September 1850 he embarked for the East, and spent some time in Egypt, pene- trating as far as Khartoum, which he de- scribed in a letter as a ' region of dust, dirt, and barbarism.' Here he lost two of his companions, victims to the climate, and he re- turned to Cairo in the following June, after an absence of seven months. Continuing his journey, he passed by Jaffa, and stated his intention of leaving Constantinople for South- ampton in September, but his last letter was dated ' Bairout, 22 Sept.,' when he was ex- C'ng a friend to join him on a trip to bee and Damascus. At the latter place Bromhall 399 Bromley he was attacked by malignant typhus, and died on 9 Oct., four days after his arrival. His collections were sent to Kew, some of the contents being shared amongst his scien- tific friends. The Flora of the Isle of Wight was printed by Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr. Bell Salter in 1856, under the title of 'Flora Vectensis,' in 8vo, with a topographical map and portrait of the author. His manuscript Flora of Hampshire was never published. His herbarium is now at Kyde in the Isle of Wight, but his manuscripts are in the library of the Royal Kew Gardens. He left behind him the memory of a most amiable man and zealous naturalist. [Hooker's Kew Gard. Misc. (1851) iii. 373- 382 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 182-3 ; Royal Soc. Cat. Sci. Papers, i. 644 ; Townsend's Fl. of Hampshire, xvi. xvii.] B. D. J. BROMHALL, ANDREW (Jl. 1659), di- vine, was one of the ' triers ' for the county of Dorset commissioned in 1653-4 to eject immoral and inefficient ministers. He had been previously presented by the parliament to the substantial rectory of Maiden-Newton, Dorsetshire, then vacant by the sequestration of Matthew Osborn, M. A. (HuTCHiNS, Dorset, ii. 253), or Edward Osbourn, A.M. (WALZEK, Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 322). Hutchins records that ' Bromhall died before the Resto- ration.' Calamy is apparently in error in stating that Bromhall was ejected from Maiden-Newton in 1662, and was afterwards resident in London. He contributed Sermon xxvii. (probably preached before the Restora- tion) to the first volume (1661) of ' The Morn- ing Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the- Fields, and in Southwark : being Divers Sermons preached A.D. MDCLIX-MDCLXXXIX by several Ministers of the Gospel in or near London,' 6 vols. 8vo, London, fifth edition, 1844. [Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy; Cala- my's Nonconformist's Memorial (1802), ii. 102 ; Hutchins's Dorsetshire (1803), vol. ii. ; Neal's History of the Puritans.] A. H. G-. BROMLEY, HENRY. [See WILSON, AiSTTHONT.] BROMLEY, JAMES (1800-1838), mez- zotint-engraver, was the third son of William Bromley, A.R.A. [q. v.], the line-engraver. Little is known respecting his life. Among his best plates may be enumerated portraits of the Duchess of Kent, after Hayter ; John, earl Russell, after Hayter ; and the Earl of Carlisle, when Lord Morpeth, after Carrick ; 'Falstaff,' after Liversege; 'La Zingarella,' after Oakley, &c. He exhibited twelve of his works at the Suffolk Street Gallery between 1829 and 1833. He died on 12 Dec. 1838. [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng- lish School, London, 1878, 8vo.] L. F. BROMLEY, JOHN (d. 1717), translator, was a native of Shropshire, and received an academical education. Probably he was the John Bromley of Christ Church, Oxford, who graduated B.A. in 1685 and M.A. in 1688. In the beginning of James II's reign he was curate of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields, London, but soon afterwards he joined the Roman catholic church and obtained em- ployment as a corrector of the press in the king's printing-house. On being deprived of this means of subsistence he established a boarding-school in London which was at- tended by the sons of many persons of rank. 'He was well skilled in the classics,' says Dodd, 'and, as I am informed, Mr. Pope, the celebrated poet, was one of his pupils.' Afterwards Bromley was appointed tutor to some young gentlemen, and travelled with them abroad. His death occurred, at Madeley in Shropshire, 10 Jan. 1716-17. He published 'The Catechism for the Curats, composed by the Decree of the Council of Trent, faith- fully translated into English,' Lond. 1687, 8vo, and probably he was also the translator of ' The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent,' Lond. 1687, 4to. [Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 459 ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates (1851), 87; Jones's Popery Tracts (Chetham Soc.), 117; Watt's Bibl. Brit; Car- ruthers's Life of Pope (1857), 21 n; Chalmers's Biog. Diet. xxv. 164.] T. C. BROMLEY, SIB RICHARD MADOX (1813-1866), civil servant, traced his descent to Sir Thomas Bromley (1530-1587) [q. v.], lord chancellor of England in the reign of Elizabeth. He was the second son of Samuel Bromley, surgeon of the royal navy, and Mary, daughter of Tristram Maries Madox of Greenwich, and was born on 11 June 1813. He was educated at Lewisham grammar school, and in 1829 entered the admiralty department of the civil service. In 1846 he was appointed to visit the dockyards on a confidential mission, shortly after which he was named accountant to the Burgoyne commission on the Irish famine. Here the prompt and correct system which he intro- duced into the accounts had the effect of bringing more than half a million sterling back to the exchequer, and attracted the special attention of the House of Commons. The success with which he had discharged his duties led to his being in 1848 appointed secretary to the commission for auditing the public accounts, into which he introduced Bromley 400 Bromley improvements which in a great degree re- modelled the working of the department. From this period he was frequently employed on special commissions of inquiry into public departments, including that appointed in 1849 for a revision of the dockyards, and that of 1853 on the contract packet system. In recognition of his services he was in 1854 nominated a civil commander of the Bath. On the outbreak of hostilities with Russia he was appointed accountant-general of the navy, the affairs of which he administered with marked ability and success. In 1858 he was created knight commander of the Bath. On retirement from his office through ill-health he was on 31 March 1863 appointed a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. He died on 30 Nov. 1866. [Gent. Mag. 4th ser. i. 277-8.] T. F. H. BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (d. 1555 ?), judge, was of an old Staffordshire family, and a second cousin of Sir Thomas Bromley (1530-1587) [q. v.] His father was Roger, son of Roger Bromley of Mitley, Shropshire, and his mother was Jane, daughter of Mr. Thomas Jennings. He was entered at the Inner Temple, was reader there in the autumn of 1532, and again in the autumn of 1539, and was nominated in Lent term 1540, but did not serve. He was made serjeant- at-law in 1540, and king's serjeant on 2 July of the same year, and on 4 Nov. 1544 he succeeded Sir John Spelman as a judge of the king's bench. He was held in favour by Henry VIII, who made him one of the execu- tors of his will, and bequeathed him a legacy of 300/. Hence he was one of the council of regency to Edward VI ; but, although he suc- ceeded in avoiding political entanglements for some time, at the close of the reign he be- came implicated in Northumberland's scheme for the succession of Lady Jane Grey. The duke summoned to court Montagu, chief justice of the common pleas, Bromley, Sir John Baker, and the attorney- and solicitor- general, and informed them of the king's desire to settle the crown on Lady Jane. They replied that it would be illegal, and prayed an adjournment, and next day ex- pressed an opinion that all parties to such a settlement would be guilty of high treason. Northumberland's violence then became so. great that both Bromley and Montagu were in bodily fear ; and two days later, when a similar scene took place, and the king or- dered them on their allegiance to despatch the matter, they consented to settle the deed, receiving an express commission under the great seal to do so and a general pardon. Bromley, however, adroitly avoided witness- ing the deed, and consequently, when Mary sent the lord chief justice to gaol, she made Bromley chief justice of the common pleas, in the room of Sir Roger Cholmley, on 4 Oct. 1553. Burnet says of him that he was ' a papist at heart.' He did not hold this office long. On 17 April 1554 Sir Nicholas Throg- morton and others were indicted for a plot and treason at Baynard's Castle on 23 Nov. 1553, and for a rising and march towards London with Sir Henry Isley and two thousand men. Bromley presided at the trial, and allowed the prisoner such unusual freedom of speech as to provoke complaints from the queen's attorney, and threats of re- tiring from the prosecution. Yet Bromley was not throughout impartial, but even re- fused the prisoner leave to call a witness, though he was in court, and denied him in- spection of a statute on which he relied. His summing up was so defective, ' for want of memory or goodwill,' that the prisoner supplied its defects, as if he had been an un- interested spectator. Yet the prisoner was acquitted : so much to Mary's annoyance that the jury were punished for their verdict. Sir William Portman succeeded Bromley as chief justice on 11 June 1555 ; but the exact date of his death is not known. He left an only daughter, Margaret, who married Sir Richard Newport, ancestor of the earls of Bradford. He is buried at Wroxeter. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 164 ; Testam. Vetust. 43 ; Holinshed, iv. 31-55 ; Collins's Peerage, vii. 250, ix. 409 ; Green's Calendar of State Papers, 17 April 1554.] J. A. H. BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1587), lord chancellor, descended from an ancient family established since the time of King John at Bromleghe, Staffordshire. A mem- ber of this family, Roger, settled at Mitley, Shropshire, and had two sons, William and Roger. Thomas Bromley was the grandson of the former, who lived at Hodnet, Shrop- shire, his father's name being George, and his grandmother being Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Lacon of Willey in the same county. The family had a considerable legal turn, George Bromley being a reader at the Inner Temple during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII, and his brother, Sir George Bromley, chief justice of Chester under Eliza- beth and father to Sir Edward Bromley, who was a judge under James I. Thomas Bromley was born in 1530. He was educated at Ox- ford, where he took his B.C.L. degree 21 May 1560, entered the Inner Temple, and became reader in the autumn of 1566. He was studious and regular in his conduct, and probably owed something to family influence Bromley 401 Bromley and to the patronage of Lord-keeper Bacon. On 8 June 1566 he was elected recorder of London, and continued in that office until, in 1569 (14 March), he became solicitor-general. His first considerable case was in 1571, when he was of counsel for the crown on the trial of the Duke of Norfolk for high treason, on which occasion he had the conduct of that part of the case which rested on Rodolph's message. The other counsel for the crown were Gerrard, attorney-general, Barham, queen's Serjeant, and Wilbraham, attorney- general of the court of wards. The Earl of Shrewsbury presided, with twenty-six peers as triers and all the common-law judges as assessors. Bromley's speech came third, and certainly the mode in which the evidence was handled and the prosecution conducted throughout reflects little credit on the fairness of those who represented the crown. Yet Bromley has the reputation of having been an honourable man in his profession, and Lloyd says of him that he was scrupulous in under- taking a case unless satisfied of its justice, ' not admitting all causes promiscuously, . . . but never failing in any cause. For five years he was the only person that people would employ' (State Worthies, 610). The duke was found guilty by a unanimous vote of the court ; but so much dissatisfaction did the trial create that the execution was de- ferred for several months. Mary Queen of Scots, however, was much disheartened at the result, and hopes were entertained of favourable negotiations with her. Bromley was accordingly sent, fruitlessly, as it proved, to endeavour to induce her to abandon her title to the Scotch crown, and to transfer to her son all her rights to the thrones of England and Scotland. In 1574 he was treasurer of the Inner Temple. He was retained by Lord Hunsdon and patronised by Lord Burghley. For some years it was he, rather than Ger- rard, the attorney-general, who was consulted on matters of state, and at last, in 1579, he received his reward. On the death of Lord- keeper Bacon there was for some time great doubt as to the appointment of a successor. Between Hilary and Easter terms, 20 Feb.- 20 April, there was an interregnum of two months, during which the great seal was in no lawyer's custody, and on the seven occa- sions within that period on which it was used the queen issued express orders for its use each time. At last legal business was so much impeded, through the impossibility of obtaining injunctions, that Westminster Hall demanded an appointment. The queen's posi- tjion was difficult. She was resolute not to appoint an ecclesiastic ; it would be a scandal to make a mere politician lord chancellor, YOL. VI. and Gerrard, long as he had been attorney- general, was, though learned, awkward and unpopular. Bromley was a politician and a man of the world, and at this juncture, by dint of intrigue, succeeded in obtaining pro- motion over his superior in the profession and in learning. Gerrard was afterwards consoled with the mastership of the rolls in 1581 (30 May), and on 26 April 1579 Brom- ley received the great seal. From his speech to the queen made on this occasion, and reported in the ' Egerton Papers ' (Camden Soc.), p. 82, it would appear that he was at first lord keeper and afterwards became lord chancellor. But this is erroneous ; he had the title of lord chancellor from the first. In this new position he discharged his duties to the satisfaction of the profession. Though his own practice had been chiefly in the queen's bench, his duties as solicitor-gene- ral frequently took him into chancery, and hence, though not a great founder of equity, he proved a good equity judge, and there were no complaints of his decisions; and having the good sense to pay great respect to the then very able common-law judges, and to consult them on new points, he was able to avoid conflicts between law and equity. Thus, in Shelley's case, the queen, hearing of the long argument in the queen's bench, * of her gracious disposition,' and to end the litigation, directed Bromley, 'who was of great and profound knowledge and judgment in the law,' to assemble all the judges, and in Easter term 23 Eliz. they met at his house, York House, afterwards Ser- jeants' Inn, to hear the case (1 Coke, 93 £), and his judgment has ever since remained a leading authority in real property law. Cam- den calls him f vir jurisprudentia insignis,' and Fuller says: 'Although it was difficult to come after Sir Nicholas Bacon and not to come after him, yet such was Bromley's learning and integrity that the court was not sensible of any considerable alteration.' Knyvett's case is one which shows his fair administration of law. Knyvett, a groom of the privy chamber, had slain a man, and, the jury on the inquiry having found that it was done se defendendo, applied to Bromley for a special commission to clear him by privy session in the vacation. Bromley refused. Knyvett complained to the queen, who expressed her displeasure through Sir Christopher Hatton ; whereon the chancellor, in a written statement, so completely justified himself that she after- wards expressed commendation of his con- duct. Upon the project of the Alencon mar- riage, ' Bromley, who with Bacon's office had inherited his freedom of speech ' (FKOUDE, xi. 159), offered a strong opposition, and pointed D D Bromley 402 Bromley out to the queen that if she married a catholic parliament would expect her to settle the succession to the throne, and this argument seems to have prevailed with her. In 1580 he was engaged by the queen's orders in an inquiry as to the removal of one William Crowther from the keepership of Newgate ; and several letters of his are extant on the sub- ject. When Drake returned from his second Voyage in 1581, Bromley was one of those whose favour he hastened to secure with a present of wrought-gold plate, part of his Spanish spoil, of the value of eight hundred dollars. Bromley took his seat in the House of Lords on 16 Jan. 1582. The first busi- ness before the house being a petition of the commons for advice in choosing a speaker, the chancellor, the choice having fallen on Popham, the new solicitor-general, admo- nished him by the queen's orders l that the House of Commons should not deal or in- termeddle with any matters touching her majesty's person or estate, or with church government.' To this admonition the com- mons paid no attention, and accordingly, as soon as a subsidy had been voted, the session was closed, the chancellor excluding from the queen's thanks t such members of the commons as had dealt more rashly in some matters than was fit for them to do.' Shortly afterwards this parliament was dissolved, having lasted eleven years. Bromley con- tinued in favour, and on 26 Nov. of the same year was consulted by the queen upon the proposals made by the French ambassa- dor. On 21 June 1585 the Earl of North- umberland, then a prisoner in the Tower, was found dead in his cell. Three days afterwards a full meeting of peers was held in the Star-chamber, and the chancellor briefly announced that the earl had been en- gaged in traitorous designs, and had laid vio- lent hands on himself. A new parliament assembled on 23 Nov. 1585, and was opened being a queen, and not amenable to an] foreign jurisdiction.' There was then a conj ference between the queen and the chancelloij ' but at first her firmness baffled him. never submit myself,' she said, ' to the late la^ mentioned in the commission.' She yielde^ to his urgency at length, and the trial prd ceeded. On 14 Oct. a sitting was held is, the presence chamber, the lord chancello} as president, sitting on the right of a vacan; throne, and the commissioners on benches at the sides. Mary's defence was so vigorous that Burghley, in alarm, set aside Bromley) and Gawdy, the queen's Serjeant, who was' chief prosecutor, and himself replied. V the end of the second day the court was a journed to 25 Oct., at the Star-chambt Westminster, when, the chancellor presu ing, the whole court — except Lord Zouc> who acquitted her on the charge of assassinat tion — found Mary guilty. On the 29th parr, liament met, and the chancellor announce*! that they were called together to advise thj queen on this verdict. The commons did no, long deliberate. On 5 Nov., after electing < speaker, they agreed with the lords upon ai<. address to the queen, to be presented by thej lord chancellor, praying for Mary's execu-j tion. For some time Elizabeth hesitated] but on 1 Feb. 1587 she was induced to sign the warrant. Bromley at once affixed th^ great seal to it, and informed Burghley that it was now perfected. The privy council was hastily summoned, and decided to exe- cute the warrant, the queen having done al that was required of her by law. Bromley as head of the law, took on himself the chie burden of the responsibility; but probabl he expected to shelter himself behind th authority of Burghley. It is certain that h was very anxious during the trial, and wa a party to the execution of the warrant onl; with great apprehension. The strain prove too much for his strength. Parliament me with a speech from Bromley, announcing on 15 Feb., but adjourned, owing to th that it was summoned to consider a bill for the trial of Mary Queen of Scots. The bill soon passed. Bromley was at this time ac- tive in the prosecution of Babington. After his conviction and execution a court was constituted for Mary's trial. It consisted of forty-five peers, privy councillors, and judges, and the chancellor presided over it. It sat at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton- shire, where Mary was imprisoned. Bromley arrived on 11 Oct. 1586, having dissolved parliament on 14 Sept. at Westminster as a commissioner, with the Archbishop of Can- terbury and others. The court sat, and Mary at once placed a difficulty in the wav ^J* A 1 A i /» • Tiy-i*^ chancellor's illness ; and, as it continued, Si Edmund Coke, chief justice of the commoi pleas, dissolved parliament on 23 March acting for the chancellor by commission froi the queen. Bromley never rallied. He dice on 12 April, at three A.M., in his fifty-eigh^ year, and was buried with great pomp i, Westminster Abbey, where a splendid torn) was erected by his eldest son. His seal were offered to, but refused by, Archbisho Whitgift. As an equity judge Bromley wa regretted till the end of the reign. In spit of the temper of the age, he was free from religious bigotry, and, as a letter of hi (1 July 1582) to the Bishop of Chester of the prosecution by refusing to plead, ' she | pleading for Lady Egerton of Ridley, shows Bromley 403 Bromley as endeavoured to soften the law as to the execution of heretics. A considerable col- Lction of his letters is preserved among the Tehives of the city of London. It appears lorn them that previously to 1580 he occu- lted a house near the Old Bailey. In 1580 oid 1583 he had a house next Charing woss, and at the same time a country re- pdence in Essex. He married Elizabeth, ' laughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue, K.B., and •'y her had four sons and four daughters, dtis eldest son was Sir Henry Bromley of dolt Castle, Worcestershire, from whose lescendants the property passed to John aV >mley of Horseheath Hall, Cambridge- asfre, the ancestor of the now extinct barons ce Montfort of Horseheath. One of Brom- w/'s daughters, Elizabeth, was first wife to t)r Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrook Castle, comtingdonshire, uncle and godfather to the Jrotector; another, Anne, married Richard 1 or bet, son of Reynold Corbet, justice of the s.'mmon pleas; Muriel married John Lyttel- t»n of Frankley, ancestor of the present ' arons Lyttelton, who was implicated in V ord Essex's plot ; and the fourth, Joan, laarried Sir Edward Greville of Milcote. two books were dedicated to him : * The ^able to the Year-Books of Edward V,' tublished 1579 and 1597, and a sermon 1 reached at St. James's, on 25 April 1580, fy Bartholemew Chamberlaine, D.D., of ktoliwell, Huntingdonshire, published in t584. *' [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Campbell's \ord Chancellors, ii. 116-35 ; Campbell's Lives t? Chief Justices, i. 144, 178, 191, 206, 212; t'ollins's Peerage, ii. 515, iv. 337, vii. 247, viii. s39 ; Collins's English Baronetage, i. 61, 320, ii. i4; Boase's Eegister Univ. of Oxford; Chante- tauze's Marie Stuart, ch. 9 ; Hosack's Mary Queen ]f Scots, ii. 113 ; Eemembrancia (City of Lon- ]on), 118,266, 275, 281, 370, 439, 450 ; Patents jSliz. Or. Jur. § 3; Close Eolls, 21 & 29 Eliz. ; (Jary's Keports, 108 ; Camden's Annals, 440, 456 ; Jtrype's Eccl. Annals, ii. 40, 51 ; Ho well's State 'Prials, 957, 1161 ; 1 Parl. Hist. 821, 853 ; Stat. Jt7 Eliz. ch. i. ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. 1 1 ; Deck's Desiderata, i. 122 ; Nash's Worcester- Jlnre, i. 594; Dugdale's Orig. 163, 165, 170; -l jyd's State Worthies, 610; Bacon's Apo- nK;hegms, 70 ; Nicolas's Sir C. Hatton, 258, 263 ; noller's Worthies, ii. 259 ; Simancas MSS., Ber- skrdino, 16 Oct. 1579 ; Froude's Hist. xi. 159, us3 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss) i. 584, 599 ; ug>mon's Cal. State Papers, passim.] J. A. H. ol BROMLEY, VALENTINE WALTER dl848-1877), painter, great-grandson of Wil- t:'iam Bromley (1769-1842) [q. v.], was born aa London on 14 Feb. 1848. From his child- tiood he manifested a remarkable faculty for art, both as an original designer and as a de- picter of nature. He was especially remark- able for invention and swiftness of execution. He contributed largely to the ( Illustrated London News/ and illustrated the American travels of Lord Dunraven, whom he accom- panied in his tour. He was an associate of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy at the time of his death. He died very un- expectedly of congestion of the lungs, on 30 April 1877, just as he had undertaken an important series of illustrations of Shake- speare and the Bible. He was a thorough artist, as full of animation and energy as of talent, and greatly beloved for his affectionate temper and warmth of heart. He had been married only a few months to a lady artist of considerable mark, Ida, daughter of Mr. John Forbes-Robertson. His picture of 'Troilus and Cressida' is engraved in the ' Art Journal' for 1873. [Art Journal, xxxix. 205 ; Athenaeum, 5 May 1877.] E. G-. BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1664-1732), secretary of state, was descended from an old Staffordshire family, which traced its descent from Sir Walter Bromley, a knight in the reign of King John. He was the eldest son of Sir William Bromley, knight, and was born in 1663-4, at Baginton, War- wickshire, which had been purchased by his grandfather (DTJGDALB, Antiquities of War- wickshire, i. 232). In Easter term 1679 he entered, as a gentleman commoner, Christ Church College, Oxford, and on 5 July 1681 proceeded B.A. Shortly after leaving the university he spent several years in travelling on the continent, and in 1692 he published an account of his experiences under the title 1 Remarks in the Grande Tour lately per- formed by a Person of Quality.' This was followed in 1702 by ' Several Years through Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and the United Provinces, performed by a Gentleman.' Having in 1689 been chosen knight for Warwickshire in the parliament that met at Westmin- ster, he was one of the ninety-two members who declined to recognise William III. In March 1701-2 he was returned for the uni- versity of Oxford, which he continued to represent during the remainder of his life. By the university he was, in August 1702, created D.C.L. In 1701 he was appointed by the commons a member of the committee of public accounts, and in 1702 he was chosen chairman of the committee of elec- tions. He was an ardent supporter of the high-church party, and in 1702, 1703, and D D 2 Bromley 404 Bromley 1704 made strenuous endeavours to pass the bill against occasional conformity— a practice denounced by him as a 'scandalous hypocrisy. For his untiring zeal on behalf of the bill he received the special thanks of the university of Oxford. He early acquired a high reputa- tion as an able and effective debater, and irom his high character, ' grave deportment, and mastery of the forms of the house, was sup- posed to have pre-eminent claims for the office of speaker, which became vacant in 1705. His candidature would undoubtedly have been successful had not his enemies hit upon the expedient of republishing his l Re- marks in the Grande Tour,' several passages in which had previously caused some com- ment as indicating a bias towards Jacobitism, and a probable leaning to Roman Catholicism. The device, according to Oldmixon, was the invention of Robert Harley, afterwards Earl of Oxford, who, 'having one of those copies by him, reprinted it on that occasion ; and to all that came to his house about that time he said: " Have you not seen Mr. B.'s travels ?" Being answered in the negative, he went into a back parlour, where this impression of it lay, fetched it out, and gave every one a copy ; till that matter was made up and the election secured' (History of England^ 345). Among the more objectionable portions of the book was an account of his admission to kiss the pope's slipper, ' who,' the writer adds, ' though he knew me to be a protes- tant, gave me his blessing and said nothing about religion,' and a reference to William and Mary merely as Prince and Princess of Orange. To give point to the joke of repub- lication, a 'table of principal matters ' was added, in which a ludicrous travestie was given of certain of the contents. The issue purports to be the second edition, although a second edition had already appeared in 1693. The publication of the volume caused feel- ing to run very high, and, as Evelyn relates, ' there had never been so great an assembly on the first day of a sitting, being more than 450., The votes of the old as well as the new members fell to those called low church- men, contrary to all expectation' (Diary, 31 Oct. 1705). The result was that John Smith, M.P. for Andover, was chosen over Bromley by a majority of forty-three votes After the tory reaction following the trial o: Dr. Sacheverell, Bromley was, on 25 Nov 1710, chosen speaker without opposition. This office he exchanged in August 1713 for thai of secretary of state. The death of Queen Anne caused the fall of the tory government and he never again held office, though he maintained an influential position in the tory party. He died 13 Feb. 1731-2, and _ was buried at Baginton. His portrait is in the university gallery at Oxford. Amid the keen and unscrupulous party strifes of this period of English history, and the peculiar temptations which beset poli- ticians, Bromley succeeded in retaining a high reputation both for political prudence and for honesty. His undoubted sincerity ren- dered him, however, an extremely keen parti- san. He displayed special bitterness in his attacks on Marlborough, and his comparison of the duchess to Alice Perrers, the mistress >f Edward III, was a scandalous violation of he decencies of political warfare. [Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. 664-5 ; Raw- insonMSS. 4to, 4, 164; Dugdale's Antiquities rf Warwickshire, i. 232-3; Oldmixon's History 3f England; Burnet's Own Times; Evelyn's Diary ; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs ; Jent. Mag. liv. 589-90 ; Manning's Lives of the Speakers, 416-23; Colville's Worthies of War- wickshire, 59-63.] T. F. H. BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1699 P-1737), politician, was second son of "William Brom- Ley (1664-1732) [q. v.] He was elected upon the foundation at Westminster in 1714, at the age of 15. He was a member of Oriel College, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on 19 May 1732. He was elected member for the borough of Warwick in 1727. On 13 March 1734 he was put forward by the party opposed to Walpole to move the re- peal of the Septennial Act. Parliament was soon afterwards dissolved, and Bromley lost his seat for Warwick. He was elected in February 1737, on the death of George Clarke, to represent the university of Oxford, which his father had represented from 1702 till 1732. He died the following month, 12 March 1737. His wife, by whom he left no issue,, was a Miss Frogmorton. His portrait is in the Bodleian Gallery. [Welch's Queen's Scholars, pp. 265, 544;. Gent. Mag. vii. 189 ; Parl. Hist. ix. 396 ; Wood's History and Antiquities (Gutch), ii. 977 ; Official1 Lists of Members of Parliament.] BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1769-1842), line-engraver, was born at Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight. He was apprenticed to an engraver named Wooding, in Lon- don, and among his early productions were some of the plates to Macklin's Bible, the 'Death of Nelson,' after A. W. Devis, and' the ' Attack on Valenciennes,' after P. J. de Loutherbourg. Later works were two por- traits of the Duke of Wellington, after S Thomas Lawrence ; and Rubens's ' Woman taken in Adultery.' Bromley was elected an associate engraver of the Royal Academy in 1819, and in the same year also a member oi Brompton 405 Bromyarde — jthe academy of St. Luke, Rome. He was ier (employed for many years by the trustees of aa^the British Museum in engraving the Elgin oujnarbles, from drawings executed by G. J. nclJorbould. Between 1786 and 1842 he ex- rmibited fifty plates at the Royal Academy. [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists of the Eng- lish School, London, 1878.] L. F. > BROMPTON, JOHN C#. 1436), supposed -•.hronicler, was elected abbot of Jorvaux in '436. The authorship of the compilation rinted in Twysden's ' Decem Scriptores ' (col. 25-1284, Lond. 1652), with the title < Chro- icon Johannis Brompton, Abbatis Jorvalen- s, ab anno quo S. Augustinus venit in An- iam usque mortem Regis Ricardi Primi,' is icertain. It has been ascribed to Bromp- n on the strength of an inscription at the id of the C. C. C. Cambridge MS., which obably means nothing more than that •ompton had that manuscript transcribed me him. Sir T. D. Hardy has pointed out at the compilation must have been made ;er the middle of the fourteenth century, as (contains many extracts from Higden, who sreferred to, ( and that there is reason to tlieve that it was based on a previous com- pation, made probably by a person con- ncted with the diocese of Norwich.' The ?rk is wholly uncritical, and, having been p-lely accepted as authoritative by writers >f mst times, has been the means of import- nj many fables into our history. Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue of Materials el ting to the History of Great Britain, ii. 539- i4:; Dugdale's Monastiaon, v. 567.] W. H. 3ROMPTON, RICHARD (d. 1782), por- rat-painter, studied under Benjamin Wil- 01, and afterwards under Raphael Mengs ,t Rome ; here he became acquainted with h* Earl of Northampton, whom he accom- taiied to Venice. During his stay in that itf he painted the portraits of the Duke .f York and other English gentlemen, in a ojiversation piece, which was exhibited at Spring Gardens in 1763. In that yearBromp- ci settled in London, residing in George •erect, Hanover Square. In 1772 he painted he Prince of Wales, full length, in the obes of the Garter, and his brother, Prince Frederick, in the robes of the Bath. His best known portrait is that of William Pitt, first rl of Chatham, in which the great states- an is represented half-length, in peer's robes, •iding with his right hand raised to his reast and his left arm extended. The ori- inal was presented in 1772 by the earl him- •;lf to Philip, second earl of Stanhope, and s jnow at Chevening. It was engraved in line by J. K. Sherwin in 1784, and in mezzo- tint by E. Fisher. There is a replica in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Bromp- ton's extravagant habits led him into difficul- ties, and caused his confinement in the king's bench prison for debt ; but being appointed portrait-painter to the Empress of Russia, he was released and went to St. Petersburg, where he died in 1782. In the gallery of Greenwich Hospital is a half-length portrait by him of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, K.B. Brompton was an exhibitor at the Society of Arts and Royal Academy between the years 1767 and 1780. .[Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.] L. F. BROMSGROVE, RICHARD (d. 1435), was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Evesham, who doubtless derived his name (which is sometimes given under the form of Bremesgrave) from Bromsgrove in Worces- tershire as his birthplace. He was elected abbot of Evesham when infirmarer of the abbey, on 6 Dec. 1418, and was consecrated in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of Bangor, who in the year previous had been chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May 1435, after holding the abbacy for seventeen years, and was buried before the high altar in St. Mary's chapel in the abbey church. The register of his acts during his abbacy is preserved in Cotton MS. Titus C. ix. (ff. 1-38). It contains articles for the reformation of monasteries which were proposed by Henry V in 1421, with modifications suggested by various abbots. It appears from this register (f. 32) that he wrote a tract, Haworth, nine miles from Bradford, of whicr i Bronte had accepted the perpetual curacy), worth about 200Z. a year and a house. Mrsj , Bronte had an annuity of 50£. a year. A previous incumbent of Haworth had beeili the famous William Grimshaw, one of We& • ley's first followers. Haworth was a country village, but great part of the population was j employed in the woollen manufacture, thei t rapidly extending in the rural districts of Yorkshire. Dissent was strong in Haworth , and methodism had flourished there sinqe the time of Grimshaw. Bronte, a stronjg churchman and a man of imperious and pas- sionate character, extorted the respect of ja i sturdy and independent population. He |is j partly represented by Mr. Helston in ' Shitr- ley/ though a Mr. Roberson, vicar of Hec/k- I mondwike, and a personal friend of Brontel's, • supplied some characteristic traits (Mijis. i GASKELL, Life of Charlotte Bronte (2jnd edition), i. 120, ii. 121 ; REID, p. 21). His behaviour is described by his daughter's qio- grapher as marked by strange eccentricity. He enforced strict discipline ; the children were fed on potatoes without meat to make them hardy. He burnt their boots when he thought them too smart, and for the same reason destroyed a silk gown of his wife's. He generally restrained open expression of his anger, but would relieve his feelings by firing pistols out of his back-door or destr fragment of a story mentioned in the preface e to the * Professor ' as one in which she had If got over her taste for the high-flown style. - She had already sent some poems to Southey \ on 29 Dec. 1836, who replied, pointing out i the objections to a literary career, in a letter ^ of which she acknowledged the kindness and wisdom (GASKELL, i. 162, 169-175 ; SOUTHEY, Life and Correspondence, vi. 327-30). Bran- well had written soon afterwards to Words- worth (19 Jan. 1837), but apparently no an- swer was made. Southey's letter had led to Charlotte's abandonment of literature for the time, and it seems from her reply to Words- worth (GASKELL, i. 211) that his letter, though ' kind and candid,' was equally damping. Mar- riage and literature being renounced,she began to think of starting a school. The sisters thought that with the help of a loan from Miss Branwell's savings they might adapt the par- sonage to the purpose. In 1841 Miss Wooler proposed to give up her school to the Brontes. The offer was eagerly accepted, but it seemed desirable that they should qualify themselves by acquiring some knowledge of foreign lan- guages on the continent. After some in- quiries they decided upon entering a school of eighty or a hundred pupils, kept by M. and Mme. Heger in the Rue d'Isabelle, Brussels. Charlotte and Emily went thither in February 1842, their father going with them, and staying one night at the Chapter coffee-house, Pater- noster Row, and one night at Brussels. M. Heger was a man of ability and strong re- ligious principles, choleric but benevolent, and an active member of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. He was professor of rhe- Bronte 409 Bronte toric and prefet des Etudes at the Athenee, ultimately resigning his position because he was not allowed to introduce religious in- struction. He soon perceived the talents of his new pupils, and, dispensing with the drudgery of grammar, set them to study pieces of classical French literature, and to prac- tise original composition in French. Some of Charlotte's exercises, printed by Mrs. Gas- kell, show that she soon obtained remarkable command of the language. Although the sisters profited by this instruction, the general tone of the school was uncongenial; they dis- liked the Belgians, and the experience only intensified their protestantism and patriotic prejudices. Mary and Martha Taylor, their old friends, were resident in Brussels at this time ; but the death of Martha Taylor, the original of Jessie Yorke, in the autumn of 1842, was a severe blow. News of the last illness and death of their aunt, Miss Bran well, reached them soon after. They started im- mediately for Haworth, and passed the rest of the year at home. The aunt's will, made in 1833, left her money to four nieces, the three Br/ontes and Anne Kingston. The statement thjat she disinherited Branwell on account of his ill-conduct is erroneous (LETLANB, ii. 31). MJ. Heger wrote a letter to their father, ex- pressing a high opinion of their talents, and Ipeaking of the possibility of his offering them imposition. Charlotte had already begun to hve lessons, and it was decided that she Bould return as a teacher, for a salary of 400 pines, out of which she was to pay for German iissons. She went in January 1843, and piJLyed till the end of the year. She felt the (ijieliness of her position, especially when left S/ herself during the vacation, and a coolness •W'ose between her and Madame H6ger, due /partly at least to their religious differences. It •jis probable that she suffered at this time from isome unfortunate attachment. Her father's failing eyesight gave an additional reason near London. Anthony a W 'Where that place is, except in of St. Sepulchre, I am yet to see is described as ' a person of grea among the English catholics in the King James I and King Charles some interest with those princes.' he was very active in supporting thf , of the regular clergy against episcof - vernment in England. He was treas^ure^ the contributions made by the English ca? °~ lies towards defraying the king's charged °. ^e war against Scotland. On 27 Jan. 1640y . e House of Commons made an order requ^irm£ Brook and other royalists forthwith to at^ the house. He, however, prudently withdf e^ from London, but he was apprehended a York a year later (January 1641-2). f™ order was made by the house in August 16 * for removing him from the custody of tre Serjeant to the king's bench. Being subsequently implicated in anallegei plot to make divisions between the parliameir and the city, and to prevent the advance of th^ Scots army into England, he was committed, close prisoner to the Tower by the House of Commons on 6 Jan. 1643-4. On 6 May 1645 an order was made by the house that Brook should be removed to the king's bench, there to remain a prisoner to the parliament until the first debts by action charged upon him should be satisfied. He was apparently living in July 1646, for in certain articles of peace then framed he is named as one of/ the papists who, having been in arms against ' the parliament, were to be proceeded with and their estates disposed of as both houses should determine, and were to be incapable of the royal pardon without the consent of both houses. Brook married Etheldreda, daughter of Sir Edmund Brudenell, knight. Sir Roger Twys- den mentions him as ' a very good, trewe, and worthy person ' (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 103), and Dodd says he was ' handsome and comely.' He published, with a dedication to Queen Henrietta Maria, ' Entertainments for Lent, written in French by the Rev. F. N. Causin, S. J., and translated into English by Sir B. B.' Lond. 1672, 12mo j Liverpool, 1755, 8vo. Brook 414 Brook •co , 3rd ser. iv. 81, 136; [Notes and^g papergj. Panzani's Memoirs, Calendars of . of printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; 178, 179 ; Catt to divide and destroy the Par- A cunning Ple city of London, 1643.1 T. C. liament and t BENJAMIN (1776-1848), non- e and historian, was born in Thong, near Huddersfield. .. he was admitted to membership ajoutlependent cllurch at Holmfield, "^ ^"pastoral care of the Rev. Robert nf In 1797 he entered Rotherham jallond.g a student for tne ministlT. jn le£e became the first pastor of the con- .enal church at Tutbury, StaiFordshire. p pursued his studies, with great re- 3re.~into puritan and nonconformist his- c >d biography, and published the works tory ai3n ^ historical repute chiefly rests. S51 w ing his ministerial duties in 1830, from ,. .,s.1^ health, he went to reside at Birming- "Htill continuing his favourite studies, im'.ublishing some of their fruits. He was mber of the educational board of Spring- * College, opened August 1838. At the . e of his death he was collecting materials ,. a history of puritans who emigrated to ™Tw England. He died at the Lozells, near prmingham, on 5 Jan. 1848, in his 73rd mr. He is said to have been one of the last ^rho retained among the congregationalists ae old ministerial costume of shorts and ylack silk stockings. He published : 1. < Ap- peal to^Facts to justify Dissenters in their Separation from the Established Church,' 2nd ed. 1806, 8vo (3rd ed. 1815, 8vo, with title ' Dissent from the Church of England justified by an Appeal to Facts '). 2. ' The Lives of the Puritans . . . from the Refor- mation under Q. Elizabeth to the Act of Uniformity, in 1662,' 1813, 3 vols. 8vo (a most careful and valuable collection, from original sources). 3. < The Reviewer re- \ viewed,' 1815, 8vo (in answer to an article in the ' Christian Observer ' on the ' Lives '). | 4. ' The History of Religious Liberty from the first Propagation of Christianity in Britain to the death of George III,' 1820, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. 'Memoir of the Life and Writings of Thomas Cartwright,B.D. . . . including the principal ecclesiastical movements in the reign of Q. Elizabeth,' 1845, 8vo (this is in- ferior to his ' Lives ; ' Brook was better in biography than in general history). [Congregational Year-Book, 1848, p. 214; Bennett's Hist, of Dissenters, 1839, p. 161 • pri- vate information.] A/GK BROOK, CHARLES (1814-1872), phi- lanthropist, was born 18 Nov. 1814, in Upper- liead Row, Huddersfield. His father, James Brook, was member of the large banking an cotton-spinning firm of Jonas Brook Brothers at Meltham. Charles Brook lived with hi father, who in 1831 had moved to Thorntoi Lodge ; and by 1840 he became partner in th firm. He made many improvements in th machinery, and showed remarkable busines talents. He strenuously refused to let hi goods measure a less number of yards thai was indicated by his labels, and he was ben on promoting the welfare of the two thousan< hands in his employ. He knew them nearl} all by sight, went to see them when ill, am taught their children in the Sunday school which he superintended for years (Hudders field Examiner, vol. xx. No. 1471). He laic out a park-like retreat, which he himsel planned, for his workpeople at Meltham, and built them a handsome dining-hall and con-» cert-room, with a spacious swimming-bath * underneath. His best-known gift is the Conva- lescent Home at Huddersfield, in the grounds of which again he was his own landscape gardener, the whole costing 40,OOOJ. He was constantly erecting or enlarging churches, schools, infirmaries, cottages, curates' houses, &c., in Huddersfield, Meltham, and the dis- trict; and on purchasing Enderby Hall, Leicestershire, in 1865, with large estates adjoining, costing 150,000^., he rebuilt En- . derby church and the stocking-weavers' un- 1 sanitary cottages. He died at Enderby Hall, of pleurisy and bronchitis, 10 July 1872, aged nearly 58. A portrait of him, by Samuel Howell, is in the Huddersfield Convalescent- Home. In 1860 Brook married Miss Hirst, a! daughter of John Sunderland Hirst of Hud-| dersfield. In politics he was a conservative.^ Mrs. Brook survived him; but he left nof family. [Huddersfield Weekly News, vol. v. Nos. 248, 249; Huddersfield Examiner, vol.xx. Nos. 1471, 1477 ; Huddersfield Daily Chronicle, Nos. 1538, 1539, 1542; Times, 12 July 1872, p. 12, col. 1.] J. H. BROOK, DAVID (d. 1558), judge, was of a west-country family living at Glastonbury, Somersetshire. His father, John Brook, was also a lawyer and of the degree of serjeant-at- Law ; he died on Christmas day 1525, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, having been principal seneschal of the neighbouring monastery. David was appointed reader at the Inner Temple in the autumn of 1534, and again in Lent term 1540, when he was also treasurer, and in 1641 he became one of the governors. He continued to rise steadily in his profes- sion, and on 3 Feb. 1547, the first week of Brookbank 415 Brookbank Edward VI's reign, lie received the coif, the degree of serjeant-at-law having been be- stowed on him as one of the last acts of Henry VIII. On 25 Nov. 1551 he was ap- Eointed king's Serjeant, and when, two years iter (1 Sept. 1553), Sir Henry Bradshaw was removed, he succeeded him as lord chief baron of the exchequer. On 2 Oct., the day after Queen Mary's coronation, Brook and others, according to Machyn, 'were dobyd knightes of the carpet.' Notices of his judgments continue to occur in Dyer's reports until Hilary term 1557-8, and he died apparently in the course of that term. In March he was succeeded by Sir Clement Heigham. His character is highly praised by Lloyd. He seems to have been a man of strong common sense, and is said to have been especially fond of the maxim, * Never do anything by another that you can do by yourself.' He was twice married : first to Katherine, daughter of John, lord Chan- dos ; secondly, to Margaret, daughter of Mr. Richard Butler of London, who had already survived two husbands, Mr. Andrew Fraun- ces and Alderman Robert Chertsey, and, surviving Brook, married Sir Edward North, first earl of Guil^ord, and was buried in the chancel of the church of St. Lawrence Jewry, London. By neither wife had he any issue. [Foss's Lives of the Judges : Fuller's "Worthies, ii. 283 ; Collins's Historic Peerage, iv. 458 ; Machyn's Diary, 335 n.] J. A. H. BROOKBANK, BROOKSBANK, or .pOKESBANKE, JOSEPH (b. 1612), ister and schoolmaster, was the son of orge Brookbank of Halifax, and was born j 1612, for at Michaelmas term 1632, when he entered as a batler at Brasenose College, Oxford, he was aged twenty. He graduated B. A. and took orders. In the Bodleian is the printed petition to the king, in September 1647, from John Brookbank and thirty-three other ministers, expelled from Ireland by the rebels. This John is probably identical with tjie subject of this article, who is called John d>n the title-pages of his ' Vitis Salutaris ' (1650) and'Compleat School-Master' (1660). In 1650 Brookbank describes himself as ' at present preacher of the word' at West Wy- combe (he spells it Wickham), Buckingham- shire. It is probable that he was settled at Wycombe at the date (1648) of his sermon on be ' Saints' Imperfection,' and possible that ',e was placed there in the room of Peel, si- 3nced either at High or West Wycombe on 6 Jan. 1640 (' absolutely the first man of all he clergy whom the party began to fall upon,' VALKEE). Brookbank in 1651 was 'pres- byter and schoolmaster in Vine Court, in High Holborn,' where his books were to be bought. At this date he speaks of Sir Edward Richards, knt., and his wife as having been ' pleased to intertain me, when the whole world (as far as I was at that time discoverable thereunto) had thrown me off.' In 1654 he was ' minister and schoolmaster in Jerusalem Court, in Fleet Street.' By 1657 he had lost both em- ployments, and on 4 July 1660 (while living in George Alley, Shoe Lane) he expressed his gratitude to Sir Jeremiah Whitchcot, bart., ' in that, had your good will prevailed without interruption, I had now enjoyed a competent subsistance.' It is possible that he was the I. B. who, early in 1668, published ' A Tast of Catechetical-Preaching-Exercise for the instruction of families, &c.' The writer speaks of himself as being in his ' decaying age,' and proposes a plan of religious services for the young. His name appears as Brookbank in his earliest publication ; afterwards as Brooks- bank, Brooksbanke, Brookesbanke, and on one of his title-pages as Broksbank. He latinises it into Riparius. His Christian name is some- times printed Jo., and this is expanded into John by mistake. The explanation which he gives of his distance from the press may account for some of the variations in his title-pages. His catechism gives the im- pression that he was an evangelical church- man ; his educational works are careful and clever. He published: 1. 'Joh. Amos Comenii Vestibulum Novissimum Linguae Latinae, &c. Joh. Amos Comenius His Last Porch of the Latin Tongue, &c.,' 1647, 16mo (the Latin of Comenius is given on alternate pages with an English version from the Dutch of Henry Schoof compared with the original). 2. ' The Saints' Imperfection, &c.,' 1646 (but corrected by Thompson to 19 Dec. 1648), 16mo (sermon on Heb. v. 12 ; the title-page is otherwise faulty ; it was reissued with new title-page in 1656). 3. 'Vitis Salutaris : Or, the Vine of Catechetical Di- vinitie, and Saving Truth, &c.,' 1650, 16mo (a catechism dedicated to parishioners of West Wycombe ; a reissue in 1656 has a new title-page, and omits the dedication). 4. 'An English Monosyllabary,' 1651, 16mo (a singu- lar little book, dedicated to Susan, wife of Edward Trussell, and her sister Philadelphia, daughters of Sir Edward Richards ; contain- ing in rhythmical form ' all the words of one syllabi, in our English tongue drawne out into a legibl sens;' at the end are a few prayers in monosyllables). 5. ' Plain, Brief, and Pertinent Rules for the Judicious and Artificial Syllabification of all English Words, •fee.,' 1654, 16mo (the account of the author's Brooke 416 Brooke plan for the management of a school is curious). 6. 'Two Books more exact and judicious for the Entring of Children to Spell and Read English than were ever yet extant, viz. An English Syllabary, and An English Monosyllabary, &c.,' 1654, 16mo (the second book is simply No. 4, not reprinted ; there is a reissue with new title-page as ' The Corn- pleat School-Master, '1660). 7. 'Orthographia, hoc est, Grammatices Nostrse Regiae Latinae Pars prima . . . Cui adjungitur Grammatices ejusdem . . . Synopsis/ 1657, 16mo. 8. ' A Breviate of our Kings whole Latin Gram- mar, vulgarly called fillies,' n.d. (dedication dated 4 July 1660). 9. 'The Well-tun'd Organ ; or an exercitation wherein this question is discuss'd, whether or no instru- mental and organick musick be lawful in holy publick assemblies,' 1660, 4to (Bodleian catalogue). 10. ' Rebels Tried and Cast, in three Sermons, on Rom. xiii. 2, &c.,' 1661, 12mo (WooD). Besides these Brookbank mentions that he had published an Abecedary (before 1651), and in 1650 he had projected a volume, containing the substance of a course of sermons at Wycombe, to be called ( Nilus Salutaris.' [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 541; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 326; •works cited above.] A. G-. BROOKE. BROOK.] [See also BROKE and BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR (1772-1843), lieutenant-general, was the third son of Fran- cis Brooke of Colebrooke, co. Fermanagh, and the younger brother of Sir Henry Brooke, who, after representing Fermanagh for many years in the House of Commons, was created a baronet in 1822. He entered the army as an ensign in the 44th regiment in 1792, at the very commencement of the great war, and never left that regiment until the conclu- sion of the general peace in 1815. He was promoted lieutenant in 1793, and served with the 44th in Lord Moira's division in Flanders in 1794 and 1795. He was promoted captain in 1795, and served with Sir Ralph Aber- cromby's army in the reduction of the West Indies, where his regiment remained till 1798. He was then present through the Egyptian campaign of 1801, and purchased his majority in 1802. He purchased his lieutenant-colonelcy in 1804, and commanded the 44th in garrison in Malta from 1804 to 1812. In 1813 he was promoted colonel, and accompanied Lord William Bentinck to the east coast of Spain. Brooke, as senior colonel, at once took the command of the brigade to which his regiment was assigned, and dis- tinguished himself in every action against Suchet, and particularly at the combat of Ordal. At the conclusion of the war with Napoleon, Brooke was gazetted a C.B., and ordered to march his own and certain other regiments from Lord William Bentinck's army across the south of France to Bor- deaux, in order to embark at that port for an expedition against the United States of America. The whole force embarked consisted of three brigades, commanded by Colonels Brooke, Thornton, and Patterson, and the expedition was under the general command of Major-general Ross [q. v.] In the daring'; action at Bladensberg victory was secured by the flank movement of Brooke's brigade, which consisted of the 4th regiment, com- manded by his brother, Francis Brooke, and his own, the 44th. After burning the Capi- tol and public buildings of Washington, the expedition re-embarked at St. Benedict and sailed down to the mouth of the Patapsco, where it was arranged that the troops were to land and advance on Baltimore, while the ships' boats were to force their way up the river to co-operate. In the first skirmish that took place after landing, and before the advance commenced, General Ross was killed. ' By the fall of our gallant leader,' says the historian of the expedition, Hhe command now devolved on Colonel Brooke, of the 44th, an officer of decided personal courage,, but perhaps better calculated to lead a bat4 talion than to guide an army ' (GLEIG, p. 96). Brooke determined to carry out his prede- cessor's plan, and though it was reported that Baltimore was defended by 20,000 men, he pushed steadily on, and defeated a powerful} force of militia on 12 Sept. Baltimore was4 then at his mercy ; but on finding that the1' sailors could not come up to his assistance^ he quietly retired after bivouacking on the} scene of his victory. The fleet sailed south-' ward, and was joined at sea by the 95th Gor don Highlanders, and by Major-general S' John Keane, who superseded Brooke, delivering to him a most eulogistic despatc from the commander-in-chief. At the clo^ of the war Brooke returned to England, am was rewarded by being made governor o Yarmouth. He was also promoted major- 'eneral in 1817. He never again saw service, I >ut was made colonel of the 86th regiment, gazetted a K.C.B. in 1833, and promoted lieu J 4 tenant-general in 1837. He died on 26 July 1 1843 at his residence, George Street, Portman / Square. I [Grleig's Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans ; Royal Military Calendar; Gent. Mag. 1 843, pt.ii. 434-5; Record of 44th Keg.] H. M. S. Brooke 417 Brooke BROOKE, SIR ARTHUR DE CAPELL (1791-1858), of Oakley Hall, Northampton- shire, author of several works of travel, was descended from a family originally settled in Cheshire, and was born in Bolton Street, May- fair, 22 Oct. 1791. He was the eldest son of •Sir Richard de Capell Brooke and Mary, only child and heiress of Major-general Richard Worge. Sir Richard, who was the first baronet, had assumed the name Brooke in accordance with his uncle's will, and adopted the name De Capell in lieu of Supple by royal license. The son was educated at Magdalen College, Ox- ford, where he graduated B. A. 20 May 1813, and M. A. 5 June 1816. On 27 Nov. 1829 he succeeded his father in the title and estates. He entered the army, and in 1846 obtained the rank of major. Much of his early life was spent in foreign travel, especially in the north of Europe. In 1823 he published ' Travels through Sweden, Norway, and Finmark to the North Pole in the Summer of 1820,' which was followed in 1827 by ' A Winter in Lap- land and Sweden, with various observations relating to Finmark and its inhabitants made during a residence at Hammerfest, near the North Cape.' These volumes contained much which at the time had the interest of no- velty, and a companion volume to the last work was published also in 1827, consisting of a number of splendid illustrative plates from sketches by the author, and entitled ( Winter Sketches in Lapland, or Illustrations of a Journey from Alten, on the shores of the Polar Sea, in 69° 55' N. L., through Norwegian, Rus- sian, and Swedish Lapland to Tornea, at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, intended to exhibit a complete view of the mode of travelling with reindeer, the most striking in- cidents that occurred during the journey, and the general character of the scenery of Lap- land and Sweden.' In 1837 he published, in two volumes, ' Sketches in Spain and Mo- rocco.' He was an original member of the Travellers' Club, and feeling strongly that latterly many of the newly elected members •did not sufficiently represent the spirit of foreign travel, he, in 1821, originated the Ra- leigh Club, of which he was for many years president, and which became merged in the Royal Geographical Society. He was deputy- lieutenant of Northamptonshire, and in 1843 was chosen sheriff of the county. He was a member both of the Royal Society and of the Royal Geographical Society. Of a re- served and retiring disposition, he was un- iitted for the strife of politics, but in his later years he took an active interest in the cause •of temperance and in various benevolent and religious objects. He died at Oakley Hall •6 Dec. 1858. He married in 1851 the relict VOL. VI. of J. J. Eyre of Endcliffe, near Sheffield, but left no heir, and was succeeded in the title and estates by his brother. [Debrett's Baronetage ; Journal Koyal G-eogr. Society, xxiv. p. cxxviii ; G-ent. Mag. 3rd ser. vi. 105; Funeral Sermon, by Rev. T. Lord, 1859; Oxford Graduates.] T. F. H. ^BROOKE, CHARLES (1777 - 1852), Jesuit, born at Exeter, 8 Aug. 1777, received his education at the English academy at Liege and at Stonyhurst, where he entered the Society of Jesus, of which he became a professed father (1818). He was provincial of his order from 1826 to 1832, and subse- quently was made superior of the seminary at Stonyhurst College. After filling the office of rector of the Lancashire district, he was sent with broken health to Exeter, in 1845, to gather materials for a continuation of the history of the English province from the year 1635, to which period Father Henry More's ( Historia Missionis Anglicanae Socie- tatis Jesu ' extends. The documents and in- formation he collected were afterwards of much service in the compilation of Brother Henry Foley's valuable l Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus,' 8 vols. Lond. 1870-83. Father Brooke died at Exeter on 6 Oct. 1852. [Oliver's Collections S.J. 60 ; Foley's Records, vii. 88; Tablet, 16 Oct. 1852.] T. C. BROOKE, CHARLES (1804-1879), sur- geon and inventor, son of the well-known mineralogist, Henry James Brooke [q. v.], was born 30 June 1804. His early education was carried on at Chiswick, under Dr. Turner. After this he was entered at Rugby in 1819 ; thence he went to St. John's College, Cam- bridge, where he remained five years. He was twenty-third wrangler and B.A. 1827, B.M. 1828, and M. A. in 1853. During a part of this period he studied medicine, and his professional education was completed at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He passed the Col- lege of Surgeons 3 Sept. 1834, and became a fellow of that institution 26 Aug. 1844. He lectured for one or two sessions on surgery at Dermott's School, and afterwards held posi- tions on the surgical staff of the Metropolitan Free Hospital and the Westminster Hospital, which latter appointment he resigned in 1869. He is known as the inventor of the ' bead suture,' which was a great step in advance in the scientific treatment of deep wounds. On 4 March 1847 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He belonged to the Meteo- rological and Royal Microscopical Societies, and occupied the president's chair in each of these bodies. He also at various times E E Brooke 418 Brooke served on the management of the Royal In- stitution and on the council of the Eoyal Botanical Society. In addition to these he was connected with many philanthropic and religious societies, and was a very active member of the Victoria Institute and Chris- tian Medical Association. His public papers and lectures generally pertained to the de- partment of physics, mathematical and ex- perimental, and his more special work was the inventing or perfecting of apparatus. His papers date back to 1835, when he wrote upon the ' Motion of Sound in Space ; ' but the work upon which his reputation mainly rests was published between 1846 and 1852. This was the invention of those self-record- ing instruments which have been adopted at the Royal Observatories of Greenwich, Paris, and other meteorological stations. They consisted of barometers, thermometers, psy- chrometers, and magnetometers, which re- gistered their variations by means of photo- graphy. His method obtained the premium offered by the government, as well as a council medal from the jurors of the Great Exhibition. The account of the perfecting of these appa- ratus will be found detailed in the British Association Reports from 1846 to 1849, and in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of 1847, 1850, and 1852. Brooke also studied the theory of the microscope, and was the author of some in- ventions which facilitated the shifting of lenses, and improved the illumination of the bodies observed. He applied his improved methods to the investigation of some of the best known test-objects of the microscope. His name is, however, most popularly known by means of the ' Elements of Natural Phi- losophy,' originally compiled by Dr. Golding Bird in 1839, who alone brought out the second and third editions. After his death in 1854, Brooke edited ' a fourth edition, re- vised and greatly enlarged,' followed by a fifth in 1860. In 1867 he entirely rewrote the work for the sixth edition. He died at Wey- mouth, 17 May 1879, and his widow died at 3 Gordon Square, London, 12 Feb. 1885, aged 86. His other publications were: 'The Evi- dence afforded by the Order and Adaptations in Nature to the Existence of a God. A Christian Evidence lecture,' 1872, which was three times printed, and ' A Synopsis of the Principal Formulae and Results of Pure Mathematics,' 1829. [Proceedings of Royal Society of London, 1880, xxx. pp. i_ii; Catalogue of Scientific Papers compiled by Royal Society, i. 653, vii. 273 ; Medical Times and Gazette, 1879, i. 606.1 G. C. B. BROOKE, CHARLOTTE (d. 1793), au- ! thoress, was one of the youngest of the nu- ! merous offspring of Henry Brooke, the author i of the ' Fool of Quality ' [q. v.], and desig- j nated herself ' the child of his old age.' She- was educated entirely by him, and applied 1 assiduously to literature, art, and music, in | all of which she acquired high proficiency. j During her father's life her time was mainly ! devoted to him. Among the subjects of her i study was the Irish language, and the first i of her productions which appeared in print I was an anonymous translation of a poem as- I cribed to Carolan, in ' Historical Memoirs of Irish Bards,' published in 1786. Soon after the death of her father Miss Brooke was nearly reduced to indigence through the loss of money invested in the manufactory for cotton established by her cousin, Captain Ro- bert Brooke [q. v.] An unsuccessful effort was made by some members of the then newly established Royal Irish Academy at Dublin to obtain a position for her. Her letters to Bishop Percy on this are in Nichols's l Illus- trations' (viii. 247-52). Miss Brooke, in 1789, published at Dublin, by subscription, a quarto volume entitled ' Reliques of Irish Poetry ; consisting of heroic poems, odes, ele- gies, and songs, translated into English verse, with notes explanatory and historical, and the originals in the Irish character.' In this she included ' Thoughts on Irish Song/ and an original composition, styled ' An Irish Tale/ In the publication of this work Miss Brooke was assisted by William Hayley and others ; but at the time little accurate knowledge ex- isted of the remains of the more ancient Celtic literature of Ireland. In 1791 Miss Brooke published the ' School for Christians,' con- sisting of dialogues for the use of children. In the following year she published an edition of some of her father's works, under the cir- cumstances mentioned in the notice of him. Through the subscriptions for that publica- tion and for her * Reliques of Irish Poetry/ in which many persons of importance inte- rested themselves, Miss Brooke was enabled to retrieve to a small extent the loss of pro- perty which she had sustained. A tragedy which she composed, under the title of ' Be- lisarius,' was submitted to Kemble, and said to have been approved by him, but was even- tually reported to have been lost through carelessness. In her latter years Miss Brooke resided at Longford, where she died of ma- lignant fever on 29 March 1793. The pub- lication of a life of Miss Brooke was projected by Joseph C. Walker, who, however, died without having made progress with the work. Some of the papers connected with Miss Brooke came into the possession of Aaron Brooke 419 Brooke Crossley Seymour, who, in 1816, printed a memoir of her life and writings, mainly em- phasising her religious and charitable tem- per. The ' Eeliques of Irish Poetry ' by Miss Brooke were republished in octavo at Dublin in 1818. [Archives of Koyal Irish Academy, Dublin; Letter from Mr. [Robert] Brooke, 1786 ; An- thologia Hibernica, 1793-4; Brookiana, 1804; D'Olier's Memoirs of H. Brooke, 1816.] J. T. G. BROOKE, CHRISTOPHER (d. 1628), poet, was the son of Robert Brooke, a rich merchant and alderman of York, who was twice lord mayor of that city. Wood states (Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 402) that he was educated at one of the universities. It seems probable that, like his brother Samuel [q. v. J, he was a member of Trinity College, Cambridge. He subsequently studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and was ' chamber-fellow ' there to John Donne, afterwards dean of St. Paul's. About 1609 he witnessed Donne's secret marriage with the daughter of Sir George More, lieutenant of the Tower ; the ceremony was performed by his brother Samuel, and the father of the bricle, who opposed the match, contrived to commit Donne and his two friends to prison immediately afterwards. Donne was first released, and secured the freedom of the Brookes after several weeks' imprisonment. Christopher made his way at Lincoln's Inn ; he became a bencher and summer reader (1614), and was a benefactor of the chapel. While at the Inns of Court he became ac- quainted with many literary men, among whom were JohnSelden, Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, and John Davies of Hereford. Wil- liam Browne lived on terms of the greatest intimacy with him, and to Dr. Donne he left by will his portrait of Elizabeth, coun- tess of Southampton. Brooke married Mary Jacob on 18 Dec. 1619 at the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields by Charing Cross. He lived in a house of his own in Drury Lane, London, and inherited from his father houses at York, and other property there and in Essex. He was buried at St. An- drew's, Holborn, 7 Feb. 1627-8. His wife, by whom he had an only son John, died before him. Brooke's works are : 1. An elegy on the death of Prince Henry, published with another elegy by William Browne in a volume en- titled 'Two Elegies consecrated to the never- dying Memorie of the most worthily admyred, most hartily loved and generally bewailed ?rince, Henry, Prince of Wales,' London, 613. 2. An eclogue appended to William Browne's ' Shepheard's Pipe,' London, 1614. 3. 'The Ghost of Richard the Third. Ex- pressing himselfe in these three parts : 1, His Character; 2, His Legend; 3, His Trage- die,' London, 1614. The unique copy in the Bodleian Library was reprinted by Mr. J. P. Collier for the Shakespeare Society in 1844, and by Dr. Grosart in 1872. It is dedicated to Sir John Crompton and his wife Frances. Mr. Rodd, the bookseller, first attributed this work to Brooke at the be- ginning of this century. The only direct clue lies in ' C. B./ the signature of the dedication. George Chapman, William Browne, *Fr. Dyune Int. Temp.,' George Wither, Robert Daborne, and Ben Jonson contribute com- mendatory verses. Brooke was well ac- quainted with Shakespeare's « Richard III,' and gives it unstinted praise (cf. Shakespeare's Centurie of Prayse, New Shakspere Society, p. 109) ; but his own piece is of small lite- rary value ; the verse is, with very rare excep- tions, bombastic and harsh. 4. ' Epithalamium — a nuptiall song applied to the ceremonies of marriage,' which appears at the close of ' England's Helicon,' 1614. A manuscript copy of this piece is in the Bodleian. 5. ' A Funerall Poem consecrated to the Memorie of that ever honoured President of Soldyer- ship, Sr Arthure Chichester . . . written by Christopher Brooke, gent.,' in 1624. This poem, to which Wither contributes com- mendatory verses, was printed for the first time by Dr. Grosart in 1872. The manu- script had been in the possession of Bindley, Heber, and Corser. Corser printed selec- tions in his ' Collectanea,' and Haslewood de- scribed it in the ' British Bibliographer,' ii. 235. Brooke also contributed verses to Mi- chael Drayton's ' Legend of the Great Crom- well,' 1607 ; to Coriat's ' Odcombian Ban- quet/ 1611 ; to Lichfield's < First Set of Madrigals/ 1614 (two pieces, one to the Lady Cheyney and another to the author) ; and to Browne's ' Britannia's Pastorals/ 1625. He also wrote (20 Dec. 1597) inscriptions for the tombs of Elizabeth, wife of Charles Crofb (STOW, Survey, ed. Strype), and of the wife of Thomas Crompton. William Browne had a high opinion of his friend Brooke's poetic capacity. He eulogises him in * Britannia's Pastorals/ book ii. song 2. In the fifth eclogue of the ' Shep- heard's Pipe/ 1615, which is inscribed to Brooke, Browne urges him to attempt more ambitious poetry than the pastorals which he had already completed. [Christopher Brooke's Poems, reprinted in Dr. Grosart's Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies Library, 1872; Corser's Collectanea Anglo- Poetica, pt. iii. pp. 123-8; "Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 401.] S. L. L. E E 2 Brooke 420 Brooke BROOKE, LADY ELIZABETH (1601- 1683), religious writer, was born at Wigsale, Surrey, in January 1601. Her father was Thomas Colepeper ; her mother was a daugh- ter of Sir Stephen Slaney ( PARKHTJRST, Faithful and Diligent Christian, p. 41) ; her only brother was John, afterwards created Lord Colepeper of Thoresway (ib. 42). Both parents died in Elizabeth's early youth, and she was brought up by Lady Slaney, her ma- ternal grandmother (ib. 43). In 1620 she married Sir Robert Brooke, knight, of the Cobham family, by whom she had seven children, two of whom died in infancy. For two years the young couple resided in Lon- don as boarders with Elizabeth's aunt, Lady Weld (ib. 45). In 1622 they moved to Langley, Hertfordshire, where Sir Robert bought a seat ; and in 1630, on the Brooke estates falling to him, they went to the family mansion, Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, Suf- folk. Lady Brooke was an indefatigable reader of the Scriptures, of ' commentaries,' and of the ancient philosophers (in English translations) ; she took notes of all sermons she heard; she would question her family and servants about them; she engaged a divine to visit the hall once a fortnight as catechist, by whom she was herself cate- chised ; and in 1631 she began a large vo- lume (ib. 81) of 'Collections, Observations, Experiences, Rules,' together with ' What a Christian must believe and practise.' On 10 July 1646 her husband died (ib. 43), and for two years she absented herself from Cock- field Hall. She afterwards lost two daugh- ters and a son ; was harassed by lawsuits (though all these were eventually decided in her favour) ; and in 1669 her only sur- viving son, Sir Robert, was drowned in France, leaving her with only one child, Mary, her eldest daughter. She recovered from her griefs sufficiently to resume her charities, but became deaf in 1675, and after a long decay died on 22 July 1683. Nathaniel Park- hurst, her chaplain, and the vicar of the church, preached her 'Funeral Sermon,' and published it (with a portrait) in the follow- ing year, together with an account of her life and death. The book was dedicated to Miss Mary Brooke, the sole surviving member of the family. Parkhurst printed with the ser- mon some of Lady Brooke's ' Observations ' and ' Rules for Practice.' A selection from the writings of Lady Brooke was published as late as 1828 in the ' Lady's Monitor,' pp. 61-79. [Parkhurst's Faithful and Diligent Christian, &c., 1684 ; Wilford's Memorials of Eminent Per- sons, art. ' Lady Brooke ' and appendix, p. 17; Lady's Monitor, 1828.] J. H. BROOKE, MRS. FRANCES (1724-1789), authoress, was born in 1724, being one of the children of the Rev. William Moore by his second wife, a Miss Seeker (Gent. Mag. lix. part ii. 823, where Edward Moore, her brother, born 1714, is by error set down to be her father). John Buncombe, in the ' Feminiad ' (1754), speaks of Frances Moore as a poetic maid, celebrated in a sonnet by Edwards in his ' Canons of Criticism,' and herself writing odes and beautifying the banks of the Thames by her presence at Sunbury, Chertsey, and thereabouts. In 1755 she appeared as an essayist under the pseudonym of Mary Sin- gleton in a weekly periodical of her own, called 'The Old Maid' (price 2d., of 6 pp. folio). She appealed to correspondents for assistance in conducting her paper (after the 'Spectator' model), and in spite of her being attacked by 'an obscure paper, "The Con- noisseur," with extreme brutality' (No. II. p. 10), she managed to maintain her publica- tion for thirty-seven weeks. The whole issue was reprinted in a 12mo volume nine years after in 1764. Her marriage took place about 1756, the year of the publication of 'Vir- ginia,' a tragedy, on the title-page of which the authoress appears as Mrs. Brooke. The volume includes other poems, and' Mrs. Brooke submits a proposal on a fly-leaf for a trans- lation of ' II Pastor Fido ' (which came to no- thing) ; and she recounts (Preface,vviii) how ' Virginia ' had been offered by her to Garrick, who declined to look at it till Mr. Crisp's tragedy of the same name had been published, and ultimately rejected it (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 347 ; Biog. Dram. iii. 383). Her husband was the Rev. John Brooke, D.D., rector of Colney, Norfolk (Biog. Dram. i. 71-2), chaplain to the garrison of Quebec, attached to Norwich Cathedral as daily reader there, and, according to Blomefield (Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv.), holding much other preferment in the same county. Soon after their marriage Dr. and Mrs. Brooke left England for Quebec on his garrison du- ties. The ' European Magazine ' (xv. 99 et seq.), repeating 'a newspaper anecdote,' re- lates that, at a farewell party she gave before taking ship for her voyage, Dr. Johnson had her called to him in a separate room that he might kiss her, which he ' did not chuse to do before so much company.' In 1763 she published a novel anonymously, 'The History of Lady Julia Mandeville,' con- taining much description of Canadian scenery, which went rapidly through four editions, with a fifth in 1769, a sixth in 1773, and a special Dublin edition in 1775. In 1764 she published a translation of Madame Ricco- boni's 'Lady Juliet Catesby,' still anony- Brooke 421 Brooke mously ; and this work soon reached a sixth edition. A year or two after she published the ' Memoirs of the Marquis de St. Forlaix,' 4 vols. 12mo, translated into French in 1770 (Nouvelle Biographic Generale, vii. 498), which is mentioned by Mrs. Barbauld (Bri- tish Novelists], and is advertised in the 1780 edition of ' Lady Catesby.' In 1769 she pub- lished 'Emily Montague,' in 4 vols., with her name affixed, dedicated to Guy Carleton, governor of Quebec. In 1771 she issued, in 4 vols., a translation of the Abb6 Milot's French ' History of England,' with expla- natory notes of her own ; in 1777 she pub- lished the ' Excursion,' a novel, 2 vols., in which Garrick is attacked (book v. pp. 20- 36). Mrs. Brooke had meanwhile formed a friendship with Mrs. Yates, the actress, and having a share, it was thought, with that lady in the Opera House, produced in 1781 a tragedy, ' The Siege of Sinope,' at Covent Garden Theatre, in which Mrs. Yates acted, and which ran ten nights (Biog. Dram. iii. 273). In 1783 Mrs. Brooke made her chief success by 'Rosina,' a musical entertainment in two acts, with Shield's setting, the opening number of which, a trio, 'When the rosy morn appearing,' has not yet disappeared from concert programmes. Mr. and Mrs. Bannister took the chief parts in ' Rosina,' which, Mrs. Brooke said (Preface), was based on the story of Ruth, aided by that of Lavinia and Palemon in Thomson's. ' Seasons,' but which, Genest says (Hist, of the Stage, vi. 266), was taken,' with alterations, from a French opera, * The Reapers,' published some thirteen years previously. The run of l Rosina ' was extraordinary. There were two editions called for in its first year, 1783 (it was sold for 6d., being used probably as ' a book of the words'); by 1786 there were eleven edi- tions ; others followed in 1788 and 1796 (after Mrs. Brooke's death) ; and the work was re- produced in numberless forms, notably in the 'Modern British Drama,' 1811, the 'British Drama illustrated,' 1864, and in vol. xii. of Dicks's ' British Drama,' 1872. In 1788 Mrs. Brooke, again with Shield's music, produced 'Marian' at Covent Garden Theatre, Mrs. Billington taking the heroine (Biog. Dram. vol. iii.) ; it was acted with success ($.), and kept the stage till 1800, when Incledon was the tenor, but it never attained the popu- larity of ' Rosina.' Mrs. Brooke's last pro- ductions were ' an affectionate eulogium on Mrs. Yates' (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 347) ap- pearing in the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' Ivii. 585 ; and a two-volume tale called by the ' Nou- velle Biog. G6n.' (vii. 498) ' Louisa et Maria, ou les Illusions de la Jeunesse,' and said to have been translated into French in 1820. Mrs. Brooke died at Sleaford, Lincoln- shire, in 1789, on 23 Jan., according to the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (lix. 90), or on 26 Jan. according to the ' European Magazine ' (su- pra) and the 'Biog. Dram.' (i. 71, 72). She was buried at Sleaford, but there does not appear to have been an epitaph to her (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. 1815, ix. 497). The following entry is in the parish register : ' Mrs. Frances Brooke, a most ingenious au- thoriss, set. 65 ' (private letter from incum- bent, 1884). Dr. Brooke died a few days before his wife, 21 Jan. 1789. A son, the Rev. John Moore Brooke, M.A., fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, obtained the living of Helperingham, Lincolnshire, in 1784 (Gent. Mag. vol. liv. part ii.) [Eeed's Biog. Dram. ; Genest's History of the Stage ; Gent. Mag. ; European Mag. ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, ii. 346 ; Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. iv. under ' Brooks, John ; ' Preface to Mrs. Brooke's novels, in Mrs. Barbauld's British Novelists, where she is said (p. ii) to have been ' about the first who wrote in a polished style.'] BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, LORD. [See GEEVILLB.] BROOKE, GEORGE (1568-1603), con- spirator, the fourth and youngest son of William Brooke, lord Cobham, by Frances, daughter of Sir John Newton, was born at Cobham, Kent, 17 April 1568. He matricu- lated at King's College, Cambridge, in 1580, and took his M.A. degree in 1586. He ob- tained a prebend in the church of York, and was later promised the mastership of the hospital of St. Cross, near Winchester, by Queen Elizabeth. The queen, however, died before the vacancy was filled up, and James gave it instead to an agent of his own, James Hudson. This caused Brooke to become dis- affected. He and Sir Griffin Markham per- suaded themselves that if they could get possession of the royal person they would have it in their power to remove the present members of the council, compel the king to tolerate the Roman catholics, and secure for themselves the chief employments of the state. As part of their arrangements Brooke was to have been lord treasurer. From this scheme sprang the ' Bye ' plot, also known as the ' treason of the priests.' To Brooke's connection with the Bye may be ultimately traced the discovery of a second plot, known as the ' Main,' in which Sir Walter Raleigh and Lord Cobham [see BROOKE, HENRY, d. 1619] were implicated. Brooke being1 the brother of Cobham, Cecil suspected that Cobham and Raleigh might be concerned in the first treason, and by acting at once Brooke 422 Brooke vigorously he discovered the second plot. Brooke was arrested and sent to the Tower July 1603; he was arraigned on the 15th. He pleaded not guilty, though his confes- sions had gradually laid bare the whole de- tails of the plots. Brooke appears to have hoped to the last to obtain a pardon by means of Cecil, who had married his sister. Mrs. Thompson, in the appendix to her < Life of Raleigh,' gives a letter from Brooke to Cecil, in which the former inquires l what he might expect after so many promises received, and so much conformity and accepted service per- formed by him to Cecil.' What these services were is entirely uncertain, but Tytler has endeavoured to build out of this a theory that Cecil himself employed Brooke to ar- range the plot, and draw the minister's poli- tical opponents into the net, in order that he might be rid of them. This is to the last degree improbable, because Raleigh and Cob- ham were not concerned in the Bye plot, and were not executed. Brooke, in fact, alone of the lay conspirators suffered on the scaf- fold in the castle yard at Winchester 5 Dec. 1603. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas, lord Borough, and by her had a son, William, and two daughters. Although his children were restored in blood, his son was not allowed to succeed to the title. Brooke was the author of two poems, which are pre- served in the Ashmole MSS. [Dodd's Church History of England, ed. Tier- ney, vol. iv. ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 359 ; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 192; Ty tier's Life of Kaleigh, Appendix F ; Mrs. Thompson's Life of Ealeigh ; Gardiner's History of England, vol. i.] B. C. S. BROOKE, GUSTAVUS VAUGHAN (1818-1866), actor, is said in a biographical sketch, presumably dictated by himself, to have been born on 25 April 1818, at Hard- wick Place, Dublin, and to have received his education at a school conducted by a brother of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen years of age he applied to Calcraft, the manager of the Theatre Royal, Dublin, for an engagement. The manager, embarrassed by a sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean, allowed the youth to appear on Easter Tues- day 1833 as William Tell. An engagement followed, in course of which Brooke played "Virginius, Douglas, Rolla, and other charac- ters of the class. He then travelled in the country, and was received with favour in Limerick, Londonderry, Glasgow,Edinburgh, and other places. His first appearance in London took place at the Victoria as Vir- ginius, and attracted little attention. In 1840 he accepted from Macready an engage- ment to appear at Drury Lane, but was dis- satisfied with his part, and threw up the engagement. On 3 Jan. 1848 what was practically his debut took place as Othello at the Olympic. A failure at one time seemed imminent, but in the stronger scenes Brooke triumphed, and the performance ex- cited much interest. During this engagement Brooke appeared as Sir Giles Overreach, Richard III, Shylock, Virginius, Hamlet, Brutus, and in one original part, the hero of the 'Lords of Ellingham,' a play by his manager, Mr. Spicer. Refusing liberal offers from Webster for the Haymarket, Brooke returned into the country, but re- appeared in London at the Marylebone Thea- tre, and subsequently under Farren at the Olympic. He then went to America, and played as Othello with unqualified success on 15 Dec. 1851 at the Broadway Theatre, New York. After visiting Philadelphia, Boston, Washington, and Baltimore, he took the Astor Place Opera House, New York, which he opened in May 1852. The experi- ment was disastrous, and was abandoned after a few weeks. A fresh tour through the United States followed. On 5 Sept. 1853 Brooke reappeared at Drury Lane, then under the management of E. T. Smith. A visit to Australia followed, and was at the outset eminently successful. Brooke once more, in partnership with Coppin, went into manage- ment, taking the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. Ruin again came upon him, and he returned to London practically penniless. Upon his reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello he failed to hit the taste of the town. At the beginning of 1866 he started again for Aus- tralia. The London, the vessel in which, with his sister, he started, foundered at sea on 10 Jan. 1866, and Brooke, whose conduct throughout the shipwreck has been described by the few survivors as manly and even heroic, perished. He married in his later years Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no conspicuous merit. Brooke had a fine pre- sence and a noble voice, both of which he turned at first to good account. To the in- fluence of these, rather than to the display of any eminent intellectual gifts, his success was attributable. His first appearance as Othello elicited, however, from men of judg- ment more favourable criticism than has often been passed upon any actor of secon- dary mark. When last he appeared in Lon- don, his tragic acting was little more than rant. Habits of dissipation interfered with his success. He is said, when fortunate, to have paid in full the claims upon him con- tracted previous to his insolvency, for which he was not legally liable. Brooke 423 Brooke [Tallis's Dramatic Magazine, 1851 ; Vanden fooff's Dramatic Reminiscences, London, 1860, Longman's Magazine, March 1885 ; Era news- paper, 21 Jan. 1866.] J. K. BROOKE, HENRY, eighth LORD COB- HAM (d. 1619), conspirator, was the son of William, seventh Lord Cobham, by Frances •daughter of Sir John Newton. His father^ •descended through the female line from the ancient lords of Cobham, was a favourite of •Queen Elizabeth, and held the offices of lord warden of the Cinque Ports, constable of the Tower, and lord chamberlain of the queen's household. He was also lord-lieutenant of the county of Kent and knight of the Garter. He twice entertained Elizabeth at Cobham Hall on her progress through Kent (17 July 1559 and 4 Sept. 1573), and was employed in diplomatic missions abroad in 1559 and (with Sir Francis Walsingham in the Netherlands) in 1579. In 1572 he was temporarily confined in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned in the plot to marry Mary Stuart to the Duke of Norfolk. He was buried at Cobham on •6 April 1597. One of his daughters (Eliza- beth) married Sir Robert Cecil (LODGE, Il- lustrations, iii. 87 n). Henry succeeded his father in the barony, and secured much of his influence. He was the intimate friend and political ally of his brother-in-law Sir Robert Cecil, and therefore the enemy of Essex. Early in 1597 he defeated Essex in a contest for the post of warden of the Cinque Ports, vacant by his father's death. He was made a knight of the Garter in 1599, and entertained the queen at his Lon- don house in 1600. One of the objects of Essex's plot of February 1600-1 was the re- moval of Lord Cobham from court, and when arrested Essex made serious charges against Cobham's political honesty, but he finally ac- knowledged them to be untrue. The death of Queen Elizabeth saw the end of Cobham's prosperity. In July 1603, while Cecil and the council were engaged in tracking out Watson's well-known plot in behalf of the catholics, suspicion fell on Cobham, whose brother, George Brooke [q. v.], was one of Watson's chief assistants. SirW alter Raleigh, who was known to have been long on terms of .great intimacy with Cobham, was entrusted with the task of obtaining information against him, and vague evidence was forthcoming to show that Cobham had been in negotiation with Aremberg, the ambassador of the Spanish archduke, to place Arabella Stuart on the throne, and to kill ' the king and his cubs.' The alleged plot is usually known as Cob- ham's or the Main Plot, while Watson's conspiracy goes by the name of the Bye Plot. Cobham was arrested early in July, but the evidence that affected him appeared to the government to implicate Raleigh, who followed Cobham to the Tower within a few days. Cobham thereupon declared in a series of confessions that Raleigh had insti- gated him to communicate with Aremberg, and that pensions had been promised both of them by Spain. At Raleigh's trial, held at Winchester (17 Nov. 1603), these depositions formed the basis of the accusation. Raleigh begged to be confronted by Cobham in person, but the request was refused, and finally the prosecution produced a very recent letter from Cobham, in which he stated that since he had been in prison Raleigh had entreated him by letter to clear him of the charge ; but all that he could do as an honest man was to inform their lordships anew that Raleigh was the original cause of his ruin. On the other hand, Raleigh produced a note just received by him from Cobham, in which the writer asserted his friend's complete inno- cence. But the judges were convinced of Raleigh's guilt, although Cobham's evidence, even if admitted to be trustworthy, failed to support any distinct charge of treason. On 18 Nov. Cobham himself was tried and con- victed ; his defence was, as might be expected, cowardly and undignified. A warrant was issued for his execution at Winchester on 10 Dec. (Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc. 382), and he, together with Lord Grey and Sir 3-riffin Markham, was led to the scaffold, 'obham behaved boldly on this occasion, but reiterated his assertion of Raleigh's guilt. James I had, however, no intention of having ;he full penalty inflicted, and Cobham was ;aken back to the Tower alive. There, like Raleigh, he remained till 1617, when he was allowed to pay a visit to Bath, on the ground of failing health. He was to return to the Tower in the autumn, and while on his way thither he was seized with paralysis at 3diham. He lingered in a semi-conscious tate for more than a year, and'died on 24 Jan. 1618-19. The story runs that he died in the utmost destitution, but it appears that the dng allowed him 100/. a year, and 8/. a week or diet, and that these payments were regu- arly made up to the date of his death. He ;ertainly lay unburied for some time ; but ;hat was probably because the crown refused jO pay his funeral expenses, which his rela- :ives were anxious that it should incur. Osborne states in his ' Traditionall Memo- rialls' (Court of James I, 1811, i. 156), on ;he authority of William, earl of Pembroke, ;hat Cobham ' died in a roome, ascended by a ladder, at a poore woman's house in the Minories, formerly his landeresse, rather of hunger than any more naturall disease.' Sir Anthony Weldon, who describes Cobham as a fool, tells the same story m his Court of King James,' 1651. Cobham married after 1597 the widow of Henry, twelfth earl of Kildare, and daughter , of the Earl of Nottingham. She abandoned her second husband after his disgrace, and, although very rich, 'would not,' says Wel- don, ' give him the crumbs that fell from her table ' She acted for a few years as gover- ness to the Princess Elizabeth. The crown apparently allowed her to occupy Cobham of the archbishop, and one of his pupils, says that Brooke was 'an accurate and accom- plished scholar, though lenient as a discipli- narian.' Another of his works, ' The Quack Doctor,' published in 1745, is described as 1 very poor doggerel, with ironical laudatory notes, probably written by Robert Thyer or the Rev. John Clayton. A Latin tract, 1 Medicus Circumforaneus,' is perhaps a trans- lation of the preceding. In 1730 he received ~ " " "ollee-e living of Tort worth in n but not allowed to assume his uncle's title. , Charles I, however, in 1645, conferred the I barony on a royalist supporter, Sir John 3 grandson of George, sixth Lord Cob- sermons 1746, and a sennon 1747. His best known book is < A Practical Essay concerning lord.' Sir John died without issue in 1651. [Gardiner's Hist, of England, i. 116-39, iii. 154-5 ; Winwood's Letters, i. 17, ii. 8, 11 ; Letters of Sir R. Cecil (Camd. Soc.) ; Stow's Annals, sub 1603; Hasted's Kent, i. 493; Nichols's Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, i. 354, iii. 413; Nichols's Progresses of James I, vol. i. passim, iii. 769-70 ; Spedding's Bacon, ii. and iii. ; Dugdale's Baron- age, ii. 202 ; State Trials, ii. 1-70 ; Cal. State Papers, 1600-19.1 S. L. L. BROOKE, HENRY (1694-1757), school- master and divine, was a son of William Brooke, merchant, and his wife Elizabeth Holbrook, who were married at Manchester Church in 1678-9. He was educated at Manchester grammar school, and gained an exhibition 1715-18. He proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. on 30 April 1720. He was D.C.L. in 1727. Brooke, then a fellow of Oriel, was made headmaster of Manchester grammar school in September 1727. He obtained a manda- mus from the crown to elect him a fellow of the collegiate church, and was elected in 1728, in spite of tory opposition. He appears to have been on good terms with John By- rom, a tory Jacobite, but he was unsuccessful as a master, and the feoffees of the school reduced his salary from 200/. to 107. In order to put himself into better relations, he published * The Usefulness and Necessity of studying the Classicks, a speech spoken at the breaking-up of the Free Grammar School in Manchester, Thursday, 13 Dec. 1744. By Hen. Brooke, A.M., High Master of the said School. Manchester, printed by R. Whit- worth, Bookseller, MDCCLXIV.' (a misprint for 1744). This tract, now exceedingly rare, is reprinted by Whatton. Howley, the father three editions in the year 1741. The third edition contains some additional matter. He was married, and had one daughter. Brooke eft his library for the use of his successors at Tortworth. A portrait of him, as late as 1830, was t at Mr. Hulton's, of Blackley.' [Smith's Manchester Grammar School Re- gister, vol. i. ; Whatton's History of Manchester Srrammar School ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Rudder's Hist, of Gloucestershire, p. 776 ; Byrom's Re- mains (Chetham Society) ; Raines's Lancashire MSS. vol. xl. (in Chetham's Library, Man- chester).] W. E. A. A. BROOKE, HENRY (1703 P-1783), au- thor, was son of the Rev. William Brooke, a protestant clergyman, by his wife, whose name was Digby. William Brooke, who ap- pears to have been related to the family of Sir Basil Brooke, an ' undertaker ' in the planta- tion of Ulster, possessed lands at Rantavan in Cavan, and was rector of Killinkere and Mullagh in that county. He married Let- tice, second daughter of Simon Digby, bishop of Elphin. Henry Brooke, the elder of two- sons, was born about 1703, and is said to have been educated by Swift's friend, Sheridan. The register of Trinity College, Dublin, shows that he was entered 7 Feb. 1720, 'in his seventeenth year,' from the school of Dr. Jones. He afterwards entered the Temple, London. On his return to Ireland Brooke married a youthful cousin, Catherine Meares of Meares Court, Westmeath, whose guar- dianship had been entrusted to him. In 1735 he published at London a poem en- titled 'Universal Beauty,' which is stated to have been revised and approved of by Pope. This production was supposed to have furnished the foundation for the 'Botanic Garden ' by Darwin. Swift is said to have entertained a favourable opinion of Brooke's talents, but to have counselled him against devoting himself solely to literature. InLon- Brooke 425 Brooke don Brooke was treated with much considera- tion by Lord Lyttelton, and by Pope, near to whose house at Twickenham he took a tempo- rary residence. A translation by Brooke of the first and second books of Tasso's ' Jerusalem Delivered ' was issued in 1738. This version was much commended by Hoole, who subse- quently translated the entire poem. Brooke received many attentions from Frederick, prince of Wales, to whom he was intro- duced by Pitt, and with whose political ad- herents he became identified, in opposition to George II. In 1739 Brooke produced a tragedy founded on a portion .of the history of Sweden, and entitled ' Gustavus Vasa, the Deliverer of his Country.' The play was, after five weeks' rehearsal, announced for performance at Drury Lane. Many hundred tickets had been disposed of, when the per- formance was unexpectedly prohibited by the lord chamberlain. This was ascribed to Sir Robert Walpole, who, it was supposed, was intended to be represented in the cha- racter of Trollis, vicegerent of Christiern, king of Denmark and Norway. Nearly one thousand persons subscribed for the publica- tion of ' Gustavus Vasa,' and Brooke, in his prefatory dedication of it to them, stated that patriotism was the single moral which he had in view throughout his play. Under the name of ' The Patriot,' the tragedy was produced with success at Dublin, where some of the sentiments expressed in it relative to Sweden were construed as applicable to Ire- land. In connection with the prohibition of the performance at London, Samuel Johnson wrote a satire entitled ' A Complete Vindi- cation of the Licensers of the Stage.' Brooke left London and returned to Ireland owing to the importunities of his wife, who ap- prehended disastrous results from his impru- dent zeal in the cause of the Prince of Wales. To Ogle's modernised version of Chaucer, Brooke in 1741 contributed * Constantia, or the Man of Law's Tale.' His ' Betrayer of his Country ' was successfully acted at Dublin in the same year. Garrick, during his visit to Dublin, recited at the theatre a prologue and epilogue composed for him by Brooke. In 1743 Brooke issued at Dublin a prospectus of a work he described as follows : ' Ogygian Tales ; or a curious collection of Irish Fables, Allegories, and Histories, from the relations of Fintane the aged, for the entertainment of Cathal Grove Darg, during that Prince's abode in the island of 0 Brazil.' Brooke pro- posed in 1744 to print a history of Ireland from the earliest times, 'interspersed and il- lustrated with traditionary digressions and the private and affecting histories of the most celebrated of the natives.' The publi- cation was to be comprised in four octavo- volumes, each to contain about two hundred pages. To his prospectus he appended a preface addressed ' to the most noble and illustrious descendants of the Milesian line/ These projected publications were abandoned in consequence of misunderstandings as to the ownership of the materials of which Brooke had intended to avail himself. To his studies in this direction may be ascribed the fragment which he named ' Conrade/ the scene of which was laid at Emania, the fortress of ancient kings of Ulster. The style of this production closely resembled that adopted by Macpherson in his ' Ossian/ Brooke contributed some of the best pieces in the 'Fables for the Female Sex' pub- lished in 1744 by Edward Moore, author of the ' Gamester.' During the Jacobite move- ment in 1745 Brooke issued the ' Farmer's Letters to the Protestants of Ireland.' These letters were written in the character of a pro- testant farmer in Ireland, with the avowed object of rousing his co-religionists there to make preparations against the Jacobite in- vasion. The peaceable demeanour of the Irish catholics at the time was compared by Brooke to the attitude of the crocodile, which ' seems to sleep when the prey ap- proaches.' The post of barrackmaster, worth about 400/. annually, was conferred at this time on Brooke by Lord Chesterfield, in con- sideration, it was supposed, of these writings, which were highly commended in verse by Garrick. In 1745 ' The Earl of Westmore- land,' a tragedy by Brooke, was produced at Dublin, and in 1748 his operatic satire styled 'Jack the Giant-Queller ' was performed there. The dramatis personse consisted of the giants of Wealth, Power, Violence, and Wrong, and ' the family of the Goods,' comprising John, Dorothy, Grace, and the Princess Justice. The repetition of the performance was pro- hibited by the government on the ground of political allusions which it was alleged to contain. The songs in it were printed in separate form and had a large circulation. In relation to 'Jack the Giant-Queller,' Brooke composed a piece in scriptural style under the title of ' The Last Speech of John Good, vulgarly called Jack the Giant-Queller, who was condemned on the first of April 1745, and executed on the third of May following/ The < Earl of Essex,' a tragedy by Brooke, was in 1749 produced at Dublin, and subse- quently at London. The tragedy originally contained the passage, Who rule o'er freemen should themselves be free, which elicited Johnson's parody, Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat. Brooke 426 Brooke In 1754 Brooke, in a publication entitled j < The Spirit of Party/ wrote once more j against the Irish catholics, and was in return j severely criticised by Charles O'Conor in a | pamphlet styled ' The Cottager.' To aid the j project of obtaining parliamentary grants for , promoting inland navigation, Brooke in 1759 \ published a work entitled < The Interests of [ Ireland.' This he dedicated to James, vis- count Charlernont, whom he panegyrised also in a poem entitled ' The Temple of Hymen.' In 1760 Brooke became secretary to an as- sociation of peers and others at Dublin for registering proposals of national utility, with a view to having them presented to parlia- ment. At this period he entered into nego- tiations with some of the influential Roman catholics in Ireland, and was employed by them to write publicly in advocacy of their claims for a relaxation of the penal laws. Under this arrangement, and with the ma- terials supplied by them to him, Brooke pro- duced a volume published in 1761 at Dublin, with the following title : ' The Tryal of the Cause of the .Roman Catholics ; on a special Commission directed to Lord Chief Justice Reason, Lord Chief Baron Interest, and Mr. Justice Clemency. Wednesday, August 5th, 1761. Mr. Clodworthy Common-sense, Fore- man of the Jury; Mr. Serjeant Statute, Coun- cil for the Crown ; Constantine Candour, Esq., Council for the Accused.' It advocated an alleviation of the penal laws. Brooke, in con- nection with this subject, published ' A pro- posal for the restoration of public wealth and credit by means of a loan from the Roman catholics of Ireland, in consideration of en- larging their privileges.' He also wrote a treatise on the constitutional rights and in- terests of the people of Ireland, and again contemplated the production of a history of that country. Brooke appears to have been the first conductor of the ' Freeman's Jour- nal/ established at Dublin in 1763. Per- petually ' duped in friendship as well as in charity,' Brooke was necessitated to mort- gage his property in Cavan, and became a resident in Kildare, where he rented a house and demesne. In 1766 he commenced the publication of his remarkable novel entitled 'The Fool of Quality; or, the History of Henry, Earl of Moreland.' The first volume was dedicated * to the right respectable my ancient and well-beloved patron, the public/ with a reply to the question, < Why don't you dedicate to Mr. Pitt ? ' The « Fool of Quality' extended to five volumes, and passed through several editions. The main story and its many episodes are distinguished by simpli- city of style, close observation of human na- ture, high sense of humour, and a profoundly religious and philanthropic temper. The idea of the * Fool of Quality ' was said to have been derived by Brooke from a narrative orally communicated to him by his uncle, Ro- bert Brooke, in the course of a journey on horseback from Kildare to Dublin. In 1772 Brooke published a poem entitled l Redemp- tion.' His last work was ' Juliet Grenville ; or, the History of the Human Heart/ a novel in three volumes, issued in 1774. Garrick, who entertained a high esteem for Brooke, pressed him earnestly to write for the stage, ind offered to enter into articles with him for 1*. a line for all he should write during life, provided that he wrote for him alone. This proposal, however, we are told, was re- ected by Brooke with some degree of haugh- iness, for which Garrick never forgave him. From Kildare Brooke removed to a residence .n Cavan, near his former habitation, and, as expressed in his own words, continued there dreaming life away.' A visitor to Brooke in 1775 described him as ' dressed in a long blue cloak, with a wig that fell down his shoulders. He was a little man, neat as wax-work, with an oval face, ruddy com- plexion, and large eyes full of fire.' Brooke sank into a state of mental depression on the deaths of his wife and of his children, of whom the sole survivor (out of a family of twenty-two) was his daughter Charlotte ~. v.], who devoted herself entirely to him. Disease and grief rendered him at times inca- pable of mental or physical exertion. With a view to his pecuniary advantage, some friends undertook, with his assent, to publish a col- lection of his poetical and dramatic works. Four volumes of these were issued at Lon- don in 1778, but in them, through mismanage- ment, some of the pieces were printed from unrevised copies, others were omitted, and productions of which Brooke was not the author were included in the collection. John Wesley, who had some relations with Brooke's friends, published in 1780 an abridged edi- tion of the ' Fool of Quality.' In his pre- fatory observations Wesley recommended the work as the most excellent, in its kind, of any that he had seen either in English or in any other language. Charlotte, Brooke's daughter, considered that the failure of her father's mental powers was apparent in the latter portions of the ' Fool of Quality,' and that three volumes would amply contain all that ought to remain in the five. As to his other and last work, ' Juliet Grenville/ ' it is,' she wrote, ' I fear, scarcely worthy of re- vision, and should be finally consigned to oblivion.' Brooke died in a state of mental debility at Dublin on 10 Oct. 1783. Several portraits of Brooke have been engraved. The Brooke 427 Brooke earliest of these appears to be that executed at Dublin in 1756 by Miller, from a painting by Lewis. In the plate, which is inscribed * The Farmer/ Brooke is represented as seated, with a pen in his hand. This portrait was re- produced in 1884, on a reduced scale, among the illustrations to the work by J. C. Smith on British mezzotinto portraits. A revised edition of Brooke's works was projected by his daughter Charlotte, with the co-opera- tion of friends, but while it was in progress the defective collection already noticed was, without her knowledge, reprinted by a Lon- don bookseller. She, however, succeeded in purchasing the copies, and, with such emen- dations and revisions as she could effect, they were issued by her in four volumes in 1792 as a new edition. To the first volume was prefixed a panegyrical but unsatisfactory notice of Brooke, the writer of which was described by his daughter as an ' old contem- porary and relation.' He, however, avowed that he knew little with certainty concerning Brooke's career and the many busy and in- teresting scenes through which he had passed. On this subject Miss Brooke stated that, in her attempts to procure materials for a me- moir of her father, she had encountered great difficulties, and as he had outlived most of his contemporaries, she, his last surviving child, remembered nothing of them before the period of his retirement from the outer world. Some papers connected with Brooke, including a letter from Pope to him, were collected by 0. H. Wilson of the Middle Temple, London, who in 1804 issued a com- pilation in two small volumes entitled 4 Brookiana.' The ' Fool of Quality ' was re- published in two volumes in 1859 by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, who expressed an opinion that, notwithstanding the defects of the work, readers would learn from it more of that which is pure, sacred, and eternal, than from any book published since Spenser's * Faerie Queene/ [Dublin journals, 1744; unpublished letters of Henry Brooke; letters by Benjamin Victor, 1776; Anthologia Hibernica, 1794; Memoirs of €. O'Conor (1797) ; Manuscripts of C. O'Conor ; D'Olier's Memoirs of Henry Brooke, 1816 ; Sey- mour's Memoirs of Miss Brooke, 1816 ; Private Correspondence of David Garrick, 1831 ; Hist, of Dublin, 1856 ; Keports of Hist. MSS. Com- mission, 1884 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 215-6 ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. iv. 131.] J. T. G. BROOKE, HENRY(1738-1806),painter, was born in Dublin in 1738. He chiefly prac- tised historical painting, and, upon coming to London in 1761, gained both fame and for- tune by the exhibition of his pictures. Seven years later, in 1767, he had married and settled in his native city, where he lost the whole of his savings in some foolish specu- lation. Thenceforward his art was princi- pally displayed in the decoration of Roman catholic chapels, but in 1776 he sent a my- thological painting to the Society of Artists. Brooke died in Dublin in 1806. [Eedgrave's Dictionary of Artists (1878), p. 57; A. Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-80, p. 31.] G. G. BROOKE, HENRY JAMES (1771- 1857), crystallographer, son of a broadcloth manufacturer, born at Exeter on 25 May 1771, studied for the bar, but went into business in the Spanish wool trade, South American mining companies, and the London Life Assurance Association successively. He devoted his leisure hours to mineralogy, geo- logy, and botany. His large collections of shells and of minerals were presented to the university of Cambridge, while a portion of his valuable collection of engravings was given by him to the British Museum. He was elected F.G.S. in 1815, F.L.S. in 1818, and F.R.S in 1819. He discovered thirteen new mineral species. He died on 26 June 1857. He published a ' Familiar Introduc- tion to Crystallography,' London, 1823 ; and contributed the important articles on t Crys- tallography ' and ' Mineralogy ' in the ' En- cyclopaedia Metropolitan*,' in which he first introduced six primary crystalline systems. [Proc. Eoy. Soc. ix. 41 ; Q. Journ. Geol. Soc. 14, xliv.] H. F. M. BRpOKE, HUMPHREY (1617-1693), physician, was born in London in 1617. He was educated in Merchant Taylors' School, and entered St. John's College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow. He proceeded M.B. 1646, M.D. 1659, was elected fellow of the London College of Physicians 1674, and was subsequently several times censor. He died very rich at his house in Leadenhall Street, 9 Dec. 1693. Brooke was the author of * A Conservatory of Health, comprised in a Plain and Practical Discourse upon the Six Particulars neces- sary for Man's Life,' London, 1650, and also a book of paternal advice, addressed to his children, under the title of 'The Durable Legacy,' London, 1681, of which only fifty copies were printed. It contains 250 pages of practical, moral, and religious directions, couched in a sincere and simple Christian style, with neither sectarianism nor bigotry. [Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 514, ii. 91, 221 ; Munk's College of Physicians (1878), i. 368; Durable Legacy, in British Museum.] G. T. B. Brooke 428 Brooke BROOKE, SIB JAMES (1803-1868), raja of Sarawak, second son of Thomas Brooke, of the Bengal civil service, was born at Benares, and was educated at the grammar school at Norwich, under Mr. Edward Valpy, a brother of the famous Dr. Valpy of Read- ing. During Brooke's school days Dr. Samuel Parr, who at one time had been the head- master, was a frequent visitor at the school. ' Old Crome ' was the drawing master, while Sir Archdale Wilson, the captor of Delhi in 1857, and George Borrow were among Brooke's schoolfellows. He was a boy of marked generosity, truthfulness, and daring. On one occasion he saved the life of a school- fellow who had fallen into the river Wen- He ended his school life somewhat sum. abruptly by running away, and at the age of sixteen was appointed a cadet of infantry in Bengal. After serving for three years with a native infantry regiment, he was ap- pointed to the commissariat ; and on the j outbreak of the first war with Burma, he | formed and drilled a body of native volun- I teer cavalry, which he commanded in an ac- tion at Rangpur in Assam, receiving on that occasion a wound in the lungs, which led to his being invalided home with a wound pen- sion of 70/. a year. After an absence of upwards of four years he returned to India ; but being unable, owing to an unusually long voyage, to reach Bengal within the pre- scribed period of five years, he resigned the East India Company's service in 1830, re- turning to England in the ship in which he had gone out, and visiting, in the course of his voyage, the Straits settlements of Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, China, and Sumatra. During this voyage he seems to have formed the projects which determined his subsequent career. Returning to Bath, where his family resided, in the latter part of 1831, he re- mained in England until 1834, when he pur- chased a small brig, and made a voyage to China. In the following year his father died, and Brooke, having inherited a fortune of 30,000/., purchased a schooner of 142 tons, in which, after a trip to the Mediterranean, he sailed on 16 Dec. 1838 for Borneo. Brooke's motives in undertaking this voy- age appear to have been partly love of ad- venture, and largely the desire to introduce commerce, as well as British ascendency, into Borneo. A memorandum which he wrote upon the subject before starting upon the expedition will be found in a compilation of his private letters, edited by a friend. After a short halt at Singapore, Brooke proceeded in his yacht to Sarawak, on the north-west coast of Borneo, landing at Kuching, the chief town, on 15 Aug. 1839. Sarawak— a tract of country measuring at that time about sixty miles in length by fifty in breadth, but since considerably enlarged by territorial additions made during the lifetime of Brooke — was then subject to the Malay sultan of Brunei, the nominal ruler of the whole of the island, except a part in the south, which had come into the possession of the Dutch. At the time of Brooke's arrival a rebellion was in progress, induced by the tyranny of the offi- cials of the sultan, who had recently deputed his uncle, Muda Hassim, to assume the govern- ment and to restore order. Brooke was cour- teously received by Muda Hassim. His first visit was short ; but he seems to have then laid the foundations of the influence which he subsequently acquired over the inhabitants, including the Malay governor, Muda Hassim. On this occasion he surveyed 150 miles of coast, visited many of the rivers, and esta- blished a friendly intercourse with the Malay tribes on the coast, spending ten days among a tribe of Dayaks, the aboriginal inhabitants of the island. In the latter part of the same year he visited the island of Celebes. He there astonished the inhabitants, the Bujis — a race much addicted to field sports— by his horsemanship and skill in shooting. Revisiting Sarawak in the autumn of 1840, Brooke took an active part in the suppression of the rebellion, which was still going on, impressing the natives by his gallantry and readiness of resource, and so entirely gain- ing the confidence of Muda Hassim that the latter voluntarily offered him the government of the country, which he assumed on 24 Sept. 1841. In July of the following year he re- paired to Brunei, and obtained from the sul- tan the confirmation of his appointment as raja of Sarawak, in which office he was formally installed at Kuching on 18 Aug. 1842. Sir Spenser St. John's < Life of Brooke'" gives a graphic account of the installation, which very nearly became a scene of blood- shed, owing to the excitement of some of the followers of the late raja, and their ani- mosity towards a chief named Makota, whose tyranny had done much to bring about the rebellion, and who had obstructed Brooke in his efforts to reduce the country to order, and to improve the administration (SPENSER ST. JOHN, Life of Sir James Brooke. 1879, p. 70). Brooke's administrative reforms were very simple, but thoroughly well suited to the people. One of the causes of the rebellion had been a system of forced trade, under which the inhabitants were compelled to buy at a fixed, and often an exorbitant, price, commodities sold to them by the chiefs. In default of payment their sons and daughters, Brooke 429 Brooke and often their parents as well, were carried off as slaves. Brooke substituted for the forced trade a simple system of taxation in kind, and did what he could to abolish in- terference with the personal liberty of the people. He administered justice himself, with the aid of some of the chief persons of the country ; his court, which was a long room in his own house, being essentially an open one, while he was accessible to any one who wished to see him at nearly all hours of the day. By the Dayaks he was speedily re- garded with sentiments of reverence and affection. Their favourite saying was : ' The son of Europe is the friend of the Dayak.' In the earlier years of his residence at Sara- wak Brooke was almost alone. His followers were a coloured interpreter from Malacca, useful, but not very trustworthy ; a servant who could neither read nor write ; a ship- wrecked Irishman, brave, but not otherwise useful ; and a doctor who never learnt the language of the country. The suppression of piracy in the Malayan Archipelago does not appear to have been among Brooke's first objects, but it formed one of the main achievements of his useful life. In Borneo piracy had been the common pursuit of the tribes along the coast from time immemorial. It was resorted to in Borneo, not only for purposes of plunder, but for the possession of human heads, for which there was a passion among the Dayaks and among many of the tribes in the archipelago. Brooke had become aware of the practice at an early period of his residence in Sarawak, and had done what he could to impress the chief people of the country with its enormity ; but it was not until 1843 that he was in a position to take an active part in its sup- pression. Early in that year he made the ac- quaintance, at Singapore, of Captain the Hon. Henry Keppel (now (1886) Admiral the Hon. Sir Henry Keppel, G.C.B.), then commanding H.M.S. Dido, with whom he speedily con- tracted a mutual and lasting friendship. Re- turning to Sarawak in the Dido, in company with Keppel, he joined in an expedition against the most formidable of the piratical hordes, the Malays and Dayaks of the Seribas river, taking with him as a contingent a number of war-boats manned by natives of Sarawak. The expedition was extremely successful. The pirates were attacked in their strongholds on the banks of the river by the boats of the Dido and the Sarawak war-boats, and compelled to undertake to abandon piracy. In the following year he was again associated with Keppel in an attack upon the pirates of the Sakarran river, which, though inflicting heavy loss upon the pirates, was attended with severe fighting and some loss to the assailants. Captain Sir Edward Belcher, Captain Rodney Mundy, Captain Grey, and Captain Farquhar were all at different times employed in conjunction with Brooke in operations against the pirates. The last ot these operations, which took place in 1849, and dealt a crushing blow to piracy in that part of the Bornean seas, was made the i ground of a series of charges of cruel and illegal conduct, preferred against Brooke in the House of Commons by Mr. Hume, and supported by Mr. Cobden, and in some de- gree by Mr. Gladstone, who, while eulogising Brooke's character, voted for an inquiry into the charges, on the ground that the work of destruction had been promiscuous, and to some extent illegal. The motion for inquiry was discountenanced by the government of the day, that of Lord John Russell, and was rejected by a large majority of the house, Lord Palmerston declaring that Brooke 're- tired from the investigation with untarnished character and unblemished honour.' The attacks, however, being continued, the go- vernment of Lord Aberdeen subsequently granted a commission of inquiry, which sat at Singapore, but failed to establish any of the charges of inhumanity or illegality which had been made against Brooke. In 1847 Brooke revisited England, where he met with a most gratifying reception. He was invited by the queen to Windsor, and was treated with great consideration by the leading statesmen of the day, as well as by various public bodies. London conferred upon him the freedom of the city, and Oxford the honorary degree of D.C.L. In connection with his visit to Windsor, it is related that the queen, having inquired how he found it so easy to manage so many thousands of wild Borneans, Brooke replied : ' I find it easier to govern thirty thousand Malays and Dayaks than to manage a dozen of your majesty's subjects.' On his return to Borneo he was appointed British commissioner and consul- j general in that island, as well as governor of Labuan, which the sultan of Brunei had ceded to the British crown. He was also created a K.C.B. The commission of inquiry not only caused Brooke very great annoyance, but for a time introduced some embarrassment into his rela- tions with the natives under his rule, who not unnaturally conceived the impression that he had forfeited the favour of his own government. The incident is also generally regarded as having, in combination with other circumstances, had some connection with a very serious outbreak on the part of the Chinese immigrants into Sarawak, in which Brooke 430 Brooke Brooke narrowly escaped being murdered. This outbreak occurred in 1857, when the Chinese, having formed a plot to kill Brooke and the other Englishmen serving under him, attacked the government house and other English residences, and murdered several of the English. Brooke escaped in the darkness by jumping into the river, diving under the bow of a Chinese barge, and swimming to the BROOKE, JOHN (d. 1582), translator, son of John Brooke, was a native of Ash- next-Sandwich and owner of Brooke House in that village. Though appointed scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, by the founda- tion charter of 1546, he did not proceed B.A. until 1553-4. He married Magdalen Stod- dard of Mottingham. He died in 1582, leaving no children, and was buried in Ash church. other side. After having occupied the capital | His works are : 1. 'The Staffe of Christian for a few days, and destroyed a good deal of j Faith. . . . Translated out of French into property, including the raja's house and his ! English by John Brooke, of Ashe-next- valuable library, the Chinese retired, followed j Sandwiche,' 1577. 2. 'John Gardener, his by a large body of Malays and Dayaks, who ; confession of the Christian Faith. Translated stood by their raja, and, intercepting the out of French by John Brooke,' 1578, 1583. Chinese in their retreat, destroyed a consi- 3. 'A Christian Discourse . . . presented to derable number of them. The attitude of the Prince of Conde. Translated by J. B./ the Malays and Dayaks on this occasion fur- j 1578. 4. ' The Christian Disputations, by nished a signal proof of the affection and confidence with which Brooke had inspired the great majority of his native subjects. Brooke finally left Sarawak in 1863. Shortly after his return to England a wish long cherished by him, that the British go- vernment should recognise his territory as an independent state, was gratified, and a consul was appointed to represent British interests. He died at Burrator in Devonshire in 1868, at the age of sixty-five, after a series of para- Master Peter Viret, dedicated to Edmund, Abp. of Canterbury. Translated out of French . . . by J. B. of Ashe/ 1579. 5. < Of Two Wonderful Popish Monsters, to wyt, Of a Popish Asse which was found in Rome in the riuer Tyber (1496), and of a Moonkish Calfe, calued at Friberge in Misne (1528). . . . Witnessed and declared, the one by P. Melancthon, the other by M. Luther. Trans- lated out of French ... by John Brooke of Assh. . . . With two cuts of the Mon- lytic attacks, brought on doubtless by the sters/ 1579. 6. < A Faithful and Familiar fatigues and exposure of a laborious and ad- Exposition upon the Prayer of our Lorde. venturous life, spent, the greater part of it, ... Written in French dialogue wise, by Brooke, and under whose firm but benevo- lent government, based upon the principles introduced by his illustrious relative, Sara- wak, now comprising a territory of 28,000 square miles and a population of a quarter of a million, is a flourishing settlement. Trade has expanded, agriculture is advancing, piracy and head-hunting have been rooted out, edu- cation is in demand, and, as a result of the efforts of Christian missionaries, Sarawak now numbers nearly three thousand native Christians. When this state of things is compared with that which existed on the north coast of Borneo less than half a century ago, it will readily be admitted that among the benefactors of humanity a high place must be accorded to Sir James Brooke. [Gertrude L. Jacob's Raja of Sarawak, 1876 ; ,,,»,,,,, C!* T«'U«'« T '1* _^» Ci" T ••-* -m Queene's Maiesties Excheker,' 1582. [Hasted's Kent, iii. 691 n. ; Planches Corner of Kent, 136 ; Ames's Typog. Antiq. (Herbert) 662, 867, 1010, 1011, 1060 ; Maunsell's First Part of the Catalogue (1595), 24; Cooper's Athense Cantab, i. 459 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 131.] W. H. BROOKE, JOHN CHARLES (1748- 1 794) , Somerset herald, second son of William Brooke, M.D., and Alice, eldest daughter and coheiress of William Mawhood of Donc'aster, was born at Fieldhead, in the parish of Silk- stone, near Sheffield, in 1748. He was sent to the metropolis to be apprenticed to a chemist in Holborn, but he had already ac- quired a taste for genealogical research, and having drawn up a pedigree of the Howard family which attracted the favourable notice Spenser St. John's Life of Sir James Brooke' ' Ia?mii5r wnicn attracted the favourable no1 1879 ; Private Letters of Sir James Brooke i of the Duke of Norfolk, he thus obtained an (edit. John C.Templer), 1853 ; Captain Mundy's ! entrance into the College of Arms. He was Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, | appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in 1773, 1848; Ann. Reg. 1851, pp. 135, 136 ; Quarterly i and was promoted to the office of Somerset Review, vols.lxxxiii., cxi.; S. P. G. Report, 1884; herald in 1777. Two years previouslv in Hamette McDougall's Sketches of our Life at 1775, he had been elected a fellow of the Sarawak, London.] A. J. A. Society of Antiquaries. Brooke was secretary Brooke 431 Brooke to the earl marshal, and, also through the j patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, a lieutenant i in the militia of the West Riding of York- shire. With Benjamin Pingo, York herald, and fourteen other persons, he was crushed to death on 3 Feb. 1794, in attempting to get into the pit of the Haymarket Theatre. His body was interred in the church of St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, where a monumental tablet was erected to his memory, with an epitaph com- posed by Edmund Lodge, afterwards Cla- renceux king-at-arms. Brooke made voluminous manuscript col- lections, chiefly relating to Yorkshire. His father had inherited the manuscripts of his great-uncle, the Rev. John Brooke, rector of High Hoyland in Yorkshire, which had been formed as a foundation for the topography of that county. These came into the hands of John Charles Brooke, who greatly enlarged them by means of his own researches, and by copy- ing the manuscripts of Jenyngs andTilleyson. A catalogue of these collections will be found in Gough's l British Topography,' ii. 397, 401, 402. Brooke's contributions to the ' Archseo- logia' are enumerated in Nichols's 'Illustra- tions of Literature,' vi. 355. He was a con- tributor also to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' and the principal authors of his day in genea- logy and topography acknowledge their obli- gations to him. Besides a history of Yorkshire, he contemplated a new edition of Sandford's 1 Genealogical History of the Kings of Eng- land/ a baronage after Dugdale's method, and a history of all tenants in capite to ac- company Domesday. He bequeathed his ma- nuscripts to the College of Arms, but a small collection of Yorkshire pedigrees by him is preserved in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 21184). Many of his letters on antiquarian subjects are printed in Nichols's 'Illustra- tions of Literature.' A portrait of Brooke, engraved by T. Milton from a painting by T. Maynard, forms the frontispiece to Noble's ' History of the Col- lege of Arms.' [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 681, 684, iii. 263, vi. 142, 254, 303 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vi. 354-429 ; Noble's College of Arms, 428-434, 440; Addit, MS. 5726 E, art. 3, 5864, f. 116; Notes and Queries (2nd series), iv. 130, 160, 318 ; Gent. Mag. Ixiv. 187, 275, Ixvii. 5 ; Annual Eeg. 1794, chronicle 5.] T. C. BROOKE, RALPH (1553-1625), herald, describes himself (MS. penes Coll. Arm.) as the son of Geoffrey Brooke (by his wife, Jane Hyde) and grandson of William Brooke of Lancashire, who was a cadet of the family of Brooke seated at Norton in Cheshire. But the entry of his admission into Merchant Taylors' School, on 3 July 1564, simply re- cords the fact that his father was Geoffrey, and a shoemaker (Registers of M.T.S. i. 6). In 1576 he was made free of the Painter Stainers' Company, and four years afterwards was appointed Rouge Croix pursuivant in the College of Arms. In March 1593 he became York herald, but attained to no higher rank. That he was an accurate and painstaking genealogist there can be no doubt ; it seems equally clear that he was of a grasping and jealous nature, and much disliked by his fellow-officers in the Heralds' College. In 1597 Camden, who was not a professional herald, was made Clarenceux king-at-arms in recognition of his great learning. Brooke took umbrage at his intrusion into the col- lege, and published, without date or printer's name, what he termed ' A Discoverie of cer- taine Errours published in print in the much- commended Britannia 1594, very prejudicial! to the Discentes and Successions of the aun- cient Nobilitie of this Realme.' To this Camden replied ; and Vincent, who had the college with him, sided with Camden and exposed certain mistakes into which Brooke himself had fallen. The controversy was long and acrimonious, the only good result being that, through the researches of Brooke, Cam- den, and Vincent, the genealogies of the no- bility were closely investigated, and the first attempt at a printed peerage was made. Brooke died 15 Oct. 1625, aged 73, and was buried in the church of Reculver, Kent. His quaint monument, whereon he is depicted in his tabard dress, has been often engraved, but it has unhappily disappeared from the newly built church. In addition to the work already mentioned, Brooke wrote ' A Second Discovery of Errors,' which was published from the manuscript by Anstis in 1723 ; and two editions (1619 and 1622) of *A Catalogue and Succession of the Kings, Princes, Dukes, Marquisses, Earles, and Viscounts of the Realme of England since the Norman Conquest to this present yeare 1619. Together with their Armes, Wives and Children, the times of their deaths and burials, with any other memorable actions, collected by Raphe Brooke, Esquire, Yorke Herauld, Discouering and Reforming many errors com- mitted by men of other Professions and lately published in Print to the great wronging of the Nobility and prejudice of his Majestie's Officers and Armes, who are onely appointed and sworne to deale faithfully in these causes,' printed by Jaggard. [Dallaway's Heraldry, 1793, pp. 226-239 ; Noble's College of Arms ; Nichols's Herald and Genealogist, ii. ; for a full account of Brooke's quar- rel with Vincent and Camden see Sir H. Nicolas's Life of Augustine Vincent (1827).] C. J. E. Brooke 432 Brooke BROOKE, RICHARD (1791-1861), anti- quary, was a native of Liverpool, where he was born in 1791. His father, also named Richard, was a Cheshire man, who settled in Liverpool early in life, and died there on 15 June 1852, at the age of 91. Richard Brooke the younger practised as a solicitor in Liverpool, and devoted his leisure time to investigations into the history and antiquities of his county, and into certain branches of natural history. One of the favourite occu- pations of his life was to visit and explore the several fields of battle in England, espe- cially those which were the scenes of conflict between the rival houses of York and Lan- caster. The great object he had in view was to compare the statements of the historians with such relics as had survived, and with the traditions of the neighbourhoods where the respective battles had been fought. He was led to this line of research at a compara- tively early age during visits to his brother, Mr. Peter Brooke, who resided near Stoke Field. In 1825 he published ' Observations illustrative of the Accounts given by the Ancient Historical Writers of the Battle of Stoke Field, between King Henry the Seventh and John De la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, in 1487, the last that was fought in the Civil Wars of York and Lancaster ; to which are added some interesting particulars of the Illustrious Houses of Plantagenet and Ne- ville ' (Liverpool, 1825, roy. 8vo). In later years he carried on his researches, and com- municated the result to the Society of An- tiquaries, of which he was a member, and to the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, in papers which were subsequently published in a volume in 1857, entitled * Visits to Fields of Battle in England in the Fifteenth Century. To which are added some Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers upon Archaeological Subjects ' (8vo). The battle- fields described are Shrewsbury, Blore Heath, Northampton, Wakefield, Mortimer's Cross, Towton, Tewkesbury, Bosworth, Stoke, Eve- sham, and Barnet. The additional papers are : 1. 'On the Use of Firearms by the Eng- lish in the 15th Century.' 2. ' The Family of Wyche, or De la Wyche, in Cheshire.' 3. 'Wilmslow Church in Cheshire.' 4. 'Hand- ford Hall and Cheadle Church in Cheshire.' 5. « The Office of Keeper of the Royal Mena- gerie in the Reign of Edward IV.' 6. < The Period of the Extinction of Wolves in Eng-- land.' He was a member of the council of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, and read many papers at the meetings of the society. The following, in addition to some of those named above, are printed in its 1 Proceedings : ' 1. ' Upon the extraordinary and abrupt Changes of Fortune of Jasper, earl of Pembroke,' vol. x. 2. ' Life of Richard Neville, the Great Earl of Warwick and Salisbury, called the King Maker,' xii. 3. ' Life and Character of Margaret of Anjou/ xiii. 4. ' Visit to Fotheringay Church and Castle,' xiii. 5. ' Migration of the Swallow,' xiii. 6. { On the Elephants used in War by the Carthaginians,' xiv. 7. ' On the Com- mon or Fallow Deer of Great Britain,' xiv. In the ' Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire' he published ' Observations on the Inscription of the Com- mon Seal of Liverpool ' (i. 76), besides the three Cheshire papers reprinted in the volume of ' visits.' In 1853 he published ' Liverpool as it was during the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century, 1775 to 1800 ' (Liver- pool, roy. 8vo, pp. 558). In this he has gathered a body of interesting facts relating to the history of the great port during that period, much of the information being de- rived from his father. He died at Liver- pool on 14 June 1861, in the seventieth year of his age. [Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 1862, 2nd ser. ii. 105 ; prefaces to Brooke's works.] C. W. S. BROOKE, ROBERT (d. 1802?), of Prosperous, county Kildare, governor of St. Helena from 1787 to 1801, was youngest son of Robert Brooke, and grandson of the Rev. William Brooke of Rantavan House, county Cavan (BuRKE's Landed Gentry, see Brooke of Drumvana). He entered the ser- vice of the East India Company on 14 Aug. 1764 as ensign on the Bengal establishment, became lieutenant on 25 Aug. 1765, and substantive captain on 10 Dec. 1767. He signalised himself on several occasions in the operations against Cossim Ali and Soojah Dowlah under Lord Clive, during which time he served with the 8th sepoys. De- tached to Madras with two companies of Bengal sepoy grenadiers, he served through the campaigns of 1768-9 against Hyder Ali, with General Joseph Smith, and was sub- sequently chief engineer of Colonel Wood's force. On one occasion he was sent as envoy to Hyder Ali. Returning to Bengal he was given command of two battalions lent as guards to the Mogul. While so employed he put down a formidable revolt in the pro- vince of Corah, for which service he was re- warded with the collectorship of the province, together with a commission of 2£ per cent, on its revenues while in command of the troops on the frontier. He raised the Bengal native light infantry, and commanded that battalion in two campaigns against the hill- Brooke 433 Brooke robbers about Rajmahal, in which he distin- guished himself by his lenity and humanity no less than by the success of his operations. He also rendered good service against the Mahrattas and in the Rohilla war. His ser- vices were acknowledged by the court of directors on 19 April 1771, and again on 30 March 1774, in terms almost unprece- dented in the case of an officer of junior rank. He returned home on furlough in 1774, and invested the fortune he had realised by his collectorship at Corah in an attempt to de- velope the cotton manufacture in Ireland, with which object he erected the industrial village of Prosperous, in the barony of Clane, county Kildare. About the same time he married Mrs. Wynne, nee Mapletoft, who bore him several children. The enterprise at Prosperous met with patronage and sup- port in distinguished quarters, and in 1776 Brooke received the thanks of parliament for his patriotic endeavours. The manufac- turing processes — cotton-printing excepted — are stated to have been carried to some perfection, but in a commercial sense the undertaking proved a failure, and after many vicissitudes the works, counting some 1,400 looms, in 1787 had to be given up for the benefit of the creditors. They were even- tually burned by the rebels in 1798. His own fortune and that of his wife having thus been sacrificed, and an elder brother, who was partner in the enterprise, and others having become involved in the ruin, Brooke applied to the court of directors to reinstate him in his former rank, for, having over- stayed his leave, he had been struck off the rolls from 14 April 1775. The directors declined to accede to the request, but im- mediately afterwards appointed him to the governorship of the island of St. Helena, in succession to Governor Corneille. There he displayed much energy. He improved the buildings, strengthened the defences, and established a code of signals. The island be- came a depot for the company's European troops, and during his governorship over 12,000 recruits were drilled in its valleys. His spirited measures for seizing the Cape of Good Hope with a small naval squad- ron carrying a landing-force of 600 light in- fantry, blue-jackets, marines, and seamen- volunteers, though anticipated by the expe- dition from home under General Craig and Admiral Keith, won for him the special thanks of the home government. The court of directors recognised his exertions by the gift of a diamond-hilted sword, presented to him in 1799 at St. Helena, at the head of a garrison parade, Brooke then holding local rank as colonel. A serious illness compelled VOL. VI. him to embark for England on 10 March 1801, and he died soon after. Particulars and certificates of his public services in India and in Ireland will be found in the * British Museum Collection of Poli- tical Tracts/ under the heading : ' Brooke, Robt. — A Letter from Mr. Brooke to an Honourable Member of the House of Com- mons (Dublin, 1787).' A notice of his governorship appears in the ' History of St. Helena,' compiled by Thomas Digby Brooke, who was for many years colonial secretary on the island, and was a nephew of Governor Brooke, being a son of the elder brother who was partner in the concern at Prosperous. A few unpublished letters to Warren Hastings in 1773, and from the Marquis Wellesley, are among ' Add. MSS.,' British Museum. [Burke's Landed Gentry ; Political Tracts, 1787-8; Dodswell and Miles's Lists of Bengal Army; Warburton's Hist, of Dublin, ii. 971; Brooke's Hist, of St. Helena (2nd ed. 1823) ; Add. MSS. 29133, 13710, and 13787.] H. M. C. BROOKE, LOKD. [See GKEVILLB.] BROOKE, SAMUEL (d. 1632), master of Trinity College,Cambridge, and archdeacon of Coventry, was the son of Robert Brooke, a rich citizen of York, and was brother of Christopher Brooke, the poet [q. v.] In 1596 he was admitted to Trinity College, Cam- bridge ; he proceeded M.A. 1604, B.D. 1607, and D.D. 1615. Shortly afterwards he was sent to prison, by the agency of Sir George More, for secretly celebrating the marriage of Dr. John Donne with More's daughter, but was soon afterwards released. He was promoted to the office of chaplain to Henry, prince of Whales, who recommended him (26 Sept. 1612) for the divinity chair at Gresham College. He was afterwards chap- lain to both James I and Charles I. He was elected proctor at Cambridge in 1613, and in 1614 he wrote three Latin plays, which were performed before James I on his visit to the university in that year. The names of the plays appear to have been ' Scyros,' l Adelphe,' and 'Melanthe,' and the ' Adelphe' was de- scribed as so witty ' ut vel ipsi Catoni risum excuteret.' On 13 June 1618 he became rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, London, and 10 July 1621 was incorporated D.D. at Oxford. He was elected master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 5 Sept. 1629, and on 17 Nov. resigned his Gresham professorship. Prynne, in his ' Canterburie's Doome ' p. 157, abuses Brooke as a disciple of Laud, and states that in 1630 Brooke was engaged in 'An Arminian Treatise of Predestination.' Brooke 434 Brookes Laud encouraged him to complete this book, but afterwards declined to sanction its pub- lication on account of its excessive violence. On 13 May 1631 Brooke was admitted arch- deacon of Coventry, and died 16 Sept. 16327 He was buried without monument or epitaph in Trinity College Chapel. None of Brooke's works appear to have been printed. Besides the treatise already mentioned, he wrote a tract on the Thirty-nine Articles, and a dis- course, dedicated to the Earl of Pembroke, entitled ' De Auxilio Divinse Gratise Exer- citatio theologica, nimirum: An possibile sit duos eandem habere Gratiee Mensuram, et tamen unus convert atur et credat ; alter non : e Johan. xi. 45, 46.' The manuscript of this discourse is in Trinity College Lib- rary. [Ward's Lives of the Professors of Grresham Col- lege, p. 53 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss) i. 401-2 ; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 284; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. 19-20 ; Cole's MS. Athense Cantab. ; Laud's Works, vi. 292.1 S. L. L. BROOKE, WILLIAM HENRY (d. ^ 1860), satirical draughtsman and portrait- painter, was a nephew of Henry Brooke (1703 P-1783) [q. v.], the author of < A Fool of Quality.' He was placed when young in a banker's office. Preferring the studio to the desk, he became the pupil of Samuel Drum- mond, A.R.A. He made rapid progress, and ' soon established himself as a portrait-painter in the Adelphi. In 1810 he first exhibited in the Academy. His early works, according to Redgrave, were mere sketches ; their subjects : ' Anacreon/ ' Murder of Thomas a Becket,' and ' Musidora.' Between 1813 and 1823 he did not exhibit. In the latter year he sent three pic- tures, a portrait, and two Irish landscapes with figures. In 1826 he exhibited < Chas- tity.' This was the last work which he sent to the Academy. In 1812 he undertook to make drawings for the ' Satirist,' a monthly publication which changed hands several times in its short career, and collapsed finally in 1814. There is little of style or of wit to redeem the pure vulgarity of Brooke's work as a satirist. He contributed to this paper till September 1813, and was then succeeded by George Cruikshank. His drawings for this periodical seem to have brought him some notice, and he illustrated a good many popular books of the day. Among these may be mentioned Moore's ' Irish Melodies,' 1822 ; Major's edition of Izaak Walton, to which he supplied some vignettes ; Keight- ley's ' Greek and Roman Mythology,' 1831 ; 'Persian and Turkish Tales;' 'Gulliver's Travels;' Nathaniel Cotton's 'Visions in Verse;' and ' Fables for the Female Sex,' by E. Moore and his uncle, H. Brooke. The last three are undated and published by Walker. None of Brooke's embellishments appear to have had much merit. His best designs, however, are said to have been well drawn. He shows a certain feeling for grace in his de- lineation of women, though little knowledge. He died at Chichester 12 Jan. 1860. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English School ; British Museum Catalogues.] E. R. BROOKE, ZA CHARY (1716-1788), di- vine, the son of Zachary Brooke, of Sidney Sussex CoUege, Cambridge (B.A. 1693-4, and M. A. 1697), at one time vicar of Hawkston- cum-Newton, near Cambridge, was born in 1716 at Hamerton, Huntingdonshire. He was educated at Stamford school, was admitted sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 28 June 1734, was afterwards elected a fellow, pro- ceeded B.A. in 1737, M.A. in 1741, B.D. in 1748, andD.D. in 1753. He was elected to the Margaret professorship of divinity at Cam- bridge in 1765, and was at the same time a candidate for the mastership of St. John's College ; was chaplain to the king from 1758, and was vicar of Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, and rector of Forncett St. Mary and St. Peter, Suffolk. He died at Forncett on 7 Aug. 1 788. He married the daughter of W. Hanchet. He attacked Dr. Middleton's ' Free Inquiry ' in his ' Defensio miraculorum quse in ecclesia Christiana facta esse perhibentur post tem- pora Apostolorum,' Cambridge, 1748, which appeared in English in 1750. This work called forth several ' Letters ' in reply. Brooke was also the author of a collection of ser- mons, issued in 1763. [Baker's St. John's College (ed. Mayor), 1029, 1030, 1042; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 563-4, viii. 379; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. iv. 371; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BROOKES, JOSHUA (1754-1821), ec- centric divine, was born at Cheadle-Hulme, near Stockport, and baptised on 19 May I 1754. His father, a shoemaker, who removed | soon after his son's birth to Manchester, was ' a cripple of violent temper, known by the name of ' Pontius Pilate.' He had, however, a genuine affection for his boy, who was ; educated at the Manchester grammar school, I where he attracted the notice of the Rev. Thomas Ay nscough, M.A., who obtained the aid which, with a school exhibition, enabled him to proceed to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. on 17 June 1778 and M.A. on 21 June 1781. In the following year he became curate of Chorlton Chapel, and in December 1790 was appointed chaplain of the collegiate church of Manchester, a posi- 'died 1 6 Se£t. 1631 ' St. John) was made proved 20 Sept.' * After insert 4 His will (99 16 Sept. 1631 and Brookes 435 Brookes tion which he retained until his death on 11 Nov. 1821. He acted for a time as assis- tant master at the grammar school, but was exceedingly unpopular with the boys, who at times ejected him from the schoolroom, struggling and shrieking out at the loudest pitch of an unmelodious voice his uncompli- mentary opinions of them as 'blockheads.' He was an excellent scholar, and one of his pupils, Dr. Joseph Allen, bishop of Ely, , frankly acknowledged, ' If it had not been for Joshua Brookes, I should never have been a fellow of Trinity ' — which proved the step- ping-stone to the episcopal bench. Brookes was a book collector ; but although he brought together a large library, he was entirely de- ficient in the finer instincts of the biblio- maniac, and nothing could be more tasteless than his fashion of illustrating his books i with tawdry and worthless engravings. His memory was prodigious. In his common talk he spoke the broad dialect of the county, and his uncouthness brought him frequently into disputes with the townspeople. He would in- terrupt the service of the church to administer a rebuke or to box the ears of some unruly boy. A caricature appeared in which he is repre- sented as reading the burial service at a grave and saying, ' And I heard a voice from heaven saying — knock that black imp off the wall ! ' The artist was prosecuted and fined. Brookes's peculiarities brought him into frequent con- flict with his fellow-clergymen. As chaplain of the Manchester collegiate church he bap- tised, married, and buried more persons than any clergyman in the kingdom. He is de- scribed in Parkinson's ' Old Church Clock ' as the ' Rev. Joseph Rivers,' and he appears under his own name in the ' Manchester Man ' of Mrs. G. Linnaeus Banks. In ' Blackwood's Magazine ' for March 1821 appeared a < Brief Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet,' and that Brookes read it is evident from his annotated copy, which is now in the Manchester Free Library. The article was incorrectly attri- buted to Mr. James Crossley, but is properly assigned to Mr. Charles Wheeler. In appearance he was diminutive and corpulent ; he had bushy, meeting brows (Parr styled him 'the gentleman with the straw-coloured eyebrows '), a shrill voice, and rapid utterance. He was careless and shabby in his dress, except on Sundays, when he was scrupulously clean and neat. His portrait, from a drawing taken by Minasi a few weeks before his death, has been engraved. His general appearance gained him the nickname of the ' Knave of Clubs,' though he was usually styled ' St. Crispin.' [Free Thoughts on many Subjects, by a Man- chester Man (the Kev. Eobert Lamb), 'London, 1866, p. 122 ; Parkinson's Old Church Clock, 5th edition, with biographical sketch by John Evans, Manchester, 1880; Churton's Life of Nowell, pp. 200, 225 ; Booker's Hist, of Chorlton Chapel (Chetham Society) ; an article by John Harland in Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 568 ; Smith's Manchester Grammar School Register (Chetham Society), i. 109; Songs of the Wilsons, edited by Harland, Manchester, 1865 ; Bamford's Early Days, p. 292 ; Banks's Manchester Man, 1876, vol. iii. Appendix; Harland's Collectanea (Chetham Society).] W. E. A. A. BROOKES, JOSHUA (1761-1833), ana- tomist, was born on 24 Nov. 1761, and studied anatomy and surgery in London under Wil- liam Hunter, Hewson, Andrew Marshall, and Sheldon, afterwards attending the prac- tice of Portal and other eminent surgeons at the Hotel-Dieu, Paris. Returning to London he commenced to teach anatomy and form a museum. He was an accurate anatomist and excellent dissector, and prepared very many of the specimens in his museum. He invented a very useful method of preserving subjects for his lectures and class dissections, so as to preserve a healthy colour and arrest decomposition. For this he was elected F.R.S. His success as a teacher was so great that in the course of forty years more than five thousand pupils passed under his tuition in anatomy and physiology. He was very devoted to the formation of his museum, which from first to last cost him 30,000/., and was second only to that of John Hunter. It included a vast collection of specimens illustrating human and comparative anatomy, morbid and normal. His brother kept the cele- brated menagerie in Exeter Change, and thus Brookes easily obtained specimens. In 1826, owing to ill-health brought on by constant presence in the atmosphere of the dissecting- room, he was compelled to leave off teaching ; and at a dinner presided over by Dr. Pet- tigrew he received from the hands of the Duke of Sussex a marble bust of himself, sub- scribed for by his pupils. After vainly en- deavouring to dispose of his museum entire, he was compelled to sell it piecemeal. The final sale took place on 1 March 1830 and twenty-two following days; but very little was realised for Brookes's support in his old age. He died 10 Jan. 1833, in Great Portland Street, London. His published writings include ' Lectures on the Anatomy of the Ostrich ' (' Lancet,' vol. xii.) ; ' Brookesian Museum,' 1827 ; ' Cata- logue of Zootomical Collection,' 1828 ; 'Ad- dress to the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society,' 1828 ; ' Thoughts on Cholera,' 1831, proposing most useful hygienic precautions, especially as to the cleansing of the slums ; p p 2 Brookes 436 Brooking and a description of a new genus of Rodentia (Trans. Linn. Soc., 1829). [Museum Brookesianum, Descriptive and His- torical Catalogue, 1830 ; Lancet, 19 Jan., 31 Aug., and 14 Dec. 1833; Memorials of J. F. South, 1884, pp. 103-6.] BROOKES, RICHARD (/. 1750), phy- sician and author, has left but slight memo- rials of his life, except numerous compilations and translations on medicine, surgery, natural history, and geography, most of which went through several editions. He was at one time a rural practitioner in Surrey (Dedication of Art of Angling). At some time previous to 1762 he had travelled both in America and Africa (Preface to Natural History}. He was an industrious compiler, especially from continental writers, and his ' General Gazet- teer ' supplied a manifest want. It has gone through a great number of editions, the prin- cipal recent editor being A. G. Findlay. The following are Brookes's chief writings : 1. ' History of the most remarkable Pesti- lential Distempers/ 1721. 2. 'The Art of Angling, Rock and Sea Fishing, with the Natural History of River, Pond, and Sea Fish,' 1740. 3. 'The General Practice of Physic,' 1751. 4. ' An Introduction to Physic and Surgery/ 2 vols. 1754. 5. ' The General Gazetteer/ 'London, 1762. 6. 'A System of Natural History/ 6 vols. 1763. His prin- cipal translations are ' The Natural History of Chocolate/ from the French of Quelus, 2nd ed. 1730, and Duhalde's 'History of China/ 4 vols. 1736. [Brookes's works as above.] Gr. T. B. BROOKFIELD, WILLIAM HENRY (1809-1874), divine, was the son of Charles Brookfield, a solicitor at Sheffield, where he was born on 31 Aug. 1809. In 1827 he was articled to a solicitor at Leeds, but left this position to enter Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1829 (B.A. 1833, and M.A. 1836). In 1834 he became tutor to George William (afterwards fourth Lord) Lyttelton (1817-1876). In December 1834 he was ordained to the curacy of Maltby in Lincolnshire. He was afterwards curate at Southampton, in 1840 of St. James's, Picca- dilly, and in 1841 of St. Luke's, Berwick Street. In 1841 he married Jane Octavia, the youngest daughter of Sir Charles Elton of Clevedon. The wife of Hallam the his- torian was Sir C. Elton's sister. In 1848 Brookfield was appointed inspector of schools by Lord Lansdowne. He held the post for seventeen years, during part of which time he was morning preacher at Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair. On resigning his inspectorship he became rector of Somerby-cum-Humby, near Grantham. He was also reader at the Rolls Chapel, and continued to reside chiefly in London. In I860 he was appointed honorary chaplain to the queen, and became afterwards chaplain-in-ordinary. He died on 12 July 1874 Brookfield was an impressive preacher, and attracted many cultivated hearers. His sermons, which show no special theological bias, have considerable literary merit. He | had an original vein of humour, which made I even his reports as a school inspector un- usually amusing. He had extraordinary powers of elocution and mimicry. As a reader he was unsurpassable, and his college friends describe his powers of amusing anec- dote as astonishing. Dr. Thompson says that he has seen a whole audience at one of these displays stretched upon their backs by inex- tinguishable laughter. He had the melan- choly temperament often associated with humour, and suffered from ill-health, which in 1851 necessitated a voyage to Madeira. He was known to all the most eminent men of letters of his time, some of whom, especially Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam, had been his college friends. He was described by his friend Thackeray as ' Frank White- stock ' in the ' Curate's Walk/ and Lord Tennyson contributes a sonnet to his memory in the ' Memoir.' In the same memoir, written by his old pupil and friend Lord Lyttelton, will be found letters from Carlyle, Sir Henry Taylor, Mr. Kinglake, James Spedding, Dr.. Thompson (master of Trinity College), Mrs. Ritchie, and others. [Sermons with Memoir, by Lord Lyttelton,. 1874.] BROOKING, CHARLES (1723-1759), marine painter, was 'bred in some depart- ment in the dockyard at Deptford, but prac- tised as a ship painter, in which he certainly excelled all his countrymen.' This is the account given by Edwards of a painter of whom now there is little to be known. He- was a friend of Dominic Serres. An anec- dote told by that artist to Edwards shows that Brooking, like many painters then and now, was in the hands of dealers. They would not allow him to sign his works, and through that prohibition it happened that he found a private patron only when patronage could do him no good. 'He painted sea- views and sea-fights, which showed an ex- tensive knowledge of naval tactics; his colour was bright and clear, his water pel- lucid, his manner broad and spirited.' By his death, according to the opinion of his time, a painter was lost who promised to stand in the highest rank. In the Foundling Hospital Brooks 437 Brooks a fine picture of his is preserved. Godfrey, Ravenet, Canot, and Boydell have engraved his works. He owed his death to his doctor, and was slain, in his thirty-sixth year, by 'injudicious medical advice, given to remove a perpetual headache.' He left his family destitute. [Edwards's Anecdotes of Painters ; Works of Edward Dayes; Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists of Eng. School; Bryan's Diet, of Painters, ed. Graves.] E. E. BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874), editor of ' Punch,' was the son of William Brooks, architect, who died on 11 Dec. 1867, aged 80, by his wife Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Wil- liam Sabine of Islington. He was born at 52 Doughty Street, London, 29 April 1816, and after his earlier education was articled, on 24 April 1832, to his uncle, Mr. Charles Sabine of Oswestry, for the term of five years, and passed the Incorporated Law Society's examination in November 1838, but there is no record of his ever having become a solicitor; for the natural bent of his genius impelled him, like Dickens and Disraeli, to lighter studies, and he forsook law for literature. During five sessions he occupied a seat in the reporters' gallery of the House of Com- mons, as the writer of the parliamentary summary in the 'Morning Chronicle.' In 1853 he was sent by that journal as special commissioner to inquire into the questions connected with the subject of labour and the poor in Russia, Syria, and Egypt. His pleasant letters from these countries were afterwards collected and published in the sixth volume of the f Travellers' Library,' under the title of the ' Russians of the South.' In early times, 1842, he signed his articles which were appearing in ' Ainsworth's Maga- zine ' Charles W. Brooks. His second lite- rary signature was C. Shirley Brooks, and finally he became Shirley Brooks. His full Christian names were Charles William Shir- ley, the latter being an old name in the family. His first magazine papers, among which were 'A Lounge in the (Eil de Bceuf,' 'An Excursion of some English Actors to China,' ' Cousin Emily,' and ' The Shrift on the Rail,' brought him into com- munication with Harrison Ainsworth, Laman Blanchard, and other well-known men, and he soon became the centre of a strong muster of literary friends, who found pleasure in his wit and social qualities. As a dramatist he frequently achieved considerable success, without, however, once making any ambi- tious effort — such, for example, as producing a five-act comedy. His original drama, ' The Creole, or Love's Fetters,' was produced at the Lyceum 8 April 1847 with marked applause. A lighter piece, entitled ' Anything for a Change,' was brought out at the same house 7 June 1848. Two years afterwards, 5 Aug. 1850, his two-act drama, the ' Daughter of the Stars,' was acted at the New Strand Theatre. The exhibition of 1851 gave occasion for his writing l The Exposition : a Scandinavian Sketch, containing as much irrelevant matter as possible in one act,' which was produced at the Strand on 28 April in that year. In association with John Oxenford, he sup- plied to the Olympic, 26 Dec. 1861, an extra- vaganza, which had the sensational heading 1 Timour the Tartar, or the Iron Master of Samarkand,' the explanatory letterpress sig- nificantly stating that a trifling lapse be- tween the year 1361 and the year 1861 occa- sionally occurs. Amongst his other dramatic pieces may be mentioned the ' Guardian Angel,' a farce, the ' Lowther Arcade,' ' Honours and Tricks,' and ' Our New Go- verness/ Brooks was in his earlier days a contribu- tor to many of the best periodicals. He was a leader writer on the ( Illustrated London News,' to which journal at a later period he furnished a weekly article under the name of ' Nothing in the Papers.' He conducted the 'Literary Gazette' 1858-9, and edited ' Home News ' after the death of Robert Bell in 1867. To a volume edited by Albert Smith in 1849, called ' Gavarni in London,' he fur- nished three sketches— ' The Opera,' 'The Coulisse,' and ' The Foreign Gentleman; ' and in companionship with Angus B. Reach he published ' A Story with a Vengeance ' in 1852. At thirty-eight years of age he began to assert his claim to consideration as a popular novelist by writing ' Aspen Court : a Story of our own Time.' Conscious, as he must have been, of his first success of a substan- tial kind as an imaginative writer, he never- theless allowed five years to elapse before he made his second venture as a novelist. He did so then as the author of a new serial fiction, the ' Gordian Knot,' in January 1858 ; but this work, although illustrated by J. Tenniel, and consisting of twelve numbers only, remained unfinished for upwards of two years. The most important and interesting event in Shirley Brooks's life was his connection with ' Punch,' which took place in 1851. He made use of the name ' Epicurus Rotundus ' as the signature to his articles. From this period to his decease he was a contributor to the columns of that periodical, and in 1870 he succeeded Mark Lemon as editor. One of Brooks 438 Brooks his best known series of articles was ' The Essence of Parliament/ a style of writing for which he was peculiarly fitted by his previous training in connection with the 'Morning Chronicle.' On 14 March 1872 Brooks was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He was always a hard and industrious worker, and the four years during which he acted as editor of * Punch ' formed no exception to the rule. Death found him in the midst of his books and papers working cheerfully amongst his family. Two articles, 'Election Epigrams' and 'The Situation/ were written on his death-bed, and before they were published he was dead. He died at 6 Kent Terrace, Regent's Park, London, on 23 Feb. 1874, and was buried in Norwood Green cemetery on 28 Feb. He married Emily Margaret, daughter of Dr. William Walkinshaw of Naparima, Trinidad. She was granted a civil list pension of 100/. on 19 June 1876, and died on 14 May 1880. The works by Brooks not already men- tioned are: 1. 'Amusing Poetry/ 1857. 2. ' The Silver Cord, a Story/ 1861, 3 vols. 3. ' Follies of the Year/ by J. Leech, with notes by S. Brooks, 1866. 4. 'Sooner or Later/ with illustrations by G. Du Maurier, 1866-68, 3 vols. 5. 'The Naggletons and Miss Violet, and her Offer/ 1875. 6. 'Wit and Humour, Poems from " Punch," ' edited ly his son, Reginald Shirley Brooks, 1875. [Illustrated Review (1872), iii. 545-50, with portrait ; Cartoon Portraits of Men of the Day, 1873, pp. 128-33, with portrait; Gent. Mag. (1874), xii. 561-9, by Blanchard Jerrold ; Il- lustrated London News (1874), Ixiv. 223, 225, with portrait; Graphic (1874), ix. 218, 229, with portrait; Yates's Recollections (1884), i. 158, ii. 143-9.] G. C. B. BROOKS, FERDINAND. [See GKEEN, HUGH.] BROOKS, GABRIEL (1704-1741), calli- grapher, born in 1704, was apprenticed to Dennis Sjnith, a writing-master ' in Castle Street in the Park, Southwark/ and kept a day school in Burr Street, Wapping, until his death in 1741. Dennis Smith's widow married a supposed relation of his, William Brooks, who in 1717, when only twenty-one years old, published a work entitled 'A De- lightful Recreation.' Very little remains of Brooks's skill in penmanship — only a few plates scattered through that rare folio work on calligraphy entitled 'The Universal Pen- man, or the Art of Writing made useful written with the assistance of several of the most eminent Masters, and Engraved by George Bickham/ London, 1741. These elegantly executed plates (nine in all) con- sist of No. 29, ' Idleness ; ' 33, ' Discretion ; ' 38, ' Modesty : ' 66, 'Musick ; ' No. 2 after 66, ' To the Author of the Tragedy of Cato ; ' 68, 'Painting; ' No. 1 after 68, ' On Sculp- ture ' (signed A.D. 1737) ; one unnumbered, ' Liberty ; ' and one on ' Credit ' in the second part of the work relating to merchandise and trade. [Massey's Origin of Letters ; Moore's Inven- tion of Writing; Bickham's Universal Penman.] J. W.-G. BROOKS, JAMES (1512-1560), bishop of Gloucester, born in Hampshire in May 1512, was admitted a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1528, and a fellow in January 1531-2, being then B.A. After graduating M.A. he studied divinity and was created D.D. in 1546. In the following year he became master of Balliol College. He was chaplain and almoner to Bishop Gardiner (STRYPE, Cranmer, 310, 374, fol.), and after Queen Mary's accession he was elected bishop of Gloucester, in succession to John Hooper, at whose trial he assisted (STEYPE, Eccl Memorials, iii. 180, fol.) He was consecrated in St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, on 1 April, and received resti- tution of the temporalities on 8 May 1554 (LsNEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 437). In 1555 he was delegated by the pope to examine and try Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer ; and in 1557-8 Cardinal Pole appointed him his commissioner to visit the university of Ox- ford (STEYPE, Eccl. Memorials, iii. 391, fol.) On Queen Elizabeth's accession he was de- prived of his see for refusing to take the oath of supremacy, and was committed to prison, where he died in the beginning of February 1 559-60 (DoDD, Church Hut. i. 499). He was buried in Gloucester Cathedral, but no monu- ment was erected to his memory. Wood de- scribes him as ' a person very learned in the time he lived, an eloquent preacher, and a zealous maintainer of the Roman catholic re- ligion' (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 315), but Bishop Jewel says he was ' a beast of most impure life, and yet more impure conscience ' (Letter to Peter Martyr, 20 March 1559-60). His works are: 1. 'A Sermon, very notable, fruictefull, and godlie, made at Panics Crosse, the xii. daie of Nouembre in the first yere of Quene Marie/ Lond. 1553, 8vo, ' newly imprinted and somewhat aug- mented/ 1554. His text was Matt. ix. 18, ' Lord, my daughter is even now deceased/ These words he applied to the kingdom and church of England, upon their late defection from the pope, but the protestants censured Brooks 439 Brooks the sermon, saying that he had made himself to be Jairus, England his daughter, and the queen Christ (STKYPE, EccL Memorials, iii. 74, fol.) 2. Oration in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, on 12 March 1555, addressed to Arch- bishop Cranmer. 3. Oration at the close of Archbishop Cranmer's examination. These two orations are printed in Foxe's 'Acts and Monuments.' [Ames's Ty pogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 829 ; Cotton. MS. Vespasian, A, xxv. 13 ; Cranmer's "Works (Cox), ii. 212, 214, 225, 383, 446, 447, 454, 455, 456, 541 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 498 ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments; Godwin, De Prsesulibus (Richardson), 552 ; Jewell's Works (Ayre), iv. 1199, 1201; Lansd. MS. 980, f. 250; Latimer's Works (Corrie), ii. 283 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 437, iii. 540 ; Machyn's Diary, 58 ; Philpot's Examinations and Writings (Eden), p. xxviii ; Kidley's Works (Christmas), pp. xii, 255, 283, 427; Rudder's Gloucestershire, 156; Rymer's Foedera (1713), xv. 389, 489; Strype's Works (see general index) ; Wood's Annals (Gutch), ii. 130- 131; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 3 1 4, ii . 79 1 ; Zurich Letters, i. 12.] T. C. BROOKS, JOHN (ft. 1755), engraver, was a native of Ireland, and his first known work was executed in line-engraving at Dublin in 1730. The skill and industry of Brooks in his early years appeared in a copy which he made in pen and ink from a plate of Richard III by Hogarth, who is said to have mistaken it for his own engraving. The earliest en- rved portrait of Mrs. Woffington is that Brooks, and bears the date of June 1740. Between 1741 and 1746 Brooks produced at Dublin several mezzotinto portraits and en- gravings. About 1747 he settled in Lon- don, and engaged in the management of a manufactory at Battersea for the enamelling of china in colours by a process which he had devised. The articles produced were or- namented with subjects chiefly from Homer and Ovid, and were greatly admired for the beauty of the designs and the elegance and novelty of the style in which they were exe- cuted. The manufactory was for a time suc- cessful, but led eventually to the bankruptcy of its chief proprietor, Stephen Theodore Janssen, lord mayor of London for 1754-5. Brooks continued in London as an engraver and enameller of china. He is said to have spent much of his later years in dissipation, and there are no records of his works during that period, or of the date of his death. Some of the pupils of Brooks highly distinguished themselves as engravers in mezzotinto. Among them was James MacArdell, one of the most eminent masters of that art. A catalogue of the works of Brooks was for the first time published some years since by the writer of the present notice, and to it some additions were made in 1878 in the work by J. C. Smith on British mezzotinto portraits. [Dublin Journal, 1742-6; Anthologia Hiber- nica, 1793 ; Hist, of Dublin, 1856.] J. T. G. BROOKS, THOMAS (1608-1680), puri- tan divine, was probably of a pious puritan family settled in some rural district. He matriculated as pensioner of Emmanuel on 7 July 1625. He was doubtless licensed or ordained as a preacher of the gospel about 1640. In 1648 he was preacher at St. Thomas Apostle. At an earlier date Brooks appears to have been chaplain to Rainsborough, the admiral of the parliamentary fleet ; he was afterwards chaplain to the admiral's own son, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough, whose funeral sermon he preached in November 1648. In the same year (26 Dec.) he preached a sermon before the House of Commons, and a second sermon to the Commons on 8 Oct. 1650. In 1652-3 he was transferred to St. Margaret's, Fish-street Hill. There he met with some opposition, which occasioned his tract, * Cases considered and resolved ; . . . or Pills to purge Malignaiits,' 1653, and in the same year he published his ' Precious Remedies.' In 1662 he was one of the ejected. After preaching his farewell sermon (an analysis of which is in Palmer's ' Memorial ') in 1662, he continued his ministry in a build- ing in Moorfields. In the plague year he was at his post, and published his ' Heavenly Cor- dial ' for such as had escaped. The extreme rarity of this little volume is said to be owing to the great fire of London, which destroyed the entire stock of so many books. His thoughts on this ( fiery dispensation ' are re- corded in his * London's Lamentations/ pub- lished in 1670. Baxter mentions Brooks respectfully as one of the independent minis- ters who held their meetings more publicly after the fire of London than before. About 1676 his first wife died, and he published an account of her l experiences,' with a funeral sermon preached by a friend. Shortly after- wards he married a young woman named Cartwright. His will is dated 20 March 1680. He died on 27 Sept., aged 72. A copy of his funeral sermon, by John Reeve, dated 1680, is in Dr. Williams's library. More than fifty editions of several of his books have been published. The Religious Tract Society long continued to reprint some of Brooks's writings ; the greater part of his smaller pieces were also constantly kept in stock by the Book Society. Dr. Grosart's notes on the early editions contain much in- formation. The first editions are as follows : Brookshaw 440 Broom - 1. ' The Glorious Day of the Saints/ a funeral sermon for Colonel Rainsborough, 1648 - 2. ' God's Delight in the Upright/ a sermon to the House of Commons, 1648-9. 3. 'The / Hypocrite detected/ thanksgiving sermon for victory at Dunbar, 1650. 4. 'A Be- liever's Last Day his Best Day/ a funeral sermon for Martha Randall, 1651-2. 5. 'Pre- cious Remedies against Satan's Devices/ 1652. 6. 'Cases considered and resolved/ 1652-3. 7. 'Heaven on Earth' (on assur- ance), 1654. 8. 'Unsearchable Riches oi Christ/ 1655. 9. ' Apples of Gold/ funeral J sermon for Jo. Wood, 1657. 10. ' String of v Pearls/ funeral sermon for Mary Blake, 1657. 11. 'The Silent Soul, or Mute Christian under the Smarting Rod/ 1659. 12. ' An Arke for all God's Noahs/ 1662. 13. ' The Crown and Glory of Christianity/ 1662. 14. 'The Privie Key of Heaven/ 1665. 15. 'A Heavenly Cordial/ for the plague, 1665. 16. 'A Cabinet of Choice Jewels/ 1669. 17. 'London's Lamentations' (on the great fire), 1670. 18. ' A Golden Key ' and ' Paradise opened/ 1675. Besides these Brooks wrote epistles prefixed to Susannah Bell's ' Legacy of a Dying Mother/ 1673 ; to Dr. Everard's 'Gospel Treasury/ 1652; to the works of Dr. Thomas Taylor, 1653 ; and to John Durant's ' Altum Silentium/ 1659 ; also the ' Experiences of Mrs. Martha Brooks/ wife to Thomas Brooks, appended to her funeral sermon by J. C. (Dr. John Collinges, of Norwich?), 1676. To this Brooks added notes. Some select works of Brooks were published under the editorship of the Rev. Charles Bradley in 1824 ; the ' Unsearchable Riches ' was included in Ward's Standard Library. The best of his sayings have been printed in ' Smooth Stones taken from An- cient Brooks/ by the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon. The complete works of Thomas Brooks, edited with a memoir by the Rev. A. B. Grosart, were printed at Edinburgh in 1866 in six volumes octavo. In his ' Descriptive List ' John Brown reserves a select place for Brooks's works, as among the best of the nonconformists' writings. His works abound in classical quotations in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. It is said there was a printed catalogue of Brooks's library issued for the sale, but no copy of it can be traced. [Calamy's Nonconformists' Memorial, vol. i., 1802; Eeeves's Funeral Sermon for Thomas Brooks, 1680; Descriptive List of Religious Books, by John Brown of Whitburn, 1827; G-rosart's Memoir and Notes in Brooks's Collected Works, J. H. T. BROOKSHAW, RICHARD (/. 1804), mezzotint engraver, was for some years chiefly employed at low remuneration in engrav- ing reduced copies from popular prints by MacArdell, Watson, and others ; then going to Paris he established himself in the ' Rue de Tournon, vis-a-vis 1'Hotel de Nivernois, chez le Bourrelier/ and in 1773 published a pair of portraits of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. These proved so popular that Brookshaw made at least five repetitions of them of different sizes. His talents were highly appreciated in France, and during his residence there he produced some excellent plates, which are now scarce. Whether he returned, at any time, to England is not known, neither is the place or date of his death ; the latest record of him are some plates in the ' Pomona Britannica/ pub- lished in 1804. His best works published in France were the above-mentioned portraits, and those of the Duke of Orleans, the Coun- tess d'Artois, and the Countess de Provence. Among those engraved in England are ' Christ on the Cross/ after A. van Dyck (1771) ; 'Thunderstorm at Sea/ after H. Kobell (1770) ; ' The Jovial Gamesters/ after A. van Ostade ; portraits of Miss Greenfield (1767) and Miss Emma Crewe and her sister, after Sir Joshua Reynolds. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878.] L. F. BROOM, HERBERT (1815-1882), writer on law, born at Kidderminster in 1815, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as a wrangler in 1837. He proceeded LL.D. in 1864. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in Michaelmas term 1840, and practised on the home circuit. For a considerable period he occupied the post of reader of common law at the Inner Temple. He died at the Priory, Orpington, Kent, on 2 May 1882. He was the author of several works on different branches of law, among which ' Legal Maxims/ first published in 1845, obtained a wide circulation as an established text-book for students. A fifth edition appeared in 1870. Of his other works the principal are : 1. 'Practical Rules for de- termining Parties to Actions/ 1843. 2. 'Prac- tice of Superior Courts/ 1850. 3. ' Practice of County Courts/ 1852. 4. 'Commentaries on the Common Law/ 1856. 5. ' Constitu- tional Law viewed in relation to Common Law and exemplified by Cases/ 1st edition 1866 ; 2nd edition 1885. 6. ' Commentaries on the Laws of England ' (with E. Hadley), 1869. 7. 'Philosophy of Law; Notes of Lectures/ 1876-8. He was also the author of two novels, ' The Missing Will/ 1877, and The Unjust Steward/ 1879. [Law Journal, xvii. 260 ; Solicitors' Journal, xxvi. 453.] T. F. H. Broome 441 Broome BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745), the son of a poor farmer, was born at Has- lington in Cheshire, where he was bap- tised on 3 May 1689. He was educated at Eton, and is said to have been captain of the school for a whole year, vainly waiting for a scholarship to take him to King's Col- lege, Cambridge. At last, in 1708, he was admitted a subsizar of St. John's College, being sent by the kindness of friends. At college he obtained a small exhibition. Among his Cambridge contemporaries he associated with Cornelius Ford and with the Hon. Charles Cornwallis, both of them valuable friends whom he retained through life. The former has related that Broome was very shy and clumsy as an undergra- duate, but that he versified so readily that he became known in college as ' the Poet.' At the age of twenty-three Broome ap- peared before the world as a writer. He contributed some very poor verses, modelled on Pope's pieces, to 'Lintot's Miscellany' in 1712, and in the same year was published the prose translation of the ' Iliad ' by Ozell, Oldisworth, and Broome. It was as an ex- cellent Greek scholar, as a translator of Homer, and as a great admirer of Pope, that he was introduced to the latter in 1714, at the house of Sir John Cotton, at Madingley, near Cambridge. Pope at once perceived that Broome was a man calculated to be of service to him in his Homeric undertaking, and on returning to London he began that correspondence with him which lasted with- out intermission for fourteen years, and with intervals for more than twenty. Broome would be entirely forgotten were it not for his connection with Pope's 'Homer.' The first labour which Pope set him was to read and condense the notes of Eustathius, an archbishop of Thessalonica, who had anno- tated Homer in the eleventh century. The crabbed Greek of this commentator baffled Pope, who was far inferior to Broome as a scholar. In November 1714 Pope set Broome on this work, which proved ex- ceedingly tedious, but was admirably car- ried out by him. There had been no terms agreed upon for these notes, and when Pope approached the subject of payment, Broome, who was pleased to put the poet urider an obligation, refused to be paid. He was, in fact, well-to-do, having had the ex- cellent living of Sturston in Suffolk given to him by his friend Cornwallis. He married Mrs. Elizabeth Clarke, a wealthy widow, on 22 July 1726, and for the rest of his life he enjoyed something like opulence. He had now become acquainted with Elijah Fenton, a man somewhat older than himself, of simi- lar tastes and perhaps equal talents, in- fatuated like himself with admiration for Pope. According to one story, Broome and Fenton had been encouraged by the success | of Pope's * Iliad ' to begin a verse-translation I of the ' Odyssey ; ' but it seems more pro- | bable that the latter scheme was started by [ Pope. At all events, there is no doubt that in 1722 Pope proposed to the two friends to join him in this work as journeymen labourers. ; The history of this famous co-operation, the close of which was marked by Broome's poetical epistle to Pope appended in 1726 to the final note in the ' Odyssey,' is to be found i at length in the correspondence of Pope. Broome was embittered by the scandalous reports which were published on the subject, '! and was easily persuaded that the 5707. I which he had himself received for his share j of the work was an insufficient sum. In the meantime Broome had been active j as a writer. In 1723 he published a ' Coro- : nation Sermon,' and a prologue to Fenton's tragedy of ' Mariamne,' and in 1726 he col- lected his ( Poems on Several Occasions ' (March 1727), a second edition of which ap- peared in 1739. For the copyright of this | volume Lintot was persuaded by Pope to , give Broome 351. Broome was unfortunate in his children. His eldest daughter, Anne (b. 1 Oct. 1718), died in October 1723, and he dedicated to her memory the ode entitled 1 Melancholy,' certain lines of which seem to have been noticed by Gray. His other daughter died at the age of two years in March 1725. Broome was left childless and in deep dejection, but on 16 March 1726 he was cheered by the birth of a son, Charles John, who survived him. In 1728 Broome's anger against Pope became so much embittered that he almost ceased to write to him. He ceased at the same time to make any effort in literature, for, as he said in 1735, when he again made advances to Pope, ' you were my poetical sun, and since your influence has been intercepted by the interposition of some dark body, I have never thought the soil worth cultivating, but resigned it up to sterility.' To this he was doubtless further impelled by the death of his most intimate literary friends, Fenton in 1730 and Ford in 1731, both of whom had been his frequent guests in the remote par- sonage of Sturston. In April 1728 he had been made LL.D., on occasion of the king's visit to Cambridge, and in September of the same year he was presented to the living of Pulham in Norfolk, which he held with Sturston. He afterwards received from his loyal patron, now become the first earl Corn- wallis, two Suffolk livings, the rectory of Oakley Magna and the vicarage of Eye, whereupon he resigned Sturston and Pulham. He was also chaplain to Lord Cornwallis, who attempted, but without success, to ob- tain him promotion in the church. Pope had been annoyed by popular exag- geration of the part Broome had enjoyed m the preparation of the « Odyssey.' Henley had given expression to this scandal in a stinging couplet : Pope came off clean with Homer ; but they say Broome went before, and kindly swept the way. Pope thought that Broome should have posi- tively denied this vague indictment of Pope s originality, and when he was silent he re- venged himself meanly by a line in the ' Dunciad : ' Hibernian politics, 0 Swift, thy doom, And Pope's, translating four whole years with Broome. After several editions of the ' Dunciad ' had appeared, Broome, in September 1735, broke his long silence by writing an obsequious letter to Pope, not mentioning the imperti- nent line, but intended to suggest that by- gones should be bygones. Pope altered the line to thy fate, And Pope's, ten years to comment and translate. Pope, however, found Broome exacting and tiresome, and allowed the correspondence to lapse once more. Broome only appeared in public on one more occasion, with an ' Assize Sermon ' in 1737. In his later years he amused himself by translating Anacreon for the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' He died at Bath on 16 Nov. 1745, and was buried in the abbey church. He was exactly a year younger than Pope, and he outlived him about the same length of time. His only son, Charles John Broome, died at Cam- bridge, as an undergraduate, in December 1747, and, in accordance with the poet's will, his property reverted to Lord Cornwallis. Broome was a smooth versifier, without a spark of originality. His style was founded upon Pope's so closely that some of what he thought were his original pieces are mere centos of Pope. He was therefore able, like Fenton, but even to a greater extent, to re- produce the style of Pope with marvellous exactitude in translating the * Odyssey.' Of that work the eighth, eleventh, twelfth, six- teenth, eighteenth, and twenty-third books, as well as all the notes, are Broorne's. His early rudeness of manner gave way to a style _r_ i . i. _i • _ -A it' i . . not one has remained in the memory of the most industrious reader, and he owes the survival of his name entirely to his collabo- ration with Pope. [Dr. Johnson wrote a memoir of Broome in his Lives of the Poets. A short life was pub- lished by T. W. Barlow. In Elwin and Court- hope's Pope's Correspondence will be found a minute account of Broome's relations with the poet, and the text of the letters which passed between them.] E. Gr. BROOMFIELD, MATTHEW (fl. 1550), was a Welsh poet. His poems are preserved in manuscript in the collections of the Cymm- rodorion Society and of the Welsh School, both in the British Museum. [Tanner's Bibl. Brit. : Williams's Dictionary of Eminent Welshmen ; Dept. of MSS., British Mu- seum.] A. M. BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824), enthusiast, was born on 25 Dec. 1757 at Placentia, Newfoundland. His father was a gunner. He had several brothers and a sister still living in Newfoundland in 1826. At the time of his public appearance he had, according to his own statement, no relatives in England. He came to England when young, and was partly educated at Wool- wich. At the age of fourteen he entered the royal navy as midshipman on board the Ocean ; as master's mate he served under Admiral Keppel in the engagement off Ushant. Next year he was' transferred to the Union, and in 1781 to the St. Albans, a 64-gun ship, despatched in June 1781 to the West Indies, where he was in the engagement between Admiral Rodney and Comte de Grasse. He became lieutenant with seniority of 3 Jan. 1783, and was discharged to half-pay (54/. a year) from the St. Albans on 28 July 1783 at Portsmouth. After leaving the service he visited France, Spain, and Italy. On 6 June 1786 he married, at Wrenbury, near Nantwich, Elizabeth Hassall. He soon ceased 'to live with her. The story current among the representatives of his friend Fin- layson is that he joined his ship on his way from church after the ceremony, and, return- ing a few years later, found his faithless wife already the mother of children. In September 1787 Brothers came to London. Here he lived very quietly on a vegetarian diet, and wor- shipped at Long Acre chapel or at a baptist chapel in the Adelphi. He continued to draw his half-pay till 1789. An objection to the oath required as a qualification for receiving pay led him to address, on 9 Sept. 1790, a of almost obsequious suavity, and his letters, ! letter to Philip Stephens (afterwards Sir P. though ingenious and graceful, do not give ' Stephens) of the admiralty, which appeared at an impression of sincerity. Of his own poems I the time in the ' Public Advertiser.' Brothers Brothers 443 Brothers argued so forcibly against the word ' volun- tarily' occurring in a compulsory oath, that Pitt had it removed from the form. But the entire exemption from the oath, sought by Brothers, was not granted. In January 1791 he lived in the open country for eight days. On Thursday, 25 Aug. 1791, his land- lady, Mrs. S. Green of Dartmouth Street, Westminster, came before the governors of the poor for the parishes of St. Margaret and St. John the Evangelist, and said her lodger would not take the oath and draw his pay, and hence owed her about 33/. Brothers was examined before the board on 1 Sept., and stated that two years before he had re- signed his majesty's service on the ground that a military life is totally repugnant to Christianity. He was taken into the work- house, and an arrangement made by which, without his making oath, his pay was re- ceived by the governors as his agents. The idea that he was charged with a commission from the Almighty grew upon him. About the end of February 1792 he left the house and took a lodging in Soho. On 12 May 1792 he wrote to the king, the ministry, and the speaker, saying that God commanded him to go to the House of Commons on the 17th and inform the members that the time was come for the fulfilment of Dan. vii. He followed this up in July by letters to the king, queen, and ministry, containing pro- phecies with some hits and some misses ; his best guesses at this time being his predic- tions of the violent deaths of the king of Sweden and Louis XVI. He got into fresh difficulties through not drawing his pay. He was eight days in a spcnging-house, and eight weeks in Newgate, from failure to meet his note of hand for 70/. to his Soho landlady. At length he signed a power of attorney for his pay, striking out the words ' our sove- reign lord ' the king, as blasphemous. Get- ting free at the latter end of November 1792, he made up his mind to resist his call. He tells how he started at eight o'clock from Hyde Park Corner, carrying a rod cut from a wild-rose bush by divine command some months before, and meaning to walk to Bristol, ' and from thence leave England for ever ; with a firm resolution also never to harve anything to do with prophesying.' He walked some sixteen miles on the Bristol lioad, and then flung away his rod, wishing never to behold it again. When he had got about ten miles further, he felt himself sud- denly turned round and bidden to return and wait the Almighty's time. On his way back he was forcibly led to the rejected rod, ' and made take it up.' In 1793 he described him- self as ' nephew of the Almighty,' a relation- ship which seems obscure ; but Halhed sub- sequently explained it as meaning a descent from one of the brethren or sisters of our Lord. Towards the end of 1794 he began to print his interpretations of prophecy, his first production being ' A Revealed Knowledge of ! the Prophecies and Times,' in two successive ' books. His mind was exercised upon the i problem of the fate of the Jews of the dis- j persion, whom he believed to be largely hid- i den among the various nations of Europe. Brothers believed himself to be a descendant of David ; on 19 Nov. 1795 he was to be ' re- vealed ' as prince of the Hebrews and ruler of the world ; in 1798 the rebuilding of Jeru- salem was to begin. On Wednesday, 4 March 1795, Brothers was arrested at 57 Padding- ton Street, by two king's messengers, with a warrant, dated 2 March, from the Duke of Portland, for treasonable practices. He was examined next day before the privy council. He testifies to the courtesy of his examiners, but bitterly complains that after three weeks' confinement he was ' surreptitiously con- demned ' on 27 March, without hearing evi- dence in his favour, as a criminal lunatic. Gillray brought out a remarkable caricature on the very day of his examination (5 March), identifying Brothers with the whig party ; and another on 4 June, not so well known. The press teemed with the l testimonies ' of disciples. In the House of Commons Natha- niel Brassey Halhed, M.P. for Lymington, an oriental traveller and scholar, moved on Tuesday, 31 March, that Brothers' l Revealed Knowledge ' be laid before the house. Bro- thers had claimed that immediately on his being ' revealed in London to the Hebrews as their prince,' King George must deliver up his crown to him. No one seconded the mo- tion. Halhed, on Tuesday, 21 April, moved that a copy of the warrant for apprehending Brothers be laid before the house. This likewise was not seconded; but on 4 May Brothers was removed from confinement as a criminal lunatic, and placed, by order from Lord-chancellor Loughborough, in a private asylum under Dr. Simmons at Fisher House, Islington. Here he employed himself in writing prophetic pamphlets. Among his disciples, Brothers set most store by the tes- timonies of John Wright and William Bryan, a Bristol druggist, at one time a quaker; but he had gained over Halhed (whom he offered to make ' governor of India or presi- dent of the board of controul ') as early as the beginning of January 1795. William Sharp, the engraver, was so fully persuaded of the claims of Brothers that in 1795 he engraved two plates of his portrait; each plate bears an inscription : ' Fully believing Brothers 444 Brothers this to be the Man whom God has appointed, I engrave his likeness. William Sharp.' Sharp came afterwards to discredit Bryan as a deceiver, and eventually attached himself to Joanna Southcott. The flush of admiring pamphlets naturally ceased when 1795 came to an end. Even Halhed seems to have de- serted his protege. But Brothers continued to write at intervals. Apart from his leading craze there is not much interest in his writ- ings. It may be noted as an odd coinci- dence that he follows Servetus in applying to himself Dan. xii. 1. His doctrine of the inner light is essentially that of the early quakers. In the spring of 1797 Frances Cott, daughter of an Essex clergyman, was placed in the Islington asylum. She was not there long, but long enough for poor Brothers to fall in love with her. A fort- night after her removal it was revealed to him that this young lady was his destined queen. Unfortunately, within a year she married some one else. Brothers owed his release from the asylum to the persistent exertions of the most faithful of all his dis- ciples, John Finlayson [q. v.J, who at Bro- thers's suggestion spelled his name Finleyson, a Scotch writer, originally of Cupar-Fife, and j afterwards of Edinburgh. In the summer of j 1797 the report of Brothers's grievances acted on him as a divine summons to give up what • he calls ' an extensive and lucrative practice j of the law at one of the bars of the Scotch | courts.' Early in the following year he repaired to London. Here he contrived to enter into ' a secret correspondence ' with Brothers, whose writings in confinement he saw through the press ; and when Hanchett, a draughtsman, declined to prepare Brothers's plans for the New Jerusalem, Finlayson, ' though totally unacquainted with the art,' j executed the work, and got the plans en- j graved ' at an expense of upwards of 1,200/.' When Pitt died (23 Jan. 1806) Finlayson thought the moment opportune for the re- lease of Brothers. He besieged the autho- rities, and waiting upon Grenville, the new prime minister, he got the warrant for high treason withdrawn. A petition for his libe- ration, backed by seven affidavits of his sanity, was heard before Lord-chancellor Erskine on 14 April 1806. Erskine ordered his im- ! mediate release, but would not supersede the ; verdict of lunacy, begging Finlayson, l as I his countryman,' not to press him on that point, as there were ' still some scruples in a high quarter ' (the king). As Brothers, with the verdict unremoved, could not draw his half-pay, Erskine promised him (so Fin- layson says) 300/. a year for life from the government. But, owing to the change of administration early in the following year, Brothers got no part of this allowance, though his pay was applied to his wife's maintenance ( on the express and written grounds that government provided for him.' Brothers lived for some time in the house of a well-to-do friend, one Busby, and from 1815 Finlayson took him into his own family. In his later years Brothers occupied himself with astro- nomical dreams. Bartholomew Prescot, a Liverpool star-gazer, who had published in 1803 ' A Defence of the Divine System of the World/ on geocentric principles, entered into a correspondence with Brothers in 1806, and was received into favour. Prescot pub- lished the ' Inverted Scheme of Copernicus, book i.,' 1822, and followed it up by the ' System of the Universe,' 1823. When this latter reached Brothers's hands in June 1823, the Almighty told him it ' would not do.' On Sunday, 25 Jan. 1824, Finlayson read to Brothers from the Sunday paper a favourable review of Prescot's work. Brothers bade Finlayson write against Prescot, and de- scribed himself as * seized with the cholera morbus and hectic fever.' That night, about ten o'clock, he died in Finlayson's house, Upper Baker Street, Marylebone. One wno saw him ' a few days before his death ' de- scribes him as ' very pale, very thin — a mere skeleton, very weak, could hardly walk,' and adds that he ' died of a consumption.' He was interred at St. John's Wood, in a grave at the opposite side of the cemetery to that of Joanna Southcott. He died intestate, leaving a widow and married daughter. Ad- ministration was granted to his widow in February 1824; but Finlayson, by a chancery order, prevented her from getting the pro- perty (450/., in 3 per cent. Consols). After his death Finlayson pestered the government with a claim for Brothers's maintenance, which (with interest and law expenses) amounted to 5,710/., was subsequently run up by Finlay- son to 20,000/., and is now estimated by his descendants at 80,000^. On 4 March 1830 Finlayson got 270/., the unappropriated balance of Brothers's pay. The believers in Brothers are not yet extinct, and those who adopt the Anglo-Israel theory regard him as the earliest writer on their side. Besides the prints of Gillray and Sharp, there is a carica- ture of Brothers, bearing no resemblance to him, by Thomas Landseer, dated 1 Jan. 1831, in < Ten Etchings illustrative of the Devil's Walk,' 1831, fol. Also a fair likeness by Cruikshank, accompanied by a clever de- scription, in Bowman Tiller's 'Frank Heart- well ' (see GEORGE CRTJIKSHANK'S Omnibus, ed. by Laman Blanchard, 1842, 8vo, plate 6, and pp. 144-7). Brothers 445 Brotherton Brothers printed: 1. ' Letter to Philip Stephens, Esq.' (see above ; reprinted sepa- rately, with the answer and other matter, 1795, 8vo, and in Halhed's ' Calculation of the Millennium '). 2. ' A Revealed Know- ledge of the Prophecies and Times. Book the First. Wrote under the direction of the Lord God, and published by His sacred com- mand . . . / 1794, 8vo. 3. Ditto Book the Second, containing 'the sudden and per- petual Fall of the Turkish, German, and Russian Empires/ &c., 1794, 8vo (to these two books Brothers and his disciples con- stantly refer as ' God's two witnesses ; ' two editions of each were published in 1794 ; they were reprinted at the end of February 1795, with additions; also Dublin, 1795; and a French translation, 'Propheties de Jacques (sic} Brothers, ou la Connaissance Revelee/ &c., Paris, An iv. [1796], 8vo, two parts). 4. < Letter to Halhed ' (dated 28 Jan. 1795, and prefixed to Halhed's ' Testimony/ 1795, 8vo). 5. 'Wrote in Confinement. An Exposition of the Trinity. With a farther elucidation of the twelfth chapter of Daniel : one Letter to the King ; and two to Mr. Pitt/ &c., 1795, 8vo (a second edition, with supplement, was published on 18 April 1796, 8vo). 6. ' Notes on the Etymology of a few Antique Words/ 1796, 8vo. 7. ' A Letter to Miss Cott, the recorded daughter of King David. . . . With an Address to the Mem- bers of his Britannic Majesty's Council, and through them to all Governments and People on Earth/ 1798, 8vo (two editions, same year). 8. l A Description of the New Jeru- salem, with the Garden of Eden in the centre . . . .' 1801, 8vo (2nd edition, 1802, 8vo). 9. 'A Letter to Samuel Foart Simmons, M.D./ 4to (dated 28 Jan. 1802). 10. < A Letter to His Majesty, and one to Her Majesty/ and other pieces, 1802, 8vo (all in verse except one). 11. * Wisdom and Duty, written in support of all Governments/ 1805, 8vo (written on 1 Jan. 1801). 12. 'A Letter to the Subscribers for engraving the Plans of Jerusalem/ &c., 1805, 8vo. 13. 'The Ruins of Balbec and Palmyra, from the plates of Robert Wood, Esq., &c., proved to be the palaces of Solomon/ 1815, 8vo. 14. ' A cor- rect Account of the Invasion and Conquest of this Island by the Saxons, &c., necessary to be known by the English nation, the de- scendants of the greater part of the Ten Tribes/ &c., 1822, 8vo. 15. (posthumous) ' The New Covenant between God and his People/ &c., 1830, large 4to (coloured prints ; edited by Finlayson). Besides anonymous testimonies, tracts were written in favour of Brothers by William Bryan, G. Coggan, J. Crease, Sarah Flaxmer, Mrs. S. Green, N. B. Halhed, H. F. Offley, W. Sales, H. Spencer, T. Taylor, C. F. Treibner, G. Turner, W. Wetherell, and J. Wright. Bryan's ' Testimony of the Spirit ' contains a narrative of Brothers's life, and of his journey to Avignon in 1788. A catch- penny imitation of the genuine testimonies is ' Additional Testimony, &c., by Earl of .' On the other side appeared, besides anony- mous pamphlets, tracts by 'George Home, D.D./ probably a pseudonym, W. Hunting- don, D. Levi, and 'M. Gomez Pereira/ pro- bably a pseudonym. Nearly all the publica- tions on both sides appeared in 1795. For Finlayson's publications see FINLATSON, JOHN. [Riebau's manuscript memoir of Brothers, 1795 (in possession of Eev. W. Begley ; Riebau was Brothers's publisher) ; Moser's Anecdotes of R. Brothers in 1791-2, 1795; Gillray's Caricatures; Halhed's Speeches ; Brothers's Revealed Know- ledge and Exposition ; Finlayson's Last Trumpet; Monthly Review, 1795 ; most of the tracts de- scribed above, in a private collection ; Biog. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Watt's Bibl. Brit. 1824, vol. iii. (art. ' Brothers, R.') ; Chr. Reformer, 1826, pp. 380, 439; Evans's Sketch (ed. Bransby), 1841, p. 287; Annual Register, 1824 (art. 'Sharp, W.') ; Chambers's Encyclop., 1861, ii. 276; Knight's Biography (English Cyclop.), i. 938, v. 461 ; British Israel and Judah's Prophetic Messenger, 1883, iv. 171 sq. ; Tcherpakoff's Les Fous Litt£raires, Moscow, 1883; admiralty books in the Record Office; information from the lords commissioners of the admiralty; also from H. Hodson Rugg, M.D. (Finlayson's son-in-law) ; respecting Brothers's marriage, parish register, Wrenbury, per Rev. T. W. Norwood; tombstone at St. John's Wood.] A. G. BROTHERTON, EDWARD (1814- 1866), Swedenborgian, was born at Man- chester in 1814, and in early life was engaged in the silk trade, but, foreseeing that the com- mercial treaty with France was likely to bring to an end the prosperity of his business, he retired with a competence. After a year of continental travel he devoted himself to the work of popular education. The letters of ' E. B.' in the Manchester newspapers excited great attention, and led to the formation of the Education Aid Society, which gave aid to all parents too poor to pay for the educa- tion of their children. The experiment upon the voluntary system tended to prove the ne- cessity of compulsion. This demonstration, which Mr. H. A. Bruce, afterwards Lord Aberdare, called the thunderclap from Man- chester, paved the way for the Education Act of 1870. Brotherton's zeal in the cause was unbounded ; he had patience, a winning grace Brotherton 446 Brotherton of manner, and a candour only top rare in controversy. In the course of his visitations among the poor he caught a fever, of which he died, after a few days' illness, at Corn- brook, Manchester, 23 March 1866, and was buried at the Wesleyan cemetery, Cheetham Hill. There is a portrait of him in the Man- chester town hall. Besides many contribu- tions to periodicals he wrote : 1. ' Mormon- ism ; its Rise and Progress, and the Prophet Joseph Smith,' Manchester, 1846. Brotherton had taken part in 1840 in exposing a Mormon elder, James Malone, who claimed to possess the miraculous ' gift of tongues.' "2. ' Spiri- tualism, Swedenborg, and the New Church,' London, 1860. This pamphlet has reference to the claims of the Rev. Thomas Lake Harris to a seership similar to that of Swedenborg — claims which were vehemently denied by many members of the ' New Church signified by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation,' as the Swedenborgian congregations are officially styled. Brotherton prints a letter from Dr. J. J. Garth Wilkinson as to identity of the phenomena of respiration in Swedenborg and Harris. From this tract it will be seen that Brotherton was a disciple of Swedenborg, with a tendency to belief in spiritualistic phenomena. 3. ' The Present State of Popu- lar Education in Manchester and Salford, the substance of seven letters reprinted from the 41 Manchester Guardian," by E. B.,' Man- chester, 1864. He was the editor and chief writer of the first volume of a monthly pe- riodical, 'The Dawn' (Manchester, 1861-2). He wrote frequently as ' Libra ' and as ' Pil- grim' in Swedenborgian periodicals. His chief contributions were the ' Outlines of my Mental History,' which appeared in the ' In- tellectual Repository ' for 1849. [Manchester Guardian, March 1866 ; The Re- cipient, April 1860 ; private information.] W. E. A. A. BROTHERTON, JOSEPH (1783-1857), ?arliamentary reformer, was born 22 May 783 at Whittington, Chesterfield. His father. John Brotherton, who had been a schoolmaster and an exciseman, moved to Manchester in 1789, and soon afterwards set up a cotton mill. About 1802 Joseph became his father's partner, and in 1819 retired from business with a competency. In 1805 he joined the Bible Christian church, and in 1806 married his cousin, Martha Harvey. As Bible Christians they were vegetarians and total abstainers. Mrs. Brotherton published anonymously ' Vegetable Cookery ' in num- bers, first collected into book form in 1821. About 1818 Brotherton became pastor of his church. He was a vigorous local politician, and subscribed to the suiferers at the Peterloo massacre. He became member for Salford on the passing of the Reform Bill, and was re-elected till his death, his expenses being paid by his constituents. He continued to act as pastor during the parliamentary re- cesses. He was a free-trader and reformer. His good temper secured him general re- spect ; and he was chairman of the private bills committee. He became famous for the persistence with which he moved the ad- journment of the house at midnight, in spite of much ridicule and frequent disturbance. In February 1842, in answer to an attack by Mr. W. B. Ferrand, who had spoken of his ' enormous fortune ' amassed by the factory system, he replied that his l riches consisted not so much in the largeness of his means as in the fewness of his wants,' a phrase in- scribed (with verbal alteration) upon his | statue in the Peel Park, Salford. The speech | in which the phrase occurs was printed sepa- | rately, and many thousands were distributed. I He wrote the essays on abstinence from in- i toxicating liquors and animal food which l appeared in i Letters on Religious Subjects, printed at Salford about 1819, and imnie- j diately reprinted at Philadelphia. The first of these is regarded, in its separate form, as the earliest tract in advocacy of ' teetotalism.' He died suddenly in an omnibus on 7 Jan. 1857. A public subscription was applied to form a fund for purchasing books for local institutions, the monument in the Salford cemetery, and a statue by Matthew Noble in Peel Park, which was inaugurated on 6 Aug. 1858. Brotherton had helped to found the library attached to the Peel Park Museum. A portrait by Westcott is in the Peel Park Museum ; one by W. Bradley in the Salford town hall ; and a third is in the Manchester town hall. His widow died 25 Jan. 1861, aged 79. [Book-Lore, August 1885 (by the writer of this article) ; Manchester papers, 1857 ; Memoir of Rev. W. Metcalfe (Philadelphia, 1866); Prince's Poetical Works (1880), ii. 363 ; Barn- ford's Homely Rhymes, 1864, p. 126 ; Law Times, 13 June 1871; Edwards's Free Libraries; in- formation from Miss Helen Brotherton.] W. E. A. A. BROTHERTON, SIB THOMAS WIL- LIAM (1785-1868), general, entered the 2nd or Coldstream guards as ensign in 1800, was promoted lieutenant and captain in 1801, and transferred to the 3rd or Scots fusilier guards in 1803. With the guards he served under Abercromby in Egypt in 1801, and in Hanover under Lord Cathcart in 1805. On 4 June 1807 he exchanged into the 14th light B rough 447 Brough dragoons. With it he served almost con- tinuously in the Peninsula from 1808 to 1814. He was in Sir John Moore's retreat to Co- runna ; he was present at Talavera. at the actions on theCoa, at Busaco, Fuentes d'Onor, Salamanca, where he was wounded, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, and the Nive, where he was severely wounded and taken prisoner. Wellington speaks of Brotherton's employment in the Estrella (Despatches, iv. 614), of his valuable reports (v. 79), his con- duct at the Coa (v. 293), and the duke managed his exchange after the battle of the Nive (vii. 237). lie was made major by brevet on Wellington's special recommenda- tion on 28 Nov. 1811, promoted major in his regiment 26 May 1812, lieutenant-colonel by brevet and C.B. in 1814. In 1817 he became lieutenant-colonel of the 16th lancers, and held his command for fourteen years; in 1830 he was made aide-de-camp to the king and colonel, in 1841 major-general, in 1844 inspector-general of cavalry, in 1849 colonel of the 15th hussars, in 1850 lieutenant-gene- ral, and in 1855 K.C.B. In 1859 he became colonel of the 1st dragoon guards, in 1860 a general, and in 1861 G.O.B. In 1865, at the age of eighty, he was married to his second wife, the daughter of the Rev. Wal- ter Hare, and died on 20 Jan. 1868, at the age of eighty-three, at his son's house near Esher. [Eoyal Military Calendar; Wellington Des- patches ; Gent. Mag. March 1868.] H. M. S. BROUGH, ROBERT BARNABAS (1828-1860), writer, was born in London 10 April 1828. He was educated at a pri- vate school at Newport, Monmouthshire, in which town his father commenced business as a brewer and failed, it is said, through political causes. Brough began active life in Manchester as a clerk. He was fond of art, drew pretty well, and is said to have practised as a portrait-painter. Subsequently j he removed to Liverpool, where, while still under age, he started a weekly satirical journal entitled 'The Liverpool Lion.' A burlesque on the subject of the ' Tem- pest,' written in conjunction with William Brough [q. v.], who had joined him in Liver- pool, and entitled 'The Enchanted Isle,' produced at the Amphitheatre in that city, was the first dramatic essay of the brothers. It was seen and approved by Benjamin Web- ster, who, on 20 Nov. 1848, transferred it to the Adelphi. This led to the establish- ment of the brothers Brough in London, where they became constant and well-known contributors to the press. Before leaving Liverpool they had married sisters. Eliza- beth Romer, the wife of Robert Brough, was at one time a member of the Haymarket company. Alone or in conjunction with his brother, Robert wrote a series of burlesques, which were played at the Adelphi, Lyceum, Olympic, and other theatres, together with some adaptations from the French. His labours in other branches of literature were incessant. In the first volume of the ' Wel- come Guest,' which he edited, appeared his novel ' Miss Brown,' and many short stories, poems, and essays. ' Marston Lynch,' re- printed 1860, with a memoir by Mr. G. A. Sala, saw the light in the ' Train,' 1856-7, to which also he contributed translations of the poems of Victor Hugo. He wrote in such comic papers as the ' Man in the Moon ' and ' Diogenes,' was for a short time editor of the 'Atlas,' and was the Brussels correspondent of the ' Sunday Times.' His republished works are : ' Cracker Bon - Bons for Christmas Parties,' 1851, ' Life of Sir John Falstaff/ with illustrations by George Cruikshank, 1858, ' Shadow and Substance,' 1859, ' Songs of the Governing Classes,' 1859, ' Miss Brown/ 1860, ' Marston Lynch, his Life and Times,' 1860, 'Ulf the Minstrel,' 1860, 'Which is Which ? ' (a romance) , 1 860. He also trans- lated ' La Famille Alain ' of Alphonse Karr. His best known burlesques written in con- junction with his brother are : ' Camaralza- man and Badoura,' ' The Sphinx,' and ' Ivan- hoe,' and of those he wrote alone ' Medea/ to which the performance of Robson gave much celebrity, ' Masaniello/ and 'The Siege of Troy.' He died at Manchester in the house of his brother-in-law, Mr. William Chilton, 26 June 1860, on his way to North Wales, whither he had been ordered for his health. He left a widow and three children, two of whom are living and are known on the stage. Three of his brothers, William Brough [q.v.], John Cargill Brough, a writer, and Mr. Lionel Brough, the comedian, are well known. Brough's verses are of their epoch. They, have neatness of execution and happiness of fancy, but are without the kind of finish sought in modern days. His burlesques were among the* best of a not very important class, and his essays are bright and humorous. The ' Songs of the Governing Classes ' consist of satirical poems written from a radical point of view. Some of his works are rare and are priced very high in booksellers' cata- logues. In the world of journalism Brough was popular, and references to him are abun- dant in Mr. Yates's ' Recollections and Ex- periences ' and in ' Reminiscences of an old Bohemian.' A benefit performance for his widow and children was given in July 1860 by five companies for which he had written B rough 448 Brougham burlesques. His health was bad, and his early death had long been anticipated. [Memoir by G. A. Sala in the Welcome Guest, ii. 1 1, 348-50 ; Era Almanack ; The Train ; works mentioned ; private information.] J. K. BROUGH, WILLIAM (d. 1671), dean of Gloucester, was educated at Christ's Col- lege, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.D. 1627, and D.D. 5 Feb. 1635-6. He was pre- sented to the rectory of St. Michael, Cornhill, about 1630, was an ardent supporter of Laud and his Arminian views, was made chaplain to the king, and was installed canon of Wind- sor, 1 Feb. 1637-8. At the beginning of the civil wars he was removed from his bene- fice by the parliamentary commission, ' was also plundered, and his wife and children turned out of doors ' (WALKER). His wife is said to have died of grief soon afterwards, and Brough joined the king at Oxford. On 16 Aug. 1643 he was nominated dean of Gloucester, but was not installed till 20 Nov. 1644. He returned to Oxford in 1645, and on 26 Aug. of that year was created D.D. by the king's order. Little is heard of him from this date till the Restoration. He then was reappointed to the deanery, and died 5 July 1671. He was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He was the author of ' The Holy Feasts and Fasts of the Church, with Medi- tations and Prayers proper for Sacraments and other occasions leading to Christian life and death,' London 1657 ; and of ' Sacred Principles, Services, and Soliloquies; or a Manual of Devotion,' 1659, 1671. [Wood's Fasti (Bliss), ii. 85 ; Walker's Suf- ferings, ii. 33 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 444, iii. 401.] S. L. L. BROUGH, WILLIAM (1826-1870), writer, elder brother of Robert Barnabas Brough [q. v.], was born in London on 28 April 1826. He was educated at New- port, Monmouthshire, and apprenticed to a printer at Brecon. To the ' Liverpool Lion,' the venture of his brother Robert, whom he joined in Liverpool, William Brough contri- buted his first literary effort, a series of papers called 'Hints upon Heraldry.' He married Miss Ann Romer, known as a singer, who died a year after her marriage, leaving him one child. He subsequently remarried, and died on 13 March 1870, leaving a widow and six children. Like his brother, whose reputation has overshadowed his own, Brough wrote in many periodical publications. His dramatic works, chiefly burlesques, were seen at many of the London theatres. He also wrote the first of the quasi-dramatic enter- tainments given by Mr. and Mrs. German Reed. [Era Almanack ; private information.] J.K BROUGHAM, HENRY (1665-1698), divine, was one of the twelve children of Henry Brougham of Scales Hall, Cumber- land, sheriff for the county in the 6th of William III, by his marriage with ' fair Miss Slee, daughter of Mr. Slee of Carlisle, a jovial gentleman,' who was a merchant in that city. In Midsummer term, 1681, when sixteen years old, Henry Brougham ' became a poor serving-child of Queen's College,' Oxford. He proceeded B.A. in 1685, M.A. in 1689, being afterwards tabarder and fellow. On 29 Sept. 1691 he was collated, and on 30 Sept. was installed prebend of Asgarby in the church of Lincoln. He was, with William Offley, domestic chaplain to Thomas Barlow, the bishop. On Barlow's death in the same year he bequeathed his Greek, Latin, and English Bibles, and his own original manu- scripts, to Brougham and Offley. A condi- tion of the gift was that Brougham and Offley were not to make public any of his writings after his decease ; and in 1692, on Sir Peter Pett publishing what he called the bishop's ' Genuine Remains,' the two legatees ' delay'd no time ' in issuing a vindication, calling Sir Peter Pett and the vicar of Buckden (where the bishop had died) 'confederate pedlars.' The title of this vindication of their master was 'Reflections to (sic) a late Book entituled The Genuine Remains of Dr. Tho. Barlow, late Bishop of Lincoln, Falsely pretended to be published from his lordship's Original Papers.' It was written by Henry Brougham, and was published in 1694, with a list of Socinian writers (Latin), declared to be the bishop's real list, annexed. From 1693 to 1695 Brougham acted as pro- proctor for the university ; and on 29 March 1698, aged 33, he died at Oxford, and was buried in Queen's College chapel. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 341, 539, 540 ; Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 300-2 ; Nicol- son and Burn's Cumberland and Westmoreland, i. 395-6 ; Cat. Grad. Oxon, p. 89 ; Reflections, &c. pp. 7, 10 ; Offley's Epistle Dedicatory to same, not paged ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 103.] J. H. BROUGHAM, HENRY PETER, BARON BROUGHAM AND VATJX (1778-1868), lord chancellor, eldest son of Henry Brougham and Eleanor, daughter of Mrs. Syme, widow of James Syme, a minister of Alloa, and sister of Dr. W. Robertson, the historian, was born in a house at the corner of the West Bow and the Cowgate, Edinburgh, Brougham 449 Brougham on 19 Sept. 1778. Although in after life he claimed to be descended from the De Burghams, the ancient lords of Brougham Castle, and from the barons of Vaulx, his pedigree cannot be traced with certainty be- yond Henry Brougham described in 1665 as of Scales Hall, Cumberland, gentleman, whose eldest son John in 1726 purchased a portion of the manor of Brougham, West- moreland. This estate descended to the purchaser's great-nephew Henry, the father of the chancellor (NICHOLSON and BURN, History of Cumberland and Westmorland, i. 395 ; LOUD CAMPBELL, Lives of the Chancel- lors, viii. 214-18). When barely seven years old Brougham was sent to the high school at Edinburgh ; he rose to the head of the school and left in August 1791. The next year he spent with his parents under the care of a tutor at Brougham Hall, and in October 1792 entered the university of Edinburgh. He delighted in the study of mathematics and physics, and at the age of eighteen sent a paper to the Royal Society on ' Experi- ments and Observations on ... Light,' which was read and printed in the society's * Transactions.' This was followed by another on the same subject, and in 1798 by one on * Porisms \PhilosophicalTransactions, Ixxxvi. 227 ; Ixxxvii. 352 ; Ixxxviii. 378). He also distinguished himself in the debating socie- ties of the university. After finishing the four years' course of humanity and philosophy in 1795, he began to read law. As a student he often indulged in riotous sports, and took part in twisting off knockers as eagerly as in philosophical discussions(ior^ B ro ugham's Life and Times, i. 87). He spent his vaca- tions in making walking tours, and in Sep- tember 1799 visited Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (ib. 547). Having passed advocate on 1 June 1800, he went the southern cir- cuit, and for the sake of practice acted as counsel for the poor prisoners. During the circuit he behaved in a boisterous and eccen- tric fashion, and unmercifully tormented old Lord Eskgrove, the judge of assize. He disliked the profession of law. With an extraordinarily wide range of knowledge, with an excellent memory, a ready wit, and unbounded self-confidence, he aimed at out- shining others in everything. In 1802 he joined the small company engaged in setting on foot the ' Edinburgh Review.' He had already attained a high place in the literary society of Edinburgh, and it was expected he would shortly { push his way into public life ' (CoCKBURN, Life of Jeffrey, i. 138). The first number of the ' Review ' was pub- lished the following October, and Brougham contributed three of its twenty-nine articles. VOL. VI. ' In 1803 he brought out his ' Colonial Policy j of European Nations,' a work which did not | meet with any great success. On 14 Oct. : of that year he was admitted a member of j Lincoln's Inn, though he continued to reside i in Edinburgh for about two years longer. I He took a warm interest in the movement for the abolition of slavery, and in 1804 went to Holland to gain information on the sub- ject, extending his tour to Italy and other parts of the continent. In this year too he organised a volunteer corps at "Edinburgh, but the government slighted its offer of ser- vice, and the corps was dissolved. His early articles in the ' Review' were generally scientific ; he now wrote much on political and economical subjects with the avowed intention of adopting a political career (Me- moirs of F. Homer, i. 274, 279). In 1805 Brougham settled in London. There he read English law and supported himself mainly by writing for the ' Edin- burgh Review.' His versatility and his power of despatch were extraordinary. He never considered any subject out of his line. In the first twenty numbers of the ' Review ' he had as many as eighty articles. Eager to write everything himself, he was so jealous of new contributors that the editor, Jeffrey, took care not to let him know of any addition to the staff (NAPIER, Corre- spondence, 3). His reviews were slashing, but his work was often superficial and his cri- ticisms were sometimes scandalously unjust. His contemptuous notice of the experiments by which Dr. Young arrived at the theory of undulation is a famous instance of his unfairness (Edin. Rev. ii. 450, 457, ix. 97 ; DR. YOUNG, Works, i. 195-215; PEACOCK, Life of Dr. Young, 174 ; CAMPBELL, Life, viii. 247). Brougham was soon introduced to Lord Holland, and became a frequent visitor at Holland House. The service he was able to render the whigs with his pen, his witty conversation, and his agreeable manners secured him a good position in so- ciety. In 1806 he was appointed secretary to Lords Rosslyn and St. Vincent on their mission to the court of Lisbon, and although on his return at the end of the year he found himself considerably out of pocket, his able conduct in Portugal increased his reputa- tion. He was further brought into notice by his sympathy with the anti-slavery agi- tation, which secured him the good opinion of Wilberforce and the party he led. When in March 1807 the Grenville ministry was forced to resign, the whig press was in Brougham's hands, and in the course of ten days, with some slight help from Lord Hol- land and one or two others, he produced ' a G Q Brougham 45° Brougham prodigious number' of articles, pamphlets, and handbills, appealing chiefly to the dis- senters to uphold the whigs in the impending election (LoKD HOLLAND, Memoirs of the mg Party, ii. 229). On the defeat of the , whigs Brougham turned to legal study and became the pupil of Mr. (afterwards chief justice) Tindal. In July 1808 he applied for a special call to the bar to enable him to go the ensuing circuit, and the benchers were willing to grant his petition. In order, how- ever, to avenge their party, the attorney- general and solicitor-general came down and procured its rejection. On the following 2:4 Nov. he was called in the ordinary course and joined the northern circuit. Although his study of civil law in Scotland had to some extent ' legalised his mind,' he was not and never became master of the subtleties of English law, and he had little success in the courts until he had made his mark in poli- tics (CAMPBELL, Life, 233, 254). His first triumph as a barrister was political rather than legal. As counsel for the Liverpool merchants who petitioned against the orders in council he was heard before both houses of parliament on many successive days, and though the petition was dismissed his powers as an advocate were universally acknow- ledged, and the case may be said to have made his fortune. Through the influence of Lord Holland, the Duke of Bedford offered Brougham a seat for Camelford, and he was returned to parliament on 5 Feb. 1810. His first speech, delivered on 5 March, in support of the vote of censure on the Earl of Chatham, was not a success, though he was not dissatisfied with it (Parl. Debates, 16, 7** ; Life and Times, i. 500 ; CAMPBELL, Life, 262). Dur- ing the course of the session he spoke re- peatedly, almost usurping Ponsonby's place as leader of the opposition in the commons ; nor was he thought to be taking too much upon himself when only four months after he entered the house he moved an address to the crown on the subject of slavery (Quarterly Review, cxxvi. 42). His reputa- tion as an advocate was increased by his triumphant defence of J. and J. L. Hunt on 22 Jan. 1811. The defendants were indicted for libel for publishing an article in the 'Examiner' on military flogging, and the case was especially suited to Brougham's peculiar power (Speeches, i. 15). Three weeks later he failed to procure the acquit- tal of the proprietor of a country newspaper who was indicted on a similar charge at Lincoln, and on 8 Dec. 1812 unsuccessfully defended the Hunts when indicted for a libel on the prince regent. These and other like cases in which Brougham was retained for the defence were of great public import- ance, and his success was declared 'more rapid than that of any barrister since Erskine ' (Memoirs of F.Horner, ii. 123). Following the line he had already adopted as an advo- cate, Brougham on 3 March 1812 moved for a select committee with reference to the orders in council, and carried on his attack with such vigour that on 16 June Castle- reagh announced that the orders would at once be withdrawn. This victory gained him immense popularity, especially with the commercial interest, which had suffered severely from the orders (BENTHAM, Works y x. 471). In the arrangements made by Lords Grey and Grenville in view of their possible return to office he was to have been president of the board of trade. As Camel- ford had passed into other hands, he was, at the dissolution on 29 Sept., forced to seek for a seat elsewhere, and the good service he had done to commerce led to an invitation to stand for Liverpool. He was, however, forced to retire from the poll on 16 Oct., and, after making an unsuccessful effort to secure a seat for the Inverkeithing burghs, found himself shut out from the house. He was very sore at this exclusion, he declared that he 'was thrown overboard to lighten the ship,' and he wrote bitterly of Lady Hol- land (Life and Times, ii. 92, 101). It would of course have been easy enough for the whigs to find him a seat, and his exclusion was caused partly by jealousy and partly by dis- trust. This distrust was not without foun- dation, for his letters to Lord Grey at this period show want of ballast and political insight. At last Lord Darlington offered him a seat for Winchelsea, and he returned to the house on 21 July 1815. Although not acknowledged as the leader he soon became the most prominent member of the opposition in the commons. He attacked the Holy Alliance ; in March 1816 he suc- ceeded in defeating Vansittart's income-tax bill ; and on 9 April, in moving for a com- mittee, made a powerful speech on the cha- racter and causes of the agricultural dis- tress— one cause of the distress, he declared, was that the area of cultivation had been extended unduly. In a speech on the de- pression in trade delivered on 23 March 1817 he severely blamed the foreign policy of the ministry, and pointed out the evils of restric- tion and prohibition. He made another at- tack on the ministry on 11 June in the form of a motion for an address to the prince regent on the state of the nation, which was defeated by only thirty-seven votes, a defeat which was reckoned a triumph (Life and Brougham 451 Brougham Times, ii. 312). He constantly advocated retrenchment and a sound commercial policy, and he vigorously opposed the repressive measures known as the Six Acts At the same time he looked on the radicals with dislike, and in a letter to Lord Grey of | 1 Nov. 1819 urged that the whigs should j declare their separation from them (Life and Times, ii. 351). He did good service both in drawing attention to the importance of popular education and in devising means for its attainment. Having obtained the re- appointment of the education committee in 1818, he instituted an inquiry into charity abuses, which he extended to the universities and to Eton and Winchester. Some scanda- lous revelations were made, and the governing bodies bitterly resented the inquisition. In 1819 Brougham was kept from the house for some weeks by a dangerous illness. On his return on 23 June Peel made an attack on the conduct of the committee, which he met with a full defence (Speeches, iii. 180). In June 1820 he brought in two bills pro- viding for the compulsory building, the go- vernment, and the maintenance of parochial schools. His proposals were disliked by the dissenters and fell through. After the death of his father in 1810, Brougham when not in London made his home at Brougham Hall. In 1821 he married Mary Anne, daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding. By her he had two daughters ; the elder died in infancy, the younger in 1839. From 1811 and perhaps from an earlier date Brougham was constantly consulted by the Princess of Wales. His statement that he was also the constant adviser of the Princess Charlotte is certainly exaggerated (Life and Times, ii. 145). He seems, how- ever, to have given her some prudent ad- vice in 1813 (ib. 174), and to have been con- sulted by her, through Lady Charlotte Lind- say, respecting her marriage in 1814. When the princess escaped from Warwick House to her mother's residence in Connaught Place on the evening of 11 July, the Princess of Wales sent for Brougham, who helped to persuade her to return (Autobiography of Miss Knight, i. 307, 309). The dramatic story he tells of his leading the young prin- cess to a window and showing her the crowds gathering for a Westminster election (JEdin. Rev. April 1838, Ivii. 34; Life and Times, ii. 230) has been denied and ridiculed by an- other Edinburgh reviewer, on the ground that ' on the day in question there was neither a Westminster election nor nomi- nation ' (Edin. Rev. April 1869, cxxix. 583). The story may or may not be true, but that on that day Sir Francis Burdett nominated > Lord Cochrane as member for Westminster before ' a very numerous meeting in Palace Yard' is beyond question (Times, 12 July 1814), and the circumstances of Cochrane's candidature are sufficient to account for the popular excitement to which Brougham refers. He strongly advised the Princess of Wales not to go abroad. In July 1819 he proposed acting on her behalf, though in this case without authority from her, that she should reside permanently abroad, should consent to a separation, and not use her husband's title on condition that her allowance (35,000^.), then dependent on the king's life, should be secured to her (YoNGE, Life of Lord Liver- pool, ii. 16). When the princess became queen, she appointed Brougham her attorney- general, and he was accordingly called within the bar on 22 April 1820. A few days before he received a proposal from Lord Liverpool offering the queen 50,000/. a year on the same conditions that Brougham had named the year before. This proposal he did not make known to the queen, who was then at Geneva. On 4 June he and Lord Hutchinson, who acted for the king, met her at St. Omer, being sent to propose terms of separation and to warn her against com- ing to England. It was then too late, and the queen crossed to Dover the next day. Even when at St. Omer, Brougham forbore to in- form her of the proposal made by the minister the preceding April, nor did Lord Liverpool become aware that his proposal had been withheld from her until 10 June (ib. 53- 62). Had Brougham delivered the message with which he was entrusted, the whole scandal of the queen's trial would probably have been avoided. In that case, however, he would have lost the opportunity of play- ing the most conspicuous part in a famous scene. He never gave any satisfactory ex- planation of his conduct. Brougham was called before the lords in the matter of the bill of degradation and divorce on 21 Aug. when he exposed the untrustworthiness of Majocchi, the principal witness for the crown. His speech for the defence took up 3 and 4 Oct. ; the peroration, so he told Macaulay, he had written over seven times. The result of the trial brought him an ex- traordinary amount of popularity, and the ' Brougham's Head ' became a common tavern sign. On 3 and 4 July 1821 he unsuccess- fully argued the queen's right to coronation before the privy council, and tried in vain to prevent her from attempting to force her way into the abbey. He attended her fune- ral in August. The next month he obtained the conviction of one Blacow, a clergyman, GG2 Brougham 452 Brougham for libelling her, and in January 1822 de- livered his speech on the Durham clergy, the finest specimen of his powers of sarcasm and invective, in defence of a printer accused of libelling them in some reflections on their conduct on the queen's death. Brougham had now lost his official rank, and owing to the king's personal spite against him he was debarred from receiving a patent of prece- dence. This persecution did him no harm, for in one year he made 7,000/. in a stuff gown. When in 1822 the death of Lord London- derry made it seem possible that the whigs might come into office. Lord Grey proposed that, should the administration be changed, Brougham should be ' really and effectively if not nominally ' leader of the house and a member of the government (Life and Times, ii. 453). This and other negotiations were brought to an end when the king accepted Canning as foreign secretary. With Canning Brougham was far more at one as regards foreign affairs than he had been with Castle- reagh. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1823 he made a violent attack upon him for refusing to press the catholic claims. Canning de- clared he spoke falsely, and a motion was made that both the disputants should be committed to the custody of the serjeant-at- arms. The dispute, however, was at last composed (Parl. Deb. new series, viii. 1089- 1102). On 3 Feb. 1824 Brougham made a remarkable speech urging the government to resist the dictation of the Holy Alliance in Europe, dwelling on the iniquity of the French invasion of Spain and the tyranny of the Austrians in Italy. This speech, which excelled all his former political efforts in bitterness of sarcasm and severity of attack, was received with immense applause (ib. x. 53-70; STAPLETON'S Life of Canning, i. 296). On the news of the condemnation and death of the missionary Smith, he proposed a vote of censure on the government of Demerara, and his speech of 10 June forms an epoch in the history of the abolition of slavery {Speeches, ii. 42-128). In the course of this session he was violently assaulted in the lobby of the house by a lunatic named Gourley. Having been elected lord rector of Glasgow University in 1825, Brougham on his way thither visited Edinburgh on 6 April. A banquet was given in his honour, at which he made several violent and ex- travagant speeches (Speeches . . . on 5 April 1825; NAPIER, Correspondence, 42). When in 1827 Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool, Brougham, feeling himself generally in accord with the new minister's principles, left the opposition benches and on 1 May took his place on the ministerial side of the house. He brought over with him a body of mode- rate whigs, who thus for a time separated themselves from Grey. Canning had no wish to be overridden, and offered Brougham the post of lord chief baron, which would have removed him from the house. Brougham, however, objected to being i shelved,' and re- fused the oner. He now at last obtained a patent of precedence, and on going circuit was greeted with much rejoicing by his brother barristers, among whom he was popular. His reappearance in t silk ' brought him a large number of cases. This influx, however, did not last long. He was ' defi- cient in nisi prius tact,' was apt to treat juries with impatience, and seemed to think more of displaying his own powers than of getting verdicts for his clients. During the short time that he continued at the bar his practice declined (CAMPBELL ; Law Magazine, new series, 1. 177). As early as 8 May 1816 Brougham first attempted an improvement in the law ; in bringing forward a bill for securing the liberty of the press, he proposed an amendment of the law of libel. On 7 Feb. 1828 he brought forward a great scheme of law reform. In a speech of six hours' length he dealt exhaus- tively with the anomalies and defects in the law of real property and in proceedings at common law. His extraordinary effort bore ample fruit, for it caused a vast improvement in our system of common law procedure, and overthrew the cumbrous and antiquated ma- chinery of fines and recoveries. The accession of the Duke of Wellington to office in the January of this year sent Brougham back to the opposition ; for while, in common with his party, he cordially upheld the duke and Peel in carrying the Catholic Emancipation Bill of 1829, he was not prepared to accord them his general support. As Lord Cleve- land (Darlington) went over to the tories, Brougham felt bound in 1830 to vacate his seat for Winchelsea, and accordingly ac- cepted the offer of the Duke of Devonshire to return him for Knaresborough. At the same time he by 110 means relished sitting for a close constituency : it consorted ill with his desire to be known as a popular politician, and it kept him back from taking part in the movement for parliamentary reform. While sitting for Winchelsea, he had made unsuccessful attempts in 1818, 1820, and 1826 to gain a seat for Westmore- land. Now, however, a speech he made on 13 July, on bringing forward a motion against slavery, gained him an invitation to stand for Yorkshire. He was triumphantly elected, and in the parliament of 1830 took his seat Brougham 453 Brougham for the county instead of for Knaresborough, where he was also returned. In the course of the election he pledged himself to reform ( Quarterly Review, April 1831, xlv. 281). He prepared a scheme of reform which gave the franchise to all householders, leaseholders, and copyholders, and took one member from each of the rotten boroughs (ROEBUCK, Whig Ministry of 1830, i. 420), and on 16 Nov. gave notice that he would lay it before the house. On that day Lord Grey received the king's command to form a ministry. The whig leaders would have been glad to leave Brougham out of the cabinet. On the 17th he was invited to become attorney-general. He indignantly declined, and the next night announced, with an implied threat, his in- tention of proceeding with his motion. This made him to some extent master of the situa- tion. He wished for the rolls, for he did not want to leave the commons. The king, how- ever, would not hear of this, for he knew that Brougham's presence would render Lord Al- thorp's leadership impotent (CROKEK, ii. 80). He was therefore offered the chancellorship. He received the great seal on 22 Nov., was elevated to the peerage with the title of Baron Brougham and Vaux on 23rd, and on 25th was sworn as chancellor. He worked with extraordinary energy in his new office. He had often, and especially in 1825, reproached Lord Eldon for the delays in his court, and he was determined to bring j in a wholly new system. At the rising of the court for the long vacation he was able to announce that he had not left a single j appeal unheard. While he did much, and cer- tainly far more than any other chancellor had done, to expedite proceedings in chancery, he gave some offence by boasting publicly and re- peatedly of achievements that he had not per- formed, and that were indeed beyond mortal power. Moreover, both now and at other times, he was singularly negligent of profes- sional courtesy (CAMPBELL). Pursuing the work of law reform, he was the means of effecting considerable improvements in the court of chancery, the abolition of the court of delegates, the substitution for it of the judicial committee of the privy council, and the institution of the central criminal court. The foundation of these two courts alone would entitle him to be remembered as a great legal reformer. He brought in a bank- ruptcy bill, which eventually became the basis of a statute ; and though his Local Courts Bill of 1830 fell through, it prepared the way for the present system of county courts. Since 1820 the subject of education had occupied much of his attention. In con- junction with Dr. Birkbeck, he helped to set on foot various mechanics' institutes. In 1825 he published his ' Observations on the Education of the People,' which before the end of the year reached its twentieth edition. In this pamphlet (Speeches, iii. 103) he pro- posed a plan for the publication of cheap and ! useful works, which he carried out by the I formation of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The first committee of this society was formed in April 1825. After some delays it recommenced its work November 1826, and published its introductory volume, written by Brougham, in March 1827 (JEdin. Rev. June 1827, xlvi. 225). The l Observa- tions ' also contain a reference to the need of scientific education for the upper classes (151). Brougham sought to supply this need by the foundation of the London University, a work which he brought to a successful conclusion in 1828. He took the leading part in the de- bates on education in 1833, and on 14 March announced that he saw reason for abandon- ing the plan of a compulsory rate he had hitherto advocated. On 23 March 1835 he moved that parliament should vote grants for education, and that a board of commis- sioners should be appointed to control the application of the money granted, and on 1 Dec. 1837 brought forward two bills further developing the system of national education. In April 1831 the defeat of the ministry ne- cessitated a dissolution, and political circum- stances made it equally necessary that the dissolution should be immediate, and that the prorogation should be pronounced by the king in person. The extraordinary account that Brougham has given through Roebuck (Hist, of the Whig Ministry, ii. 148-52) of his saving the country by taking on himself to order the attendance of the troops and the like, and of his almost compelling the king to go down to the house, and the whole story of what passed in the interview he and Grey had with the king on 22 April, are apocryphal. In the exciting scene in the House of Lords which followed the announcement of the king's ar- rival, the chancellor's self-importance caused him to lose his head (Grey Correspondence, i. 234-6; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. ii. 135-7). On 7 Oct. Brougham made a speech on the second reading of the Reform Bill that has been held to be his masterpiece : it is full of sarcasm on the tory lords. As in most of his great speeches, the peroration is studied and unnatural. Brougham ended with a prayer ; he fell on his knees, and remained kneeling. He had kept up his energy with draughts of mulled port, and his friends, who thought that he was unable to rise, picked him up and set him on the woolsack (Speeches, iii. 559; CAMPBELL, Life, 398). In the crisis Brougham 454 Brougham which followed the victory of the opposition on 17 May 1832, Brougham represents him- self as playing the most important part. This is by no means borne out by other evidence. Lord Grey was not a man to allow the chan- cellor to take his place, and William IV cer- tainly never forgot what was due to him as his first minister (ROEBUCK, History, ii. 331 ; Life and Times, iii. 192-201, with which compare Grey Correspondence, i. 422-44 ; Edin. Rev. cxxv. 546). In June 1834 Lord Grey retired from office. His retirement is said by Brougham to have been caused by the indiscretion of Littleton, the Irish secretary. It was at least as much Brougham's own work. Without Grey's knowledge he persuaded Lord Wellesley, the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to withdraw from his recommendation that certain clauses of the Coercion Bill should be retained. This underhand proceeding led to complications both with O'Connell and between the whig leaders in the two houses. Brougham had not the honesty to acknowledge what he had done when he might have cleared Littleton from O'Connell's charges, and he has dis- guised the truth in his autobiography. Grey felt he had been ill used. Brougham knew that he wished to resign office, and seems to have schemed to separate him from his fol- lowers, in order that he himself and the party generally might retain office — for himself he probably hoped for the treasury, after Grey had gone out (Letter of Henry, Earl Grey, July 1871, Edin. Rev. cxxxiv. 291-302; Parl. Deb. xxiv. 1019, 1308, xxv. 119; Lord Ha- merton (Littleton}, Memoir of 1834, p. 85, and passim). Brougham continued chancellor when Lord Melbourne took office. Up to this time his popularity and his success were unabated. It was during his chancellorship that he used to drive about in a little carriage specially built for him by Robinson, the coachmaker, which excited much wonder by its unusual shape, ' an old little sort of garden chair,' Moore the poet called it (Diary, vi. 196) ; it was the ancestor of all broughams. For years the ' Times' had nattered him out- rageously, and he was accused of using the 'Edinburgh Review' as a means of puffing himself and his projects (NAPIER, 110. The extraordinary tyranny Brougham exercised over the management of the 'Edinburgh Re- view' is constantly illustrated by incidental passages in the correspondence of Macvey Napier, the editor ; it was grievously, though for the most part vainly, complained of, and was bitterly resented by Macaulay). Now, however, the ' Times ' changed its tone, and attacked him. In August he made a tour in Scotland. He displeased the king by taking the great seal across the border, and made matters worse by indulging in extrava- gances that excited the disgust of all sensible persons ( Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 133 ; CAMPBELL). The ministers were dismissed on 11 Nov. That evening Melbourne, under a promise of secrecy, told Brougham the result of his interview with the king. Brougham at once sent the news to the ' Times,' and his brief communication, ending with the words, ' The queen has done it all,' appeared in the issue of the next morning. The king declared that he had been 'insulted and betrayed' (ToRRENS, Memoirs of Melbourne, ii. 43,44). Although Brougham knew that Scarlett was to succeed Lyndhurst as chief baron of the exchequer, he offered to take the judgeship without any pay beyond his ex-chancellor's pension. This offer brought him into con- tempt, and he retreated to the continent (ib. 51 ; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser. iii. 157, 158). He visited Cannes, then a mere village, and on 3 Jan. 1835 bought land there to build a house (H. RETOURNAY). Although Melbourne returned to office in April 1835, he, and indeed the proposed minis- ters generally, were determined not to have Brougham among them again after the follies of which he had been guilty, and in order to conciliate him the great seal was put in com- mission. He gave the government an inde- pendent support, and was especially useful in enabling them to carry the Municipal Reform Bill. His activity in parliament was extra- ordinary. In the course of this session he delivered 221 speeches that are reported in ' Hansard ' (Parl. Deb. xxx. Index quoted by CAMPBELL). The appointment of Pepys (Lord Cottenham) as chancellor early in 1836 wounded him deeply. He considered, pro- bably not without reason, that Melbourne had deceived him (ToRREisrs, ii. 174 ; NAPIER, 251, 316). His health was shaken by his vexation, and he spent a year in retirement at Brougham Hall. During the early years of Queen Victoria's reign, Brougham, though sitting on the ministerial side of the house, often opposed the government. Adopting a radical tone, he stigmatised his former col- leagues as courtiers, and on 11 Dec. 1837, when criticising the allowance to the Duchess of Kent, engaged in a sharp altercation with Melbourne (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. i. 33). During the next year he did much literary work, editing the four volumes of his ' Speeches ' and writing books, reviews, and other articles. At the same time he continued to make his presence felt in parliament. On 20 Feb., in a speech of great eloquence, he moved resolutions recommending the imme- diate abolition of slavery. Of his work during Brougham 455 Brougham this session Macaulay, an old enemy of his, wrote : ' A mere tongue, without a party and without a character, in an unfriendly audience and with an unfriendly press, never did half as much before' (NAPIEK, 270). In the debate of 21 May 1839 on the bedchamber question he made a violent attack on the whigs and spoke somewhat disrespectfully of the queen as ' an inexperienced person.' After the re- establishment of the Melbourne ministry he virtually led the opposition in the lords, and on 6 Aug. succeeded in carrying five resolu- tions censuring the government policy in Ireland. On 21 Oct., while he was at Brougham Hall, it was reported and gene- rally believed in London that he had met his death by a carriage accident. All the news- papers of the 22nd except the ' Times ' con- tained obituary notices of his career, one or two of them of an uncomplimentary cha- racter. It soon became known that the report was false, and Brougham was ac- cused, not without reason, of having set it abroad himself. It was true that he and two friends were thrown from a carriage on the 19th, but none of the three was in- jured (CAMPBELL, 505-11 ; NAPIER, 312, 313). The loss of his only surviving daughter on 30 Nov. of this year caused him deep grief. He named the house he built for himself at •Cannes the Chateau Eleanor Louise, in me- mory of her. From 1840 onwards he spent some months in each year at Cannes. His habit was to go to Brougham Hall as soon as parliament was prorogued, and at the ap- proach of winter to visit Paris, where he took the opportunity of attending the meetings of the Institute — he had been elected an asso- ciate by the Academy of Moral and Political Science in 1833 — and thence to proceed to Cannes, where he stayed until the next ses- sion recalled him to London. Although on the defeat of Melbourne's ministry Brougham changed his seat to the opposition side of the house, he nevertheless gave Peel's government considerable support, and when the Ashburton treaty, concerning the -Maine boundary, was attacked by his former colleagues, he brought forward a mo- tion on 7 April 1843 expressing approval of it and thanking Lord Ashburton for his ser- "vices. He was in favour of free trade, though at the same time he disliked the Anti-Corn- law League, for he looked with suspicion on all movements outside parliament. Although he tried to avert the disruption of the Scotch kirk, he has been accused of, in the end, sacri- ficing the cause to the interests of the tory .government by yielding to Lord Aberdeen (CocKBUKN, Journal, ii. 44). In this year a member of the family of Bird, the former owners of Brougham Hall, set up a claim to the estate. The case, which was one of trespass, was heard at Appleby assizes on 11 Sept., and the verdict ousted Bird's claim. Brougham was never happier than when acting as judge ; he sat constantly in the su- preme court of appeal, and in the judicial committee of the privy council, the court he had himself founded, and over which he de- sired to hold permanent sway. In the hope of acquiring the judicial headship of this court he constantly, and especially in the spring of 1844, endeavoured to obtain the appointment of a vice-president, who should be a judge (Gremlle Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 225). He continued to press the subject of law reform as president of the Law Amendment Associa- tion and director of its organ, the ' Law Re- view,' as well as in parliament. On 19 May 1845 he made a long speech on this subject, rehearsing, as his custom was, all he had effected during the seventeen years that had passed since his motion of 1828, urging the establishment of ( courts of conciliation,' a scheme he had propounded in his bill of 1830, and of other local courts, and recom- mending that additional facilities should be provided for the sale and transfer of land by the use of a formula of conveyance and by a system of registration ; and as regards crimi- nal law, that more frequent commissions of oyer and terminer should be held. He ended by laying nine bills on the table (Parl. Deb» 3rd ser. Ixxx. 493-516). Old as he now was, and notwithstanding the position he had achieved and the good work he had done, his constant thirst for admiration led him 'to desire to flourish away among silly and dis- solute people of fashion.' Ever anxious to impress others with a sense of his superior ability, ' he had no idea how to converse or live at ease' (Greville Memoirs, 2nd ser. ii. 235). When the French provisional government of 1848 summoned the National Assembly, Brougham was seized with a desire to be re- turned as a deputy, and applied to the minister of justice for a certificate of naturalisation. After some difficulty he was made to under- stand that if he became a French citizen he would lose his English citizenship, and with it his rank, offices, and emoluments, and he ac- cordingly withdrew his request. On 11 April, while this matter was still pending, he made a long speech in the house on foreign affairs, at- tacking Charles Albert, the king of Sardinia, for having promised to help the Milanese, and the pope for his concessions to the liberals, and severely blaming the conduct of the French provisional government. He found, however, that his extraordinary proposal had not escaped notice, and Lord Lansdowne Brougham 456 Brougham answered him with a sarcastic remark (Parl. Deb. xcviii. 138). On the accession of the whigs to office under Lord John Russell, | Brougham remained on the opposition side of j the house, and in the session of 1849 strenu- ously opposed the repeal of the navigation | acts. On 20 July he again reviewed the state of affairs on the continent, and, no longer moved with the sentiments he had expressed in 1824, blamed the government for sympathising with Victor Emmanuel, I spoke strongly against the revolutionary party I in Italy, defended the action of the French, and complained of prejudice against Austria • and of unfair dealings with the King of Italy ' (Parl. Deb. cvii. 616). Although Brougham gradually withdrew from politics,he continued active in the cause of law reform, urging his schemes in parliament, in the ' Law Review,' and through the Law Amendment Society. He took a large share in hearing appeals, and Lord-chancellor Truro left the administration of the appellate juris- diction of the lords in his hands. This caused considerable dissatisfaction, and on 5 Aug. 1850 Brougham complained of the comments of the ' Daily News ' as a breach of privilege and a libel on himself. The experiment of reinforcing the law lords by creating a peer for life brought him in haste from Cannes in 1856, and he greatly contributed to the defeat of Lord Wensleydale's claim. He took the opportunity of moving for returns to state his opinion on the movement for further par- liamentary reform on 3 Aug. 1857. In 1850 he again turned to scientific studies. He read a paper on experiments in light before the French Institute, and in later years con- tributed various other papers on kindred sub- jects (Comptes Rendus^Qs. 30, 34, 36,44,46). He was also constantly busy writing, arrang- ing, and editing literary work of various kinds. The wide and indefinite area which the Social Science Association proposed to occupy greatly pleased him. The committee held their first formal meeting at his house in Graft on Street on 29 July 1857 ; he was chosen president for the year, and on 12 Oct. delivered' the inaugural address at the first congress at Birmingham. For some years the meetings of the association were held to be events of no small importance, and the prominent part Brougham took in the pro- ceedings brought him great fame. He was again chosen president in 1860, and held the office during the five succeeding years. He was entertained at a public banquet at Edin- burgh in October 1859, and two days after- wards was elected chancellor of the university. He delivered his installation address on 18 May 1860. In that year he received a second patent of peerage with remainder to- his younger brother William and his heirs male, an honour conferred on him in recogni- tion of his eminent services in the cause of education and in the suppression of slavery. Lady Brougham died at Brighton on 12 Jan. 1865. Brougham attended the meeting of the Social Science Association held at Man- chester in 1866. The next year his mental powers, which had been gradually failing, gave way altogether. He died quietly at his chateau at Cannes on 7 May 1868. He was an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, and a fellow of the Royal Society. In spite of a gaunt ungainly figure and an ungraceful habit of action he was a remarkably success- ful speaker. His memory was excellent, and his self-possession not easily disturbed. His words came readily, he had great powers of sarcasm, and an unfailing store of humour. Eloquent, however, as many of his speeches are, his perorations often bear the marks of over-careful preparation. Although his health was never strong, his power of application was extraordinary, and even when he ap- peared to be utterly worn out he was always, able to call up a fresh supply of energy to meet any new demand upon him. His style of writing was slovenly, and, setting aside his speeches, nothing that he wrote can now be read with much pleasure except his private letters and some of his ' Sketches of Statesmen.' His attainments were manifold, and he wrote and spoke as a teacher on almost every sub- ject under the sun. His mind ranged over so wide an area that he never acquired a thorough knowledge of any particular division of learning. It has been said of him that if he had known a little law he would have known a little of everything. Nevertheless he has left his abiding mark in the improve- ment of our legal system, and his work in the judicial committee of the privy council was- of considerable importance both in upholding liberal principles in ecclesiastical matters, and in creating a body of precedents which have served as a kind of foundation of Indian law (Encyclop. Brit., art ' Brougham'). In almost all public questions — his speeches on foreign politics in 1848 and 1849 excepted — he upheld the cause of humanity and freedom ; yet he had little moral influence ; such weight as he had was simply due to his intellectual powers. Genial in society, with great power of enjoyment, a keen perception of what was ludicrous, and a ready wit, he was at the same time an unamiable man, a bitter enemy, and a jealous colleague. His temper was irritable, he was easily excited, and from whatever cause his excitement arose it led him to speak and act unadvisedly. Brougham was buried in Brougham 457 Brougham the cemetery of Cannes. His residence ther and the interest he took in the welfare of the place raised it from a mere fishing village to its present position. The inhabitants were not ungrateful. The hundredth anniversary of his birth was kept with many marks of re- spect, and the foundation of a statue to him was laid on 19 Dec. 1878 (RETOTJRNAY). Lord Brougham's brother WILLIAM (born 26 Sept. 1795) succeeded to the title as second baron. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A. 1819), was M.P. for Southwark 1831-5, and a master in chan- cery 1835-40. He died 3 Jan. 1886, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry Charles (Times, ,5 Jan. 1886). A bibliographical list, describing 133 of Brougham's literary productions, has been drawn up by Mr. Ralph Thomas, and will be found at the end of the eleventh volume of the second collected edition of his works. Only his larger and more important books will therefore be mentioned here. His critical, > historical, and miscellaneous works were pub- ; lished under his own direction in a collected edition, 11 vols. 8vo, 1855-61, a second edi- ! tion 1872-3. His chief productions, many of which are included in the collected editions, are: 1. ' An Enquiry into the Colonial Pol icy of European Powers,' 2 vols. 1803. 2. « Prac- j tical Observations on the Education of the ' People,' edits. 1-20, 1825, at Boston, U.S., ! 1826, ' Praktische Bemerkungen,' Berlin, 1827. 3. 'A Discourse on Natural Theo- logy, with an edition of Paley's work, 1835, ! 1845. 4. ' Select Cases decided bv Lord • Brougham in the Court of Chancery/ edited j by C. P. Cooper, 1835. 5. ' Speeches upon | Questions relating to Public Rights,' 4 vols. 1838, 1845, with introductions which, though written in the third person, are really Brougham's own work (COCKBUEN, Diary, i. 190). 6. < Historical Sketches of Statesmen . . . in the time of George III,' 1839, second series 1839, third series 1843, in 6 vols. 12mo, 1845, ' Esquisses Historiques . . . traduites . . . par U. Legeay,' Lyon, 1847. 7. ' IIEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY,' ' Demosthenes upon the Crown, translated,' with notes, 1840, a most unfor- tunate production, was made the subject of a severe review in the ' Times,' 21 and 28 March, and 3 and 4 April, which was reprinted in a separate form, and on which see * Gent. Mag., March 1841, p. 265. 8. < Political Philosophy,' and other essays published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 2 vols. 1842, 3 vols. no date ; to the ill-success of this publication Lord Campbell ascribes the break- up of the society ; for a contradiction of this statement see ' Notes and Queries,' 4th series, ix. 489. 9. ' Albert Lunel ; or, the Chateau of I Languedoc,' 3 vols. 12mo. 1844, described by ^ Brougham as a philosophical romance, written j '* as a kind of monument to her I had lost ' (liis daughter, who is made the heroine) ; it was not published, and, after a few copies had -been distributed, was suppressed by the 1 authoV ; it is not included in the i bibliogra- phical N^ist,' but the authorship is now certain (BKOUG^AM, Letters to Forsyth, 69-71, 73, 80 ; Notes, and Queries, 4th series, vii. 277), it was reprinted and published, 3 vols. 8vo, 1872. 10. \Lives of Men of Letters and Science . . . \ in the time of George III,' 1845, second seVjes 1846 ; some of these lives are translated inW) French. 11. ' History of 1 England and Frasnce under the House of Lancaster,' 1852 atoon., 1861 with name. | 12. ' Contributions to Vie Edinburgh Review/ 3 vols. 1856, contains nterely a selection from Brougham's numerous articles. 13. ' Lord ' Brougham and Law Refo\m,' acts and bills introduced by him since 189.1, edited by Sir J. E. Eardley Wilmot, 1860>x contains forty statutes carried and fifty bills Introduced, on which, however, see Campbelrfe l Life,' 587. 14. ' Tracts, Mathematical and Physical,' col- lected edition 1860. 15. ' Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham/ written bj^ himself, 3 vols. posthumous, 1871. [References to special passages in mostW the authorities here named are given in theNtext. Broughan/s Life and Times of Henry, Brougham, 3 vols., must be read with cautiofc and its statements compared with other authori-l ties ; it is chiefly valuable for the letters it con- tains ; for notices of some curious misstatements in these volumes, besides those mentioned in the above article, see the Times for 12 Jan. 1871, and .Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 277 ; Brougham's Speeches, 4 vols. ; Brougham's Letters to W. Forsyth, privately printed; Lord Campbell's Life of Brougham, in Lives of the Chancellors, viii. 213-596, is to be read with due allowance for its spiteful tone — compare Lord St. Leonards on Some Misrepresentations in Lord Campbell's Lives ; F. A. M. Mignet has an able summary of Brougham's Life and Work in his Nouveaux Eloges Historiques, 1877, 165-237 ; Nicholson and Burn's History of Cumberland and Westmor- land, i. 395 ; Hutchinson's History of Westmor- land, i. 301 ; Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner, ed. L. Homer, 2 vols. 2nd edit. ; Selections from the Correspondence of Macvey Napier ; Lord Cockburn's Life of Lord Jeffrey, 2 vols. ; Cockburn's Journal, 2 vols. ; G. Pea- cock's Life of Dr. Young, p. 174; Lord Holland's Memoirs of the Whig Party, 2 vols. ; Return of Members of Parliament ; Parliamentary Debates, xvi.-3rd ser. cxlvii. passim; Jeremy Bentham's works contain a few notices, especially in the correspondence, x. and xi. ; Sir G. C. Lewis's Administrations of Great Britain 1783-1830, pp. 344, 351 ; Autobiography of Miss E. Cornelia Brougham 45' Brougham Knight, 2 vols. ; C. D. Yonge's Life and Idmir ~n Connection with Mark Lemon, 'The Demon trationof Kobert, second Lord Liverpool, 3 vols " ' Report of the Speeches at the Edinburgh dinn ' 6 ^ April 1825; A. G. Stapleton's of Cannmg, i. 296, 377-383, iii. 348 History of the Whig Ministry of 1830 was largely inspired by Brougham, and and other reasons must not be impl Papers of J. Wilson Croker, ed. . , e. Correspondence of Earl Grey and Vllham ed. Henry Earl Grey, 2 vols. ; Lord ,£amerton's Correspondence relatir-gt°Ju"eand July 1834; the Greville Memom' ed' ?• Reeve' 1st and 2nd ser. ; W. M. TorrenSv'Memoir of Lord Melbourne, 2 vols. ; Edinburgh Review, xlvi. 225, xlvii. 35, xlviii. 34, cxxv 546 cxxix. 583, cxxxiv. 291 ; Quarterly Review, s'-^- 281» cxxvi- 91 : Gift.' Leaving England he arrived in America in October 1842, and opened at the Park Theatre, New York, as O'Callaghan in the farce ' His Last Legs.' A little later he was in the employment of W. E. Burton in New York, and wrote for him 'Bunsby's Wedding/ 1 The Confidence Man/ ' Don Caesar de Bassoon/ ' Vanity Fair/ and other pieces. Still later he managed Niblo's Garden, pro- | ducing there his fairy tale called ' Home/ ' and the play of ' Ambrose Germain.' He opened a new theatre in Broadway, near the south-west corner of Broome Street, called Brougham's Lyceum, 15 Oct. 1850, and while Times, 11 May 1868; La^ Magazine and Law : there he wrote ' The World's Fair/ < Faustus/ Review, August 1868, ne-* series,!. 177 ; Horace Retournay's Lord Bro/%nam et le centenaire. Of the many squi bs y^ritten on Brougham the most famous is T./L. Peacock's description of him in Crotchet (V^stle, where he figures as ' the learned friend.'] 7 W. H. BROUGET AM, JOHN (1814-1880), actor and dramatist, was born in Dublin on 9 May 1814, and, softer having for some time attended Trinity OAbllege, began life as a student of surgeryyeland for several months walked the r / • Street Hospital ; but an uncle from whoM6 \ ijg ha(j prospects falling into adversity, "f 7*> ^as thrown upon his own resources, and thfLGreUpOn went to London. A chance en- ^Wounter with an old acquaintance led to his ^ engagement at the Tottenham Street Theatre (a house long afterwards known as the Prince of Wales's), and there, in July 1830, acting six characters in the old play of ' Tom and Jerry/ he made his first appearance on the public stage. In 1831 he was a member of the company o'rganised by Madame Vestris for the Olympic Theatre. His first play was written at this time, and was a burlesque, prepared for William Evans Burton, who was then acting at the Pavilion Theatre. When Madame Vestris removed from the Olympic to Covent Garden, Brougham followed her thither, and there remained as long as she and Charles Mathews were at the head of the theatre, and it was while there that he wrote * London Assurance' in conjunction •with Dion Boucicault. There has been much discussion about the authorship of this popu- lar piece. Brougham stated in 1868 that he brought an action against Boucicault, whose legal adviser suggested the payment of half the purchase-money in preference to proceed- ing with the case. In 1 840 he became manager of the Lyceum Theatre, which he conducted during summer seasons, and for which he wrote « Life in the Clouds/ ' Love's Livery/ 4 Enthusiasm/ < Tom Thumb the Second/ and, The Spirit of Air/ a dramatisation of l David Copperfield/ and a new version of 'The Actress of Padua.' The Lyceum was at first a success, but the demolition of the building next to it made it appear to be unsafe, and the business gradually declined, leaving him bur- dened with debts, all of which, however, he subsequently paid. His next speculation was at the Bowery Theatre, of which he became lessee on 7 July 1856, and produced ' King John ' with superb scenery and a fine com- pany, but this not proving to be to the taste of his audiences, he wrote and brought out a series of sensational dramas, among which were ' The Pirates of the Mississippi/ * Tom and Jerry in America/ and ' The Miller of New Jersey.' In September 1860 he returned to London, where he remained five years. While playing at the Lyceum he adapted from the French, for Charles A. Fechter, < The Duke's Motto ' and ' Bel Demonic/ and wrote for Miss Louisa Herbert dramatic ver- sions of ' Lady Audley's Secret ' and ' Only a Clod.' He also wrote the words of three operas, ' Blanche de Nevers/ f The Demon Lovers/ and ' The Bride of Venice.' His re- appearance in America took place on 10 Oct. 1865 at the Winter Garden Theatre, and he never afterwards left America. He opened Brougham's Theatre on 25 Jan. 1869, with a comedy by himself, called ' Better Late than Never/ but this theatre was taken out of his hands by James Fisk, junior, under circum- stances which caused much sympathy on his behalf. On 4 April a banquet in his honour was given at the Astor House, and on 18 May he received a farewell benefit. The attempt to establish Brougham's Theatre was his final eifort in management. After that time he was connected with various stock companies, but chiefly with Daly's Theatre and with Wallack's. In 1852 he edited a bright comic paper in New York, called ' The Lantern/ and he published two collections of his mis- Brougham 459 B rough ton cellaneous writings, entitled l A Basket of Chips ' and l The Bunsby Papers.' On 17 Jan. 1878 he received a testimonial benefit at the Academy of Music, at which the sum of 10,278 dollars was received, and this fund, .after the payment of incidental expenses, was settled on him in an annuity which expired at his death. His last work was a drama, entitled ' Home Rule,' and his last appear- ance on the stage was made as Felix O'Reilly the detective in Boucicault's play of ' Rescued/ At Booth's Theatre, New York, on 25 Oct. 1879. His rank among actors it is difficult to assign. He excelled in humour rather than in pathos or sentiment, and was at his best in the expression of comically eccentric characters. Among the parts that will live in memory as associated with his name are : .Stout in l Money,' Dennis Brulgruddery in 'John Bull,' Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Micaw- ber, Captain Cuttle, Bagstock, O'Grady in ' Arrah-na-Pogue,' Dazzle in * London As- surance,' and O'Callaghan in * His Last Legs.' He was the author of over seventy- five dramatic pieces, many of which will long «ndure in literature to testify to the solidity and sparkle of his intellectual powers. He died at 60 East Ninth Street, New York, on 7 June 1880, and was buried in Greenwood •cemetery on 9 June. He is said to have been the original of Harry Lorrequer in Charles Jjever's novel which bears that name. He married first, in 1838, Miss Emma Williams, an actress who had played at the St. James's Theatre, London, in 1836, and afterwards at Covent Garden, where she was the original representative of the Empress in 'Love.' In 1845 she left America for England, and remained away for seven years. On her return she appeared at the Broadway Theatre on 16 Feb. 1852, and played a short •engagement ; again, in 1859, she went to America, being then known as Mrs. Brougham Robertson. She died in New York on 30 June 1865. John Brougham married secondly, in 1844, Annette Hawley, daughter of Captain Nelson, R.N., and widow of Mr. Hodges. She had been on the London stage in 1830, and made her American debut at New Orleans as the Fairy Queen in ' Cin- derella' in 1833. At one time she had the •direction of the Richmond Theatre, which then went by the name of Miss Nelson's 'Theatre, and she was afterwards at Wallack's National, where she appeared as Telemachus. Her death took place at New York on 3 May 1870, the twenty-sixth anniversary of her wedding-day. [Life, Stories, and Poems of John Brougham, •edited by William Winter, Boston, United States of America (1881), with portrait ; Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia, 1880, p. 66; Ireland's Records of the New York Stage (1866-67), ii. 178, 210, 384, 594, 655.] G. C. B. BROUGHTON, ARTHUR (d. 1803?), botanist, took the degree of doctor in me- dicine at Edinburgh in 1779, then published a volume of brief diagnoses of British plants anonymously, and subsequently settled in Jamaica, where he died in 1803, judging from certain notes in Wiles's edition of the ' Hor- tus Eastensis.' His name is preserved in the genus of orchids named Broughtonia by Ro- bert Brown. The following is a list of his works : 1. l Diss. Med. de Vermibus Intestinorum,' Edinburgh, 1779, 8vo. 2. * Enchiridion Bo- tanicum,' London, 1782, 8vo. 3. ' Hortus Eastensis; or a catalogue of Exotic Plants in the garden of Hinton East, Esq., in the mountains of Liguanea, at the time of his decease,' Kingston, 1792, 4to ; new edition by J. Wiles, Jamaica, 1806, 4to. 4. ' Cata- logue of the more valuable and rare Plants in the public botanic garden in the mountains of Liguanea, &c.' (St. Jago de la Vega), 1794, 4to. [The works cited.] B. D. J. BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612), divine and rabbinical scholar, was born in 1549 at Owlbury, a mansion in the parish of Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. In the immedi- ate vicinity are two farmlands, called Upper and Lower Broughton. His ancestry was old and of large estate (the family bore owls as their coat of arms) ; he had a brother a judge. He calls himself a Cambrian, and it is probable that he had a good deal of Welsh blood in his veins. His preparation for the university he got from Bernard Gilpin, at Houghton- le-Spring. Gilpin's biographers say that he picked up Broughton while the lad was mak- ing his way on foot to Oxford, trained him, and sent him to Cambridge. They accuse Brough- ton of base ingratitude in endeavouring, at a subsequent period, to supplant Gilpin in his living. Although this story must be received with caution, the later relations between Broughton and his earliest benefactor were probably somewhat strained. Gilpin's will (he died on 4 March 1584) shows that Brough- ton had borrowed some of his books, and adds : ( I trust he will withhold none of them.' Broughton was entered at Magdalene College, Cambridge, in 1569. The foundation of his Hebrew learning was laid, in his first year at Cambridge, by his attendance on the lec- tures of the French scholar, Antoine Ro- dolphe Chevallier [q. v.], of whom he gives a particular account, without mentioning his name. He graduated B.A. in 1570, and Broughton 460 Broughton became fellow of St. John's and afterwards of Christ's. He had no lack of patronage at the university ; Sir Walter Mildmay made him an allowance for a private lectureship in Greek, and the Earl of Huntingdon still more liberally supplied him with means for study. He was elected one of the taxers of the university, and obtained a prebend and a readership in divinity at Durham. On the ground of his holding a prebend, he was de- prived of his fellowship in 1579, but was re- instated in 1581, at the instance of Lord Burghley, the chancellor, who, moved by the representations of the Bishop of Durham (Richard Barnes) and the Earls of Hunting- don and Essex, overcame the opposition of Hatcher, the vice-chancellor, and Hawford, master of Christ's. He resigned the office of taxer, and does not seem to have returned to the university. He came to London, where he spent from twelve to sixteen hours a day in study, and distinguished himself as a preacher of puritan sentiments in theology. He is said to have predicted, in one of his sermons (1588), the scattering of the armada. He found friends among the citizens, especi- ally in the family of the Cottons, with whom he lived, and whom he taught to be enthu- siastic Hebrew scholars. In 1588 appeared his first work, ' A Concent of Scripture,' de- dicated to the queen. John Speed, the his- torian, saw the book through the press. In this * little book of great pains,' as Broughton himself calls it, he attempts to settle the scripture chronology, and to correct profane writers by it. The work is interesting, writ- ten in a lively style, full of learning and in- genuity, but removing all difficulties with a quaint oracular dogmatism, which entertains rather than convinces. He holds the abso- lute incorruptness of the text of both testa- ments, including the Hebrew points. Indeed, he goes so far in a later work as to maintain, respecting the Kthibh and the q'ri, that ' both of them are of God, and of equal authority.' The * Concent ' was attacked in their public prelections by John Rainolds at Oxford, and Edward Lively at Cambridge. Brough- ton appealed to the queen (to whom he pre- sented a special copy of the book on 17 Nov. 1589). to Whitgift, and to Aylmer, bishop of London, asking to have the points in dispute between Rainolds and himself determined by the authority of the archbishops and the two universities. He began weekly lectures in his own defence to an audience of between 80 and 100 scholars, using the ' Concent ' as a text-book. The privy council allowed him to deliver his lectures (as Chevallier had done before) at the east end of St. Paul's, until some of the bishops complained of his audiences as ' dangerous conventicles.' He then removed his lecture to a room in Cheap- side, and thence to Mark Lane, and else- where. It is said that he was in fear of the high commission, and therefore anxious to- leave the country. It is probable that he left for Germany at the end of 1589 or be- ginning of 1590, taking with him a pupil, Alexander Top, a young country gentleman. Broughton on his travels was a valiant dis- putant against popery (even at the table of his fast friend, the Archbishop of Maintz),, and engaged in religious discussion with several Jews. At Frankfort, early in 1590, he disputed in the synagogue with Rabbi Elias. He was at Worms in 1590, and re- turned next year to England. His letter of 27 March 1590 (probably 1591) to Lord Burghley asks permission to go abroad, with a special view to make use of King Casimir's library. But he remained in Lon- don, where he met Rainolds, and agreed with him to refer their differing views about the harmony of scripture chronology to the arbitration of Whitgift and Aylmer. Broughton's letter to these prelates is dated 4 Nov. 1591. Nothing came of the reference, and though Whitgift acknowledged the in- dustry and dexterity which Broughton had displayed in the ' Concent,' the archbishop was his enemy with Elizabeth. In 1592 we find Broughton again in Germany, and, ac- j cording to Lightfoot, he probably remained | abroad till the death of Elizabeth. But | Brook prints (from Baker's copy, Harl. MS. : 7031, p. 94) a letter from Broughton to Lord j Burghley, dated < London, May 16, 1595,' in j which he applies for the archbishopric of , Tomon (Tuam), ' worth not above 200/.,' and asks for a meeting to be arranged between him j and Rainolds. On the continent he made the : acquaintance of many learned men, including- Scaliger, who calls him ' furiosus et maledi- ! cus.' It is said that he was tempted with | the offer of a cardinal's hat ; catholic scholars treated him with more respect than foreign j protestants. He wrote against Beza in his fiercest Greek. Puritanical as he was in his | theology, he held the episcopal polity to be apostolic. His dispute with Rabbi Elias brought him, in 1596, a letter from Rabbi Abraham Reuben, written at Constanti- nople. This was addressed to him in Lon- don, but in a cursive Hebrew character, which puzzled < divers scholars,' till Top managed to make out whom it was intended for, and sent it off to Germany. Broughton was sanguine as to the good effects of his discussions with Jews in their mother tongue,, and often speaks of his disputations with one Rabbi David Farrar. While at Middleburg- Broughton 46i Broughton ne printed ' An Epistle to the learned No- "bilitie of England, touching translating the Bible from the Original/ 1597, 4to. The project of assisting in a better version of the Bible was one which he had long cherished, j and he had already addressed the queen ; on the subject. His plan, as given in a j letter dated 21 June 1593 (though addressed j to ' Sir William Cecil,' who became Lord | Burghley in 1571), was to do the work in i conjunction with five other scholars. Only j necessary changes were to be made, but the J principle of harmonising the scripture was to I prevail, and there were to be short notes. Though his scheme was backed up by ' sundry lords, and amongst them some bishops,' his application for the means of carrying it out was unsuccessful. In a letter to Burghley, of 11 June 1597, he blames Whitgift for hinder- ing his proposed new translation. In 1599 he printed his ' Explication ' of the article respect- ing Christ's descent into hell. It was a topic he had touched upon before, maintaining with his usual vigour (against the Augustinian view, espoused by most Anglican divines) that hades never meant the place of torment, but the state of departed souls. A philology more ingenious than accurate enabled him to pa- rallel ' hell ' with sheolj as f that which haleth all hence.' With this discussion, which he first brought prominently forward among English scholars, his name is chiefly asso- ciated at the present day. He returned to England, to the surprise of his friends, at a moment when London was afflicted with the plague, of which he showed no fear. In 1603 he preached before Prince Henry, at Oatlands, on the Lord's Prayer. He soon returned to Middleburg, and became preacher there to the English congregation. Brook prints (here corrected from Harl. MS. 787, pp. 94, 96) the following tart petition, addressed, without effect, to James I : ' Most gracious soveraigne, your majesty's most humble sub- ject, Hugh Broughton, having suffered many years danger for publishing of your right and Gods truth, by your unlearned bishops that spent two impressions of libells to disgrace the Scottish mist : which libells now the sta- cioners deny that ever they sold. He requesteth your majesty's favour for a pension fitt for his age, studye, and trauells past, bearing allwayes a most dutifull heart unto your majesty. From Middleburgh, Aug.- 1604. Your majesty's most humble subject, H. Broughton.'' This was written in the month following the king's letter (22 July) appointing fifty-four learned men for the revision of the translation of the Bible. Broughton's old adversary, Rainolds, had been more successful than he in pressing upon the authorities the need of a revision, and when the translators were appointed, Broughton, to his intense chagrin, was not in- cluded among them. Lightfoot considers his exclusion unjust. Subsequently he criticised the new translation unsparingly, after his manner ; his corrections would have carried more weight if they had not been generally accepted as the outpourings of a disappointed man. Of his own versions of the prophets it must be said that, while marked by all his peculiarities, they have a majesty of expres- sion which entitles them to be better known than they are. His bitter pamphlet against Bancroft certainly did not improve his chances of obtaining due recognition of his merits as a scholar. Ben Jonson satirised him in ' Volpone ' (1605), and especially in the 'Alchemist' (1610). He continued to write and publish assiduously. His translation of Job (1610) he dedicated to the king. But he now fell into a consumption, and he made his last voyage to England, arriving at Graves- end in November 1611. He told his friends he had come to die, and wished to die in Shropshire, where, it appears, his pupil, now Sir Rowland Cotton, had a seat. His strength, however, was not equal to the journey. He wintered in London, and in the spring re- moved to Tottenham. Here he lingered till autumn, in the house of Benet, a Cheapside linendraper. His death occurred on 4 Aug. 1612. He was buried in London, at St. An- tholin's, on 7 Aug., James Speght preaching his funeral sermon. He had married a niece of his pupil, Alexander Top, named Lingen, a lady of good estate. Broughton's portrait is engraved by Van Hove. He is described as graceful and comely, and of a ' sweet, affable, and loving carriage ' among his friends ; at table he was bright and genial. His pupils almost adored him. His reputation for ar- rogance is not undeserved. He was sharp, but not scurrilous ; had he stood with a party, his language would have seemed tem- perate enough according to the fashion of his day, but he always fought for his own hand. Thomas Morton, afterwards bishop of Durham, who was with him in Germany, took him in the right way : f I pray you, whatsoever dolts and dullards I am to be called, call me so before we begin, that your discourse and mine attention be not inter- rupted thereby.' Broughton accepted the exhortation with perfect good-humour. He was easily provoked, and lamented on his death-bed his infirmities of temper. Some incidents in his life may give the impres- sion that he was of a grasping nature. He expected his friends to do a great deal for him, and made warm and public acknow- ledgment of their willing kindness. It must Broughton 462 Broughton be remembered that his pursuits and his pub- lications involved considerable outlay. There is no evidence that he enriched himself ; in 1590 he 'took a little soil' near Tuam, or somewhere else in Ireland ; possibly this was his wife's property. Lightfoot allows that his style is ' curt and something harsh and obscure,' yet maintains that his writings ' do carry in them a kind of holy and happy fasci- nation.' Lightfoot collected his works under the strange title, ' The Works of the Great Al- bionean Divine, renowned in many Nations for Eare Skill in Salems and Athens Tongues, and Familiar Acquaintance with all Rabbi- nical Learning, Mr. Hugh Broughton,' 1662, fol. The volume is arranged in four sections or ' tomes ; ' prefixed is his life : Speght's funeral sermon is given in the fourth tome ; appended is an elegy by W. Primrose, of which the finest passage, descriptive of the many languages known to Broughton, is borrowed (and not improved) from some noble lines in the comedy of ' Lingua,' printed in 1607, and very doubtfully assigned to Anthony Brewer [q. v.]. A few tracts are omitted from the collection. According to Bohn's ' Lowndes,' i. 285, the ' Concent ' con- tains ' specimens, by W. Rogers, of the earliest copperplate-engraving in England.' Brough- ton's ' Sinai-Sight/ 1592, was wholly ' en- graven in brass,' at an expense of about 100 marks. The genealogical tables, prefixed to old bibles, and assigned to Speed, were really (according to Lightfoot) Broughton's work, but ' the bishops would not endure to have Mr. Broughton's name ' to them ; his owl may, however, be seem upon them. Of Broughton's manuscripts the British Museum possesses a quarto volume (Sloane MS. 3088), containing thirty-five pieces, many referring to the new translation of the Bible ; and his ' Harmonic of the Bible,' a chronological work (Harl. MS. 1525). Neither of these volumes is in autograph, with the exception of a small part of the ' Harmonie.' See also the ' Cat. of Lansdowne MSS.,' 1807, pp. 220, 331, 332. [Life, by Lightfoot, prefixed to Works, 1662 (abridged in Clark's Lives, 1683, p. 1 seq., por- trait); Bayle, art. 'Broughton, Hugues; ' Gilpin's Life of B. Gilpin, 1751, pp. 251, 271 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. 604 seq. ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, 1813, ii. 215 seq.; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 308 seq. ; Hunt's Keligious Thought in England, 1870, i. 126 seq. ; Notes and Queries, 5th series, iv. 48 ; Cole's MS. Athense Cantab. ; Baker MSS. iv. 93, 94.1 A. Gr. BROUGHTON, JOHN (1705-1789), pugilist, was born in 1705, but there is no record of his birthplace, although it may be assumed to have been London. As a boy he was apprenticed to a Thames waterman,, and, when at work on his own account, he generally plied at Hungerford Stairs. He is usually considered as the father of British pugilism, combats, previous to his appearance, having been chiefly decided either by backsword or quarterstaff on a raised stage. Accident settled his future career. Having had a difference with a brother waterman, they fought it out ; and he showed so much aptitude for the profession which he afterwards adopted, that he gave up his boat and turned public bruiser, for which his height (5 ft. 11 in.) and weight (about 14 stone) peculiarly fitted him. He attached himself to George Taylor's booth in Tottenham Court Road, and re- mained there till 1742, patronised by the Mite of society, and even royalty itself in the person of the Duke of Cumberland, who procured him a place, which he held until his death, among the yeomen of the guard. But the duke ultimately deserted him. Broughton fought Slack on 11 April 1750, and the duke backed his protege the champion, it is said, for 10,000/. Broughton lost the fight, having been blinded by his adversary, and the duke never forgave him for being the cause of his loss of money. After this battle Broughton's career as a pugilist was ended. In 1742 he quarrelled with Taylor, and built a theatre for boxing, &c., for himself in Han way Street, Oxford Street. There he performed until his retirement, when he went to live at Wai cot Place, Lambeth. He resided there until his death, on 8 Jan. 1789. He amassed considerable property, some 7,000/., and dying intestate, it went to his niece. i He was buried on 21 Jan. 1789 in Lambeth j Church, his pall-bearers being, by his own re- quest, Humphries, Mendoza, Big Ben, Ward, I Ryan, and Johnston, all noted pugilists. His epitaph was as follows : — Hie jacet lohannes Broughton, Pugil sevi sui prsestantissimus. Obiit Die Octavo lanuarii, Anno Salutis 1789, ^Etatis suse 85. [Capt. Godfrey's Treatise upon the Useful Science of Self-Defence, 1747; Pugilistica; Boxiana; Fistiana ; Morning Post, January 1789.] J. A. BROUGHTON, JOHN CAIN HOB- HOUSE, LOED. [See HOBHOTJSB.] BROUGHTON, RICHARD (d. 1634), catholic historian, was born at Great Stuke- ley, Huntingdonshire, towards the close of Broughton 463 Broughton Queen Mary's reign. In his preface to the 'Monasticon Britannicum' he claims descent from the ancient family of Broughton of Broughton Towers in Lancashire. After studying for a time at Oxford, where however he was not entered as a student, Broughton proceeded to the English col- lege at Eheims. Here he devoted himself chiefly to the study of Hebrew and English antiquities, and theology. On 24 Feb. 1592 he was admitted into deacon's orders, and was ordained priest on 4 May 1593, the same year in which the English college quitted Rheims and returned to their old home at Douay after an absence of fifteen years. Soon after this he was sent to England for the purpose of making converts to the Roman catholic church, and of furthering the poli- tical schemes of the Jesuits. John Pits, a contemporary of his, speaks of him as being 'most diligent in gathering fruit into the granary of Christ/ and the same writer, al- luding to his literary acquirements, says that he was ' no less familiar with literature than learned in Greek and Hebrew.' Dodd, writ- ing of him a century later, says ' he was in great esteem among his brethren, an as- sistant to the archpriest, a canon of the chapter, and vicar-general to Dr. Smith, bishop of Calcedon.' At one time he was secretary to the Duchess of Buckingham, and it is to her and her mot her, the Countess of Rutland, that his ' Ecclesiasticall His- toric' is dedicated. In 1626 we find him ' sojourner ' at Oxford. He died on 15 Feb. 1634, and was buried by the side of his father and mother at Great Stukeley, as we learn from his epitaph : ' Quo cum matre, patre sub saxo conditur uno.' As a writer he was dull, painstaking, laborious, inaccurate, and credulous to a degree rare even for the age in which he lived. Among his principal works are : 1. ' A New Manual of Old Catholic Medita- tions,' 1617. 2. 'The Judgment of the Apostles,' Douay, 1632, dedicated to Queen Marie, wife of Charles I. These two works are published under the initials ' R. B.' The letter elicited an indignant pamphlet from one ' P. H.,' entitled ' A Detection or Dis- covery of a Notable Fraud committed by R. B., a Seminarie Priest,' in which Brough- ton's manner of treating Nos. 23 and 36 of the Thirty-nine Articles is strongly assailed. 3. ' The Ecclesiastical Historie of Great Brit- tame,' Douay, 1633. 4. < A True Memorial of the Ancient, most Holy, and Religious State of Great Britaine,' 1650. In a later edition (1654), the title runs ' Monasticon Britannicum, or a Historical Narration ol the first Founding and Flourishing State o: the Antient Monasteries, Religious Rules, and Orders of Great Brittaine.' 5. 'An Apologetic Epistle in answer to a Book that undertakes to prove that Catholics cannot be good Subjects.' 6. ' A Continuation of ;he Catholic Apology taken from Christian Authors.' [Records of the English Catholics under he Penal Laws, chiefly from the Archives of he See of "Westminster, 1878; Wood's Fasti Bliss), i. 428 ; Wood's History and Antiquities •f the University of Oxford ; Dodd's Church History ; Fuller's Worthies ; Pits, De Kebus An- jlicis, 1619 ; Histoire du College de Douay, 1672 ; Foley's Eecords, vi. 181.] K Gr. * BROUGHTON, SAMUEL DANIEL 1787-1837), army surgeon, was son of the Elev. Thomas Broughton, M.A., who became rector of St. Peter's, Bristol, in 1781. He was born in Bristol in July 1787, and was educated at the grammar school there, under :he care of the Rev. S. Seyer, author of Memorials of Bristol.' After studying at St. George's Hospital he became assistant- surgeon of the Dorsetshire militia, and in Oc- tober 1812 was appointed assistant-surgeon of the 2nd life guards, of which Mr. J. Carrick Moore, elder brother of the late General Sir John Moore, was then surgeon. Immediately afterwards Broughton was appointed addi- tional surgeon with temporary rank, and placed in medical charge of the service squadrons of the regiment ordered abroad, with which he was present in the Peninsula and south of France to the end of the war. His campaigning experiences from Lisbon to Boulogne he related in a volume of ' Letters from Portugal, Spain, and France in 1812, 1813, and 1814 ' (London, 8vo, 1815). He was also with his regiment at the battle of Waterloo. In July 1821 he succeeded to the surgeoncy of the regiment on the resignation of Mr. Moore, who had just been granted a pension of 1,000/. a year in recognition of the distinguished services of his late brother. Residing constantly in London with his regiment, Broughton de- voted himself with great assiduity to pro- fessional and scientific studies. A list of original papers, chiefly relating to physio- logical research, contributed by him to various scientific journals, will be found in the Royal Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers,' 1800-63, vol. i. In conjunction with Mr. Wilcox, barrister-at-law, he produced and delivered some valuable lectures on forensic medicine and toxicology. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Geological Society. In 1836 Broughton re- ceived an injury in the leg, caused by a fall, which resulted in disease of the ankle-joint, Broughton 464 Broughton and eventually rendered amputation neces- sary. The operation was performed by the eminent surgeon Listen, but terminated -fa- tally on the tenth day. The circumstances are related in fuller detail in ' Gent, Mag.' N.S. viii. 432. Broughton's death occurred at Regent's Park barracks on 20 Aug. 1837. He was interred at Kensal Green cemetery. [Gent. Mag. new ser. viii. 432 ; Kose's New Biog. Diet. vol. v. (many of the details given ap- pear to be incorrect) ; Army Lists ; E. Soc. Cat. Scientific Papers, 1800-63, vol. i. ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Index Brit. Assoc. Reports.] H. M. C. BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1704-1774), divine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer, "born in London on 5 July 1704, was the son of the rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He was educated at Eton, and, being superan- nuated on that foundation, went about 1772 to Cambridge, where ' for the sake of a scholarship he entered himself of Gonville and Cains College.' In 1727, after taking B.A., he was admitted to deacon's orders, and in 1728 he was ordained priest, and pro- ceeded to the M.A. He served for several years as curate of Offley, Hertfordshire, and in 1739 became rector of Stepington, Hunt- ingdonshire ; the patron, the Duke of Bedford, also appointing him one of his chaplains. As reader to the Temple, to which he was chosen soon afterwards, he won the favour of the master, Bishop Sherlock, who in 1744 pre- sented him to the vicarage of Bedminster, near Bristol, with the chapels of St. Mary Redcliffe, St. Thomas, and Abbot's Leigh an- nexed. To the same influence he owed a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, and on re- ceiving this he removed from London to Bristol, where he died on 21 Dec. 1774. He was an industrious writer in many kinds of composition. He published (1742) an ' His- torical Dictionary of all Religions from the Creation of the World to the Present Times,' a huge work in two volumes folio ; he trans- lated Voltaire's e Temple of Taste,' and part of Bayle's ' Dictionary ; ' vindicated orthodox Christianity against Tindal ; converted a Ro- man catholic book (' Dorrel on the Epistles and Gospels ') to protestant uses ; edited Dry- den ; wrote in defence of the immortality of the soul ; and contributed the lives marked ' T ' in the original edition of the ' Biographia Britannic*.' Hawkins, in his l Life of John- son,' credits Broughton with being the real translator of Jarvis's ' Don Quixote.' ' The fact is that Jarvis laboured at it many years, but could make but little progress, for being a painter by profession, he had not been ac- customed to write, and had no style. Mr. Tonson, the bookseller, seeing this, suggested the thought of employing Mr. Broughton . . . who sat himself down to study the Spanish language, and in a few months acquired, as was pretended, sufficient knowledge thereof to give to the world a translation of "Don Quixote " in the true spirit of the original, and to which is prefixed the name of Jarvis.' Broughton was a lover of music, and ac- quainted with Handel, whom he furnished with words for some of his compositions, in- cluding the drama of ' Hercules,' first given at the Haymarket in 1745. In private life he was of a mild and amiable disposition, but in controversy, though not discourteous ac- cording to the standard of his time, he was very economical in his concessions to his op- ponents, and he has been characterised in some respects as a weak and credulous writer. [Biog. Brit. (Kippis), ii. pref. ix-x ; G-rove's Diet, of Music, i. 730 ; Hawkins's Life of Dr. Johnson, 1787, p. 216; Lowudes's British Li- brarian, 1839-42, p. 1250.] J. M. S. BROUGHTON, THOMAS (1712-1777), divine, the son of Thomas Broughton, who is said to have been at one time commis- sioner of excise at Edinburgh, was born at Oxford. When he matriculated at University College, Oxford, on 13 Dec. 1731, his father was described as of ' Carfax in Oxford.' He was elected Petreian fellow at Exeter College 30 June 1733, and became full fellow on 14 July 1734, taking his degree of B.A. on 22 March 1737. Soon after becoming an under- graduate he joined the little band of young men who were known as ' Methodists,' and remained a sympathiser with the Wesleys for several years, until differences of opinion on the Moravian doctrines led to their separation. Broughton's first clerical duty was at Cow- ley, near Uxbridge, and he was curate at the Tower of London in 1736. Through White- field's influence he obtained the lectureship at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Within, but as some of the parishioners objected to White- field's preaching from its pulpit he withdrew from the post. He visited the prisoners in Newgate and was indefatigable in doing good. In 1741 he was appointed lecturer at Allhallows, Lombard Street, and two years later was elected secretary to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, a position which he retained until his death. His only other preferment was the living of Wotton in Surrey, which he held from 1752 to 1777. He died at the society's house in Hatton Garden, London, 21 Dec. 1777. He held his fellowship at Exeter College until July 1741. In 1742 he married Miss Capel, by whom he had fifteen children, five of them dying young. Broughton 465 Broughton A portrait of Broughton hangs in the board- room of the S. P. C. K. Two very outspoken sermons of his attained great popularity : •' The Christian Soldier, or the Duties of a Religious Life recommended to the Army,' which was preached in 1737, printed in 1738, and reached its twelfth edition in 1818, a Welsh translation having appeared in 1797 ; and ' A Serious and Affectionate Warning to Servants,' occasioned by the brutal murder of a mistress by her male servant aged only 19, and issued in 1746, ninth edition 1818. [Tyerman's Oxford Methodists, 334-60; Man- ning and Bray's Surrey, ii. 158 ; Boase's Exeter College, 98.] W. P. C. BROUGHTON", THOMAS DUER (1778-1835), writer on India, was son of the Rev. Thomas Broughton, rector of St. Peter's, Bristol. He was educated at Eton, and went to India in 1795 as a cadet on the Bengal es- tablishment. He was actively engaged at the siege of Seringapatam in 1799, and was after- wards appointed commandant of the cadet corps, and in 1802 military resident with the Mahrattas. For a short time previous to the restoration of Java to the Dutch he held the command of that island. He became a lieutenant on the Madras establishment in 1797, and, passing through the intermediate grades, became colonel in 1829. His death took place in Dorset Square, London, on 16 Nov. 1835. He published: 1. 'Edward and Laura/ a novel, freely translated from the French. 2. ' Letters written in a Mah- ratta Camp during the year 1809, descriptive of the character, manners, domestic habits, and religious ceremonies of the Mahrattas,' London, 1813, 4to. 3. f Selections from the Popular Poetry of the Hindoos,' London, 1814, 8vo. [Gent. Ma?. KS. v. 203 ; Cat, of 'Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. BROUGHTON, WILLIAM GRANT, D.D. (1788-1853), metropolitan of Austral- asia, was the eldest son of Grant Broughton, by His wife Phoebe Ann, daughter of John Rumball of Barnet, Hertfordshire. He was born in Bridge Street, Westminster, on 22 May 1788, and educated at Barnet grammar school, but was removed in January 1797 to the King's School, Canterbury, where in the following December he was admitted to a King's scholarship. From 1807 to 1812 he was clerk in the East India House. At last being able to follow the bent of his own in- clinations, he became a resident member of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in October 1814, was sixth wrangler and B. A. in January 1818, proceeded M.A. in 1823, and B.D. and D.D. VOL. VI. per saltum in 1836. He was ordained dea- con in 1818 and admitted to priest's orders during the same year. The curacy to which he was ordained was that of Hartley Wespall, Hampshire, where he remained from 1818 to 1827. While here he published in 1823 ' An Examination of the Hypothesis advanced in a Recent Publication entitled " Palaeoromaica," by J. Black, that the text of the Elzevir Greek Testament is not a Translation from the Latin.' This work was dedicated by Broughton to his diocesan, Bishop Tomline, who in 1827 removed him to the curacy of Farnham. The vicinity of his first curacy to Strathfieldsaye led to his introduction to the Duke of Wellington, by whom he was appointed to the chaplaincy of the Tower of London on 6 Oct. 1828. Subsequently, on 7 Dec. 1828, at the ex- press desire of his grace, he was induced to accept the arduous office of archdeacon of New South Wales. He arrived in Sydney on 13 Sept. 1829. His jurisdiction extended over the whole of Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and the adjoining islands. He visited all the settlements in these latitudes con- nected with his archdeaconry, and endea- voured to excite the settlers and the govern- ment to the erection of churches and schools ; but by 1834 he had come to the conclusion that the only way to succeed was to appeal to the mother country for the urgently needed assistance. In answer to his application to the Societies for Promoting Christian Knowledge and for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and to private individuals, a sum of about 13,000/. was placed at his dis- posal, and the number of clergy was forth- with doubled. Arrangements were also made for establishing a bishopric, and on 14 Feb. 1836 Archdeacon Broughton was consecrated bishop of Australia in the chapel of Lam- beth Palace. On his return to Australia on 2 June he found himself involved in contro- versy respecting the education of the people, and his efforts were to a great extent suc- cessful in insuring a church education for the children belonging to the church establish- ment. It was not long before he visited, for the purposes of confirmation and ordination, New Zealand, Van Diemen's Land, Nor- folk Island, and Port Phillip (since known as Victoria), as well as the settlements in New South Wales. Interesting accounts of his missionary tours are to be found in the second and third volumes of ( The Church in the Colonies' published by the Society for Pro- moting Christian Knowledge. On 16 March 1837 the corner-stone of St. Andrew's Cathe- dral, Sydney, was laid by Sir Richard Bourke, K.C.B., the governor. The subdivision of the H H Broughton 466 Broughton immense diocese of Australia took place in 1847. At the same time Sydney was made a metropolitical see, and the Bishop of Aus- tralia thenceforth bore the title of Bishop of Sydney and Metropolitan of Australasia. On 9 March 1843 the Rev. John Bede Folding arrived in Sydney bearing an appointment from the pope with the title of Archbishop of Sydney. Broughton thought it his duty to make a public and solemn protest against the assumption of this title. Desiring once more to confer with the church at home on the state of the churches in the colonies, he, after a most tryingvoyage in a fever ship, arrived in England on 20 Nov. 1852. The fatigues and anxieties of that voyage, however, weakened his constitution, and he succumbed to an at- tack of bronchitis while staying at 11 Chester Street, Bel grave Square, London, the resi- dence of Lady Gipps, the relict of his old friend and schoolfellow and a late governor of New South Wales, on 20 Feb. 1853, and was buried in the south aisle of Canterbury Cathedral on 26 Feb. He had married in the same cathedral, on 13 July 1818, Sarah, eldest daughter of the Rev. John Francis, rector of St. Mildred's, Canterbury ; she died at Sydney on 16 Sept. 1849. Broughton was warmly attached to the principles of the English reformation and to the doctrines contained in the liturgy and articles of the church of England. A residence of twenty- five years in the Antipodes had withdrawn him from observation at home; but from time to time came tidings of his noble labours and exemplary fulfilment of the lofty func- tions of a Christian bishop. Some of his publications were : 1. ' A Letter to a Friend touching the question, who was the Author of "EiKobi/ 600-1X1*77," ascribing it to J. Gauden, Bishop of Worcester,' 1826. 2. 'Additional Reasons in Confirmation of the Opinion that Dr. Gauden was the Author/ 1829. 3. 'A Letter to H. Osborn on the Propriety and Ne- cessity of Collecting at the Offertory,' 1848. 4. 'A Letter to N. Wiseman by the Bishop of Sydney, together with the Bishop's Protest, 25 March 1843, against the assumptions of the Church of Rome,' 1852. Other works com- prised printed charges, sermons, and speeches. [Sermons by the Right Rev. W. G. Broughton, ed. with a Prefatory Memoir by Benjamin Har- rison (1857), pp. ix-xliv ; Gent. Mag. xxxix. 431-6 (1853) ; Beaton's Australian Dictionary of Dates (1879), p. 26, and part ii. p. 66.1 G. C. B. BROUGHTON, WILLIAM ROBERT (1762-1821), captain in the royal navy, after serving as a midshipman on the coast of North America and in the East Indies, and as lieu- tenant in the Burford, in the several engage- ments between Hughes and Suffren, was in 1790 appointed to command the Chathambrig, to accompany Vancouver in his voyage of dis- covery. He was for some time employed on the survey of the Columbia river and the coasts adjacent. In 1793, he travelled to- Vera Cruz, overland from San Bias, on his- way to England with despatches. On his arrival in this country he was made com- mander, 3 Oct., of the Providence, a small vessel of 400 tons burden, and was again sent out to the north-west coast of North Ame- rica. On arriving on the station he found Vancouver gone ; and crossing over to the other side, he commenced, and during the next four years carried out, a close survey of the coast of Asia, from lat. 52° N. to 35° N., in encouragement of which important work he- was advanced to post rank on 28 Jan. 1797. On 16 May 1797 the Providence struck on a coral reef near the coast of Formosa, and was totally lost. The men, however, were all saved and taken to Macao in the tender, in which Broughton afterwards continued the survey till May 1798, when he was dis- charged at Trincomalee for a passage to Eng- land, where he arrived in the following Febru- ary. The history of this voyage and the- geographical results he published in 1804, under the title, which is itself a summary of the work of the expedition, 'Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, in which the coast of Asia from the latitude of 35° N. to the latitude of 52° N., the island of Insu (commonly known under the name of the land of Jesso), the north, south, and east coasts of Japan, the Lieuxchieux and the adjacent isles, as well as the coast of Corea, have been examined and surveyed,, performed in H.M. sloop Providence and her tender in the years 1795-6-7-8.' The origi- nal journals from which this work was ela- borated, as well as that of the journey from San Bias to Vera Cruz, are now in the library of the Royal United Service Institution, and contain many interesting personal notices. After holding some other commands Brough- ton, in 1809, commanded the Illustrious in the expedition under Lord Gambier, and at the court-martial gave evidence which, so far as it went, implied a general agreement with the charges made by Lord Cochrane [see COCH- RANE, THOMAS, EARL OP DTTNDONALD]. In 1810, still in the Illustrious, he went out to the East Indies, and was present at the re- duction of the Mauritius in December [see BERTIE, ALBEM ARLE] . In the following spring he had charge of the expedition against Java, which assembled at Malacca and sailed thence on 11 June. The passage was long Broun 467 Broun and tedious, and Broughton, in the opinion of many, was unduly cautious (Lord Minto in India: Life and Letters of Gilbert Elliot, first Earl of Minto, 1807-14, edited by his .grandniece, the Countess of Minto, 280). It was the beginning of August before the troops were landed in the neighbourhood of Batavia. On 9 Aug. the squadron was joined by Rear- admiral the Hon. Robert Stopford, who had come on to take the command. Broughton was annoyed, and applied for a court-martial on the rear-admiral ' for behaving in a cruel, oppressive, and fraudulent manner, unbe- coming the character of an officer, in depriving me of the command of the squadron.' On the other hand, Lord Minto wrote in his private letters : ' The little commodore's brief hour of authority came to an end, to the great relief of all in the fleet and army ' (ibid. 282). Pos- sibly this opinion reached the admiralty ; at any rate, they did not think fit to grant Broughton's request, and in fact approved of the course taken by Stopford. In 1812 Brough- ton returned to England. He was made a O.B. at the peace, and during his later years re- sided at Florence, where he died suddenly on 12 March 1821. He married his cousin Je- mima, youngest daughter of Rev. Sir Thomas Delves Broughton, bart., of Doddington Hall, Cheshire, by whom he had three daughters, and one son, William, afterwards a captain in the navy. [Official letters in the Public Record Office ; Gent. Mag. (1821) xci. i. 376, 648.] J. K. L. BROUN. [See BROWN and BROWNE.] BROUN, JOHN" ALLAN (1817-1879), magnetician and meteorologist, was born on .21 Sept. 1817 at Dumfries, where his father kept a preparatory school for the navy. He •entered the university of Edinburgh on his father's death (about 1837). There his turn for physical science attracted the friendship of Professor J. D. Forbes. Through his recom- mendation he was appointed in April 1842 vdirector of the magnetic observatory founded by Sir Thomas Brisbane at Makerstoun, and, after a short preparatory course of training at Greenwich, entered upon his task with an en- thusiasm which quickly widened its scope, and .gave to the establishment a high rank among those engaged in simultaneous observations on the plan advocated by Humboldt. Through- out the years 1844-5 observations with all the magnetic and meteorological instruments were made hourly (except on Sundays) ; and though the term originally fixed for the ex- tended activity of the observatory expired in 1846, a limited series of observations was continued for three years longer under Broun's direction, and after his departure until 1855. The preparation of the results for the press cost him much ungrateful toil in developing and testing new methods of correction, which have been generally adopted, and entitle him to a place among the founders of the new ob- servational science of terrestrial magnetism. The data thus laboriously provided, which were of permanent and standard value, ap- peared under his editorship as volumes xvii. to xix. of the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ' (1845-50), with an appendix, edited by Professor Balfour Stewart (supple- ment to vol. xxii. 1860). Broun left Makerstoun in the autumn of 1849, and spent the winter in Edinburgh engaged in completing the reduction of his observations with the aid of his friend and assistant, Mr. John Welsh, afterwards di- rector of the Kew Observatory. In 1850 he went to Paris, where he married Isaline Val- louy, daughter of a clergyman of Huguenot ex- traction in the Canton du Vaud, by whom he had three sons and two daughters. In the fol- io wing year he was nominated, at the instance of Colonel Sykes, director of the Trevandrum Magnetic Observatory, founded by the Rajah of Travancore in 1841, and entered upon his arduous duties there in January 1852. Nor did he limit himself to those officially com- mitted to him, but aimed at promoting the general welfare of the province. He esta- blished a museum, issued an amended almanac, attempted a reform of weights and measures, planned and superintended the construction of public gardens, a road to the mountains, and a sanatorium. Renewing in 1855 an ex- periment partially carried out on the Cheviot hills in the summer of 1847 (Report Brit. Assoc. 1847, ii. 19 ; 1850, ii. 7), he built an ob- servatory on the Agustia Malley, the highest peak of the Travancore Ghats, 6,200 feet above the sea. The difficulties in the way were very great, owing to the wild nature of the country, the presence of wild beasts, the superstitious fears and bodily sufferings of the natives ; and Broun himself caught a chill from the sud- den transition of temperature, inducing a permanent deafness, for which he vainly sought medical assistance in Europe in 1860. On his return after two years he found the Agustia observatory in ruins, and rebuilt it in 1863 for the purpose of making a final set of observations with new instruments. The results went to show that both magnetic and barometrical oscillations remain unchanged in character at a height of 6,200 feet, but be- come during the daytime reduced in amount by one half (Proc. R. Soc. xi. 298). In April 1865 Broun left India definitively, and during a residence of some years, first at Broun 468 Broun Lausanne, then at Stuttgart, devoted his en- tire energies to preparing for publication the copious materials at his disposal. His sole recreation was an hour's music with his family in the evenings ; for he played the violin well, and wTas an ardent admirer of Beethoven. His insufficient private resources were meantime supplemented by a small pension from the Eajah of Travancore, in whose service he had been a loser in point of interest upon sums advanced for scientific purposes. In 1873 he came to live in Lon- don, where in the year following he issued a quarto volume entitled ' Observations of Mag- netic Declination made at Trevandrum and Agustia Malley in the Observatories of his Highness the Maharajah of Travancore in the years 1852 to 1869.' It contains an exhaus- tive and highly valuable discussion of the various modes of solar and lunar action on magnetic declination, of wrhich element alone upwards of 300,000 reduced observations were available from the thirteen years of his administration. The publication, however, went no further, and Broun had the mortifi- cation of seeing his life's work left incom- plete, and the fruits of his anxious toils lying, for the most part, useless. He had never been a prosperous, and he was hence- forth a disappointed man. A devoted adhe- rent of the Free church of Scotland, his scruples about subscription had debarred him from professional employment in his native country, and his deafness hindered his pro- motion in the branch he had made peculiarly his own. He did not, however, sink into in- action. Aided by a grant from the Eoyal Society, he undertook to complete the reduc- tion of the magnetic observations made at the various colonial stations. The task was one of vast and undefined extent, and his sense of responsibility for quarterly payments added anxiety to his labour. His health began to give way, and in 1878 he had a nervous attack, from which he never satis- factorily recovered. A trip to Switzerland produced a partial rally, but on 22 Nov. 1879 he died suddenly, at the age of sixty-two. His character was a peculiarly estimable one. He united amiability and social charm with rigid integrity and a sensitiveness of conscience ill fitted to advance his material interests. His scientific merits did not re- ceive the cordial recognition they deserved. He took a prominent part in ascertaining the laws of terrestrial magnetism. The discovery is entirely due to him that the earth loses or gains magnetic intensity as a whole — in other words, that the changes in the daily mean horizontal force are nearly the same all over tlte globe. This conclusion, arrived at through a laborious investigation, was first published in a letter to Sir David Brew- ster, written from Trevandrum on 21 Dec. 1857 (Phil. Mag. xvi. 81, August 1858). In the same communication the existence of a magnetic period of twTenty-six days, attri- buted to the sun's rotation, was announced, and the evidence on both points was detailed in a paper read before the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh on 4 Feb. 1861 ( Trans. R. Soc. Ed. xxii. pt. iii. 511). Independently of, though subsequently to Kreil, Broun deduced from the Makerstoun observations the fact of a lunar-diurnal influence on the declination- needle (Report Brit. Assoc. 1846, ii. 32), a prolonged study of which showred him that it varied in character with the position of the sun (Proc. R. Soc. x. 484, xvi. 59), and in. amount inversely as the cube of the distance of the moon (Trans. R. Soc. Ed. xxvi. 750). He early defined the annual period of mag- netic intensity as consisting of a maximum near each solstice, with minima at the equi- noxes (Report Brit. Assoc. 1845, ii. 15) ; gave the first complete account of the daily varia- tions of the needle at the magnetic equator (ib. 1860, ii. 21), and reached, in the course of these discussions, the remarkable conclu- sion that great magnetic disturbances pro- ceed from particular solar meridians. His researches contributed largely to esta- blish meteorology on a scientific basis. He discovered the 26-day period of atmospheric pressure, showed the wide range of simul- taneous barometrical fluctuations, initiated the systematic study of variously elevated cloud-strata, and indicated the connection be- tween atmospheric movements and isobaric lines (Proc. R. Soc. xxv. 515). But he lacked the power of placing his ideas in a striking- light, and the independence of his character did not permit him to purchase applause for himself by flattering the opinions of others. The Eoyal Society admitted him as a member in 1853, and awarded him a royal medal in 1878. His communications to the Eoyal So- ciety of Edinburgh wrere honoured with the Keith prize in 1861. The Eoyal Society's ' Catalogue of Scien- tific Papers ' enumerates (vols. i. and vii.) fifty-one of his productions, besides which he contributed to the ' Philosophical Transac- tions ' a paper ' On the Variations of the Daily Mean Horizontal Force of the Earth's- Magnetism produced by the Sun's Eotation, and the Moon's Synodical and Tropical Eevo- lutions' (clxvi. 387, 1876) ; to the 'Trans- actions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh * an elaborate treatise 'On the Decennial Period in the Eange and Disturbance of the Diurnal Oscillations of the Magnetic Needle, Broun 469 Brouncker and in the Sunspot Area,' assigning as the length of that period 1045 years (xxvii. 563, 1876), with a ' Note on the Bifilar Magneto- meter' (xxviiii. 41). He wrote frequently in ' Nature.' His ' Reports ' on the Makers- toun and Travancore observatories were pub- lished respectively at Edinburgh in 1850, and at Trevandrum in 1857. He exhibited at the Loan Exhibition of Scientific Instru- ments in 1876 a ' gravimeter' of his own in- vention, described by Major J. Herschel in ' Proceedings of the Royal Society,' xxxii. 507. [Nature, xxi. 112 (Balfour Stewart); Proc. E. Soc. xxviii. 65, xxx. iii.] A. M. C. BROUN, SIE RICHARD (1801-1858), miscellaneous writer, was the eldest son of Sir James Broun of Coalston Park, Loch- maben, Dumfriesshire, who resumed the ba- ronetcy in 1826 (BTTRKE'S Peerage, Baronet- age, &c., title 'Broun.' Doubts have been thrown on the correctness of parts of this pedi- gree, see British American Association and Nova Scotia Baronets, Edinburgh, 1846, and Notes and Queries, various notes under title { Broun ' in 3rd and 5th series). He was born at Lochmaben 22 April 1801, and suc- ceeded to the title on the death of his father 30 Nov. 1844. Before 1834 he was resident in London, and there, till his death at Sphinx Lodge, Chelsea, 10 Dec. 1858, he was busily engaged in the projection of a number of schemes, most of them of a somewhat fan- tastic nature, and in the compilation of vari- ous pamphlets, articles, and letters regarding them. He describes himself in 1856 as ' The Honourable Sir Richard Broun, Knight, and (eighth baronet) of Scotland and Nova Scotia, feudal baron of Colstoun, Haddingtonshire, and chief of his race in North Britain ; author of various works on heraldry, agriculture, co- lonisation, sanitation, &c.' His chief schemes were a plan for a l line of direct elemental in- tercourse between Europe and Asia by route of the British North American possessions, and the systematic colonisation of the vacant crown territories over which it will pass' (1833) ; a plan for an ' Anglo-Canadian Com- pany, which should outrival in the west the East India Company '. (British and American Intercourse, London,! 852) ; attempts to revive certain supposed privileges of the baronets, in connection with which he was from 1835 honorary secretary of the Committee of the Baronetage for Privileges, and wrote the fol- lowing works : ' Dignity, Precedence, &c., of the Honourable the Baronettesses of the Realm ' (1839) ; and < The Baronetage ' for 1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844. He was also engaged in an effort to revive the ' illustrious and sovereign order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem and of the Vene- rable Langue of England,' and he held various offices in the reconstituted ' langue ' (synop- tical sketch of the order, London, 1856). He rendered, however, real service by his projec- tion in 1849 of ' The London Necropolis and National Mausoleum at Woking.' In con- nection with this scheme and with the gene- ral question of extramural interments he wrote ' Extramural Burial,' 1850 ; ' Extramural Se- pulture,' 1850 ; l Extramural Sepulture, Syn- opsis of the London Necropolis,' 1851 ; 'Ex- tramural Interment and the Metropolitan Sanitary Association,' 1852 ; ( Metropolitan Interments,' 1852; ' Metropolitan Extramural Interments, Memorial to the Lord Mayor,' &c., 1852 ; ' Statement as to Progress of Ne- cropolis Undertaking,' 1853 ; various Letters on the Necropolis Undertaking, 1853-5. [British American Association ; Scots Maga- zine for 1801, Ixiii. 300 (Edinburgh, 1801); Dumfries and Galloway Courier, 21 Dec. 1858 (Dumfries, 1858) ; Foster's Peerage and Baro- netage, p. 682, and the authorities there cited.] F. W-T. BROUNCKER or BROUNKER, WIL- LIAM, second VISCOUNT BKOTJNCKEK, of Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage (1620 ?— 1684), first president of the Royal Society, was bom about 1620. His father, Sir Wil- liam Brouncker (born in 1585), was commis- sary-general of the musters in the expedition against the Scots in 1639 ; was afterwards one of the privy chamber to Charles I, and vice-chamberlain to Prince Charles ; was created doctor of civil law at Oxford on 1 Nov. 1642 ; was made Viscount Brouncker, of Castle Lyons, in the Irish peerage, 12 Sept. 1645 ; died at Wadham College, Oxford, in November 1642, and was buried on 20 Nov. in Christ Church Cathedral. Pepys says that he gave 1,200/. to be made an Irish lord, and swore the same day that he had not 12<#. left to pay for his dinner. Brouncker's mother was Winifred, daughter of William Leigh of Newenham, Warwickshire, who died on 20 July 1649, and was buried by her husband. An elaborate monument was after- wards erected above their grave. Brouncker's grandfather was Sir Henry Brouncker, presi- dent of Munster, who died on 3 June 1607, and was buried at St. Mary's, Cork, having married Anne, daughter of Parker, lord Morley. The family is traced back to a Henry Brouncker, at one time M.P. for De- vizes, and the purchaser of the estate of Melksham, Wiltshire, in 1544. A younger branch changed the family name to Branc- ker [see BKANCKER, THOMAS]. The original Brouncker 470 Brouncker branch is also kno wii as Bronkard, Bro unkard, and Brunkard. Young Brouncker studied mathematics in j his youth at Oxford, and became proficient '• in many languages. On 23 Feb. 1646-7 he | was created doctor of medicine at Oxford, j In April 1660 he subscribed the declaration [ acknowledging General Monk the restorer of the laws and privileges of the nation. Brouncker chiefly employed himself during : the Commonwealth in literary work. In j 1653 he published, under the pseudonym of j * A Person of Honour/ a translation of Des- cartes's ' Musical Compendium,' with criti- j cisms of his own (cf. PEPYS'S Diary, 25 Dec. • 1668). He prepared a new division of the | ' diapason by sixteen mean proportionals into seventeen equal semitones, the method of which is exhibited by him in an algebraical process, and also in logarithms ' (HAWKINS, | History of Music, iv. 181). Descartes de- j clined to accept this scheme. In 1657 and 1658 Brouncker was corresponding on ma- thematical topics with Dr. John Wallis, who printed the letters in 1658 in ' Commercium Epistolicum.' Brouncker made two mathe- matical discoveries of importance. He was j the first to introduce continued fractions, and to give a series for the quadrature of a portion of the equilateral hyperbola. After the Restoration Brouncker took part in the meetings of scientific students in London out of which sprang the Royal So- ; ciety. The association was incorporated under royal charter, first on 15 July 1662, I and again on 15 April 1663. From the date of the society's first incorporation till 30 Nov. j 1677, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Sir Joseph Williamson, Brouncker held the office of president, to which he was \ elected annually. John Evelyn, the diarist, i was his intimate friend, and the two often ! discussed scientific questions with Charles II. j In August 1662 Brouncker built a yacht for the king, 'which Mr. Pitt,' says Pepys, 'cries up mightily ' (Diary, 14 Aug. and 3 Sept. 1662). He was president of Gresham Col- lege from 1664 to 1667. Brouncker, Boyle, and Sir R. Murray, Evelyn writes, ' were the persons to whom the world stands obliged lor the promoting of that generous and real knowledge which gave the ferment that has ever since obtained and surmounted all those many discouragements which it at first en- countered ' (Evelyn to Mr. Wotton, 30 March 1696, in Diary, edited by Bray and Wheatley, iii. 481). Brouncker was appointed chancellor of Queen Catherine on 18 April 1662, and was commissioner for executing the office of lord high admiral from 12 Nov. 1664 (LTJTTEELL, Relation, and Savile Correspondence, Camd. Soc. p. 256). Pepys has much to say of him iu this office, and appears to have lived on terms of great intimacy with him. In 1681 Brouncker became, after much litigation with Sir Robert Atkyns, master of St. Catherine's Hospital, near the Tower of London. He died at his house, in St. James's Street, Westminster, on 5 April 1684, and was buried nine days later in the chapel of St. Catherine's Hospital. Brouncker was the author of the following scientific papers : l Experiments of the Recoil- ing of Forces ' (SPEATT, History of the Royal Society, 233 et seq.); 'An Algebraical Paper upon the Squaring of the Hyperbola,' and ' On the Proportion of a Curved Line of a Paraboloid to a Straight Line, and of the Finding a Straight Line equal to that of a Cycloid ' (Philosophical Transactions, iii. 645, viii. 649). A series of letters from Brouncker to Archbishop Ussher are printed at the close of Parr's ' Life of Ussher.' Sir Peter Lely painted Brouncker's portrait, which is still in the possession of the Royal Society. Brouncker was succeeded in the peerage by his brother HENEY, cofferer to Charles II, and gentleman of the bedchamber to the Duke of York, who was created doctor of medicine at Oxford on 23 June 1646, took part in the siege of Colchester in 1648, was one of the commissioners of trade and plantations in 1671, and died on 4 Jan. 1687-8. He lived at Sheen Abbey, and was buried at Richmond, Surrey. Evelyn says of him that he ' was ever noted for a hard, covetous, vicious man ; but for his worldly craft and skill in gaming few exceeded him.' Pepys's friend, Captain Cocke, described him as ' one of the shrewdest fel- lows for parts in England, and a dangerous man ' (Diary, 17 Feb. 1667-8). It is certain that he pandered to all the Duke of York's vices. He presumed so much on his intimacy with the duke that in August 1667 he was dismissed the court, to the delight (according to Pepys) of all honest men. The Comte de Grammont describes him in his ' Memoires ' (chap, xii.) as 'le premier joueur d'6checs du royaume.' He married Rebecca Rodway, widow of Thomas Jermyn, brother to the Earl of St. Albans. With his death the title became extinct. [Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss) ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 344 ; Pepys's Diary, passim ; Kennett's Register ; Birch's Hist. Royal Society; Burke's Extinct Peerage ; Weld's Hist. Eoyal Society ; Button's Mathematical Dictionary ; Evelyn's Diary ; Luttrell's Relation of State Papers, s. v. ' Brun- kard.'] S. L. L. Browell 471 Browell BROWELL, WILLIAM (1759-1831), captain in the royal navy, son of William Browell, formerly midshipman of the Cen- tiirion under Commodore Anson, entered the navy in 1771 on board the Merlin sloop, and, after serving on various ships, was moved shortly before the engagement off Ushant into the Victory. On 10 Nov. 1778 he was made lieutenant, and was with Captain Macbride in the Artois at the hard-fought battle on the Doggerbank, 5 Aug. 1781. In the ar- mament of 1790 he was for a short time in the Canada, and, on that ship being paid off, was appointed to the Alcide, and in the spring of 1793 to the Leviathan. In the Leviathan he was present at the opera- tions against Toulon under Lord Hood. On 25 May 1794 he was officially discharged from the Leviathan on promotion ; but as the ship was then with the fleet under Lord Howe, and in daily expectation of a battle, it would appear probable that he continued in her as a volunteer, and was present in the action of 1 June. On 29 Nov. he was posted into the Princess Augusta yacht. In June 1795 Lord Hugh Seymour, now a rear-admiral, hoisted his flag in the Sans- pareil, and selected Browell as his flag-cap- tain. He thus had a distinguished share in the battle off Lorient on 23 June 1795, and continued in the Sanspareil during the next two years, including the critical time of the mutiny at Spithead. The squadron under Lord Hugh's immediate command was, how- ever, cruising when the mutiny broke out, and did not come into port until the ships at Spithead had returned to their obedience. In June the Sanspareil was one of a squa- dron under Sir Roger Curtis, sent for a few weeks into the North Sea. On its return to Spithead, and while the ship was re- fitting, Captain Browell, being on shore at Gosport, was severely crushed by a bale of wool falling from a height. The injury to his back was such that for some time his life was despaired of; and though, after a long illness, he partially recovered, he was never again fit for active service. In 1805 he was appointed one of the captains of Greenwich Hospital, and in 1809 was ad- vanced to be lieutenant-governor, a position which he held till his death, 22 July 1831. [Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.), 92 ; Annual Biography and Obituary (1832), xvi. 106 ; official documents in the Public Record Office.] J. K. L. END OF THE SIXTH VOLUME. DA Dictionary of national biography 28 v.6 D4 1885 For use in the Library PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY BINDING LIST . w^> a a 8 SB- 'S 3 - 1: °£ 2^5 :s SI'S.'3 ji^l*. s* . i*s M.vit- C 3 C o ^ S