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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at jhttp : //books . qooqle . com/ tmo*t*rv Of i by Google d by Google Digitized by GoOgle Digitized by GoOgle d by Google Digitized by GoOgle ANEW HIS T O R Y O F SCOTLAND; 1; PROM It: "The Earlieft ACCOUNTS, T O JThe present time. '■ By JOHN BELFOUR. *':V .. .. " < Ex us negottts, qua ingtnio exercentur, in primis magno ufui eft memoria rerum geftarum. LONDON: for E. and C, DILL^ in the Povmpjiy* Ij M.DCC.LXX. L Digitized by GoOglC V>ft 760 3« N. B. This BO O K is Entered at Sta- tioner's-HalL Diailized by G00gle &,43*3f'-/l? ( »i ) PREFACE. TO expatiate on the pleafure and profit which are derived from Hiftory, when the world appears to be fo fenfible of its utility, would be only to fill an exhaufted theme with needlefs repetitions : — to infift then on the fubjed:, any further than by way of motto, might juftly be thought imper- tinent* Univerfal hiftory however is a field of fucli extent, as to require more time, pains, and ..ex - pence, than moft people can fpare forits cultiva- tion. It has therefore been parcelled out among the generality of mankind, who have refpec- tively devoted fome part of their leifure hours to the improvement of thofe portions, which A 2 | were Digitized by VjOOQ IC tnsvi iv PREFACE. were either in, or adjoining to, their native country. For it feems evident, — abftracted from that belt portion of ancient hiftory, con- tained in v the lacrpd Annals, that ihoiern tfrif- tory, to thofe readers, who are engaged in the a&ive fcenes of life, muft be the ftttdy^ which they will find moft conducive, both to their "amufement at home, and tp -their advantage with fociety* But many who may have been extremely de- firous of obtaining a competent (kill la this rir« tional and delightful fcience, have/ometimes found their inclinations damped by huge folios, which, thbugh very agreeable and neceflary to the learned, they could Ipare neither money to purchafe, nor time t6 peftife. For fuch perforis therefore, as well as for youth in fcbotlsy the moft remarkable incidents in the hiftory of a people have been e&cerpted from bulky writers, and sojnprifcd in fuch a 2 T volume, Digitized by G00gle F R E F A 6 £ . v volume, as might at once prove cheap, conve- nient, entertaining, and inftru&ive. Hiftories of England have been publilhed in almoft every fize; and had the fame me- thod been puriued with regard to her ancient filter country, Scotland, the prefent fmall performance had poflibly been precluded: Amidft piles of great books, which recQrd the affairs of thofe brave and warlike peo- ple the Scots, — who, of old, ftruggled in the caufe of liberty, with the moft amazing forti- tude, — there feemed wanting a^nemorial like this, to diffufe a more general knowledge of their exploits: And the encouragement which has been given to fuch kind of Epitomes* was an additional inducement to the under- Secret caufes of events, long delineations, of charadlers, and a numbzr of political re- flections, are not in the following pages to be expe&ed. It is hoped, however, that the reader will find a faithful and connedted nar- A 3 " ' native Digitized by G00gle vi _ IV K^ E F fi A C B. rarive or leading occurrences, in a ffife rather jelpatc^ than lifekfs. Such at lead has teen the Author's aim through the courfe of this little work, which he now de- l^^itQ'tl^e public, and fubmits to 'the no- tice 1 of" cripicifm, with much diffidence, and the greatcft relpeft* • ^ INTRO- d by Google iii m - i , i ,. g| i INTRODUCTIOKr. ■; V'- THE antiquity qf almoft every people W uncertain. ' National pride and 1 cretftflftjk which 1 characterize mankind in their illite- rate ftate, invented and believed the moft ridiculous fables. Exaggerated by tradition, they afterward gained faith from antiquaries, and being then re- corded by bigotted writers, htftory, which fhould convey truth and lead to wiftlom, has been fre- quently a channel for error and abfurdity. This was particularly the cafe, with regard to Scottifh annals, the firft periods of which are extremely dark and fabulous. The Scots have been confidered as the defendants of Scota, the daughter of Pharoah, king of Egypt, co-temporary Vitn Mofes. Some have traced them to Milo, King of Spain ; whilft ethers again have brought them from Scythift and Germany. But the moft popular fiction was, that they were the old inhabitants of Ireland ; her anti- quaries affuring us, that they lived there many centuries before the Incarnation, in a very flourifh- kxg condition, both as to politics and literature. Notwithstanding this pompous and flattering ac- count is more infilled on than the others, it would, however, be eafier to prove, (what indeed is now gene»|tly believed) that, on the contrary, Ir$- Sulf'ivas firft peopled from Britain. But be this as it 'may, it is pretty evident, from analogy of lan- {uage, and the concurrent teftimony of Greek and Loman authors, much more to be depended on than vague traditions, that the ancient Caledonians -were, originally, a colony of Celts from Gaul (now 3 called Digitized by GoOgle INTRODUCTION. called France), who themfelves wandered thither from the Lefler Afia, Moft probably they named the place that they finally fettled in, Cael-doch, which, in the old Gallic tongue, figni/ies, the coun- try of the Celts or Gauls : Hence the Romans, by a tranfpofition of the / in Gael, ttnd rhaliging the harfh ch of Dock into an harmonious termination, formed, Caledonia, the old name of- all that land to the north of the Friths of Forth and Clyde. The pofterity of "thefe Caledonians, from a cuftom then among tijern of painting their bodies, were denominated Pitfs. But from whence the defen- dants of thefe; acquired the prefent name of Scot, has puzzled, hitherto, the moft diligent antiquaries. One thinks it to be from the Celtic word Scotb, the name of the boats which the Caledonians uied ; another imagines it may come from the Britifh word Scodey which fignifies a corner; and a third, has a conjecture, not improbable, on the Gallic word Scuta, a wanderer. However, the ety- mon of the word, is, at this diftance of time, of Very little figm&cation. Suffice it to fay, that Spot and Pick appear to have been names, not affumei by the Caledonians themfelves, but impofed on them by the Romans and others from local circumftances ; the /illiterate Highlander, who ftill calls himfelf Cael, and his countiiy Caeldoch, being an abfolute .ftrangejr to either. # (. Scotland, from whatever accident it received its prefent name, is now however a flourifliing country. it is foliated between i and 6 degrees of W. Longi- , tude^nd 54 and 59 of N. Latitude, is about 300 miles in length, and 150 in breadth; bounded on tlje K. by the Caledonian ocean; on the E. by the . Gern^aa; by the rivers Tweed and Elk, which di- vide, it : fron^ England, on the S. and by the Atlantic ocean, and the Irifh fea on the Weft. Scotland thus fituated, and furnifhed with good harbours, is well adapted to commerce,, and particularly favour- .., . ^ " 7 <'\" .' able Digitized by GoOgle I N T R O D U C Tj I OyN> able to foreign trade. In the neceflaries T of dife fee is fufficiently fertile. Her mountains produce cop*, per, iron, and lead, befides coal. T Her forefts, foine of which are 20 to 30 miles long, afford plenty of timber; other parte of the country produce heinp and flax, and her rivers teem with myriads of fi(h. North and South Britain being now incorporated, the inhabitants are, inmoft rcfpe&s, prejtty funilar. As the old Highlanders indeed -ftill retain a few ancient cuiloms, a flight view of thek mote imjn?*- diate progenitors may not be improper., . ;*.-• The Caledonians appear to have been talj, well- made, and, in general, yellow haired. The fkip of heafts wrapt round them, was, at firft^ their otb- \y cloathing ; but afterwards they wore plain and party coloured mantles. A contrivance, not un- Jike the .prefent breaiWmckle, fattened them at top. 'this, according to the wearer's fancy, was of either brafs or iron, which metals they greatly efteemed, and wore in rings round their necks and bodies. Tlte woman's mantle reached down to the ancle,, the man's not fo low, and in this confuted the on- Jy difference between thedrefs of the males and the females. As they moft commonly fought their bat- tles naked, it was the opinion of Roi&an and other writers that they always went fo. They fed .on venifon, milk, and the natural growth of their fields and woods ; fome fay that, like the South Bri- tons, they fcrupled to eat fHh, hares and poultry. They often had hunting parties. After they had killed their game, they dreifed it by making a pit which they lined with fmooth ftones; on thefe, properly heated, they put fome venifon, then a layer of ftones over it, and fo alternately till the pit was full, confining the fteam with heath.* At thefe feafts, they drank out of fhells, a ftrong liquor made of barley, which they called Curmi, and which, fome have thought, was what is now called Ufqueiaughy the favourite liquor of the prefent High- Digitized by Google IN TRODUCTION. Highlanders. They Jived chiefly in the woods, in huts, made of fad and covered with, turf * though (pmc of the heads of clans, it feems, had little Jteae c^ftles built on eminences. v - Oqe peculiar cuiiom among the Caledonians, Xvas , 4 for ten or twenty relations, or friends, r to live together , .and have their wives in common j lying jir<^iicupii|ly T on one continued bedo/ rujfhes^ fern, c^ : k^ves^ : The, wife of a Caledoniaji^im^ bejng rallied,, .on this account, by the emprefs Julia,, and Otherjadies^, at the court of Severus, is faid -£• )>ave matfe this frnart repartee j *« We*idy do th^t openly, with the flower of our men, which ypudo in fecret, with the fcum.of you^s." By this cuftom, though indeed barbarous, they prevented caufekhf jealoufies as well as real adultery, and made a more general concern of the education of their children, who were always looked upon as the iflue of the man that originally married the mother. Agricul- ture and trade were but faintly profecuted by them, if at all. Difrant clans plundered each other y not- withftanding which, they were hofpitable to ftran- gers, and ufed to exchange weapons with them in token of friendship. Foreigners always efteemed them a healthy, a ftrong, and a brave people. War was their chief ftudy ; hunting their exercife $ run- ning, leaping, wrefHing r throwing the dart, hea- ving large ftones, and darting the lance, (at which laft they were particularly expert) were their accpra- plifhments. In their battles, they ufed darts, fpears, long fwords, and fmall fhields, which they ftained with different colours. Their fpears or lances* which they ufed more than any other weapons, had a piece of brafs, in fliape of an egg, fixed to the Jower end of them ; and as they uiually attacked their enemies in the darkeft nights, they uiook thefe to terrify them with the noife. Like the Britons of the South, they fought alfo with chariots, ha- ving (harp pieces of iron like fcythes fattened to the axel, Digitized by GoOgle INTRODUCTION. axel, which in the furious manner they drove made a terrible havock. Some writers have doubted whe*- ther the Caledonians ufed any particular worfhip. But as religion, from an inftin& inherent in man, was certainly always more prevalent than atheifm, {which perhaps never exifted in a mind perfe&ly found) there is no queftioh but that they had ; and die veftiges ftill remaining in many parts dEf Scotland, funtciently demonftrate that it was Dro- idifm* The Druids had their name from the Cel- tic word Diru , an oak, becaufe their religious cere- monies wcrfe chiefly performed near oaks, large trunks ©f which tney frequently burnt at their feftival*. They had ah high regard for the Mifel- toe growing on thefe trees, which they gathered with great folemnity. They likewife offered up to their gods Dis and Sam*tAes 9 human facrifices ; and the more wicked thefe had been, the more accep- table they imagined them. The Caledonians ap- pear alfo to have worshipped the fun and moon, under the names of Gramius and Diana. They flood in great awe of their priefts the Druids, (whote chief doctrine was the tranfmigfation of fouls) as their perfons were efteemed facred, and their power in religious and civil affairs was absolute. Be- fides the EubAtes* who ftudied Ethics and natural philofophy, and compofed facred poetry, *herfe was another order of men called Bxirfa who were cdnfidered as herahb, and inferior poets. At an annual feaft, tbey repeated their poems ; and f&ih of them as were thought worthy to be pre- ferved were, to that end, taught to their children. There is no mention of any particular laws among the ancient Caledonians; and ^perhaps if there had been any, the fword, in the hands of men under no regular government, would have rendered them *tfelefs. As to their funerals, the afhes of their great warriors were depofited in urns, which together with the fword of the deceafed, and the heads d by Google introduction; heads of twelve arrows, were fticlofed in a kind of coffin made with fix large ftones ; thefe they buried fix or eight feet deep, and four ftones marked the extent of the grave ; on which it was reckoned a .mark of refpecl, for perfons, who at any time paffed by, to pile other ftones ; and the larger they were, the more refpe&ful. This accounts for thole irony hillocks in many places through Scotland, which the Highlanders call Cairnes^ and when they would comfort adyinglriend, " IJball adiajloru to your cahrnt" is yet a common faying with them. The religion of the old Scots made them- fuperftitioua Sanctified girdles, which with a particular ceremony were wrapped about women in labour, werefuppofed to eafe their pains, and forward the birth. They imagined that ftorms were raifed by the ghofts of the dead, who, in that manner, tranfported themfelves from place to place; and it was likewife their opinion that they hovered over, affifted, and pro- jected them in the day of battle Having thus given fome little account of the genius, manners, and cuftoms of the Caledonians, who were the real anceftors of the Pi&s and Scots, notwithftanding that they afterwards divided into feparate kingdoms, the Hiftory can now proceed without interruption. And the Reader will pleafe to obferve, that, as the Arft forty kings, of which fome writers have made mention, feem to be fi&i- tioufly grounded on the Irifh defcent of the Scots, they are difregarded as fabulous. NEW ^ < \ * . Digitized by G00gle s Digitized by GoOgle I /j p f&0 \3o W ,t». ). s ^p NEW .-;.: * HI S T O R Y O F S C O ¥ L A N D. MONARCHY, in Scotland, was eftablifiied in the beginning of the 5th century ; but the de- ftrudtion of her records, bv Edward the firft of England, in the 14th, has left little elfe to be re- lated of thofe kings, who fucceffcvely filled the throne until near that aera, than that they lived ^and djed. For the fake of method, however,^ and to :pre- ferve chronology, which is the fpirit of hiftory, It b fit they fliould be mentioned. . In the year 403, hiftorians are unani- p m mous, that one Fergus was king of the . e Sgu$- Scots 5 what was his rank or dignity * ' 4°3 - # before he afcended the throne is uncertain ; but it is pretty plain that he was a native as well as the firft monarch of that nation. He greatly harrafled the Britons, till they called the Romans to their afiiftance, in the year 418 ; his army was then de- feated in a pitched battle, and he himfelf {lain. B His Digitized by GoOgle 2 4?ew History &TSCOTLAND. ^ His fon Eugene* jvho fucceeded him, Jiugene. followed his fteps ; and the Romans 410. being very foon called home, tht Britons, unable of thenifelves to ftahd againft him, fued for peace j which was offered them on tfce fol- lowing conditions: " ift, That the Britons re- ceive no,afliftance from any foreign power; and if any of them fhould voluntarily vifit them, that they cppofe their progrefs. 2d, That, without the con- currence of the Scots, the Britons fhall neither make war nor peace. 3d, That the river Humber be the boundary of their kingdom ; and 4thly, That they pay down a certain fum for the ufe of the Scotch foldiers, which as a fine fhould be continued an- nually." For the performance of thefe articles two hoftages were demanded ; .but the Britons, ra- ther than fubmit to them, invited over the Saxons, . by whofe aid they routed the Scots at Grantham in Lincolnfhire ; and it is reported that Eugene was drowned in the Humber. jy , Dongard his brother and fucceflbr ongar . ma j e peace, and continued on good 45 2# terms with them till his death in 457- r> a #• ' Conftantine* who was another bro- lon/tanttne* ^ ^ fil , ed Ac thrQne . rf whom 457' different writers give the moft op- pofite characters. He lived till 479, when his place f I wa§ fupplied by his nephew, Conga/* on i • w h appears to have been in the main 479' - a peaceable prince, tho>' we are told that he had feveral fkirmifhes with the Saxons. p Dying in the year 501, he was- A* or an. fucceeded by his brother Goran* who 5 01 * fwerving, it feems, from the princi- ples of juftice with which he began his reign, was, together with one Toncet, his iniquitous jufticiary, put to death. ^ d by Google New Hjstory o? SCOTLAND; . £ Eugene 2d^ A. D. 535. ConvaU 558. KinnateU 568. Atdan. 569. In 535, £*£w fucceeded his uncle Goran. He tiffifted the famous king Arthur againft the Saxons, till the end of his reign in 558 ; and Con- val, his brother and fucceflbr, con- tinued the alliance; and Kinnatel 9 another brother, next acceded to the throne; but being confumptive, he reigned only a year. Goran's ion Aidan being then king, cleared the province of Galloway of many bands of robbers that infefted it : after which he grew jealous of the power of Ethel- fred, king of the Northumbrians, and therefore invaded his territories ; but he received at laft fuch a mortifying defeat, that, on his return home, he is faid to have died of grief. According to fome authors, the city, Edinburgh* is indebted to this monarch for her origin and name. He was fucceeded in 604 by Con- val's fon Kenetb 9 who reigning but twelve months, the crown next came to Eugene, Aidan's fon, who enjoved it peaceably fixteen years. It tnen devolved on his eldeft fon, Fmhara\ who deftroyed himfelf in a dun- geon, to which his fubjefts, on account of his vi- cious life, had confined him. His brother Donald in 632 fat next ' Donald. * on the throne, which, on his death 632. in 646, was filled by Ferchard, Do- ~ , , , Raid's nephew, who died after a quiet TV 2 * .reign of eighteen years, refulting * % from his gooa management, tho* on the contrary ibme have recorded him as a monfter of vice. He was fucceeded in 664 by Mai- %A , , . duin the fon of Donald ; a prince of m *gutn* great virtue. He quelled an infurrec- * )0 ** B % tioii Keneth. 604. Eugene 3d. 605. Fer chard. 621. d by Google 4 New History of SCOTLAND. tion in the {hires of Argyle and Lenox, which had arifen in the beginning of his reign j flie remainder i of which, being in perfect peace at home and abroad, ' he fpent in a&s of piety ; neverthelefs, fay fome, I his queen, in a fit of jealoufy, had him murthered ; for which faci (he and many accomplices were burnt, I P f u I* 1 684, we find on the throne his I A^D^io * nephew Eugene, who defeated the 1 * •. 4" Saxons that had defigned to invade I Galloway : he reigned five years, and then was fuc- I P , ceeded by Ferchard's fon, Eugene, who • Eugene 5 . . j- ec j j n x 5- who repaired the churches and mo- nafteries - Ote New History of SCOTLAND,; £. nafteries wh\ch had been injured by war : hetfiecf'in, 730, when the crown was worn by p t /: Etfin? fon of Eugene the 6th, who is -L • fj ' ' ' faid to have been an excellent mo- ' ' 73 Q : narch : towards the latter end of his reign, growing unfit for ftate affairs, he appointed four of his no- bility as regents,\who abufed their truft and power, as has fince but too often happened ; ftriving only to inrich themfelves. The good old king, being unable to filence the clamours of his fubje&s, by removing thefe obnoxious minifters, died of grief in 761. But Eugene? the fon of Murdac, p , acceding to the throne, called the late u Z™ e 7 regents to account \ one of whom he ' ' put to death, and inflicted heavy fines on the others. It feems, however, afterwards that this king hitn- felf, reclining in the arms of peace, gave a loofe to his irregular paffions; and growing atlaft infinitely worfe than the regents had been, was, for public benefit, deservedly put to death., Etfin's fon being the next in fucceilion, he accord- p t ^ ingly became king Fergus the 2d. er g^ s ^^ Proving very libidinous, Jie fell a fa- ? 3* crifice to the jealous refentment of his queen 5 who, whilft many perfons, fufpecied to have been guilty of the murder, were in torture, confefled the deed, end immediately ftabbed herfelf. Sel- « » vac* the fon of Eugene the 7th then &£>*' afcended the throne, and proved both 7 " wife and Juft. In the third year of his reign, one Donald Bane, who called himfelf Lord of the Ifles, committed depredations in Kintyre and Lorn ; Sel- vac fent a body of forces againft him, which put him and all his followers to the fword. Soon af- ter this, Gelcolm fon of Donald, made an infur- reclion in Galloway; but being taken with hi$ principal followers, their punifhment put a Hop to farther niifchief; this king died of the gout in 787 ; B 3 ana dbyGoOgl' e 6 New History of SCOTLAND. j , . and was fucceeded by Achat us, the* V A D 5" fonofEtfift - The 'Into upon his ' 7°7' acceflion, made a defcent on Kin- tyre, but the inhabitants foon expelled them. Suf- fering the lofs of many fliips in their voyage home, and rearing that the Scots would pay them a vifit in their turn, ambaffadours were fent from that na- tion to adjuft matters with Achaius, who accor- dingly concluded a very fatisfa&ory treaty. It is reported that Charlemagne entered into the moft friendly alliance with this king, and that they mu- tually affifted each other with troops. Achaius likewife, at Charles's defire, fent over to him many men of the beft learning. His preceptor Alcuin being a Scotchman, not a litttle contributed to im- prove the friendfhip between thefe monarchs, whofe fucceflbrs for a feries of years maintained this inter- courfe. Achaius having reigned thirty-two years in peace, and with the greateft reputation, was fucceeded by „ . his nephew, Convai, who dying in ConvaU fiye years> the throne was then gjj ed Jr9* , by Dungal the fon of Selvac, though • L ^ n i aU not till after a flight oppofition from 4* fome of his fubje&s, who endea- voured to bring in Alpin, fon of Achaius : he ap- pears rather to have defired the pidtifh throne, which was then vacant ; but the Pi£rs preferred one of their own noblemen. Alpin considering this pre- ference as a great affront, Dungal generoufly en^ gaged to force the Pifts to eleft him, and marched at the head of a large army for that purpofe ; but ! being drowned in /^roflirig the river Spev, Alpin j. . then in 831 became king of Scotland- ' ^ m% Alpin, ftill grafping at the piflifh °3 1- throne, marched onward. ThePi&S hearing his intentions, fent offers of peace 5 but Alpin refufing every fubmiffion but an abfohite fur* render of the crown, they prepared to give him battle* Digitized by GoOgle Nfiw History of SCOTLAND. #; battle. Before the engagement, Brudus, the pi&i/fc king, ordered every attendant, man or woman, tcjt mount on horfeback $ and while both armies werer fiercely engaged, thefe appearing as he had com- manded them, ftruck fuch a panic into the Scots, who confidering them as a reinforcement of regular troops, that turning tail, they were flaughtered like flieep. Alpin and the chief of his nobility were taken prifoners : the latter they put to death before they quitted the field; and at their return home, refufing the greateft ranfom for the king, he was be- headed at the place now called Pitalpy. His fon f Kenethy fucceeding him in «. » i 834, and being ftrongly bent on re- '^D 8 venging his father's murder, is faid " * 34* to have prevailed on his nobility, (who feemed ra- ther averfe to the feud) by the following contri- vance : A perfon, drefled in fifli-fkins, entered the hall, in which they all flept after a feaft that the king had given them, and with a long tube thun- dered in their ears the moft dreadful threatnings if they did not revenge the death of Alpin. The lumi- nous appearance which this man made, joined t6 the king's folemn declaration of having alfo been vifited by fuch an apparition, made them conclude bim an angel fent on the occafion. They therefore inftantly concurred with the meafures of Kerieth ; who, muttering all his forces, was determined to exterminate the whole race of Pi&s : he infufed a , ftrong fpirit of revenge into every individual of his army, by giving " the death of Alpin " as the watch-? word. Accordingly, when they joined battle with the Pi£b, being victorious, they fpared neither age nor fex. Drunken, in order to ftop their progrefs, offered half his kingdom; but Keneth declaring for all or none, the piftifh king united his ftrength and hazarded another battle j in which being flain, and his whole army either put to the fword, or drowned ih the river Tay, every pi&iih fettlement B 4 imme- Digitized by GoOgle t New History of SCOTLAND^ immediately furrendcred to Keneth, who thereupon ftiled himfelf king of the Picts as well as the Scots, and was properly the firft monarch of Scotland. After this conqueft, by which the name of Pidts was for the molt part, abforpt in the general one of Scots, Keneth fat down contented j and having made many excellent laws, his glorious reign terminated in the year 854.. He was fuccecded by his brother n u 1 Donald, againft whom fome of the i aS 8 Pias revoltin s> the y werc fubdued •" ' &* by others more loyal : he reigned af- ter this in great tranquillity, and in 858 his nephew, /-* a v a Conft antine mounting the throne, the Conjiantint 2d. difaffecled p^ wer !t over to Den- 5 • mark, and invited the Danes to join with them in the recovery of their kingdom. 1 hey accordingly readily came over, and landing in Fife, committed many cruelties. The king, being ap- prifed of this, marched againft them with the beft army which he could then collect ; but as there were many Pi&s therein, who in the heat of battle joined the Danes, the Scots were totally routed; Conftantine himfelf being taken prifoner, was car-' lied to a cave by the fea-fide and there beheaded. P , His brother Eth\ furnamed Swiftfoot, £ • was then declared king, but pufila- ' ** nimoufly fuffering the Danes to ra,- vage the country witn impunity, his nobility, a£ the end of his firft year's reign, put him to deaths and in his ftead, anno 875, proclaimed Gregory, the fon of Dongal. ^ Gregory, immediately on his ac- Gregory. ce flion, marched againft the Danes 75* an d Pjfts, whom he drove from Fife into Northumberland : they had however, thrown a garrifon into Berwick, which -having fubdued, he put the Danes to the fword ; and making prifoners of the Pi£ts, patted the win-* ter in that province. Alfred the Great of England, >eing charmed with the martial fpirit of Gregory, ' - , \ prof- Digitized by Google Njew History of SCOTLANp. 9 proffered an alliance for the fecurity of both na- tions. This was no fooner agreed on, than Gre;- frory, having intelligence that the kingdom of lre r . and was uiurped by two noblemen, determined to go over and fetde Donach the minor king, who was hiscoufin, jon the throne. The ufurpers, who before had been at variance, now joined their forces* and prepared to difpute his landing. Their efforts, however, being ineffectual, Gregory drove the.m before him, till Brian being killed, Corneil retreated to Dublin, where receiving a reinforcement, he gave Gregory battle, but was defeated and flain. Gre- S»ry upon this, declared himfelf guardian to young onach, appointed a regency, left many of his troops in garrifon, and then returned home : But when Donach came of age, he exchanged the lioftages, which the Irifh had given in token of fi- delity, for the troops which he had left behind him'. This monarch, juftly furnamed Great, after hav- ing built the city of Aberdeen, died in the caftle of Dundee, Anno 892. - To Gregory fucceeded Do* naldy fon of Conftantine, a pacific -. „ , prince, who governed with prudence . °!!f 3 * and juftice : he died 903, when Con- ' * 92# Jiantine^ Eth Swiftfoot's fon, next acceded. • The firft action of this monarch Conftantine 3d. was to make an alliance with the 903. "Danes. He then fettled the county of- Cumber- land on Malcolm, the late king's fon j and in the tenth year of his reign, made a law that every future heir apparent of the kingdom fliould be prince of it. Athelftan, the natural-fon of Edward (to whom Englifh hiftorians affirm, and Scotch writers deny, that Conftantine paid homage) Suc- ceeding to the crown of England, and confidering Cumberland as part of it, made the neceffary de- mand on Malcolm. The prince refufing to give up ' Cumberland, was obliged to take the field in its de- B 5 fence. Digitized by GoOgle K> New History of SCOTLAND. fence. He was fupported by the Danes and Scofcrj alnd Anluf an Irifh prince, fon-in-law to Conftan- tine, alfo came over to their afliftance. Thefe united powers were attacked by Athelftan, who after a. fierce and obftinate battle gained a complete vic- tory. Gonftantine does not feem to have been per- fonaJJy prefent at the defeat; for feme fay, that he was tnen'a monk in theCuldee monaftery of SaintL Andrews ; where it is certain, however, that he died hi 943, having refigned his crown in 938 to* Malcolm j but whether the Malcolm juft men- tioned, or another of that name, has by fome been. M k hrt doubted. He was moft probably the * j* ° \ hme r but whoever he was, as hefaw '93 • h is kingdom and fubjeirs in a wretched- plight,, he cultivated peace ; til>, having by his great care, fbon recovered their former condition,, he became ally to £dmund of England ; that mo- narch having previoufly reftored Cumberland. Some add, that in- confideration of this grant, Malcolm agreed to attend 1 the Englifh king at all his feftivak and parliaments. Malcolm, having aflifted the En- glifh in taking Northumberland, returned home; and being fevere in the adminiftration of juftice,,. was murdered by fome villains at Ulrine, in the county of Murray, in the ninth year of his reign* T d ff ^ n Malcolm's aflaffination, Inditff, inauff. the fon Q £ c on fl- ant i ne> aC ceded to. 947- the crown. In his reign, mention is. made of a Danifh irtvafion ; but with: no proper de- gree of authenticity. The Scots are Hkewife faid to have recovered, under this king, the city of Edinburgh, which fome report to have been alter- nately poffefled-by the Danes and Saxons. Induff dying in the year 961, was fucceeded by j) it Malcolm's fon Duff'+Vfho proved a vir- , &' tuous prince, and was particularly care- 9 •* ful to fupprefs robberies. As the reign rfthisJang was4>arren of events, Buchanan has fup- pliei Digitized by GoOgle -r New ttisTORT of SCOTLAND* plied that defect from his own fancy. He te ftory, that Tome perfons faw a waxen image of J Duff on a fpit, before a large fire raifed by witcfc who reported that Duff's body fhould really q like that wax ; which this hiftorian gravely fays literally happen* Duff dying in 965, the crown? devolved on duff's fon, Culeriy who proving* moft ^ . execrable monster, his kingdom,- from * |? w ', bis bad example, became the feat of * " 9°3 fraud and rapine. This brute having ravifhed 1 daughter of Cadard, thane of Fife, the father took i opportunity foon after to difpatch him. v , \± Kenetb, fon of Malcolm, then afcend- ***** 3*| ing the throne in 070, by his wif- 97 • dom and conduct eftabliflied good order and' gove ment. He is faid, likewife, to have- made a Is that drunkennefs fhould^ be punifhed with dead and that his fubjefls fhould eat but one meal a-di Matters were fcarcely fettled to his fatisfa&ion, fore a confiderable fleet of Danes paid him a 1 unwelcome vifit. Keneth collecting his forces, conjuring them for the fake of their lives and lit ty to ftand boldly againft thefe enemies, who, he I them, were alfo foes to honor, truth andjiiftice, mi fed a confiderable reward for every Danifh h Notwithftanding which, it feems, that, in the ba the Scots were (eized with a fudden panic, were flying with the greateft precipitation, til yeoman of the name of Hay and his two fons,- 1 their inglorious countrymen at a narrow pafs ; partly by threats and blows having made an 1 perfiiaded them to face the enemy* Hay and fons then 1 , armed only with the yokes which t had juft ufed at plow,, leading the van, the Di were totally defeated^ After the battle, the k gave Hay the Barony of Errol as a reward forj figiial fervices*- Ite Digitized by VjOCK 1% New Histort or SCOTLAND. Keneth, being now at peace, began to confidcr of his fon's fucceffion, and to that end, having caufed the perfon whom his people had made prince cf Cumberland to be aflailinated, lie repealed the old law, which made the crown devolve on the uncle* brother or nephew, rather than on the fon of a king, and efpecially if a minor. But notwith- ftanding all his care* he was fucceeded on his death r«„a~ *• +u in 004 by ConftanUne* fon of Culen, • 994* t^e cr own in fpite of the late acl: in favour of Malcolm, Keneth's fon, who was obliged to fly for his life y till being afterwards afiifted by Keneth, his natural-brother, Conftantine, in 996, was defeated arid flain. ^ C* • Grim, grandfon to king DufF, inlifting a*6' ty t ^ e °^ * aw on ^* s r *& to * e t ^ irone i ™ * accordingly acceded to it ; fo that Mal- colm was again disappointed. War. would in all pro- . bability have therefore raged afrefh, if the good bilhop Tothad had not undertaken to accommodate matters between Malcolm and Grim : the following condi- tions drawn up by him were mutually agreed to, . ," That Grim enjoy the crown during his life $ that it then revert to Malcolm y and after his death, U the next of kin ; That in cpnfideration of G rim's pre- fent enjoyment of the crown, all the lands, between , the Forth and Tweed and the Forth and Clyde be . in the mean time granted to Malcolm." The crown being thus feciHred to Grim for his life, he grew fo tyranical, that the people began to wifli that they had chofen Malcolm in his ftead ; and accordingly applying to him for redrefs, he raifed a large army, and encountering as great an one which Grim, not- withstanding his behaviour, was ftill mafter of, he routed his forces ; and the king being (lain, Mal- J Cplm at laft, in the year 1004, afcended the throne of Scotland, Having come thus far in the affairs of the ftate, it is neceifary to4ook back upon tbofe of the church. . To Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. i| To determine when Scotland re- p UTTt> ceived the firft light of Chriftianity, £ HURCH is no eafy matter; Eaftern miiSo- WISTORY - naries are faid to have made many converts therein the third century ; and not to mention their patron St. Andrew, fome have affirmed that the difciples of the apoftle John, and even that Paul himfelf preached there. But this is merely conjecture ; for the Druids pretty generally governed them much later. Pal- ladius, however, was the firft bifhop fent from Rome; and his million from pope Celeftine was in 430. His memory was exceedingly dear to the Scots j whom he in a great meafure converted from paganiftn by his wifdom, learning and moderation ; and in 1494, William Shevez, archbifhop of St. Andrews,, vifiting Padie church at Fordon, where he had been interred, collected his bones and depofited them in* a filver urn. In the fixth century flourifhed the famous Columba, who crowned king Aidan, and founded the celebrated abbey at Iona. He was a divine, a poet, and an hiftorian. In the firft character, he is faid to have ufed fo much aufterity and maceration, which were the cardinal virtues of thofe fuperftitious times, that he reduced himfelf to almoft a fkeleton : he died at an advanced age in 603. Mungo and St. Bridget were his co- tem- poraries, during whofe lives, there were many dif- . putes with the Romifh bifhops of England, con- cerning the idle celebration of Eafter. The Scots kept that feaft in the eaftern manner, on the 14th day of the moon Nifan, or March, on what- ever day of the week it happened j but the Eng- lifh, after the church of Rome, kept it on the iirft Sunday after the 14th day j and it became at laft a matter of fudh confequence, that after many jarrings for half a century, bifhop Colman, .for Scotland, in 651, undertook to difpute the point with Agilbert, bifhop of the Weft-Saxons, in pre- fence of Ofwald, king of the Northumbrians, who was to be the umpire of the controverfy. After muCh Digitized by GoOgle 14 New History of SCOTtANfj. much learned argumentation, when reference was made to Ofwald, he afked whether they both agreed that St. Peter was the door-keeper of heaven i and being anfwered in the affirmative; then fays the ridiculous king, I will follow his rules in every thing, left when I come to heaven, he fhould fhut the gates againft me, BHhop Adamnan,, a learned and worthy prelate^ who fucceeded Coiman,. reconciled the Scots and Englifh in this refpedfc. He likewife procured the marriage of Spondona, the daughter of the Piftiflv king ; and hy this a& and many other good offices,, he very much conciliated the affections of the Scots- and Pi6ts. In 697, Boniface, archbifhop of Mentz, came into Scotland, and it is faid, was offered the: crown, which he refufed. He built a church near Angus, and at Telin, and at Reftnoth j fettling at laft at Kofmarky, after having built a Church there, he ilied. Prince Fiacre, nephew to king Aidan, went over to France about this time, and fequeftered himfelf ma cave, which no entreaties could prevail* - with him to quit: many churches in France are de- dicated to his memory- 'Till the year 870, there were no bifhops o£ St. Andrews ; that fee, which included the counties* of Fife, Lothian, Merfe, Sterling, Angus, and Mearns, was then given to Adrian,, who fhortly after was killed by the Danes in the Ifle of May ;. from that time they had a regular fucceflion ; being firft eleded in Scotland,, and then fent over to- Rome for confirmation. It was ere&ed into an; archbifhoprick by Pope : Sextos' 4th' in 1472 ; the poffeflbr was declared Primate of Scotland, and the revenues atthereformatiohamounted inScotch money to ^.2904. r 7. 2. which is abou** £. 250. fterling t , Glafgowj v is (aid to have been- founded near three hundred yeacs fooner ; Alexander.* the 6th- erected that likewife into an archbifhoprick in 14*94; and at the reformation, its revenues appeared to be £.987-. 8. 7. befides meal, maltj and falmon,. There New History of SCOTLAND. rj There is a difpute whether the bifhoprick of Gal- loway or of Orkney is the more ancient ; however*, it is agreed* that both were eftablifhed in the fixth* century $ the revenues of the former* were found at the reformation to be worth £• 1137. **• 8* 1I1 moneys the latter only £.251* 2*6. exclufive of butter* oil* wax* wood, flefh* and poultry. Oit the planting of religion in Scotland* fhe is faid to. Tiave been very prolific of men of learning and cha- racter : among whom Rabanus ]\laurus and Mai- tlulphus, the former of whom writ expofitions oa . the whole fcriptures, and the latter a number of excellent tra&s* (all however loft to us) were unanr- moufly celebrated ; they both died at the clofe of the eighth century j and the no lefs famous Joannas* ' Erigena in the century following* Malcolm* in doubt, as to the right n - 7 7 , which his father^ and a majority of JMaUolm ^ his nobifity, might have to make *0°4- him heir to the crown* and thereby eftablifh for the future a lineal fueceffion* would not mount the throne till the nobility were pretty unaninious that it was legal. He then fuiFered himfelf to be crowned*. f and having forgiven every one that had taken up. arms under Grim, whofe body he ordered to be. buried with his anceftors, he made hjs grandfon*. Duncan* his heir, and accordingly Prince of Cum- berland, defpairing* as he was then in years, of having any male iffue* He was particularly careful to preferve peace with England * but Ethelred, by his cruel maflacre of the Danes*, having excited Swein then king to revenge ; that monarch* who was father to Canute the Great*, becoming* mafter of England* determined alio to invade Scotland. He accordingly equipped a fleet* and landed near Murray ; where he defeated fome troops,, which Malpolm had haftily collected to ftop his progrefs. Flufhed with this iuccefs, he confidered the king- * dom as already. flubdued ± but Malcolm havingmuf- tenwfc Digitized by GoOgle 16 New History of SCOTLAND. tered all the troops in his power, refolved to decide 'the fate of his kingdom by one general battle. The 'Scots fought for every thing facred and valuable ; they charged, therefore, with fuch determined jjefo- lution, that, though victory feemed often againft them, the Danes, after a moft terrible carnage, Were routed. Carnus, their general, was flam in thp 'purfuit by Keith, a young nobleman who command- ed the clan of Caithnefs. Another Scotch officer "however difputing the honour with him, it wasde- # cided as ufual in thofe days after the battle by An- gle combat. Keith getting the better, the king dip- ped his finger in the officer's blood, and made three marks on the conqueror's fliield, faying at the fame time, Veritas vincit; and hence arofe the arms and motto of his descendants. After this fignal victory, it is reported that Malcolm ingratitude divided moft of his lands amongft his foldie/s, referving for him- felf Jittle elfe than the Mufehill of Scone. The Scots were but juft recovered, when another army from Swein, under the command of his foh Canute, landed in Scotland. Over this attempt, we learn, that Malcolm was fufficiently victorious to make the following peace $ " That the Danes fhould leave Scotland, on condition that the Scots would not aflift their enemies." Matters thus con- tinued till the acceflion" of Canute to the Englifti throne, when Duncan, refufmg to pay homage to him for his principality of Cumberland, confidering himfelf as bound- only to the Saxons, and Canute preparing to compel him, Malcolm marched to his graridfon's affiftance ; but before the difpute came to a battle, Duncan, by the advice of his clergy, agreed to perform it. This Affair being concluded, 'Malcolm returned and cultivated the arts of peace. There ftill remained, notwithstanding all the ge- nerofity of Malcolm, a few, who were the friends of his predeceflbr Grim. Thefe, it is laid, fought on- ly for a convejiient opportunity to difpatch Mal- colm i ^* Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. i% colm; which they effected when the good king, now eighty years of age, was at his caftle of Glamis. But after the wretches had perpetrated the^leed, propofing to efcape by going, over Forfar Lake, which was then frozen, the ice gave way, and they were all drowned. Malcolm, thus bar* baroufly murthefed, was doubtlefs one ofthegreateft princes that ever fwayed the Scottifli fcepter ; and fome hiftorians have farther confidered him as le* giflator of Scotland. In 1034, he was fucceeded by his ^ grandfon Duncan, whofe lenity in go- vernment feems to have given birth to a 34* rebellion, raifed by one Macdowel ; againft whom, Banquo, thane of Lochiibar, and Macbeth, the king's toufin, being fent with troops, he and his clan were deftroyed. On their return, they found the Danes, under the command of Canute's brother, Swein, in- vading the kingdom : they therefore fpeedily joined the forces which Duncan himfelf had raifed and headed 5 and the Danes being with fome difficulty routed, repaired to their {hips, fet fail, and never Vifited Scotland afterwards. - - Duncan, now at peace, endeavoured to reform Jits kingdom 5 while Macbeth, who was become very popular, ftrove to get the crown. The fable of the three weird lifters, who hailed him thane of Glamis, thane of Cawder, and laftly king of Scot- land, is well known. Macbeth was at the head of a flxong party, who favoured the old eftablifhment ; and being nephew to the4king, imagined that if he "prere dead, he could eafily obtain the crown. Ac- cordingly, he determined to facrifice his uncle ; and his wife, being privy to the defign, urged him to a fpeedy execution ofit. He therefore murthered Dun- can at Invernefs, where he happened to be in courft of a yearly circuit, which he ufed to take round his dominions, in order to adjuft the quarrels, and redrefs 18 New History of SCOTLAND. M h tk rcc ^ re ^ s ^ e grievances of his fubjeSs, Macfie £h Macbeth was now crowned at 4* ' Scone, and acknowledged as king of Scotland. But Duncan's two fons, Malcolm and Donald, furnamed Bane, (or the Fair) who had eluded the fnares which he had laid for them, {ave him great uneafinefs. Malcolm, the lawful eir of the throne, had fled into England, and his brother into the Ebrides or Weftern lfles, where he coniidered them as forming fchemes to difpoffefs him of the crown. This thought, added to the checks of that upright arbiter. joonicience, made him fufpl- cious and cruel. Ban quo, the very man who had aififted him in attaining the crown, he treacheroufly put to death. His fon Fleance efcaping, alarmed the nobility, fo that moft of them retired to theii refpe&iye caftles. On this behaviour of his nobles* finding himfelf fufpe&ed, he advanced into open tyranny. Macduff, thane of Fife, a man of power, Was thought to be attached to Malcolm, the king's fon. Macbeth therefore devoted him to deftru&ion, and went to his caftle for that purpofe; but the t thane receiving a hint thereof efcaped. The cruel ' king, on this difappointment, inhumanly put to death his wife, his children, and his fervants. While he was, thus butchering with unremitting cruelty, Macduff had reached England, where meet- ing prince Malcolm, he propofed that he fhould afk afliftance of the Englifh to regain his throne ; to which Malcolm, who had previoufly founded Macduff and found him loyal, agreed. Accor- dingly king Edward furnifhed him with 10,000 men, with which, under the command of Sibard, prince of Northumberland, his mother's father, they entered Scotland. Macbeth* thro' his cruelties, having now none but a few mercenaries to ftand by him, retreated to the caftle of Dunfinan, from which, on the approach of Malcolm, he fled ; but being d byGoogle New History of SCOTLAND. ^ 19 being purfued, he was overtaken and killed by the injured Macduff. Thus fell Macbeth in the year 1056 ; according to Buchanan, he was ten years a good king, ana fc ven the worft of tyrants. * Malcolm^ furnamed Canmore, /. e, njf f , \ Greathead, being thus, after a long j?j, 3 exile, «reftored to his country, was de- I0 57' clared king; tho' not till Macbeth's fon Lulach, whom a faSion had fct up in oppofition to him, was defeated and flain. He began his reign with a&s of gratitude j the emotions ofrtiuch, tho' a Aire indica- tion of a noble and generous disposition, princes, in general, feem to have fmothered. To Macduff, vrhot had been fo greatly inftrumental towards his reftora^ tion, and to his pofterity, he gave the privilege of crowning future kings, and the poft of honour in all their royal armies. Malcolm next reinftated thofe who had been deprived of their eftates by Macbeth. In thefe and other liberal actions he was engaged, when William the Conqueror having reduced England, Edgar Articling, the laft male branch of the Saxon line, giving up all hopes of fucceeding to the crown, jn returning to Hungary, with his mother Agatha and his fitters Margaret" and v Chriftiana, was, by diilrefs of weather, driven into Scotland. Malcolm treated them kindly, and becoming very foon ena- moured with Margaret, he married her. William having intelligence of the affair, and imagining that it would raife factions in favour of Edgar, de- manded that Malcolm fhould give him up, which "being refufed, William in confequence declared war with Scotland. After many battles with vari- ous fuccefs, a peace was concluded between the two kingdoms on the following terms ; "That Edgsyr renounce all claim to the crown of England ; that no English exiles fhould henceforth be admitted in- to Scotland ; and that Malcolm fliould do homage to William for part of his dominions ;"• feme his- torians fay for all Scotland. 4 Peace Digitized by GoOgle ^ 20 New History of SCOTLAND. Peace was fcarcely declared with England ere* a. formidable band of robbers infefted the coun- ties of Lothian and Merfe, who were at laft with difficulty extirpated* Malcolm now enjoying per- fect, tranquility, began a reformation in his court, which was rather diffolute ; in this he Was af- filed by Kis queen, a woman of the greateft pie- ty, virtue, and accomplifhments. She was the perfon who, 'tis faid, abolifiied a law, made by Evenus, an imaginary king before Fergus, which permitted the monarch to lie with a nobleman's wife, and a nobleman with his vaflal's. A learn- ed antiquary denies that fuch an infamous law ever efcifted* and, his arguments are pretty conclu- five. He defines this Marcheta Mulierum, as it was called, to have be£n really a fine of fheep or oxen payable to the queen on the marriage of every ^female fubjeft ; which it is therefore very likely that Margaret might only lefleft. This affair, like the introdu&ion of- the feudal .lay, will probably al- ways be a controverted point. They both per- haps came from , England ; and the feudal law, which granted to the head of a clan implicit obe- dience from a fet of yaflals who held lands under him, was probably not introduced till this reign, and after the Norman conqueft ; tho' many main- tain that it was founded by Fergus. However, it is certain, that Malcolm was the firft Who introduced Englifh cuftoms, manners, language, and titles into Scotland. He created Macduff earl of Fife, the firft who received that dignity; he alfo created barons, and gavethofe nobles, who ferved him in perfon or in the ftate, their refpe&ive titles ; for before his time, there were no other than knight and thane. Walter, who according to report, was Banquo's grandfon, and had quelled the rebelsin Lothian and Merfe, he created his high fteward. And as furnames began now to take place from the offices or lands which a man enjoyed, Stewart became the name of his family, which, , Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. at which, as it will appear in the fequel % came after- wards to the thrones of both Scotland and England, While Malcolm was thus employing himfelf, William Rufus fucceeded his father the con~ kiUed him> while he flept in I0 95- t he caftle of Monteith, and then re- stored his employer Donald. Malcolm's fon, Edgar, being now of age, and having by his uncle's intereft obtained a Sufficient number of Englifh forces, entered Scotland at the head of them. Force feemed needlefs j for the 4 Scot^ ' v '*' Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 23 Scots, during the ufurpations, had been fo greatly harrafled, that they no fooner beheld their prince, than they flocked to his ftandard ; and leaving Donald defencelefs, he was taken and imprifoned for life. Edgar 1 thus, anno 1098, acceded « , to- the throne of his father : And, as A ~*£* n his people feemed to wifh for peace, A ' Um io 9** he therefore preferved it ; fo that nothing happened in his reign more memorable than the marriage of his lifter Matilda to Henry I. of England. Nor are the affairs of the church in this century very remarkable ; excepting that Malcolm tanmore, in the begin- p ning of his reign, founded the bi- ^ HURCH - fhoprics of Murray and Caithnefs. The value of the former was, at the reformation, in money £. 1640. 7. 7. of the latter /. 1283. 19 ; befides oatmeal, lheep, and poultry. The fame Icing is faid to have laid the foundation of the cathedral at Durham. It may be obferved, that in this century, the Scots were exceedingly well received in Germany ; where 15 monafteries were founded, by a prince ~t)f that nation, who had ferved in the wars of Char- lemagne ; and all the abbots were natives of : Scotland. Mention is made in this century of three perfons who rendered themfelves particularly famous in Scotland, by their learning and piety. Turgot, prior of Durham, and Veremudus, archdeacon of Sti Andrew's ; they botk wrote chronicles of their times, which are no where however now to be found ; but the hiftory of Marianus Scotus, which commenced from the creation, and ended at 1083 of the Chriftian aera, is ftill preferved. Alexander* fucceedifcg Edgar, ren- *,„* ;* dcred himfelf obnoxious to his nobi- «*'***" V** lity, by the feverity of his behaviour iio 7* towards d by Google 34 New History of SCOTLAND. towards them, and his indulgence to the clergy This raifed a rebellion, which being with fomc difficulty quelled, he then abated his rigor, and ap- plied himfelf almoft wholly to religious matters 5 fo that there is nothing in his reign more remarkable than the introduction of filver coin 5 firft pennies, and afterwards marks ^ but of what value they ww according to tfye prefent calculation is unknown. He died on the 8th of May, 1124 ; and having n . , never been married, was fucceeded- by AD 1 2A his brotlver Da ™d-, who, fhortly after • • * I 4- hjs coronation, vifited his brother-in- law Henry, whofe daughter, Maud, being by the fudden death of her brother hejrefs to the crown, David promifed Henry to maintain her right to it. Henry dying foon after, he had occafion to perform his engagement ; for the throne was immediately ufurpedby Stephen, who likewife in a very haughty manner ordered David to do him homage, for the lands of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Hun- / tingdon. David called him an ufurper, and ac- I • quajnting him with his prorhife to Henry, he pre- pared to aififtMaud ; who now, in 1139, had come over from Germany, with her brother the earl of Gloucefter, To mention the particulars of the civil war which enfued, would be as tedious as un- interefting. Suffice it therefore to fay, that no{- withftandirig the- haughty and abfurd behavior of Maud, nothing could {hake the fidelity of David; who never left her, till he had put Stephen in her power. Her unaccountable behavior in then re- fufing the crown, led higj to confult the fafcty of his own. He. therefore concluded an advantageous peace with Stephen, who foon after adopted Maud's ion Henry ( by the earl of Anjou ) as his heir. Some fay that' Stephen intended that honor to Da- vid's Ton Henry, who certainly, was in great favor > with him, and refided many years in England. But that excellent prince, who was adored by the Scots, * " - - 4 died d by Google .1 New History of SCOTLAND. *$ died in 1150, four years prior to the death of Ste- phen. David fickening at the lofs of his only fon f (by Matilda, niece to William the Conqueror) ended a fpjendid reign of 29 years, at Carlifle, on - the 24th of May, 1153. David, who left behind him the greateft cha- racter for valor, and its ufual concomitant genera- fity, was a prince of piety ; and he is confidered by , many to have compiled that fyftem of Scotch laws, called Regium Majeftatem \ but the Englifh give that work to their own judge Glanville. On the death of David, his grand- tut 1 1 ^ fon Malcolm furnamed, from his vow ™^ 4™. of celibacy, the maiden^ fucceeded ' ' ' "• to the throne. In the beginning of his reign, So- merled, the ambitious Thane of Argyle, put him- felf at the head of a large army, confifting partly of his own vaffals, and partly of lawlefs perfons, driven to his ftandard by the love of plunder, or a confcioufnefs of guilt, and began to ravage the country. But the 'celebrated Gilchrift, earl of Angus, being fent againft him, gave him a total defeat, and obliged him to fly for refuge into Ire- land, where he probably died ; for that he came over again and renewed his depredations, as fome report, is very much to be doubted. . Gilchrift* after this, crufhed feveral lefs rebellions, and had juft reftored peace in Scotland, when an extraordi- nary meflage was fent to Malcolm, from Henry II. of England. This monarch, who ufed to fay, that . the whole world was but fufEcient for one great man, defired that Malcolm would either give up Northumberland, Cumberland, and Huntington, or prepare to defend them. The Scotch nobility were enraged at the infolence of the demand 5 but Mal- colm, fond of peace and retirement, made a com^ pofition, and gave up the two former counties, on condition that on doing homage he mould quietly enjoy Huntington, His nobles, difgufted at this C fubmiffion, Digitized by GoOgle afr Nbw : - History of SCOTLAND. fubmiflion, obliged him to declare war againft Henry 'for recovery of Northumberland and Cum- i berland j but in a peace, which he very ibon con- ' eluded* he gave up all right and title to the for- j mer ; and Henry ceding the latter to ( him as a^ * fief of England, Malcolm then devoted himfelf j wholly to his monks, amongft whom, in 1165, he ended his days; for the alienation which he made | of Northumberland, and a fcandalous pufillanimity, 1 apparent in every part of his conduit, rendered his I perfon fend authority contemptible. j «r#/» His brother William^ furnamed . *r_tllwm. L ^ f ucceedillg himj inftantly de- | A. u. 1105, manded? at the inftjgation of the ^iobles> the reftoration of Northumberland. Henry I put him off from time to time, till William deter- mined to recover it by force of arms. He accor- dingly commenced a war ; but in the firft battle (through an error in the divifion of his troops) he was taken prifoner by a party of the enemy in Scotch habits ; and immediately, in a very igno- minious manner, hurried away to Richmond. Af- ter which, he was conducted to Henry in France, who committed him to the caftle of Falaife. Here the captive-king, impatient under confinement, on the promife of his own liberty, gave up that of his country. For William was fcarcely returned to his people, before Henry and his fon (whom to prevent any difficulty in the fucceflion, he had made co- partner in the government) ordered William and his brothers and barons to attend them at York, where the former did homage for ail Scotland ; and the latter fwore fealty to Henry againft William their king, if he fhould at any time refufe to ac- knowledge himfelf a vaflal of England. What could induce fuch a nobility as the Scotch (who on lefs interefling circumftances had manifefted the greateft refolution,) to ratify this fcandalous treaty is really furprifing 5 efpecially as William qn his return, Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 27 return, pleaded that it was extorted by force. Whatever was the reafon, it appears that Henry's fucceflbr Richard, in confideration of 10,000 marks of filver (a vaft fum however at that time) remit- ted the homage for all Scotland ; and gave him pof- feilion of Cumberland, Weftmoreland and Lan- cafter, as a feodary of England, in the manner of his anceftors. William, for this favour, affifted him in a crufade, and baffled the defign of his bro- ther John, who, during Richard's abfence, would have ufurped the throne. Richard, in gratitude, panned a charter, " That whenever the king of Scot- land mould be fummoned to the court of England, the bifhop of Durham and the Sheriff of Northum- land mould receive him at the river Tweed, and * attend him to the Teife ; that the archbifhop of York and flieriff of Yorkmire, mould receive and conduct him to the borders of that county, and fo the bifhops of each dioccfe, with the fherifFs, mould attend him from county to county, till he arrived at the Englifh court. That from the time he en- tered England, he mould receive from the king one hundred millings per day for his expenses : when at court, thirty in money ; twelve of the king's fine loaves ; as many bifcuits of fine wheat j four gallons of his befr. ana eight of his common wine j two pounds both of pepper and cinnamon ; two cakes of wax about twelve pounds each ; four wax candles, forty long, and eighty common ones ; and that on his quitting the kingdom, he (hould be re-conduc- ted by the bifhops and fheriffs, with the fame al- lowance of an hundred millings per day." This grant, which bears date the 12th of April 1194, freed the Scots from a great expence, as well as from that difgraceful part of feudal fubmiffion, attending the court of England on the moft trifling occafions. Upon the death of Richard, William renewed his homage for his Englifh lands to his fucceflbr John- He alfo made a faint effort to recover Northumber- C 2 land, Digitized by GoOgle 28 New *Hjstoky of SCOTLAND. land, which Richard, notwithstanding his great re- gard, had ftill kepthimfelf; but it never afterwards was conftdered as part of Scotland. John had built a fort at Berwick, with whjch Wil- liam was diflatisfied ; and the former, who was riot on very good terms with his people, was glad of any pre- text to keep his army in motion. He therefore quar- relled with William concerning this fort, and marched to the confines of Scotland, where William had prepared for his reception. Here both kings, who in many particulars were much alike, concluded a treaty without bloodshed : John received nooo marks of filver, demolished the fort, and promifinff that it fhould not be rebuilt, marched his army tack again. This action, except quelling an insurrec- tion, which had been raifed in Caithnefs by one Godred, was the laft that William performed, who continuing a faithful ally to John, died after a few years of uninterrupted but fhameful tranquillity in the 74th year of his age. He appears throughout his very long reign of forty-nine years, to have been weak and irrefolute : the brighteft fide of his cha- racter was the facrificing his own honour and gran- deur to his peoples eafe and happinefs. By his wife Ermengarda he had a fon, Alexander his fucceflbr, and two daughters, Margery who was married to the famous Hubert de Burgh ; and Ifabel, (whom Henry 3d. would have married himfelf had his peers been willing) to the earl marfhal of England. In refpe£t to ecclefiaftical affairs Church, during this century, it appears that Alexander the ill founded the ab- bies of Scpne and St. Columba, and was befides a jjreat benefactor to the fee of St. Andrews. His iucceflbr David, befides founding the abbies of Jed^ burgh, Kelfoe, Melrofe, Newbottle, Holyrood- houfe, and Kinlofle, erected, in 11 37* the biihop- rick of Rofs, valued at ^.1653. 16. 9.; in 1130, Dunkeld, valued at £.1505. 10. 4. j in 114c, Bre- chin 4 Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTlSkNl£ ^9 chin valued at £.410. 4. o. ; and' in 1142, Dum- blairi, valued at £.313/ In the year 117^ it Was propofed to the Scots to elecY'the archbifhop of York for their metropolitan, which event was pre- vented rroro taking place, chiefly through the fpi- ri ted behaviour of a young canon, named Gilbert, for which fervice he was afterwards promoted to the bifhoprick of Caithnefs. King William was alfo a gr^at friend to the clergy ; among other benefac- tions, he founded to the memory of Thomas-a- B^cket; the abby of Aberbrothwick ; and af- terwards he erected another at Lindores. This king wad fo much iri favour with pope Innocent the 3d. that he Tent him a rich fword, a purple hat in form of a diadem, with a large bull of privileges, in which it was declared, that no one fliould have power to excommunicate him or his fucceflbrs, or ?ret to interdict the kingdom, but the pope or his egate ; and further, that no ftranger fhould exercife any fuch legation within the realm, except a car- dinal, or a perfon whom the conclave fhould ap- point. Alexander was but fixteen years 41 , , of age when he came to the crown 5 f e ™ naer 2CU but he behaved with fuch fenfe and A ' Um l21 ** fpirit that many Englifh barons put themfelves un-, w. During his, ftay at court,, a difpute feems to have bappened concerning ,Norr thumberland, the right to which hao\ by former kings been fo often difputed. It was at J aft fettled that Henry fhould aljow yearly eighty marks in lieu of it. On the return of Alexander to his own court, having loft his wife whilft in England, and having had no iffueby her, he was advifed to marry the daughter of Eugelram de Cufley, a powerful French nobleman, which he accordingly did. And - ibme hiftorians report, that this' marriage was the ground of a quarrel which afterwards happened with England j tho' others maintain that "it arofe .from a demand made on Alexander by Henry to do him homage for his kingdom, as William had dome ^to his predeceflbr. Whatever was the occafion^ of the quarrel, it fubfided without much bloodfhed ; and in 1241, it was agreed that Alexander's infant Ion mould marry the daughter of Henry. Scotland being again at peace, a party of volunteers went to the aififtance of Lewis of France, who was engaged in a crufade againft the infidels, from which fcarce- ly one of them returned. Soon after this cir- cumftance, Alexander formed a defign of fub- duinjr the Ebrides ; and it is faid, made great pre- parations to that end, in the midft of which, he was feized by a fever, and died much lamented in the 51ft year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his glorious reign. He was certainly a fpirited and ' wealthy prince, was the firft who bore the lyon for bis arms, and appears by his juftice, piety, addrefs, and good-nature, to have been greatly beloved, not only by his own fubje&s, but by thofe of England* He left no iflue befide Alexander ^ A1 , , who fucceeded him in the $th year / £ ^, . of his age, and was crowned at Scone * * *9 # on the 15th of Auguft in great pomp. In the firft years of this young; king's reign, the. factious and powerful family of Cumins created much uneafinefs. ,;. C 4 through- Digitized by Google 32 New History of SCOTLAND* throughout the realm, carrying a high hand over the reft of the nobility and gentry. To check their pro- ceedings, it was deemed necefiary to haften the king's marriage ; he therefore in 1252, with a grand retinue, fet out for that purpofe ; and being met at York by the king and queen of England, the nup- tials were there folemnized, on chriftmas-day, in the prefence of a number of nobility and clergy. Henry, here would fain have received, horn age for all the Scotch dominions, but the young king was Sufficiently on his guard, replying to Henry's de- mand, that marriage was the only bufinefs which %e then came to execute, nor could he rranfact. any 'other without the concurrence of his nobility. Henry. *^on this anfwer, declared that he had no thoughts to iap the independency of Scotland ; Alexander chofe him for hb guardian and then returned to his king- dom. The clan of the Cumins, now rumoured about that Alexander, by making himfelf the ward of Henry, endangered the liberties of his country ; on which pretext, it is faid, they confined the young couple in Edinburgh caftle ; and, befide •treating them otherways cruelly, debarred them from each others embraces. The queen however, had the addrefs to acquaint her father of thefe pro- ceedings^ who immediately came into Scotland, and ufoig great circumfpection and judgment, re- stored them to their dignity. Their jailors fubmit- ting to be fined for their behaviour, Henry left the Scots perfectly fatisfied with the rectitude of his actions, and returned to England, leaving Alex- ander now at age to manage his fubjects himfelf. The king foon gained, by his juftice and modera- tion, the entire confidence 6f his people j but 3 itorm was now gathering, which had almoft wrecked the liberty of the whole kingdom. Malcolm Canmore's brother, Donaldbane, on the ufurpation of Macbeth, had taken refuge in the Ebridcs orWeftern Ifles, which were then, and had ever fince ~ - been, Digitized by GQOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 33 been, in the pofleflion of the king of Norway. Theft Ebrides, it has been obferved, Alexander the 2d. in- tended, had he lived, to have annexed to his domi- nions. The recollection of this circumftance, joined to the tender age of his fucceiibr, feems tohavefug- gefted to Haco, king of Norway, a defign no lefs bold than the invaiion of Scotland. As a pretext, he told Alexander, that Donald bane had promifed his pre- deceftbr Magnus, in token of gratification for his protection and fervices, that Bute and Arran fhould be corifidered as part of the Ebrides. Haco tnere- fore defired that they might be immediately given up to him; but on a refufal, having every thing •ready for his intended invafion, he came over, on the iftof Auguft 1263, with a fleet of one hundred and lixty fail of fhips. Alexander, in the greateft consternation at this unexpected attack, fent re- moftrances to Haco, who having landed his troops, and fubdued Arran and Bute, and taken the town, of Air, would hear no offers of peace. Alexander^ in the mean time, having raifed a fmall army, met the Norwegians at a place called Larges, In the caufe of liberty, how ftrong and brave are a few 1 for in the battle which enfued, the lines of the in- vaders were broken, and a moft horrible carnage enfued : 20,000 of the enemy are reported to have been (lain on the fpot ; fuch of them as efcaped to their fhips, were wrecked the day following ; and Haco, who in a little veffel, had got to the Ork- neys, died there of grief, at his disappointed ambir tion. Magnus, Haco's fon, finding that in confe- quence of this defeat, many of the riles had fur- rendered to Alexander, fent over offers of treaty. And it was fhortly after agreed, that all the Ebrides^ and the Ifle of Man, mould be,, in future, the fol* right of the Kings of Scotland; and that their re- fpective inhabitants fhould enjoy their privileges the fame as when fubject. to Norway, any of whom were, if they thought fit,, at liberty to depart with C 5 their ft - Digitized by CjC 34 New History of SCOTLAND. , their effects, unmolefted. Alexander, in confideratioA of thefe iflands, agreed to pay Magnus annually orte hundred filver marks ; and according to fome, gav| him directly one thoufand. Perfectly to conciliate the parties, a marriage was fome time after concluded on between Margaret, Alexander's daughter, and Eric, fon and heir to Magnus, and they were according^ married by proxy at Roxburgh, on the 15th of J$ly/ 1281. Thus happily for Scotland terminated alfclfo vafion, which at hrfi wore fo unpromifing an af£efi. Every thing being fecure in the realm, Alexr ander with his queen paid a vifit to his father Henry 5 and at his court, at Woodftock, Margaret Was delivered of a fon. Alexander, during his ftay with Henry, conftantly received his five pounds per day, and confidered it, not as his father's bolin- . ty, but as his own right. On his return to Scot- land, he aflifted king Henry with 5000 men againft his rebellious bafons. He likewife, in 1270, out of affection to Lewis of France, augmented the Scotch guard about his perfon, from twenty men, which had continued a cuftom from the year 883, to one hundred ; and at this time, it was faid, that the Scots were faithful to a proverb : the name of this guard is not yet intirely abolifhed in France. Two years after this died Alexander's friend and fa- ther Henry, to whofe fucceflbr, Edward, Alexan- der proved a good ally. In 1278, he attended at Weftminfter, as the firft peer of England, and was thanked by Edward for his great fervices. And in fwearing fealty to him for the lands which he held in England, Alexander having before taken notice of an ambiguous expreffion, which the bifliop of Norwich had fuggefted to Edward, declared aloud, *< None but God hath right to the homage of my kingdom." Alexander's queen and ^children being all dead, he was advifed, in order to prevent difficulties in the fucceffion* to marry again, and therefore efpoufed *%*j Jolet, -• ■ New Histor* or SCOTLAND- 35 ' Jolet, the daughter of the earl of Dreux j but be- fore flie brought anyifiue, as he was hunting in the founty of Fife, his horfe took fright, ruflied down a precipice, called the Black Rock, and killed him xm the fpot. This melancholy fate bsfel him on /the 19th of March 1285, in the 45th year of his L ^age, and the 37th of his reign. 4 -*Thrs excellent prince left many proofs of his /fecond daughter toDavid - . earl Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 39 earl of Huntington* who was third fon of king David the ift ; and fialiol was the grandfon of Margaret the eldeft daughter. The former added in fupport of his claims, that Alexander the 3d had declared, that he fhould fucceed him, which he offered to prove from feveral who had heard the promife. King Edward having attended to the arguments on both fides; and being unwilling, as he faid, to proceed rafhly in an affair of fuch moment, difmiffed the competitors till the 2d of June following ; when, after having taken the beft advice, and maturely confidered the fubje&, on that day he told them the fucceffion fhould be finally fettled. Againft this day forty council were retained by Bruce, the fame number by Baliol, and twenty-four by king Ed- ward, to fettle his judgment. This long recefs, notwithftanding the ferious pretences of Edward, is ufually attributed to his de- fire of being able, in the intermediate fpace of time, thoroughly to found each claimant, and accordingly to chufe him, who being found the molt humble and flavifh, would beft fuit his ungenerous inten- tions. His mother dying about this time, he chofe to attend her funeral ; but leaving agents to' Tift Baliol and Bruce, he returned thro' Suffolk and Norfolk by the time appointed. Eric, king of Norway, had now, it is thought by the inftigation of Edward, put in a claim, in right of his daughter the late queen ; this caufed a prolongation till the 19th of November. Every thing was now fettled previous to the conclufion of this important caufe. ■ The ftates had agreed, that the laws and cuftoms of England fhould be ftri£Hy attended to. John HaftingS) one of the difappointed competitors for the crown, attempted to prove, that Scotland was a divifible fief, and, as fuch, claimed a third of it ; but the kingdom was declared indivifible. The day being arrived, Baliol, as being the grand- ion of an eldeft daughter, was, by the laws of bo^h nations, Digitized b/G00gle 40 New History of SCOTLAND. nations, determined to have a jufter right than Bruce, who was the fon of a fecond daughter ; and all the other claimants being nonfuited, Edward re- ferving the profecution of his own right to be tried by him or his fucceffors whenever they thought fit, declared Baliol king of Scotland ; and immediately addreifing himfelf to him, faid, 44 You will now do 44 well to behave yourfelf in fuch a manner as not 44 to incur my difpleafure, or oblige me to interfere 44 between you and your people." The next day the kingdom being given to him, he fwore the fol- lowing oath of fealty : " I, John de Baliol^ do, by 44 thefe prefents, promife truly and faithfully to «« ferve our lord Edward, by the grace of God king 44 of England, and fuperior lord of the kingdom 44 of Scotland, with life and limb, and true honor, 44 againft all men, for the kingdom of Scotland ; 44 fo help me God* and his holy aporlles." On the 30th he was crowned at Scone, and received the homage of all his nobility, except Bruce, who had abfented himfelf. This being performed, . Edward ordered tlie new king to follow him to Newcaftle-on-Tyne, there to do him further ho- mage 5 which the abject Baliol thus performed. 44 My lord Edward, king of England, fuperior 44 lord of'the kingdom of Scotland, I being your 44 liegeman for the whole kingdom of Scotland, 44 with its appurtenances, which kingdom I claim 44 and hold, and of right ought to hold, for me 44 and my heirs kings of Scotland, hereditarily of 44 you and your heirs kings of England, and fhall 44 bear faith to you and your heirs kings of Eng- 44 land, of life and limb, and terrene honor, againft 44 all men that may live and die." This homage be- ing attefted by fixteen biiiiops, and the principal nobility of both kingdoms, Edward returned home exulting, and Baliol fneaked back to his territories. «v , Baliol had been returned from per- A. D 1 202. fonaiifl 6 kk toniage fcarcelyaweek, ' y m before ■v. Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 41 before the king of England had an opportunity to afiert his fupremacy. For one Mafon, a Gafcon merchant, appealing to Edward for fatisfa&ion for a debt contracted by Alexander 3d, which Baliol had refufed to pay, (and perhaps with reafon) the new king had a fumtnons fent him to appear in perfon at Weftminfter. This was followed by an- other fummons on the part of Macduff, earl of Fife; whofe eftate having been fequefter'd by the former regency, Baliol refufed to refign. John appearing at Weftminfter, in confequence of Edward's fum- mons, and having taken his feat in parliament! as firft peer of England, expoftulated with Edward concerning the redKtude of his proceedings, in citing him to appear in England to anfwer to mat- ters which only concerned Scotland ; and Baliol appealed to his promifes. Edward. infifted on his right to judge of whatever affairs concerned Scot- land ; adding, with a guft of paflion, that their king fhould appear before him as often as he faw fit. His promifes, he declared, were made to ferve Scot- land ; but fince their king had proved thus ungrate- ful, he would make him renounce every one of them, of what kind foever j and this abolition, Baliol, who was terrified at his menaces, was o- bliged to perform. The plaintiffs then' preferred their caufes ; and Baliol, as defendant, would have anfwered by proxy ; but this indulgence was denied him ; and the vaffal king was obliged to appear at the bar as a private perfon. Baliol, abject as he was, could not however brook an affront like this. He declared that he muft confult his fubje&s, before he would anfwer to the earl of Fife's charge. This behavior was judged a contempt of the court ; and Edward declaring that he would feize Berwick, Roxburgh, and Jedburgh, till Baliol mould come to a fenfe of his duty ; that weak king^ who had only made a flafh of refolution, inv- mediately acknowledged Edward's fovereignty, and mofl Digitized by GoOgle 42 New History of SCOTLAND. mod humbly begged his leave to confult the Scot- tifh parliament. This requeft, at Macduff's in- fiance, was granted ; and Baliol, after having pro- mifed to appear on a day appointed, was permitted to retire. Greatly chagrined at this mortifying treatment he returned to his people, who, tho' they defpis'd his perfon, gave ear to a propofal which he made, of refigning his power to twelve of them, who lhould confult together on means for fhaking off their flavifh dependence. They confidered Ed- ward's rupture with France as a very favorable juncture. The twelve regents therefore renewed the ancient league offenfive and defenfive with that kingdom, and concluded a treaty of alliance be- tween BalioPs fon, Edward, and king Philip's niece. Thefe negociations were not, however, carried on fo privately, but Edward gained intelligence of them ; which, at fo critical a time, gave him much difpleafure. To be certain as to the truth of Baliol's tranf- a&ions, or rather thofe of his regents, he ordered him to appear ; but he was anfwered by the Scots, that the pope having abfolved their king from his allegiance and fealty, he was no longer to exped his homage. This meffage was delivered to him by the bold abbot of Aberbrothwick. On which Edward exclaimed, " How foolifhly does this ftu- pid fon of mine behave ! well, if he will not come to us, we will 'go to him" ; and fending his ne* phew againft the French, he prepared to be as good , as his word. Before he proceeded to hof* 1290. tjiitje^ jj e ma de an offer of the crown to Robert Bruce, the fon of Baliol's rival, and the father of 1 his heroic fucceffor. This offer, Brace, who was rriuch in favour with Edward, thankfully accepted ; and in confequence of it, gained over a ftrong party to the intereft of Edward, who having thus gotten what he aimed at in the propofal, began his march. Berwick, a very ftrong fortrefe, was his Digitized by GoOgle New History of SCOTLAND. 43 bis firft and greatcft impediment. That garrifon, apprifed of Edward's intentions, had deftroyed 18 of his {hips, which fo enraged him, that, as he had little if any generofity in his temper, he vowed bitter revenge. He advanced before the town with an army of 40,000 men ; but was received fo warm- ly, that, to execute his purpofe, and fave the time and expence of a regular fiege, he had recourfe to itratagem. He ordered fome of Bruce's men to re- port that he would foon retire j and accordingly, in a few days, having made a {hew of raififcg the fiege, a ftrong party of his troops, habited like Scotch- men, approached their walls. The garrifon had re-* ceived advice .that Baliol was marching to their af- fiftance 5 and imagining this body of troops to be a detachment from that army, they opened their gates to receive them. The credulous Scots found their miftake too late ; for the Englifh being in pofleifion of their gates, now poured in upon them, andmaf- facred without refpedt to perfon, age, or fex, 7000 } fome fay, double thatnumber was flaughtered ; Ed- ward then drew a deep ditch round the town, which, from that time, became part of England. Propofing next to befiege Dunbar, he marched for* ward for that purpofe j but Baliol, at the head of a large army, impeded his defign. Edward beheld his approach with pleafure. He imagined, that to defeat this army, would be, in effect, to conquer all Scotland, which was the great object of his ruinous ambition. With the moft paffionate defire, therefore, he haftened toconqueft, and hefucceeded ; for in the battle the Scots were routed, with the loft of 10,000 men. On this defeat, Dunbar, Jedburgh, and Roxburg, immediately furrendered 5 as did aJfo Edinburg, on Edward's approach with a reinforce- ment of 40,000 men from Wales and Ireland. Ed- ward was now almoft totally matter of Scotland, which fo terrified Baliol, that he fent agents with offers of any, the moft abject, fubmiffion to obtain • - Edward's Digitized by GoOgle 4+ New History or SCOTLAND. Edward's forgivenefs. Abjection herfelf woulk jt^uft- Wld and Murray) we^^ifent %% it:. . i Itwas^fi-e ordered, that no fe^w^ip be pauj, tp l eyien |m- ifhops or archdeacons^ unleis, they performed, fbsjr d my in perfon, if their ftate of , _ life : permitted them; a ftri& law rwas, made againft pluralities^ and the Mendicant friars were reduced ^ four of- fers, the Minorites, the Predicants, Carmeljtes, and Hermits of St. Auguftine. ■, , ; % ir L t The famous Duns Scotus flourifhe^in^tjys jceri- "tury j and likewife Michael Scot, aniThom^ ^er- jnonth, commonly called Thomas theRyrner, fc^Pi re- futed prophets, whoarefaid, among other fqrpfjfiag things, to have foretold the union with England* The Scots, during the interregnum, were very in- patient under the Englifh yoke. This was Toon, ;per- .. reived by Robert Bruce, earl of Carrick. His father, whom Wallace had ftung with remorfe, it is generally thought, had, in his retirement, enjoined this fon>,of his to ftrive for the Scottifji crown, whenever he (aw an opportunity. Pollemng a vaft genius and a laud-* able ambition, he needed little incitement to glory. He had in confidence communicated his defign of J>e- ing king of Scotland to Cumin, who being a power- ful nobleman, it was necefiaiy that hefhould beJn his intereih Cumin, who, fince the abdication of Baliol, appears to have had finiiiar views, betrayed his confidence. Bruce meeting him afterwards, in a monaftery at Dumfries, reproached him for v his bafenefs ; and high words from hence arifing, Bri^ce, in his paffion,. (tabbed him, on the 10th of iebiju- ary 1306. After this deed, which fome writers have aggravated, and which no one can pcrfe&ly juftify, the voice of the people called him to the throne, as his birthright. He was accordingly crowned at Scone, in the prefence of the biihops of St* Andrew and Glafgow, and many nobkrnen .of dilliniiion, on the 25th x>f March following. E4- Digitized by G00gle 1 £dtord received* tMs r neV^ ^rith . < / . £ . tHdhi&ment: he prepared littmedi- * i; 3 , f SteW ^vith all hafte to'cVtifli the'nevr brigi before jte thould have cojie&ec} arfy conquerable iirreri^, 5 Accordingly, with a vatt force, he entered • Scot- land 5 and Robert, with a few UndlfcipTlnid tr6of^ f waited to receive him at Perth. Here enfiied a bat- ~tle,' in which, tho* Bruce performed prodigies oT * valour^ it cannot be furprifing that he was de- feated* Edward then ravaged Scotland once more, and gave free feope to the violence of his temper. He murthered every maje relation and friend of Bruce's that he could lay hands on ; among which .Were three of his brothers. He put the king's fifter in a wooden cage, where he kept her as a fpe&a- cle j in fhort, every day gave frefli inftances that he mortally hated the whole race. 1 ;Ih the mean time, king Robert having eluded ^ Jpdward's fcarch, by flying to the Orkneys, was concluded to be dead; and the king of England leaving die earl of Pembroke in his ftead, returned to quiet his dtnneftic affairs, ppon his departure, Bruce, having given his friends intimation of his gretreat, very foon collected iooo men, and in the iiepth of winter, attacked and routed the Englifh JbrceSj .His troops every day increaiing, Edward ' now Colledted all the force in his power, and de- ' termined, as he declared, to deftroy Scotland from Tea to fea. But this horrid defign was fruftra- ted; for arriving at Carlifle, he was feized by a - Hux, which, not attending to, it carried him off, * at Burgh on the Sands, on the 7th of July 1307, in the 68th year of his age ; having, as it is re- c ported, ordered his (on to continue the inarch, and r as a terror to the Scots, to carry his corpfe before fhem. JBut the conqueft of Scotland was not fo much at the heart of Edward the 2d. as was his great fa- vourite Qavtfton, who having been banjibed by D 2 hi* d by Google ~fl~ 52 New History of SCOTLAND. his father, he now haftcned home to recal and em-* brace. He left* however. Tome forces behind him^ under the command of John earl of Richmond^ which Bruce defeated. Hte then reduced many- fmall forts belonging to the Englifh, with Whom, after which, Bruce, who was as wife as valiant^ concluded a treaty ; in order, mean time, to gather fufficient force to reduce the ftrong cafHes of Edin* burgh, Perth, Sterling, and Berwick, which iince Edward's firft conqueft of Scotland, had been in their pofleffion. In 13 12, having, as he imagined^ effe&ed his purpofe, he befieged Berwick ; but a famine obliged him to raife the fiege, and rnakt ex- cursions into England for provifion. On his re- turn, he furprifed and took the caftles of Roxburgh and Perth, and laying clofe fiege to Edinburgh* he carried it with much difficulty. Thefe exploits^ added to the reduction of the Ifle of Man, which hecompafled, to fecure a communication with Ire- land, gained him great reputation. King Edward having news of thefe conquefts, and recolle&ing his father's laft words, " reduce the Scots" affembled an army (which according to thebeft accounts confifted of 100,000 men,} and marched into Scotland. Robert, with 30,000 choice troops, lay encamped at Bannocburn, a place, which by nature, hindered his troops from being furrounded or attacked in flank. On the 25th of June 1314, Edward's army began the attack ; but, under an aflurance of Victory, in fo irregular a manner, that Robert's veterans, whom he had learned to fight with broad fword and target, difordered, cut them in pieces, and in fliort, obtained as complete a vic- tory, as hiftory can produce. Robert with one ftroke killed fir Richard Bohun, who Was reckoned the ftrongeft knight in England, and had very nigh taken king Edward, who' efcaped but by the good- nefs of his horfe. In confequence or this iignal vi&ory, the Scots gained a prodigious booty. There were Digitized by GoOgle » OB E R T I. 53* were found in the Englifli camp waggon lows oS chains and fetters^ which Edwacd had prepared: foe tfte Scots.- The prifoners, doubtlefs, expe&edtkat tfoefei would now be thdir portion ; on the contrary^ be behaved with the greateft lenity; and exchanged ^he nobility amongft them for his wife and filter* whom Edward the firft had carried to London. Sterling, Dunbar, and Berwick now furrendered ta him, and Bruce became king of Scotland in reality. Ticking had one brother, who had efcaped the jpage- of; Edward the firit. His name was Edward, and his genius alfo afpired to a kingdom. Under- ftanding that the Irifh being foreiy opprefled by their Englifli governors, were ripe for a revolt, he borrowed forces of his brother, and landing at Carrickfergus with about 7,000 men, deftroyed Dundaik, and drove the Englifli out of U liter. Moft of the Irifh, who always considered them- felves as relative Scots, now declaring in his favour, he was crowned king ; while Robert kept dally- ing Edward of England till 1317, with offers of peace. Edward Bruce was then hard preffed by the Englifli, and Robert went over to his aflifiance j having been of great fervice to his brother, (who, the yea* after* however, was furprifed andflain) he retired to his own dominions, on receiving intima- tion that Edward had thoughts of invading them. The Englifh monarch would have been glad to l*ave exchanged Ireland for Scotland, of which, in the king's abfence, he had endeavoured to be- come mailer. He had belleged Berwick ; which Ro- bect immediately, on his arrival, marched to re- lieve, and driving the Englifli before him, ravaged York. This conduit fo enraged the archbifhop of that city, that he raifed an army of 10,006 men. He commanded it himfelf ; bujt the mad-headed pre- late was defeated at Mittoh, on the 21ft of Sep- tember 1319. This battle, from the number of P 3, priefts d by Google 54 New Hisfotv of SCOTLAND. priefo and mpnks^ who fought in tkeir fiirplices, andt Were flaift or drowned, was called the white battle* After this defeat,^ Robert concluded a truce with England, and til) £322^ cultivated the arts of peace. W&Jfl Edward haying in the mean time raifed a large 'army, broke the truce, and in July, invaded the kingdom. It is certain, that he penetrated a* fiar as Edinburgh, where his vaft army was again defeated, and himfelf purfued to York, Robert, in. his return ^ burnt the town of Ripptfn, and fined Beverly in a confide rable fum. Edward now gave over a}l thoughts of fubduing the Scots, and made peace with Robert on the following terms, " Thafr all the forts /hould remain mjfatu quo ; that neither party foould aflift the enemies of the other, except #n a war with France." The affairs of bommeree and jntergourfe were likewife regulated ; and Scot* fend, after her fatigues, enjoyed perfect reft, till the death of the Englifh king in 1326. Wa* theft be^ gan to rage afrefli, owing to JBruce's making an ef* tort to free his countrymen from their homage fa England. - Eif 1328, Edward the 3d. by the *dvke;of hi$ queen, and her great favourite Mortimer, imeon- Cderation of 30,000 marks* renounced all ! &*ky and homage from the Scofcsfor himfelf and fucceilbrs^ The Scots confidered this as the principal article jni^ truce of four years* which in other refpeefcs, (parties? larly a treaty of marriage between Edward's daughter and Robert's fon) was alfo much in their favour. * This great point being gained, Robert fat down : . contented* but in the ye^F following^ a lepipfy, which he was afflidted with, increafed fo fpft 4 aeto put an -end to his life and glorious reign, on th

B H. M 5$ Bfcughtft^who had the commtfRon, feithfully pttl formed; He had previously fettled the fucceifioa: <*rt< hi^lbfc' David, and in default ^>f heirs male, on hh grandfotf the great ftewan}*^ Scotland. On hit death-bed, he deiired that the Ebf Ides, or Weftern fttes, might never be governed by one man, left it ihould ekcite him to rebellion ; and that in future ware wkfr England, his countrymen would prefei* feirmifhes and fudden attacks to phfched battles. • v This excellent prince,' who Was im firft that in- troduced representatives of boroughs in parliament, had an equal genius for the field or cabinet. To Aim up hts character in few words, he was one of fhd greateft princes that ever fwayed the Scottifh "fcepter, whether confidered as a warrior, a monarchy Qt a wan. His character is blackened by fome Engfcfh writers, who reprefent him, as having at firft fought againft his country > this is blaming the fori for the faults of his father ; for it was the lat- ter only who was Wallace's enemy; but this cir- cumftance, of which many hiftorians, by blending the actions of both Bruces, appear ignorant, will feiVe to reconcile the difference. ;fie was twice married : by the earl of Mar's fifter \gi had a daughter, who efpoufed Walter, high ftew- ard of the kingdom ; the other, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry de Burgh, brought him a fon, who, now ifi the 9th year of his age, under the guardjanfhig 'Randolph, enjoyed great felicity. Heprov- ^S^-r e^Prlgfdly juft, for in 1332, he executed a malefac^ fbr^ though the pope had pardoned him ; and as the good regent died foon after this* circumftance, fome Wpeei that for his irreverence to the pontiff, he was •poifoned by an enthufiaftic monk. Duncan* earl oF fHat^ w^s Appointed %is fuoceffor; antf mrttfanf u»- ibl i ifeefHrevoiution very foon took place, b 4 r ■ The * Digitized by L,OOgle 56 New History of SCOTLAND. The mock monarch BalioJ, having obtained his liberty, thro* the intercenlon of the Pope* died at hiS eitate in France, in 1314. He. left behind him two fons, Edward and Henry. The former*, hav- ing been inftigated, by one Twenge (a wretch whom the late regent had outlawed) to aflert his claim, to the Scottifh throne, he liflened to his ad* vice* and, difclofing his fentiments to Edward king ot England, requefted his afliftance, and offered, in cafe he lhould fucceed in his attempt, to hold the crown of him as fovereign, in the manner ..of h,s father, Edward, tho' he greatly regretted that hv had been drawn in by Mortimer, ?to refign this fupremacy over Scotland, was, however, a prince oi tpomuch juftice, or policy, to violate ppenly a truce, which, notwithftanding, he heartily wiflaed were expired, Neverthelefs, hiftorians agree, that the virtue was riot wholly proof againft this alluring) Fait : fome fay, he went fo far as to affift Ballot behind the curtain. Whatever truth there may be in this, it is certain, that Baliol carried on matters, fo privately, that he landed at Kinghorn, with about 4,oco Englifh and Scotch volunteers, on the ift of, March 1332, without oppofition. The ftates be-. ing foon apprifed of his intentions, levied a confider-; able force, in order to ftop his progrefs. By the; imprudence of the earl of Mar, and the valourof Baliol's troops, this army was defeated at Dupplin* the regent and many of the principal nobility being Jflain. Edward then took Perth, and proceeding to Scone, aflumed the crown. In confequence of ■. which, he declared, that he would confider evjetjr ?. one as a traitor, that fibould refufc to fwear fealty to him. On this declaration, he was joined by. many men of power, and his party now grew \eiy ihorig. The 'few, who ftill continued faithful to David, appointed fir Alexander Murray his regent i but as that knight was fhortly after taken prifoner firifcner by Baliol, (whohad routed ^haffofbeshe jcomrnaaded,) the royal party l6ft^rbunf ever^ *day. They, hCVerthehrfs, c&ofe lord^Archtibattr &ou- •gfa& regent, who thought fit to apply tb kirig Ed- ward in behalf of the young king. Qn the other; hand, Baliol, who had now become, in a manner, mafter of Scotland, fcnt to him his homage, variety jrasas flaviih as his father's. ^ '[ -The truce tetween England and Scotland waa now expired, and Edward considered* ^iimfelf at li- berty to perftte the bent of his melioration. ^Th| fubmiifion of Baliol Avas highly agreeable to him j but yet he would not feem to quarrel with the 4 other party, without a pretext of juftice. *&& told the regent, that he fhoukt hot concern hinifelf with their eftates, any farther than claiming the caftie of Berwick for himfelf, let it be in the pofieifion either . of David or BalioFs party. That caftle his grand- father had folemnly annexed to his crown, and therefore that caftle, he faid, tho* recovered by Bruce, thro* the fupinenefs of his father, was his right. This caftle, as Edward well knew, was ftill main- tained by the royalifts, and Baliol having refigned all his intereft in it to him, he thus had a pretext for becoming his friend ; and, as the regentrefufed co five up Berwick, of courfe he was David's enemy, Gotland, opprefled b v foreign and inteftine foes, was now in a deplorable fuuation. King Edward With a vaft force, laid fiege to Berwick. After he had battered the place for more than a month, with Very little fttecefs, he raifed the fiege in order to lelieve his queen, whom the Scots,, in their turn, had befiegecj in Banibdrough caftle. The Scots re- tired at his approach, upon which he returned to Berwick, and attacked that fort with redoubled Vi- gour. The regent determined, at all events, to le- lieve this gaxrhon; and Edward, having received news, that^he. was advancing with a large an y, poiTeifed himfelf of a very :aaVantage0&s itatic.i n i £ 5 Haiidon Digitized by CjOOQLC {# New HiMroitiLof SCOTL&Nf). M Wfon HtfU Wh*jngu*> *mmadfultrf Ac b*r feng's r > dy iwg . imito&iofis, was refblute to attack l&wgrbV ^bo' ; lbi» adraratageoufly poflttL , This rain boldnefs terminated in a total defeat of Berwick mkvofas. afiely furrendered. >..\ -v>:>8 iU , On thetofc^ef thUbattfe, which wasaimoft th* overthrow of the Brucounintereft, Darid and W» young queen fled to France. Philip received then* with, a kingly hofpitality, and ratified the following^ treaty; " lir, A perpetual alliance and oonfedetaeje between both nations j ad, That the Scots an* FEench Jhoujd mutually fuccour each others againfl; the English with men of war* to- be waged and vie* * totalled at the expence* of the party aflifted^ v^dfc That neither nation ihould affift the Engl lfh wttfo money, victuals, or advice, without the content of both kings, under the penalty of being declared guilty of high treafon ; 4th, That the French fliouM % make no peace or truce with the Engltfh^ except the lung of Scots may be comprifed, named,) ajukatx tawed therein ; and at each change or fticceffion o£ them, that* their pragmatical* fan&ions: fee rccipno*- cally confirmed." «v:> Whilft this treaty was on the. carpet, Edwarf Baliol had called a parliament, which met the be* ginning of February 1334, in the abby-cburch of Holyroodhoufe^ Here, in confidecatioit of the gboxt jferviceao of Edward, king of England, he gran*r ted that monarch 2000 /. fterling per annum? arid? farther, to (hew his gratitude, as he called uyfce followed Edward, to Newcaftle, where, on the jcgdfe of June, after having given that king* a fole andt feparate right to the towns, counties, andc^ftlesofi Jedworth, S y l k i rk, Etrick, Haddington* Linlith- Digitized by GoOgle AVLBJ.TLOV'1 *-*Bt*oHvA wsW & ^oreit^fineifc provinces in Scodand J. he paid trtfn ftd Imoft flai^.ihiwogeT^^tlw* of his ithe EngHflii iri coirfequeiicfe of 'this infa* too* cefton, came t»talre poffe&o a ^f thcfe places^ the Scats iegan to look around trfem. They~f>er^ ceived d»t their king wasf in ft&< £d#a*d Vtool/ aatf^fihaft this ftep was introductory to hi» rftflavin^ all Scotland. - rl :. vl ^ sriWhihi the Scot* were thus rijote for molt, John Randolph, earl ofMurray, coming over fronif Frahcc^ withjRhilip ? * promife to reflate young David ; and acquainting his countrymen, that, purfCfant to the tfoatyt ten capital (hip* Tfrere coming over for 'that? jfcufflpofc^ the Bruc^ahs determined to tiorfirh^nccr Jtoftthtiesi Robert, the high fteward of Scotland, and ifir: CoHji Campbell, railed 400 men; and declaring for king David, furprifed and took the* eaftle of Duncan in Kyle. This little (uccefs de- termined numbers of the nobility to join them; and Ac 1 high fteward, who, tho* very young, was a man tof great abilities, was chofen king David's re- •gent; £11335, this regent Is fold, by many hi*- toiiafts, to have forfaken the intereft 6f his coun^ ftynitf: is very certain, that he did not ad with the fpirk^rith which he began; and the French, who, notwithftanding their pompous profeffions, Went' never hearty friends; having in all this year fait the Scots no aid, Bruce's party, blocked up by Eehrard ttf JEngland, who pofieffed Edinburgh : , Th« . Digitized by GoOgle 60 New History of SCOTLAND. The r oyalifts led this fevei* life till the ipring of 1336^ when Philip of France began to ftir in fav s/ vour of David. He found a martial difpafitfon m the young monarch, whom he now intrufted with the command of 26 gallies, fufficieritly vichiailed and manned, .with which he made defcents 0* Guemfey. and Jerfey. He was unable to -landfill his own dominions; but as Edward went to £n^- land, to confuk his parliament about proceeding /agatnft the French ; his friends were able to aflem- ble ; i and having taken Dunoter v KinenV«ndriL*w- riiler c allies, which Edward had well fortified ^ahfl garrifoncd ; ,havingbeen joined too by fir Alexander Murray, who was taken prtfoner in 1 332,' and JioW made joint regent* they grew ftrong enough: in the fpring ^33j7, to reduce the caftle of £othweU, and wire almoft able to have flood a battle with Ba- ilors party. However, mindful 06 their late king's dire&ions, they retired' to their ftrong holds, and only, as oocafion Offered, fkirmifhed wifh the Engl ifh. By thefe means, it appears^ that at the clofe of the year, Perth, Cowper, Sterling, and £dinburg, were all the fortified places which were in the poffeffion of either Baliol or his paramount. But in the beginning of the year 1 338^ fir Aiexandtr \/ Murray, the regent, died, and Robert the fteward of Scotland, being now fole regent, prepared to enter heartily into king's David's caufe ; and Phi- lip of France, with, whom Edward had been tam- pering concerning the Scots, having folemnly de- clared that he would fupport them to the utmoftof his power 5 war between thefe two nations was the confequence; and Edward, who feemed hototi the conqueft.of France, refolvedto command his army on the continent in perfon. ■/' >vKjf>; Whilft the king of England was pre^ 4339* paring for this expedition, fir William - Douglafs went to France, f to acquaint* king David how matters ftood in Scotland j and m * . s ^ D A V ID, H. • 61 jrepmfcnt the probability of hist, rteftnratjon, if f the French, in confequencc of th^ic treaty, would fur- *rfiflr him with troops. Philip, ab an' carneft of his intentions to ferre. the Scots, immediately fent back ©buglafs with fire (hips, ibme troops, and plenty of provhldns. With this affiftance, the regent was ^enabled to ' fubdue the caftle of Perth, ^hich, in the abience of Douglafs, he- had laid fiege to r and which made fuch a. vigorous defence, that if this jreinfopcenient had not arrived, he muft have given wp the point. But now Edward of England, very likely not thinking himfelf yet fufficiently able to cope with the united power of France and Scot- land^ concluded a truce (in which both nations were comprehended) to Midfummer 1340. ■;■'■ Thetrucewas nofooner expired, thanDouglafs, by tie following ftratagem, retook the caftle of Edin- burg : Being well acquainted with its fituation, he, at daybreak, prefented himfelf with about twelve df his trueft friends^ before the caftle, difguifed like failors and waggoners, with carts attending them* itt which they pretended that they had brought provifions to the garrifon. The porter let Douglafs come into the outer court. Douglafs inftantly killed him, and taking the keys of the caftle from off his arm, he admitted his followers; having previoufly k concealed a large body of armed men, lirider the hrfhs 3 of adjacent buildings, they emerged from the rabbifh at the found of a horn ; and thus he became Bftafter of the garrifon, all which they put to the iword, except Leigh, the governor, and fix Englifh efquif^Si. The next year Douglafs plied Sterling fb wzrmlfy that, notwithftanding a reinforcement rrom^Edtvard the 3d, the garrifon was glad to ca- pitulate for life and limb. - The brave and indefatigable Douglafs had now left m poffeffion of the Englifh, only the two caftles _ but Digitized by G00gle *5t New HfyronT ojf S£QTI*AND. the Eagl#H army,^ired ©sot witfy foUpwfeg %be £c#fcfcj in their, recefles, where they often, fejl: jntp a*nj>ufh*r cade** and bejhg befides in want of .prpynAon^ <&*BH/ eluded a truce to the end pftfce year 1^43, "ioTcbito bafis.pf it was, « That unlefs kingPftvid retustiftfe to his people, with force fufficient to wit^H^n4 1( fe^|> enemies by June* the Scots would never acknOjy- lege either him or his pofterity, but ow$ J&dwaQ&c for their Xovereign/' . , t : ;■>; t ^vv .This truce, which is denied by ftwe, gniijCi Others faid to be difhonourable to the Scot^, piiitfa^r contrary, reflected luftre on them, as a free and r ai fpirited people. They knew that £>av}d„ was UjfrMfc^ of age to command an arrays and under the ^re^j fumption that he was indulging in floth, pr atjeaftV that he was dilatory in urging Philip's alfcftafcc^ (as it never appears that the Scots had any otheir aid from him than what Douglafs brought pve*vY lj*$y undoubtedly thought, and with , the greatejtj propriety, that a^jng, who would make no effort 2 for a crown, or a, people's liberties, was unworthy ; of government. David, who feems to have been: detained fo J^ng in France, on no other motive tha&* Philip's bubb^in^ pretences, on the news, of ,thi9| truce,. told th£ french monarch, that he payft t h$ dallied with no longer. Troops, were now gra&$fe£j him; and in May, kins David and his queens i£*v companied by feveral Danifh and Swedilh knigbtoj as volunteers, landed at Innerberry, from whence*: amidft the enthufiaftic fhouts of hi« people, oeca^ fioned lefs by his long abfence,, than his then &&> clearing behaviour, he proceeded to Perth. Hej^ having viewed his army, and the deibjatj&ftatftjoft his kingdom, he was eager to ravage England ; and} . efpecially to reduce Berwick^ in which caftle h»j competitor Baliol refided in quality of Edward's; governor. His nobility, however, advifed peaCfc^ and David, who had a deep fenfe of his engager Rents with France* wa* at laft^ with difficulty brougnt Digitized by GoOgle Vrtagh&d <»tffil^#f^y«^ > white DdVi*t*£uhrte o*tri*of ftafcy *bm hii fubjeva*^ arti coiiftitwted «3obert* thd gretet flfeWardrof ScoUaikfc, hi* hefr, «* dafr^tr^ ifite. - / "^Ttfc^^t^^ert^e coined in f 34$,- A Jfcfigjtihman's life at thte& pence, for whoever could not pay hkn that firm was* put *6 the* ftffctd. The queefc'of Eflgferid havmg rafle* an atthy, thC ifttfrgtli df Which cartrttt be* atejftained, headed thettfheffelf, ihdoft ihe i^thp^ Q^obe#, dppbfc* Skattid near Durha**** lit tYm battle, (thro* the? treachery,- fay Scottifh writers, df Robert, thehigltf fte^atd, who wa# impatient t& wear tha crbwn)>- the Scots wore not only totally defeated, but their ktag* tho' he perforated the gteateft' perfortal ex-- ploksy waa take» pnfonery by a>i party under one' Jshn Coupfend, tw* of whofe *eeth 4ie dafhed out' beiwehr yielded ta him; Thr brate Douglafs,* with the bifhops <4 St. Andrew and Aberdeen, the' earls of Monteith, Sutherland, Fife, and many more Phased their monarch's fete; and Hay, lord conftable^ Keith, lord marfta^ N Stragutrin, lord' chancellor, wiih : other rrien. of note, artd above 20,000 comtkon me* were flail*. . The EnglMh, it feems, loft four knights and five efquires, but how many common fokticrs is uncertain. Couphmd brined away hk *oyaJ ( captive to Bamborough caf- tjte* whieh was hi* friend* Piercy's ; nor would he tett where the king was, or let hirtv be delivered tn> t&the queen, till he bad feen Edward m France, *b*> giving him 500 /• ft* anttttttf, *>& the honor d by Google «4 New History of SCOTLAND. of knighthood, ordered that he fhould deliver David to his valiant confort, tp be lodged in the Tower* till himfelf arrived in England On jhe a^rof January 1347, David was accordingly lodged in that fortreft ; but Monteith, haying long before fworo fealty to Edward, was executed as a traitor. ,* . Robert, the fteward, who was now made regent Of Scotland, prepared to ftop the progress of Ba*- liol, whofe ambition reviving, he had reduced fe» veral forts. But now a moft dreadful plague* whidr had arifen in Afia, over-run Europe : jio Ids than 20 millions of fouls are faid tp have fallen by this peftilence, which caufed a cefTation of arpa^aH over this quarter of the world till 1353- The ftates of Scotland, mean time, and till 1355, when the truce with England expired, had made many ineffectual negotiations concerning their king's ranfom. And tho' they paid for his maintenance while he was in captivity, they would not procure his enlargement on difhonourable terms. John, Philip's fucceflbr, had now fent them over (applies of money, and they therefore determined ta recommence houilities. They ftormed Berwick,; which, however, in 1356, was retaken; and this year Edward Baliol, who, excepting perfonal cou- rage, feems to have been as weak a man as his fa- ther, being old, difpirited, and unwilling to be the ball of fortune any longer, refigned all his preten- fions to the Scottifh throne, on condition of re* ceiving, out of the cuftoms of the towns of Hall and Bofton, 2000/. per annum; with which he. lived privately on his own eftate, and died at Don* , caller in 1363. in the treaty which foon took place, l 3S7* ar * er Edward Baliol's renunciation, Ed~ -ward, for jthe firft time, called David? king of Scotland ; and on the 3d of Q&ober, in this year, David obtained his liberty on the follow-. ing conditions ; " ift, That 1,00,000 marks be paid by 10,000 yearly, and that twenty Tioftages be given ^ .4 for Digitized by GoOgle D A V I D II. 6$ for the performance of it; 2d, Till this &m b c paid, that both kingdoms preferve peace with each other.; 3d, On failure of payment; that Davi4 again furrender himfelf, or the lord fteward, Dou~ glais and Murray in his room." The clergy and\ nobility bound themfelves together with David for the. true performance of thefe articles. But before Edward parted with David, he is faid to have grati- fied himfelf with dining, with his crown on his head, between David, and John king of France,^ whom the glorious Black Prince had made captive- the preceding year. ^ r ~ David now returned joyfully to his kingdbm. As 7 tile price of his liberty was great, he applied to.' France for antftance; but that court pleading fimilar. diftrefles, (as indeed they might with great juftiee) his clergy are faid to have been his beft* fj&tnd$« In 1359, he eftablifhed'with England a tpaty of commerce ; and procured his fubie&s the liberty of ftudying at Englifli feminaries. Nothing remarkable occurred, (except Jane, the Scbttilk queen's death, in 1 361) till 1363, when Edward* pxppofed a fbederal union with David; the fub- ftance of which was* That Edward would remit the, remainder of the ranfom; that he would rengn all the places in his pofiefton, which had "been for* merry conquered by Robert Bruce ; that in all trea- ties .with other powers, each king fhould either be ftiled in the plural number « the kings," or elfe " the king of England and Scotland;" and irju fhort, that the king of England was willing to' grant, by advice of his council, whatever the Scots could reafonably afle, if king David, by. way of equivalent, would conftitute king Edward his hein * This was a very extraordinary propofal for fo potent a monarch as Edward the 3d. to make to fuch a king as David. He would gladly have clofed? with it; but what is perhaps more extraordinary thaa Digitized by GoOgle 66 NewjHistdry or SCOTLAND. t^aw the propofal itfelf, his people, notwithftaasBitg 5 a- union like this* would have terminated their har&i" ihipfi, dedar«d. they -would fufFer ftill greater, ra- ther than theirking fhould, on any terms, refign their much-loved independency. This fcheme of Edward's proving abortive, Da^ r vid, by advice of his parliament, married a youhg lady, one Margaret Logy, by whom, though in the prime of life, not having any iffue ; it is faid, v that in the years 1365-6-7, they ridiculoufty viftted the moft noted fhrines, and particularly St. Tho* inasua-^Beckfet's* on that pretence: : Thehiftoryof Scotland now grows very dark, aitd all that we know for certain is, that on his re- turn from a vifit, which he had paid to Edward, the king died without iffue, at Edinburgh on the 22* cf'Febroary 1370, in the 48th year of his age, and the 41ft of his reign. The character given him by ftveral is, that as a monarch, he was credulous, vain, and bigotted; and as a man, ingenious, fobcr and affable. R Q B E JL T IL * Robert, the high ftewarci, (con- X370. ^erning whofe genealogy it is fuffi- cient to fay, that he was the Imeat defcendant of Walter, on whom Malcolm the 3d, as has been remarked, firft beftowed the office,) agreeably to the aft of fucceffion, now mounted the throne 5 tht firft of the family of the Stuarts. Fourteen years truce with the Engli(h taking* place, on his acceffion, and no civil transaction hav-^ ing been handed down, nothing material tranfpir&l till the death of king Edward the jd,' arid hte Va-f liantfon, in 1377. French emiffanes being the** a£ the court of Scotland, encouraged Robert to far-* prife Berwick; but the Englifh foon after retook W The year following, one Mercer, an able ^Stotch feamanfcouring the feas in a kind of piratic$fc rftaiW Her, annoyed tie Englifh confiderably ; but John Philpot, Digitized by GoOgle ROBE R T II. ' 6f. *frilpot, * ipirited alderman of London} Having mt&}> out a little fleet, at his own efcpenee, took he rover with fifteen rich Spamfli fhips, whicjb }io *ad : under : convoy. From this time, till 1384.* rontinued a fkirmifhing war with intervening truces. Jutky hiftorians minutely defcribe the takingiihd etaking of forts and towns; but it is imagined* ;fcat the reader will readily difjpenfc with fuch rela* tiontfl here, efpecially as neither party, after all their tnvadings and (kirmifliings, gained any confiderahk' idvaittage:. : In 1385, the Scots, renewing theirantient league uvjth the French, were affifted by that nation with 50*000 L and fome troops, the number not kliown< Richard the 2d of England, being made acquainted &kh |his circumftance, entered Scotland, wkh to [iornpous army* like Edward the 2d* with an in-^ tafttjoi* to fubdne the people, and lay wafted the eousttry* Robert, apprifedof his intentions, fraffed fche.Foxth, with the moft valuable of his effects r leaving a body of troops under lord Douglafs, who ihould occafionajly harrafs the enemy. Ri- chard paffing Berwick, found the country defo- liate ; continuing, however, his march to Edirt- bufgi he levelled that city with the ground ; which: indeed irt thofe days, was foon effected, for Edin- burg rtot being then, as k is now, the capital of Scotland, coniifted only of a few mean hovels. When he had performed this martial feat, theduke* of Lancafter, advifing him to carry his arms acrofs* Ae Forth, and follow Robert : the weak king, who, it feepis, had been led to imagine, that the duke had a finifter defign in this advice^ declared that he would not advance a ftep further: in fbort, he left Scotland, (Douglafc continually harraffirr^ him)* wkhout doing one fmglca&ion, which couid coun- tenance hisexpenfive preparations ; on the contrary. peugWs obtained a truce for hts -countrymen tin S:^-:.-.. ■:. .'.■■:■::■;:-._ vi C - * Digitized by G00gle 68 New History or 5 CO TL AND. The Irifh, during the laft five jrears/ havlftg made defcents on the-weftern parts of Scotlarf&f Robert, now determined to make reprifels. *^<9be William Douglafs, (a baftard fon of Archibald lo«l * Galloway,) accounted the moft handfome and ae- complifhed gentleman of his time, and to whom Robert, for the affection he bore to him, had given bis daughter Giles in marriage, was fent on this expedition. He executed his commiffion with great fiiccefs ; for after having defeated the Irifli militia* of Dundalk and Carlirigford, he loaded a dozen of fhips, which he found in the harbour, with booty. In his return home, hearing that the family of the Montagues, who poffeffed the Ifle of Man, had be- haved amifs, to his countrymen, he laid it wafte, and then landed his fpoils near Loch Riar, Robert was fo elated with th^ fucceis 1388., of Douglafs, that, calling a parliament at Aberdeen, he propofed an inyafion ot England. The flates concurring, he accordingly raifed two armies 3 one under the command of the earls of Fife and Monteith, * Wiljiam Douglafs and Alexander Lindfay j and another under the earls of Pouglafs, March, Crawford and Murray. , They confifted of 15,000 men each. The former entered Cumberland by the Weft Marches, and the latter proceeding dire&ly to Northumberland, ravaged that county. Both armies met, according to agree- ment, near Newcaftle, which was defended by Henry and Ralph Piercey, fons to the earl of Nor-, thumberland. William Douglafs having felefted 2000 foot and 300 horfe, determined to ftorm the caftle next day j before which, it feems, he received 9 a challenge from Henry Piercey, furnained, from his fierce valour, Hotfpur, whom Douglafs, at the firft onfet, difmounted and deprived of his fpearand pen- . nant, with which he boaited to return in triumph to^ Scotland $ and it was really his intention, as he found d by Google ROBERT IL 69 tJ^at he muft mifcarry in his attempt to ftorm the caiftle, , Henry was fo mortified at, this defeat, that he fwore Douglais ftiould never carry a fpear of his in* to Scotland: Sallying out, therefore, in queft of Douglafe, with 600 horfe and 8000 infantry^ he found him encamped at Otterburn. Hotfpur at- tacked the Scots by moonlight, and with fuch re- folution, that they were on the point of being routed, when the brave Douglafs rufhed into r £he middle of the Englilh, with his battle-ax inhis]i£*idV The Scots, in admiration of their leader, ,^nd re- inforced by the earl of Dunbar, returned with vi- gour to tne charge, and obtained a complete vic- tory 1 though not without the lofs of their heroic commander, who having proceeded too incautioufly into the main body of the Englifh, was furrounded and cut to pieces, together with his chaplain, who fought by his fide : 200 Englifh were left dead on the field i and Hotfpur, ana his brother, with a- bove 100 perfons of diftin&ion befides, were takeii prifoners. This celebrated battle, commonly called Chevy* cbace-fighu was fought on the 21ft of July, in which only 100 Scots were killed, but double that num- ber were taken prifoners. Both parties, with re- ject to their prifoners, behaved with the greateft generofity ; being exchanged for each other, or al- lowed to fix their own ranfom. In confequence of this battle, a truce was agreed on, till Auguft 1392, in which the allies of both fides were comprehended ; though the Scots now veiy juftly began to look on the French as a ielfifh and wavering people. King Robert, who was grown very infirm, and had, therefore, for fome time, given the reins of government to his fon, the earl of Fife, did not furvive this truce ; for he died at his caftle of Dun- donald, on the 19th of April 1390, in the 75th year of his age, and the 19th of his reign, • />-, & * Robert .. Digitized by GoOgle yo New^ Hisr or y op S G OT LA N D. Robert does not appear to hav£ been fond of fighS- ifcg; but he was mild, juft, and (what lie is greatly to be praifed for) unwilling to undertake anv affkfr ^wkho^t the full concurrence of his parliament. lietfe taked with concupifcence j for tho* he Wgfs twice married, firft to Elizabeth ' Meir, by wlioiii he had John, who fucceeded him, and five other children; and afterwards to a lady hamed Ifa- ! feel, by whom he had three; yet he kept two fftiftarefles, by whom he had a numerous iflue. Ro- ^bert was the firft who introduced the coiriing of ^©ld Jfi "Scotland* He feems lilcewife to have been the iirft king who made ufe of %any device or em- wWem* 'His was a coronet over a terreftrial globe* ivith the following motto, Partitas vaniiarunty et tmnia vanitas* ROBERT III. This king's real name was John y but ^390* the ftates of Scotland, who could not forget the wretched John Baliol, and who reflected with r&pture on his Xucceflor, Brude ; jiot having yet divefted themfelves of their Caledo- nian -fuperftition, changed it to Robert. The king Jiaving been lamed by a kick from an horfe, and be- ing likewife both fickly and of a meek difpofition, after he .had prolonged the truce wkh the Englifh till 1398, reiigned the adrniniflxation of affairs al- naoft mtirely to his brother, the earl of Fife, who jiad been regent in the life-time of his father. During this truce, the two powerful clans of Chattan and Kay being continually at enmity with each other, arid difturbing the peace of. the realm, the earl of Crawford was made the inftrument of filencing their fquitbles ; which he brought about by this jjrtiul (c he ire : He propoied that thirty of each clan, chanpi ns for both tribes, fliould decide their refp^ctive ciferenccs by the {word; at the far e tinA that the kir ^ who with his nobility, v-crc ore fpe6uitors 0! fhe combat, would pardon *he c£u*u;8 of Loth, and 1 w ward the conquerors. The Digitized by G00gle The Highlanders readily clofcd wi* h t&e propofal $ ag^d a day was appointed for thq fixty chapipipjXs ^^ieet a* the Npr^-inch of Perth. But; at this ffmd^zyous, one of the clan of Chattan bei^g fo^nd ^Wj^nting, Jlenjy Wynd* a fadler in ,th.e town, <>f. ijerea^ for a.gpld ducat, to fupply hjs place. And ^w both parties engaging with the aioft unbounded fury, Wynd, whom peribnal ejimity had. not de- prived of fkill and difcretion, by his valour and activity, obtained the vi&ory over the JCays£ ojv- Jy erne of that clan efcaped the death which all r the re# bad met with, by fwimming over the Tay, which indeed h? jvas prudent in doing, fince, be- J(ides the fadler, there was a third part of the X^hattans ftill remaining. The reader from this re- lation, may form fome idea of thofe antient clans, which were even then too barbarous and powerful a £q be totally fubdued . >. - Notwithstanding, hiftorians have tranfmitted no particulars, it is reafpnable to think that the coun- try, as well as the court of Scotland, during this long interval of peace, m lift have greatly improved. The latter, however, as is but too commonly the 1 cafe, imported vice with % politenefc. Robert had created his eldeft fon duke of Rothefey, and his /brother, th$ regent, duke of Albany. Thefe were Jhe firft of that title in Scotland j and the former , now became profligate, and the latter ambitious. Rothefay committed fo many excefies, that his fa- ther, in hopes of his fettling, fought to marry him. The thrifty king, who aimed to make as good $ bargain as he could for his fon, told his nobility I that, whoever bid moft money mould be honoured -tJUfith £is, alliance. The earl of March, who was *> f%Q beil '-bidder, paid down a fum of money on the . fliail; arjd, coming to court a few days after, to fet- tle matters againft his daughter's nuptials, he was told that his rival in power, the earl of Dba^hCs^ had fince offered above him, and therefore, on that account^ Digitized by GoOgle 72 New History of SCOTLAND. account, was preferred. March, being greatly piqued, infilled that he had made a fair agreement ; and mentioned the money, which he had advanced, as a proof ; but finding that the duke of Albany was in the intereft of Douglafs, (whofe daughter ac- cordingly married Rothefay) he gave up the point, knd demanded his depofit money. As Albany re- fufed to return it, he vowed revenge; and, re- nouncing his homage and fervice to Robert, he repaired to England, and fpirited up Henry the 4th againft his countrymen. The Englifh monarch, who fince his I400» acceffion, teems to have had an eye to the independency of Scotland, counte- nanced the revenge of March ; and, under pretence of being lord paramount of Scotland, invaded that kingdom ; as well to right the earl of March (whofe eftates had been feized t>y Douglafs) as to affert his own fupremacy. He entered Scotland with a vaft Force, having a fleet attending to fupply it with pro- vifions. He oehaved at firft with lenity, in hopes to draw* the Scots to his ftandard; but, not fucceeding to his wifh, and the duke of Rothefay, who was full of fire and fpirit, and was then at Edinburg cattle, offering to decide all difputes,by fingle com- bat with him ; he declined the challenge, but com- mencing hoftilities, laid fiege to the cattle. Ro- thefay's brave defence, together with the infurrec- tion of Owen Glendour in Wales, obliged Henry to raife the fiege, and conclude a truce with the Scots for two years. Thus, though Henry gained no honour, except by his generous behavour to fuch as were not under arms, the duke of Albany loft a great deal j for as he kept back the royal army from the attiftance of his nephew, he has been ftrongly Fufpected of having defired his death, in order to pave the way to defigns which he had ambitioufly formed of fucceeding to the throne himfelf. His future conduit feents to confirm this fufpicion \ for foon k ROBERT III. 7j x>on after, complaining to the king of the duke's iebaucheries, Robert ordered him to be arretted, indfor a time confined in the caftle of Falkr land ; where, fhortly after his commitment, Albany [tarved him to death. It is (aid, that his life waf ittiferably lengthened out by a woman, who, how* ever, with a good intention, let him fuck the milk from her breafts. How guilty foever this unhappy prince might; be, as to the crimes alledged agairuj him, nothing can fcxcufe the cruelty of his uncle, to whofe ambition, the vulgar univerfally believe,, be fell a martyr. ' * The earl of March, who had been diflatisfied with the truce, now that it was ended, ft wed up the Englifh again. The Scots, apprifcd.of his in- tentions, determined to be before-hand with hhn £ and the earl of Douglas met him, at the head of a large. body of EnglUh forces, on Homeldon Hill. Here the Scots were fo galled by the£nglifli archers., • that, ih'fpite of all the efforts of Douglas, and of fir John Swinton, who, with a chofen party* charged the enemy fword iii hand, they wfcre totally defeated ; Douglas himfelf, who received five wounds, and loft an'eye, being, with feveral other perfons of dif* tin&ion, taken prifoner. * Henry ordered lord March n6t to difpofe of hte prifoners, till he faw them ; when, being made ac- quainted with the amazing valour of lord Douglas, he is faid to have difmifled him without f ranfom, and the others on very trifling fines, In'fhort, the difturbances in his own kingdom now ftrongly in- clined him to a peace with the Scots, efp^cially as it was reported thaf Richard the 2d, his p^edecef- /or, wasftill living in that kingdom. This jftsgort, though groundlefs, haftened the conclufion of a truce till 1405. In the mean time, king Jiobert became acquainted with the tragical end of hisfon, the duke of Rothefay 5 but as the regent's power was above the reach of punifhment, the old king E could' ■ " Digitized by GoOgle 7* New History o* SCOTLAND. could only prevent the facrifice of his other fen, by /ending him into France. The veflel, in which he failed, was met by an Englifh privateer, off Flam- i>orough Head 5 the captain of which, as the truce *vas juft then expired, took and carried her to Lon- don, and Henry confined the young prince and hi$ •retinue in the Tower ; deftroying by this a&ion* the character for generofity, which the Scots them* telves had always hitherto beftowed on him. King Robert was no fooner informed of his fon's captivity, than (perhaps imagining it to be a fcheme of Albany his orother,) he was feized with fuch agony of grief, that he became immediately fpeech- Jefs, and died in three days afterwards, on the 29th of March 1405. Robert, in his youth, had been remarkably han€fome ; and he is allowed to have pofleffed the virtues and abilities of a private man and a chriftian ; but fcarcely any qualification which is requifite in a fovereign. Scotland was interdicted by pope i Church* Boniface in this century, becauft Robert Bruce refufed to make peace with the Engliih : however, upon an humble re- monftrance to his holinefs, figiied by the nobility and clergy, the interdiction was foon releafed ; a£ ter which* the only thing remarkable is, that the. biihops, wbofe eftates, at their deceafe, had always been at the king's difpofal, now obtained the liberty .of leaving their effects to whom they might thinlf proper; and if they happened to die iriteftate, they became, like thofe of die laity, the property or the neareft relation* J A M E S I. The young James, as foon as his 1405* father's death was known, was de- clared king, by an aflembly of the ftates^ which, at the fame time, appointed, or ra- ther continued, the duke of Albany regent, till he Jhould be releafed from bis captivity. Henry. ^ ' Digitized by L,OOgle J A M E S I, 75 Henry treated his royal prifoner with much re- fped ; and the regent was fo far from defiring hfs fovereign's enlargement, that, without any efforts for his releafe, he concluded a truce with England till 1409- But neither the generofity, (if it may be fo called,) of Henry, nor the power of Albany, could prevent the Scots from murmuring ; and it feems, that during the truce, they committed T£- *vend irregularities, which Henry had the prudence to overlook. As the truce approached to an cnd p they grew exceedingly clamorous ; and immediately on its expiration, a party feized the caftle of Jed- burgh, (which the Enghfti had garrifoned fince the battle of Durham) and laid it in ruins. The re- gent, perceiving that the people were bent on war, and concluding that it would be^*as unfafer as im- poffible for him to check them, prepared to mutter an army, under the command of the earl of March, who now had forfaken the Englrfh and had beeri* reftored to his eflates. The Scots, however, were diverted fronrmarch- ing Into England, by ah infurre&ion of Donald, lord of the Ifles (a title of very indefinite fignifica- tion) who had quarrelled with the regent, con* cerning his right to an eftate. Donald, receiving intimation that Henry of England would efpoufe •hrs caufe, feized the lands in difpute, and levied a confiderable force, in order to maintain them. The regent fent Thomas, earl of Mar, againft the rebel lord, who, after an 1410. obftinate1truut, what is of infinitely more importance, in agriculture, trade, and manufactures. By thefe means, his court became, the receptacle of men of genius, and the whole king- dom afiumed a new face ; for he had introduced a better ftile of archite&ure ; had regulated weights and meafurcs, and the wages of labouring men -, befides, eftablifhing ferries and inns for the eafeand convenience of travelling. In a word, this excel- lent king omitted nothing which he imagined might yiy way contribute to die intended reformation ^ and to prevent the growth of luxury and expence, be ena&ed fumptuary laws, which exprefly prohi- bited any but his principal nobility from wearing gold or filver lace, or valuable furs \ but in refpe& , E.4 *<* d by Google So New History of SCOTLAND, to diet, he encouraged that kind which moft con- duced to the improvement of agriculture. James, thus bufied himfelf till 1435 ; and the truce with England having been prolonged till that time, ambaffadours now arrived from that nation with offers of perpetual peace. Lord Scroop, we are told, had orders to propofe a marriage between his mafter, Henry the 6th, and the princefs of Scotland. He was, beftdes, impowered to refign. the caftles of Roxburgh and Berwick, of which the Englifh were then in pofieffion. James, at the head of his parliament, at Perth, received the En- flifh ambafladors ; and as there was likewife a rench ambaflador prefent, who reprefented the antient league of the Scots and the French in a very ftrong light, great debates enfued. The king, who though it may be eafily perceived by his* retrench^ ing the too great power of his barons, that he bad : a great idea of prerogative, referred this affair t whom he had fallen defperately in love. He terminated his pilgrimage in England, where he fwore allegiance to king Henry, who, fome fay,, allowed him 500/. a year, till hefhould recover his. eftates from king James, and thus (a practice not; uncommon) he made piety the cloak of ' hifs treafoa, and his luft. The latter, notwithstanding, was very foon difappointed ; for the Fair Maid diflikingt his perfon and manners, eloped from him,, and re-* turned to Scotland. James granted her part of the* Douglas eftate, and affixed the remainder to his^ crown. The royal revenues not being deemed > I 455* funicient, a parliament met on the 4th o£ Auguft, in which the members feem tor have forgotten their feudal barbarifm, and to haves, entertained ideas of true liberty. To fupport ther dignity of the crown, they annexed to it-caiUes; and lands in different parts of the kingdom for his> majetty's refidence. Thefe were always to be royal pofreffions > for they enacted that the king fliould not alienate them, without the full concurrence of parliament. If any king fhould be tempted un- lawfully to difpofj? of part of them to, fome fa- vourite j in th^tcafe, the fucceeding king had power to retake them, without a procejiof law* with all, the profits and revenues from the time, when fuch. lands were alienated. They likewife enaxSed, that rio office fhould be hereditary, except the guardian of the° Marches. Thefe and feveral other ^a&s, tending to the Tecurity of the frontiers, were not revokable even by the king ; whofe pojyer;, a^d that Qf his fucceffars,, was firiply eftablifhed ; and, at the fame time, to prevent a$uie, 4$ firmly bounded,, by this patriotic parliament. During Digitized by GoOgle JAMES II. 8$ ' During thefe tranfactions, the reftlefs Douglas* having maintained a fecret correfpondence with Rofs, lord of the Ifles, excited that nobleman to rebellion. Rofs, accordingly declared himfelf in- dependent of the crown of bcotland ; and, in March 1 456, he raifed an army, and committed the greateft barbarities in Murray and Invernefs ; but not being aflifted by Douglas, as he had expected, he fued for pardon ; and, through the interceifion of his countefs, who was a great favourite with the king, obtained it. James was now in a ftate of felicity : he regu- lated his coin by the Englifh ftandard ; and, like his predeceilbr ? enacted Sumptuary laws. The vul- gar were only 9x1 holidays permitted to wear cloaths that were of a red, blue, 6r a green colour ; coarfe grey being appointed for working days ; and none but the prime nobility and prelates were permitted to wearfcarlet cloth and furs. He forbad the di- yerfioh of foot-ball and goff, and ordered butts and bow«-marks in every panfh, and that the male in** habitants, between die years of 12- and 52, fhould every Sunday practice mooting. He was very fe- vere in punifhing beggars, who were not under 14* 6r or above 70 years of age; and as the Scots about this time, it feems, were much addicted toi piracy, the number of failors was limited. While James was thus bufying himfelf for four years ; thedifputes between the houfes of York and* trancafter had put England into a flame. It is a ftrong proof of his moderation, that he did not take advantage of thefe commotions. He remained neuter in the affair, till Henry's queen, after fuf- fering feveral defeats, applied to James for pro- tection and afliftance, offering tp give up Douglas* (though he had been of great fervice to her) amf in cafe, through the aid of James, fhe mould prove victorious, to aflign over to him Berwick and Nor- thumberland. James had no great reafon to favour th£ Digitized by GoOgle 9 and the 23d of his reign. James the 2d was robuft, tall, and a&ive : he Jiad a jed fpot on his cheek, by which he acquired* the name of Fiery-face. He was brave, juft, and temperate ; but he is {aid to have been paflionate ; of which indeed, his murthering Douglas is a, proof. His deportment, though martial, was vaftly engaging, familiar, and infinuating. As his father Jiad begun to (hake the pillars of Ariftocracy, he poffefled abilities that, had he lived, muft effectu- ally have overturned them; the feudal fyftem, which, at that time, governed all Europe, would then have been firft fubvexted in Scotland, JAMES d by Google ( 9* ) JAMES HI. The queen, on the news of the king's death, immediately carried her .fon, who 1460* was then but feven years old, to Kelfo ; where he was crowned James the 3d. She then returned to the fiege, which was carried on fo much in earneli, that the caftle furrendered for bag and baggage. She next demolifhed Wark, and then returning to Edinburg, called a parliament; which, after fome altercation, conftituted her the king's tutrix. This was in the year 1461, when the difpute in England terminated in favour of the houfe of York, which obliged Henry and his queen and their only fon to fly to Edinburg, where they,, were kindly received. The Lancaitrians, however, were frill a ftrong party, poffefling many caftles ; in particular, Berwick, which Henry prefented as a. debt of gratitude to the Scots, who accordingly took poffeffion. The earl of Douglas had now fided with the other party 5 and had the addrefs to excite Rof% lord of the Ifles, once more to rebellion. He re- newed his cruelties with his claim of independency, arid fwore to aflift Edward of England, as well againft his own country as the houfe of Lancaften This nobleman, in the midft of his barbarities,, died, and it is faid, raving mad ; but his fdn renewing the rebellion, Edward grow- 1464. ing very popular, and the queen-regent being dead, the ftates of Scotland, for the fecurity of the kingdom, concluded a truce with England till 15 1 p, in which Douglas and Rofs, as fubjects of England were included : But as this truce was on condition, that James fhould in no (hape, aflift Henry or the houfe of Lancafter ; that weak prince, retiring in difguife, was discovered in Lancafhire, by Digitized by GoOgle 92 New History of SCOTLAND. by fir Edward Talbot, who hurrying him to Lon- don, he was, by the exulting Edward, imprifoned in the Tower. The queen, however, and her young fon got fafe into r ranee. The care of James's petfon, and education had been committed to Kennedy, bifhop of St. Andrews, a man of the greateft worth and learning ; who, dying, the ambitious family of JBoyds contrived to get the young monarch- from lord Kennedy, the bifhop's brother. They fucceeded at an hunting match 3 and the king was 4 fo pleafed with his change of fituation, that he created the head of the Boyds, earl of Arran; gave his own filter in marriage to him, and appointed him his proxy for his own al- liance with the daughter of Chriftian, king of Den- mark and Norway, which, to conciliate fome dis- putes concerning the Ebrides, or Weftern Ifles, had been agreed on. The royal nuptials were folem- nized in July; James confidering Shetland and the Grcades as his queen's dowry. During the abfence of the earl of Ar- 1469.. ran,, the Boyds. had loft much ground; and fo uncertain is the favour of a young king, that the earl, though he brought a blooming ". bride to his matter's arms, was received with the inoft mortifying coolnefs. He faw the ftorm which was gathering over his head ; and he determined to provide againft the fhock. He had fcarcely returned ; to Denmark,* before he was impeached in parlia- ment ; his wife, by the moft barbarous defporifm, divorced; and himfelf (though he had procure^ an act, dated the 25th of October 1466, juftifying his conduct, in feizing the king,) condemned and outlawed. Lord Hamilton being now the king's favourite, the countefs of Arran was compelled to marry him, fome fay even before the earl's death, which happened at Antwerp in 147 1. Thefe facts, palliated as they have been by fome writers, muf ever remain injurious to the memory of James;* ^ J ' wha -v Digitized by GoOgle JAMES III. jft who devoting himfelf to ftudies unworthy of a king, very foon difregarded his nobility, and chofe him- felf intimates out of the very dregs of even a foreign people. Cockran, a mafpn, Rogers, a mufician, Xorfifan, a fencing-maft|r, Leonard a fmith, and Hommil a taylor, were his infeparable compa,- nions. He thought himfelf under conftraint in the company of his nobles ; and continuing this courfe of life for feveral- years, he took infinite pains to undo all which his father and his grand- father had done, refpe&ihg the power of the barons ; and to work his own ruin* However, the parliament ftill confulted the good of the nation, by making many wife ftatutes ; the moft material of which, was an acl: concerning the fishery. Certain lords were ordered to provide bufles, nets, and other neceflaries, for that purpofe. And had this a£fc been well attended to, the Dutch had ftill, very proba- bly, been inconfiderable ; but on the contrary, ip. a great meafure, by this very article, they enriched themfelves to a degree capable of difputing^ the fo?- vereignty of the ocean ; whilft the Scotch nobility contended about matters of little honour and no profit. % . ] • James now became infatuated by judi- cial aftrology, and an abfurd belief of 1477* witchcraft. Thus pofleffed with the bi-< gotry of an enthufiaft, he put to death his own brother, the earl of Mar, on the fole authority of an old woman, who pretended that he had a defign on his life. The duke of Albany, his other bro- ther, apprehenfive of a fimilar fate, fled into France, and from thence into England, where, entertaining a defignto dethrone his brother, he promiled Ed- ward the 4th that he would fwear fealty and do ho?» mage to him, if, by his affiftance, he could pofli^ bly obtain the kingdom, Edward inflantly con- curred with his defign : he ardently longed to fe^ Ciimj^Qfland, and therefore he broke 'the truce, d^f^^d Albany with forces* under the comrnani ' T - ■. *>Digitfeed by . ; 94 New History of SCOTLAND. of the duke of Gloucefter, who laid fiege tx> » wick. dS James raifed an army to oppo&^ftte 1482. Englifh; but the chiefs, who commanded in it, thought that they had then the b(#k Opportunity of crufhing the king s unworthy favott- rites. They accordingly feized them in the kirtg^s pavilion, at the camp of Lauder. Cockran thfe mafon, whom he had created earl of Mar, Rogers the mufician, whom he had knighted, Tdrrffan the fencing-mailer, and four others of the fame clafs, k without any form of trial, were hung up di- rectly in his preience, over a bridge, and he made no efforts to fave them. After the nobility had offered this grateful facrifice, to their country, of odious favourites, inftead of proceeding againrc the enemy, they drew off in feparate divifions, and the poor deferted James retired, with grief, to his caftle at Edinburg. Mean time, the two dukes, leaving 4000 men before Berwick, advanced with the main body to Edinburg. As they met with no oppofitioii in their •march, they committed no mifchief. This mo- deration was. probably owing to Albany, who, not finding his countrymen fo hearty in his defigns as he hacT expefted, now pretended that he only fought aififtance from the Englifh, for the recovery of his eftates, without having any views detrimen- tal to his brother. The ftates, therefore, (for the king feems at this time to have been a mere cypher) reftored him to them ; and as the Englifh infiftcd on being paid for their trouble, with the caftle of Berwick, it was accordingly ceded to them. Albany now grew exceedingly popular ; and James, who began in the following year to reco- ver his authority, made him his prime minifter. But the duke beginning to tamper afrefh with fome of the nobility, who, notwithftanding the meannefs and imprudence of the king, continued his frjends, grew fufpeaed. Guilt and fear,, which are always Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S III. 9 $ Infeparable companions, made him haftily retire to liis caftle at Dunbar; from whence he fled, fend €>nce more fought the protection and affiftance of theEnglifli. Richard received him kindly ; but his own do* meftic concerns incapacitated him from affording any other aid than 500 horfe ; with which, and what few volunteers he and the earl of Douglas (wh* was ftill a prifoner in England) could jointly ob- tain, he propofed to plunder Lochabar fair. The old earl attended him in this fcanda- 1484/ lous expedition. They thought to Jiave fur- prifed the market-place, but they were difappointed ; for the towns people, having been informed of their intended vifit, and that the main obje& was plun* der, had afiembled the borderers, who being well armed and difciplined, fought, defeated them, and what ftill added to their renown, made captive that old rebel, Douglas. Kirkpatrick, by whom he had been taken, car- ried him in triumph to Edinburgh The earl ap» peared before his lung with a fallen pride, and even turned his back on him ; nevertheless, James, wifh a generofity, which fome have thought faulty and ill-timed, pardoned his crimes, and allowed him to retire to the abby of Lindores, where he had res ceived his education, and where he foon after died. As for the duke of Albany, having in this defeat, loft his friend Douglas, and being afterwards un- able to procure any Englifh affiftance, he ended hit rdays in France. Had James now purfued wife meafures, he might have lived on good terms with hU nobility, and been an happy monarch : But ftill continuing his unpopular conduct, his nobles, piqued at his dis- regard of them, formed a dangerous confederacy*. On the firft news of it, he {hut himfelf up in Stir- ling caftle, forbidding, on pain of death, any per- Jon, in arms, to approach it. The Digitized by GoOgle $6 New History of SCOTLAND. The king's eldeft fon, then about fif- 1487. teen years of age, headed the confpirators ; fo that the extent of their defign was then no longer a fecret. James was given to. underftand* that he might, if he chofe, refign his crown, to his fon, without bloodfhed. This he refufed \ on the contrary, he raifed forces by proclamation, in or* *der to fubdue the rebels. Both parties met at Ban- jiockburn, a field in which the great Bruce had gained the greateft renown ; but it was now to be ltained with patriotic blood. The lords Erfkine, Mon- teith, Graham, Maxwell, Ruthwen, Crawford, and Lindfay, commanded in the royal army, which at- tacked the confederate lords with great fpirit ; but they were loon repulfed, and, in a very ftiort time, totally defeated. The king loft his fmall portion of courage at the firft charge; and turning tail, galloped out of the field on full fpeed. He had hardly rode two miles ere his horfe threw him, and -he was taken up half dead by a miller, who carried him to his hut. Having recovered his fenfes, he /defired: a prieft ; and incautioufly letting the miller imto theiecret of his rank, he ran out calling for a prieft to confefs the king. Borthwick,' who, with lord Gray, was purfuing him, juft then paffed by, ** 1 1 am a prieft, fays he, lead me to his majefty." As foon as he faw James, he afked him if he thought himfelf very dangeroufly wounded; and on his an- fwering in the 4aegative, he ftabbed him to the fc*art. _ j: k :'. >| Thus he fell on the nth of June, 1488, in the 35th yefer of his age, ahd the 29th of his' reign. He was* certainly a weak, mean, fc jealous, and credulous prince.;; though many errors of goveriv- irient, into' which he fell, may be attributed to his sraiit^b£ a fettled; stud regular education: this eople, it was called in. He had a good tafte for xchite&ure, which fhewed itfelf in the many edi- ices that he erected. J A M E S IV. £ The late king's death was for fome C^ ime unknown : As foon as the news of 1488* £> t reached the ears of young James, he is ~~ faid to have difcovered much contrition and filial 'egard. It is pretty certain, that' he did not take S. irms againft his father from principle; though at _ the fame time, the diftance, at which he had been H kept by him, (even to the ignorance of his perfon}* £ made him, young as he was, the more readily fide : : ~ with the confederate lords ; whofeonly aim in gain- z£ ing him to their party was merely to fanction their ^ actions. The power which had firft perfuaded, ' r w now governed him ; it is no wonder, therefore, , C that the regicide was pardoned ; that every meafure, £j which had been taken againft his late majefty was t= vindicated, and that all the loyal nobles, who had en- V' joyed places of profit, were fufpended. C "' Our young monarch's grief foon fubfided ; and : as he difcovered, as well towards his people, as in . himfelf, an excellent difpofition, it was fucceeded by tranquility throughout the kingdom, which for feveral years had been unknown. Parties, which are the bane and difgrace of a nation, coa- lefced ; and the parliament, which met in 1493, was wholly intent upon what is now only a fecondary consideration,-- the fervice of their country. Obfer- ving the neglect of the late law, refpeding the fifhery, they e^a6ted, that all maritime towns mould f provide d by Google 98 Njew HistoHy of SCOTLAND. provide veffels of at leaft twenty tons burthen for. that fervice ; and that idle perfons (hould be prefled to man them. This aft was followed by federal others relative to their trade and civil policy : and in regard to their religion, they held the pope's au- thority fo cheap, as to pafs a vote, that none but cardinals, and fuch as were natives of Scotland, fhould be confidered as his legates* When James came of age, he made a 1494. circuit round his dominions, that he might difcover and redrefs his people's grievances. He found that the poor of his fubje£ts were too frequently plundered of their cattle, by their more powerful neighbours $ but he foon made fuch wife regulations in this refpect, that (to ufe his own expreffion) " the bulrufh guarded the cow." Agriculture he every where encouraged ; and rightly confidered it as the great fource of a iiation s eafe, opulence, and glory : and in fine, icarcely any thing was omitted, which, at the fame time, that it promote*! the welfare of his peo- f)le, infured his own happinefs, and circulated his ame. There cannot be a greater proof of James's good character, than that fo fhrewd, cautious, and parfimonious a monarch as Henry the 7th of Eng- land, (hould invite him to be his fon-in-law. This match, which would have been the moft illuftrious of any in Europe, was prevented by the arrival of Perkin Warbeck. This Perkin was fet up by the dutchefs of Bur- gundy, to perfonate one of Edward the 4th's chil- dren ; both of whom were generally thought to be murthered by Richard the 3d. Perkin had at one time a very ftrong party in England, who really believed him to be the identical duke of York. He was a young man, near about James's own age, fenfible and engaging ; and the Scortifh mo- narch, who had a great deal of the knight-errant in his difpofition, confidering him as a diilreffed prince^ : * T not Digitized by GoOgle JAMES IV. 99 lot only gave him a very hofpitable reception, and fci's own coufin in marriage, but entered fo warmly into his caufe, as to endeavour at placing him on &he throne of England. In this action of James, the princi- pal, if not the fole motive, was glory : 1497. He railed a formidable army, with which, ^ iccompanied by the pretender, he entered Nor- f" Cumberland. Here a manifefto was publifhed cr igainft Henry as a traitor, a tyrant, and a murderer ; J Z£ md all loyal fubjecls were invited to join their **= lawful prince ; but not a man of the leaft confe- C^ ^uence repaired to his ftandard 3 fo that James, £-.£ tfho now began to think that he had been impofed '™ >n, after ravaging the country, returned with a :onfiderable booty to his dominions. Henry being S^ it this time engaged in quelling a very powerful _. rebellion, was in no condition to refent the affront j Hj md avarice, which was his ruling paffion, made £J aim afterwards eafily brook it. He pretended, in- .-„:•: ieed, to his parliament, that he would purfue the *2[ : Icing of Scots with fire and fword, and by that feint x -^ mriched his coffers with the grant of a confider- r~ ible fubfidy ; at the fame time, as a falvo for his i5 lonour, he procured the Spanifh ambafladour (who ££ aras treating with Henry on a marriage between Fer- pi linand's daughter and the prince of Wales) to pre- r** rail on James to difmifs Perkin, and follicit an *"'' iccommodation. James needed little entreaty to tart with Perkin, whom he now believed to be the . bn of a profelyte Jew of Tournay ; and as he had >nly undertaken the expedition on his account,, the Spaniih minifter found little difficulty in his ne— jotiation. A feven-years truce with England was iccordingly patched up ; and Perkin, whom James arould not betray, was allowed a fhip to convey lim to the Continent ; but determining to try his Fate once more in England, he landed in Cornwall, «ras taken prifoner at Taunton, and executed at- F a London Digitized by GoOgle ioo New History of SCOTLAND. London as a traitor, in November' 1499. ^ u ^ Henry, flxuck with the uncommon beauty of his wife, and finding that fhe was not pregnant, made * her a lady of his queen's bed-chamber, and affigned her a fuitable revenue. The difturbances in England being now over, Fox, bifhop of Durham, was ordered to hint to James that an alliance with the king of England would be advantageous : James now thought fo too, and therefore he demanded Henry's daughter in form. Margaret was accordingly given 1500. to him, with a portion of 30,000 /. though being then but ten years old, fhe was not to enter Scotland till 1503, nor was her fortune to be paid till after confummation. This negotiation, which gave birth to the future union, paved the way to a prefent peace between the two crowns,, which was ratified on the 4th of January J502, on the following conditions; " That fuch powers as did not chufe to be comprehended, might, in cafe of a future war with them, be affifted by either, without a breach of it. That it might be rendered, null, mould both parties fo chufe, if the princefs. Margaret died before the confummation of her marriage ; but if not, the peace fhould be ratified by the pope, and the party, who then firft broke it, fuffer excommunication." Henry, in this treaty,, called himfelf king of France as well as of Eng- land ; but it is memorable to obferve, that the for- mer title was obliged to be { truck out, before James would ratify the conditions ; a compliment to the, French, which that nation, in her conduct towards the Scots, had never merited. A peace with England being thus concluded, James aflembled his parliament, which 1502. voted proper courts of juftice^all over the Highlands, where, though moftly wanted, they had been greatly neglecled : fo that there was now hardly a fpot in Scotland, where the inhabi- tants Digitized by GoOgle * J A M E S IV. 101 tants could not immediately appeal for redrefs. Pre^ meditated, as well as accidental murther, was ex- ceedingly common \ the perpetrators of the for- mer were therefore ordered to be punifhed by death without remiffion. Smuggling being likewife very cuftomary, fevere laws wereena&ed againft it ; and all tranfmarine fuits were to be fettled by arbitration. The parliament, which then confifted of three eftates, viz. great barons, lefler barons, and clergy, next be- gan its own regulation. In the feudal fyftem, the lefs was always accountable to the greater. If the baron had vaflals under him, the king exacted the fer*- vice of the baron, and originally attendance in parlia- ment, which formerly was called the king's court, was a point of duty. Accordingly, every baron ? great or fmall, was obliged to attend the king's Aifn- mdns till the time of Robert Bruce; who, finding that it gave the latter trouble and uneafinefs,difpe'nfed with their attendance. James the ift ena&ed this into a law, obliging them, howe/er, to fend a cer- tain number of men, whom theyibeft refpected, to reprefent them all. But the attendance of the greater barons was on no pretence to bet omitted. Before the feign of this great prince (James the i ft,) par- liaments were feldom convened, but for the pur- pofe of war ; for the great barons, having till that time, more or lefs, all the Scots under them in vaflalage, their concurrence was abfblutely jieceflary towards the prince's carrying on a war; and in thofe aflemblies they had little ideas of any civil debates. They defpifed fuch talents as qualified them 'for Civil fociety, and hated to appear in parliament, becaufe the king fat there, in particular, as their paramount. Tnis circumftance, till learning be- gan to flourifh, made the great barons not only to refufe their attendance, but even to rebel. The lef- fer barons of courfe, neglected to attend themfelves, or even to fend their reprefentatives : in fa&, none F 3 chofe • *oa New History of SCOTLAND. chofe to undertake the office ; Co that in the time of James the 2d, a feat in parliament was as much fhunned, as it is at prefent fought after. Their an- tipathy, however, abated by degrees; though as James the 4th complained that his boroughs were not properly reprefented, it was ena&ed by the par- liament then fitting, that the great councils of all capital towns Ihould regularly, againft every meet- ing of the fenate, chufe and fend BurgefTes, who* together with the other barons, mould debate on fuch ufeful ads as mould, from time to time, be offered to their confideration, by the lords of arti- cles, noblemen who were appointed to prepare and bring in bills. But, notwithstanding this act, it does not appear that they were quite regular, in this refpect, till the reign of James the 6th. The year following, the king, affigned th£ lands of Etrick, Newark, March, the earldom of Monteith* and the lordmips of Linlithgow, Down, Dunbar* Ivlethuen, and Stirling, which were about the value of 2000/. fterling per annum, for his queen's join- ture. Every neceflary preparation was made for the delivery and reception of the royal bride. Her fa- ther, Henry, on his part, made a ftrong effort to become magnificent j but miftaking the character, like moft mifers, when they meditate a fpurt of generofity, he fubfHtuted tawdry pomp for real Jplendor, and in lieu of magnificence, prodigality. On the 16th of June, the young queen fat out from Richmond in Surry, in company with her father, and attended by his prime nobility. The king faw her to his mother's feat at Cpllewefton, after which, he refigned her to the ^arls of Surry and Northumberland, who conducted her to the borders of Scotland, where /he was received with tendemefs by his majefty, and the next day, in the moft fuperb and elegant manner eicorted to Edin- burgh It is needlefs to fay that for feveral weeks "* there Digitized by GoOgle JAMES IV. ioj here were the greateft rejoicings : tilts andtourna- nents, the feftivities of thofe times, were perform- ed in the day, and mafquerade dances by night; n ihort, nothing was omitted to give the young jueen a favourable idea of her change, and to con- ribute to her happinefs. James was now at the height of felicity : He was n perfect peace abroad; allied to a monarch, if lot the greateft, perhaps the richeft in the world ; n the moft friendly correfpondence with his nobles,^ >vho repaid his confidence with affection and duty ; ind, confeious of no crimes, he was happy in him- elf. His ftudy was his people's profperity j and literature and the fine arts were his amufements. In [507, he chaftifed the Netherlanders for plundering iiis merchantmen, by vifiting them with a fqua- Iron under command of the famous Barton, Henry the 8th afcending the throne of England m the aemife of his father in 1509, James con- gratulated his brother-in-law on the occafion, and :hey lived in perfect amity together for four years, luring which time, James had greatly augmented lis navy, and had built (more indeed for (hew than fervice) a fliip, 250 feet from ftem to ftern, nd j.o within her fides, and which (feys one) were 10 ■bet thick : {he feems to have been the greateft vef- el then in Europe ; was called the St. Michael, and Barton commanded her. The moft difagreeable part of James's reign is flow to be mentioned ; his unhappy difference with England, which brought about his ruin. The reader has remarked, that it was cuftomary when- rver the Englifh invaded France, for the Scots, as jhe ally of the latter, to make a diverfion into Eng- land in their favour. Henry was at this time at war mth that nation; and James, whofe notions of honour and punctilio ran exceedingly high, was at- tacked on his weak fide, both by the French mini- tters, then at his court, and his own clergy (who, F 4 * as Digitized by GoOgle io+ New History of SCOTLAND. as Buchanan fays, were ufed to the fingering of French gold) by arguments and perfuafions, not a little forcible on the mind of a young high-fpirited prince ; who, though he had been fo long at peace, delighted in war, and was eager to obtain fame, Whilfl James was wavering in his refolution, fome difputes with Henry, concerning their refpe&ive flapping, determined him to break with that mo- narch, and to fide with his enemy. It appears, that the Englifh king had expected that this would be the cafe, and therefore had prepared himfelf againft it \ to that when James ftormed Berwick and Norham, they made a moft vigorous refiftance. However, he took the latter $ and then, notwithstanding the earneft difluafions of his wife, he proceeded on his march into England at the head of 50,000 men, amongft whom were all his principal nobility, who were as paffionately fond of glory as their fovereign. James was flopped in his career by the earl of Surry, at the head of 26,000 choice troops, near Floddon ; where James and his gallant army y by the fuperior conduit of Surry, a mailer in the art of war, were difordered and dejfeated. James, fcorning to furvive his difgrace, rufhed into the thickeft of the enemy and was flain ; and moft of the nobi'ity, having the fame fentiment, fhared the fama fate. This memorable defeat, which fome have attri- buted to the treachery of the earl of Hume, who drew off unaccountably with his divifion, hap- pened on the 9th of September 15 13. The En* glifh, however, did not know that they had gained a victory till the next day, when they found them- felves matters of the field and the Scotch artillery. Thus fell the great James, in the 40th year of his, age and the 25th of his reign, in a battle raflily undertaken, unfortunately conducted, and fatally terminated. He is faid, indeed, to have been feen after the engagement, beyond the Tweed j fo that fome Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S IV. ips" bme pretend he was aflaffinated by the earl of rlume, who, according to report, had latterly been nuch difaffedted to his perfon. James was of a middle ftature, of a robuft make, ind pleafing afpect: his genius was elevated and interprifing x in manners, he was gentle, affable, po- lite, and as a king he may be {tiled the father of his >eople. He was flow in making a refolution* but >nce refolved, he never receded : the too fond af- fection of popular applaufe was his failing, and if he had a fault, it was his immoderate devotion to the fair fex. He maintained a literary correfpon- dfence with the princes of his time, and wrote Latin, in a ftile perfectly claifical. No greater proof can be given of his zeal to promote arts and fciences, than his introducing the i art .-of printing into his dominions. It had been known in England ever fince the year 147 1, though Scotland was ignorant of it till 1509, whep the firft book. there printed was a Breviary of the church* of Aberdeen. In thofe days every nobleman, for the benefit of his family and dependants, iludied \ furgery j and James, who was himfelf an adept in that ufeful art, ordained pupils of lefs quality, who before his death were eftabliflied at Edinburg, into a regular fociety. There can be no doubt, that a king of his abilities, thus excellently difpofed^ Was ex- tremely regretted by his fubjedts. Buchanan fays, that he died in good time ; fince his munificence had fo drained his exchequer, that, had he lived lon- ger, hemuft have impofed fuch taxes, in order to raife money, as, in all probability, would have blackened his fame, and fullied his memory. What- ever truth there may have been in this fuggeftion, it is very certain, that Scotland, while an indepen- dent kingdom, was, during his reign, at the zenith ef her glory. Digitized by GoOgle jo6 New History of SCOTLAND. Church. The ecclefiaftical affairs of this century are not very material : It may be obferved, in general, that as Jamfes the 3d, by his indifcreet promotions, crea- ted much difturbance ; fo the clergy, in confequence, from being remarkable for mutual agreement and fobriety, grew factious and encroaching ; fo that the reformation, which, towards the clofe of this cen- tury, began to be proje&ed, appears, if confidered only in a political view, to have been abfolutely neceflary. The three univerfities of St. Andrews, Glafgow, and Aberdeen, were founded in this century : the firft in 1412 ; thefecond in 1457 > *ke ' a ^ m *493 : and the tutors,— fo great was their zeal for trie pro- pagation of fcience,— attended their refpe&ive clafles many years gratis. m JAMES V. THE late king, before he under- 2513. took Us ill-advifed expedition, had bequeathed the regency of the king- dom, during the non-age of his fon, (an infant of a year old) to his queen. The important office, however, was to be taken from her on a re-mar- riage ; and, as this was the condition of her au- thority, it was univerfally believed that fhe- would remain a widow. But, in a very fhort time, am- bition had no charms, nor the intereft and peace of the realm any weight with that youthful queen, whofe every thought foon centered in a paffion for the earl of Angus. . This accomplifhed young no- bleman was chief of the houfe of Douglas, and next to lord Hume, the moft powerful of any that had furvitred the battle of Flodden. The afre&ion tetween him and the queen was mutual > and love, ^ though Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S V. 107 though he feldom exerts his power in a royal breaft, was fo impetuous, that, within the fpace of a year, the regency was forfeited. The queen married the earl without making her intention known, either to the ftates of the kingdom, or to her brother Henry, who had fhewn great tendernefs towards her; having, inftead 6f purfuing the advantage which the defeat of Flodden had given him over the. Scots, generoufly recalled his troops. * This hafty marriage put every thing "into con- fufion : one part of the nation was for continuing the queen ; but lord Hume, who hated the Dou- glafes, finding likewife, that he had not intereft lufjicient to procure the office for himfelf, deter- mined to exert all that he had in favour of the duke of Albany j who, chiefly through his means, was accordingly elected regent. Albany was the fon of that duke, who was brother to James the 3d. and had taken fhelter if! France, after his defeat at Lochmaben. The circumftance of his being a Frenchman was favourable to his election ; but far from being fo to the intereft of Scotland ; and he landed at Dumbarton, on the 18th of May, 1515, with the moft fuperficial knowledge of her language and constitution. The duke was a man of fenfe : and that he might err as little as poffible in his regency, through ignorance, he pitched updn Hepburn, prior of St. Andrews, for his inftructor. The prior, though an able politician, was jealous and revengeful : in giving Albany the neceflary infor- mation, he was alfo too crafty to let flip fo fair an opportunity of malicioufly mingling his perfonal re- fentments. As Hume, the lord chamberlain, had difgufted him, he therefore in the characters, which he gave the duke, of the principal men in the realm, drew a moft odious picture of that noble- man; nor did he exhibit a flattering portrait of Angus. Thus prepoffefled, the regent behaved with Digitized by GoOgle io8 New History of SCOTLAND. with uncommon referve to thefe noblemen ; -whofe favour and intereft ought rather to have been cour- ted by a conducl diametrically oppofite. Such an impolitic demeanour could not but excite furmifes. Should the king's brother die, Albany was pre- sumptive heir; it was therefore intimated to the queen, that fhe would do well to fly with her two babes to England -, and by putting them under her brother's protection, be affured of their fafety. This advice, to one who mortally hated the regent, was extremely agreeable j and flie accordingly pre- pared for her flight. She was not, however, fo fe- cret in her preparations, but that her intention was difcovered. In confequence of which, the infants were taken from her, at the fame ftme, that, to filence malevolent infinuations, they were delivered to the care of three noblemen, who were defervedly be- loved by the public. The queen, thus diverted of her children, was then informed that fhe might profecute her journey ; and the regent was before- hand with her, in acquainting Henry with his con- duct, which he fully juftified. Henry, though he admitted his reafons, was, on many accounts, averfe to his regency ; it is there- fore thought, that he fecretly ftimulated the earl of Hume, who, finding himfelf to be fufpe&ed, had taken arms, and was ravaging the borders. The king's brother dying in January 151 6, Hen- ry began really to be alarmed : he fent minifters to Scotland with offers of a lafting peace, on condi- tion that the regent was removed ; but though that condition was not complied with, he thought it prudent to conclude a truce with the ftates of the kingdom, to the feaft of St. Andrew, in 1520. Hume, who now became fenfible that the regent a&ed with integrity, difbanded his forces, and was received into favour. But Hepburn devoted to de- ftru&ion both him and his brother William, whom he reprefcuted to the regent as planning fchemes againft Digitized by CjO JAMES V. 10$ againft his government, and the nation's peace. Thefe could not be proved, but as the regent* dreaded their power, he was eafily led to gratify the prior's vengeance, and perhaps his own defire, by bringing againft them a charge more feafible. The Humes were therefore cited for the murther of the late king, for non-performance of their duty at JFlodden, and for unnatural crimes with each other* Though the firft as well as the laft article of the charge was unfupported by fufficient evidence, yet, as they were not able to acquit themfelves of the other, to the fatisfa&ion of the court, they were condemned to die, and the fentence of beheading was accordingly executed on the 12th of O&ober* Hume was "warden of the Marches, as well as lord chamberlain ; the former, which was the moft con- fiderable poft in the kingdom, the regent conferred on his irttimate friend fir Andrew D'Arcy, a French-* . man, commonly called the chevalier de la Beaute* And the duke having thu* fettled every thing to his fatisfa&ion, he left his power chiefly in the hands of D'Arcy, and determined to retire for about fix months, into France. The Scots now no longer contained their refent- ment : they in general difapproved of* the fentence inflicted on the Humes j they were exafperated againft D'Arcy; and the prefence of the queen,; who had left England before the regent had arrived in France, rendered them, to the laft degree, vin- diclive. A party, conducted by fir George Dou- glafs, and fir David Hume, on the 20th 1517* of September, waylaid La Beaute. His attendants being all cut off, he attempted to make his efcape : unfortunately for him, his horfe plunged, into a bog, which leaving him the prey of his ene»- mies, they greedily tore him in pieces. Douglafs* with a favage fury, feized his head, and fixing it Digitized by GoOgk no % New History of SCOTLAND. by the hair to his faddle-brow, rode in triumph to Dunbar, and there ftuck it on the battlements. Though the ftates did not chufe to defend this a&ion, they took very little cognizance of it. In order to keep well with the French, a fliew of pro* fecution was entered againft Hume and Douglafs ; and that they might likewife remain independent of the Englifh, the poft, which D'Arcy had held, was given to the earl of Arran. On the other hand, this preference difpleafed the earl of Angus 5 though as he only murmured his uneafinefs, the peace of the kingdom was not difturbed till the year 1520 ; when Angus, ftimulate4 (as it is generally thought) by the Englifh, aflembled his military tenants, and profefled open enmity to Arran. Both parties were ftrong and violent ; and their difputes became , at laft fo general, that the whole nation was in danger of being engaged either on the one fide or the other. Thefe commotions rendered the regent's prefence indifpenfibly neceflary : it would have been conve- nient much fooner, but the intrigues of Henry, or rather of .his. artful minifter Wolley, had been fuf- ficiently powerful to keep him in t ranee. On the 19th of November, 1521, however, he arrived in Scotland, which he found the feat of confufion. Summoning a parliament, on the 26th of January following, he was determined to be fevere on the earl of Angus ; though, on the regent's arrival, he had di (banded his forces, and was difpofed for peace. He made diligent fearch after the murtherers of his friend D'Arcy, but they had taken fan&uary in England. And though he confidered Angus in a great meafure acceflary ; yet he could not obtain a greater punifliment for that nobleman than a year's banifhment into France. As a fentence like this was no way difagreeable to Angus, he rather chofe to comply with it, than be the occafion of farther diforder. The queen's violent "V, JAMES V. xix violent paffion for him had long fince not only eva- porated, but he had now become fo much the ob- ject of her hatred, that fhe was purfuing every me- thod to procure herfelf a divorce. She had even applied to the regent for afliftance in this refpect ; and this circumftance, with many additions, hav- ing been carried to the ears of her brother Henry, that monarch grew more and more exafperated againft the regent, whom he now confidered as having alienated her from his intereft, and inveigled into his own. Francis king of France, it feems, had promis- ed Henry that the^ regent fliould never return to Scotland ; and the king of England therefore made a . breach of this promife, one reafon for a war againft Francis; which having been agitated by Wolfey, he was now obliged to profecute. Ab- stracted from their attachment to Albany, Henry had no antipathy to the Scots ; his nephew was ex- ceedingly dear to him ; but as he faw the regent now acting altogether like a vice-roy of France, inftead of what he ought to have been, The pro- tector of an independant people,— He let the Scots know that they muft either remove him, or expofe themfelves to his refentment. The Scots vindicated the actions of their regent, and confidered this de- mand of Henry as an attack on their liberty j at a time, when, in fact, they were little better than the tools of France. They peremptorily refufed to. difmifs the duke ; and let Henry know, that though hoftilities were far from agreeable to them, they could defend themfelves whenever he chofe to at- tack them. Immediately on the difmiffion of the Englifh am- balTadors, the regent went over to France ; where he made the king acquainted with the fentiments and refolution of the Scotch parliament; and as Francis did not queftion but that Henry would make good his threats, the regent was dispatched back again with Digitized by GoOgle ^v 112 New History of SCOTLAND. with about 4000 troops (which were all that Fran- cis could then fpare) and with particular injunc- tions, not to make peace with England, without his concurrence. Henry had received notice of the regent's voyage; and believing that he ihould be ai>le to prevent his return, he had agreed to a year's truce with the Scots. But though Henry made ufe of every ftratagem to intercept the regent, he landed in Scotland, with his troops, in Auguft 1523. On his arrival at Edinburg, he found the nobili- ty extremely factious 5 and the queen at the head of a ftrong party in favour of the Englifh. The truce being nearly expired, he fummoned a parlia- ment to debate' on the necefTary meafures to be taken with Henry ; whofe generofity of fpirit had even led him, not only to offer a lafting peace with the Scots ; but, at the fame time, to propofe a treaty of marriage between their king and his eldeft daugh- ter. If the reader is captivated with Henry's ge- nerofity, in making fuch a propofition to the Scots, in what light muft he confider the regent, who prevailed with them to reject it ! Such an alliance was not agreeable, it feems, to Francis ; as Albany, therefore, was his vice-roy, he made ufe of the moft powerful arguments againfr. it $ and as he was too good a ftatefman not to know that gold would prove his beft logic, bribery, with its torrent of eloquence, bore down every oppofition. % The Scots having thus refufed an alliance, which would have made their king the undoubted heir of the Englifh crown, the regent naturally enough concluded, that he fhould find no difficulty in per- fuading them to invade England. But here he was miftaken 5 for though he led them to the borders, though he reprefented the Englifli as their very worft enemies, though he ftormed and foothed, flattered and bribed, they flatly refufed to crofs the Tweed. The fatal field of rlodden, which gave the fevereft blow that the feudal fyltem ever felt, had d by Google J - A M £ S V. 113 Iiad not yet been forgotten by them ; and they knew that the earl of Surry, at the head of 40,060 men, \vas prepared for their reception, if they had ad- vanced far into England. Henry had ordered the earl not to attack the Scots ; and the regent was under the mortifying neceffity of leading his troops back again, During the winter, the queen's party, by the artifice of Wolfey, had fo far increafed, that the regent had, in great meafure, loft his influence. It was publickly declared, that the king was now of an age fit to take the reins of government into his own hands ; and Albany, in all probability, now began to confider, that when that event took place, his majefty might requite him after the manner of his predeceflbr. He determined therefore to take care of himfelf in time ; and though he was too- much of a Frenchman formally to abdicate his re* gency, he fet fail for France, on the 14th of May* 1524, with a refolution never to return to' Scot* land; and, perhaps, it had been happy, for that na* tion, had he made fuch a refolve much {boner, or rather had {he never known his government. Henry, on this agreeable news, fent the earl of Angus (whom he had before invited from his exile) into Scotland ; in order to ftrengthen the Englifli intereft, by a reconciliation with his wife. But he found the queen's hatred too deeply rooted; and as ihe had connected herfelf, in politics, with the earl of Arran, Angus found that he was excluded from any {hare in the adminiftration. As Angus well knew that Henry fufpefted Arran to be ,in the French intereft, he made no fcruple to form a party againft him ; and he was foon joined by the earls of Lenox and Argyle. The queen, in the mean time, as well to prevent her brother's receiv- ing any impreflions to her difadvantage, as to mani-» feft the integrity of the earl of Arran ; fent the earl of Cailils to defire a lafting peace with him, to- Digitized by GoOgle Hi New History of SCOTLAND. together with an alliance agreeable to his former "propofal. But Henry, on the Scots refufal, had promifed his daughter to the emperor Charles the- 5th of Germany; however, that he might have time to confider on the part which he mould ad:, he concluded a truce with Scotland for three years. Before the expiration of this truce, the earl of Angus had found means to alienate "the young king from his mother, and to gain his intire confidence. As for the queen, fhe had obtained a divorce from her bufband, and was now his bittereft enemy ; but as the king, her fon, had created him his chancel- lor, he v/as above her reach. It appears, however, that Angus very foon grew intoxicated with power, and not only committed the greateft excefies him- felf, but connived at them in others. He had in- ticed the king to Falkland, where, though he trea- ted him with all imaginable refpeft, though he pro- moted every exercife and pleafure by day, and pan- dered for him by night, the young monarch, fur-, rounded, as he was, by flattery and diffipation, rightly confidered himfelf as little better than his prifoner. It is more than probable likewife, that lie had become acquainted with the earl's mifufe of power j and this confederation might have beer* a farther incitement to his efcape from Falkland to his mother at Stirling, which he therefore effe&ed in June 1527, during the abfence of Angus, and in the habit of a groom; for which fome have re- diculoufly taxed him with meannefs. The king's arrival at Stirling was no fooner known, than numbers of the nobility, who hated Angus, repaired to that caftle, to aflift his majefty, in cafe a frem attempt fhpuld be made to retake his perfon. Their zeal and forefight was timely : for Angus, immediately, on receiving news of the king's flight, aflembled 2000 troops, and was marching, with all hafte, tov/ards Stirling. But the lords Maxwell and Lochinvar, with the like number Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S V. 115 aurober of men, had taken pofleffion of the town* in behalf of their fovereign j .and upon the approach ;>f the earl, they repulfed him with the.greateft re- blution and loyalty. The king then, by the ad* vice of his nobles, indicted the earl of Angus, his. brother George Douglas, his uncle Archibald Dou- glafs, and Alexander Drurnmond, together with (ome of their chief dependents, for treafon. The Douglafes, unable to ftand their ground, retired into England for refuge. As the king was in pof- feffion of their eftates, he winked at their obtain- ing an afylum in England ; and the truce being now expired, he concluded another with his uncle for five years, in which time both parties were to con- fider on a lafting peace. During this truce, the king affembled 8000 forces, ind proceeded to the flcirts of his kingdom, that he Plight punifh the licentious borderers : of thefe, the mpft daring feems to have been one John Arm- ftrongof Gilnoek-Hall. This fellow, who had a number of vaffals under his command, lived in the greateft ftate and affluence, by levying contribu- tions on the Englifh. The king ordered him to appear by fuch a day, and anfwer for his conduih Armftrong thinking that the king would rather ap- prove than condemn him ; and proud at the fame time, to difplay his magnificence, he appeared be- fore his fovereign attended by 26 gentlemen on horfeback, richly caparifoned, as his body-guard. |ames, aftonifhed at his infolence, let him know that -he had prefumed to exercife a power, which belonged only to majefty, and then ordered him to be hung up on the fpot. Having ftrengthened his authority by a few more examples, he left the bor- ders of his kingdom fomewhat civilized j and re- turning to Edinburg, he difmiffed his forces. The king, from this time, grew pro- digiously attached to his clergy ; and re- 1532. membering how he had been ufed by Angus, Digitized by GoOgle Hi New History of SCOTLAND. Angus, and confidering the reft of his nobility, as having the fame will, if ever they fhould have the fame power ; he employed his prelates to aflift him in a fcheme which he had formed, of becoming in- dependent of his nobles. The clergy, it mult be obferved, were dependent on him ; for every king of Scotland had the fole right of nomination to vacant bifliopricks and abbeys ; and therefore he was pret- ty certain that they would heartily concur in his defign. They would be of the greateft fervice to him he well knew; for befides their private in- fluence, they were reckoned (as has been obferved) one of the three eftates of parliament ; and as they regularly returned members, they often occafioned a majority. Cardinal Beatoun, archbifhop of St. Andrews, WaST felefted from among them, to be his bofom friend ; he was a man of genius, and rewarded the king's confidence by the moft impor- tant fervices. The king then proceeded to repair his fortifica- tions, and to furnifh his magazines. And thinking it now no t longer neceffary to diffemble his inten- tions, he firft treated hts nobles with apparent cold-» nefs 5 removed them foon after, by degrees, from places of profit and trint ; and then, effectually to mortify them, the vacant pofts were beftowed on ecclefiaftics. Though the nobility faw full well the tendency of the king's fchemes ; though they burned with refentment at receiving a treatment, which they confidered as ungrateful, and therefore the more cruel ; yet the vigilant Beatoun prevented any from being bold enough to head a confpiracy. They bore the king's frowns, however, with great impatience j and though they were obliged to fub- mit, at that time, to his encroachments, they de- termined to embrace the firft opportunity of affert- ing their privileges. The king's attachment to his clergy, 1535. at this juncture, was extremely unfor- tunate. His uncle," wMo, for well-known '•y reafons Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S V. n ? reafons, had difclaimed the pope's authority, de-r fired an interview with James at York. He had on the jith of May, in the foregoing year, con* eluded a peace between England and Scotland,, during the lives of their refpective fovereigns; and for a year after the deceafe of him who fhould go firft; and the emperor of Germany, the king of France, the king of the Romans* and the duke of Guelders were comprehended as allies. Now though James was defirous of an injtimate connection with Henry, and therefore had no objection to the pro-* pof^d, interview : he yet determined to be governed by his clergy : and as they loudly inveighed agamft Henry, as an arch heretic, againfl whom the pope had publiflied five feparate bulls; as they declared, that their king could not. be fafely trufted in his hands, and made ufe of every argument that malice could invent, in order to blacken the character of Henry j and exhaufted all their rhetoric,, to dif- fuade him from going, James* who was a bigotted catholic, approved their zeal, and declined the in-» terview. The evil genius of Scotland moft certainly pre- fided in this afiembly ; for Henry had fo managed matters with the emperor, that he (till had it in his power, to give his daughter Mary to James j he of- fered her, or the princefs Elizabeth, to him, and the reafon of his defiring a meeting with hi* ne- phew, was to confer with him concerning the re- formation ; and to fettle matters relative to his fuc- ceeding him. James, however,, not to fhock Henry by a blunt denial, pretended that the pope had for- bidden him to feta foot in England; and his holi- nefs foon after really fent him a brief to that effe&. The clergy, in raptures, at having carried their point, next advifed the king to marry <£ pimccts of 'France : and the yielding monarch, now ealily to be perfuaded to any thing, complied with their ad- 4 vices Digitized by GoOgle li8 New History of SCOTLAND. vice ; though the emperor Charles had offered him the choice of two princeffes of his own houfe, of" exquifite beauty and prodigious fortune. But the emperor was confidered as a favourer of the refor- mation. Francis having offered James the choice •of either of his daughters, James determined to take a voyage to France, in order to efpoufe the moft agreeable; which, in his eyes, proved to be Magdalen the eldeft daughter, and their nuptials were accordingly celebrated there in great pomp on the 7th of January, 1537. Her fortune was 100,000 crowns of ♦ the iun, and her jointure adequate to that fum. The king of France likewife agreed to pay James 30,000 franks during his life. But this was but a trifling addi- tion to her fortune; for the young queen fell ill of a fever, fhortly after her arrival in Scotland, and died on the 22d of July. The death of the queen was fucceeded by two very remarkable trials. The clergy, not contented with having driven the nobility from court, which wasdoubtlefs as far as the king's vengeance againft them extended; they followed them in their retire- ments, and ftrove to draw from the elder barons fuch words as they might be able to conftrue into treafon. As age is cautious, the old nobles avoided the fnare, but John Forbes, the chief of a great family, being a young man, and therefore kls cool and referved, fell into it. Forbes was accordingly accufed of forming a de- fign to murder the king, and to reftore the earl of Angus to his eftates, and though the whole proof of this charge centered in a few incautious words, they were deemed fufficient evidences to bring him to the block. Forbes was no fooner executed, than it was whifpered to the king, that certainly the lady Jane Douglus (who was filter to the earl of Angus and the only one of his family then in Scotland) mult certainly have been privy to the defign of Forbes i d by Google JAMES V. ix 9 Forbes; and as fhe did not difcover it, ought con- fequently to be confidered as his accomplice. She was therefore forthwith apprehended j and though [he was known to be a woman of exemplary virtue) unacquainted with courts, and almoft ignorant of ;he name of faction ; though not the fainteft fha-< low of a proof could be difcovered, fhe was fen- tenced to death by her arbitrary judges (who now met rather to condemn than to try) and the king,. *vho might have pardoned her, had he chofen it, ;hought proper, rather to gratify an unmanly re- venge, againft a relation to the earl of Angus, anct iccordingly ordered her, under the pretence alfo of being guilty of witchcraft, to be burned alive. Soon. after thefe executions, which are moft in- Jelible blots in this reign, the king fet on foot a aegotiation for a marriage with Mary of Guife, lutchefs dowager of Longueville j and though Henry ftrove to hinder this marriage, it was, con- cluded on ; and Mary landed in Scotland in the rpring of the year, 1538. Hiftorians have men- tioned many odes and orations to have been com- pofed on tnis marriage ; one of the latter, which was fpoken before the queen, concluded with thefe words, u O queen, ferve God, obey your hufband, and keep your body clean, according to God's moft holy will and commandments. " Though the king of England had been much provoked by his nephew's conduct, yet he was un- willing to break with him. And though the death of the queen-mother (which happened foon after her fon's marriage) muft have weakened his attach- ment, he was ftill averfe to hostilities; and accord- ingly, in January 1540, appointed fir Ralph Sad- ler to be his ambaflador at the court of Scotland. Sadler was charged with private difpatches to James, chiefly concerning the reformation; and Henry urged him, a fecond time, to give him an inter- view, notwithftanding the interdict of the pope* which Digitized by GoOgle 120 New History of SCOTLAND. which he ridiculed, and would fain have perfuadecf his nephew alfo to defpife. He wiflied eagerly that his nephew would imitate him, by feizing the re- venues of all the abbies within his dominions ; and he told him fo. James, who afterwards produced thefe difpatches in public, declared, that he could not, in confcience, prevail on himfelf to commit foch a facrilegious a<&ion. But this was, indeed, a laughable reafon for the Scotch king to give, who had already beftowed on five of his natural children the abbies of Kelfo, Coldingham, Mel- rofs, Holyrood-Houfe, and St. Andrews ; the re- venues of which, (and they nearly equalled thofe of the crown) he poured into his exchequer, till they mould become of age to poffefs them. In regard to the interview, James, who had rea- fon to expect that his uncle would quarrel with him fliould he again refufe it, thought fit, with the ad- vice of Beatoun, to temporife. Sadler was there- fore ordered to return fuch an anfwer to his mafter, as led Henry to conclude, that James would give hfm the meeting, which he fo much defired 5 for Henry entertained fo good an opinion of his own abilities, that he did not doubt, if he could but obtain an interview with his nephew, he fhould foon be able to free him from the fuperftition of popery, and reafon him into a reformation. Henry accordingly went to York, 1 54 1. where he fully expected to have met his nephew ; who, inftead of appear- ing there, tranfmitted fuch paultry excufes, that the king of England faw plainly, that James did not intend to meet him at all. And as he how heartily defpifed him, he fent -fuch a mefiage to him from York, as cardinal Beatoun conftrued into a declaration of war ; and it is certain, that it was at- tended by fome fkirmifhes on the borders. Henry, rnde< d, was not of a temper to digeft fuch an affront : the more he reviewed the behaviour of James, the more Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S V. m* more was he exafpefated ; Co that in the year fol- lowing he threatened Scotland with an invafion. It was now that James perceived he had been ivrong in fo violently oppreffing his nobility. He found, that notwithftanding his clergy had of- fered to contribute all their revenues, if the king [hould need it, in fupport of a war with England^ (ret his nobility, and they only, mutt fight his bat- tles, and do him the moft eflential forvices. But the Scotch nobility a&ed, on this occafion, with the jreateft patriotifm and generofity. Immediately on [lis command, they aflembled their friends ; but the Juke of Norfolk, whom Henry had ient into ' Scotland, with 20,000 (feme fay 40,000) men iiaving proceeded no farther than York, James propofed to his nobility to be before-hand with him ma invade England. The nobles would by no means clofe with this propofal ; for though they de- clared, that they would defend their country, from the invafions of Heiwy, or agamft any other poten- tate ; yet they would not be inftrumental in widen- ing a breach with the kipig of England, with whom, they told his majefty, it was the intereft of Scot- land to preferve peace. The king was in the moft yzUmg fituation on their refufal. He faw that his nobles had recovered, and were fenfible of their im- portance ; and he was obliged to reprefs his ra<*e being appfehenfive that they might exercife an Au- thority, fimiJar to that which they had done in the time of his grandfather. And indeed, fome hiftonans report, that they had aftually refolved to hang up fuch of the king's favourites as had been moft inveterate againft thfcm, but that delay- ing too long to execute their fcheme, by debating on whom they mould facrifice, the king, by di£ banding their troops, fruftrated their defign. Scot- land was in no danger by the army's being thus drfbanded; for the Englifli general, we are told K had found it impra&icable, on many accounts, to G pro* Digitized by G00gle^ \it T New History op SCOTLAND. profecute his invafion j (o that he retired ftill far- ther towards London. r . James, however, was firmly bent to in- 1542. vade England \ and Beatouri undertook * to cajole the nobles into concurrence. ?ome, . and, , chiefly lord Maxwell, unwilling to e&a/petate th$. king ftill more againft them, agreed* tfiough it was then November, to enter England, l>y the Solwayy with 10,000 men. , James, highly pleafed with this intelligence, took the fatal resolution of conftituting Oliver Sin- clair, a minion of his, commander in chief in that expedition. Oliver kept his commiffion a fecret till the Scotch troops had paffed the borders, and advanced to the firth of Sol way, where fir Thomas Wharton had haftily colle&ed about 500 men, which he had pofted advantageoufly, and with which he intended to oppofe their progrefs. Sin- clair then read his commiflion, which (fays an elegant hiftorian) produced an effe£t not to be paral- lels in hiftory. Their contempt of the general, and hatred of the king, ov^r-coming the fear of death and the love of liberty, the whole 10,000 men, on the example of the nobles, fubmitted to a number fo very inferior, without ftriking a fingle blow. When James was made acquainted with this, aftonifhing circumftance, he funk to the ground with indignation and grief. He had been anxious about the event of the expedition, and therefore the news muft have been more mocking to him ; and as he had violent paffions, he fell a prey to them j for he languifhed in the moft deplorable con- dition till the 13th of December, and then ex- pired. Though fome are of opinion that he was 1 poifoned. . " James, who thus died in the 30th year of his age, was of the middle fize, fair and comely : he was un- f & daughter* iU It will end as it began, (fays he) tha crown came, by a woman, and it will go by one; many miferies approach this poor kingdom ; king Henry will either mailer it by arms, or win it by marriage." The court of feffioits was founded in this reign* „on the 7th of May, 1532. MAR Y. ? GRIEF and refentment had fo wholly taken poffeffion of the foul of James, that I $42. though he muft have been fenfible that his end wag approaching, he had taken no one ftep towards fettling a regency during the long minority of his daughter, who, at hife death, ivas but eight days old; or (a&fome fay but! feven)for. the 6ourt of Scot- land was fo irregular, When this unfortunate prin- cefs came into the world, that hiftorians are not agreed as to the precife day of her birth. But though the king had negle&ed this great point, th<* boundlefs ambition of cardinal fieafioun inftigated him to frame a willj by which, h£ himfelf having been prime minifter in the late reign, now claimed the regency. His forgery being ipeedily dete&ed, the iniquitous and afpiring prelate was tumbled from his towering height, and the important office of re- gent conferred on James Hamilton, earl of Arran, who, though not a man of the greateft abilities, was prefumptive heir to the crown. , The choice of this nobleman was in many re- fpecls unhappy: he was by nature timid ; and, this natural failing was productive of the greateft infta- bility in his management of affairs, at a time when Wars with England, factions at home, and, above G z *U? w6 New History or SCOTLAND. England, in which the Scots, contrary, to the in* clination of Henry, were comprehended, they were determined on a war ; which being in a great mea- fure religious, muft, in all probability, have proved the more fierce and bloody. The cardinal, now Scotland was at peace, began to redouble his rage againft proteftants. The re- formation, notwithstanding the checks which it met with from the perfecuting fpirit of that infa- mous prelate, every day gained ground. George Wifhart, a man of good family and found learning, had recommended the do&rine of the reformation* with a meeknefs and candour which always accom- panies true piety : his miniftry, which had beet* moftly confined to the houfes of his friends, had met with foch confiderable fuccefs, that Beatoun, coniidering him as the prop of the reformation, refolved at all events to bring him to the ftake. And though the feeds of the reformation 1546. had now in Scotland received a parlia* mentary fan&ion, and the regent before his apoftacy had allowed Englifh bibles to be pub- Jickly read, Wifhart was feized in the houfe of oneCockburn of Ormifter; and, not to mention * difagreeable particulars, the cardinal, by his legan- tine authority, brought him to the fiery trial j which, though aggravated by every circumftance, which bigotry and barbarity could infpire, he. endured on the ift of. March with a primitive refolution. Beatoun beheld the execution from his caftle of St. Andrews ; and he now confidered herefy to b« nearly extinguifhed. He therefore gave a loofe to his paffions, and exceeded the moft profligate of men in the indulgence of them. He had* royal equipage y and behaved everywhere with the moft uncontroul- abl« infolence : But he one day fo grofly infulted IMorman JLefley, fon of the earl of Rothes, that he determined the cardinal's life Should appeafe his > refenV Digitized by GoOgle **£< W&& <&6'n,- one, they forced the door of his chamber, . .aftd found him. fit- ting in a chair. Three or fouf of the confpirators .were about to rufli precipitately on their vi&im, but being reproached by Leiley for fuch a neglect of decorum, Be very gravely addrefied himfelf > to the cardinal, recapitulating his cruelties, and advifed him inftantly to implore divine forgivenefs. He then with the greateft deliberation gave him two ftabs in the body 5 and the reft following his exam-^ pie, the wretched prelate fell a fpeedy facfifice, ex- claiming, with his lateft breath-- 6 I am a prieiV— After they had executed their purpofe, finding that their intention had taken air, they admitted up- wards of too more of their friends into the caftle, which was now prefently furrounded by a number . of troops, who were fent by the clergy to refcu* their cardinal. The confpirators let thsm know that they had come too late ; and to convince them of it, they threw the lifelefs trunk amongft them, T>ut of the very window from which 1 the cardinal, but a very few weeks before, had triumphantly beV held the tortures of the pious Wifhart. Thus was Scotland delivered,— though by means not juftifiable, — of the mqft powerful man in it; who according to all report, was unhappily at the fame time the moft bigotted, the moft -wicked, unrelenting and cruel. The confpirators kept pofleflion of the caftle for five months. At laft, they were befieged in form, by a body of French troops, under the command of Leon Strozzi ; they then capitulated for life and limb, and as Strozzi deemed them his prifoners, they were accordingly, together with the cardinal's jmmenfe treafures, tranfported into France. G \ Tb* Digitized by G00gle I3t8 New History or SCOTLAND. The Englifh ifaw this affiftance from the French with a jealous eye,: they considered it as an in- fringement of the peace j and Henry the 8th dying in the beginning of the year 1547, the commons of England impowered the regent duke of Somerfet to proceed with vigour againil the Scots, and com- pel them to forfake the French 5 and if other means ihould fail, to compel them Iikewife to fulfil the alliance with England, which the regent in parlia- ment had fo folemnly agreed upon. But though the cardinal's death had fomewhat weakened the French intereft, Mary of Guife, the queen-dowa- ger, managed affairs too artfully even to let the Scots confent to an union with England. War therefore was mutually refolved on ; and in the beginning of September, the duke of Somerfet entered Scotland at the head of 18,000 men, whilft a fleet of 60 fail of mips appeared on the coaft. The Scots had prepared themfelves for the duke's reception. But before matters came to an extre- mity, Somerfet, who in his march had behaved with the greateft lenity, publifhed a manifefto, inv porting, " That nature had defigned the two nar tions to be fubjecl to one prince j that {he was aflifted by a fimilarity between the inhabitants, in language, laws, and manners 5 and that Providence had now fa- voured fuch an union j the Scotch crown devolving to a female, and that of England to a male, both of nearly the fame age ; and that if they were "joined together in marriage, all former diitinctions, jealouftes, and pretenfions, muft ceafe of courfe, and the whole ifland be happy." And after urging many other motives, equally fenfible, he concluded by putting the Scots in mind, that the match had already been agreed on by parliament, and had the public faith of the nation. He did more: he fent a private letter to the regent, offering time for ma- ture confideration, and promifing immediately to 4 - with- er by Google r MARY. 12 9-M-i trithdraw'his army, on an aflurance, that the queen ; ihould not be difpofed of to any foreign prince. But the queen-dowager, and her party, prevailed with the fickle regent, not limply to disregard the duke's applications, but to treat his reafonings with contempt. On this, both parties prepared for bat- tle. The Englifh were encamped at Prefton-pans, and the Scots atMuffelburg. The prote&or Somerfet, had fecured an eminence, which not only com- manded a communication with his fleet, but gave him the advantage of the wind and fun. The Scots, under all thefe difadvantages were rafh enough to begin the attack : they aflailed the Englifh with an ardent and irregular precipitancy, which was ftill heightened by receiving in flank, a full fire from the fleet. The Scots, who were armed with bucklers, and pikes eighteen feet long, having a little re- covered their confufion, moved in fo firm a phalanx, that they aftually difperfed the Englifh cavalry ; but fuch batteries of artillery were difcharged 6n them from the fhippiftg, and the foreign fuzileers, that they were obliged to give ground. The earl of Angus, who had lately deferted the Englifh in- tereft, and now commanded the Scotch van-guard, endeavoured to fhelter his troops, in fome meafure, by retiring towards the main body. But this mo- tion being unhappily miftaken for a flight, the whole army fell into a confufion, which the Englifh, flufhed with the profpe& of victory, foon rendered irretrievable. An untverfal rout, a terrible car- nage enfued. The Scots were purfued five hours ; and the three roads, by which they fled, were co- vered with pikes, bucklers, and dfcad bodies. This was called the battle of Pinkey^ one of the moft fatal which the Scots had ever fought, and in which they loft at leaft 10,000 men. Two thoufand are faid in the purfuit to. have counterfeited death, and to have thus efcaped in the night ; amongft whom was G 5 ' Angus s Digitized by GoOgle 130 New History of SCOTLAND. .Angus j but the earl of Huntley, the lords Yefteiy Hamilton, and Wemys, weje taken prifoners. The next day the duke plundered Leith, and burnt Ki^ghprft. But this rough courtfhip, as the earl of Huntley humouroufly called it, fet the En- glifh farther off than ever, either from an alliance with Scotland* or a reduction of it, For as foon as the duke, through a want of provifion, was obli- ged to return^ to England with his forces, the queen- another and D'Oyuel, the French ambaffador^ in- trigued fo arfully with a parliament, which imme- diately was called, that the Scots fued to the French king for affiftance for themfelves, and protection for their young queen, who on receiving a favourable anfwer, accordingly embarked for France, attended by her jiatural^brpther James, prior of St. Andrews, and by feveral npbles and gentlemen of diftin&ion. And effe&ually tp. difappoint the Englifli, fhe was ihortly after folegmly betrothed to the Dauphin. • Six thoufand troops, under the com- j 548. mand of monfieur D'Effe, arriving from France, the Scots, in their turn, were re- folved to annoy the Englifh, no^withftanding that the duke of Somerfet, who faw that an alliance with Scotland was, impracticable, had offered them a ten, years truce, on very moderate terms. They accordingly endeavoured to difpoffefs the Englifli of what garrifojjs. they had in. Scotland; but th« French writers have too much boafted of the fervice which theif countrymen did in this.refpe&j it ap- pears, • that, afc .this time, they were unable to re- duce ■ Haddington,- the jiege of which place they carried on JTp ; buoglingly, that the . affailants wer« often knocked. down by women, with plummets fixed to ftrings, which they held in their hands. On this occaiion, XTEfle grew fo unpopular, that hf , defired to be recalled > and monfieur Des Termes was nominated in .his ftead, DesTcrmcs bringing ■, /. WW d by Google MA R iTi 'tp With him confiderable fupplies of money, men, ai£d ammunition, on landing in Scotland, and' being joined by his countrymen, found hirtifelf at the head of no defpicable army. He laid clofe fi£ge to Had- dington, which having no hopes of being relieved, capitulated. He next reduced Broughty caftle, -which on account of its fituation, was far from a trifling acquifition. After this, fkirmifhes and trifling fieges continued on both fides, till the fummer of the year 1556, when the queen-dowager made a vifit to ner daugh- ter in France. Here, having made the French king fenfible of the ftrength of his party in Scot- land, and how hearty fhe herfelf was in his ihtereft f Ihe began to hint that (he fhould be exceeding will-* ing to fupply the place of the regent; who, by his fu- pinenefs ana irrefolution^ had loft his popularity, arid was little to be trufted. This was what that prince defiredj but, at the fame time, he was willing that Arran, to fave appearances, fhould rather refign, than be deprived of his office. To effecl: thi^ the French king was very liberal of his promifes. The . murmurings of the nobles, who, it Was hinted, might very poflibly call him to account, fhould he continue much longer in his office, were ftronglV urged. And as a public ratification of his con'ducx Was then offered to him, the timorous and flexible Arran, during a fevere illnefs of the archbilhop of St. Andrews (who had always firmly fupported his meafures and oppofed the dowager) agreed to abdi* cate his regency. On the queen-dowager's return to Scotland, in 1554, fhe accordingly teok poiTeflion of the govern* ment : fhe foon teftined the fenfe, prudence, and re- folution, of which fhe was miitr£fs, by taking a pro^ trefs, in perfon, into the northern parts of the king- om. The natives there, in confequence of the facti? ons at court; had recovered all their natural contempt of Digitized by G00gle ij2 New History of SCOTLAND. of law and of equity. The queen, however, adopted fuch vigorous mea/ures, thaj without much blood- shed, they were reduced to a ftate of fubje&ion ^ and reviving a former law, fhe left every chieftain anfwerable for the good behaviour of his depen- dants. Returning to court, fhe behaved with fo much difcretion, by feeming to difregard all dis- putes concerning forms of worfhip, that though a catholic herfelf, (he was innoxious both to papiffe and to proteftants. 4 The queen's attachment to the French interefl had thrown her into fome errors in politics. She had elevated many of that nation to offices of truft 2nd dignity; and fhe had fo far forgotten herfelf, as to propofe a fmall, but a fixed tax on land, ex- prefly to maintain a body of regular troops for the French fervice. Nothing could be more impolitic in the regent, or more fhocking to the nobility. Accordingly, about 300 of the leffer barons waited ©n the queen, and remonftrated fo'fenfibly, and fo boldly againft the tax, which they confidered as a direct innovation upon their rights and privileges, that the queen, who foon faw her error, and knew the determined refolution of the Scots, very pru- dently abandoned it. The French, having failed in this fcheme, were exceedingly follicitous of promoting a war with England. But as the Englifh crown had now de- volved on Mary, a princefs whofe only ambition was to fight for the church of Rome, and whofe great delight was on that account to butcher this beft of her own fubjects ;— the Scots having received no injury, were determined to offer none ; and therefore flatly refufed fo far to humour the French, as to provoke a people, with whom they declared, that, " So long as they had no finifter views on their independency, they were difpofed to live in .peace." This conduct hurt the French, an4 fhowed d by Google MARY. i3£ fliowed to the regent, who had propofed the war f the bounds of her authority. Imagining, however* that her daughter's marriage with the dauphin would neceffarily enlarge it, (he haftened to conclude their nuptials. The king of France, being equally defirous to complete this affair, eight perfons, as reprefenta- tives of the whole Scottifh nation, were inline* diately Ordered to be prefent at the ceremony. They were the archbifhopof Glafgow, thebifhopof Rofs, the bifhop of Orkney, the earls of Caflils -and Rothes, lord Fleming, lord Seaton, the prior of St. Andrews, and John Erfkine of Dun. And as fome of the perfons, who were thus highly ho- noured, were zealous advocates for the reforma- tion, it may ferve to fhew that the proteftant in* tereft had by this time gained very confiderable in- fluence. In ratifying the marriage treaty, the French be* trayed a fpirit of deep deceit and artifice, which is as much charaderiftical of that people, as plain dealing and honour is of Britons. For as the Septs, in order to preferve their liberty and independence, had infifted that the right of uicceffion, in default of ifiue, fhould be fecured to the houfe of Hamil- ton - 9 though every article to this effect was feem- ingly ratified in the moft folemn manner by the king of France, the young queen, and the dauphin ; Mary, whofe youth and inexperience muft here excufe her, haa previoufly been perfuaded to fub- fcribe three deeds, by which, fhould (he fail of an heir, fhe had, in free gift, aifigned over her king- dom to the crown of trance, declaring every other future promife or deed, to be void and of no effeft. Under this delation, the marriage was celebrated, on the 24th of April 1558, with great* pomp arid fplendor ; and the Scotch deputies were treated with the utmoft elegance. After a proper flay in France, Digitized by GoOgle •3* New History of SCOTLAND. France, having executed their commiflion, thtfy thought of returning home; but they had fcarcely taken leave of the court for that purpofe, when four out of the eight, viz. the bjChop of Orkney, the earl pf Rothes, the earl of'Caflils, and lord Flem- ing, fuddenly died. And though the death of thefe noblemen was not at that time much taken notice of 9 yet upon the difcovery of the double-dealing which had been ufed, it was univerfally, though perhaps without foundation, attributed to poifon. It has been obferved that the regent's conduct to- wards the proteftants was inoffenfive. The refor- mation, therefore, meeting with no check, made an aftonifhing progrefs : half the kingdom had by this time renounced popery. And as many per- sons of rank and fortune had avowed themfelvea to.be proteftants, they now began to make demands ^ which obliged Mary to lay afide the ma(k. Not to mention particulars, they moved, that the religion, which they profefled, fhould be the eftablifhed on* throughout the whole kingdom. In England, Elizabeth, who now 1559. fwayed the fcepter, had made fuch an eftablifliment complete : and this con- sideration, in all probability, encouraged the Scots to be refolute in their demand/ But the reformers little knew what cruel orders had been tranfmitted from France. They, in fhort, amounted to the utter extin&ion of proteftants by fire and fword 5 and the earl of Argyle, the prior of St. Andrews, and other leaders of the party were devoted to im- mediate deftru&ion. But the regent was too po- litic, if not humane, to obey fuch defperate com- mands. On the contrary, though the popiflx clergy made a great clamour, as forefeeing the downfall of their pride and luxury, me allowed to the pro- teftants the free and public exercife of their reli- gion, But asfte had been heard to declare, " that th« d by Google MA R Y. t39 the performance of promifes was no farther to be urged to princes, than was conftftent with their own con- veniency," they were defirous to fecure themfelves by a parliamentary- fanftion. No longer' able to diflemble, {he treated this ap* plication with contempt, and threatened the abridge* mentof former privileges. On this ufage, the famous John Knox, and other preachers, animated their ad- herents in Perth with the moft enlarged fentin^ats of religious liberty. As they were returning from one of Knox's iermons, fired with violent zeal, a prieft imprudently prepared to celebrate mafs aj they paffed. At this hated Jight they could no longer forbear ; but with the moft outrageous fury, they unammoufly fell upon the churches and mo»* nafteries in that city, and after deftroying every image and pidure therein, they almoft levelled them With the ground. Though this riot is generally be*, lieved to have been meerly accidental, the regent considered it as a determined thing. She inftantly levied forces, and began her march to Perth. The proteftants, on this intelligence, fwarmed together from all. quarters; fo that in a few days, though the queen was 7000 ftrong, they were in a condi- tion to face her. Both parties, however, being lit- tle 1 defirous of coming to extremities, concluded a treaty ; which, on the part of the queen, was very foon broken. Accordingly the proteftants aflem- bled afrefh, called themfelves The Congregation* and again took arms. This produced another treaty which was broken like the former. The proteftant Scots finding the regent no Ion*- ger truft-worthy, affembled themfelves in arms once more, and proceeded to action. They were led on by James Stewart, prior of St. Andrews, and Ar- ran, the fon of the late regent, who had been obliged to fly from France for uttering fome very free inches againft popery. Numbers daily flocking to their Digitized by GoOgle 136 New History of SCOTLAND. their ftandard, they foon found themfelves fuperiar to the queen's forces, though lately confiderably augmented by the French. Their views, as true {>roteftants, now comprehended civil, as well as re-i igious liberty. They faw the antient inhabitants of Leith dri- ven from their houfes, and which were now occu- pied by a ftanding army of foreigners : therefore, tbSHgh they primarily infifted on the legal eftabliflw ment of .their religion, they, in the next place, de- clared that if the French forces were not fpeedily difmifled, they would themfelves expel them Scot- land, together with thofe who abetted them. As the regent refufed to do either the one or the other. The Congregation having fo great a caufe depending, and not being willing to proceed with raflinefs, af- iembled the whole body, peers, barons, and repre- fentatives of boroughs, who were attached to their party, in order to deliberate on what meafures they fhould adopt. Willox, and the fpirited Knox, ap- peared for the whole order of divines; who, in full affembly, having juftly maintained, " That it was lawful for fubjetts not only to refift tyrannical princes, but to deprive them of their unfcriptural authority," every individual member of the -con- vocation, rifmg up in order, gave his fufFrage for difmiffing the queen from her office of regent. On this refolution, The Congregation was joined by the late regent himfelf, who by way of douceur for his refignation of that poft, had, by the French king, been created duke of Chatelherault. He was fhortly afterwards followed by Maitland, the queen's chief fecretary, a ftatefman of the moft confummate abilities, who fecretly had long favoured the re- formation. This great man foon difcovered to the lords of the Congregation ; that, without a mira- cle, it would be impoffible for them to accomplish their purpofes. He advifed therefore not to hazard an d by Google MARY. 137 an engagement with their undifciplined, though numerous troops, againft fuch forces as the French, which, by the martial reigns of Francis the ift and Henry the 2d, had become veterans in the art of war. But he propofed that they fhould afk afljfl> ance from the Englifh ; with whom it is imagined both he and Knox had long maintained a private correfpondence. As his countrymen did not imme- diately coincide with this advice^ there Was a n< fity of doing fomething. Accordingly, theC? gatiqn took pofleffion of Eduiburg; but herq ing dill perfuaded from rifking a battle, through want of money, and other lefs eflential caufes, they were reduced to the greateft diftrefs. In this fixa- tion, Maitland renewed his propofal, informing them that they might depend on aid from England, if they thought that the caufe in \^hich they now fuffered was iufficiently defperate and momentous tp> demand it. At length they complied : In confequence of which, Cockburn of Ormifter was immediately or- dered to repair to Berwick, where fir James Crofts and fir Ralph Sadler .commanded, who had already received direction to fupply the prefent exigency of the proteftants, by the payment of 4000 crowns. But Cockburn's party, in returning with the money, was intercepted by the earl of Bothwell, (who at that time was the caily nobleman of note in the ■? queen's intereft,) and f hipped of their fupply. The Scots, notwithftanding this accidient, were kept from defponding by the continual harangue* of Knox and his Brethren. But the count de Martigues arriving from 1560. France with 1000 foot and fome ca- valry, the whole force of their eloquence was ne- ceffary, in order to hinder the Congregation fronpi difperiing. On this occafion, the diligent prior o St; Andrews aflemblcd 600 horfe, with which he aflailed "i t# 'New Historv of SCOTLAND. effailedthe French, beat up their quarters, inter- cepted their provifions, and cut off their ftraggling parties. Martigues, however, having joined his countrymen, advanced along the coafi towards St. Andrews, with an intention to engage the pro- teftants. In their march they difcovered, from an eminence, a confiderable fleet ftanding in for the firth of Forth. And inftantly concluding it to be jifc^t which they had expe&ed, with a numerous ftraiiy, under the command of the marquis D'Elbeuf, Tfcey faluted it with their great guns, and indulged themfelves in an extravagance of joy. But a fmall boat, which landed from the oppofite fliore, made "them fenfibJe to their utter dejection, that the fleet* was from England, for the aid of the Congrega- tion 5 and that a powerful army would foon fol- low. On this, difagreeable intelligence, they with all hafte retreated to Stirling. The proteftants, thus timely relieved, foon after the arrival of this fquadron, repaired to Berwick, and through the duke of Norfolk concluded the fol- lowing treaty with Elizabeth, " That no clofer union with France fhould ever be fuffered ; far which reafon, and to prevent the encroachments of that power, the queen of England promifedto em- ploy in Scotland a confiderable army, which the Scots agreed to fecond with all their forces. No place in Scotland was to 'be put into the hands of the Englifli ; whatever was taken from the enemy, fhould, at the difcfetion of the Scots, either be Vi ^kepjtby themfelves or demolifhed : and if any in- vaffon fhould be made on England, the Scots bound themfelves to aflift Elizabeth with part of their forces." . This treaty was ratified, and hoflag^ flven to Elizabeth for the due performance of it, efore the march of her army into Scotland. This army, which confiited of 6000 foot and fooo horfe, arrived in April 5 and as the troops, whici d by Google M A £ Y, 7 3 f jvhich had been intended for the affiftance of the French, under the marquis D'Elbeuf, had, by a tempeft, been difperfed feveral ways, the regent now found herfelf unable to keep the field. The French, however, had thrown themfelves into Leith, where they were determined to ftand a fiege. [n the height of which, on tjie roth of June, died the queen-regent, who was the instrument, rather than the caufe of all thefe troubles, being in tffc own nature, (according to Buchanan) a womaiBB an excellent difpofition and fingular abilities. W^ her death, the French fbrefeeing that their party would neceffarily dwindle, made overtures of peace $ which, being hearkened to, Monluc, bifhopof Va- lence, and the fieur Randan for the French, Cecil, Elizabeth's prime minifler, and Wotton, dean of Canterbury, were appointed to negotiate it. On the 6th of July it was concluded ;— the French agreed to recall their troops from Scotland, — the proteftant religion* was left to the decifion of par- liament, an aft of oblivion was pafled, and' the fo- ▼ereign authority delegated tQ the lords of the Con- gregation, Tranquility being thus happily re* flored, the French and Englifh armies quitted Scot- land both at the fame time. Now nothing remained for the Scots but to fettli their religion ^ in this affair, the ardour of the noi- bles was little inferior to that of Knox and Wil* lox. A parliament, therefore, the moft numerous that had ever been known, met in Auguft, and, in a few days, overturned popery, thatantient fuperftitiou* fyftem of religion, though it had been eftablifhed fo many centuries, Not one of the popifh party ili this parliament had the boldnefs to attempt a vindication of their doctrines ; fo that the protefr tant religion being voted, without oppofition, the reformed teachers were ordered to draw up a confef- fion of faith ; which they accordingly did, and it jnet with univerfal approbation* *^ Digitized by GoOgle 140 New History of SCOTLAND. The death of the French monarch, Henry the 20% which happened the laft year, was now followed by that of his fucceflbr Francis the 2d, Mary's hu£ band : an event which, to the Scots was extremely pleafing, as they confidered that it would give firm- n^fs and (lability to their new fyftem, which was formed after the model of the reformed church of Geneva. One thing inuft be obferved, that though " pox and his bretnren propofed an impartial diftri- fcion of abbey-lands and ecclefialtical revenues, to ^ fbmote religion, encourage learning, and fupport the poor ; yet as the moft valuable of thefe had been already feized by the nobles, they treatbd the propofal with difregard, and calling it, " a devout imagination," they held fail their prey. The fol- lowing year, abbies and cathedrals, and everv monument of popery, which had efcaped the fir-it rage of the reformers, were, by a£t of parliament, laul in ruins. , The grand point of religious govern- 5 * ment, and in which a people's liberty or flavery, muft, in a great meafure, depend, having been thus finally fettled ; the ftates of the king- dom appointed the prior of St. Andrews, to wait on the queen, and invite her to take into her own hands the reins of government. Though ihe had been educated in the catholic religion, and hence, many ,dreaded her return, yet upon the whole, the invitation was fincere. On the other hand, Lefley, bifhop of Rofs, was privately commiffioned, by the papifts, (who were far from an inconfiderable body) to advife her that, if when fhe came over, fhe would land at Aberdeen, where the proteftant doflrinehad made the leaft progrefs, fhe fhould be joined ky 20,000 men, at the head of whom, ihe might «&fuW overturn the fabric of prefbytery, not yet thofo^itw cemented, and re-eftablifh popery, v t #) ^ But though Lefley obtained the firft au&ente, his embafly was N difregarded, while the prior was received ' ^% * by Google TM . A R Y. X4t received with the greateft affeftion and confidence. She exprefled towards her people,' fentiments the azioft tender and equitable ; but accuftomed as fee ^was to the fplendor and gaiety of the French court, file could not think of leaving it but with regret. Her good fenfe, however, ibon determined her, clifagreeable as it might be, to quit France, and *o return to her native country, Whilft (he was preparing for this voyage, commenced thofe fatal jars with England, which imbittered and (hortened Jier days. By the 6th article in the late peace, JVlary, (who had been perfuaded by her father-in- law Henry the 2d, not meerly to ufe, on every oc- . £afion, the arms of England, but even to lay claim to the crown;) after acknowledging that the crown *b( England and Ireland did of right belong to Elizabeth, had folemnly promifed that fhe would jiever hereafter ufe the titles, or bear the arms of thofe kingdoms. This article Mary had never ratified. Her pretenfions to the crowri of England added greatly to her importance; and therefore, though fhe had not ufed the titles foi fome time, {he certainly meant, by not ratifying the treaty, to revive her claim oa the firft profp&ft of fuccefs. The celebrated Dr. Robertfon, whofe hiftory of this reign is here principally followed, is of opinion, that as Elizabeth's own iubje though it is probahle that they be- flowed d by Google 144 New History of SCOTLAND. flowed thefe hard names meerly on regal ftatc, and the innocent diverfion of dancing. Her fubjedts in general, now wifted that fhe would take into her confidcration, one important concern. As fhe had been a widow two years, they wiflied for her mar- riage ; that fo the crown might defcend in an un- interrupted line from ancient monarchs. She was exceedingly beautiful, and . befides being adorned with moil: female accomplishments; fhe was well frilled in what, at that time, were reckoned polite ftu&es : her fame had fpread all over Europe ; and if to this be added the profpe<5l of mounting the Englifh throne, it will be no longer furprizing that many different princes fhould fue for an alliance fc> illustrious. Propofals of this nature were made from Charles the archduke of Auftria ; from Philip tte 2o"s fon, Don Carlos of Spain ; and by the diike of Anjou ; but as feverai circumftances con- curred to divert Mary from the thoughts of a foreign alliance, Elizabeth warmly recommended to her the cfpoufal of her favourite, Robert Dudley earl of Lefcefter. But a match with an Englifh fubje£t, was no way agreeable to Mary's high fpirit. Sne, however, treated Elizabeth's minifters with great refpefl 5 and giving an evafive anfwer, propofed, in her turn, to the Englifh queen, a marrriage between her and the earl of Arran. On this occafion, the two queers entered into a correfpondence, which was carried on, till the fpring of 1565, with equal politenefs and diiTimulation. At- length Mary declared, that if Elizabeth would publickly acknowledge her right of iucceffion to the Englifh crown, fhe would ho- nour the carl of Leicefter with her.perfon. As this was touching Elizabeth to the quick, the corref- pondence dropped. About this time, Henry Stewart, lord Darnly, ion of the earl of Lenox, who had been exiled by the d by Google MARY. 145 the regent duke of Chattelherault, arrived in Scot- land. This nobleman was fcarcely twenty years of age ; in llature above the common fize, perfectly well (haped, and handfome to effeminacy. Being wellverfedin fuch arts, as could add eafe and ele- gance to his form, he at once decided an affair which had been the object of many political in- trigues. The queen law him as the only marl whom (he determined to efpoufe. For fome time, however, her inclination was not known 5 hut Darnly falling ill of the meafles, her love grew too violent to be any longer concealed j for breaking through all form and dignity, fhe fubmitted, dur* ' ing his illnefs, to be his perfonal attendant. Ort his recovery, flie publickly avowed her regard ; and not to dwell upon particulars, which the limits -of this hiftory will not permit, though her choice of him was rather difagreeable to Murray and to many of her fubje&s, 'and intirely fo to Elizabeth, he received her hand on the 29th of July: The ceremony wis performed in her own chapel, and according to the rites of the church of Rome. To teftify the height of her affe&ioiii fhe iffued out orders that he mould be intitled king of Scots, commanding, at the fame time, all writs of law to run in the joint names of king and queen. This violent ftretch of prerogative not a little alarmed her fubjedts. Murray, who before the marriage, had found that the tide of court-favour ran ftrongly againft him, and therefore had retired from the adminiftration ; becoming now the objecl of the- king's hatred, and having received intimation that his life was in danger, (though whether any con- fpiracy was or was not formed againft him, has hi- therto been difputable) fummoned his rrilitary tenants ; but having in vain attempted to roufe the inhabitants of Edinburg to arms, either in order to revenge the plot which had been formed againft > H him, Digitized by GOOgle u6 New History of SCOTLAND. him, or to prevent the ifl -effects tif the queen's fondiiefc* he retired with his forced to Dumfries. Heferit letters to Mary i from hence, fulbsbf iirfemK- fion, offering to accommodate matters, and imploring heir forgivejiefs; But the queen being detevipiaea to crulh htm, rejected his offers, and advanced*; Up- wards him with 18,000 men. On this hefldl info England^ ahd put himfelf under the i proteftion «*f Eli&abeth, who, ascfome hiftorians aflfert, haidncxcited him to take arms merely to diftfefs the queen laf Scots* on account of her marriage > with * Darfi ly, of which in the ftrongeft terms fhe had. eaqprdfed her difpleafure. Here, though Elizabeth*- in order to fave appearances with Mary, affeQed openly t6 discountenance him, he not only found an afykim} but a> ftippor*. „ - . , t As the profperiry of Mary's jaffaks had 1566. rooted her aver fion>to Murray, k alfo be^ . gan to infpire her with fentiments^ ino lefs prejudicial to : the whole proteftant party^ thaAt the revival of popery. This, notwithstanding* h*r former folemn engagements, ihe certainly had at* tempted, in a parliament which was to have met on the 1 2th of March , but for the following, uneic* pt died event :. r ;.;♦ .The queen's. Violent paffionfor Darnly .fpon bft* gan to abate. She found, that befides 1 his. perfoh* he had nothing to recommend him. The little un* deritanding he had, was ftill leflened hy fel£-con> ceit> and all the queen's caution could not pW ferve bimfrom rafhnefs and imprudence. As he was fond of the amufements, and . even addi&cd to many of ti^e, vices of youth, cui^everyj flight ^uo« mef lic^uarrel* his impatient temper led: hxA into fcencs of the deepeft debauchery. Hedranktaexc^iiy affronted the queen in public, and brought infection to her bed. As fuch a vile return for her excelHve kindncte was infolcfablej Mary thifrimarriage, had cultivated )itni acquaintance with.! one David Ri^ia, theiihn.of ailmuficiaa Ime'Turia. a Uyi feri- vili&yfand iafinuationthfe. man gained ajdroifflonjitto the ?queen ? s family, who retained ;him for >hisifciliiii . 4mific,u&nd he foon crept into confiderable favoua .TfO IRfeio* (who had refufed of late to aecom«- tpany i him in his extravagancies ) and. ; nbfc to . his bwnteoV behaviour, Darnly imputed the ilieaatioh 5©f r the queen's affie^ion. \ • ;: <>■ rr. t . [WhctkervMar/s favour to her mjafictan eve* kofe to a Criminal indulgence^ has never- feeea ttew©ughly afcertained, Buchanan exprefly acxufefc her r but, ut this refped, he is thought, \>ysmny to ha^/depart»d;&om the truth ofhiftery. Ifcascer* tain, however, that fhe frequently perjpif texfc hink lorfupi with; her4 and thatfhi wafr her conftant at- teridanfc m ail her: recreations. As Daraly concluded bar pa t beiguil ty, he devoted this unworthy favourite intoxicated with tfee queen's regard* as to ftudy on«very occafionto difplay it, talking familiarly to his foveneign, and whifpermg in her ear, even in. parliament: hence Darnly found it no difficult matter, to engage many of the nobility to aflift him in his refolution.. Ac- cardamgly havhig communicated his define $o the earl of Morton,' lord !Lihdfayi and; lord Ruthven^ they agreed to fet afide the minion, requiring^ by way of preliminary*; that the king, fhouldjrecal the? earl} of Murray^ together witbfuch. of his friends as Were with hitji in exiles Matters being thus adjuftedy they proceeded to gratify Darniy's refent* ment j * i Morton and; Ruthven. hoaeftly propofect to have Rifcio tried by parhament, and hanged pub- Ikldy if ib ferttenced ; hut the king's revenge was fo vehement, that he declared the wretch fhould be affoflinated in the queen's pretence, though fhe was fix months advanced in her pregnancy j protefting i . Ha that d by Google 148 New History of SCOTLAND. that if they refufed their affiftance, he would fbB - him with his own hand. On the 9th of March, therefore, whilft 1566* Rizio and thecountefs of Argyle were at fupper with the queen, Darnly, by a prw vate paflage, fuddenly entered the apartment, Ruth- ven and three or four of his trufty accomplices, fol- lowed in armour. The queen and her company were ftruck with, terrible aftoniihment! Rizio concluding himfelf to be the intended victim, ran for (belter behind the queen's back:, and clung to her cloaths j while Ruthven,with his drawn ? dagger, commanded him to leave the room. But the queen, ftill protect- ing him, he was violently fevered from her ; and being pierced with fifty-fix wounds, he expired- jn the adjoining apartment. The confpirators for fome time kept,pofleffion of the palace ; carefully guarded the queen, and ex- torted from her, in the king's prefence, a promife of pardon. Murray, in the mean time, returned according to agreement, and was well received, both by the king and queen, but he carefully, avoided taking part with the afTaflins. As Mary foon Taw that her hufband, who had prohibited the parlia- ment from meeting on the day appointed, was ir-» refolyte what courfe to take ; fhe ufed fuch fuccefs- ful arts, as prevailed with him to difmifs the guard of her perfon, and to retire with her to Dunbar. Darnly having here publickly protefted againft any participation inithe murder of Rizio ; Morton, and his affbeiates, apprehenfive of bad confequences, from this bafe ufage, fled precipitately to Newcaftle, Mary then returned to Edinburg, v/here fhe em- ployed all the rigour of the law againft the perfons who had been any way concerned in the murder-of her favourite. It appears, however, that onljkjtwt* men of inconfiderable rank were executed, * Though the king, by his proclamation^ endea- voured to j; erfuade the public that he was not an acceflary. Digitized by GoOgle • fc? e '4*. t/.ttya/s Mm *7. t/sm/i*t0n %/caf/i . Digitized by GOC ^I^f'* \ .J , l '> • .,!?. L i^ '!: ; :i;!t: i --b . i ' « ' n. * , , - v j I r ; : ;) ■ >'i ^J - . t vJ . .c •■■:,! A Digitized by GoOgle MARY. H9 «CcefTary in this crime $. the queen knew full well thf contrary. Her hatred to him therefore increafed; and as he perfevered in his lewd and riotous courfes, departing intirely from *a king's dignity, {he wifely abridged his power. Thus circumitanced, and equally difregarded by the nobility, he, for fome time, retired to his father's houfe, where he lived in a folitude unpitkd and ncgle&ed. A new favourite with Mary, now appeared in James Hepburn earl of BothwelL A papift of the " utmoft bigottry, v/ho hacf formerly ventured almoft fmgly to oppofe the meafures of the Congregation. And as the queen was bent on the reftoration of popery, having actually written to pope Pius the 5th for a nuncio, and in the mean time allowed great indulgence to priefts, Bothwell enjoyed her intire confidence. But as he was Murray's im- placable enemy, and the queen defired to keep well with that nobleman, (he laboured to reconcile them, and at laft procured a mutual promife to forgive, and forget all paft injuries. As the hour of the queen's delivery was now at band, (he fixed her refidence at Edinburg caftle, as the place of the greateft fecurity for her peripn, amidft the tumults which were not yet intirely fubfided. Here, on the 19th of June, fhe was de- livered of her only fon James, who afterwards by his acceflion to the throne of England, united two feparate kingdoms into what they feemed formed for by nature,— -one great monarchy. His baptifm, at which queen Elizabeth, the king of France, and the duke of Savoy, ftood fponfors, was celebrated with uncommon magnificence 5 but after x the Romifti manner. The king's fituation now grew fo exceeding^ irkfome to him, that he intimated his intention of quitting Scotland. But as the cjueen thought that bis departure would probably ipread their quarrel H 3 all 150 New History of SCOTLAND. all over Europe, and that, in fuch a cafe, fhe her- felf might fuffer in the opinion of many, fhe ma-. naged matters in fuch a manner, as to prevent his intended flight ; And in the mean time, tranfmitted from Jedburgh, where fhe was holding a court of juftice, an acccount of his and her tranfa&ions to the king of France; fetting her own condudt doubtlefs in the moft favourable point of view. Both well was at this time chaftrfing the licentious borderer^; in a fkirmifh with whom, he had received a wouncl which obliged him to be carried to Her- mitage caiUe. The queeft no fooner heard of this, than fhe travelled from Jedburgh, eighteen miles over a moft rugged road, in order to fee him. This famous yifitivasbeeii attributed to various motives;, but molt hiftorians believe, that the fole incentive was love. . Finding BothwellY indifpofition but flight, fhe returned to Jedburgh the fame fc day ; but the hurry of her fpirits, together with the fatigue of her journey,, threw her the n«xt morningirito afever ; from which, however, her youth and excellent constitution very foonrecovered her. Perfectly to re-eftablifh her health,, tfcuj queen fixed her residence at Craigmillar. The ♦' king flill remained in a contemptuous folitude at. Stirling : from whence, the following year, he re- j moved to Glafgow. Here he was ieized with a dangerous diftemper, the efFeft, as fome fay, of poifoh ; nor did the queen once vifit him, till he was out of danger, a fimilar compliment to that which he had paid to her at Jedburgh. "But now all at once the queen appeared to be re- conciled to him. ^Complaining of the badnefs of the air where he then was, fhe prepared a houfe for his. jceception at Edinburg, which had the advantage of an heaJthful fituation. The king, overjoyed at her return of affection for him, .and believing it to be thoroughly lincere, \vas carried thither in a lit- d by Google M A R Y. : 151 t«r v be^ng (till weak. The queen a^d Bothw^l aifidup^fly attended him ; anc} the fotn-ier flept Je- verol nights under hrs roof. But according tb every appearance, of reafon, ,corifidering her former beha- viour, and what afterwards en?ued, the queen's kindnefs was rank artifice j and whilft. the wretched I>arnly fondly dreamed of future happinefs 'with his wife, it is fhe. opinion of the rooft credible writers, tha^y in concert with the earl p{ Bothwell, fhe was plotting his deftruiSion. Qijl Sunday the 9th of February, fays Dr. &b-* bertfon* about eleven at night, the queen left his majeity in order to be prefent at a maique in the pa- lace. At two next morning, the houfe in which the Jcing lay, was blown up with gun-powder. 'The noife and fhock, which this fudden explofiorrocca- fioned, alarmed the whole city. The inhabitants ran. to the place whence it came. The dead body of the king, with that of a (ervant^ who flept in the fame room, was found lying in an adjacent gar- den,, without the city wall, and with no bruife or mark of violence. '- Thus fell Henry Stewart, lord £)arrily, whofe memory, nothing but the manner of his death could have. preserved, and rendered lamentable. Hew&s. fpon buried, by the queen with little pomp, and lefs . forrow, by the fide of her favourite Rizio. As tp the author of this execrable deed,* geriSr^l fufpicion pointed the finger at Bothwell. L^nox, (Darnjy's father) boldly charged him with it. He' was accordingly tried, but by his own great in- fluence^ ami the queen's dexterous, management, who ftill treated the fuppofed murderer with the greateft familiarity, he was acquitted. This ver- dict in his favour, was far from being the fenfe of the ; nation., The people in general murmured ; for. only eleven days were allowed to prepare for his ttjal, Jbefides otjier fufpicious proceedings j but a^ h 4 ^^y d by Google 152 New History of SCOTLAND. they only mjjrmured, without railing any commo- tion $ l he i!ifreg3rded"t^ 1,6 com-, pkfle j his laift great project,^ which was nothing lefs than- a J marriage with the queen. Fot this cni^i harttfn£ r dittfcirced ^nls ■ wife, he invited moft of the* principal nobility to an entertainment; at the clofe' of wMdiy hedifcovered his intcntiDrr, and at the fame; , time tendered a paper for his guefts to figrf, which contained" the ftrorigeft declaration of his innocence, —-thanks' for*' his good fervices to the nati6h,---anerfori- for her huftand. Awed by armed iher£ overcome with wine, fubdued by flattery, or prevaHed on by promifes, all his guefts figned this 8 " paper, to the difcredit of themfelves, arid the dis- honour 1 of their country. "_ . The oueen's affections having been previciufty en 7 : J gaged, tnere remained nothing now but the cele- bration of their nuptials ; which Mary, to hef utter , ruin and everlaiting difgrace, permitted J 5°l- on the 1 5 th of May. But Bothwell found that he had ftill one ftep to; the pinacle of his defires. The young prince had been intrufted to the care of the earl of Mar, a no- bleman every Way defexving of fuch a particular con- fidence. The earl was tampered with to refign his charge ; but his integrity was proof againft the moft flattering^promifes. Inftead of giving up the prince, he made fome of the principal »nobility acquainted ; with fiothwelFs proceedings. Apprehenfive that young ' James might foon be forced from his guardian, ana dreading left, irk that cafe, both fon and father^ ihould die iby the fame hands; Argyle, ; Athol; 15 Mar, Mrtrtfen, Gkncairn, Home, Lindfey, Boyd, J ! and others, entered into a confederacy for the fafety of his perfon, . and the abolition of Both well's pbwW : Their intention was no fooner made known, than the inhabitants of Edinburg, and parts adjacent, ■■••'-' joined d by Google M A R Y. i$$ joined them in arms. The queep ana Both well, £&.» ter publifliing. manifeftoes in vindication; of t theij; conduct,--- which were little regardedjr-r-retired to! I>unbar. They were quickly followed by f)ie c,on-. federates, whom Bothwell, in his defperate fit;ua- , tion, determined, with his difbearte#e*d followers, to withftand. x .,, On the 15th of July, both armies, ; \^hich ift number were nearly equal, were ready to crjggge*. Bothwell's forces were ported on a fifing ground** to the greateft advantage j but they were .fei^ed, notwithftanding every endeavour to t animate them* : with fuch a panic, that the queen, who faw the enemy furrounding them, gave up every thing foe loft.' And Bothwell himfelf taking his laft leave, of her, rode off the field in the utmoil difoay. Upon this, the unhappy queen furrendered herfelf to Kirkaldy of Grange, a generous and brave ma#» who headed an advanced body of the confederates. Though the -confederate lards, to whom flie was conduced by Kirkaldy, treated her with greafc re- fpecT;, they either could or would not reftrain the licence of the foldiery, who infulted her with die. utmoft infolence and barbarity. Where e'er fljfc threw around her eyes,- there appeared pictures held up t by them, on which was painted the dead bod/ of the late Jcing, ftrejtched at length, with the prince kneeling before it, and uttering thefe words* ** Judge and revenge my caufe, O Lord." When beauty ^nd diftrefs are united, they ufually produce companion j but the wretched Marv experienced all the horrors qf captivity. She was fed a public fpeo tacle through the ftreets of Edinburg, covered with duft and bathed in tears ; arid then imprifor^Jd im the caftje of Lqchlevin. The reafon afligned for this laft. piece 9£ ( feve^i nty, is, a caflcet was difcovered jn JEdir^hurg,cniHey; which contained a fecret correfpondence with Both- Well, in the'eourfe of which, during Darnly's life- H 5 time^ Digitized by CjOOQLC t&p New ffitfroR* o* SCOTLAND, time, ihd hadiwritten love; fbnneta to hirn^ /and as lbme of the letters, (which a few^erfon&beHeteetctbe fojqged^ ftbongJy\ prWd that fhe was equally guilty with Bothwell of the late king's death, having con- trived the f very manner of it herfcl f ; herice the lords ftriftly c6rifaied heiv ' r.. 4 As fhe was at no pains to conceal her attachment to the Wretch^ who had fo daftardiy fbrfaken her, they tendered her alfo a paper to fign, in which file fbould renounce all ihare in the government, agree to the coronation of the young king, and to the appointment of the earl ot Murray as regent, who was jtift therv returned from France, where he had retired foon after the king's murder. In deep def- pair fhe figned this deed, on the 24th of July 5 on the 29th James was crowned at Stirling; and Murray, on the day following, was prevailed with to accept the regency. ,-■■ ' J A M E S VI. / MARY afterwards declared, that her 5 ' * compliance and refignation was extorted fromher; and therefore hiftorians in general have con- fidered her as queen of Scotland, 1 11 the day of her death. But from this time every national circum- fiance was tranfaited under the name of her fon. Bothwell^ difappointed ambition foon led him to fit out a fmall fquadron of ihips, and to aft as a pirate againft his own countrymen. A reward of a thoufand crowns being fet on his head, Kir- kaldy failed in queft of him, and difperfed his fleet ; on* which, m the greateft diftrefs, through want of provifion,' Bothwell attacked a rich fhip which' be- longed to Norway ; but the Norwegians coming with armed boats to her afliftance, he and his* crew were taken prifoners. The latter were all executed, but Bothwell's character being difcovered, the wretch Digitized by GoOgle JAM E S Vi 155 wretcb.wasfeyatfred with impiifoaiii aciU JfoH life,. and ct^d^defieirvedly unpitidd hv his caarotifynieii^ and ufiiififtcd byrftrangerap mlhe lotkiyc^Tof fhifex3|^ tivity.^r;' ■-./; j:;. -?r, ; ■:•■■;.,! ^, i -;.f> la J:*v/ri)o& ri2;v ' zbWfciftfbthe 'ftates of Saotland iwerrdeKhterWiig on what meafures they fhould taker ^itkrMary^lhe wasrrakditJating her cfcape. 'In the^oth^nKi&feliiof l^riinpdlbnnient, by flattering her keqaexfebrodijer* * a>^fc¥itn; of .eighteen,? with the hope of e#ehi^imari- riage, Aey through his aiM^nce, faad the; good fortune to^accomplifli it. She travelled poft^A faerTdelrvsrer to Hamilton, where,: in a ie/wndagrs, ifaed foUml t fcerfelf at . the head of an army < $ooo ftreiiag~ u r" * : . ',./'. >.-; C -r: < : The regent heard of her flight with the gfreateft aftonilhment. He foon received intelligence of her fifawtibn^and concluding that flte would fhajfly march towards the capital, he refolyed to meet, her half way. Having drawn together about 4000 men, he marched to Dunbarton, ani pofted his troops advantageoufly on an eminence, called Langfide- Hill. Here, on the 1 3th of May, Mary's party attacked him with the utmoft im- 1568. " petoofity, but with fo little judgment* that the regent, having ftood the (hock of tbeir fturious onfet, without much injury, difotdered them, and they were foon totally routed. But as the, regent and his officers, in the purfuit, conjured the foMiers to fpare their countrymen, few were killed, though numbers taken prifcners. 1 It was on t h is bad fuccefs, that Mary, who had feen all which patied in theiield, from an mil at 00 great diftatice, dreading the thought of falling again into titejjowerof her fubjects, determined to throw herfelf onthe pxote&ion of Elizabeth. For that ejad, me fled with furprifing celerity to Carlifle; whefe fhe arrived, before the regent knew even the rout which file bad taken. Lowther, the deputy rgovejriior of 1. . that d by Google i$6 New History of SCOTLAND. ihatr pJace^cqcive^ k& M^flWYJOadp* ofcefped. She inllantly wrptqaloog letter ^^U^abyn (Ubjrofes* and imploring .^veidt which the E»gfifl&,qi*e£i** it feeif^fca*ji 7opne% promifefd, and wfei Firajw&iKnoJJes were fJifpatfh^d with letters, full pf exprfiffionsithp moft (kind , and condoling. On receipt . of thtffe*, Mary cleftrco' $o be efcorted to London, in ^der to obtain a pergonal interview 5 but Scroop aiod Kttolks, agreeably to tbejr, private inftf unions, ihfonfred her tl*at fheij; miftrefs could by no means admit of fuch a vifit, till jyiaryba/i cleared herfelf from having had any, concern in her hufbands murder. On this cruel rebuff, flie o/Fered to fubmit the proof of her in- nqeepfce to the cognizance of Elizabeth; and, in the meaii time, fhe was conducted to Bolton caftte iu Yp/kfhire. . ' Elizabeth well knew that as matters now flood, a public enquiry before her intp the conduit of Mary would manifeft her own fuperiority:; fuch a propoftl was the very thing which that; jealous queen ajmedat, and therefore ihe dejjen^ihod .fjwlth- with.tp br^ng.M^ry, to trial. In themeaft whik, bj* a r^afier-itroke of policy, ftie required IthefDe- ge^t to t defei?4.^V ponduct before h^r !at : Wcft- mimler. As fee knew, that the regent ceJuid not dare to difobey her fummons, .(he lifcewife expedited that he would naturally, for his own fake, accufe Mary d by Google Mmf4& being atffcffifry to «*£ «fcath ^6f :JNf* »^fc hnmp*k&M that icafe, fte cduWhttfe ;Tu6K T meafufts a£ wx&ld lay her rival entirety a* htrnbtty! J Ttik regent arrived &t London in^Udfober, aacontjsaiii&I by *he*arl *nty ? lord X.indfay, aind ^itcakncjicdmW^bthit^^f Btinfe^ml lirtg^ j» - c^rnmiiBoncPs in 'fcfe b^hiSf; lj ir rV thefe wtettdirfisdftftaftto* Balnav^s of HaH-hHJ, M^c- giU^of Rankeilor, two able civilians, Maitlancl the fate ftcteflary, and George Buehanan. ^ ' } j J Mary, whtf^during this intervaJ, was \e^d bjr EJiaab^di wfh die greateft (hew of affeftioh, had empowered mher behalf Lefley bifhop 6f Rofs, lord Boyd, 4ord Merries, lord Levingfton* fit John Gdr- don oPLodlinvar, w fir James Cockbum or Skirting, and Gavin Hamilton, commendator of Kilwinning. Ettfckbetb, on her part, appointed Thomas Howard duke of Norfolk, Thomas Ratdiff earl of Suffex, the eaii^of Arundel and Leicester, lord Clinton, fir Ralph Sadfcr, and fir William Cecil. - Whift this great affair was in agitatiori, Eliza- beth amu&d the French and SpaniUr ambafladours with repeated promifes of aififting the Scottifh queen, as far an might be confident with her honour ; and it was this consideration which had Eevaikd f her authority,^— the regent and hi? party wete kj them deiiominated traitors. The regent, ift vindication of his own conduft, alledged, that the infamy of her marriage with Bothwell, rendered it d by Google 1^8 New Hjstory op SCOTLAND. it necefl^ry to take arms in tema». .As h^ coafidet^d, a&d with rqafon, that this would be fufficient for his defence, not a fmgle circumftance conoerjujag^ the king's tfjurde^ ?w*s hinted**. ; ; i , , ■ ? . • • > $pt jhis.was^npt the point at \dikh iElizafeeth aimed. Mary at ail ; eventa was to be accuJedcof t^crim^ • A^cQI'diagly* at the next meeting; rttf- tj^c^migioner^ the? v earl of Lenox appeared in CiHW[t, t a^d ; upoa oa!h, accufed therqsfeea oft this' murder ; producing certain papers, which he ifeid \pould pK^:bi$ allegation to be juft. ^Mary's com- mifliopers ^efufed to reply to this ioU.cha^ge^rtill ^^jfljould have obtained for their queen, the an- * ^encerwith Elizabeth, which fherhad reqiiefted. >But^he r(?genti haying been referred to by Lenox, apd being ; therefore obliged to jominaccuftng the Sco^tifli queer*; Elizabeth, who. had now feen all tl^ letter* of Mary to Bothwell, not only refufed the- interview, but replied to her requeft m fuch terms, as fufficiently indicated that fhe believed her guilty. And Mary herfelf, who notwithstanding this? repulfe, negle&ed to produce proof of her innocence, proofing to accommodate matters with her fubje&s without it, not a little ftrengtheaed the opinion. But 4$ it is. a difficult matter; to dive into the breaft of 3 wife prince, whatever were Elizabeth's real fcntiments on this/iead, /he pro- pofed to fettle a]} difputes between ti*e queen afcd her people in the following manner ; " That Mary fhould mal^e a,}fonnal reftgnation, ©f her crown,, ra» tify the regent's- au^orky, ( and confeftt that ioth herfelf and her fpn flioula reiide in England." To this propofal, JViaiiy, now . feeing the extent of Elizabeth's friendship a«id 'generality, and con- fidering that fuch a ftep would efFe&ualJy bh&Mr. reputa- d by Google JAMES VI. 1$9 reputation And «irfaing» hetf pe¥fd*r r recited,- cfl In- ftant degath i* Ids te**ibte:iha«>fi3dh &* ign&ftiriy ; Ii wilt>part with life before^ !?*$&. wiifei rtif "bwn hinds 4*^e> away my c*owit * Ao 1 -WhlWVe^ btfals i*e*i lay laft w$rds fealt be thdfe Gf a quteft *>f Scotland;" V: ^ On this declaration, the regent was dift ' » imfied, ih February, without either an ap^' 1569/ * ptov& or a cenfiire of his condA^a.: TbeV - commifliofiers for Mary followed foon afte*, and {he was rejpoved to Shrewsbury, wfcere> therhHera- hle qiceen ibon found herfeif to be a cldfe-pri- fbner. ..i < The negpnt, on his return to Stfttland,^ found a ftrong fa&ion of Papifts united in 'her fa- vour. However, having been affured of ElfeuSeffiV prote&ipn, he took fuch vigorous meafUres fc* foon broke it * and the nation refumed its tranquility. The following year, Elizabeth, who it is faki had difcovered that Mary had entered into a conf^iracy, With a view to fet herfeif on the throne of England, and reftore the popift religion^ determined, as fhe forefaw that to detain her any longer, would only he to occafion continual cabals and ihfurre&ions, to refign her into the hands of the regent. But- the murder of this great man prevented the execu- tion of her defign. ; It feems, that the regent bad deprived ohe Ha- milton' of Bbthwellhaugh of a part of his eftate, in favour of one of his friends, who, befides taking pofleffion, had ufed his wife fo feverely, as had de- prived her of herfenfes. For thefe injuries^ though heowed hi$life r j ,t - ■/* ;i ) ?n - \ 1 i 3 . • The ttuce which thefioglifh^u^ril^^>c^re^^ was no fooner expired, thaa pa**yrr?ag%#gn£e.4 fgafe^ as fiercely as ever. ; The queen's,- mx>3 }$fea(ed [ L [ ftrongly, to g^t poijeiiion of the 4ii^^rp^6^ r tiifr j k they were continually difappoin ted in^ thw at^te^pt^ ^ and expofed to freih inconvenkneies* At 1.3ft* they > made a bold attempt to furprife the king's p£*?ty*at ,- Stirling. But though the alarm was- greats the mo^ft ? confiderable lofs on the king's iide, was in the d^ath . of Lenox the regent ; who was 4cUled rafter thefhaqV furrendored, 1- , . f i * ; , The earl of. Mar was then chofen to, fill that V office; andfcy the. moderation, humanity^ and dif*. intereftednefs of this nobleman, the voice of paFty^ was for fome time filenced ; and it was expected { that a treaty with Elizabeth would foon take place* ; which would terminate very favourably for the cap- tive queen. But Elizabeth had now discovered an affair, which proved extremely injurious to MapyV caufe, and rendered the confinement of herperfon, for fome time, abfolutely necefTary. The duke of Norfolk, the greateft and the beft beloved fubje& then in England, though a profeffed proteftant, appeared to have joined with the pope, and the king of Spain, in order to introduce popery, and de- throne. Elizabeth. He himfelf, in due feafon, was to have been the leader of the revolt; and if the fcheme fucceeded, Mary, (privy tQ e\*ery circum- flance) was to be proclaimed queen both of Eng- land and Scotland, and then, as a reward for this great fervice, (he was to marry him. Elizabeth had twice before discovered him to have been a partisan- for Mary ; but his intentions being then of no very criminal digitized by GoOgle 162 New History of SCOTLAND. criminal nature, flie had forgiven him. But Nor- folk's third offence, flie thought was of -a nature too daring and atrocious to merit a pardon./ He ,was accordingly tried by his peers; and the charge of treafon appearing fully againft him, he fufFered death for the crime. . r Mary was now fo ftri&ly guarded, that even iier domeftics, whofe number was abridged, were not fuffered to be left alone with her. Yet in this un- happy fituation, ihe imagined that a gleam of liberty ftill beamed upon her. But when fhe underftood, the following year, that Elizabeths had 1572. entered into a league, offenfive and de- fenfive, with' Charles the 9th of France, and tha,t the very mention of her name was therein omitjted; ihe began to frame her mind to the rigour of her fate, and to think, as (he declared, of no. kingd(xm,, but that of heaven. Whatever t*uth there might be in this declaration, it is very cer- tain, that Mary was highly difgufted with this al- liance between France and England; and wbilft Elizabeth expected the greateft fecurity from it, , the, horrid maffacre of protectants, perpetrated a: few months afterwards, and in which, at Paris alone, where it commenced, 10,000 wese butchered, rendered the alliance, in her eyes, equally dange- rous and disgraceful. All the protectant powers were greatly alarmed -by this fatal event; and as Mary's party in Scotland did not wholly coniift of papift^ niany, on this occafion, in fear for their, religion, forfook the queen and adhered to the : {e- gent ; who fleered through the (traits of fa&ioir. with the greateft, judgment. Had providence .j^ei* pleafed to have fpared the life of this excellent no* bJeman, he might Have deftroyed fche diftin£&*n : of parties, and procured .advantageous ;tenns far the queen., But before the clofe of .this yea^, fee, fefl ,a prey to a lingering difalfe j tnd : hi^ ^^jH^hjch happened d by Google JAMES VI. 163 happened on the 29th of Oftober, was followed 9 on the 27th of November, by that of the juftly ce- lebrated John Knox, whofe memory every true Scotch proteftant muft neceffarily revere. The earl Morton, who was chofen regent, immediately on the death of Mar, wasprefent at the funeral or this zealous, fervent, unwearied divine, and pronounced his eulogium in thefe words, c< Here lies he, who never feared the face of man," On Morton-s acceffion to the regency, the queen's party, which daily declined, forefeeing little fuc- cefs from an opposition, gave up moft of the forti- fied places in their poffeifion, and retired peacefully to their eftates ; which had been almoft exhaufted, to little purpofe, in the queen's fervice. The civil wars, which had fubfifted five years in Scotland, were therefore now brought to a period ; and Mary had not in any part of the kingdom the fhadow of fovereignty. But in 1575, the domeftic tranquility of the kingdom was in fome danger of being di ft urbed by another caufe. Epifcopacy was not wholly fet afide : One Andrew Melvil, a man of great learn-, i^g and , fenfe, having juft returned from Geneva to his native Country, ftarted a queftion, in a public aflembly, concerning the authority of chapters, and the election and order of Bifhops, and declaimed boldly againft all church-authority not warranted by fcripture. This raifed a ferment in the nation. And though the regent had, for political ends, efpoufed epifcopacy, Melvil afted, and was fup- ported, with fo much refolution and firmnefs, that he was obliged to abolifh it, and give? into Melvil's fcheme of prefbytery. From this time, Morton's regency grew exceed- ingly unpopular; and as he was a man of a difpo~ fifion, which delights in the infolence of office* bfr created himfelf every day new enemies* Th^-earl of d by Google i64 New History or SCOTLAND. of Leno^ fobn appeared" as his o^en foe; ahdf da- ring their ;fqaaBbie's for two yekrs, James ? the ^bxinjj, kf/ig^as^bandiedaboutfrom ofte party to^dtlf^ according t6 fte fuccefs df either.; But in ij^ James, being tften in the 15th year ofhis^Ve^ efcape'd from his toils, afferted his authority, arid terminated the quatreJ. Lenox he received 1 iiitio favour ; but detefted Mbrton, who was dfeyote^ to dertruction: Whilft fome plauhbie pretext \rtfas; to this end diligcntfy fought after - s one cdptam^tewirt accufed him Of being acceflary, or (as his "wdrds were)* atfdndjdrt in the murder of lord "DttrHlyV Morton for this offence was tried^ fountf guilty of being a cdnfideiit, though not an affrftanr iit th£ murder 5 ahd for that crime beheaded in June i 5^i L j notwithftanding the queen of England made^power- ful intercelBon in his behalf. After- feilteiictr Sya£ executed, the hody of this nobleman, who Wa?: 'al- lowed to have poflefled many virtues, and, coti&&t£ jfble abilities, was thrown by common porters* inio the burial place of criminals ; and none of 1 'his friends, it feems, durft attend it, or difcover thehr affe&ion by the leaft fyinptoms of forrow. ' '" : ;. Before the execution of this nobleman, Stewart, his accufer, had been created earl of " Arran f fetrid now the -friendfhip and favour of James Was equally ihared* between him and Lenox. ' They v foon engaged hini fn fuch unpopular meafu res, as dre 1 ^ ' againft him a confpifacy of his principal " indHjftj^ aJthough their 1 aim was to bring the ^young king to a ftnfe'yof Ms error, in giving fo much counte- nance tftttao fuchuhWorthy faV6uriteit' J '° ' l '" U ' ! The tt&or of GlamJs ieized tW kirig kt 1582. Ruthven, who finding h is' ftbert/-jtot to be procured, either by complaints, ex- poftulatlons, or threats, burft ' into tears. * " No matter, cry on, fays Glamis fiercely, better for children to weep, than bearded men?' In other matters, he was treated with great refpe&, though Digitized by GoOgle JAMES VI. 165 though guarded at the fame time with the ftri&eft vigilance.. Scotch hiftonans call this enterprize The Raid of Ruthven. They committed Arran, the molt obnoxious to them, inftantly to pnfon 9 hut before they ventured any further, in Auguil 1582^ they intimidated James to ilgnify an approbation of his t prefect fituation, to forbid by proclamation all attej^s againft the perfons concerned in the Raid o£ R 14 thy en ; and to command Lenox to leave the kingdom Jbefore the end of September. The, fame of this exploit foon reached the ears of Mary, though in the folitude of a prifon. Anxi- ous for the fafety of her fon, fhe forgot her own dtftrefs \ and fummoning to her ^id, all the mp- the** all the queen, (he wrote a long and an excellent letter to Elizabeth j befoeching bet not to abandon her fon, or fuffer him to feel any portion, of that diftreis. which had fallen to the lot of his unjiappy mother But before Elizabeth had any way interv pofed iathe behalf of James, he efcaped out of the hands ofrhe confpirators. But attaching himfelf foon after to Arran, with as much fondnefs as ever* that artful favourite perfuaded him to make the confe- derates acknowledge that they had been guilty of a faulty in taking ana detaining him fo long a prisoner. TJjis James, in July 1583, urged them accordingly to acknowledge, pronaifing, at the fame time, that, qnfuch a confeilion, they fhould receive a pardon. But the nobles were too haughty, and top fearful of Arran's power to make fuch a declaration. They fled into England, and were received into the pro- tection of Elizabeth, who interceded fo warmly in their favour^ that they fhortlv afterwards were par- doned! without referve, ana returned to Scot- land. During the peace and good order which was pre-. fe^vedJn that kingdom, for the three years t llow T ing, Elizabeth had been alarmed by no lej& than four d by Google i66 New History of SCOTLAND. four conspiracies againft her life and government, by! Throgmortcm, Somerville, Chrichtxm, and Parry ; the laft of whom had often got accefs * tx> itfr perfon; tho' a fenfe of fear or of duty had prevented the execution of his horrid defign, iei fore he was brought to the gallowsw Thefe re- peated confpiracies made the Englifh exceedingly fearful for the life of their beloved Sovereign, and* a* the > fame time, uncommonly felicitous to pre- ferve it. And believing the unhappy Mary to have beeA privy to all thefe attempts, they entered into an aflociation " to defend their queen againft all Ijer enemies foreign and domeftic ; and if violence mould bfr offered to her life, in favor ©f any pre- tender to the crown, they not only engaged never td .allow or acknowledge the perfon or perfons, by or forlwhpm fucha deteftable acl fhould be com- mitted* but vowed, in the prefence of the eternal •God, to profecute fuch perfon or perfons to death, and to purfue them to their utter overthrow an4 extirpation." . This aflbciation was foon after ratified by law^ when it was further enacted; " That if any re- bellion fhould {>e exqited in tHe kingdom, or any thing attempted to the hurt of her majefty'si perfon, by or for any perfon pretending a title to the crown* » the queen fhould, empower twenty-four perfons, by a commtffion under the great feal, to examine into, and pafs fentence upon fuch offences ; and after judgment given* a proclamation fhould be ifluetf, declaring the perfons whom they found guilty, ex- cluded from any right to the crown ; and her ma- jefty's fubjecls might lawfully purfue evetfy one of them to death, . with all their aiders -and abettors : And if any deftgn againft the life of the queen fhould take effect, the perfons, by or for whom fuch a deteftable aft was executed, and their i£ues, being any wife affentingor privy to the fame, fhould d by Google JAM E S, VI, 167 Jhcruid be difabied for ever, from ^pceteiiding ^ to ths cnown, arid be purfued to.death in tihb lrkrc mann&J' . ..» vfv . .> tv :t..i ,;tj ; rn/. : AHithis was evidently aimed agairtft Many* who J*ad lately bden removed toTuthburyv It was in her confinement at this place, that flic endured the itaoft cutting affliction. Here fhe received sf letter,%wn her fon, (who had from his cradle been tutored to confider her as thevileft of women) m which* He rtf ufed to acknowledge her to be^queen of Scotland 3 informed her that his affairs and hers Were intirely Separate ; and that in the latter he fhould take no concern. This cruel letter threw her into unfpeakable agonies. When lhe had a littlfc recovered herfelfj fhe exclaimed, u Let not my allies treat him any longer as a king ; he holds that dignity by my. confent ; and if a fptedy re- peetance dioes not appeafe my juft refentmenty I willload him with a parent's curfej and furreftder Bay. crowj^ with all my pretenfions, to oneywho will receive them with gratitude, and defend them with vigor." But this raving was as vague and as impotent, on the part of the mother^ as the behavior of the fan was ungenerous and inhuman. Elizabeth took advantage of the. prefent difpo- fition of James, to form a league with him, which was accordingly concluded on the 5th of July, 1586. It was ofteniive and defenfive; and both parties bound ihemfelves to defend the proteftant religion* which, confiderjng the danger it had lately bQtn expofed to^.was mentioned to be the foundation of the treaty. AUthefe preparations render it extremely pro- bable* ih&t Elh>abeth!s council had refolved to put to death the Scottifh queen, on the very firft oc^ caiion that fliould be given. The laft feature was peculiarly fevere againlt her. The words by or for , which had been fo carefully inferted therein, was a trap, 4 Digitized by GoOgle i68 New History of SCOTLAND. a trap, from which it was impoffible that Mary could ever avoid. It made her very life a for- feiture for any defign, wkich, without her know-* ledge, might be formed .by fome zealous or u mod- headed partisan. And it was not long <*re fi*e"b a cirou&ftance, thro' the inconfiderate affe&ioji of the £n^li4h papifte actually tranfpired. This & known in Engiifli hiftory by the name of Ba~ iingttn's ctnfpiwcy* One Savage, a papift of the moft Aery zeal, believing the bull of pope Pius the 5th againft EUzafaetft, to be really dictated by the Holy Ghoft, concluded that to deftroy the life of an excom- municated heretic, would be to perform a very acceptable fervice to Heaven. Accordingly he bound himfelf by a folemn vow to kill Elizabeth, and imparted his purpofe to one Anthony Babington of Dcrbyftiire, a perlbn of an handfc zabeth faw the very pidure and knew the face o^ Barnwell. It was Walfingham's intention, in order to dtfcover the bottom of the plot, to watt till it was almoft ripe for execution ; but the queen, unwilling to endanger her fnbiefb, or to tempt her own rate any further* iffued out orders to cruih it by arrefting the authors. Accordingly Ballard, who was the principal and moft a&ive agent, was firft apprehended j 011 the notice of Which the others attempted toefcape; but they were all, except Windfor, foon feized in feveral parts of die kingdom j brought to trial, and exe- cuted as traitors. Upon the firft notice of this conspiracy, Mary, .who was fufpeded, had 1 been removed to Fothe- ringay-caftle in Northamptonfhire. Babington, in his trial, confeffed that he had both written to, and received many letters from her on the fubjeft of the plot, and that (he approved of every part. This declaration was confirmed by her own fecre- taries, Naue and Curie, who declared that they bad read and fent fueh letters by her orders. The Erfghfh council, therefore, determined to try her upon the a& which they had lately made in their atfbciation; and a commiffion was accordingly iffued for forty peers and five judges to try, and pafs fentence upon Mary, daughter and heir of James the 5th of Scotland, commonly called queen of Scots, and-dowager of France, They arrived I at d by Google i;o New History of SCOTLAND. at Fotheringay on the nth of O&ober, and pr&» * fented a letter from Elizabeth to the Scottifh t queen, which commanded her to fubmit to a triaL Whilit the letter was read to Mary, flie appeared perfectly corhpofed, and though furprized at the meflage, was no way unmindful of her dignity. In the moft folemn manner fhe protefted her . innocence, and complained . that every danger* which at any time threatened Elizabeth, was al*- .ways imputed to her. She declared that flie was .3 queen, as well as Elizabeth, an ^bfolute, inde- . pendent queen, and therefore fhe wondered that Elizabeth fhould command her, as a l fubjec~t, to , fubmit to the laws of England, which {lid no * .extend to her, wtrich fhe was not acquainted with* •and from which fhe had never reaped the leaft benefit. Finally, fbe declared that Englifh fubjects .were not her peers, and therefore that fhe would vnot be tr^ed by them; protefting that fhe would .buffer a thoufand deaths rather than own herfelf to be the fubje£t pf.any prince on earth. She offered however to clear her conduct before a full parlia- ment, ,or before the commifftoners themfelves, • provided they were not confidered as her judges. :At length an argument urged by Hatton, the vice- chamberlain, that, " by avoiding a trial, fhe would injure her reputation and deprive herfelf of a fair . opportunity of fetting her innocence in the cleareft light," prevailed upon her to comply with the .command vof Elizabeth ; who Hatton further aflured her, would be rejoiced to find that the ac- cufations agahift her were groundlefs. Mary, whofe refolution was thus ftaggered by the anxious, defire of vindicating her honour, at- tended to the charge which the qneen's attorney and iblicitor opened- againft her. Copies of her letters to Babington were produced, together with Ba- bington's confeffion, and the declarations of her . two d by Google / J A M E -S VI. .in two fecretaries. Serjeant Gaudy therefore charged )ier with knowing, approving and confenting to r Babin.gton*s confpiracy. In reply to which, ha- ' ving firft lamented her unhappy fituation, — a weak ,defencelefs woman, — obliged, without the affi- fiance of council^ or the advice of a fingle friend, to plead her own defence—; Having afferted, with great • truth and juftice, that thefe were privilege^ fallowed even to the meaneft criminals, fhe again declared her ignorance of every tittle of Babington's .plot. She intimated that his confcflion might have been extorted by the rack; and the fame in regard to Her fecretaries, with whom fhe defired .to be confronted. She cited the commiffioners to prove from her papers, which were in their cuftody, .anything in fupport of their charge under her own hand^writing. , To nothing elfe would fhe give credit; for, her cyphers (he faid might eafily be counterfeited. Having thus denied the charge, fhe owned, that, during her long confinement, fhe had often, with an earneftnefs natural to an human . being, folicited her friends to procure her liberty; and if this were imputed to her. as a crime, fhe muft plead guilty. . The court after having fat feveral days, adjourned to the 25th of October at the ftar-chamber in •Weftminlter. Here Naue and Curie having again, fworn to the letters and, copies, which had been -produced, the commiflioners proceeded to pafs fen- tence. They declared her " to be acceffary to BabingtonV confpiracy, and to have imagined divers matters, . tending to the hurt, death, and deftruction of Elizabeth, contrary to the exprefs words of the ftatute, made for the fecurity of the queen's life." , It muft be owned that in conducting this trial ,$Jiere were many irregularities. Babing:on and his >£iR>ciates mjght have been fpared for a few weeks, la ,'nx d by Google 172 New History of SCOTLAND. in order to have confronted her j and Naue and Curie fhpuld have appeared on the trial; but in fhort, t^e'Iinglifh appear to have been bent on the de{tru$ion of Mary, and to have ftuck at no pro- ceedings however irregular, which tended any way to compleat it. > T^he' parliament, which met on the 20th of October, approved the fentence j and publifhing a declaratfori, that it did not in the leaft derogate from the title and honor of king James, they addref^ed her majefty to put it in execution. Eliza- beth, though. in all probability as defirous of Mary's death, as thofe who petitioned her on the account, ftveral times evaded their requeft. At laft, after fever^l'of her nobility h»d thrown themfelves on thei^lcnees, and conjured her to conftder that the life ' 4f. Mary .was. incompatible with her own fafety, and opth t,he civil and religious liberty of her ^ingdom, fhe difrniffed the farce and yielded to thpir entreaties. Davifon, who . had been ap- pointed Secretary of ftate, received the death warrant, which fhe laboured afterwards to make the people imagine, was executed without her knowledge, and contrary to her intention j and in the fe^uel fhe punifhed him for dilbbedience, in delivering it to the earls of Shrewfbury and Kent, to whom it was dire&ed, and who were ordered forthwith to put it in force. The two earls, accompanied by the high-lheriff of the county, arrived at Fotheringay on the 7th of February 1587, and warned the queen of her approaching fate. Several feeble attempts to fave her, had been made by France, Spain, and her fon James ; but Mary had placed no confidence in fuch interceffions, knowing the envious difpofition of her rival Elizabeth, the had prepared herfelf for death, from the firft moment that the parliament had : approved the fentence. When fhe was therefore d by Google JAM therefore informed, that fhe muft die tfie;i ing, it is faid fhe heard the cruel man^atfe emotion. " That foul, fays (he, i$ abt vWrdijf qf the joys of heaven, which repines becaufe '£h& body mult endure the ftroke of the executioner'; and though I did not €xpe& that the queen of England would fet the firft example of violating the iacred perfon of a fovereign prince, I willingly fufiniit to that which providence lias decreed to be my lot." Having uttered this fentence. fhe placed 1 her hand upon a bible, which cafualfv lay by her, and protefted her ignorance of Bamngtoh's con- spiracy. When Kent and Shrewsbury had Withdrawn, her domeftics flocked around her, and teftifiea their affe&ion and forrow by a flood of tears, in the utmoft ferenity fhe endeavoured to cqihpdte a^nd comfort them. She then fell on her knees, im- plored heaven, now that her fufferings were ap- proaching towards a period, fhe might receive aid to endure what remained with decency, and with. fortitude. She fpent the reft of the evening in fettling her affairs. With her own hand fhe wrote her will, in which fhe bequeathed her money, cloaths, and jewels, among her fervants, accord- ing to their refpe&ive rank and merit. She ate her ufual fupper, and difcourfed, during the whole time, with chearfulnefs. At her wonted hour fhe retired to reft, and enjoyed it calmly a few hours. In the morning, after fome time fpent in devotion, flie dreft herfelf moft elegantly in mdurning. At her neck, by a pomander chain, hung an agnus Dei ; at her girdle appeared her beads, and in her hand an ivory crucifix. Thus attired fhe waited calmly for the meflengers of death ; who came about eight o'clock and conduced her to the fcafFold. After much entreaty fhe had prevailed on the two earls to allow fir Andrew Melvil, the I 3 mafter Digitized by GoOgle 172 New Histo*^ • a ♦ ^ yCOTLAND. in order^^ v >< ,^ £ther with her phyfician,* two maid fervants, to tffm their laft offices. The erected in the great-hall, about le ground, and its furniture, were 'black. She mounted the fteps with' £fs, furveyed the block and the axe un- hand having crofTed -herfelf, fhe with great compofure fat down in a chair. She liftened to the warrant for her execution, which was then read, with fuch an air as fignified % that her thoughts were otherways engaged. Having been denied a pricit fhe refilled, to join in devotion with the dean 4 of Peterborough -, but falling on her knees, fhe re- peated a prayer in latin. After which, raifing her voice, fhe prayed in englifh for the profperity of the catholic church, and her fon, and for Elizabeth. Then lifting up, and killing the crucifix, flie thus addrefled it, " As tby arms, O Chrift, were ex- tended upon the crofs, fo, with the out-ftretched arm^ of thy mercy, receive * me, and pardon my tranfgreflions." Having finifhed . her devotions, ihe ordered her women to prepare her for the block ; and the two executioners rudely offering to affift,fhe gently bade them to forbear, faying fhe had not been ufed to undrefs thus publicly, or to have fuch perfons as they were, for valets and the grooms of her chamber. Her gown and doublet being taken ofT, fhe embraced all her fervants and fmilingljr bade them farewell. A linen handkerchief was tied round her eyes, and then Mary, with the calm and undaunted fortitude which became a Scotch fovereign, laid her head on the block, and beg*an ta rehearfe the 31ft pfalm. And having repeated the 5th verfe, " Into thine hands I com- mit my fpirit ; thou haft redeemed me, Q LonF God of truth" which was the fignal given ; whilft one executioner held her hands, the other at the fecond Digitized by GoOgle , J AMES VI. " 175 fecorid ftroke cut off her head. And holding it up, ftill fpouting* her blood, the deam cried out, « So perifh all queen Elizabeth's enemies," but- every fpedtator, except him and the earl of. Kent, . being drowned in tears, that nobleman alone an«n. fwered, amen. ,.Thus fell in the 46th year of her age; and the. iiJth of her captivity Mary Stuart, que. en* x^F Scot- land and of France, purfuant to a Sentence,; "the juflice of which muft ever b£ problema- tical. J?ar,ty writers' have given her the moft op- posite characters. - Some afcribe to her the pof- feffion of all virtues; whilft others impute to her all the vices, with whicji human, nature can poffibly abound. But her real character is neither tp be found in the lavifhing encomiums of the one, - nor in the virulent cenfures of the other. To attri- bute all the calamities which befel her, to misfortune, would be as faulty, as to place them wholly to the account of imprudence. She was both imprudent : and unfortunate ; particularly in her marriage with - Darnly. Her attachment to Rizio was beneath ; the dignity of a queen* - However brutally ihe might have been treated by Darnly, honor, pru- dence, and juftice called upon her not to coun- tenance his murderers. Whether the letters found in the filver box were genuine or not, or whether » fhe was actually the contriver of her hufband's murder; few have attempted to palliate the atro- ; cious crime of marrying Bothwell, the very ; man, whom the nation in general fufpe&edof havings cemmitted the barbarous deed, and who, on his. death-bed, protefted that their fufpicions were not - tfnjuft. For this (he defervedly loft the love of her V fubjecls ; who deprived her of her crown in > rnanner which amply fhewed that this fatal ftep* f which includes her ftrong attachment to, popery,; ; was the occafion of it; their own difintercftednefs 1 4. appearing Digitized by GoOgle 176 New History of SCOTLAND. appearing in choofing her fon to fucceed her, at a^ time when they might eafily have thrown the go- vernment into a different channel. The legality of the fentence by which fhe was executed, has been already called in queftion ; but as it is impolnble to* exculpate Mary from a privity and concurrence to fome of the many plots againft Elizabeth, perhaps the policy of government neceflarily dictated fuch a cruel meafure. If the cafe be changed, by fup- pofing Mary's fchemes to have taken place, there is little reafon to imagine any other, than that Eli- zabeth would herfelf nave fallen a facrifice ; there- fore though one would be far from approving fuch . rigorous precaution, the reader if he finds himfelf difpofed greatly to blame the Englifli queen for her feverity, may confider, that in every fituation, felf-defence is the firft law of nature. The perfon of Mary was tall, her fhape elegant, and the air of her countenance unfpeakably beau- tiful. Skilled in every female art and accomplifli- ment which makes beauty iirefiftible, and being at the fame time polite, infinuating, fprightly, and affaWc, fiie was not fo much an auguft queen as an agreeable woman. None of her fervants was fisfcred to approach her corpfe, which for fome days lay in a room, near the place of execution, covered with an old cloth torn from a billiard-table. Every thing which was ftained with her blood was burnt. Her body foon after was interred, with royal pomp, in die cathedral church of Peterbo- rough! but when her fon James afcended the- Englifli throne it was removed to Weftminfter- abbev, and depofited amongft the monarch* of England, King James was her only iflue by Darnly 5 and by Bothwell, (he had a daughter who was a nun at Notre Dame * Digitized by G00gle *Jl /ta£ '~ I 5 were d by Google 178 New History of SCOTLAND. were elated beyond meafure at a fpe&acle fo tin- ufual, and who cherlflied the fondeft wifees for the fincerity of this defirable reconciliation: James having thus united the ftrength of his kingdom, kept hisfubjc&s under arms, t6 hinder the ipaniards from landing in an hoftile manner in his dominions; though after their armada^ which they arogantly called invincible^ had been defeated by the Englifh fleet, James with great humanity re- ceived upwards of 700, who in returning hom«> round Scotland had fuffered fliipwreck on that dangerous and unknown coaft. England being freed from the moft terrible ap- prehenfions, by the deftruftion of the armada, Eli- zabeth in the warmeft manner thanked James for his fteady attachment to her, during that important g'ifrs. And James having now alfo nothing to fear om Philip (to whofe flattering promifes,he had 'replied that he expe&ed no other favor from him than, as Polyphemus promifed Ulyfles, to be made his laft morfel;) he made overtures of marriage to the eldeft daughter of Frederick the fecondj king of Denmark. But s by the blunders of his miniiters, who as fome fay were bribed by Eli-* zabeth, and wilfully perplexed the affair; Fre- derick, believing that he was trifled with, gave that princefs to the duke of Brunfwick. James, how- ■ ever, who was bent on an alliance with that fa- mily, paid his addrefles to the fecond daughter, 1 Anne ; and the marriage, notwithstanding the efforts of Elizabeth to prevent it, was accordingly agreed upon and performed by proxy. The fleet, in which the princefs embarked for Scotland, being, hy a violent ftorm, driven back to Norway ; and tidings coming, that probably it would not be m a condition to put to fea again, before the "next fpring, James, who with the impatience of a lover had expe&ed her arrival, refolving not to be' baffled v. ~ a fecond d by Google J A ME S VI. i 79 aTecond time, fitted out a>few ilnps, *n& Wlt ^ a gallantry extremely oppofite tolu* general chara&er, failed in queft of his bride. 1 fT , Arriving at Upfal, where (he then tefided, he on the 23d of November efpoufed her -, and after fpending feveral months in a round of plea- fures at the court of Denmark, James and his queen, on the ift of May 1590, arrived fafely .at Leigh. The people, who during the king's, abfence had preferved the moft orderly, behavior* hailed their , fovereign with joyous affedtion. At- tjie folemnity of the queen's coronation, whi or other •continually differed ?**-and tiro/ hw)gcntcahcredulity r ' the conceit of his own atbilnies^snE his vwant of fterling courage :~*The clergy > became discontented, the nobility were di- vided,the barofts grew poor, and the commons ^ers opprefled.^ Heavy taxes were levied, and badly ap? plied. ? and as this was a circumftance particularly e^afperaiing, laws were broken^ proclamations dip- obeyed^difajft&ion followed, and rapine and murder became £he confequence. j •• Amongft the many perfons executed 1591- by James for their fuppofed necromancy, ". vfome had accufed Francis Stewart, created by James, earl of Bothweli, as making frequent in- quiries of them concerning the king s fate 5 white others, having loft their reafon by the tortures to which they were put, declared, that at thet iflfti- gation of that nobleman, they had raifed the ftorms which had alarmed his majefty, and endangered the life of his queen. Bothwdl, on this evidence* was lodged in prifon. From thence, by intoxicating Iris keepers, he foon made his efcape; and being of a -faint too turbulent and haughty to brook fuch an indignity, the fuiFering of which he attributed to the artifices of his enemy Maitland the chan-* cellor, he formed a defign of becoming matter both of him ajid his majefty. In this defign, which he put in execution on the 27th of December, he had certainly fucceeded, if the citizens of Edinburg, alarmed at the uproar in die palace, to which, through a private pafiage, he had gained accefs by die treachery of fome of the king's attendants, had tlot run ifeedily to their arms; their timely inter- pofition delivered both James and his* chancellor from imminent danger^ and the followers of Both- , well being routed, he himfelf, Under the cloud of night, with fome difficulty made his efcape. The d by Google r f J A T M E S VI. m The boW. earl Ifed precipitately towards the north; i and James ordered the carl of Huntley to purfue him and bis followers, with all the wrath of vengeance. In fuch commiffions as thefe, # general officer had the opportunity of gratifying his private revenge • and Huntley, being at perfottaTea- mity, with the earl of Murray, under pretence of executing a part of his commiffion, co^fumed the boufe, and took away the life of that good noble-, man, who was efteemed the handfomeft and mod accomplifhed man in Scotland ; he was alfo heir *o Regent Murray, whofe memory was ftill affec- tionately .revered by the people. They therefore rofe tumultuoufly, {hook off all refpaft for men in power, and a report (fome fay not without foun- dation) being induftrioufly circuited, that this murder was .perpetrated with the connivance and. .*vcri by order of the king, who, it "was publickly talked, was jealous of him, becaufe the queen a few days before had (aid many things in his favor 3 they, Iskewife openly infulted his majefty. - Though die magiftrates prevented their doing any mifchief, they threatened James fo much that he thought fit to leave Edinburg, and to retire for fome time to Glafeow. But this popular clamor fopn fubfided: Huntley furcendered himfelf to juftice ; hut whether James was really an accefiary, or whether from the power of the chancellor with whom Huntley was clofely conne&ed, he was not fo much as tried} and Murray's death, notwith- Handing the dangerous appearance but a few days before, pafled off, unrevenged, and unregarded, fo fickle are the commonalty. The king had now loft much of his po- pularity. His toleration ofpapifts infpired *59 2# the clergy with a belief that he inclined to popery. Indeed they faw that he too much favoured the popifh faction i therefore they thought that this was d by Google i«2 New History or SCOTLAND. was the time to infift on the repeal of thofe fevefe laws, which, m 1584, a venal miniftry had enafted, ' and which were then evidently framed to overturn the conftitution as well as the difcipline of their reformed church. To procure thefe acts of par- liament, the inventors had recourfe to the moft illegal methods. In the firft place, by oaths of fecrecy from the lords of articles they were carefully concealed from the knowledge of the clergy them- felves ; again, when fome of theminifters, who had received hints of what was tranfa&ing behind the curtain, had ordered one of their number to inform - the king of their apprehenfions, he was feized at the pakce-gate and hurried away to prifon ; and further, fuch as it was imagined would oppofe the bills, were detained on various pretences, orrefufed admittance. By thefe iniquitous means, it was then enacted VI. 183 could' be more favorable than the preferitf fdt be- fides the unpopularity of the ki fig, Both well was ftilHri the' kingdom, encouraged and fupported by' the en&hies of the chancellor, whofe condudt had rendered him extremely odious to all ranks of people. Thus circumftanced, James was tinder a neceility of giving way to his clergy, who pufhed their demands with great vigor. So that in a very little time all the hated a&s refpe&ing their order, in 1584, were either totally aboliflied and refcinded,' <&* explained in fuch him *o land his forces either in Galloway Or at the mouth of the Clyde ; promifing that they lhould ^there be joined by them and the other ca- tholics in the kingdom ; and that then, having firfr re-eftahlifhed popery in Scotland, they would proceed to fubdue England. His confeffion was afterward* confirmed by Barclay of Ladyland, and fir David Graham of Fintry, wnom he had accufed as being privy to the whole fcheme. On this difcovery, the minifters of Edinburg were uncommonly alarmed, and particularly a&ive. Their great apprehenftons, and their zeal for pro- teftantiun, hurried them into anions, which, if not infolent, (as fome have called them} were however unbecoming. Inftead of petitioning, . which was their duty, they ventured to piefcribe, and almoft inftfted, that no confideration fhoujd induce the king to pardon the authors of fo de- teftable a treafon. James, though highly offended at this a&ivity in his clergy, which he conftrued to be over-officious, and an encroachment on his pre- rogative, was obliged to temporize, and adopt their plan. He marched in perfon againft the three earls, who, qegle&ing his fummons to furrender themfelves, had taken refuge in the highlands. Having placed garrifons in all their caftks, ; and i obliged- their yajTals, as well as all the barons in - the counties thro' which he pailed, to Atbfcribe v* bond of loyalty to himfelf, and of firm adheitnce to d by Google JAMES VI. * 1*5 to the reformed religion, he left behind -him the T earls of Athol and Marfhall, as his lieutenants^ and returned home. He then' tried Graham,- whov befog by his peers found guilty of mifprifion x>fv treafan, was beheaded. But Ker efcaped from his,-: confinement ; and as the ferment in the nation waa now pretty much fubfided, James, according to his. * ufual indulgence to papifts, made ufe of no method* towards bringing him to juftice, any more th*ui the three earls by whom he had been employed. ** Mean time he proceeded againft Bothwell (who was a proteftant, and who had lately appealed t within a mile of Edinburg at the head of ^do- * horfe, but was repulfed by the citizens erf Edin- burg) with all that rancour, which hatrcdiwhen mingled' with fear can infpire an ungenerous breaft. He had retired to the north of England, from whence, at the inftance of James,, he was ferretted out by Elizabeth, who was neverthelefs highly dif- pleafed wi th every ftep of the king's late condu£f. She indeed confldered the negle& of James in pu- nifhing the popifh lords as a tacit acknowledge- ment that he approved their defigns j and (he had joined the wilhes of the people in advifing him to hang them up as examples of terror for the future. All the rigor however which James could be per- fuaded to exercife towards them, was, to drop all profecution and enquiry refpe&ing their corref- * pondence with Philip, and to allow them the al- ternative of either renouncing the errors of popery, or of quitting the kingdom. But the rebels, with > the greateft audacity, refufed to perform either, continued openly their treafonable correfpondence, and bade him defiance. But at laft, to wipe off Elizabeth's fufpicion, James proceeded againft them fo rigoroufly, that they were driven out of the kingdom. Ti* d by Google iU6- Niw HisToRtbp SCOTLAND. The King's relu&ance to perform thiYheceffary? meafure, together with the unfeemly lenity, which,' on other occafions he had manifested towards the papifts in general, whilft he* was a profeffed pro- teftant, arid had actually inlifted himfelf a difputfant with the church of Rome in defence of his faith, makes his conduct, in religious affairs, till the mo- tives are difclofed, appear wholly enigmatical. James, -after his arrival at years of maturity, aimed at an excefs of* refinement, in which, he. ufed to fay, the great fecret of king-craft confifted. Knowing himfelf to be the undoubted heir tp the throne of England, and that the proteftants there would moft readily receive him as fuch ; yet as he knew that Spain, and other popifh powers, might, on the deceafe of Elizabeth, make fome plaufible pretences alfo to that crown, he chofe jiot to irritate the whole body of papifts, by pu- nifhing feverely a, few individuals, how much- • foever they might deferve it, left, in cafe of any oppofition to his acceffion to the Englifh throne, they ihould unite againft him \ but, on the con- trary, that by treating them with lenity before hand, they would, on fuch an oppofition, unani- moufly fupport him. This explanation will ferve to unriddle the feeming abfurdity of the king's. former, as well as fubfequent conduct, both to- wards proteftants, and papifts. - But, unhappily, the genius of the times was fuch, that the king's theory would by no means admit of practice; while he favoured one party, he excited jealoufy and a turbulent fpirit in the other; and by en- deavoring to acommodate himfelf to the perfuafions > of each, he fatisfied neither, but being entangled ■ by his own artifice, he was alternately either duped, Or bullied by both. » Towards the clofe of this year, Both- i ^595' well, harraffed in every quarter, and in his d by Google J A M E* S VI. il 7 x rfijrdiftrefs deferred by hfs followers, fled* for fafety firft to France and then to Spain and Italy j where . embracing popery, the future incidents of his- life: in thofe kingdoms (for James would never fuffer . him *to return, or hearken to any overtures in his behalf) were diftinguifhed only by the meaneft debauchery. Near this period, alfo, the king loft his chancellor ; and as he really loved him and : was fond on every occafion to exercife the powers of his pen, he honoured him with an elegy, and* which, for that age, is far from a contemptible- performance. As Elizabeth was now well advanced in years, James began to reflect, that 1596. ^ mould her death happen whilft he was act variance with Angus and the other two popifh • lords, who were furrounded during their refidence. abroad by Philip's emiflaries ; they might join the : Spanifh king, and, at the fame time, make a di- • vifiori amongft his own fubj eels, in order to pre- vent his fucceflion ; he therefore permitted their* Wives to occupy their houfes, and enjoy the re- venues of their eftates. And as this indulgence . ihfpired them with fentiments of the king's re-- fuming favor, they accomplifhed his wifhes by prefenting a petition to him, in which they im-. plored his licence to return to the kingdom and> refide on their eftates ; offering to abjure popery: and give ample fecurity for their future good be- havior.' James, who had a compliance with this: petition very much at heart, haftily affembled a. convention of the eftates ; and as in this cafe he* took care that but few, and fuch as were moft devoted to his will fliould be prefent, he acquainted) them with the fubject for their deliberation, andr the petition was granted. * : But previous to this, James, who had in vain/ endeavored to borrow money of Elizabeth, foun* * himfelf d by Google 1 88 New History of SCOTLAND. himfelf under the neceffity to diveft himfelf of his natural (loth, and to apply for fome time, to bu- finefs. He was really fopoor, that, to raife a fupply for his Jate expeditions againft Bothwell, and the popifh lords, he had been forced to pawn his jewels. His exchequer was now at the loweft ebb j and as. his exceffive love of expenfive plea- Aires, and his many needy dependants, made him unfit to be trufted with even his own money $ he feems to have been fenfible of it, and to have feen the neceffity pf committing the care of his finances to fome perfons of known abilities, worth, and frugality. He therefore pitched upon Alexander lord Urquhart, prefident of the college of juftice, Walter Stewart, commendator of Blantyre, and lord privy-feal, David Carnegy of Colluthy, John Lindfey, minifter of Marnmore, James Elphing- fton of Innernity, Thomas Hamilton of Drum- carny, John Skene, clerk-regifter, all lords of feffion, and Peter Young, his almoner. Thefe eight gentlemen, who were committed to this im- portant truft, were, from their number, deno- minated Oft avians. They were invefted with fuch great power, as amounted to the whole executive part of government. Every lucrative and hono- rable office fell into their hands, and the courtiers complained that the king himfelf held now nothing to difpofe of. However as the utmoft harmony was obferved, the king's taxes and revenues were regularly received, and frugally, as well as regu- larly applied, fo that money foon flowed into the exchequer apace. But if the courtiers difliked the o&avians, the clergy, who were in general poor, beheld them, with averfion. Befides, fome of thefe o&avians were avowed papifts. This circumftance made the; clergy extremely froward againft the king, but When they heard that he had recalled the popifh lords d by Google ) A Si E S VI. ;%> lords, they loft all temper ; and white they loudly inveighed againft the treafon of others, the^rjiijd^g- nation and zeal, which was always too. violent, -precipitated themfelves into fuch actions, as without much, injustice, might eafily be conftrued into ogea rebellion. To all their Prefbyteries were fent let- ters, advertising the return of Angus, Huntley, and Errol, and ordering that they fhould W publicly excommunicated, together with all others who were iufpe&ed of favoring popery. They exhorted them to excite the people to defend the proteftant faith, and their juft rights ; and finally, they chofe one of the moft eminent clergymen, out of every corner of the kingdom, in order to Tefide conflantly at Edinburgh, and to meet every day the minifters of that city, in an affembly which they called tht Jlan&ng council of the church. The intemperate fervor of Black, minifter at S6 Andrew's, exceeded all bounds, In his fermons he .reviled James, curfed his minifters, affirmed that all kings were the offspring of the devil, , who now appeared to rule the court ; and that the queen of England was an atheift. The king, notwithftand- ing the natural pliancy of his difpofition, and all his wifhes to ftand Well with the clergy, could not brook thefe reiterated infults. He fummoned Black to appear before his council to anfwer for his auda- cious fpeeches, and for the feditious doctrine which he had promulgated ; and commanded the minifters to retire to their refpeflive churches ; but he was obeyed in neither : Black, and his brethren decla- ring, that the king's authority was of lefs weight than the power and intereft of the church* James* by this bold reply, kindled into rage; and ob- ferving that he was little better than a cypher jn his own kingdom if this were the cafe, he deter- mined to try the event. The courtiers, who de- fired nothing better than to fee the king and h*s clergy d by Google ago New. History of SCOTLAND. •clergy at variance, employed not a -few artifices t* •aggravate the difpute. ; in confequence of which a .tumult arofe in Edinburgh on the 17th December .1596, which expofed the kiijg to no little danger. .For whilft he w&s fitting in the Tolbooth at the court of feffipn, where he had given an h&ughty anfwer to a petition which the clergy had very ab- ruptly prefented ; the rabble without, on the return of the deputies with his majefty's reply, prefled pro- mifcuoufly into the room in which he fat, and in- ,fifted that the petition (which principally, infprced the perpetual barufhment of the popifh lords) fliould be granted, James, alarmed at their bold intrufion . and furious manner of falutation, retired in hafte, .without fpeaking a word, and (hut the gates be- hind him. On this, all was riot and confufioru One recited the ftory of the wicked Haman, the reft made the application, and fallying forth, and touting, " the. (word of the Lord and of Gideon," they called aloud for the king, and fome.of hi* counfellors by name, that they might be facrificed to their fury.. But the city magiftrates found mean* .to quell them, and the rioters difperfed in lefs time .than they had aflembled. ■;■-■■, ,The king however, next morning .withdrew to Linlithgow ; happy in having efcaped the rage of an infurrection, which in, the end was as fatal to the clergy, as it was favorable to the eftablifhment of, regal authority. For a convention of the eftates being called, the barons there aflembled, deemed the Tate violent tranfa&ions to be high treafon. , And matters rari fo high againft the citizens of „Edinburg, who with fuch boifterous imprudence . had fupported the clergy, that the court party threat- ned to lay the city in afhes, and to erect a pillar .where it flood, in token of their guilt, and of the king's vengeance, But James was mild ; he waved i^tjie rigor of the law/j and tho' he ftripped the citi- ' " zens d by Google JAM E S: VJ. i 9f *ens of many of their moft valuable privileges, he allowed them by the payment of a confiderable fum , of money, to purchafe their pardon. ' Mean time the minifters of Edinhurg iforefeeing no other hope of fafety, had . 1597* ^fled to Newcaftle. James was deter- James and his minifters a£ted their parts fo artfully, that the weakeft of the order, which generally, m every body of people, form a majority, being gained over, clerical feats in parliament were at a general affembly on the 7th of March 1598 Bronounced both lawful and expedient, and James won ratified their resolution, by procuring to it the (an&ion and authority of the fenate of his kingdom* During the late fquabbles, the ottavians, ha- ving fell out among themfelves, religned their places, by which the nation loft the great benefit of a juft and regular ceconomy. The king there- fore being again mafter of his own exchequer, defired Elizabeth, in 1599 to fend him a company of players,, which (he accordingly complied with s and Mr. Guthrie is of opinion, tho* without af- figning any reafon in Arpport of his conjeflure, that the immortal Shakefpear, was one of the number. The clergy, as it is reafonableto fuppofe, from their temper and difpofitton, loudly exclaimed againft the king for*his condiuft in this refped. They cenfured even Shakefpear's drama as wicked and unedifying, and mentioned all players with the greatdt contempt and deteftation. But as James thought fif to grant to thofe whom Eli- • j&abeth had fent him, his royal licence and pro- tection, the clergy lowered by degrees their ftrain of inve&ive, and tfce theatre thronged with fpe&atora. Scotland now tafted the fweets of domeftic peace 3 and the king, fenfibk of his own happinefc, found d by Google JAMES VL 193 found leifure about this time to write a treatife on the art of government. It was intitled Bafi- licon Dorori, and addrefTed to his fon prince Henry. And notwithftanding it abounds with an feftentatious {hew of pedantic erudition, fome are *6P opinion that few better books for juftnejfs of £ompofition, . and propriety of fentiment, have been fince publifhed on that fubje&. James .main- tained an amicable correfpondence with Elizabeths, and a political but fecret one with her ihiAifter "Cecil, who, in the courie of letters, took pare tc* "befpeak the good-will of his future matter/* ; v -But while James was.induftrioufly diving ihra the politics of England, and daily expecting,' as well as preparing, to accede to that throne^ there: happened this autumn a circumftance, which if the king himfelf may be believed, had well nigh blafted his hopes. As he was going out early in the morning of the 5th of Auguft-from his pa* lace at Falkland, to take the diverfion of hunt- ing, he was accofted by Mr. Alexander Ruthven, brother to the earl of Gowry, to the follow- ing effect: That the preceding evening he had feized a man, near his brother's houfe at Perth, of a very fufpicious afped, who, he found upon examination, had concealed under his cloak a pot of money $ that he had confined the man and fecured the treafure, and as* he did not doubt but that his majefty- would chufe to take cognizance of the affair, he urged him, with much t impor- tunity, to ride over to Perth, for that purpoie, • immediately. James demanded whether it was foreign coin, and being anfwered in the affirmative, he concluded the fellow to be fome trafficking prieft, who had been charged with this money i'os the purpofe of exciting fomq frefh rebellion. He therefore bade Ruthven return to Perth, and de-i jliver up. the man and his money to the infpe&ion K . . „ . of d by Google rg4 New History of SCOTLAND. of the magrftrates. Ruthvtn objeded to this. He faid, that as yet his own brother was ignorant of die adventure, but that if he and the other magi- ftrates of the place were made acquainted with it, he feared that the king would get but a poor ac- count of the treaiure $ adding, that, in that cafe, he, without doubt, fhould alfo lofe that gratuity, which, for his honeft conduct, he had promiled himfelf from his majefty's generofity. He then again urged the king to fet out with him imme- diately for Perth. This James refufed ; but he told him that when the chace was ended he would difcourfe with him further. Whilit the king was in the midft of his fport, and the hounds were in fulLcry, he could not help thinking on Ruthven, and his ftrange ftory. And tho' he entertained fome fufpicions to Ruthven's difadvantage, his curiofity got the better of them, and when the dogs were at fault, he took occafion to inform Ruthven, that as foon as the chace was over he would accompany him* Accordingly, at the death of the buck, the king, without waiting for a fre£h horfe, rode off, beckoning the duke of Lenofc and the earl of Mrr to follow. Ruthven feemed to be mighti- ly againft their attendance \ but the king told him with a fmile, that being but a bad rec- koner himfelf, it was neceffary that he fhould have fome affiftance in telling over the money. Gowry was at dinner when he heard, by a fervant difpatched on purpofe, of the king's approach; but collecting about thirty or forty of the citizens, he came out of the town about a quarter of a mile to receive his majefty, whofe whole train, it feems, confifted of hardly a fcore. When the king had refrefhed himfelf by a repair, and the nobles had withdrawn into another room in order to partake | of the like, Ruthven found means to difoiifs hit , brother Gowry, and then he whifpered the king, | that J Digitized by GoOgle J /AMES VI. 195 that now was the time to examine the man and in- (pe& his treafure. James accordingly arofe, and was conducted up a f bur-cafe, then through feveral apartments (the doors of which Ruthven locked always carefully behind him, repeating every time, *' I warrant I have him fafe") and at laft into a a ftudy, where, inftead of feeing a man defencelefs and bound, he beheld one at liberty, and armed with both a fword and a dagger ; but who it feems trembled as if he had been really the perfon which James#had expe&ed. Ruthven immediately feized the man's dagger, and fwearing that the king muft die, was about to plunge it in his bofom ; when lo ! at that critical inftant, he eloquence of James preferved his life. For expoftulating with him on the heinoufnefs of the crime, and on the certain ignominy, inftead of advantage, which muft accrue to hiin and his whole family, by the perpe^ tration of fuchan execrable deed,Ruthven dropped the dagger and feemed full of contrition. However, he told the king, that he mirft be contented to be his prifoner 'till he had fpoken to his brother ; and ordering the man, who ftill trembled exceffivelyj to take care that the king did not efcape, he de-* parted feemingly with that view. Ruthven fpeedily returned with a cord, and telling the king there" was no help for it, " by God he muft die" he at-* tempted to bind his hands. A violent *ftruggld on this enfued, during which the man in the clofet affifted neither. The ftrength of James was of as much fervice to him now, it feems, as his elo- quence had been before, for dragging Ruthven to 3 window (which during his abfence he had perfuaded the man ta open) he called out, " Treafon, help, Mar, Lenox, I am murdered." The king's voice was heard, and known, by all his attendants. Len- ox and Mar, with feveral others, ruflied up the great ftair-cafe, and finding all the doors fliut K 2 againft d by Google 196 New Histqry of SCOTLAND. againft them, they were battering them with great fury, while fir John Ramfay, fir Thomas Erfkine, and fir Hugh Herries, with one. Wilfon, a groom, luckily ran up the bye-paflage which led to the ftudy. Ramfay firft entered the ftudy, at fight of whom, the king almoft fpent in the itruggle with Ruthven, cried out, ct Strike him low, man, ftrike the villain low" and Ramfay accordingly having given him three or four ltrokes with his dagger, tumbled him over the banifters, and Erfkine, who was at the bottom of the flairs, difpatched him with his fword. Mean time the man in the ftudy had fome- how unaccountably difappeared ; and the earl of Gowry had entered by a private way into the adjoining chamber, armed with a fword in each hand, and backed by fix or feven of his fer- vants. They were fiercely attacked by the king's party, though but four in number ; one of which crying out, " You have killed the king our mailer and will you alfo murder us," — Gowry dropped the points of both his fwords, and was at that inftant run through the heart by Ramfay, exclaiming as he fell, " Alas ! I am not to blame for this aftion." The earl's fervants fled on the death of their mailer, and Mar and Lenox, with the reft of the king's attendants, being let into the room, James fell on his knees, with thofe around him, and returned thanks to God for his won- derful deliverance. But the king had fcarcely finifhed his prayer, before the town fmen of Perth aiFemblcd around the houfe of Gowry who was their provoft, and calling with affectionate vehemence for the earl and his brother, they no fooner learned their fate, than in a tranfport of fury, they de- nounced inftant vengeance even againft the king and his attendants. But J*mes by (peaking to them mildly, admitting the magiftrates into the houfe, and informing, them circumftantially of 4 the Digitized by GoOgle JAMES VI. i 97 { the affair, quelled the tumult of the populace, before they had proceeded to aiiy a£t of def- peration ; and James having efcaped through all thefe perilous adventures, returned the faine night in fafety to Falkland. This is the fubftance of the account which was pubiiftied foon after by the king himfelf. But the reader will eafily perceive that it abounds with many abfurdities, and that, in a variety of inftances, too obvious to mention, it is hardly reconcileable to common (cn(c. His clergy were unanimous in diibelieving it; for, notwithftanding his exprefs order, they refufed to thank God for his deliverance in their churches. - Though there is no color of reafon to ima- gine that James fhould make ufe of fuch an ar- tifice to wreak his vengeance on Gowry and his brother, both of whom, during his whole reign, he had loaded with favors ; yet there is alfo no fufficient proof that the former, who was more religious and more learned than the generality of noblemen, intended the leaft harm to his fo- v^reign. And as Henderfon, the earl's fervant, who, on promife of pardon, confeffed himfelf to have been the perfon concealed in the clofet, men- tioned in his depofition, that he had been planted there by Ruthven, and without knowing on what account ; the moft eafy and natural conftruftion of the whole affair, if credited as a confpiracy againft the king's life, is, that it centered wholly ki Ruthven, and was the immediate offspring of a fudden phrenfy. The whole affair, notwith- ftanding feveral pretended difcoveries a few years after, feems to be, otherwife, entirely inexplicable; and muft be left, amidft its impenetrable darknefs, as a fubject of difquifitibn to fome trifling anti- quary. , But if the clergy fufpe&ed the king's veracity, thefe of the laity who believed the king's pamphlet K 3 to Digitized by GoOgle 198 New History of SCOTLAND. to be true, fufpe&ed his courage. They thus reason- ed ; why did not James make ufe of the dagger which Ruthven, when he went to fpeak with his brother, hdd left behind him ? or why not try his eloquence or ftrength with Henderfon (who feemed in the account, by his trembling and neutrality, to have been in a difpofition and capacity to deny nothing) in order to procure his fword ? James heard thefe things whifpered about, and as fome Jefuits after- wards excited many of the highlanders to acts of rebellion, he feized the opportunity of evincing -his courage, by marching againft them in perfon. * But his expedition, though ialutary and effective, was bloodlefs. James was now at the vertex of glory in Scot- land j and if the acquifitions of new dignity, honor, and importance, were able to give fatis- faclion in proportion to their greatnefs, James was near the fummit of happineis, for in March 1603, tidings were brought him that Elizabeth, the great, the deferving queen of a loyal, becaufe a loving, and of a powerful, becaufe a free people, was in all human probability on the bed of death* Nor were their prefages groundlefs, for {he expired on the 24th of March 160?, and James the 6th of Scotland by the name and title of James the ift of England was inftantly declared her fucceflbr. James was foeedily informed of the joyful news, with this pleafing additional circumftance, that the Englifli were, to a man, impatient to hail him as their lawful fovereign* The king received this intel* ligence with decency and with moderation, and began tp make preparations for his departure. He com- mitted his children to the care of feveral noble- men and directed his queen to follow him in about twenty days. On the Sunday before his departure, he made a long harangue to his people in the high church of St. Giles at Edinburg ; and the people, loth to loft their king who had lately grown very popular, Digitized by GoOgle ' ' J A M E 5 VU , 199 popular, anfwered his affectionate fpecch by tear* and lamentations. James, having promifed to viftf them frequently, left Scotland on the cth of April, The eagernefs with which the Engfifh ftrove to entertain him during his journey to their kingdom,, together with the vile adulation of the courtiers and bifliops, occafioned an honeft plain Scotchman very juftly to obferve that, " they would fpoil a good king." He tarried four, days at Cecil'* ieat at Theobald's in Hertibrdfhire, and on the fifth, which was the 7th of May, he arrived w London. At this period, the church-hiftory naturally occurs ; but ecclefia^ical CHURCtl* and civil- affairs have rieceflarily been fo blended, during this and the preceding reign, that very little of the former remains un- noticed. Here, however, it may not be improper to give fome account of the Culdees, who, indeed, according to the ftriS rules of compofition, ought to have been mentioned much earlier. The Cul* 'dees took their name from two Celtic words which iignify a Blackhoody and are fuppofed by many to have been the firft regular chriftian clergy in Scotland 5 but whether Regulus, their chief, was an abbot or a bifhop, though it has been the oc- cafion of fome controversy, is as uncertain as, it is at prefent, unimportant. However, their great oveafv ieers latterly had the title of epifcopi or biftiops, who only performed the public fervice, while the inferior fort vifited the iick and relieved th£ needy. Hungus king of the Picts, under whofe, reign they are mentioned by Sibbald and Bucha- nan, was their great patron; Bhidus, the lait king of that people, gave them the ule of £och- k leven; and the town of Balchriftic was prefented to them by Malcolm Canmore. They were pftm~ dered, and otherwife ill-treated during the follow- K4 frig d by Google 200 New History of SCOTLAND. ing reigns, 'till Alexander the ift reftored them to their eitates and dignity. The Scotch antiquaries and hiftorians are agreed, that they were an order who differed, in many refpe£h?, from the church of Rome. They were prefbyters, and neither practiced auricular con- feflion nor divers other ridiculous ceremonies which popery afterwards introduced, though they kept Eaifter according to the Romans, together with Chrifom and Tonfure ; but when the Romifli per- luafion made head in Scotland, many conformed to all its abfurdities. Till this time they were in great reputation for learning and piety. It feems by their law, that a married man might become a C'uldee, but that on profefling himfelf fuch, he muft repudiate his wife, or any other woman with whom he might cohabit. The Culdees, even when popery was the eftablifhed religion in Scotland, had a right to vote for a bifhop of St. Andrews ; but their chief bifliop, Robert, dying in 1159, ^^ David and his fuccefibrs Reg- led ing them, their order dwindled by degrees, and towards the cfofe of the following century became intirely extincl:. The reader has before remarked the rife and progrefs of the proteftant faith. The firft general aflembly of the reformed Scotch church was held at Edinburg on the 20th of December 1560, and the fecond on the 26th of May following. At thefe meetings a committee was appointed to fettle ecclefiaftical dicipline and policy; the members were John Douglafs, re&or of St. Andrews, John Winrame, fub-prio*, John Spotfwood, John Rowe, and John Knox ; but Knox led every debate, and was not to be controuled. At thefe meetings, and in a book afterwards publifhed, they declared, •" That ordinary vocation to the miniftry con- frfteth in ele&ion, examination, and admiffion ; — other d by Google JAMES TL 2Qi other ceremonies, than the public approbation of the people, and declaration of the mi miter, that the perfon there prefented is appointed* to ferve the church, we cannot approve ;. for albeit the apoftles ufed impofition of hands, yet, feeing the miracle of extraordinary gifts attending it is ceafed, the ufing of the ceremony we judge not necefl'ary." So.that^mpofition of hands was excluded, as was fqpn afterwards, reading and finging at funerals, left that practice, they faid, fliould encourage fu- perftition. Knox, as it has already been hinted in the hiftory, had fuggefted a project for the com- fortable maintenance of himfelf, his brethren, and their pofterity, by fecuring the whole of the po- pifh ecclefiaftical revenues to them and their heirs, and diftributing the fame by annual deacons. He .propofed likewife to found fchools from tythes on corn, hay, hemp, lint, fifh, fiefh, wool, butter, cheefe, &c. Knox greatly urged his fcheme, and difplayed the importance of deacons and elders. " if this order, fays he, be perfectly kept, cor- ruption cannot fuddenly enter. For the free and yearly election of deacons and elders fhall fuffer none to ufurp a perpetual domination over the kirk ; the knowledge of th« rental will fuffer them, to receive no more than whereof they {hall be bound to make account ; and the deliverance of the rnoney to the new officers, will not fuffer men to ufe in their private bufinefs that which ap- pertaineth to the public affairs of the kirk." But the nobility and men in power, who, during the rage of reformation had enriched themfelves ■with the fpoils of ruined monasteries, abbeys, and priories, were loth to refund \ fo that,' notwitb* itanding the zeal which they pr.ofefled for the pro- tectant faith, ajid for the abolition of papacy, the loye pf money prevailed i oyer, every ''other confi- d^ration^ Kiiox'sifcheuis fell, to .the ground; .and ■* : . * K s they Digitized by GoOgle 202 New History of SCOTLAND. they ran the riflfc of nipping the proteftant faith in the bud, by their illiberality to its publick profeifors, , But it is now time to view James on the 1 3' throne of England His manners 4a widely differing from thofe of Elizabeth, to whofe court the Engltfh had been fo long accuftomed, made on that people no very favorable impre&oiw. Eli- zabeth knew how to be familiar with dignity, and to recover her princely deportment with a good grace. But if the familiarity of James to his courtiers were ridiculous, the ftate which he af- fected was difguftful, and his tranfitions to each mode of this unbecoming behavior were fudden, frequent, and ungraceful. Befides, the views of James, and the Englifli, were, from the firft of hisacceificn, fundamentally different : — James was fixed on ftretching the royal prerogative, which had been ftrcngly bounded in Scotland $ and the Englifli intent on contra&ing it :— James, from that particular fondnefs which every one has for his native land, was defirous to introduce Scottifli laws and cuftoms; the Englifh, from fome fimilar mo- tive, determined to keep them out : * finally, the former was ftrongly bent on procuring an union of both nations $ the latter on oppofing it ; nor was it defirable by the Scotch themfelves. James, to deftroy every idle pique of fuperiority between the two nations, and thereby to pave the way for the union, which he had fo much at heart, iffued a proclamation before the meeting of a par- liament, by virtue therefore of his prerogative, in which he^ ordered hhnfelf every where to be ftiled king of G're at-Br.it ain. This done, he opened his firft parliament with a long and an elaborate fpeech, in which, after difclofing the depth of his wifdom and learning, he inconfiftently paid the Englifli fome compliments on their wife and hearty choice d by Google / a m e s yr. . tpf choice of him for their king, at the fame time that he declared the crown which he then wore, was* his birthright. He further faid, ** That as in his- perfon the houfes of York and Lancafter werer united, the flames of civil war could never re-^ kindle." He then hoafted of the peace,, which he had fo long maintained with his neighbours, of the tranquility which had fubfifted between him* and his Scotch fubjecte ; and particularly, of late years with his clergy. In regard to religion he exprefled himfelf in very general and indefinite terms, and upon the whole his fpeech was but: coldly received $ fo that he was greatly baulked iiv his expectation of applaufe. However he dif- fembled his mortification, and very prudently con- ferred honors on feveral of his new fubje&s, par- ticularly on the Howard family who had been con*- fiderabk fiifferers on account of his mother^ The following year, James founded his parliament on the fubje& of an 1604* union, which he was eager to accom- plish. He found the Englifh in general: exceed- ingly averfe; and though the propofai fouiid a. powerful advocate in the famous fir Francis Bacon,. afterwards the venal lord Verulam^who exerted all hi* vaft learning and eloquence on the occafion, it was found in vain to urge it. It was unanimously agreed, however, when it was again brought upom the carpet three years after, to deftroy all hoftile diftin<3:ions between the two kingdoms ; and as* this was a kind of federal union, all thoughts of a* clofer connexion were at that time abandoned. Mean while James loaded his Scotch favorite* with fuch profuiion of bounty* as tended to the de- ft rudi on of their negle&ed country. They grew wanton, pliable, and luxurious. Their friends* and countrymen flocked to London, in hopes of fevor and preferment, A proper fpirit for trada aad d by Google a d by Google Sto6 New History of SCOTLAND. fet, and, together with the duke of York, inftalled him a knight of the garter. But this minion, who was infolent, artful, wicked, and ungrateful, foon became in both kingdoms, as obnoxious as favourites who acquire unmerited power, and exercife it with- out moderation, commonly are and always fhould be. In 1 56 1, he was undermined by Villiers, a new favourite, and his fall was as fudden as his rife. On this occafion, the poft of treafurer was conferred on the earl of Mar ; and James, having received a large fum of money from the Dutch for delivering up their cautionary towns, determined to vifit his native country. Previous to his journey, he tranfmitted a letter, -informing his Scotch iubje&s, that his inten- tion of vifiting them proceeded from a " Salmon- like inftin£t," and not from any defire to make the leaft alteration in the civil or ecclefiaftical polity of their kingdom. But the truth of this declaration was owing perhaps to his fubje&s, who, during his ftay amongft them, took care that no material in- novation lhould be made. For James decorated liis own chapel with an organ and a choir of mufic, together with all the pomp of church cere- monies $ and would have ere&ed the ftatues of the apoftles if he had not met with too warm an oppo- fition from thofe of the clergy, who had been the rooft fubmiifive : even the archbifhop of St. An- drews told him, that after fixing fuch images, there could be nothing wanting to feftore popery but the mafs. And indeed by the tenor of J ames's be- haviour, during the whole time in which he refided in Scotland, it lhould feem as if he wiihed to in- troduce it. He feized every occafion to mortify the preibyterians ; and by the publication of his book of fports, by enforcing the obfervation of what are called Holy-days, and by many other unpopular meafures, lie not only manifcfted his utter averfion to the ancient kirk, but his attachment to prelacy and Digitized by GoOgle J A M E S VI. 207 and the church of England, of which, by the ec- clefiaftical constitution of England, he was the head and lord. In (hort, James left Scotland in 1617 with impreffions which were much to his dif- advantage, having* by his example, greatly en-» couraged popery, and by his inconfiftent condud, Widened every difference, whether amongft the clergy or the laity. Two years after his return to England, James loft his queen, whofe character was that of a wck man, artful, intriguing and unprincipled. From this time he fell into great contempt, and was wholly governed by Villiers, whom he had created duke of Buckingham, and by Gondemar the Spanifh ambaflador. Mean while the French prefled the renewal of the ancient league with Scotland. The Scotch privileges were accordingly in 1623 efta- blifhed throughout France ; and in Paris the Scotch fuard was revived, under the command of the uke of Lenox, and lord Gordon was appointed his lieutenant. About this time James inftituted the order of Knights Baronets of Nova Scotia, an hereditary honour, firft conferred on thofe who ad- ventured to fettle in that part of North America, from whence the order was denominated-. Sir Wil- liam Alexander of Menftrie devifed the fcheme y and undertook that it mould be made a colony, provided, that, on payment of a certain fum of money to the king, thirty of his countrymen might be intitled to a portion of land there, and the rank of baronets in England. To this James fpeedily agreed, and it is among the laft memorable actions of his life. For having;, in 1624, concluded a treaty of marriage between his fon Charles the prince of Wales and Henrietta Maria, daughter to Henry the 4th of France and Mary of Medicis; he was, in March the following year, attacked by a difeafe, which fomeof his phyficians deemed to be a te*- d by Google 208 New History of SCOTLAND. « tertian ague, and others the gout ; and he died on the 27th of that month, in the 59th year of his age. Some are of opinion, that he received foul play from Buckingham, who in the ab fence of the phyficians adminiftered to him poflets, and applied plaifters with his own hand. A cloud of prejudice from the different parties adopted by Englilh hiftorians, have almoft totally obfcured the character of this monarch. There is obferved no medium : whilft one party call him the Solomon of the age, the other will not allow him a grain of fenfe 5 and whilft that extols him for his. excellent management in preferving peace with all his neighbours for fuch a feries of years, this attri- butes the blefling to pufillanimity and to cowardice. As king of Scotland, in which light he is here to be confidered, his behaviour, in many refpe&s, mani- fefted that he was neither a fool nor a perfonal coward j though he might be a political one. His conduct in civil affairs was generally uniform and confiftent 5 but in matters refpec"ting religion, al- ways the contrary y which renders the reality of his own faith extremely dubious. As to his perfonal and domeftic chara&er, his appearance was very mean, and it was rendered more fo by the coarfe- nefs and vulgarity of his general converfation, which he conltantly interlarded with that foolifh, unmanly and impious habit, fwearing, and which, when agitated by paflion, hurried him too fre- quently into the moft fliocking blafphemy. Not- withftanding the vaft fums which he lavifhed on his favourites $ notwithstanding his exceflive fondnefs for eafe and pleafure, to which he would facrifice the moft urgent bufinefs, he feems to have been by nature covetous j for it is faid, that he would fooner part with an hundred pounds which were not in his own pofTeflion, than with twenty fliil- l'mgs which he had in his pocket. This temper often d by Google CHARLES I. 209 •ftenled him to cheat himfelf, by accepting two or three thoufand pounds for his privy purfe, when the parties, with whom he agreed, by bargaining in their turn with his financers, prevented ten times that fum from being paid into his treafury. But now and then, it is faid, when he found himfelf monftroufly duped, he would fly from his bargain. It was on this account that one of his courtiers called him " Thewifeft fool in Christendom." He was (o regular in every refpect, that another u fed to fay " Were he afleep feven years, and then awakened, he would tell where the king had been every day, and what dimes had heen ferved on his table.'.' James died at Theobalds, in the houfe which he had bought of Cecil ; his body from thence was brought to Weftminfter, and expofed in ftate at Denmarfc-houfe, till its interment in Weftminfter Abbey. CHARLES I. A feries of years, in the bufy reign of this unhappy prince, elapfed with- 1 625. out any incidents which feparately, and materially affected Scotland. Charles had not one fpark of that partiality for his native coun- try, which fired his father James 5 but he flamed with all his ideas of prerogative and of an hierarchy, iubjeft to his own domination. Thefe things were not unobferved by the Scots; and being but little inclined to love a monarch who feemed fo re- gardlefs of procuring their affection ; and having acquired fome juft notions of liberty, they had a long time, out of fear of his committing arbitrary actions when personally prefent, put off, on various pre- d by Google 210 New History or SCOTLAND. pretences, the ceremony of his coronation. The per- formance of it was, however, at length fixed for the fummer of 1633, when the ceremony was according- ly performed with fuch unufual pomp, that many urangers, inticed by report of the vaft and expen- sive preparations, came over from the continent merely to behold its magnificence. But whatever fums were difburfed on this occalion, Charles de- termined they fbould be made up, in and from Scot- land. For the formality of the coronation fet afide, the king's principal views in vifiting his Scotch fubje&s were to fleece them of money, and through the ailiftance of bifhop Laud, to eftablifh . every item, which his father had not, of his beloved epifcopacy. For this latter purpofe, Laud had compiled a book of common prayer to be ufed in Scotland, which was in many refpe&s more exceptionable to the pref- byterians, than even that which was made ufe of in England. Charles difplayed his arbitrary difpolition in parliament, as well as in the churph. To in- timidate the members, and carry every point which he intended, he pulled a lift out of his pocket, and faid, " I have all your names here, and will know who will do me fervice, and who will not." Three bills were then brought in by the lords of articles ; one to confirm the royal prerogative, another to regulate the habits of clergymen according to the king's pleafure, and a third was the refumption of church-lands and tythes. The firft two were tacked together; but when the earl of Rothes pro- pofed that they fhould be divided, and the mem- bers in general were proceeding to a debate, they were told by the king, that to vote was their bufi- nefs, not to argue. They voted ; but though the queftion was actually carried in the negative, Hay, the clerk-regifter, an infamous tool of arbitrary power, declared it to be in the affirmative : and as it d by Google V Digitized by GoOgle SF$t*je 2" - he made Edin- burg a bifhopric, and placed therein one Forbes, who was ftrongly fufpe&ed of popery, and then returned precipitately to London, in order to ad- vance his favourite Laud to the fee of Canterbury, which was vacated by the death of its former -more worthy poffeffor, Abbot. The people of Scotland, wljo had with difficulty:, whilft Charles was amongft them, contained their refentment of his unconstitutional proceedings, manifefted, foon after his departure, the moft fet- tled and univerfal difcontent. Spotfwood, arcb- bjfliop of St. Andrews, had been made chancellor of the kingdom, and Maxwell, bifhop of Ro&, treafurer ; and as churchmen were thus preferred to the moft important civil offices, by the appointment of fuch an infamous minister as Laud, the Scots faw plainly, that without one great effort they muft bear the yoke of church-tyranny, and be plunged cif courfe into the moft abject flavery. They were ia this frame of mind, when, on the 23d of July 1637, Hanna Dean of Edinburgh prepared pub- licity to read the liturgy, drawn up by Laud. Scarce*. \y had he uttered a fentence, ere the lower clafs of people, interrupted the fervice by execrations, out- cries, and the moft violent expreffions of abhorrence, Hanna, afraid to proceed, ftuit the book and re- tired from the defk ; Forbes himfelf then ftepped into it, and confiding in the power and importance of his epifcopal office, began to harangue. The pre- ftnce of a man, whom they hated, and on fuch an occafion, put them paft all bounds. The prelate was faluted by the women with their joint-ftools, bibles,. and every thing on which they could lav bands, to th^pw at him \ the church was filled with the Digitized by GoOgle 312 New History of SCOTLAND. the general clamour of " a pope! a pope! anti- chrij} ! Jione him! Jlone him!' 9 and it was with much difficulty that the bifhop efcaped with his life from thefe enthufiafts, whofe mouth, it was wittily faid, in allufion to Balaam's afs, the Lord had opened. As the tumults in other churches were nearly the fame, a petition by fome of the clergy was then drav/n up, to pray his majefty not to inforce this difagreeable liturgy, which petition, it is but common jufHce to fay, was firft figned by Spotfwood and Maxwell \ and then by the other chief officers of ftate. Befides this general petition, there were no lefs than fixty-eight private ones to the fame effect, and the earl of Tra- quaire went to London to acquaint the king with particulars. - Charles returned fuch a petulant and fuch an un- determinate anfwer into Scotland, that the oppofi- tion to the liturgy, which at firft arofe only among the lower clafs of people, was now universally* fup- jjorted. A national covenant was therefore formed, of the fame nature with that which James had drawn k up in behalf of Elizabeth on the Spanifh invafion, and it was fworn to, with the utmoft alacrity; all ranks, ages, and fexes, flocking to fubfcribe their renunciation of popery, their resolu- tion to maintain, at all hazards, the true religion of the Scotch church, and their firm attachment to the king's perfon and government j— but this laft was conditional. Charles now began to confider his people's pe- titions, and the confequences, and therefore dif- patched the marquis of Hamilton to propofe in his name, that if the covenant were diflblved, the li- turgy fhould be fufpended, till the Scots in a legal way, could receive it. It is probable, that Charles thought this a great conceffion, but Hamilton was told by thefe noble aiferters of their country's free- dom, that before they would break up their cove- nant, Digitized by GoOgle CHARLES L 213 nant (which fome inftead of ink had actually figned with their blood) they would renounce their baptifm. The king no fboner heard of their de- termined refolution, and their great ftrength, (for they had met Hamilton to the number of 60,000) than he then offered to abolifh intirely the difagreeable liturgy, and alfo the high commiilion which he had ereited, together with every a£t that, upon fair debate, could be proved oppreffive and unconftitutional. Thefe conceffions it has been, faid fhould have fatisfied the Scots ; but they juftly thought, that they had been only forced from the* king by the fpirit of the times, and would be re- voked again the firft opportunity, when a divided people muft fink under the encroachments of ar- bitrary power. United, they were in a condition to make a noble ftand, and they therefore declared, that nothing but the total abolition of efpifcopacy, and the restoration of their ancient religion as fet- tled by Knox, could drown their jealoufy and ftifle, their refentment, ( Thus ftood affairs in 1639, when Charles, piqued to the quick at their obftinacy, urged on by Laud, and fupported by every papift in Eng- land, determined to fubdue thsir obftinacy by force of arms. The Scots apprifed of his intentions, and being fpirited up, and furnifhed with money by Richlieu, the intriguing minifter of Lewis the 14th, whom Charjes had difgufted, took # the ne- ceflary meafures for their own defence. Having in-, forced the figning of the covenant, under pain of excommunication ; having driven all the bifhops out of the kingdom, and in fact having utterly abolifhed epifcopacy themfelves, they chofe for their general, Alexander Lefley, an experienced officer, who had ferved in Sweden with great reputation.^ Before the king proceeded to hoftilities, he, to per-' plex the Scots, by feeming proofs of his fincerity, revived" d by Google 214. New History o* SCOTLAND. revived the old covenant, which had been drawn up by his father, and figning it himfelf, his agents quickly difperfed it through Scotland. Some thou- fands, by this artifice, renounced the new cove- nant, and came over to his intereft ; and Old and New Covenant then became the diftin&ions of each party. And now the king, and the principal of his Scots fubjecb were at avowed defiance. He had if- fued a proclamation, commanding his loyal fub- jefts to meet him in arms at York, and the mar- quis of Hamilton was ordered to prepare a fleet. The covenanters, apprifed of thefe proceedings ; planted garrifons in the moft important towns, and Eroceeded to fortify Leith, the fea-port of Edrn- urg, with fuch unanimous refolution, that not only the nobles and gentry, but even women of every rank, employed their hands and fhoulders in- difcriminately with common labourers, till the for- tifications were compleated. The king on the 2d of June appeared at Ber- wick, at the head of a confiderable army, while Hamilton and his fleet were hovering in Leith road in a very fhattered condition. The main forces of* the covenanters were then encamped near Duns. Charles advanced, and a few immaterial fkirmifhes enfued, in which the Englifli afted againft the Scots with vrfible backwardnefs, and furniflied them, as it has been reported, with intelligence of every individual proceeding in the royal camp. At length the covenanters advanced with the whole body of their troops : but before they proceeded to unfheath the fword, and iffue out all the horrors of a civil war, it was agreed to difpatch the earl of Dumfcrling to his majefty with the following petition : d by Google C H A R L E S I. 2is To the king's moft excellent majefty, " THE humble petition of his majefty's fub- jecb of Scotland, humbly fheweth, That whereas former means ufed by us, hath not been effe&uai for recovering your majefty's favour, and the peace of this your majefty's kingdom, we fall down again at your majefty's feet, moft humbly fupplicating that your majefty would be gracioufly pleafed to ap- point fome few of your majefty's many worthy men of your majefty's kingdom of England, who are well affected to the true religion, and common peace, to hear, by fome of us of the fame 'affec- tion, of our humble defires ; and to make known to us your majefty's gracious pleafure, that as by the providence of God we are here joined in one ifland, and one king, fo by your majefty's great wifdom and tender care, all miftaking may be fjpeedily removed % and the two kingdoms may be kept in peace and happinefs under your majefty's long and profperous reign, for the which we fliall never ceafe, as becomes your majefty's faithful fubje&s, daily to pray for your majefty's long and happy reign over us." This dutiful petition was fo well received, and fo favourably commented on by moft of the leading men in the royal army, that Charles found himfelf under a neceffity to appoint proper commiffioners^ to treat on the propofed pacification. Thefe were the earls of Arundel, Efiex, Holland, Salj/bury, Berkshire, and the fecretary Cook. And thofe de- puted by the covenanters, were the earls of Rothes and Dumferling, lord Loudon, fir William Dou- glafs, Mr. Alexander Henderfon, moderator of a general affembly, which the covenanters had efta- bllfhed at Glafgow, and Mr. Archibald Johnftone, its clerk. The teat of the earl of Arundel > ge- neral d by Google ai6 New History or SCOTLAND. neral of the king's troops, was the place of affig- nation. Hither the Scotch commilfioners repaired with a fafe-condu£t under the king's own hand. Whilft Arundel was opening the conference in a fet fpeech, he was (truck dumb, and the whole committee put into the utmoft consternation, by the abrupt entrance of the king himfelf, faying, as he approached, that underftanding the Scots gave out they could not be heard, he had come to hear them in perfon. Notwithstanding this un- manly intrufion, which the aflembly in general rightly fuppofed, was on purpofe to over-awe their debates, lord Loudon, a young nobleman full of zeaJ, and warm from the univerfity, began a fpeech j but he was inftantly interrupted by the king, with " Sir, I will not admit of any of your excufes for your paft actions ; but if you come to fue for grace, let down your defires particularly in writing, and you mail receive your anfwer." This, though thus arbitrarily impofed, was complied with, and the covenanters, amongft many other propofals, told his majefty, that on condition they might enjoy their religion and their laws, they would, if he thought proper, at their own expence, tranfport the majority of their forces, to affift in the reco- very of the Palatinate. At laft, a treaty of paci- fication was concluded on, to the following effect ; That the king withdraw his fleet and army ; that the Scots difmifs their forces ; that the king's forts be given up to him ; no meetings allowed, un- warranted by parliament, and that fuch an aflem- bly mould be immediately called to fettle all ' dis- putes. A pacification thus patched up, and in fuch general terms, was agreeable only to the commif- fioners who had made it. Neither the -exprefs _abo- lition of epifcopacy, nor one fyllable concerning the Glafgow aflembly, had ever been dire&ly men- tioned, d by Google CHARLES, I. 217 tioned, and therefore the people eafily faw, that the king would in parliament, with his authority over the Scots, refume his former carriage towards them, and find means to interpret the vague terms con- trary to their intention, and highly to their dif- advantage. Their fufpicions, fn the fequel of the king's conduit, proved but too juft. It was foon difcovered that he had made ufe of mental reserva- tion ; and previous to the Meeting of parliament, on the 20th of Auguft, he employed every fpecies of the meaneft duplicity. Pretending that he had ' com- mitted a manifeft folecifm in politics, by treating with his own fubje&s, he ptorogued the parliament ; and leaving matters in the moft anxious uncertainty He returned to London, appointing the earl of Tra- quaire his high commiffioher, a poll which the marquis of Hamilton had refuted. Though the Scots, fince the pacifica- tion, had diflblved the form of an army, 1640. • they difbanded the foldiery with fo much precaution, that, ftill keeping the officers in pay, they could be collected into a body on the fliorteft notice. Obferving the king's difpofition and defigns, and having intelligence of what was going forward at the Englifh court, they affembled themfelves in parliament on the nth of June, and there difcovered that order, judgment, and moderation, and difplayed fuch talents, in fettling their civil and religious liberties, which proved them to be glorious promoters of the caufe of freedom, and muft reflect for ever the moft brilliant luftre on every individual then prefent. They aboliflied the lords of articles^ nd the power of churchmen as legiflators ; confirmed the former determination againft epifco- . pacy; and deviled many o€her acts highly, worthy of a people, who were determined not to be fright- ened .out of their liberties, by menaces, * or the loud founds of epifcopal authority, and regal pre- > L rogative. d by Google 2ii New History of SCOTLAND. rogative. Thefe patriotic a£te were fent up to London, under the care of the earls of Dumferling and Loudon, to be prefented to the king for his royal affent, which ailbnt, under pretence that they came unauthenticated by his commiifioner Tra- quaire, was refufed. / A letter which had been written to the king of France, and figned before the pacification, by the principal Scotch npbility, but never fent, added to thefe fpirited ads, now furnilhed Charles with a faint pretext, but full refolution to invade Scotland once more, and to liften to no propofals of peace with them, unlefs they admitted his will as their fupreme law. But inftantly, on the leaft hint of his defign, the Scotch forces were reunited, and re- ceiving a large fupply of money from the exa&ion of a tenth penny throughout the land, and from Richlieu the French minifter, (whofe affiftance, Charles had refufed, from a contempt of the ftrength of the covenanters, and which being interpreted in another fenfe, by that powerful cardinal, had determined him to fhew his weight to the king, and whd Shortly experienced the want of it) ; being alfo fpirited up by Montrofe, they took the refolu- tion to prevent the king from obtaining the advan- tage of naval, as well as land forces, by firft inva- ding England. Lefley was again appointed commander in chief, who foon appeared with 25,000 men on the Englifh borders, attended by committees of the ftates, without whofe concurrence no ftep of the leaft im- portance was to be taken, and furrounded by ped- lars, who procured them the moft minute intelli- gence. Having defeated a fmall body of troops un- der the command of lord Conway, who was fent to reconnoitre, they took poflefnon of Newcaf- tle, and there publiflied a manifefto, fetting forth their grievances, and appealed to the leagues in France d by Google CHARLES I. 219 France in justification of their own conduit. They protefted that their invafion was purely defenfive j but atthe fame time declared, they were ready to penetrate into the bowels of England with their fword in ene hand, and their covenant in the other. The king, mean while, had formally denounced them traitors, and at the head of 20,000 mtn, which he had raifed with great* difficulty, was ad- vanced as far as Northallerton ; but unwilling to rifle his three crowns on the event of a fingle battle, he returned to York, and reviving an antiquated cuftom, which had never been practifed fince the time of Edward the 4th, he there, by writ under the great feal, fummoned a council of all the peers. Wentworth, earl of Strafford, an arbitrary vindic- tive nobleman and the king's favourite, was for -war j the marquis of Hamilton, a favourite alfo, and every other member except Strafford, warned Charles againft driving the Scots to deiperation, and earneftly begged him to give ear to, and redrefs their grievances, which only could produce that peace which they thought it his majefty's fntereft to preferve. Thus the king, whofe heart went probably with Strafford, was in a manner con- strained into pacific meafures. He therefore figni- fied his intention of liftening to the grievances complained of, and which the Scots accordingly ^ couched in the following demands : " 1 ft, That his majefty would be gracioufly pleafed to command, that the laft a£ts of parlia- ment may be published in his highnefs's name, as our fovereign lord, with the eftates of parliament convened by his majefty's authority. " 2dly That the caftle of Edinburgh and other Strengths of the kingdom of Scotland, may, accord- ing to the firSl foundation, be furnifhed an J ufed« for our defence and fecurity. L 2 " 3 dly, Digitized by GdOgk 220 New History of SCOTLAND. " 3fo afraid, others fo un- willing, to fubmit tbemfeiVes to your majefty's go- vernment, d by Google CHARLES I. 227 vernment, that they defire not you, nor any of your race longer to reign over them; yet the people are fo attached to monarchy, that fuch as are weary of your majefty's government, dare not attempt to caft it off, till once they fend propofitions of peace to your majefty, left the people fhould fall from them: and therefore the houfes of parliament have refolved upon the proportions, which are tendered to your majefty, as that without which the kingdom and your people cannot be in fafefy ; and moil part of the people think there cannot be a feft peace or* any other terms* Now, fir, if your majefty (which God forbid) ihould refufe to affent to the propofi- tions, you will lofe all your friends, and both king* 4oms will be conftrained, for thei* mutualfafety, to agree and fettle religion and peace without you ; which, to our unfpeakable forrow, will ruin your majefty, and your pofterity : and if your majefty rejed our faithful advice, who defire nothing on earth more than the eftablifhment of your majefty's throne, and lofe England by your wilfulnefs, your majefty will not be permitted to come and ruin Scotland. Sir, we have lain our hands upoii our hearts, we have afked counfel and diredion from God, and have had ourmoft ferious thoughts about the remedy ; but can find no other (as affairs ftarid for the prefent) to Taveyour crown and kingdoms,, than your majefty's aflenting to the propofitions* * We dare not fay but they are higher in fome things* if it were in our power and opinion to 'remedy it* than we do approve of j but when we fee no other means for curing the diftempers of the kingdom, and clofing the breach between your majefty and your parliament, our moft humble and faithful fervice is, That your majefty would be gracioufly pieafed to affent to them, as thebeft way to procure a happy and fafe peace ; becaufe your majefty mall thereby have many great advantages * you will be received d by Google aa8 New History cif SCQT&ANO. received again in your parliaments with the ap- plaufe and acclamations of your people ; by your royal prefence your friends .will be Strengthened ; your enemies (who fear nothing fo much as the granting the propofitions) will be weakened ; your majefty will have a fit opportunity to offer fuch propolitions as you fhall in your wiftfom judge fit for the crown and kingdom; all armies will be diibanded; and your people, finding thefweet fruits of your peaceable government, your majefty will gain their hearts and affections : this win be your ftrength and glbcy, and will recover all your ma- jefty hath loft in this time of tempeft. And if it pleafe God fo to incline your royal heart to this advi.ee of your /humble and faithful fervants, who, next to the hohour of God, efteem nothing more precious than the fafety of your perfon and crown, bur acHons fhall quickly make it appear to all the world, that we efteem no hazard too greatrfor vour majeity's fafety ; and that we are willing to facri- ftce our lives and fortunes for eftablifhing your throne. And now, fir, we proftrate ourfelves at your majefty's feet, and (it the lowefi pofture of humility, do beg that, your majefty may in the end grant the fuit of your moft faithful fervants, who have no private aims, but only the glory of God, and the fafety of your majdry/s perfon, pofterity, and crown, before our eyes. The granting our de- fires will revive our fainting j fpirits, refrefh our fad hearts,' which are overwhelmed, and like to break with forrow, and will turn the prayers and tears of many thoufands of your people into praifes to God, and make them embrace your majefty with acclamations of joy." * - Thefe unanfwe^able arguments, delivered info free, though fo refpe&frl a. manner^ and which ace here recited at large to fhew the fenfe.of the Scots in general, to whom, on tbtseccafion, man/ hiftorians d by Google CHARLES I. 22^ hiftorians have been urijuftly fevere, had no effect upon Charles ; who, to the chagrin and disappoint- ment of his friendly advifers, and though he had been urged to comply by his queen, and all hi» other friends in France, declared that he never would agree to the parliament's propofitions, be- caufe he held them, he faid, to be abfolutely fub- verfive of that juft power, to which, by the laws of God, and of the land, he was born.; and to which, therefore, no perfuaiions, no intreaties, no arguments, could induce him then to condefcend. The EnglHh parliament, on the refufal of their prepbfitions, now demanded that Charles fhould be given Up; and the Scots, after fome immaterial dHputes, concerning the right to the difpofal of his perfon, prepared accordingly, to refign him in form. The commons of England, having alfofig- nified that they had no farther need of the Scotch army, voted, in confideration of its good fervice, afid for the payment of arrears, four hundred thou- faritt pounds, half to be paid on their refignation of the king, and the remainder in two years ; for which, they gave no other fecurity than their pub- lic faith. Many hiftorians infmuate that thisrotfnd fum (which was equal to four millrofis and an half of Scotch money) was a bait thrown out by the independents in the EngHfh parliament, in order* to draw the king from their Scottifh allies; the fame authors maintain, that the Scots only detained the king in order to make a property of his perfon, which they confidered as a kind of furety for the payment of their arrears. But the validity of af- fertions like thefe is befl: eftimated from the courfe of their actions, the freedom and genuinefs of their public profeffions, their open behaviour and their, fufferings, from the fum of which every perfon fhould judge for himfelf, rather than pin his faith en the opinion of another, actuated perhaps by in- ' tereft, d by Google <* 3 o New History 6* SCOTLAND. tereft, or biafled by party. At Newcaftle, on die 30th day of January 1647, a committee, can- lifting of the earls of Pembroke and Denbigh, the lord Montague, fir John Cooke, fir Walter Erie, fir John Holland, fir James Harrington, Mr. Crew and general Brown, as the parliament's commiflioners, received the unhappy monarch from the Scots, and condu&ed him, under a ftrong ' guard, to Holdenby ; and the fame day, thefe auxiliaries began a march, — highly agreeable, no doubt, to the northern counties, in which they had long quartered,— for their native country. And now the fate of fallen royalty comes on apace. From the time that the Scots had given him up, the parliament, and the independent leaders in the army, had alternately made ufe of the moft circumventing arts, in order to gain pofleffion of his perfon$ the latter at laft prevailed. Whilft thefe were thus fhuffling and cutting for the unfortunate icing ; in Scotland, * large party, under the marquis now duke, of Ha- milton, touched with his fufferings, and melting with pity, eflayed, by force, to efted his enlarge- ment. But Hamilton, more unfuccefsful in the royal caufe than Montrofe had been, was not only defeated in his attempt, but taken prifoner, and af- terwards beheaded ; whilft. Oliver Cromwel, who had conquered him, and who now began greatly to diftinguifh himfelf, continuing his march towards Scotland, was welcomed, on his arrival at Edin- burgh, by a committe of covenanters appointed oil the occaiion, with many demonstrations of regard and efteem. During his ftay in that city, it is faid, he was often clofetted with the leading nobility and clergy ; but of what nature their conful tations at thefe times we.*, has never yet tranfpired. Cromwel left Edin*- burgh at the latter end of the year 1648 j — and on the d by Google CHARLES II. 231 the 30th of January following, the king faw in death a period to his troubles. How far the Scots were, in this refped acceffaries, has been a fubject of controverfy, and, as Aich, moft likely, it will ever remain. The particulars of his melancholy fate;-— — of his deportment on the fcaffbld, previous to the awful moment of his di Ablution ; the juftice a or impiety of the fentfhce, which impofed the ftroke, and what authorities can juftify it; to- gether with fuch traits of his character as do not naturally arife from the tenor of his behaviour to the Scots, which was to the laft degree fickle a/id faithlefs; — are circumftances with which an hiftory of his native country has little concern. It is fufR- cient then to fay, that his whole reign, like thofe of his fons and fucceflbrs, Charles and James, was but a continued confpiracy againft the religious and civil liberties of his people. He was beheaded in the 49th year of his age, and the 24th of his reign, by order of the parliament, and buried de% cently at Windfor. CHARLES H. PRINCE Charles was fa the 18th year of his age, and at the Hague, when 1649. ne received the tidings of his father's fate. The Scotch covenanters (to whom the indepen- dents of England, who now took the lead in that kingdom, had become extremely obnoxious) de- termined, howmuchfoever they had proceeded againft the father, to acknowledge and nroclaim the fon. Accordingly, under certain conditions, which he complied with, Charles was invited over* He arrived in Scotland ia the fummer of 1650, and - having d by Google 232 New History of SCOTLAND. having folemnly taken the covenant, was crowned at Scone on the firft of January 1651. Thefe proceedings were exceedingly difagreeable to the commonwealth of England ; in confequence of which, Cromwel, who was then their foul, though he afterwards intirely fubverted it, marched into Scotland, and with iome difficulty, took poffeffion of Leith and Edinburgh. Charles, mean time, was furnimed with a good army, and refolved to com- mand it in perfon, appointing Lefley, lord Leven's ion, his lieutenant-general. He encamped at Tor- wood, between Edinburgh and Stirling ; and the county of Fife fupplied him with provihons. But as Cromwel foon cut off that communication, the king was reduced to great ftraits ; being yet un- willing to quit his itrong intrenchment to attack Cromwel's veterans, he ftole a day's march of that able general, and pofted to Worcefter, where he expeited to be fo well received as to be very fhortly in a fit condition to proceed to London. But Charles, in this expectation, was too fanguine. Cromwel, who, it is faid, wilfully permitted the king to take this ftep, leaving in Scotland George Monk, to command during his abfence, hurried exultingly after Charles, and attacked him in camp at Worcefter, on the 3d of September, with fuch fkill and refolution, that the royal forces were to- tally routed, and their young leader narrowly efcaped being taken prifoner. On this bad fuccefs,* Charles finding himfelf to be without fupport, took* great pains to conceal his perfon, and to; retire into France. A detail of the aftonifhing fatigues 'which he underwent before he could effect his purpOfe, is to be met with in every Englifrr hrftory, fo that it is only neceffary to fay here, that he eluded the m'oft diligent fearch, and got fefe to Normandy bn tjb'e 22.d of October. On d by Google C H A R h E S II. 23J On the Jong's defeat, Crorawel repaired to Lon- don ; and a committee of parliament congratulating him c-n his fuccefs, he made a prefent to each of them of an horfe and two Scotch captives. It was now that CromwePs ambition began to expand it- felf j ajid whilft he was taking large ftrides towards the prote#:orfhip in England, Monk, his, lieu- tenant-general, was equally fuccefsful in curbing the royalifts in Scotland, In coi^fequence of which* commiffioners were, fent from England to govern that kingdom, and they tpok up their refidence at Dalkeith. Having procured oaths of fidelity from the principal magistrates arid peribns in office, they promulged public a#s, in the name of thp com* mojjwealth of England*, one of which jwas a kind of an 3& pf grace, wherein they promifec| " Th* protection . of ths Englifh parliament to all mar giftrates smd minifters, who ihould live peaceably under their authority} and an indemnity to. ajj merchants^jr^Jeife^^, *ukL h«|dferafts, whofe e- fta.te$ were not above five hundred pounds fterling y and to all others, who were not foldiers andpri- foners, whoff e&ates did not exceed two hundred pounds, for ajl they had committed during' the; latf' wars, and commotions." Of the particular tranfa&ions of this govern-^ ' meqjt* there is no authentic account; From thi$ tim* therefore, till the death of Cromwel in 1658, there is. a very disagreeable obafoi in the hiftory of Scotland. On the demife of this great man, Charles, ; who^ during the prote&eitafe, had reftded chiefly at the French court and at Breda* began to purfue thofe meafufes which he conceived might be inoftly conducive to recpverhis crown. He under- ftood that there wew many :partie& in Jkotland 5— • and therefore he employed Mr* Jaipes Sharp, af- terwards, the iMinQr&bjQ arebhifhftp, of St. Andrews* to effect an union ol all :te lus inteteft Charles himfelf d by Google 234 New History of SCOTLAND. himfelf had fccured the confidence of Monk by a letter, dated the 21ft of July 1659, which he dis- patched to him by fir John Grenville, and of which the following is a copy : "SIR, *' I Cannot think you wifh me ill, nor have yoti xeafon fo to do ; and the good I expect from you will bring fo great a benefit to your country ana to yourfelf, that I cannot think you will decline my intereft. The perfon who gives or fends this to you, has authority to fay much more to you from me : and if you once refolve to take my intereft at heart, I will leave the way and manner of declaring it intirely to your judgment, and will comply with the advice you (hall give me ; the reft I refer to the perfon that conveys this to you. It is in^your power to make me as kind to you as you can deiire, and to have me always Your affe&ionate friend, Monk, having received this letter, and conferred With the bearer, being an old trimmer, he prefently grew zealous in the caufe of his royal mailer. He convened the chief of the nobility and gentry of Scotland, who were at Edinburgh, and told them, that he was refolved to march to England in fup- port of the parliament. As the protector, Richard Cromwel, had been depofed, the Scotch royalifts, who, by Sharp's intrigues, Were now pretty numerous, imagined, that this refolution was equi- valent to a -declared intention of reftoring the king. Such in fa£t it was, though in an affair of that confequence, Monk chofe to ad with the utmoft fecrecy and circumfpedion. Sharp, who alone, perhaps, was privy to his real defign, though he affected to be ignorant of it, accompanied him to d by Google CHARLES* IL 235 to London, from whence he held a regular corref- pondence with his brethren in Scotland, aud not only paved the way for Charles's reftoration^ but for that of epifcopacy, and confequently for all the horrid acts of persecution and cruelties, which accompanied it. The king, mean time, had publifhed a declaration from Breda, granting a ge- 1660. neral pardon to fuch of his fubje&s, not excepted by parliament, who fhould embrace it within forty days. This, backed by the addrefs of Sharp with the Scots, and of Monk with the Eng- lifh, met with fuch fuccefs, that he was invited home without any terms, proclaimed at London on the 4th of May, and at Edinburgh on the 14th ; and on the 29th ne entered the former city, amidft fuch joyous acclamations, that he fatyrically afked c< What had become of the people who had kept him fo long abroad." . As Charles had been imprudently called in without £ny terms, the Scots as well as the Englifh prefby- terians, who had been the principal inftruments of his return* foon faw the error of this ill-timed generofity. All the folemn engagements, which ten years ago his majefty had made to uphold the covenant, and eftablilh prefoytery, were now intirely disregarded ; having fecreuy embraced popery while abroad, and conceived an utter averfion to prefbyterians > the king was refolved, that, as in Scotland monar- chy was reftored, fo fhould be prelacy, adopting that abfurd maxim of his grand-father, no bifhop no king, Charles, therefore, fettled a miniftry which confifted of the moft violent high-church- men j and the earl of Middleton, becaufe he was the moft zealous for the hierarchy, and was of a temper which would ftick at nothing to ferye his mafter, was appointed high-commimoner in par- liament. Middleton, eager to fhew his capacity for d by Google *36 New History or SCOTLAND. x .,ibr the office, procured, at one vote, a repeal of 'every aft of the Scotch parliament frorn 1640 to ^648.5 after which, by a Angle aft, he overthrew Jthe whole eftablifhed government of the kingdom, deftroye4 the national covenant (the abettors of which were alfo from henceforth to be accounted traitors) and *eftored epifcopacy. When his moft intimate friends infinuated, that flower proceedings might, in the end, prove more fecure, he anfwered,. 44 That the parliament was now at his beck ; tRat he loved to ferve hjs mailer genteelly, and to do his buftnefs at one ftroke." It was eafy to fee that fuch hafty afts, to make them any thing valid, muft be fealed with blood. The commiffioner pointed out three per- sons, one of the nobility, one of the gentry, and one of the clergy, who had been the moft leading men of the kirk or prelbyterian party, and devoted them to inftant deftruftion. They were the mar- 3ui$ of Argyle, Johnfton of Warifton, and Mr. ames Guthrie. The marquis, an amiable man* as he was led to the block, heroically declared* that he could die like a Roman, but he rather chofe to fuffer as a chriftian, which he accordingly did*, Guthrie was a ftrift follower of Knox, of prin- ciples the moft rigid, and of a temper fomewhat lingular. The king had formerly honoured him with a vifit, at a time when he was ill in his room at Stirling; and whilft his wife haftily rofe to hand his majefty a chair, he would not fuffer it, faying, «* Sit ftill, fit (till, good wife, the king is a young man, and can reach a chair for himfelf " Though thus deficient in good manners, he was a man of learning, ftrong natural parts, and great piety, and he met his ignorninous fate on the gibbet with a primitive refolution. Johnfton by flight efcaped for the prefent, but fuffered with pious refignation and Roman fortitude two years afterwards. Thefe were the d by Google CHARLES II. 237 the proceedings hi the year 1 661, in which, to the treat regret of hiftorians, eighty-five hogfheads of cotfifh records we're loft in their conveyance by fea, to Leith from London, where they had been carried by Cromwel. Charles having th>is abolifhed that- covenant which he had fworn to main- 1662* tain ; having flaughtfered the very perfons whom he had folemnly promifed to protect; and having, contrary to his plighted faith, introduced episcopacy, proceeded to eftablifh the church of England hierarchy by perfecution, than which no- thing can be more unreafonable, more incoftfiftent to humanity, more unjuft, more impolitic, and more directly oppofite to the fpirit and precepts of the chriftian religion. Were confcience controulable by human laws, or amenable to human tribunate, Charles, in this refpecT:, and even the church of Rome, might beexcufedj but confcience is not to be forced irtto conviction; all attempts that way can never produce it, and rnuft only add to the number of hypocrites or martyrs. Bent, neverthe- lefs, on this diabolical refolution, and though he knew the Scots' invincible averfion to prelacy, Charles conferred the metropolitan fee of St. An- drews on Sharp, a» well in reward of his paft fer- vices, as that he rightly judged him to be a fit prime agent for that bloody bufinefs. The other fees were alike filled by men, who were agreeable to the difpofition of Charles, and fatal proofs foon appeared, that the government of Scotland was be- come truly epifcopal. Deprived of a comfortable fubfiftence, and driven from their peaceful abodes, the prefbyterian minifters preached undauntedly in the fields, and on the hills, to hearers who flocked to them inceflantly; which 1663. they boldly continued, notwithstanding an act againft non-conformity, that for its lingular* 4 feverity, d by Google *3« New History of SCOTLAND. feverity, was called the Bijhop's Drag-net. JufHces of peace were empowered to commit thefe con ven- ticlers to prifon, without trial or juries \ and any one found guilty of a third offence was ordered to be banifhed to America. One fir James Turner was employed by the council, it is faid, to ad, in this refpe£r, both as an informer and as a profecu- tor, though he was was befides impowered to be at once the judge and the executioner of every law re- fpe&ing church-government. Being backed by a body of 20,000 foot and 2000 horfe, a kind of ftanding army, at the earl of Middleton's com- mand, ne performed his commiffion with the moft cruel punctuality and exa&nefs j levied fines with- out procefs, and committed the moft wanton in- juries without the leaft provocation* Befides thefe opprefiions in church affairs, it was declared that no perfon who refufed to fign a renunciation of the folemn league and covenant ihould be elected into any kind of office ; but, on the contrary, that every perfon, who fo refufed* ihould, from that time, forfeit his privileges as a freeman and a mer- chant. Every poffible method, in fhort, was put in practice which could ferve to diftrefs the wretched prefoyterians, both clergy and laity. A>11 thefe calamities were thought by 1664. the commonalty, who for the moft part were prefbyteriAs, to have their fruitful fource in Sharp. Of this opinion the prelate, who doubtlefs merited a great part of the fufpicion, was well aware. But having no bowels of companion, he was only uneafy, left, if he were not fupported in the commiffion of his cruelties, by farther power, he might experience zn equal fate with Laud, the more relenting metropolitan of the king's lefs per- fecting father. Sharp, therefore, urged all his great credit at court, to procure in Scotland, a '%urt of Inquifttion, or as himfelf was pleafed to term 4 d by Google CHARLES II. *39 it, an High Commiffion for Church Affairs ; and with very little difficulty he procured it. To the archbifhop thjs grant had been doubly defirable ; for in thefirft place, the privy-council, with which T he was not very cordial, was thrown out of any {hare in ecclefiaftical government ; and fecondly, the number of members of his inquifition, he judged would ferve in a great meafure to wipe off any par- ticular odium which had already been, or might in future be, caft upon himfelf. From the temper of the man, it is very natural to imagine, ' that he ftrove as much as poffible to keep the great {hare which he had in this bufinefs, a profound fecret. This court of high commiffion was in power, un- bounded, being authorjfed " to take cognizance of, and punifh all offenders, who went about cor- rupting and difaffe&ing people from their allegiance, refpe£t, and obedience to the laws, and all who expreffed their diffatisfa&ion to his majefty's autho- rity, by contravening aits of parliament, or coun- cil, in relation to church affairs/' Its members were the archbifhop of St. Andrews, the lord Mon- trofe, the earls of Argyle, Athol, Eglington, Lin- lithgow, Hume, Galloway, Ann&ndale, Tweedale, Leven, Murray; the bifhops of Edinburgh, of Galloway, of Dunkeld, of Aberdeen, of JBreechin, of Argyle, and of the Ifles; the lords Drum- lanerk, Pitfligo, Frafer,tCocknm, Halkertoun, and Bellenden ; the prefident of thefeffion, theregifter, the advocate, fir John Hume juftice clerk, Mr. Charles Maitland, the laird of Philorth elder, fir Andrew Ramfay, fir William Thomfon ; the pro- vofts of St. Andrews, Aberdeen, Glafgow, Air, and Dumfries, fir James Turner, and the dean of Guild of Edinburgh. Five of thefe, including par- ticularly, an archbifhop or a bifhop, were confti- tuted a quorum ; ^nd every officer in the kingdom, whether civil or military, was to obey their com- mands. Sharp d by Google *40 New History of seOTLANO. Sharp was now fatisfied, and he declared t& fh^ king, that he could ajk no more. Nor h&d * he' reafon ; for from fuch a motley coort of bifhops, peers, military officers, and common magiftrates, vejted with fo abfolute an authority, what could be expe&ed, but the moft unaccountable, unjuft and cruel proceedings? Such accordingly followed ; perfecution Tallied forth . with all her mercilefs at- tendants j and the wretched prefbyterialis, whilft panifts reclined in fecurity and at eafe, were devo- ted vi&ims to her barbarous power. The bufferings of thefe men, whidi are very properly called thofe of the church of Scotland, for feveral years, under this deteftable commiffion, hav^s filled two volumes in folio ', without entering therefore, into any particulars, it is fufficient here to fay, that in point of feverrry they equalled, — and allowing for a proteftant country perhaps exceed- ed— a Spanifh inquifition ; and muft for ever rife in judgment againft the infamous contriver. Opprefled with fuch a weight of calamities, it can be matter of little wonder to learn that in 1666 the. people in the weftern part of Scotland, which was the moft laden, grew defperate. They attempted, to throw off the general burden; and putting themfelves, to the number of 1000, Under the command of one Wallace, they feized on Turner, who was then in that part of the kingdom, and were about to put him to death, when read- ing his inftrucftions, and finding that even that bad man had not a&ed up to the full rigor of them, they generoufly fpared him. Advancing to Peht- land-hills, they were there oppofed, on the 28th of November, by general Dalziel, whofe fuperiority of cavalry, in the engagment which immediately enfued, occasioned their total defeat. Ytw were killed, Dalziel's troops taking particular care to make as many as poffible prifoners, that they might be d by Google C H A R L E S II. Z4r f be referved for the cool, and therefore more cruel purpofes of a future barbarity ; Wallace their leader efcaped to Holland. On notice of this defeat, the council fequeftered the eftates of all the infurgents into the hand* ef the lord treafurer. The poor wretches themfelve^ who were made captive, were crouded into a nar- row loathfome dungeon without light or air, where they experienced fuch mifery, as the reader may form fome idea of, by recolle&ing the fufferings of their countrymen not many years ago in the Black Hole at India, which was a fimilar place of confinement. Such as furvived their imprifoiuflent, were brought to light only to fuffer the moft in* human, the moft excruciating torments. The ck- cumftances of whi,ch are thus defcribed, and com- mented on, by that copious and accurate hiftoriait Mr. Guthrie: " Their punifhment came under the cognizance of the council ; and the common ques- tion was agitated, whether by £heir receiving quar- ter in the field, it was not understood that their lives fhould be fpared ? It pafied in the negative. Ten of the moft confiderable of the prifoners wert tried, and hanged with circumftances of feverity, if not injuftice. Some of the prifoners fuffered the, inhuman torture called the Boots, which was in- fixed by the leg being put into a cafe, into which, wedges were gradually driven by iron hammers j and if the accufed did not anfwer to the i3|§rroga- tories as his tormentors pleafed, the boge of the leg was Shattered to pieces, and the fubftance of it converted into a jelly. Nothing could be drawn from the fufferers, but that opppreflion and in- juftice had impelled them to take arms. t Comtnjf— fions were iJFued through all parts of the weft for trying the prifoners j and executions became fo fre- quent, that the hangmen themfelves relented, and refufed to perform their office 5 and one of them. M even b^Google a+a New Hi$to*y w SCOTLAND. » even preTdnted a long and ferrous reiribriftrance in hi» owh vHithcution, Had the rebeHiorr been un- provoked, it mufl have been inexeufable y but the jAfergeffts wetfe far from being of fangtiinary tiif- ^efilion^ as appears from the^entte treatment they gaVe to^ fit James Turner, one of their capital enemies. The eirtumftanees of the executions were atrocious ; and though I cannot afcertain the precife number, yet they were fo frequent as to produce from* court an order, under the hand of Charles himfelf, that ho mote Hood fhould be e The odium of all thefe feverkies, as this Writer obferves* fell upon archbifhop Sharp, who, feconded > by the archbifhop of Glafgow, not only continued . the executions againft the king's exprefe order, tot . -avciv propofed to bang up every man in the king- dom vfrbo would not renounce the covenant and conforih to epifcopacy. On this report, the prin- cipal covenanters fled to Holland ; vut one Mitchell, who ft represented to be a young enthufiaftic preacher, refolved to affaffinate the author of their &ftreflfes. He accordingly, in July 1668, dis- charged a piftol at Sharp in his coach, who, how- ever, received no harm 5 and Mitchell, whom no- body offered to ftop, walked cooly off to his lodg- ings, and efoaped at that time all fufptckm, but we year? after he was executed for the attempt. ■ !• Sharp, it is faid, was now under a 1669. cloud with eveji his mafter Charles, tho* he foon recovered his favour, and recom- menced mVfeveritfes. In the foregoing yca'r^ a militia had been raifed, confifting of 20,000 Hbrfe and foot, maintained by a tax on land, which, as has fince been but too cuftomary, was very une- qually afieffed. Thus fupported, Sharp ventured to fine the magistrates of Edinburgh in 50 /. ftefling for fuffering a ftngle conventicle to be held in that city; d by Google G tt A R L*E S '• IL -'- 143 ;city; aftd he >and his "brethren were employed day mud night in iffaing mandates for fuppreffing con- - Vcittkles$ and for puniftiing thofe who frequented them. To mention the trfcnfa&iom of the two or -three years following, ^onH be nothing more than a* needlefe repetition; the fame fchemes wefeadopf- . cd ; ; yet new acts (which however wete merely fup- j>limental) were found wanting, and were accord- ingly procured. But hi the year 1672, the earl of Lauderdale,, - ^ cotriing* into ptfay, and being vefted with great power, fbme indulgence in religious opinions was granted ; bu* this indulgence proved as it was inteudei, more >ih favour of papists than the prefbyteri<*ns. Three • years afterwards, on that nobleman's decline^ per- secutions ^ere again renewed. And in the year ;^?6, th^fpirit of witch-burning io prevailed, «* ^leflefled no fmall difgraceon the fenfe arid learn- ing of prelates^ and feemed to threaten the efctrnc- : tion of every old woman in the kingdom. The fertile genius of Sharp fof every thing, wicked, now devifed a fcherne 1677. Which was trirly diabolical : He propofed to iffue comrhiffions for raifing and arming the Highlanders, («tfclunve of the landing forces and of the militia) and of turning them loofe in all parts amongft tlie covenanters, to riot at discretion. He gained this horrid point ; and in February 1678, tt 6000 Highlanders marched forwards and were par- ticularly difperjfed over Cunningham and Kyle, where, 9s well a* in every other place, through which they pafled, or in which they were quartered, they behaved as if they had been .in the hand of a mod inveterate enemy. ? V About a month previous to their march was the execution of Mitchell. He had endured the tor- ture with fuch fortitude as acquitted him by the M 4 . . laws d by Google 244 New History of SCOTLAND. laws of his country. But at length, the generous motive of preventing the torments of others, who were apprehended on fufpicion, backed by a pro- mife of life and limb, induced him to confefs that he was the perfon who fhot off the piftol. On this declaration, the faithlefs and unrelenting arch- biihop, reprefenting, that, if Mitchell were uiffered to efcape with impunity, he might not only renew his attempt, but excite others to aflift him ; and as in that cafe his life muft be expofed to every vil- lain, he iniifted that Mitchell ( notwithstanding his pardon had been entered in the council-book ) fhould be executed -, faying, " Let him glorify God in the Grafs-market," alluding to the place of execution. But Mitchell's death^ together with the High- lander's cruelties, both which were reflected on with horror and deteftation, haftened * in all proba- bility that circumftance which Mitchell's punifh- ment was intended to prevent. For, in the year following, the archbifliop, who, according to Mr. Wodrow, was then inventing new and more violent proje&s, was way-laid, in a journey to his diocefe, by nine perfons, (fome of whom were. men of fortune) with a prepared and determined refolu- tion, fay fome, to difpatch him ; whilft others re- prefent the tragedy which enfued, as the effect of a fudden guft of pafiion, on the fight of a man by whom they and their friends had fuffered fo much, on a lone heath, and attended only by four or five fervants. But however this may be, which is very immaterial as to the fa&, — David Hackftoun of Rathillet, John Balfour of Kinloch, George Bal- tur of Gilftoun, James Ruffel in King's-kettle, obert Dingwall, Andrew Guillan, Alexander Henderfon, Andrew Henderfon, and George Flem- ing, met the archbifhop and his daughter in a coach on the 3d of May j and fhouting out u The Lord has d by Google • i /. ■ ! ; •: ■■■itiU .v.- :■.', ■ ;",.*•.,. ion 'vj\< " '•^ 'jitjotn ■ju * ^ ir>u ' t 'io ^i:^y jt .'.■oriUi ->.«■' -• -'''.'; *Jj *"*.' ->'. : ;.jb oJ . ■' ,■ ' ;-n *»:.is eiri ?J> • J ai gf; • .- ■ d ICi Digitized by GoOgle ^ka^ 246 iAM£ !■ Digitized by GoOgle C H A R LIE S II. 245 has delivered him into our hands," they then flopped his Mforfes, cut his traces, and bfetding ' his fervants, they dragged him from his carriage, y . after having difcharged their carbines at him with- out doing him any hurt, a circurhftarice, which, ; *\' according to the humour of the times, was then attributed to magic. Believing him to be proof \ "-* againft bullets, they aflaulted him with their fwords, - and regardlefs of his cries and entreaties, theyexe*- ~ cuted their purpofe in a manner, barbarous indeed, , but fuch as might be expe&ed from perfons of warm difpofitions, when the grand object of their p? hatred was in their power, and they conceived it meritorious, even in the fight of God, to deftroy m him. Thus flopped in his bloody career, was f James Sharp arfchbifhop of St. Andrews, between f whofe chara&er, as well as fate, there is fuch a ftriking refemblance with thofe of cardinal Beatdun, i that the reader, without any farther afiiftance, may 1-* draw the parallel.* Though the prefbyteriahs in general afFe&ed - highly to difapprove this violent proceeding in their nine enthufiaftic brethren, yet as the fad: was ir- revocably done, they blefled God, and adored his i_-, righteous providence, for the general good which they fondly imagined would refult from this > particular evil. Contrary, however, to their ex- pectations, as it was oppofite to jufti^ the v/ commiifioners»ftigmatized the whole body for thi* r offence of a few, and on them revenged the J i death of this* their chief member, by doubled fe- /| verities. As 'to the a&ual perpetrators, it does not ^ appear that any of them, excepting Hackftoun^ ^i' could, notwithftanding themoft diligent fearch, be i Jj apprehended. Two years afterwards, this man was W% taken, and in a fummary way condemned. He was %io !«ttle fearful of death, that when previous to his "^ execution, his hands, according to his fentence, M 3 , were d by Google 246 New History of SCOTLAND. were amputated, he aiked, with great compofure, if they chofe to cut off his feet : he vaulted from the fcaffold, and after he was hanged,; his- heart be- ing cut out, it was obferved, as Tome fay, t0 pal- pitate on the knife, Thofe covenanters who ftill remained in the kingdom, being by the feverity of the government harrafled and hunted again into rebellion, wett: forced once more to try their fortune in the field. Eighty of them, headed by a young preacher,' otie Hamilton, fir ft affembled in arms at Rutherglen m Clydfdale. Thefe, Graham of Calverhoufer, a roan who was ever forward to execute fanguinary. pa>- pofes, was ordered to fupprefc. But though he at- tacked them whilft at prayers, Hamilton, whofe forces were then augmented to thrice their original number, repulled that able officer, killed thirty of his men, and had very nearly numbered him amongft forty or fifty whom they took prifoners. On this fuccefs, they took heart, and became* more entefprifmg : and as their number daily in- creafed, they at length poffeffed themfelves of Glaf- gow. Having expelled the eftablifhed clergy, they lent forth a proclamation, under the name of " The oppreffed protectants, now in arms in Scotland," declaring, that they fought in defence of their re- ligion and liberties, againft popery, prelacy, and the king^s fupremacy. As they committed but little diforder, they were quietly fuffered to.afiemble, and be joined by their brethren, that, as there was fuf- ficient force in the kingdom at any time to crufh them, the victors might be inriched by the greater number of forfeited dilates. Mean time, fuch an exaggerated account of their infurre&ion and of their force was tranfmitted to London, that Charles thought it expedient to fend his fon the duke of Monmouth into Scotland, to head Iris forces. He was ordered not to treat, but . to d by Google C « A R h £ S ,IK m to fig^t,, with the diffident*. , H^fp^ly^rriv^aj Edij&Wgjh, marched againft. the*n #t fche head qf the Scottift guards aad,rQm^ n^ime^f/^ li^lil^j having DalziS for his UeutqnaruV and o/*cp\^e*e4 them at Bothwell-bridge. Unable^ tQ^f^jad; ^ fire of his artillery, Hamilton, who, is . fatd to have heen deficient bpth in courage^ and condu&,-,%d with feveral of his, followers in. great .confuSon*. On which upwards of twrfve hundred, without inking x ftroke* furreadered themfelves prifpiKjTf, and kwQn hundred werejkijled in the pHri^f./I^e duke viewed hismifer&ble .captives, with aa 3j# °f ^prnpaSon.^ He engaged to procure fonie <»itfjtg$- tioa of their fufferings j ?nd in the me*n while ; hq ^jifmifled fuch as promifed tolive,peaceably,^o> withftanding they might fufFer fome rigor under their prefent goyernnmt. Three hundred pfpMin^ refta&ory wejre ftipp^d off to America an4,^e4 ii\ the voyage. ,.* j, _.,,-■ , Monpaouth gained th(s viciory>on the^d of Jum-^ grid having ifiued proclamations againft hajrbourin^ fuch of the diffidents as had been in arfris, $nd who, oil, his promife of pardon, had nqt furren- dered themfelves, he on the 6th of July following fet out for London, Thus terminate^ ,thifr inft^ re&ion, and h^ppy was it fox the duTenters that $cir coaquerot w^s of a difpofition fo heroic, fie jjer- formed his promife to them by procuring aji i$t . from his father, which was not a Jittle in their fa- vour ; but coming through the hands of the Scotch, commiffioners, they wok care tp clog it in foch t<*Y withftftnding that a confeflion of faith was at the* fame time ratified, as, in fome. *efpe&, inculcated maxims of lawful refiftance. > Such an abfurd ajft> it is no wonder that few ecclefiaftics of fenfe^ or^ decency could digeft. Many, confequently, fa« ther than take the oath, refigned their livings* But wjiilft the creatures of the court, and their toolset the bifliops, fwallowed every abfurdity it contained r the earl of Argyle refufed to fubferibe to it, &ny further than it was confiftent with itfelf and the Sroteftant religion. The duke by this was greatly iipleafed ;» and as Argyle was a man of power, and a prefbytertan, his ruin, from that time, was re- folved on. And accordingly the good earl in r68i was proceeded againft with fuch unjuftand fhame- ful feverity, that meetly on this account he was tried for leafirig-makiwg and perjury, and being corivhSed, by a jury packed for the purpofej he was condemned to' die. Being refpited, however, till the king's pleafure fhould be known, and under- standing, hy fuch perfons whom he had commif- fiorted to intercede with Charles in his behalf, that . >^ he d by Google ' C H A R L E S * n. 249 herwas to expe& neither juftice nor mercy, hi ietzeda^ kicky 6p£or*unlty to nirake r his efcajie and fled to Holland. ' > ■"■•"■•*-> ii! ** ! From this time, his bighnefs aded .in ^ - ; ' Scotland with fuch dcfpotifm, as if he 1682* were reiblved to root up the very c*onfti- tution. By his order the folemn league and co^fe- ham Was, with great formality, committed to the flames; The earl of Aberdeen, who k called 1 the Jefref tes of Scotland, was made chancellor ; and' agreeably to that title he acted with Art>h ceafelefe ieverity agaihft difienters, for two years, that dtf-' ring this period their fufferings alone forrn the hifc tory of the kingdom. Women with child, and ; with fuckmg children at their breafts, were impri- foned, and, in their confinement, ill-treated. Thtt' boufe of a father was no flielter for even ftriplings, Who, on the flighteft misdemeanor were tranfported*, as flaves, to Jamaica or America; and this punifh- ment was deemed mild. Indeed it was really fo, J when compared with the bufferings of others," who being told by fome ignorant enthufiaftic preachers, that to fay «• God fave the king " was idolatrous, were, to the number of thirty, hanged up 1 for their refu&l. Many, unable to bear their hardihips, abandoned their native country, and made a fettle- ment in Carolina. Whilft others of a difpwrion artful and vindi&ive, made ufe of this fcheme < in order to Join their fuffering friend* inv England* who maintained a correfpondence witfc. Argyle in Holland, and were ripe for a revolts They deeply engaged fchemfelvcs wi A the pro- jectors of the Rye^houfe plot; Argylc/was to fup* ply them with arms, and the duke, of Monmouth was to furnifh them with maney. But the plot mtfcarried, and Bailie of Jervifoood, a man of in- tegrity and abilities, who managed the Scot tifhipart in* it, was apprehended, and 4eji|K> jMafone* . to 4 Scfrt- • M 5 land. d by Google 2$d New Hi*tqry of SCOTLAND. I fcgitlr* But though nothing capital could* be pt*oVed agaiftft htrti, it wastheduke'fc pteafare thki He {hdfcld futferV 1 He Was accordingly convicted of kreaferti and left, being almoft reduced to the brink df thfc grave, a natural death fhould difappctint the duke*s vengeance, he was executed immediately after hi« trials • ! r - There now feemed to reign in Scotland ; * ^1685^ an uni ver fat anarchy. The ^common peci- i; - . plej deprived of their paftorSj whoori dfc- ^*ers f p tfetexts were either banifhed, irrtpriforied* or -niurdered, rolled in a fea of troubles without rud- otel" or compafs. They affembled in numberleTs petty focieties, published feveral papers, which at that time were called treafonable, and promulgated the -doctrine of Knox. On thefe proceedings the blood-houndfi of perfecution were let loofe, and ; Worried them to death inceffantly. The following order, from the council, which - Was, executed with great punctuality, will folly ferve to characterize this barbarous period : ^'lt being put to the vote in council, whether or ttot any perfon, who owns, or does not difbwvr; the late traitcrous declarations upon oath, whether they have arms or not, fhould be immediately killed be- fore' two witnefies, and the perfon or perfons who >-aye to have inftru&ion from the council few that effect ? XJarf ied in the affirmative." " The lords of -his majesty's privy council do hereby ordain any perfon, who owns, or does not difown, the iate treafonable declarations upon oath, whether they ' have fcrrafc or not, to be immediately put to death - y this being always done in the prefertce of two wit- >neffes, and the peribn or perfons having commihlon : Iron* the council fcr that eftecV' The duke had now returned to Ejaghnd^ ac- companied, notwithftanding all his horrid cruel- ties, with encomiums from the fervile %i(ho^s of Scotland, d by Google C- HAH L £ ^ IL / *j* S$<«Iajuk ba h& ^14 admittiftrarf^i *Mfat ktog-f cIqjr*. JfafcGbaxles^w*lJk^ Cf&i Hd,i«*|Qp at this- tifflpe to have tfuNgk^that &Q Wotfcety in/ point «of feyewty, had ex<*eeded hw c^mmiffiori, and that, it was rather his iniereftto taj^aie tfejia ^rfeoyto ^he preibyteriaiie. - ^ , : Lord Perth, who governed Scotland in the dike's rabfence, was every day devifing for that wretched people a frefh fpecies of torture.. He beheld their agonies with vifible fatisfa&ion, and Scrutinized their, wri things land coavulfions with the mpft in- human curiofity and exactnefs. The duke of York had done the fame : but the king now ordered Pertii te> doftfc, rod U* brother to repair back aapro to . ^pjAaady call a fcetiiainiiaftration, and endeavour by , gejtfJe . vtfoge to make the diifenters his friends. York by np means relifhed this command^ and he would fain have evaded it 5 but the king per&np- torily bytng « Brother, ekher you muft go or I/' Jtehggan to make preparations for his journey ♦ Bu| hefors his departure, it was prevented effectually by M til cMwrrfkance whicli-^o him, was ne deujbt ^ex* * rtramdy agreeable. It was the king's deaths that happened on the 6th of February* kuipcioas ikw about that he had beqr* ppifcned* ^fpccialiy as when he was embowelled his interlines ' were not permitted, it k laid, to be pgopqrfy exa- mined ; and there arofe fwwn his whole 'body a tpoft Joathfome ttanch. Many lit on hi* brother, who .nevertheless Juccceded him, without the leaft ript or lhadow of apportion. The jcing*^^ death very likeiy arofe from aa apoplexy ; or he nttght fravto been carried off by the divides of the jefotts, who* at /that tune governed France and Spain* as well as the duke of York* cheUr fehfcfl&ea were jwk* to tje , uoriddled apr their, fc^tsdrfextf^fedt The king .when he die4 had- feigtjad ©ve» Scot- kodthirj^foujr yetfa* iu*4 vm/m the 54th; year d by Google 2^2 New, History or SCOTLAND. of his age t . ^jfpfifk prieit .during his illne& f ad- '^'^ivUl^re^to ^&i^ j^e^iacxaiiMnt.^ and in the cort*- ^nmiori qt d)e Rpmifli, church he,e*pi*ed.4* Twto papers, wnfteri with his own .hand,, in ksdfefenoe, * ^ere discovered in his clofet, and ta thdfwtber-in- jury of his memory they were pablifhedby his^Ub- "'" v , ^ r • ,:, ,.,,/ . v " : .-- -- ;-'' ' ^ \; ;'T j 'a m e' s . "vii.V^.-'n^'^- , Mt THOpGH James never took the coro- > V, iiatipnoMbviw^^ivedithecmwi^wlth- pirt difcuiS^g. rf*e quefUon which oftithts ©ccaGfcn naturally: occurs* historians in genera) in tide ! him Icing of S^oUan4* Officers were continued in*hctr relpe&iye places* and the government flowed onJh its wonted channel. Perth* in order to. ingratiate himfcjf wi^h .his new matter, embraced hi» reli- gion, arid ^e marked his change of faith byfbefli puniflimenj: of the diflenters. Women were rohfj? of pro*- viding for their own fafety; and fttelting them- felves into fntall : bodies, they efcaped fcpercjW- tibly. The poor earl, thus deferted, quitted his horle, and attempted to make his efcape by crofling the river of Inchannark; but a countryman fol- lowing him in, took him prifoner up to his neck m water. He was ftraightway dSidudted to Edin- burgh, where, in a very little time, and without undergoing the formality of a fecond trial/ he was beheaded, d by Google 3J4 New Hjrro** or SCOTLAND; beheaded* p^uan^tafys iaraiqr fcn^pce*. whilfi* }n Eng}afl4 j^jduke of Moflipouth >r exj)er^cing f^e like^adiu^efs, Shared the, fame fa^e. ,< i t ^ , Few now but papifts were prejfi^w , i68£. , red in either , kingdom to vacant *>fc 4 \' I# / iices of truft and emolument. Ja#ies Mightily extolled the loyally Qjf his.RproUk fo%£fo in S^ptJanoV and defired in a letter to the ifcate^ ,tjhat jijeg m^g^t be allowed all poflible indulgence, and ^y way of inf/wing the £ue performance of hi* |deah fure, jn ^JfijstgpEk) the earl of Murray, who. wa^ A ftrong one, was appointed high commiffionef. But an event foon took place, which was np lefe xlifogrefeable to the king, than it was, initfelf, fu4~ flen> unexpe&ed, and extraordinary. At a %&y f]if l^rliameafe which met in the fummer oijjtfrp yea?, the memlK,* almoft unanimously, fteod up in fupport of their religious liberties. The ?preft* which in the former two reign* had bee^i carefully locked up, now jregained her liberty, aiyl flga&ly teemed with the : moft ^ealfu* perforiaan^s agajnft the indulgeflccof papifts : whilft. others reaf©4*e4 after the moft daring wwver in defence of ,lhe 4ftf~ ; penfmg power. *« It may be a*g<*ed { fajd qne) that by refufing to confer to this moderate eafe to pa- .piftV,a moft dangerous,, and almoft an rapwabte blow and ^ound may be ocsaftoned to the protec- tant sburrtMud religion. s for if t&e king_pleajfe {and if he be irritated and frovoksd. it is haad tp fay wfotf hj# majefty will do)he-jnay, wijthOtt* violating a«y law, at one uro*c, remove all proteftant office^ andju4ges ftpm the government v of tbe ifca{e,, and all pijqteftant bifhppe from the goverttfjjienj; iof the church* and fo die whole goygrnmenty fcjoih of cbwch an4 #ate, may come to^be lodged in the iands -of fuch a* Cannot, be ju^ged fubjeds, however ferifibly and fteadHy they might have thwarted hint; hut he found, that it was impdffiWe to carry a difagreeable point againft ait united parliament. James there- fore to procure any degree of eafe for his Ro- mifh fubje&s m Scotland, was obliged tp to- lerate a31 modes of religion by abolishing the fcdh He performed this matter, however, intirely : in the ftile of an abfolute monarch ; for in a pnociama^ tion tffiied on the 5th of July 1687, it was feid that "the king, by his fovereign authority, and prerogative royal, and abfolute power, Hdpends,. flops, and difables, all penal and fanguinary laws fbr noii-confonmty to the religion efttbliihed by The pre%teria»s ? believing that 1j«& abortion- of the teft was principally intended for their advan- tage^ were eager to return his majeily an addref? of thanks. But finding that the papifts* gained ground every day, they were foon of another Way of thinking, and acoonimgly repented of theirhauy conduct, in addVeUng the king before the. motives n of his conduct had been thofou^hiy known; 1 . Towards • * Digitized by GoOgle ^ ^ 756 New History ^f SCOTLAND. :•;; :.- ;^ow*rfl$ the begin rt i ng of th$ yeaf 6purace^ eSger to exprefs their abhorrence of Jarries, and his p<5pj£b mihifters, aflembled in bo- u ■ " . dies > d by Google J AM E S VIL> " 257 dies, patrolled the ftreets, and every .where infulted both jpapifts and episcopalians. The earl of Perth, unable to contrbul their intemperance, and be- ing apprehenfive for his own fafety, having, been compelled, on the prince of Orange's , fuccefs, / to dtiband the army, refigned the great fcal, and , retired from Edinburgh $ and the bifhops, raor$ ( out of fear for themfelves than any other,, mb^ v tive^ ran haftily to London, where they qhin^dV, in with the tone of the Englifh. The populace,,, thus Jeft to themfelves, grew very riotous The v kingV chapel at Holyrood-houfe, which had been , fitted up in the molt fuperb ftile, having been intended for a popifh feminary, was defpoiled of all its images, ornaments, and rich furniture; , and in general evenr houfe of note, which, be-: longed to a papift, fhared the fame fate. In every, ftrcjet his holinefs was burnt in effigy ; and down vjith pvpery was the univerfal cry. The vulgar,, having iufliciently tired themfelves with thefe ex- ploits, grew calm 5 and paid obedience to the com- mands of the marquis of Athol, who being re- ated to the houfe of Orange, had, on Perth's re- tirement, taken the lead in government. Mean time, the nobility and gentry, who had potted to London, were invited to St. James's, where the prince of Orange alked their advice concerning the affairs of Scotland. £or ma- ture deliberation, they repaired to Whitehall, and chofe the duke of Hamilton their prefidenk Th& earl of Arran, Hamilton's fon, propofed that an ad- drefs fhould be fent to James, defirmg him to re- turn to Scotland, and afTemble a free parliament j but this motion being univerfally condemned, it, , was refolved, that the prince of Orange fhould be t invited to affume the {reins of government in Scot- . land, and appoint?, general meeting of the ftates on . thei4th of March. The prince received their of- fer in very obliging terms 5 and then the members of. f( $fa (council wturried to E4inbu|-gji, TJiey foiwwl op their arrival, that the duke 0/ Oord<*n had pof* (eflibdi himfejf of the qaftle of Edinburgh in behalf pf king James. They therefore proclaimed bin* * traitor, and jbefieged the qaftle in form \ but t}ie, duke had the addfefs. to manage his .affairs in fuch a manner^ that after ^ying^endmred a three month V fiege he qbtained very favourable terms for himfclf and the whole garrifon. : Qn the meeting of the S.cotch parliament, they proceeded immediately to, nominate a v committee w fettling the government, Eight lords, eight knights t and eight burgefles, were accordingly appointed to manage this great ^affair. In the couife of their proceedings, no man diftinguiflied himfelf more than fir John Dalrymple : he entered at once on the queftion with vaft ftrength of argument ; and having blamed the Engliih for their childifb debases on the words aUlketed and deferttd* which, he conceived tQ be equaj^y ijornatcmjf whea tjie throne was clared, to his immortal honour* that he took ttha oath in no fenfe which naigjn (\ibjewed the feeds of thofe two rebellions which fprang up in 1715 and 174$. But Johnfton, the king's fecre- tary, managed matters fo dexteroufly, as to prevent them at this tipie from coming to extremity. On the contrary, every thing in an enfuing parliament went on very fmoothly. His majefty was voted a fupply of above one hundred and fifty thoufand pounds fterling 5 fix regiments were added to the ftanding force of the kingdom, and many recruits were raifcd for the royal navy. The Scots now eafy, fecure, and freed 1693* from the thraldom of religious perfec- tion, began foon to reflect on the advan- tages of trade. All ranks of people devifed fchemes of commerce. In particular, one Paterfon, who had noted the oppofition which the Eaft India com- pany in England had met with in obtaining their charter, propofed the inftitution of a Scotch com- pany, which fhould trade to Africa, and both the Indies. As d by Google WILLIAM and MARY. 2% As Scotland was ftill an independent kingdom* and as Pater fon's fcherne was plaufible, fhares in this company were coveted with the utmoft avidity* The parliament had granted it their fan&ion, and eftablifhed in 1695 a national bank, which ftill continues. Three hundred thoufand" pounds were fubfcribed in.England, and two hundred thoufand pounds were offered by the merchants of Hamburg, Matters thus went on very favourable, but a fevered • famine, which fubfifted in Scotland for two years, hindered the adventurers from embarking for Dafi- en, where it was propofed to fettle the factory, till the year 1698. They then fet fail from tne Frith of Forth on the 17th of July, and in a num- ber of fhips, manned with twelve hundred failors and foldiers, laden with proper kinds of merchan- dize, together with artillery and military ftores fleering their cburfe round the Orkney Ifles, they took in fome proviftons at Madeira, and proceeded dire&ly for the Ifthmus of Darien, where they took poffefiion of an harbour near Golden Ifland, in which it was declared, that neither Spain, nor any other power, had any concern. But the Scots had not been aware that many trading companies in different kingdoms would unite to oppofe them. The Spaniards inftantly tranfmitted a memorial to king William, roundly maintaining that the Scots, without a breach of the peace, , could not fix at Darien, as it belonged to their mailer: The French offered the afliftance of a navy to dif- lodge the Scots, if they ffiould be fo hardy as to fettle there : ► The Dutch declared in a very moving addrefs to king William, that fuch a fettlement at Darien would intirely deftroy their trade to America and the Indies : and the Englifh, who faw that if the Scots once got.a footing, 'they could fmuggle fo much, and on many other ac- counts under-fell them fo greatly, that their own N Eaft- d by Google 266 New History of SCOTLAND. •Eaft-India company muft be ruined, joined ftrongly in the univerfal murmuring. From fo powerful an oppofition, it was eafy to fee, that thk Darien company, as it was called, muft be inevitably ruined. Not to particularize every fucceeding ftep which was taken, k is fufE- cient to fay, that the Englifh governors of Jamaica, and the Leeward Iflands, were ftrictly forbidden to hold the leaft intercourfe with the Scotch fettlers ; and prbclamations were publifhed to -this effedt at Jamaica, Barbadoes, New York, and New Eng- land. This one ftep was fufficiently fatal. For being thus not only debarred from all mercantile connexions, but to the greateft degree diftrefFed for want of food and common neceflaries; they capitulated with the Spaniards, for leave to retire ; and accordingly abandoning their fettlemejits in 1699, they awoke out of their golden dream in the utmoft difmay. When news reached Scotland that this darling fcheme was irrecoverably marred, the kingdom was overwhelmed with the molt poflible diftrefs. The Scots, with that eager confidence of fuccefs, which is natural to adventurers, had exhaufted all their wealth and credit in the undertaking, fo that thou- fr.nds of families were reduced nearly to a itate of beggary. In the rage of difappointmcnt they re- viled king William as having made ufe of dupli- city, and called him the author of this horrrble calamity. But in proportion as the Scots recovered from this blow, their reafon returned, and they fooa learned to throw the T>lame of this mifcarriage, lefs upon king William, than upon national prejudice, and their own indifcretion. This year, the Jacobites in Scotland 1 700. imagined that they had good caufe for exultation. The death of the duke of Gloucefter, which happened on the 29th of July, 3 removed, d by Google WILLIAM and M A R Y. 267 removed, as they imagined, the only bar to the in- tereft of their prince, of Wales. That faction, therefore, grew eager, vigilant, and enterprifing. And indeed affairs in England wore about this time fuch a melancholy afpecl, that, if the abdicated king would have fuffered his fon to have receded from ftricS popery in matters of religion, it has been thought, that a rebellion in his favour, and, in the end, a revolution would have taken place. King William, not infenfible how unpopular he was, thought fit to order a parliament in Scotland, (which met on the 28th of October) conftituting the duke of Queenibury high commiilioner. In this parliament the minifters and their agents ftirred themfelves fo fuccefsfully, that the king's iniereft gained much ground. It was declared that the iafety and happinefs of the people of Scotland de- pended, under God, upon the prefervation of his majefty's government and proteftant fucceffion -, to maintain which, they paffed an act for keeping on foot three thoufand men* for two years, to be main- tained by a land-tax.. King William expreffed a due fenfe of the loyal proceedings of this parlia- ment ; and the earl of Argyle, having concurred with the high commiflioner in the management of this feflion, was honoured with the title of duke. Thefe proceedings, added to the fettlement of the crown of Great Britain, which was made the follow- ing year upon the princefs Sophia, clectorefs of Han- over, rendered the death of James, which happened at St. Germains on the 16th of September follow- ing, as well as the proclamation of his pretended fon in.France, as king of England, of no avail. Events, though of fome moment, they now produced but little combuftion. The king's fpeech to this par- liament on the 30th day of December touching this latter affair was received with univcrfal applaufe, and a bill for attainting the pretender paffed both Jioufes.- N 2 But d by Google 263 New History of SCOTLAND. But a very important project, which I7C2. William, ever fince his fucceilion to the t , . crown* feems to have had at heart, has not yet been difclofed. It was an union of his two kingdoms j which having before warmly recom- mended to the ferious confideration of his parlia- ment, he appears this year to have endeavoured, if poffibjc, to accomplifh. He had made great arrange- ment for this important end, and was proceeding with the utmoft fpirit, when death diverted his purpofe, and called him to an union with the blefled. He Jeft this world on the 8th of March, in the % 52,d year of his age, having worn his earthly crov/n thirteen years j during which, with a character formed of as many great and good qualities, and fhaded by as few biemifhes as perhaps are incident to humanity > he was doubtlefs a glorious inftrument in the hand of Providence to refcue thefe realms from that flavery, which popery, and its conftant attendant, arbitrary power, were proceeding to impofe. N N E. T it E king's death operated differently 1702. on the various parties which at this time fubfilted in Scotland. The Jacobites en- tertained fuch miftaken notions of his fucceflbr, that to place their young matter on the throne in her ftead, was conceived to be a matter eafily practi- cable : the prerDyterians, who . had alfo imbibed ideas equnlly falfe, were feized with a panic-fear ; .but happily for the whole kingdom, the bold con- jectures of the one were as futile, as were the dif- iiial apprehenfions of the other. The d by Google ANNE- 269 The miniftry, which cpnfifted of the duke of Queenfbury, the earls of Marchmont, Melvil, Sea- field, Hyndford, and Selkirk, was a knot of ftaunch revolutionists. Immediately on the notice of king William's deceafe, they ailembled at the Crofs of Edinburgh, and with the' ufual folemnity pro- claimed the princefs Anne of Denmark, who had already taken the coronation oath in the prefence of * twelve Scott ifh counfellors. Her firll exprefs into Scotland, after thefe proceedings, continued the old parliament, and confirmed the duke of Queenf- bury in his office of high commiffioner. But the Jacobites, eager to difturb the peace of their country, declared, that this convention par- liament, which had continued through king Wil- liam's whole rei^n, was by his death diflblved, and that, of courfe, a new one ought to be called. The duke of Hamilton headed this oppofition, which was joined among others, by the Marquis of Tweedale, and the earl's Marefchall and Rothes. So that when the parliament met on the 9th of June, they objected to its legality, and having entered a formal proteft againft all its proceedings, they with- drew, and were accompanied by feventy-fix mem- bers. Having made this feceffion, they adjourned amidft the fhouts of an unmeaning vulgar, to a common tavern, when they joined their applauders in drunkennefs and riot. The adminiftration, mean time, which frill re- tained a great majority of members, difregarded the fentiments of the feceders, and amidit all the difturbance,. which they had occafioned, conducted t^e requifite meafures for the eftablifliment cf their own legality, dignity and power, with cool cir- cumfpeaion and with a fteady vigor. They ex- pelled fir Alexander Bruce for ufmg fome fevere expreffiens againft preflbytery; and then palled the fix a<3s which follow : For recognizing her N 3 majefty's 270 New Histoxy of SCOTLAND. majefty's royal authority — P'or adjourning the court of feffion — For the legality of their prefent meet- ing — For the fecurity of the proteflant religion, and prefbyterian church government— For a land-tax. — And as her majefty had earneftly recommended to their <:onfideration, an union of the two kingdoms, the laft a£r. enabled the queen to appoint commif- ficners who fhould meet for that puipofe. All thefe acts were naturally difagreeable to the fcccders, and thev refolved to fend a remonftrance to the queen, which they accordingly drew up, but the lord JBlantyre their agent was refufed an audience ; and in Scotland the dean and faculty^ of ;alvocatcs were profecuted, by the lord advocate, for having, by a vote amongft themfelves approved of the feceiHon. 7 h e feceders were thus gradu- ;JIy falling into contempt, when the queen nomi- nated twenty-three Fnglifh, and twenty Scotch of the firtt rank and fortune in both kingdoms, as commiffioners to treat on aa union, and they met £t the Ccckpit near Whitehall, on the Z2d day of Oaohcr. On the twentieth of the riext month, they pro- ceeded to adjuft preliminaries j which imported " That nothing agreed on among them felves fhould he binding, except ratified by her majefty and the refpective parliaments of both nations; and that unlefs all the heads propofed for the treaty were agreed to, no particular thing agreed on fhould be binding." Thcfirft propofal given in by the duke of Queen- bury, and which was the bafis of all the fucceed- ing negotiations, was, " That both nations fhould be united in one monarchy, and one parliament, with a mutual communication of trade and pri- vileges.' ' This propofal was amended by the lord keeper of the great feal of England, who moved " That the AN N E, 271 the two kingdoms feould be infeparably united iitto one monarchy, under her majeftyj and her heirs and fucceflbrs, and under the fame limitations: ac- cording to thea&s of fettlement." The queen, to quicken their councils, paid a, vifit to the commiffioners on the 14th of Decem- ber. But whilft matters* were accelerating with, mutual harmony, an unlucky mention of the Darien i company gave birth to fuch difpu tes, as put an: end to all farther proceedings of this commiifion. - , On this unhappy difagreement, the, ': queen, piqued by the fuppofition that fee 1703;* r had been impofed upon, changed the > Scottife miniitry. Having fet afide the earfe of. Marchmont, Melvil, Leven, and Hyndford, fee ' appointed the earl of Seafield, who is faid to havei been the ofier of the times, lord chancellor. .The> 4uke of Queenfeury, and. the lord vifcount Tarbat were declared fecretaries of ftate. The marquis of Annandale was made prefident of the council j and: the earl of Tullibardine, afterwards duke of Athol, was conftituted lord privy feal. The admiraftration . being thus regulated, it was found necefiary to af-> femble a parliament. It opened on the 6th of May ; and the duke of: Queenfeury, who ftill maintained his poftoflrigh' commiffioner, a&ed fo artfully in conkin&ion witht the new miniftry, that even the Jacobites in gene- ral found it needlefs to oppofe his meafures, but* joined therevolutionifts in voting for a fupply. Put-, fuant to an act of indemnity which her majefty hadi iiTued, previous to the meeting of this parliament, many difaffefted members returned home* and a! coalition, at leaft in appearance, took place for, fbme time, between both parties. -<. In confequence of this unanimity* two bills* of the greateft importance were carried againft the court. The.fjxft imported " That after, th« queen's, N 4 deeeafe, d by Google 272 New History of SCOTLAND. deceafe, ^skjto** b^* rs of her body, no perfon, at the fame time jcing or queen of Scotland and Eng- land,, fhould have the foJe power of making war with any prince, ftate, or potentate, whatfoever, wkhaujt cpnlentof parliament." The fecond was intended to circumfcribe the prerogative : it was called an Aft of Security^ which occafioned much altercation in parliament, and fuch difturbance in the city, that the guards were kept in readineis to fupprefs any infurre&ion which might enfue, and to protect the high commiflioner, who had refufed the royal affent. In the courfe of thefe proceedings, the earl of Marchmont alfo incurred a temporary odium, for propofing, before the necefiary condir- tions and limitations had been debated, to fettle the iucceffion to the crown, on the houfe of Ha- jaover. During thefe commotions in parliament, Mr,. Fletcher of Salton, greatly diftinguifhed himfelf. Moft part of this extraordinary man's life had been fpent in Holland with the earl of Argyle, and the Juke of Monmouth. Kis principles were. thoroughly republican ; and he pofiefled confum mate abilities, undaunted courage, and inflexible integrity. He. planned both the late afis, and having obferved that the nation muft be enflaved fhould it either willing- ly, or by commiflian, fubmit ta jtfce, fucceffor of England, without fuch ftipulations as lhould fe- cure their independency, he boldly declared, that for his own part, he would rather join in the no- mination of fome bigotted papift, under thofe con- ditions, than of the trueft proteftant, if they muft be difpenfed with. But Fletcher, (who in the courfe of this feffion, propofed many patriotic bills) was told by the lord chancellor, with great truth and franknefs, that his fchemes were adapted to a commonwealth, and were inconfiftent, and there- fore ufelefs, under a monarchy. In fhort, the com- d by Google ANNE. 273 commiflioner, who had hampered himfelf by his over politic compliance with the Jacobites, not knowing rightly how to a& at this delicate junc- ture, prorogued the parliament to the 12th of Oc- tober, without having made any proviiion for the arrears of the army, or the expences of govern- ment, and before a freih commiflion was appointed to treat of the union. The queen mean time diftributed a profufion of honours. The marquis of Athol, and the marquis of Douglas, though a minor, were created dukes ; lord Tarbat was inverted with the title of earl of Cromarty; the vifcounts of Stair and Rofeberry were promoted to the fame dignity. Lord Boyle was created earl of Glafgow; James Stuart of Bute earl of Bute ; Charles Hope of Hoptoun, earl of Hoptoun ; John Crawford of Kilbirnie, vifcount Garnock, and James Primrofe of Carrington, vif- count Primrofe. At this time the queen's beha- viour was rather equivocal, for whilft in England flie feemed greatly to befriend the union, flie in Scotland conferred the higheft honours on fuch as oppofed it. To extend the field of honour, fhe re- vived the Order of the Thijlle^ changed the colour of the ribband into green, and dubbed the duke of Athol one of its knights, though that nobleman wiflied to diftinguifh himfelf as the leader of the Jacobites. At this vacation of public bufinefs, an odd kind of plot was difcovered to have 1704. been conduced by Simon Frafer, the fame man, who, when lord Lovat fuffered on Tower-hill at London, for having a chief hand in the rebellion of 1745. Frafer had neither fortune nor principle, having been outlawed for ravifhing a filler of the marquis of Athol. Thus abandoned, he repaired to the court of St. Germains, where he iniinuated that if the French king would furniflx N 5 * aim, Digitized by GoOgle 274 New History of SCOTLAND. him with officers, ammunition, and money, he could raife fuch a body of troops in favour of the pretender, as might be Efficient to place him on the throne of Great-Britain. Lewis feemed to promife him his afliflance ; but Frafer's character was fo infamous, that though he was fent back into Scot- land, to ufe his intereft amongft the clans two per- sons were fent along; with him to judge of his con- nexions with the Jacobite nobility, and to report back to France how far he was to be depended on. Frafer, mean while, difclofed the affair to the duke of Queenfbury; and as be pretended that what he had done was merely to found the French king for the fecurity of queen Anne's government, the duke encouraged him in holding a correfpon- dence with the Jacobites. On the other hand, when he returned into France, he changed his ftory, and defired leave of Lewis the XIV th to niain- tain a connexion with the Scotch proteftants for the fervice of the pretender. But the French king had received fuch accounts from his agents, as led him to conclude, with great juft ice, that Frafer was the fpy of both parties, and was endeavouring to recover his fhattered fortunes by declaring himfelf to be by turns a friend to each, at the fame time that in reality he was well affe&ed to neither. Lew- is, in confequence of this opinion, put an effec- tual flop to his intrigues, by clapping him into the Baftile j where he remained feveral years. On this, the affair was blown in Scotland ; and the duke of Queenfbury, though he had difclofed the motives of his condu&, which were in general fatisfactory, was thought, by having given fo much countenance to that abandoned outlaw, to have been the pretender's friend. He therefore loft his poft of high cornmifHoner, which was conferred on the marquis of Tweedale. Thofe of inferior of- fice, who were thought too much attached to the duke. d by Google A ;N N E. / . . 27J duke, were alfo turned out ; but. Mr. Johufton wa s made lord-regifter, and the earj of Cromarty fol^. fecretary of ftate. ♦ The Parliament, which had^ been further proro- gued, opened on the 6th of July, and 'proceeded, in the firft place, to fettle the fucceflion. The earl of Marchmont propofed an a£t for excluding. any popifh fucceflbr; but this motion, though highly conftitutional, was objected to, and violent heats between the court and, the country party fucceeded. At laft an expedient was offered by fir James/Fal- coner of Phefdo, which, when put tp the vote r met with a general aflent. In confequence thereof it j was refolved" that the parliament would not proceed to nominate a fucceflbr, until a previous treaty with England, refpecling commerce and other matters, mould be difcuued j and that it would make the neceflary limitations and conditions, of government, before the fucceffor (hduld be no T niinated." A fupply was however granted; and they confirmed the act of fecurity, which provided ** That in cafe the queen ihould die without iflue, a parliament mould immediately meet and declare the fucceflbr to the crown, different from the per- fon poffefling the throne of England, unlefs before, that period a fettlement mould be made in parlia- ment, of the rights and liberties of the nation in- dependent on Engliflh councils/' . And they were impowered by a claufe in it, to arm the iubje&& and put them into difcipline for the defence of thp kingdom. The whole vote, but efpecially this claitfe in it> which the Englifh interpreted to be a prelude of hoftilities, was fo refen ted by their parliament, that, on the nth of January following a grand com- mittee, which was appointed to connder of the ftate of the nation with regard to Scotland, came to the following refolutions far a bill, which w.as ftrongly Digitized by GoOgle ?7*> New History, of SCOTXAfrD* ftrcngly surged to be paffed for the Security ;of the kingdom of JEngland. . " ift, That it be one head of the bill, :to ena- ble her majefty to nominate and appoint coromif- fioners for ^England, to treat with commiffioners from Scotland for an union between the two king- dons. " 2d, That all natives of the kingdom of Scot- land, except fuch as are fettled, and fhall continue inhabitants of England^ or of the dominions there- unto belonging, or at prefent in the fervice of the army or navy, (hall be reputed as aliens, unlef&the fucceffion to the crown of Scotland be . fettled on the princefs Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, being proteftants, " 3d, That a more eiFedual provifion be made to prevent the exportation of wool from England and Ireland into Scotland. " 4th, That a provifion be made to prevent the importation of Scotch linen into England or Ire- land, and to permit the exportation of the linen manufa&ures of Ireland in Englifh bottoms into her m^jefty's plantations in the Weft-Indies. " 5th, That immediate povifion be made to pre- vent the conveying of horfes, arms, and ammuni- tion, from England into Scotland. " 6th, That all proteftant freeholders of the fix northern counties of England be permitted to furnifli themfelves with, arms." By tftis draught it appears that the Englifh took up the indecifion of the Scotch parliament with a very high hand, and were determined to fliut up all connections of commerce, unlefs the long defired union could be effe&ed. In the mean while, the marquis of Tweedale was laid afide, and the duke ef Argyle, .a moft promifing young nobleman,- was appointed 3 Digitized by G00gle A ;N K £. 277, Appointed high comroifltoner jn bis room. On *fcis, Xweedafe joined his friends, who hajl been removed along with him, and, formed a party under the name of me ¥ lying Squadron. This party, though it owed its rife to Tweedale's difmiffion, was defirpus, 1705* as is commonly the cafe with difapppint- cd courtiers, to diftinguifli itfelf as a knot of in-* dependent patriots. And as not one of the members was a Jacobite, they fupported the appearance w*th fome propriety, ana though it.was not their inten- tion greatly (facilitated the .union, For as they joined the Jacobites, who violently oppofed it, tie conftderate and. unprejudiced part of the kingdom concluded, that: an union muft be effe&ed to fave the honour x>f the nation, and from a war, and very Jikely in that cafe, pn introduction of the pre* render. ' The neceffity of iart union therefore ap- peared daily more, apparent. It was wifely thought to he a chimerical and impracticable fcheme for one ibvereign ta govern two fepaiate, independent na* *k>ns, ^differing as -much from each other in laws and interefts, as in genius and purfuits; unlefs itanding armies, like thofe of Charles tbe 2d and his brother, were always maintained to enforce the due obfervance of the fovereign's commands. They had fuffered .too much . from t fuch. military government not to dread its revival. The parlia- , ment therefore proceeded in good* earnsft to fettle this defirable treaty. It met in autumn; and the duke of Hamilton propofed that the aft for the , union Should have a claufe importing " That It ihould no ways derogate from any fundamental -laws, ancient privileges, offices, rights, liberties, ;and dignities of the Scottifh nations/' But this .motion was over-ruled. At length, after much ai- 1 tercation,. and violent oppofition from the republican . genius of Fietcher, the. ad for the treaty of union was Digitized by GoOgle 278 New History of SCOTLAND. was compleated ; and to the amazement of the Ja- cobites, the duke of Hamilton himfelf moved, and being put to the vote, it was carried in the affirma- tive, that the queen mould again appoint cdmmif- fioners. This weighty point -being finifhed, a fup- ply of^ fifty thoufand pounds fterling was *v6ted, and then the parliament adjourned to the- 20th day- of December. * The queen was no fooner 'apprifed of 1706. the refolvesof the Scotch parliament than fhe removed the marquis of Anriandale from his office of fecretary of ftate y to jhat of lord prefident of the council, and fupplied his place by the earl of Mar. She then immediately appointed the following perfons to be commiffioners : hor England, Thomas lord archbifhop of Canterbury} William Cowper, lord keeper of the great feal ; John lord archbifhop of York ; Sidney, lord Go^ dolphin, lord high treafurer of England^ .Thomas^ carl of Pembroke, and Montgomery j prfefident of the council ; John duke of Newcaftle, keeper of the privy feal, William duke of Devonshire, fteward of the houfhold j • Charles duke of Somerfet, mafter of the horfe ; Charles duke of Bolton ; Charles earl of Sunderland 5 Evelyn earl of Kingfton ; Charles earl of Carlifle; Edward earl of Oxford ; Charles vifcount Townfend ; Thomas lord Wharton ; Ralph lord Grey 5 John lord Powlet; John lord Somers; Charles lord Halifax ; William Caven- -difh marquis of Harrington ; John Manners marquis of Granby ; fir Charles Hedges* and Robert Har- ley principal fecretaries of ftate ; John Smith ; Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer ; fir John Holt, chief juftice of the queen's bench ; fir Tho- «nas Trevor, chief juftice of the common pleas ; fir Edward Northey, attorney general; fir Simon Harcourt, folicitor general ; fir John Cook ; and Stephen Waller, doctor of laws. For Scotland, James, d by Google A N N E. 279 James earl of Seafield, lord chancellor ; James duke of Queenfbury, lord privy feal ; John earl of Mar r and Hugh earl of Loudon, principal fecretaries of itate; John earl of Sutherland ; John earl of Mor- ton ; David earl of Wemys ; David earl of Leven ; John earl of Stair ; Archibald earl of Rofeberry ; David earl of Glafgow \ lord Archibald Campbell ; Thomas vifcount Duplin ; lord William Rofs ; fir Hugh Dalrymple, prefident of the feflion - 9 Adam Cockburn of Ormiften, lord juftice clerk ; fir Ro- bert Dundas of Armiftoun; 'Robert Stewart of Tillicultrie, lords of the feflion ; Mr. Francis Montgomery, one of the commiflioners of the trea- fury ; fir David Dalrymple, one of her majefty's folicitors •> fir Alexander Ogilvy, receiver general ; fir Patrick Johntton, provoft of Edinburgh 5 fir* James Smollett of Bonhill ; George Lockhart of Carnwath, William Morrifon of rrefton-Grange^ Alexander Grant, William Seton of Pitmidden, John Clark of Pennycook, Hugh Montgomery; Daniel Stewart, and Daniel Campbell. The Cockpit was again fettled to be the place of meeting, and they afTembled there on the 16th day of April. Preliminaries were adjufted in much the fame manner as they had been on the fame occafion four years before ; for it was agreed " That all propofals mould be made in writing, and every point when agreed, reduced to writing: that n* points fhould be obligatory, till all matters mould be adjufted in fuch a manner as would be proper to be laid before the queen, and the two parlia- ments for their approbation : that a committee mould be appointed from each commiflion, to revife the minutes of what might pafs, before they mould be inferted in the books by the respective fecretaries j and that all the proceedings during the treaty mould be kept fecret." The lord keeper of England, wha was the principal of this- great affair, then propofed " That d by Google 2 8o New History of SCOTLAND. concerned the excHe on liquors, which was rated thc> fame throughout all parts of the united kingdom* except that the thirty-four gallons Englifli barret of beer or ale, amounting to twelve gallon^ Scotch prefcnt meafure, fold in Scotland by the brewer, at nine Shillings and fix-pence fterling, excluding all duties, and retailed, including duties and the retailers profit, at two pence the Scotch .pint, or eighth part of the Scotch gallon, be not liable on account of the prefent 4 excife upon excifeable li- quors in England, to any higher impofitJon than two ihillings fterling upon the aforefaid thirty-four gallons Englifla barrel, being twelve gallons of the prefent Scotch meafure. Tne eighth article regu- lated the fifheries and the duties upon fait. The ninth, is too material not to fubjoin at large : it clares, " That whenever the Turn of one million* nine hundred and ninety-feven thoufand, feven hundred and fixty-three pounds, eight ihillings and (qui- d by Google 282 New History of SCOTLAND. four-pence half-penny, (hall be enacted by the par- liament of Great-Britain, to be raifed in that part of the united kingdom called England, on land and other things, ufually charged in acta, of par- liament there, for granting an aid to the crown by a land-tax ; that part of the united kingdom, now called Scotland, /hall be charged by the fame ad with the further fum of forty-eight thoufand pounds, free of all charges, as the quota of Scotland to fuch tax, and fo proportionably for any greater or Jeffer fum raifed in England, by any- tax on land or other things ufually charged together with the land. And that fuch quota for Scotland, in cafes aforefaid, be raifed and collected in the fame manner as the cefs now is in Scotland, but fubject £p fuch regulations in the manner of collecting as fhall be made by the parliament of Great-Britain." The four fucceed- ing articles exempt the Scots from payment of fe- veral duties on paper, vellum, parchment, coals, culm, and malt. The fourteenth and fifteenth, granted to th* Scots the fum of three hundred ninety-eight thoufand and eighty-five pounds, ten Shillings, as an equivalent for fuch parts of the cuftoms and excife charged upon that kingdom in confequence of the union, as muft in fome meafure contribute to pay the debts of England, in the fame proportion as the cuftoms and excife of that coun- try bore with thofe of Scotland. The fixteenth article erected a mint in Scotland, fubject to the parliament of Great-Britain, and fixed the fame ftandard and weight of the coin as in England. The feventeenth, in like manner affected weights and meafures. The eighteenth eftabliihed the fame uniformity in*the regulation of trade and its confe- quences, without meddling with the old laws of Scotland reflecting private property. The nine- teenth perpetuated the authority of the court of feffioirand jufiiciary in Scotland, together with the court d by Google ' A N, N E. i8j court of admiralty and other inferior officers, under the regulations of a Britifh parliament. The twentieth continued all heritable officers, fuperiori- ties, heritable jurifdi&ions, offices for life, and ju- rifdidlions for life, to their refpe£ive owners as rights of property, agreeably to the ancient laws of Scotland, but this article has fince been fet afidc The twenty-firft concerned the rights and pri- vileges of the royal boroughs in Scotland ; which has undergone fome alteration. The twenty-fecond founded the conftitution of the fixteen peers, and forty-five commoners from Scotland to fit as at prefent in the Britifh parliament. The twenty- third allowed the peers all the privileges of Englifh peers j that they fhould have rank and precedency' next and immediately after the Englifh peers of the like orders and degrees at the time of the union, and before all peers of Great-Britain of the like or- ders and degrees, who might be created after the union. The twenty-fourth kept the Scotch rega- lia in that kingdom, and regulated the quarteringsr of the Scotch and Englifh arms, and other armorial bearings, for the feal of Great-Britain, &c. And. by the laft article it was provided " That all laws and ftatutes in either kingdom, fo far as they are contrary to, or confiftent with, the terms of thoTe articles, or any of them, fhall, from and after the union, ceafe, and become void, and fhall be fo de- clared to be by the respective parliaments of the laid kingdoms " Such is the fubftance of that treaty, which had the public faith alone for its guarantee, and that de- ftroyed the independency of each kingdom upon the other ; but opened a channel through which a greater tide of fplendor, power, and opulence has flowed into Great Britain, than the difunited natives of England and Scotland could have ever beheld, But d by Google 384 New History of SCOTLAND. But notwithftanding thefe unanimous proceed* ings at London, the bulk of the Scottifh nation Vjas highly averfe to the union, which, till ratified by that parliament, was ftill incomplete. From the fpirit of this people, it \yas expected to meet with great oppofition. The adverfe party in Scot- land, was indeed more numerous than the Englifli had conceded. At the meeting of parliament in that kingdom, the duke of Queenfbury a&ed as high commiffioner ; and on the 3d day of O&ober he produced a letter from the queen, in which fhe hoped that the terms «*f the treaty, which he then read, would prove acceptable. Thefe terms had till then been in- duflxioufly kept fecret ; but when being recited in parliament, they became known to the whole na- tion, fuch a flame kindled as it was imagined, no spt or induftry could poffibly extinguish. But though it oftener happens, that the moft plaufible theories are incapable of pratSttce, than that, thole Schemes which theory deems impracticable, fhould (ucceed in the experiment; yet the queen's loyal and active minifters produced at this important crifis, an happy inftance of the latter. For though the duke of Hamilton was fuch a weather-cock in politics, that he now violently oppofed what he had tmt juft before fo warmly ^promoted j— though his prefent ayerfion to the union, was fupported by the ior and in the year following, fome articles of the treaty underwent a few material alterations. The eldeft ions of Scotch peers, particularly, were difqualified from being chofen in parliament for any part of Scotland ; as was alfo a Scotch peer, if he was made a peer of Great Britain, from vo- ting for the fixteen peers* who at every new parlia- ment are elected to reprefent Scotland in the Bri- tifti houfe of Lords. During the remaining years of queen Anne's reign, little tranfpired worthy notice, heiides the famous duel which was fought in Hyde-Park, on the 15th of November 1712, between the duke of Hamilton and lord- Mohun, who were reckoned two of the beft fwordfmen in Europe. After the moft obftinate combate, which owed its rife to a party-difpute, »the latter was killed on the fpot, and the former expired the next day of his wounds. GEORGE. O N the iftof Auguft 1714, her majefty dying, the crown devolved, without oppofition, on the illuftriouii houfe of Hanover. The princefs Sophia, on whom the crown* had been fettled, being dead, her fon and heir, the elector of Hanover, was pro- claimed king of Great Britain, &c. with the cuito- mary d by Google GEO R G E. 287 mary ceremonies and folemnity. The Jacobites in Scotland thought the prefent a fit occafion to promote a rebellion, in favour of .the Pretender. That ill-fated man, had aflumed on his father's death, the title of the Chevalier de St. George^ un- der which he lived in foreign courts with Tome de- gree of reputation. The fame earl of Mar, who had been the late queen's fecretary for Scotland, and who notwith- ftanding his profeifions of loyalty* to king George, expreffed both by letter and oaths, was now the father of the party, which openly efpoufed the pre- tender's caufe. In a very fliort time, he colle&ed to- gether 8000 men,fet up the pretender's ftandard.Sep- tember the 6th 17 15, and fixing his head quarters at Perth, he proclaimed the pretender, and main- tained a correfpondence with Mr. Forfter, knight of the fhire for Northumberland, and alfo with vifcount Kenmure, the earls of Carnwath, Win- toun, Nithifdale, Derwentwater, the lord Wid- drington, and others of the nobility in the weft of Scotland/ who were inclined to Jacobitifm. But though this rebellion had at firft a molt formida- ble/appearance, the king's troops under the gene- rals Carpenter and Wills, and the duke of Argyle, defeated on the very fame day, Sunday November the 3d, Forfter with the Englifli rebels, and the : earl of Mar and his adherents, the former at Prefton, and the latter at Sheriff Muir. The earls of Der- wentwater and the vifcount Kenmure being the principal men taken prifoners, were carried igno- minioufly to London, where they foon fuffered de- capitation as traitors. The earls of Wintoun and . Nithifdale were alfo taken, but made the-ir efcape. Mar having loft his authority amongft his troops, they grew mutinous and retired by parties to their native Highlands* Thcfe d by Google 288 New History of SCOTLAND. Thefe were the tranfa&ions of the memorable year 1715, at the clofe of which, the pretender hfmfeli landed from a Dunkirk privateer in-cog. at Peterhead. Caufing himfelf to be proclaimed wherefoever he went, he arrived at Scone on the 7th of January following, where he gave out that he intended to be crowned. But his followers, wh6 were divided amongft themfelves, and in gene- ral difheartened, receiving intelligence that the duke of Argyle was in full march againft them, at the head of a confiderable body of troops* they perfuaded him rather to retreat ; and he followed their ad- vice fo literally, that flying with the utmoft hafte toMontrofe, he threw himfelf with the earls of Mar and of Melfort, and other chiefe, into a fmall vefiel, and February the 14th fet fail for France. /This ill-concerted rebellion, like the South- S /a Bubble, which evaporated four years afterward, proved the ruin of many confiderable families in Scotland. In 1717, Spain threatened Great Britain with another invafion, in favour of the pretender, under the command of the duke of Ormond, who had been impeached and attainted of high treafon, for the part he had acl:ed in connection with the in- famous miniftry of queen Anne's laft years. The Spanifh fleet were difperfed by violent ftorms, and only the earls of Seaforth and Marefchal and the marquis of Tullibardine, with about 400 men, landed at Kintair in Scotland ; about 1600 High- landers foon joined them, but major general Wightman as foon drove them from their fortrefies, made the Spaniards prifoners, and forced the lord to make the bell of their way to the iflands, from w hence they tranfported themfelves back to Spain. Though the Scots £0 not appear to have had n uch hand in the fchemes which were formed in Lvour of the pretender, in 1722, for which the bifhop d by Google GEORGE. 289 bifhop of Rochefter (Atterbury) was condemned to exile, yet the king in 1725, paffed an a& for dis- arming the Highlanders, and for building bridge*, and opening roa^s, by which their country might "be rendered more eafybf accefc. And to the death of this firm magnanimous prince, which happened 4n 1727, he kept a (hid eye Qv«r this part of his ♦dominions. GEORGE II NEAR ten years in this reign paffed on, ' 7 /• without being produ&ive of any very parti* cular event. Sir Robert Walpole fo managed af- fairs, that the Scotch burgeffes generally voted with the court ; and fuch of them as /or a time acted a > contrary part, gained fo little credit by it, that* they were fuppofed to a£, not thro* independency of {pi- rit, and forthe public weal, but from views of felf- intereft or Jacobitifm. But whilft his majefty was at Hanover in 1736, there happened in Edinburgh the following alarming circumftance : A captain of that city-guard, one Porteous^ too wantonly ordered his men to fire upon the people, for expreffing little more than a generous fympathy at the fate of a ■fmuggler, whom he Was efcorting to an ignomi- nious death. Many perfons were Killed. Arid as this crime was doubly atrocious, being, befides the fhedding much innocent blood, a direct innovation upon civil liberty, Porteous was inftantly appre- hended, brought fairly to trial and juftly condemned, as guilty of wilful murder. The queen regent, however, fent him down a pardon, of which the populace being apprifed, a body of men forced an entrance into the prifon where he lay, hauled him O forth, d by Google 290 New History of SCOTLAND. fprth, led htm in triumph to the place of execu- tion, and hanged him to a fign-poff. The queen was exafperated at this contempt of her authority. The ftate-minifter accordingly took up the af- front ; and becauft; Alexander Wilfon, thcprovoft of the city, had not proceeded vigoroufly againft *ihe rioters, for apprehending whom large rewards were then offered, he brought a bill into parliament, which would have not only imprifoned the pro- voft, and rendered him incapable of holding any place in the united kingdoms, but have abolifhed the town-rguard, and demolished the jjates of the city. The bill, without much oppofition, was car- ried through the houfe of lords, but it was exa- mined with the moft impartial fcrutiny by the com- mons, where every Scotch member voting again ft it, they threw it out. But Sir Robert was never- theless determined it fhould pafsj when therefore, it ifcas returned to the houfe of lords, they indeed carried it through, but foftened it, to4he difabling of Wilfon from holding any office of magiftracy in. Edinburgh oxeir;imc^natiw» 3& borae* ^maintained illicit cor^pomleBiqea^brpa^-r » iTWjj frmktf <*£ i: JFhe ! pt etendec's fern, being ^vtjijed 6ver by. tKc difiat^tied and Jefperate cJw>, aj&4 Spurred oft by Franoej wJwh bad Baajde the wW? feteart t race its tools, a&d dttpes, , embarked , a$ pp#f St, Latere, and after great hazaBdcftteq^th^yigi^ bwee oftthe^EngWh, he landed on tb^.co^ft^f Wehahafc' w»ith th£ marquis of TaUiba^4ig e >'t£ c iFHeiteafr $hef rijlan, and many other Scotch afid Jriih^advenMirersin his train. As he naarcbed oa, big followers daily inereafed, and fuch uncertain intelligence had the Engl ifh of this rebellion) that they did not even believe him to he landed* till be had di farmed two cow panics of. fbldiers iu.the neighbourhood of Fort William. Then* great was the confternation of all ranks of people in Eng- land ; which increafed much, when it was JgnowfL that the duke of Perth r viscount StrathaUaa^ lord Nairn, lord Gtorge Murray, Cameron of JLochieJ, with many other men of note, had repaired to his ftandard* i His march was rapid: be was proclaimed at Perth, Dundee, Edinburgh, . and other places ; but only in quality of regent, all a£b paflLng in the name of his father. Notwithstanding all this (hew, it is a certain fad, that when fir John Cope, commander in chief of his majefty's for* ces in that quarter, marched againft him with three thoufand regular troops and a good train of artillery, the pretender's army fcarcely exceeded that number of men, all frefh recruits, and poorly, accoutred. The pretender no fboner heard of Cope's arrival, than he advanced to fight him. Tha general, who had k now been joined by two regi- Hijh- ments of dragoons, and fome well-affecfced High of Scf tember, landers, met and engaged him on the suft of Sep- d by Google 3t$2 New History of SCOTLAND. tember, near Prefton*-pans. Cope's fhameful de- feat is kneWn to every one j fo that it need be no farther obferved, than that it gained the pretender and his rebel army fo much credit, that they ad- vanced even a gresit way into England, and it was thought highly expedient to put the king's -forces upon another footing, by appointing them a gaK lant and much-beloved leader, in the perfon of his royal' highnefs William duke of Cumberland. The prince accordingly took the command of an army aft Edinburgh, which confuted of fourteen battalions of infantry, two regiments of dragoons, and fifteen hundred Highlanders. Near the be- ginning of April be bent his march towards the pretender, who had fome time before retreated north- ward, and lay encamped at Culloden, about a mile from Inverness ; but with a very considerable force, having been joined by lord Kilmarnock, lord Bal- merincs and many other noblemen. The pretender fuffered his highnefs to pafs the Spey without mo- leftation, though he might have difputed it with great advantage, that he might cut off his retreat. To defeat the duke he confidently thought was certain. And to this idle piece of vanity, he facrificed all his advances to a crown* Particulars of the memorable aftion, which enfued, are not here to be expreffed. It is enough to fay, that all the Pretender's forces, and with them, all his. hopes, were totally defeated. And though in the carnage which folldwed his troops* in their ef- forts to efcape, fome a£b which are contrary to Britifh heroifm, it is faid, were tranfacted, they muft have been performed by the enraged foldiers in the general ardor of purfuit, and caa never tarnifh the glorious memory of his immortal conqueror. Of the perfohs of note taken, prifoners, the lords Lovat, Balmerinoy and Kilmarnock, were beheaded ; but the earl of Cromarty, and many others^ were d by Google G E O .R,G E-JIk - ^93 were pardoned. As for the pretender, ^)iu efcaped in. a. French veflel to Nantes-, which, coniidering the vail rewards offered for his ;head, (thirty; thpuftnd pounds fjrom England, and twice, as much from Ireland) was indeed wonder- ful - 9 efpecjalfy as many poor Highlanders of both fexes were privy to his haunts for four fljonthsi, during which time he fkulioed about : from pkce to place, till he found an opportunity to embark. His efcape, however, ferved only to preferve his life, . far even the pope and Romiih clergy foon forgot to tpay him any mark of d ill i notion ; and on, his fa- : thec's death, fo fa/* from, keeping alive any preten- :ficm to the crown of Great Britain, he faund na , friend but bi& brother the cardinal of York. In- „ deed fuch meafures were taken by his majefty in confequence of thjs rebellion,, that the revival of any pretender's claim could not have been attended by the fliadow of fuccefs. The Highlanders were ail difarmed, and an act was palled in 1747, abo- 1 idling the peculiarity of their drefs, which it was fuppofed might otherwifc keep party diitinctions. alive. In ihort, every method v/as jrurfued which, could ferve to prevent any fuch commotion for the future. The loyal Scots, who were by much the ma- jority, were in this refpecl: particularly active, and concurred zealoufly with the parliament in rooting up the feudal forms and conftitutions which were** till then fo fatally adh#ed fo irf J the Highlands* In few years, a willing fubmiflion to the prefent happy eftablifhment fucceeded. And agriculture,, manufactures and commerce, which through family- pride and prepoffenlons, had been heretofore neg- lected, were at the clofe of this reign cultivated ia Scotland, with the greateit affiduity. O 3 GEORGE Digitized by GoOgle 394 Niw Histohy of SCOTLAND. G E O R G £ HI. GREAT-BRITAIN at this 1 7 6.0. ..prince's acceffion was truly happy. .' - 'Through the whole iflaad there were no Separate views, intereftf , or purfuits j and to this day, whatever tends to throw liiftre on the natives of the one part, is acknowledged, by the candid, to be an honour to the other. Amongft the illiberal and the vulgar indeed, fome national prejudices do ftill iubfift. Butrmay they perifh with the memory of thofe ^atj^^^ijlirie^ flfom wfefece thay at firft aroft.^Andnrofe the treaty of union was hot more the #ffe& of wife policy, than of cordial !"mH -.V3 T A j l! r 5 ft :, u I tHHOiqO^0O ; |;qAL >.** to vv:-! i'ND'El 403, T?£R G US, wssflaiHirt hmk. ^ 1 418 X/ Eugene, was drowned in the Humbtr % 452 Dongard ib. 457 Conftantine ft. 479 Congal ib. 501 Goran, was put to death by hisfubjetts ib. 5 35 Eugene %d 3 558 Conval ib. 568 Kinnatel jk. 569 Aidan ib* 604 Keneth ib. •605 Eugene 3^ ib. 62* Ferchard, yJ»s defofed^ wbevfttrwardsde- Jiroyed him/elf in a dungeon ib. #32 Donald ib. 646 Ferchard 2d ib. 664 Malduin, was murdered ib. 1&84 Eugene 4/A 4 689 Eugene yh %. £97 Amberkeletb, was murdered ib. 699 Eugene 6i£, turf Ay Art nobles fir the fuppojed murder of his wife ib» 715 Mur- Digitized by GoOgle CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX A. D. ^ Pag 715 Murdac V- ^ 730 Etfiri- • < _5 701 Eugene jth, was put to death by his fubj efts ib. 763 Fergus 2d, u as murdered ib. 766 Selvac ib. 787 Achajus, entered intq a friendly alliance with Gi)aAemagne J ' ; * 6 819 Con vial 2^, ix- as drowned in the Spey. ib» 831 Alpin, was beheaded by the Picls ib. 834 Keneth 2*/, entirely fulducd the Picls > and united them with the Scots 7 854 Donald 2d' " < 8 858 Canfiantirte-4k/. wds beiteaded ' ly 4he Danes ib. 874 Eth, was put to death by his JubjeSts ib. 875 Gregory, built Aberdeen , and was an ally .. - ; vf Alfred the great ib. 892 Donald %d • 9 ^03 ^Gonfianj.ine yf. rf/igned. the crrwn, and turned monk ' , ib. 538 Malcolm, was murdered .< , - 10 . 947 Indufr : : ib. 961 DuiF, is reported tqbje killed by witchcraft . . ib. 965 Culen,* tt/tfj ^/ViW ^y ^ thane, of Fife for .';; ravijhing his daughter 1 1 ..$70 Keneth 3^, 7/7^ tf Arcc; that dmnkennefs jhould be punijhed zviib death , and was the firji prince who got the fucceffion to the crown fettled on his Jltu ' M 994^Co^ii^antine 4^. faf of Galen, by power Jet ^ j ajide the new law, of his predecejfdr, but j * in the contejl for the kingdom^ wa\s flfiin 12 096 Grim, grand/on of Duff, vcftded by the old ;i " ' ItiWy in preference to J$alcclm, Jin >of , Keneth 3^, but was fain ? , .„'_ ib. * *COO Church Hifiory, jrom the x planting ]of ,;.• chriflianity x te nhat *e%a . •*;!;,,_ • - 13 ^004 Makolm ^^/, legiflator of Scotland, and conqueror of the & a *ws x was murdered 16 '1034 Duft- I Digitized by GoOgle C HRONOLOG ICAL'INDEX. A. D. Pag* 1034 Duncan, was murdered by Macbeth 17 IO40 Macbeth, iv as killed by the injured Mac- duff > thane of , Fife 1 8 1057 Malcolm yl, introduced the EngHJh laws manners, language, and titles, into Scot- land, was /lain at the fiege of the cajile of Northumberland 19 1093 Donalbane, ujurped the croum again/} his nephew ) but was dcpofed 22 1095 Duncan, an ufurper* was hilled by the earl of ftlearns ib. 1098 Edgar .„-,' ib. I IOO Church Hiftory /,,, >; ; f . ( .g 2$ 1107 Alexander, who introduced fher coin into the kingdom * 23 j 1 24 David, who is /aid to have compiled the fyjhm of laws Jiiled Regium Majejlatem 24 1 153 Malcolm 4*A . .25 1 165 William • 26 1200 Church Hiftory 28 1214 Alexander 2d y the firfl who bore the fyan for his arms % u 29 1249 Alexander yl, was killed by his borfe rujb- ing down a precipice 3 1 1263 The battle of Larges y in which the Norwe- gian invaders were defeated 33 1285 Margaret 35 1 29 1 Interregnum 36 Edward I. of England' afferts his foversign- ty over Scotland 37 1292 John Baliol performs homage to Edward for his kingdom 49 1296 E'dward depifes John, mid fends him pri- foner to England, with the crown y regalia^ and coronation chair 44 1297 Second Interregnum 45 Wallace oppofes Edward on behalf of bis country ib. 1298 Eat* d by GoOgk CHRONOLOGICAL IN£EX. T29§ £*/*& jf /*«//•* , v o ' fj 1 300 Church Hiftofy V v -.^ 40 1365 ^illace^sb^frajei^^^^ed % 40 1300 Robert 2fc>»?* " ' ' ; 7 Tr X2H Battle of Banmcbi^n r f*>? 1119 £**//* */ !M// .aferts his claim U the crown, fights the battle of Duf- ptin, and is crowned at Scone 56 1333 totttle of Halidon Hill 5 g J 347 Battle *f Durham, in whieh king David . w as taken prifimr ■ \\: * 63 *3S7 !><&id obtained loth lis li forty, and khtg- ***?* 64 I370 Robert 2 d 9 the firjl who introduced %o/d ,.. coin, and+hat made ufe of a device and motto in his arms 66 1 388 Battle if Chevy^ace 6a 1390 Robert id 70 1 400 Church HiAory ■ 7^ « ■ ■■ was murdered 8a 1437 J^es 2d gj 1450 , yfo/* Douglas 86 "' . - 1 ■ was killed by the esphfion of a cem- *m 90 1460 James yl oj I482 Eight unworthy favourites taken out of the king's tent) ana hanged in his pre fence j. 94 1487 Second Battle of Bannocburn, in which ihe • . king was defeated, and afterwards killed 96 1488 James 4th 97 *497 ~ —fupports Perkin Warbeci 9* J509 Printing wasfirjl introduced into Scotland 10s 1513 Battle d by Google CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX, A.D. \ £ag. 15 1 3 Battle of Fhddetty fatal to tbt king* Wtd c mojl of the nobles , .,, . ,V ,104 Church Htftory of ihcpajt century f , ,. Mob 1514 James $th \^ / ib 1527 ef capes from Falkland^** StirJing $ in the habit of a groom v , ; V , v 1 14 1532 Court of feffions was founded^ _\ .; v 123 1542 Ten thoujand Scotch furrender the^ijelves to 500 Englijh* at Splway^firthy without any refijlance ,v , *£2 James dies with grief for the events Qft.by poifon il?. 1542 Mary V. 123 1546 JViJhart was burned for protejlantifm 126 Perfecuting Beatoun was put to death by Lejley x \, 127 r547 -#*"/' °f MuMlburgy «r i*/*&y _* ( 129 1 558 Afory married the dauphin of France , 1 33 1560 Popery was overturned* ana the prote/lant faith and worjhip eflaUiJked by parliament -139 1565 Mary marry s Henry Stewart lordDarnfy 145 1566 Rizio her favourite was killed 148 1567 Henry lord Darnly was murdered iji Mary three months after* marries BothwAl the fuppofed murderer 152 1567 James 6th 154 1570 TTtf regent Murray was killed 159 1 57 1 The regent Lenox was killed 161 1572 3^Af» <&w* died --.."' *x&3 1582 c /fc* raid of Rutlrven 164 1587 $$ueen Mary VJas beheaded 174. *599 Gowries conspiracy > jqj i.6oo Church Hiitory ib. 1603 James Juiceeded Elizabeth on the throne of , r England 498 1625 Charles *» ' p ,V 209 1633 -i n «w crowned in Scotland " 210 ; ' >C' : u * £i(>3# Charles d by Google civ CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. A. D. p ag . 1637 Chorus introduces Laud 9 5 liturgy into the kirky but without fuccefs 21 1 '1639 ~ marches againjl the Scots with an army 2/4 1649 Charles was beheaded * . 2TI 1*651 Charles id y was crowned at Scorn 232 1660 » ■ is welcomed to London 235 j 662 ■ ejfablijhes epifcopacy 237 1678 Archbijbop Sharp was tilled 245 1685 James nth 252 Earl of Argyle was beheaded 253 1688 The Scotch parliament voted that James the jth had forfeited the right of the crown y and then fettled it upon William and Mary. 258 1692 Maffacre of Glenco 263 1695 National bank was ejlablijhed 265 1 701 James jtb died at St. Germains 267 1702 Anne 268 1707 Treaty of union ratified 285 1 7 14 George 286 1 715 A rebellion in favour of the Pretender 287 1 7 17 A fecond rebellion 288 1727 George 2d 289 1736 Porteous executed by the populace of Edin- burgh 290 1745 A third rebellion 291 1746 Battle of Culloden 292 1760 George $d 294 . .'1 4 69 515 AA A 30 - *r*> ■ ^ . ■ Digitized by GoOgle d by Google d by Google UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 3 9015 03435 6660 DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARDS 3y Google